FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU JACOB, RA WU, MM HENNING, SM SWENDSEID, ME AF JACOB, RA WU, MM HENNING, SM SWENDSEID, ME TI HOMOCYSTEINE INCREASES AS FOLATE DECREASES IN PLASMA OF HEALTHY-MEN DURING SHORT-TERM DIETARY-FOLATE AND METHYL-GROUP RESTRICTION SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE FOLIC ACID; METHYL GROUP; HOMOCYSTEINE; METHIONINE; HUMANS ID VASCULAR-DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; DEFICIENCY; VITAMIN-B12; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; HOMOCYST(E)INE; METABOLISM; LEVEL; RATS AB Ten healthy adult men were fed a diet low in folate and exogenous methyl groups to study the effects on folate requirement and status. The men were housed in a metabolic unit for the entire 108-d study. After a 9-d base-line period (P1), the men were fed an amino acid-defined soybean product diet for 45 d, which provided 25 mu g/d of folate for 30 d (P2) and (with a folate supplement) 99 mu g/d for 15 d (P3). During P2 and P3, the low methionine and choline diet was supplemented with methionine for half the subjects to vary the dietary methyl group intake. The periods were then repeated over the next 54 d (P4-P6), with a cross-over of methionine intakes in P5 and P6. Restricting dietary methyl group intake did not increase the dietary folate requirement. Plasma total homocysteine rose during folate depletion and correlated inversely with plasma folate; however, the response of homocysteine to changes in folate intake varied among individuals from very strong to absent. The results support previous suggestions that increased plasma homocysteine concentrations provide a marker of functional folate deficiency, and further indicate that individuals may differ greatly in their susceptibility to hyperhomocysteinemia due to low folate intakes. Judged by the lack of normalization of high homocysteine concentrations during folate repletion, the current folate RDA for adult men may not provide the expected margin of protection. C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,SCH PUBL HLTH,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. RP JACOB, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,POB 29997,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94129, USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA42710] NR 31 TC 122 Z9 126 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 124 IS 7 BP 1072 EP 1080 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA NW829 UT WOS:A1994NW82900007 PM 8027858 ER PT J AU DAVIS, TA NGUYEN, HV GARCIABRAVO, R FIOROTTO, ML JACKSON, EM LEWIS, DS LEE, DR REEDS, PJ AF DAVIS, TA NGUYEN, HV GARCIABRAVO, R FIOROTTO, ML JACKSON, EM LEWIS, DS LEE, DR REEDS, PJ TI AMINO-ACID-COMPOSITION OF HUMAN-MILK IS NOT UNIQUE SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE AMINO ACIDS; MILK; PRIMATES; HUMANS; ELEPHANTS ID PROTEIN AB To determine whether the amino acid pattern of human milk is unique, we compared the amino acid pattern of human milk with the amino acid patterns of the milks of great apes (chimpanzee and gorilla), lower primates (baboon and rhesus monkey) and nonprimates (cow, goat, sheep, Ilama, pig, horse, elephant, cat and rat). Amino acid pattern was defined as the relative proportion of each amino acid (protein-bound plus free) (in mg) to the total amino acids (in g). Total amino acid concentration was lower in primate milk than in nonprimate milk. There were commonalities in the overall amino acid pattern of the milks of all species sampled: the most abundant amino acids were glutamate (plus glutamine, 20%), proline (10%) and leucine (10%). Essential amino acids were 40%, branched-chain amino acids 20%, and sulfur amino acids 4% of the total amino acids. The amino acid pattern of human milk was more similar to those of great apes than to those of lower primates.' For example, cystine was higher and methionine was lower in primate milks than in nonprimate milks, and in great ape and human milks than in lower primate milks. Because the milk amino acid patterns of the human and elephant, both slow-growing species, were dissimilar, the amino acid pattern of human milk seems unrelated to growth rate. C1 SW FDN BIOMED RES, SAN ANTONIO, TX 78228 USA. UNIV TEXAS, MD ANDERSON CANC CTR, DEPT VET RESOURCES, BASTROP, TX 78602 USA. RP DAVIS, TA (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED, DEPT PEDIAT, CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR, USDA ARS, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HV-53030] NR 17 TC 138 Z9 142 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 124 IS 7 BP 1126 EP 1132 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA NW829 UT WOS:A1994NW82900014 PM 8027865 ER PT J AU SCOTT, KC TURNLUND, JR AF SCOTT, KC TURNLUND, JR TI COMPARTMENTAL MODEL OF COPPER-METABOLISM IN ADULT MEN SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE COMPARTMENTAL ANALYSIS; COPPER METABOLISM; COPPER KINETICS; STABLE ISOTOPES; HUMANS ID YOUNG MEN; STABLE ISOTOPES; DIETARY COPPER; KINETIC-MODEL; CERULOPLASMIN; ABSORPTION; HUMANS; SERUM; ZINC AB A compartmental,model of copper metabolism in adult men was developed from stable isotope data obtained in a 90-day study during which three levels of dietary copper (1.68, 0.785, 7.52 mg/d) were fed. The tracer Cu-65 was administered intravenously (i.v.) three times and orally four times during the study period. The model contains five compartments, two delay components, and two excretion pathways interpreted as two plasma compartments, two liver compartments, an other-tissue compartment, and fecal and urinary excretion routes. Dietary copper level influences the flow from the second liver compartment to the second plasma compartment and from the second plasma compartment to the other-tissues compartment. The model suggests that the tissue uptake of oral and i.v. copper is different, with flow from plasma to the first liver compartment varying with route of isotopic administration. The model-predicted masses of copper within the compartments and delay components follow a pattern of expected masses within the body. The major storage sites predicted are the second liver compartment, the delay after the other-tissue compartment, and the delay in the fecal excretion pathway. The model predicts that 65% of plasma copper is bound to ceruloplasmin, compared with 56 to 68% calculated from the data. Approximately 4.1 +/- 0.8% of total body copper was predicted to be in plasma compared with 2 to 6% expected. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94129. NR 27 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 5 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 5 IS 7 BP 342 EP 350 DI 10.1016/0955-2863(94)90064-7 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA NV310 UT WOS:A1994NV31000004 ER PT J AU BURRIN, DG SHULMAN, RJ LANGSTON, C STORM, MC AF BURRIN, DG SHULMAN, RJ LANGSTON, C STORM, MC TI SUPPLEMENTAL ALANYLGLUTAMINE, ORGAN GROWTH, AND NITROGEN-METABOLISM IN NEONATAL PIGS FED BY TOTAL PARENTERAL-NUTRITION SO JOURNAL OF PARENTERAL AND ENTERAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID RAT SMALL-INTESTINE; GLUTAMATE NEUROTOXICITY; AMINO-ACIDS; FUEL MIXES; GUT; DIFFERENTIATION; MAINTENANCE; DIPEPTIDES; CULTURE; MUCOSA AB The objective of this study was to determine whether supplemental glutamine (alanylglutamine dipeptide) is effective in preventing small intestinal mucosal atrophy associated with total parenteral nutrition and whether it affects the growth of other organs in neonatal pigs. We compared organ growth, intestinal enzyme activity, and plasma nitrogen metabolites in 4-day-old pigs randomly selected to receive total parenteral nutrition supplemented with 0 g, 2.0 g, or 4.5 g of glutamine per deciliter for a total amino acid intake of either 11 or 25 g.kg-1.d-1 for 7 days. Glutamine supplementation increased (60% to 100%) plasma concentrations of glutamine, urea nitrogen, ammonia, and both jejunal villus height and surface area, but it did not significantly affect jejunal mucosal protein and DNA masses or the relative growth of liver, kidneys, and brain. No histologic evidence of tissue toxicity was found. Supplementing large amounts of glutamine (alanylglutamine dipeptide) did not completely prevent total parenteral nutrition-associated intestinal mucosal atrophy but did improve villus morphology without affecting vital organ growth or histology. C1 TEXAS CHILDRENS HOSP,HOUSTON,TX 77030. MCGAW INC,IRVINE,CA. RP BURRIN, DG (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,1100 BATES ST,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. NR 29 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARENTERAL & ENTERAL NUTRITION PI SILVER SPRING PA 8630 FENTON STREET SUITE 412, SILVER SPRING, MD 20910 SN 0148-6071 J9 JPEN-PARENTER ENTER JI J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr. PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 18 IS 4 BP 313 EP 319 DI 10.1177/0148607194018004313 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA NX405 UT WOS:A1994NX40500006 PM 7933437 ER PT J AU WAGIH, EE MELOUK, HA SHERWOOD, JL AF WAGIH, EE MELOUK, HA SHERWOOD, JL TI ISOLATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PEANUT TOP PARALYSIS VIRUS (PTPV), A DESTRUCTIVE VIRUS CAUSING A NEW DISEASE IN PEANUT (ARACHIS-HYPOGAEA L) SO JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY-PHYTOPATHOLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT LA English DT Article ID CHINA AB A destructive virus, causing top paralysis to peanut, was discovered in the wild germplasm collection growing in the USDA-ARS greenhouses, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA. The symptoms observed on the wild plant were restricted to a few leaves as green batches in a light green to yellow background with some leaflets having lost most of the basal part of the laminae leaving the top portion rolling upwards forming a cone. The virus was mechanically transmitted to cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) where it caused more severe and destructive symptoms including stunting, severe malformation of leaves and partial or complete disappearance of leaflet laminae. This virus differed in symptomology, host range, and/or serological reactivity from all peanut viruses reported in the literature, particularly those causing leaf malformation and stunting. The virus induced necrotic local lesions on Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. 'Topcrop' and chlorotic local lesions with necrotic centres bordered with very bright intense red color on Chenopodium amaranticolor. In both passive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (PAS-ELISA) and Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion test, the virus did not react with antisera against brome mosaic, bean yellow mosaic, peanut stripe, potato Y, tobacco mosaic, watermelon mosaic 1, watermelon mosaic 2, wheat soilborne mosaic, wheat streak mosaic, and zucchini yellow mosaic viruses. However, in reciprocal cross reactions the virus seemed to share a common antigenic determinant with a peanut mottle virus isolate from Oklahoma (PMV-OK). The virus had flexuous filamentous particles with a length of 750-850 nm, falling within the range reported for the potyvirus group. The virus was successfully purified and the molecular weight of its protein subunit was found to be 30 000 d. A polyclonal antiserum was raised in rabbits against the virus and used for reciprocal serological tests. C1 USDA,ARS,STILLWATER,OK 74075. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,STILLWATER,OK 74078. RP WAGIH, EE (reprint author), UNIV ALEXANDRIA,COLL AGR,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ALEXANDRIA,EGYPT. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-1785 J9 J PHYTOPATHOL JI J. Phytopathol.-Phytopathol. Z. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 141 IS 3 BP 302 EP 313 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0434.1994.tb01474.x PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA PV778 UT WOS:A1994PV77800010 ER PT J AU BEUSELINCK, PR BOUTON, JH LAMP, WO MATCHES, AG MCCASLIN, MH NELSON, CJ RHODES, LH SHEAFFER, CC VOLENEC, JJ AF BEUSELINCK, PR BOUTON, JH LAMP, WO MATCHES, AG MCCASLIN, MH NELSON, CJ RHODES, LH SHEAFFER, CC VOLENEC, JJ TI IMPROVING LEGUME PERSISTENCE IN FORAGE CROP SYSTEMS SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article AB Forage legumes benefit pastures and hay crops by fixing N, improving seasonal distribution of growth, and enhancing animal performance, but their lack of persistence is viewed as a major limitation. Stand persistence depends largely on plant persistence in crown-forming perennials that do not spread by stolons or rhizomes, but depends on seed production, timely germination, and seedling survival in annuals, biennials, and many short-lived perennials. Stolon- and rhizome-forming perennials can colonize unoccupied areas if management is favorable. Conversely, differentials in seed production, seed dispersal mechanisms, and seed survival allow reseeding annuals, biennials, and short-lived perennials to colonize areas that are more widely dispersed. Several pathogens and insects invade the stand each year, but to different intensities depending on climatic and crop management conditions. Other pathogens and insects reside in production fields and pastures, gradually increasing in population while reducing plant persistence, the seed bank, and seedling survival. Environmental and management stresses weaken plants, which are subsequently killed by combined influences of environmental stresses, resident insects, and pathogens. Improving disease and insect resistance is a major breeding objective for crown formers, but these efforts have to be supplemented by physiological improvement in stress resistance. To improve stand persistence of annuals, management and genetic information is needed on seed production capacity, hard seed content, seed bank management, and optimizing conditions for seed germination and seedling survival. The long-term goal is to improve cultivar persistence, and develop management systems to aid legume persistence in a wide range of grassland ecosystems. Educational programs are also essential. RP BEUSELINCK, PR (reprint author), USDA ARS,PLANT GENET RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. RI Lamp, William/G-6081-2015; OI Lamp, William/0000-0002-8565-1560; Volenec, Jeff/0000-0002-5455-6157 NR 0 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD JUL-SEP PY 1994 VL 7 IS 3 BP 311 EP 322 PG 12 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA PB540 UT WOS:A1994PB54000001 ER PT J AU MORRISON, JE CHICHESTER, FW AF MORRISON, JE CHICHESTER, FW TI TILLAGE SYSTEM EFFECTS ON SOIL AND PLANT NUTRIENT DISTRIBUTIONS ON VERTISOLS SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article AB Heavy clay soils, such as vertisols of the Texas Blackland Prairie (Houston Black clay [fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Udic Pellusterts]), are difficult to manage for crop production. Such soils typically require high draft for tillage; have limited opportunities for mobility, tillage, and planting; and produce variable crop performance when associated with highly variable weather patterns. This study compared the soil and plant nutrient distributions and yield performance of an experimental no-till farming system with a farming system using modified conventional chisel-till soil management. Raised wide beds and controlled traffic were used for both systems. Wheat (Triticum aestibum L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] no-till yields were similar to those on chisel-tilled plots. Plant nutrients became stratified near the soil surface, with greater concentrations of C, N, and P occurring in the near-surface layers after a single 3-yr crop rotation cycle with no-till than with the chisel-till system. Grain yield responses to fertilizer rates were not affected by nutrient distribution. Nitrogen and P concentrations in plants tended to be high in the no-till system. Economic return for applied N was the same across tillage practices for each crop. The data demonstrated that the vertisol clay soils of the Texas Blackland can be farmed with no-till without comprising crop yield potential. RP MORRISON, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS,808 E BLACKLAND RD,TEMPLE,TX 76502, USA. NR 0 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD JUL-SEP PY 1994 VL 7 IS 3 BP 364 EP 373 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA PB540 UT WOS:A1994PB54000010 ER PT J AU HALVORSON, AD ANDERSON, RL TOMAN, NE WELSH, JR AF HALVORSON, AD ANDERSON, RL TOMAN, NE WELSH, JR TI ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF 3 WINTER-WHEAT FALLOW TILLAGE SYSTEMS SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article AB Economic information is needed to evaluate the sustainability of tillage systems used for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the Central Great Plains. This study compared the potential economic returns of conventional stubble-mulch tillage (CT), reduced-till (RT), and no-till (NT) winter wheat production systems using estimated farmer costs or custom costs. Grain yields were not significantly different between tillage systems from 1987 through 1992 with 6-yr average grain yields of 40, 40, and 42 bu/acre for the CT, RT, and NT systems. respectively. Preharvest costs were highest for NT while RT and CT costs were virtually the same when using farmer based costs. Using custom rates, preharvest costs were in the order CT > NT > RT. Returns above production costs were in the order RT > CT > NT when using farmer based costs and an average yield of 40.4 bu/acre for all tillage systems. Returns above production costs were in the order RT > NT > CT when using custom rates. Using farmer estimated costs of production, estimated net returns to land, labor, capital, management, and risk were 107 and 95% of the CT system for RT and NT systems, respectively. When labor costs were included, net returns to land, capital, management, and risk were 111 and 100% of CT for the RT and NT systems, respectively. When custom rates were used for the tillage practices, net returns to land, labor, and capital were 123 and 110% of CT for the RT and NT systems, respectively. If costs or application rates of herbicides could be reduced, the NT system would become even more economically competitive with the other tillage systems. Because the cost variations between tillage systems are minimal, the added benefits of increased precipitation storage efficiency and decreased soil erosion potential with RT and NT must be considered when selecting a tillage system. RP HALVORSON, AD (reprint author), USDA ARS,POB 400,AKRON,CO 80720, USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD JUL-SEP PY 1994 VL 7 IS 3 BP 381 EP 385 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA PB540 UT WOS:A1994PB54000012 ER PT J AU RALPHS, MH GRAHAM, D JAMES, LF AF RALPHS, MH GRAHAM, D JAMES, LF TI CATTLE GRAZING WHITE LOCOWEED IN NEW-MEXICO - INFLUENCE OF GRAZING PRESSURE AND PHENOLOGICAL GROWTH STAGE SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE GRAZING PRESSURE; CATTLE GRAZING; POISONOUS PLANTS; WHITE LOCOWEED; OXYTROPIS-SERICA ID BEHAVIOR; SHEEP AB Locoweed poisoning generally occurs in early spring when other forage is dormant or in short supply and locoweed is the main green plant available to grazing livestock. The objective of this study was to estimate the amount of white locoweed (Oxytropis Sericea Nut. ex T&G) consumed by cattle, and to determine if cattle graze locoweed because it is relatively palatable, or if they are forced to graze it because of decreasing availability of other forage. Three grazing trials were conducted that corresponded to the vegetative, flower, and pod phenological growth stages of white locoweed. Four cows were used in Trial 1 (vegetative growth stage), and 7 cows were used in Trials 2 (flower stage) and 3 (pod stage). Pastures were fenced for the 10-day grazing trials, so that forage became limited and grazing pressure increased as the trials progressed. Acceptance of white locoweed at the beginning of each trial, when there was adequate forage, would indicate preference. Rejection of white locoweed at the beginning of the trials, followed by increasing consumption as the trials progressed would indicate that grazing pressure was forcing the cows to select white locoweed. White locoweed was readily accepted by 1 cow in the vegetative trial, and by 2 cows in the flower trial (these cows were termed ''loco-eaters''). The remainder of the cows (termed ''normal'') rejected white locoweed in the vegetative and flower trials until the availability of new growth cool-season grasses decreased, after which they started to select white locoweed. All cows rejected white locoweed at the beginning of the pod trial, but consumed it as availability of other plants decreased. Regression analysis showed that grazing pressure was positively associated with ingestion of white locoweed (r2 = .46 to .88) by the ''normal'' cows. C1 UNION CTY EXTENS AGENT,CLAYTON,NM 88415. RP RALPHS, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS,POISONOUS PLANT LAB,LOGAN,UT 84321, USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 47 IS 4 BP 270 EP 274 DI 10.2307/4002546 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NX182 UT WOS:A1994NX18200003 ER PT J AU RALPHS, MH JENSEN, DT PFISTER, JA NIELSEN, DB JAMES, LF AF RALPHS, MH JENSEN, DT PFISTER, JA NIELSEN, DB JAMES, LF TI STORMS INFLUENCE CATTLE TO GRAZE LARKSPUR - AN OBSERVATION SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE WEATHER; BIOCLIMATIC FACTORS; CATTLE GRAZING; POISONOUS PLANTS; TALL LARKSPUR (DELPHINIUM-BARBEYI L HUTH) ID TALL LARKSPUR; CONSUMPTION; PHENOLOGY; ALKALOIDS AB Livestock producers report cattle deaths from larkspur (Delphinium spp.) poisoning increase during stormy periods. In controlled grazing studies, we observed cattle increase larkspur consumption during stormy weather. Periods of ''gluttonous'' larkspur consumption generally coincided with storms during a 1990 grazing study. Cattle consumed larkspur almost exclusively for 20-30 min periods during storms, as opposed to intermittent grazing of larkspur flowers, pods, and leaves. In 1991, weather parameters were measured and correlated with larkspur consumption. Larkspur consumption was negatively correlated with decreasing temperature and barometric pressure (r = -0.45 and -0.60 respectively); and positively correlated with increasing relative humidity, leaf wetness, and precipitation (r = 0.45, 0.74, and 0.27, respectively). Understanding consumption patterns of cattle grazing larkspur will aid in developing management strategies to reduce cattle deaths. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT SOILS & BIOMETEOROL,LOGAN,UT 84322. UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT PAEDIAT,LOGAN,UT 84322. RP RALPHS, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS,POISONOUS PLANT RES LAB,1150 E 1400 N,LOGAN,UT 84321, USA. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 47 IS 4 BP 275 EP 278 DI 10.2307/4002547 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NX182 UT WOS:A1994NX18200004 ER PT J AU COOK, JG HERSHEY, TJ IRWIN, LL AF COOK, JG HERSHEY, TJ IRWIN, LL TI VEGETATIVE RESPONSE TO BURNING ON WYOMING MOUNTAIN-SHRUB BIG GAME RANGES SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE BROWSE PRODUCTION; BURNING; FORAGE PRODUCTION; FORAGE QUALITY; NUTRITION; SHRUB SURVIVAL ID PRESCRIBED FIRE; WINTER RANGE; DEER; GRASSLAND; SHEEP AB Information on vegetative productivity and nutritive responses to burning in mesic, high elevation big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.) communities is limited. We investigated the effects of 2 wildfires and 3 prescribed fires on current year's production of herbs and selected shrubs for 3 years post-burn, and forage quality for 2 years post-burn in high elevation big sagebrush habitats in southcentral Wyoming. Production of perennial herbs on burned sites averaged twice that on controls, while production of annual herbs varied little 2-3 years post-burn. Burn-induced mortality of Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex Roem.) was less-than-or-equal-to 15%, but a 6-fold increase in twig production more than compensated for plant losses. Mortality of true mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus Raf.) and antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC) averaged 25% and 55%, respectively, but these losses generally were compensated by increases in browse production. Crude protein content of herbs from late spring through early fall was significantly higher on burns for 2 years post-burn. These results suggest well-managed prescribed burning programs have potential to improve May through September diets of large herbivores in southcentral Wyoming mountain-shrub communities. C1 US FOREST SERV,MED BOW NATL FOREST,ENCAMPMENT,WY 82325. NATL COUNCIL PAPER IND AIR & STREAM IMPROVEMENT INC,CORVALLIS,OR 97339. US FOREST SERV,FREMONT NATL FOREST,LAKEVIEW,OR 97630. RP COOK, JG (reprint author), UNIV WYOMING,DEPT ZOOL & PHYSIOL,LARAMIE,WY 82071, USA. NR 46 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 16 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 47 IS 4 BP 296 EP 302 DI 10.2307/4002550 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NX182 UT WOS:A1994NX18200007 ER PT J AU GRINGS, EE ADAMS, DC SHORT, RE AF GRINGS, EE ADAMS, DC SHORT, RE TI PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTATION OF STOCKER CATTLE IN THE NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE FORAGE QUALITY; INTAKE; RANGELAND; SUPPLEMENTS ID TALLGRASS-PRAIRIE FORAGE; BLUE GRAMA RANGELAND; GRAZING BEEF-CATTLE; DIGESTA KINETICS; RUMINAL FERMENTATION; SORGHUM GRAIN; SOYBEAN-MEAL; WINTER RANGE; STEERS; DIGESTIBILITY AB A comparison of the response of varying classes of growing beef cattle to protein supplementation was conducted on Northern Great Plains rangeland during the summer and early fall. Response was evaluated in 2 experiments, conducted in 1988 and 1989, by measuring organic matter intake and body weight gain in 13-month-old (spring-born steers) and 7-month-old steers (fall-born steers), which received either a 26% crude protein supplement or no supplement. Weight gain was also monitored in 7-month old heifers (fall-born heifers). In experiment 1, spring-born steers were fed 1.28 kg and fall-born steers and heifers 1.64 kg of protein supplement every other day. During experiment 2, spring-born steers were fed supplement at a rate of 1 kg and fall-born steers and heifers at 1.8 kg every other day. Intake of forage organic matter for steers was not affected (P > 0.10) by supplementation in either experiment. In experiment 1, total organic matter intake tended to be increased by protein supplementation in June but not in August (date x supplementation level interaction, P = 0.08). Forage organic matter digestibility was greater (P < 0.01) in June than in August during experiment 1 and in August than September in experiment 2. In experiment 1, this difference was greater for fall-born steers than spring-born steers. In experiment 1, supplementation increased (P < 0.01) average daily gain of cattle from 0.63 to 0.78 kg/day. In experiment 2, daily gain of cattle was increased (P < 0.01) from 0.62 to 0.82 kg/day with protein supplementation. Also, in experiment 2, cattle receiving supplement were 18 kg heavier (P < 0.05) at the end of the grazing season than unsupplemented controls. Protein supplementation increased weight gains of growing cattle in the late summer in the Northern Great Plains. The advantage was most consistent for fall-born steers with higher relative protein requirements. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,W CENT RES & EXTENS CTR,N PLATTE,NE 69101. RP GRINGS, EE (reprint author), USDA ARS,FT KEOGH LIVESTOCK & RANGE RES LAB,RT 1 BOX 2021,MILES CITY,MT 59301, USA. NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 47 IS 4 BP 303 EP 307 DI 10.2307/4002551 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NX182 UT WOS:A1994NX18200008 ER PT J AU HEIMLICH, RE KRUPA, KS AF HEIMLICH, RE KRUPA, KS TI CHANGES IN LAND QUALITY ACCOMPANYING URBANIZATION IN UNITED-STATES FAST-GROWTH COUNTIES SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID AGRICULTURAL LAND AB Changes in the quality of the cropland base due to urban growth in 135 1970s and 115 1980s fast-growth counties were investigated using paired-point aerial photography and the 1987 National Resources Inventory. Land quality was assessed using the USDA prime farmland definition, LCC I-III, and potential gross revenue per cropped acre. The empirical evidence did not support conventional wisdom regarding concentration and urbanization of better quality land in urbanizing areas. Evidence on net changes in cropland quality was mixed: quality declined using the prime land and LCC I-III measures, but potential gross revenue per acre increased. RP HEIMLICH, RE (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,DIV RESOURCES & TECHNOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 49 IS 4 BP 367 EP 374 PG 8 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA NX842 UT WOS:A1994NX84200009 ER PT J AU FOLLETT, RF SHAFFER, MJ BRODAHL, MK REICHMAN, GA AF FOLLETT, RF SHAFFER, MJ BRODAHL, MK REICHMAN, GA TI NLEAP SIMULATION OF RESIDUAL SOIL NITRATE FOR IRRIGATED AND NONIRRIGATED CORN SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article AB Evaluation of the Nitrate Leaching and Economic Analysis Package (NLEAP) model is needed to determine its utility for assessment of N-management options. Data from a 3-year field experiment of continuous corn (Zea mays L.) consisting of two blocks of plots, 'Site A' and 'Site B,' were used. Half of the plots at each site were randomly chosen to be either nonirrigated or irrigated (based upon calculated potential evapotranspiration). Three replications of nitrogen (N) fertility (56, 112, and 224 kg ha-1; 50, 100, and 200 Lbs ac-1) were used. Soil was a Hecla sandy loam to loamy sand soil (Pachic Udic Haploborall). Soil and climate data were from the North Dakota portion of the upper Midwest database for NLEAP. On-site data were used when available. NLEAP was calibrated using Site A and validated using Site B. When otherwise unavailable or impractical to obtain, required model parameters were determined using Site A experimental data. For corn grain yields, an irrigation by year interaction was highly significant at both sites; at Site B, response to N was significant. The N-uptake index (NUI), a 'sink' term, was significantly different from the default when low grain yields resulted from dry conditions. Such deviations of NUI must be identified during calibration to optimize NLEAP output. Residual soil nitrate (RSN) levels following harvest were influenced by N-treatment and year. High N rates resulted in high RSN levels following harvest. Correlations of predicted and observed amounts of RSN for all years and treatments were high at Site A. For year 1, nonirrigated treatments, use of Site A NUI-calibration values resulted in calculated RSN values for Site B that were too low. However, predicted and observed values of RSN for the other years and treatments were highly correlated. This study shows that NLEAP is adaptable to data collected for nonirrigated and irrigated conditions on sandy soil for a wide range of N-treatments. Its output should be valuable to users as a decision making aid. Additional work is needed with NLEAP for other soils, climatic conditions, N-sources, and economic crops to further evaluate its capabilities and limitations for assessing irrigation- and N-management to decrease N-leaching. C1 USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. RP FOLLETT, RF (reprint author), POB E,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 14 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 49 IS 4 BP 375 EP 382 PG 8 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA NX842 UT WOS:A1994NX84200010 ER PT J AU SOJKA, RE LENTZ, RD FOERSTER, JA AF SOJKA, RE LENTZ, RD FOERSTER, JA TI SOFTWARE UTILIZING IMHOFF CONE VOLUMES TO ESTIMATE FURROW-IRRIGATION EROSION SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID WATER AB Data analysis required for furrow irrigation induced erosion research is greatly facilitated with the aid of computational software. Several programs have been developed at Kimberly, Idaho, that compute infiltration, runoff, and sediment loss from the following inputs: inflow and runoff rates, sediment concentration in runoff determined by Imboff cones, sampling times, furrow spacing, and row length. We found that more than one program type was required to meet various user needs. Two PC-based programs are presented for intense furrow monitoring, one employs spreadsheet software and the other is a PASCAL program. They produce accurate estimates and display output in formats suited to quantitative evaluation or for further data reductions needed in research applications, An HP-IIC band calculator program provides coarse diagnostic information that can easily be used by farm advisors to assess potential severity of furrow erosion in farmer's fields. The software have been extensively tested and are reliable. They can be used to quantify any component of runoff removal. RP SOJKA, RE (reprint author), USDA,ARS,SOIL & WATER MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,KIMBERLY,ID 83341, USA. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 49 IS 4 BP 400 EP 406 PG 7 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA NX842 UT WOS:A1994NX84200014 ER PT J AU KUCZMARSKI, MF MOSHFEGH, A BRIEFEL, R AF KUCZMARSKI, MF MOSHFEGH, A BRIEFEL, R TI UPDATE ON NUTRITION MONITORING ACTIVITIES IN THE UNITED-STATES SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB This article provides an overview of planned and proposed nutrition monitoring activities of the National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research (NNMRR) Program. Key provisions of the NNMRR Act of 1990 are described, including the roles and responsibilities of the Interagency Board of Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research (IBNMRR) and the National Nutrition Monitoring Advisory Council and the development of the Ten-Year Comprehensive Plan. The Plan, which was developed under the guidance of the IBNMRR and reviewed by the National Nutrition Monitoring Advisory Council, is the basis for planning and coordinating the monitoring activities of 22 federal agencies. Also discussed are the resources generated from nutrition monitoring activities, from publications to conferences, that are available to dietitians and nutritionists. Professionals view the scientific reports that describe the nutritional status of the US population and the directories of federal and state monitoring activities as valuable resources. Suggestions from users of nutrition monitoring data related to their information and research needs have been extremely helpful to federal agencies in the development of future monitoring publications and the Ten-Year Comprehensive Plan. Continued communication between dietitians and the federal agencies responsible for the NNMRR Program is important. C1 USDA,HUMAN NUTR INFORMAT SERV,OFF POLICY COORDINAT & SPECIAL PROJECTS,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,HYATTSVILLE,MD. RP KUCZMARSKI, MF (reprint author), UNIV DELAWARE,DEPT NUTR & DIETET,317 ALLISON HALL,NEWARK,DE 19716, USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSN PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 94 IS 7 BP 753 EP 760 DI 10.1016/0002-8223(94)91943-7 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA PC112 UT WOS:A1994PC11200015 PM 8021417 ER PT J AU KUTNER, NG SCHECHTMAN, KB ORY, MG BAKER, DI MILLER, JP PROVINCE, MA ARFKEN, CL ROSSITER, J HORNBROOK, MC STEVENS, VJ WINGFIELD, DJ GREENLICK, MR TINETTI, ME CLAUS, EB HORWITZ, RI BUCHNER, DM WAGNER, EH DELATEUR, BJ CRESS, ME PRICE, R ABRASS, IB ESSELMAN, P MARGUERITA, T MULROW, CD GERETY, MB CORNELL, JE SATTIN, RW DENINO, LA KANTEN, D WOLF, SL GREEN, RC MCNEELY, E COOGLER, C FIATARONE, MA ONEILL, EF RYAN, ND CLEMENTS, KM LIPSITZ, LA KEHAYIAS, JJ ROBERTS, SB EVANS, WJ WALLACE, R ROSS, JE HUSTON, JC KUNDEL, CJ SELLBERG, MS WOLFSON, LI WHIPPLE, RH AMERMAN, PM JUDGE, JO DERBY, CA KING, MB HADLEY, EC TAMBOLI, A WEISS, S AF KUTNER, NG SCHECHTMAN, KB ORY, MG BAKER, DI MILLER, JP PROVINCE, MA ARFKEN, CL ROSSITER, J HORNBROOK, MC STEVENS, VJ WINGFIELD, DJ GREENLICK, MR TINETTI, ME CLAUS, EB HORWITZ, RI BUCHNER, DM WAGNER, EH DELATEUR, BJ CRESS, ME PRICE, R ABRASS, IB ESSELMAN, P MARGUERITA, T MULROW, CD GERETY, MB CORNELL, JE SATTIN, RW DENINO, LA KANTEN, D WOLF, SL GREEN, RC MCNEELY, E COOGLER, C FIATARONE, MA ONEILL, EF RYAN, ND CLEMENTS, KM LIPSITZ, LA KEHAYIAS, JJ ROBERTS, SB EVANS, WJ WALLACE, R ROSS, JE HUSTON, JC KUNDEL, CJ SELLBERG, MS WOLFSON, LI WHIPPLE, RH AMERMAN, PM JUDGE, JO DERBY, CA KING, MB HADLEY, EC TAMBOLI, A WEISS, S TI OLDER ADULTS PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR HEALTH AND FUNCTIONING IN RELATION TO SLEEP DISTURBANCE, FALLING, AND URINARY-INCONTINENCE SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Gerontological-Society-of-America CY NOV 20, 1992 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP GERONTOL SOC AMER ID FICSIT TRIALS; INTERVENTIONS; DISORDERS; FRAILTY; ELDERS AB OBJECTIVE: To investigate variation in older adults' perceived health and functioning that is associated with self-reported sleep disturbance, falling, and urinary incontinence, controlling for self-reported depression, ambulation difficulty, number of chronic conditions, and subjects' sociodemographic characteristics. DESIGN: Multicenter prospective study (FICSIT). SETTING: Persons age 70 and older living in the community evaluated at baseline. PARTICIPANTS: 239 women, 113 men; mean age = 77. MEASUREMENTS: Sleep disturbance score based on EPESE questions, recent falls history (Y/N), incontinent episodes (Y/N), CES-D score, SIP Ambulation score, and 4 MOS SF-36 scale scores. RESULTS: Women were significantly more likely than men to report multiple conditions (sleep disturbance, falling, incontinence) and to report lower levels of functioning as measured by 3 of 4 SF-36 scales. In regression analyses, sleep disturbance and urinary incontinence were significant predictors of perceived limitation in usual role activities because of physical health problems. Depression and ambulation measures significantly predicted scores on all 4 SF-36 scales. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis suggests that it is important to address depressive symptomatology and ambulation difficulty-which in turn are related to sleep disturbance, falling, and urinary incontinence-in efforts to enhance older adults' perceived health and functioning. C1 WASHINGTON UNIV,DIV BIOSTAT,ST LOUIS,MO. NIA,BETHESDA,MD 20892. YALE UNIV,SCH NURSING,NEW HAVEN,CT 06536. WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DIV BIOSTAT,ST LOUIS,MO 63130. KAISER PERMANENTE CTR HLTH RES,PORTLAND,OR. YALE UNIV,SCH MED,PROGRAM AGING,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520. WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT HLTH SCI,ST LOUIS,MO 63130. AUDIE L MURPHY MEM VET ADM MED CTR,CTR GERIATR RES EDUC & CLIN,SAN ANTONIO,TX. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. UNIV CONNECTICUT,CTR HLTH,DEPT NEUROL,STORRS,CT 06269. NIA,NCNR,BETHESDA,MD. HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,HEBREW REHABIL CTR AGED,USDA HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,CAMBRIDGE,MA. UNIV IOWA,IOWA CITY,IA 52242. UNIV IOWA,IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,IOWA CITY,IA. RP KUTNER, NG (reprint author), EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT REHABIL MED,1441 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30322, USA. RI Wolf, Steven/F-6588-2010; OI Wolf, Steven/0000-0002-9446-8995; Miller, J Philip/0000-0003-4568-6846 FU NIA NIH HHS [U01-AG09089] NR 27 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 3 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0002-8614 J9 J AM GERIATR SOC JI J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 42 IS 7 BP 757 EP 762 PG 6 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA NW339 UT WOS:A1994NW33900012 PM 8014352 ER PT J AU BROWN, EM THOMPSON, CJ TAYLOR, MM AF BROWN, EM THOMPSON, CJ TAYLOR, MM TI MOLECULAR-SIZE AND CONFORMATION OF PROTEIN RECOVERED FROM CHROME SHAVINGS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID COLLAGEN; GLYCEROL AB Partially hydrolyzed collagen is one product of the treatment for chrome shavings developed in this laboratory. The value of this process to the tanner depends, in part, on the market value of this proteinaceous material. Modification of the process at any of several points may alter the characteristics of the protein product and thus improve its market potential. The molecular size of the collagen fragments and thermal stability of collagen-like conformations are both factors in determining possible uses for this material. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used to analyze the protein fragments. These fragments were extracted from chrome shavings with MgO alone or in combination with NaOH, KOH or the respective carbonates. Results of these analyses showed a wide dispersion of molecular weights in all of the samples with the heaviest concentrations in the 100-200 kDa and 50-100 kDa fractions. About 25% of the protein was degraded into fragments less than or equal to 50 kDa and a smaller portion was in the form of aggregates greater than or equal to 200 kDa. When aqueous solutions were held at 5 degrees C for at least 15 hrs, these protein fractions developed 30-60% of the triple helical conformation of a comparable concentration of native collagen as measured by circular dichroism. All fractions extracted with MgO/carbonate mixtures developed more than 50% helical structure while those extracted with MgO/hydroxide mixtures developed 30-50% helix. Melting points for the helix to coil transition were 22 degrees C +/- 2 degrees C for all samples studied. RP BROWN, EM (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 10 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 89 IS 7 BP 215 EP 220 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA QK793 UT WOS:A1994QK79300001 ER PT J AU TAYLOR, MM DIEFENDORF, EJ MARMER, WN BROWN, EM AF TAYLOR, MM DIEFENDORF, EJ MARMER, WN BROWN, EM TI EFFECT OF VARIOUS ALKALINITY-INDUCING AGENTS ON CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES OF PROTEIN PRODUCTS ISOLATED FROM CHROMIUM-CONTAINING LEATHER WASTE SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID SHAVINGS AB We have demonstrated that gelable and hydrolyzed protein products can be obtained from chromium-containing leather waste. Depending on the choice of alkalinity-inducing agent added, products with varying chemical and physical properties can be isolated. Also, we have shown that the ash content of these isolated protein products will be dependent not only on the choice of alkalinity-inducing agent, but also on the chemical make-up of the original substrate. One of the components of the ash is chromium and its content is also influenced by the choice of alkalinity-inducing agent. We found that adding magnesium oxide in combination with sodium or potassium hydroxide increases the chromium content in the gelable protein products over that obtained with magnesium oxide alone. Substituting carbonate salts for sodium or potassium hydroxide lowers the chromium content of the gelable protein products. Choice of alkalinity-inducing agent has little effect on the chromium content of the hydrolyzed protein products. With respect to Bloom value and viscosity of the gelable protein products, magnesium oxide alone gives the superior product, whereas the introduction of carbonates and hydroxides has a detrimental effect. Hydroxide is more detrimental than carbonate. In this study we have shown that a variety of products can be isolated with varying properties and these properties will be dependent on the desired end use of the protein product. RP TAYLOR, MM (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 20 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 89 IS 7 BP 221 EP 228 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA QK793 UT WOS:A1994QK79300002 ER PT J AU WANG, SY FAUST, M AF WANG, SY FAUST, M TI CHANGES IN THE ANTIOXIDANT SYSTEM ASSOCIATED WITH BUDBREAK IN ANNA APPLE (MALUS-DOMESTICA BORKH) BUDS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ASCORBATE FREE RADICAL REDUCTASE; ASCORBATE OXIDASE; ASCORBATE PEROXIDASE; ASCORBIC ACID; DEHYDROASCORBATE REDUCTASE; DEHYDROASCORBIC ACID; BISULFIDE; DORMANCY; GLUTATHIONE; GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE; TEMPERATURE; THIOLS ID INDUCED LATERAL BUDBREAK; ASCORBIC-ACID OXIDASE; ENZYME-ACTIVITIES; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; SENSITIVE METHOD; THIDIAZURON; DORMANCY; GLUTATHIONE; TREES; REST AB The ability of low and high temperatures and S-containing compounds to overcome endo- and paradormancy along with the possible mechanisms involved in these treatments for breaking 'Anna' apple bud dormancy were studied. All three treatments induced budbreak in paradormant (July) and endodormant (October) buds. Cold, heat, and allyl disulfide increased ascorbic acid, the reduced form of glutathione (GSH), total glutathione, total nonprotein thiol (NPSH), and nonglutathione thiol (RSH), whereas dehydroascorbic acid and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) decreased. The treatments also increased the ratios of ascorbic acid : dehydroascorbate and GSH : GSSG and the activities of ascorbate free-radical reductase (AFR, EC 1.6.5.4), ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR, EC 1.8.5.1), ascorbate oxidase (AAO, EC 1.10.3.3), and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) in the buds. These results indicate that budbreak induced by cold, heat, and allyl disulfide is associated with the removal of free radicals through activated peroxide-scavenging systems. RP WANG, SY (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,FRUIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 45 TC 29 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 119 IS 4 BP 735 EP 741 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA NV231 UT WOS:A1994NV23100012 ER PT J AU ABDULBAKI, AA SOLOMOS, T AF ABDULBAKI, AA SOLOMOS, T TI DIFFUSIVITY OF CARBON-DIOXIDE THROUGH THE SKIN AND FLESH OF RUSSET BURBANK POTATO-TUBERS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB The diffusion coefficient of CO2 in 'Russet Burbank' potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers was determined under steady-state conditions at 10 and 27C. The data showed that the skin is the main barrier to gas diffusion, with an average diffusion coefficient of 6.57 x 10(-7) and 7.61 x 10(-7) cm.s-1 at 10 and 27C, respectively. The flesh also presents an appreciable barrier to gas diffusion. The average diffusion coefficient of CO2 in the flesh was 2.00 x 10(-4) and 2.24 x 10(-4) cm.s-1 at 10 and 27C, respectively. Under regular storage conditions, the tuber is well aerated and the concentration of O2 at the center of the tuber is sufficient to maintain aerobic respiration. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT HORT,COLL PK,MD 20742. RP ABDULBAKI, AA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST PLANT SCI,VEGETABLE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 22 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 119 IS 4 BP 742 EP 746 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA NV231 UT WOS:A1994NV23100013 ER PT J AU RODRIGUEZ, J SHERMAN, WB SCORZA, R WISNIEWSKI, M OKIE, WR AF RODRIGUEZ, J SHERMAN, WB SCORZA, R WISNIEWSKI, M OKIE, WR TI EVERGREEN PEACH, ITS INHERITANCE AND DORMANT BEHAVIOR SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE DORMANCY; CHILLING REQUIREMENT; COLD HARDINESS ID FLOWER BUDS; PRUNUS AB The evergreen (EVG) peach, first described in Mexico, was used as a parent with deciduous (DE) Peaches to develop F1 and F2 hybrid populations in Mexico, Florida, Georgia, and West Virginia. F1 trees were DE and F2 plants segregated 3 DE : 1 EVG. In West Virginia, the most temperate location, the heterozygous class could be distributed in the first few years of growth by late leaf abscission in the fall. Segregation ratios suggest that the EVG trait is controlled by a single gene, evg, the EVG state being homozygous recessive. Evergreen trees were characterized by insensivity of shoot tips to daylength and failure of terminal growth to cease growth until killed by low temperature. Lateral buds of EVG trees went dormant in the fall. Deep supercooling occurred in both EVG and DE trees, but it appeared later in EVG trees, was of shorter duration, and occurred to a lesser extent. Evergreen germplasm may be useful in developing peach cultivars for frost-free subtropic and tropical areas. It also presents a useful system for studying dormancy and cold hardiness. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT FRUIT CROPS,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430. USDA ARS,SE FRUIT & TREE NUT RES LAB,BYRON,GA 31008. RP RODRIGUEZ, J (reprint author), COLEGIO POSTGRAD CHAPINGO,CHAPINGO,MEXICO. NR 13 TC 60 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 119 IS 4 BP 789 EP 792 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA NV231 UT WOS:A1994NV23100022 ER PT J AU ERB, WA DRAPER, AD SWARTZ, HJ AF ERB, WA DRAPER, AD SWARTZ, HJ TI COMBINING ABILITY FOR SEEDLING ROOT SYSTEMS SIZE AND SHOOT VIGOR IN INTERSPECIFIC BLUEBERRY PROGENIES SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE VACCINIUM-ATROCOCCUM; VACCINIUM-DARROWI; VACCINIUM-MYRTILLOIDES; VACCINIUM-MYRSINITES; VACCINIUM-ANGUSTIFOLIUM; VACCINIUM-ASHEI; VACCINIUM-CORYMBOSUM; FRUIT BREEDING; UPLAND SOIL; MINERAL SOIL ADAPTABILITY; DROUGHT RESISTANCE; SEEDLING SCREENING ID RABBITEYE BLUEBERRY; DROUGHT RESISTANCE; MINERAL SOIL; GROWTH; PH; TOLERANCE; HYBRIDS AB Interspecific blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) progenies were examined to determine combining abilities and genetic variability for seedling root system size and shoot vigor and to establish whether a large root system is correlated with good growth when plants are grown on a mineral soil and exposed to a moderate soil water deficit. General combining ability (GCA) variance components for root system size and shoot vigor and specific combining ability variance components for shoot vigor were significant. US226, a tetraploid hybrid of V. myrtilloides Michaux x V. atrococcum Heller, had the highest GCA effect for root system size and the lowest GCA effect for shoot vigor. US75 (V. darrowi Camp x V. corymbosum L.) had the highest GCA effect for shoot vigor and was second in GCA effect for root system size. Comparison of the crosses containing G111 (V. corymbosum) with those containing G362 (V. corymbosum) indicates that selecting for the best V. corymbosum clone to start a breeding program seems as important as selecting the mineral soil-adapted parent. Root system ratings were highly correlated with total dry weight of field-grown plants (r = 0.89). The method used in this study to evaluate seedlings for root system size and shoot vigor could be used to eliminate the less vigorous plants from a population before field planting and to evaluate mineral soil adaptability. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,DEPT HORT,WOOSTER,OH 44691. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,FRUIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT HORT,COLL PK,MD 20742. NR 29 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 119 IS 4 BP 793 EP 797 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA NV231 UT WOS:A1994NV23100023 ER PT J AU YODER, DR EBEL, ED HANCOCK, DD COMBS, BA AF YODER, DR EBEL, ED HANCOCK, DD COMBS, BA TI PUBLIC VETERINARY-MEDICINE - FOOD SAFETY AND HANDLING - EPIDEMIOLOGIC FINDINGS FROM AN OUTBREAK OF CYSTICERCOSIS IN FEEDLOT CATTLE SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB An outbreak of cysticercosis in a south-central Idaho custom feedlot reached a peak prevalence of 11% in January 1993 and extended from October 1992 through March 1993. Of 5,164 cattle slaughtered from this feedlot during the outbreak, 457 (9%) were cysticercosis infected. Total discounts on the infected cattle at slaughter cost the feedlot $154,400. Most evidence was suggestive of feed-borne transmission of Taenia saginata eggs to the cattle in the feedlot. By use of logistic regression analysis of feedlot records, significant (P = 0.004) association of cysticercosis prevalence at slaughter with days on feed was revealed. Similarly, a decline in cysticercosis prevalence was significantly (P < 0.001) related to the number of days cattle were fed a ration not containing potato byproduct. Although sources other than potato byproduct were systematically evaluated during the investigation, findings suggested that potato byproduct fed in this feedlot was contaminated with T saginata eggs. C1 USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,VET SERV,BOISE,ID 83709. FRONTAGE GREEN ANIM CLIN,WENDELL,ID 83355. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT CLIN MED,FIELD DIS INVEST UNIT,PULLMAN,WA 99164. NR 11 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 1 PY 1994 VL 205 IS 1 BP 45 EP 50 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA NU600 UT WOS:A1994NU60000015 PM 7928548 ER PT J AU HUSS, BT MILLER, MA CORWIN, RM HOBERG, EP OBRIEN, DP AF HUSS, BT MILLER, MA CORWIN, RM HOBERG, EP OBRIEN, DP TI FATAL CEREBRAL COENUROSIS IN A CAT SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE FELINE SPECIES; BRAIN; COENUROSIS; TAENIA SERIALIS AB Cats may serve as accidental intermediate hosts for Taenia serialis, acquiring the parasite by ingestion of infective ova from canid feces. Development of cerebral coenuri in such accidental hosts may result in fatal neurologic disease. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,COLL VET MED,VET MED DIAGNOST LAB,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. UNIV MISSOURI,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET MICROBIOL,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. USDA ARS,BIOSYSTEMAT PARASITOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP HUSS, BT (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET MED & SURG,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. NR 7 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 1 PY 1994 VL 205 IS 1 BP 69 EP 71 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA NU600 UT WOS:A1994NU60000019 PM 7928552 ER PT J AU GARBER, LP SALMAN, MD HURD, HS KEEFE, T SCHLATER, JL AF GARBER, LP SALMAN, MD HURD, HS KEEFE, T SCHLATER, JL TI POTENTIAL RISK-FACTORS FOR CRYPTOSPORIDIUM INFECTION IN DAIRY CALVES SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE BOVINE SPECIES; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM; EPIDEMIOLOGY ID DIARRHEA; PREVALENCE AB Fecal samples from 7,369 calves on 1,103 farms were examined for cryptosporidia in a nationwide survey, using monoclonal antibody technique. Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in calves from 652 (59.1%) of the farms and in 1,648 (22.4%) of the tested calves. Almost half the calves between 7 and 21 days of age had cryptosporidia in their fecal samples. Prevalence was highest during the summer. Farms with multiple-cow maternity facilities and farms with > 100 milking cows were the most likely to have calves with cryptosporidia. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED & BIOL SCI,FT COLLINS,CO 80521. USDA ARS,APHIS,NATL ANIM MONITORING SYST,FT COLLINS,CO 80521. USDA ARS,APHIS,NATL VET SERV LAB,PATHOBIOL LAB,FT COLLINS,CO 80521. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 1 PY 1994 VL 205 IS 1 BP 87 EP 91 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA NU600 UT WOS:A1994NU60000024 ER PT J AU KNOTHE, G BAGBY, MO WEISLEDER, D PETERSON, RE AF KNOTHE, G BAGBY, MO WEISLEDER, D PETERSON, RE TI ALLYLIC MONO-HYDROXYLATION AND DI-HYDROXYLATION OF ISOLATED DOUBLE-BONDS WITH SELENIUM DIOXIDE-TERT-BUTYL HYDROPEROXIDE - NMR CHARACTERIZATION OF LONG-CHAIN ENOLS, ALLYLIC AND SATURATED 1,4-DIOLS, AND ENONES SO JOURNAL OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY-PERKIN TRANSACTIONS 2 LA English DT Article ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ACID METHYL-ESTERS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; FATTY-ACIDS; 7,10-DIHYDROXY-8(E)-OCTADECENOIC ACID; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; OLEIC-ACID; POSITIONAL ISOMERS; CARBON-ATOMS; OXIDATION AB Selenium dioxide with tert-butyl hydroperoxide as re-oxidant was used in the allylic hydroxylation of isolated double bonds in straight-chain hydrocarbons. This was shown for mono-unsaturated fatty acids, esters and alcohols. Either allylic position was hydroxylated individually or both positions reacted to give dihydroxy isomers, affording numerous novel hydroxy compounds. Yields of monohydroxy compounds in which the OH group is between the double bond and C-1 were usually higher than those in which the OH group is between the double bond and the methyl terminus. Monohydroxy products were used as starting material in subsequent allylic hydroxylation reactions to increase the yield of dihydroxy product, although this reaction is slow. Coinciding with the known mechanism, cis double bonds of starting materials isomerized nearly quantitatively to trans double bonds in the products while trans double bonds did not isomerize. Resonance differences of the olefinic carbons in C-13 NMR of the unsaturated monohydroxy compounds show on which side of the double bond the hydroxy group is located. The magnitude of these differences depends on the nature of the group at C-1 and the distance of the double bond from C-1. Corresponding saturated hydroxy fatty acids were synthesized with the hydrazine-air system. C-13 NMR of the saturated compounds showed that the dihydroxy products were erythro/threo diastereoisomers. With this assignment, H-1 NMR of the unsaturated allylic dihydroxy compounds may be used to distinguish these diastereoisomers. The olefinic protons of the erthryo dihydroxy diastereoisomer resonate downfield from those in the threo form. The threo diastereoisomers are formed in higher yields than their erythro counterparts. Compounds with allylic keto group (enones) analogous to the monohydroxy products arose as side products. The C-13 NMR spectra of these enones are discussed. RP KNOTHE, G (reprint author), USDA,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 71 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 10 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4WF SN 0300-9580 J9 J CHEM SOC PERK T 2 JI J. Chem. Soc.-Perkin Trans. 2 PD JUL PY 1994 IS 7 BP 1661 EP 1669 DI 10.1039/p29940001661 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Organic; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA NW962 UT WOS:A1994NW96200045 ER PT J AU CHRISTENSEN, CM ZARLENGA, DS GASBARRE, LC AF CHRISTENSEN, CM ZARLENGA, DS GASBARRE, LC TI IDENTIFICATION OF A HAEMONCHUS-PLACEI-SPECIFIC DNA-PROBE SO JOURNAL OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Note DE HAEMONCHUS-PLACEI; H-CONTORTUS; DNA PROBE; SPECIES SPECIFIC ID REPETITIVE DNA; CONTORTUS AB A partial DNA library was generated from Haemonchus placei and differentially screened to identify clones containing repetitive and species-specific sequences. A DNA sequence, which hybridized with H. placei genomic DNA by dot-blot analysis and did not hybridize with Haemonchus contortus DNA, was identified and characterized. The probe, designated pHp3, was sequenced and found to be 723 bp in length, constituting 0.34% of the H. placei genome. The pHp3 probe is useful in differentiating the morphologically similar parasites H. placei and H. contortus. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,BIOSYSTEMAT PARASITOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP CHRISTENSEN, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,HELMINTH DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOC WASHINGTON PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS INC, 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 1049-233X J9 J HELMINTHOL SOC W JI J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 61 IS 2 BP 249 EP 252 PG 4 WC Parasitology; Zoology SC Parasitology; Zoology GA PA719 UT WOS:A1994PA71900020 ER PT J AU CHARLET, LD AF CHARLET, LD TI EFFECT OF STALK BURIAL ON EMERGENCE OF SUNFLOWER STEM WEEVIL ADULTS (COLEOPTERA, CURCULIONIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Note ID CYLINDROCOPTURUS-ADSPERSUS COLEOPTERA; NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS; LARVAE; DATE AB Adults of overwintered sunflower stem weevil, Cylindrocopturus adspersus (LeConte), emerged from sunflower stalks from the beginning of June to mid-July in North Dakota. Adult emergence was only 8.8 and 12.8% of the potential number of adults that could have emerged for the years 1990 and 1991, respectively. Burying infested sunflower stalks reduced the subsequent emergence of adults. Reduced emergence of weevils from buried stalks may be due to the inability of adults to move from stalks to the soil surface. This study reveals that tillage that buries infested sunflower stalks can be an effective cultural control for subsequent generations of weevils. Burying infested sunflower stalks with at least 15 cm of soil reduces populations of emerging sunflower stem weevil adults the following season. RP CHARLET, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO CROP SCI LAB,BOX 5677,STATE UNIV STN,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-8567 J9 J KANSAS ENTOMOL SOC JI J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 67 IS 3 BP 288 EP 290 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QB257 UT WOS:A1994QB25700009 ER PT J AU THOMAS, DB AF THOMAS, DB TI FOSSIL CYDNIDAE (HETEROPTERA) IN THE DOMINICAN AMBER SO JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Three new fossil species of burrower bug (Heteroptera: Cydnidae) are described based on four specimens from Tertiary Dominican amber. The three new species, Dallasiellus succineus, Amnestus electricus, and Amnestus priscus, are assigned to extant genera. RP THOMAS, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,2301 S INT BLVD,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI NEW YORK PA C/O AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST 79TH & CENTRAL PARK WEST, NEW YORK, NY 10024 SN 0028-7199 J9 J NEW YORK ENTOMOL S JI J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 102 IS 3 BP 303 EP 309 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QP378 UT WOS:A1994QP37800003 ER PT J AU PAKALUK, J CARLOW, TA AF PAKALUK, J CARLOW, TA TI DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA OF AN UNIDENTIFIED SPECIES OF CERATOPUS SCHOENHERR, WITH COMMENTS ON PLANT ASSOCIATIONS IN CERATOPODINAE (COLEOPTERA, CURCULIONIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB The larva of an unidentified species of Ceratopus Schoenherr is described, and important structural features are illustrated. Larvae of Ceratopus have been collected repeatedly, and reared, from the fruits of species of Ficus (Moraceae) in Middle America. This represents the first larval description for a member of the subfamily Ceratopodinae. Known plant associations for this subfamily are summarized. RP PAKALUK, J (reprint author), SMITHSONIAN INST,NATL MUSEUM AMER HIST,USDA,SYST ENTOMOL LAB,NHB 168,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI NEW YORK PA C/O AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST 79TH & CENTRAL PARK WEST, NEW YORK, NY 10024 SN 0028-7199 J9 J NEW YORK ENTOMOL S JI J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 102 IS 3 BP 350 EP 354 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QP378 UT WOS:A1994QP37800007 ER PT J AU WOLF, WJ SCHAER, ML ABBOTT, TP AF WOLF, WJ SCHAER, ML ABBOTT, TP TI NONPROTEIN NITROGEN-CONTENT OF DEFATTED JOJOBA MEALS SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE JOJOBA; NONPROTEIN NITROGEN; DEFATTED MEALS; SIMMONDSIA CHINENSIS ID PROTEINS; ELECTROPHORESIS; DETOXIFICATION AB Extraction of defatted jojoba meals with 0-5 M trichloroacetic acid solutions revealed a minimum solubility of nitrogenous compounds in the range of 0.5-2 M. This minimum was assumed to correspond to the nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) fraction. Trichloroacetic acid concentrations of 0.8-1.0 M were found to be optimal for NPN determination. NPN values for laboratory-prepared meals ranged from 21 to 29% of the total nitrogen for undecorticated (with seed coat) meals and from 21 to 30% for decorticated (without seed coat) meals. Commercial presscakes and presscake fines ranged from 15 to 20% of total nitrogen as NPN. These lower values apparently reflect heat treatments received by the presscakes during commercial expelling of the jojoba liquid wax esters. In aqueous dispersions of unheated jojoba meals, nitrogenous compounds exhibited a minimum solubility of 23-45% of total nitrogen at pH 3-4, the apparent isoelectric region of the storage proteins. In some meals NPN comprised up to 100% of the nitrogen soluble at this minimum; thus, low yields of recoverable meal nitrogen in the form of protein isolates are predicted. The NPN fraction was characterized by amino acid analysis and gel electrophoresis and found to contain free amino acids, peptides, and polypeptides of 6-10 kDa. Simmondsin and its derivatives are estimated to make up about one-third of the NPN. RP WOLF, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 31 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 65 IS 3 BP 277 EP 288 DI 10.1002/jsfa.2740650304 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA NY314 UT WOS:A1994NY31400003 ER PT J AU KWANG, J KIM, HS JOO, HS AF KWANG, J KIM, HS JOO, HS TI CLONING, EXPRESSION, AND SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS OF THE ORF4 GENE OF THE PORCINE REPRODUCTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYNDROME VIRUS MN-1B SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article AB Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) MN-1b strain open reading frame 4 (ORF4) has been cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The homologies of nucleotide and amino acid sequences between MN-1b (US isolate) and LV (European isolate) are 69% and 64%, respectively. The data also showed that ORF4 of MN-1b is 36 bases shorter than that of LV. Western blot analysis of expressed recombinant ORF4 protein reacted with 65% (26/40) of PRRSV-infected pig sera tested. These results demonstrated that ORF4 of PRRSV may not be a well-conserved region. RP KWANG, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 0 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI COLUMBIA PA PO BOX 6023, COLUMBIA, MO 65205 SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 6 IS 3 BP 293 EP 296 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA PR001 UT WOS:A1994PR00100003 PM 7948197 ER PT J AU LAGER, KM MENGELING, WL AF LAGER, KM MENGELING, WL TI PORCINE PARVOVIRUS ASSOCIATED WITH CUTANEOUS LESIONS IN PIGLETS SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Note RP LAGER, KM (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,VIROL SWINE RES UNIT,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 0 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI COLUMBIA PA PO BOX 6023, COLUMBIA, MO 65205 SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 6 IS 3 BP 357 EP 359 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA PR001 UT WOS:A1994PR00100014 PM 7948207 ER PT J AU MILLER, JM JENNY, AL TAYLOR, WD RACE, RE ERNST, DR KATZ, JB RUBENSTEIN, R AF MILLER, JM JENNY, AL TAYLOR, WD RACE, RE ERNST, DR KATZ, JB RUBENSTEIN, R TI DETECTION OF PRION PROTEIN IN FORMALIN-FIXED BRAIN BY HYDRATED AUTOCLAVING IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF SCRAPIE IN SHEEP SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Note RP MILLER, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,VIROL CATTLE RES UNIT,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 0 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI COLUMBIA PA PO BOX 6023, COLUMBIA, MO 65205 SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 6 IS 3 BP 366 EP 368 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA PR001 UT WOS:A1994PR00100016 PM 7948209 ER PT J AU ACKERMANN, MR DEBEY, MC REGISTER, KB LARSON, DJ KINYON, JM AF ACKERMANN, MR DEBEY, MC REGISTER, KB LARSON, DJ KINYON, JM TI TONSIL AND TURBINATE COLONIZATION BY TOXIGENIC AND NONTOXIGENIC STRAINS OF PASTEURELLA-MULTOCIDA IN CONVENTIONALLY RAISED SWINE SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Note RP ACKERMANN, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,ATROPH RHINITIS PROJECT,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI COLUMBIA PA PO BOX 6023, COLUMBIA, MO 65205 SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 6 IS 3 BP 375 EP 377 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA PR001 UT WOS:A1994PR00100019 PM 7948212 ER PT J AU SMITSAART, EN FERNANDEZ, E MARADEI, E MORGAN, DO AF SMITSAART, EN FERNANDEZ, E MARADEI, E MORGAN, DO TI VALIDATION OF AN INHIBITION ELISA USING A MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY FOR FOOT-AND-MOUTH-DISEASE (FMD) PRIMARY DIAGNOSIS SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE SERIES B-ZENTRALBLATT FUR VETERINARMEDIZIN REIHE B-INFECTIOUS DISEASES AND VETERINARY PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; COMPLEMENT-FIXATION; VIRUS AB An inhibition ELISA (IH-ELISA) test for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) was validated using 106 epithelial samples from suspected cases of FMD in Argentina submitted to the Argentine National Diagnostics Laboratory (GELAB) over a period of 12 months and examined in parallel with the complement fixation test (CFT). IH-ELISA was found to be more sensitive, detecting 25% (26 samples) more FMDV positives than the CFT in original suspensions of field samples. The effect of storage conditions on 12S stability was examined. Plates stored at 4-degrees-C blocked with 1% ovalbumin and plates stored at -20-degrees-C with or without blocking buffer could be used for at least 90 days. When various brands of polysterene plates were compared for 12ps adsorption it was found that those microplates of higher binding capacity were more efficient. C1 GELAB,SENASA,SERV NACL SANIDAD ANIM,RA-1640 SAN ISIDRO,BUENOS AIRES,ARGENTINA. USDA ARS,PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR,NAA,PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR,GREENPORT,NY 11944. RP SMITSAART, EN (reprint author), INTA,CICV,INST VIROL,CC 77,RA-1708 MORON,BUENOS AIRES,ARGENTINA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-1793 J9 J VET MED B JI J. Vet. Med. Ser. B-Zent.bl. Vet. Med. Reihe B-Infect. Dis. Vet. Public PD JUL PY 1994 VL 41 IS 5 BP 313 EP 319 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA PQ187 UT WOS:A1994PQ18700002 ER PT J AU BOLIN, SR RIDPATH, JF BLACK, J MACY, M ROBLIN, R AF BOLIN, SR RIDPATH, JF BLACK, J MACY, M ROBLIN, R TI SURVEY OF CELL-LINES IN THE AMERICAN TYPE CULTURE COLLECTION FOR BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE CELL LINE; VIRAL CONTAMINATION; BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; IMMUNOPEROXIDASE STAINING ID CONTAMINATION; HYBRIDIZATION; FETUSES; SERUM AB Cell lines originating from cattle, sheep, goat, deer, bison, swine, rabbit, hamster, cat, dog, monkey, human, and mosquito were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection and tested for contamination with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Immunocytochemical procedures and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification were used to detect viral antigen or viral RNA in 13 of 41 cell lines. The results of these procedures correlated exactly. Cell lines derived from cattle, sheep, goat, deer, bison, rabbit, and domestic cat were found contaminated with BVDV. Attempts were made to experimentally infect 14 swine, rabbit, hamster, cat, dog, monkey, and human cell lines that had been found free of virus. All swine cell lines, and most rabbit and cat cell lines, became infected with BVDV. Hamster, human, dog, and certain rabbit and cat cells were refractory to BVDV infection. Experimental infection of monkey cells produced variable results. C1 AMER BIORES INC,SEYMOUR,TN. AMER TYPE CULTURE COLLECT,ROCKVILLE,MD. RP BOLIN, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,VIROL CATTLE RES UNIT,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 28 TC 65 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0934 J9 J VIROL METHODS JI J. Virol. Methods PD JUL PY 1994 VL 48 IS 2-3 BP 211 EP 221 DI 10.1016/0166-0934(94)90120-1 PG 11 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA PA011 UT WOS:A1994PA01100009 PM 7989438 ER PT J AU RHYAN, JC QUINN, WJ STACKHOUSE, LS HENDERSON, JJ EWALT, DR PAYEUR, JB JOHNSON, M MEAGHER, M AF RHYAN, JC QUINN, WJ STACKHOUSE, LS HENDERSON, JJ EWALT, DR PAYEUR, JB JOHNSON, M MEAGHER, M TI ABORTION CAUSED BY BRUCELLA-ABORTUS BIOVAR-1 IN A FREE-RANGING BISON (BISON-BISON) FROM YELLOWSTONE-NATIONAL-PARK SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Note DE ABORTION; BISON; BRUCELLA ABORTUS; BRUCELLOSIS; YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK; BISON BISON AB A near-term aborted bison (Bison bison) fetus was collected near Old Faithful geyser in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming (USA). On necropsy, the fetus liver had a small capsular tear, and there was a small quantity of blood in the peritoneal cavity. Microscopic lesions included mild, purulent bronchopneumonia and mild, multifocal, interstitial pneumonia. Brucella abortus biovar 1 was isolated from fetal abomasal contents, lung, and heart blood. C1 MONTANA VET DIAGNOST LAB,BOZEMAN,MT 59771. US DEPT INTERIOR,NATL PK SERV,YELLOWSTONE NATL PK,WY 82190. RP RHYAN, JC (reprint author), USDA,VET SERV,NATL VET SERV LABS,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,POB 844,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 12 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 30 IS 3 BP 445 EP 446 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA NY684 UT WOS:A1994NY68400023 PM 7933293 ER PT J AU HOLMAN, PJ CRAIG, TM CRIDER, DLD PETRINI, KR RHYAN, J WAGNER, GG AF HOLMAN, PJ CRAIG, TM CRIDER, DLD PETRINI, KR RHYAN, J WAGNER, GG TI CULTURE ISOLATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A BABESIA SP FROM A NORTH-AMERICAN ELK (CERVUS-ELAPHUS) SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Note DE BABESIA; IN VITRO CULTURE; ELK; CERVUS ELAPHUS ID DEER ODOCOILEUS-VIRGINIANUS; OVIS-CANADENSIS-NELSONI; INVITRO CULTIVATION; BOVIS AB Three North American yearling elk (Cervus elaphus) died with clinical symptoms suggestive of babesiosis. Babesia sp. organisms similar in morphology to B. odocoilei of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were observed in Giemsa-stained blood films from one of the elk. Continuous cultures of the parasite were established. Antiserum raised against the elk Babesia sp. isolate was compared to B. odocoilei specific antiserum in an immunofluorescent antibody assay; we found evidence of differences in reactivity to several Babesia spp. isolated from wildlife and domestic ruminants. Cultured parasites from the elk were not infective to either intact or splenectomized Bos taurus steers. C1 TEXAS A&I UNIV,CAESAR KLEBERG WILDLIFE RES INST,KINGSVILLE,TX 78363. MINNESOTA ZOOL GARDENS,APPLE VALLEY,MN 55124. USDA,VET SERV,NATL VET SERV LABS,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,AMES,IA 50010. RP HOLMAN, PJ (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT VET PATHOBIOL,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843, USA. NR 18 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 30 IS 3 BP 460 EP 465 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA NY684 UT WOS:A1994NY68400028 PM 7933298 ER PT J AU MINOCHA, SC MINOCHA, R AF MINOCHA, SC MINOCHA, R TI HPLC METHODS FOR POLYAMINE ANALYSIS SO LC GC-MAGAZINE OF SEPARATION SCIENCE LA English DT Letter ID CELLULAR POLYAMINES; CULTURES C1 US FOREST SERV,NEFES,DURHAM,NH 03824. RP MINOCHA, SC (reprint author), UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,DURHAM,NH 03824, USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU ADVANSTAR COMMUNICATIONS PI DULUTH PA 131 W FIRST ST, DULUTH, MN 55802 SN 0888-9090 J9 LC GC-MAG SEP SCI JI LC GC-Mag. Sep. Sci. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 12 IS 7 BP 506 EP 506 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA NV876 UT WOS:A1994NV87600001 ER PT J AU FOGLIA, T CARTWRIGHT, AL GYURIK, RJ PHILIPS, JG AF FOGLIA, T CARTWRIGHT, AL GYURIK, RJ PHILIPS, JG TI FATTY-ACID TURNOVER RATES IN THE ADIPOSE TISSUES OF THE GROWING CHICKEN (GALLUS-DOMESTICUS) SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID BROILER-CHICKENS; ABDOMINAL FAT; DEPOSITION; LIPOGENESIS; CARCASS; LINES AB The purpose of this study was to investigate the mobility of fatty acids in adipose tissue of the chicken and to determine whether adipose tissue dynamics are altered by dietary repartitioning agents. To this end, the turnover rates of fatty acids and triglycerides were estimated in adipose tissue of growing chicks by using isopentadecanoic acid (IPDA) and elaidic acid (EA) as marker dietary fatty acids. The half-life of IPDA in abdominal and sartorial adipose tissues of birds over 6 to 10 wk of age were 20 +/- 4 and 23 +/- 6 d, respectively. The half-life for the remaining total carcass lipids was 23 +/- 3 d. The corresponding half-life for EA in abdominal fat tissue of birds over 2 to 7 wk of age was 18 +/- 3 d, a half-life not significantly different from the IPDA half-lives. On the other hand, a thyromimetic repartitioning agent (L-94901) fed to birds at the 2 ppm level from 2 to 7 wk of age significantly decreased the half-life of EA in abdominal fat tissue to 6 +/- 2 d. The data suggest that fatty acids were released from a more labile adipose site and subsequently reincorporated into abdominal and sartorial tissues and that fat mobilization occurred at the same time as did adipose tissue deposition in the growing chicken. C1 POULTRY RES LAB,GEORGETOWN,DE 19947. RP FOGLIA, T (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 34 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD JUL PY 1994 VL 29 IS 7 BP 497 EP 502 DI 10.1007/BF02578247 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA NY040 UT WOS:A1994NY04000007 PM 7968271 ER PT J AU TATUM, FM CHEVILLE, NF MORFITT, D AF TATUM, FM CHEVILLE, NF MORFITT, D TI CLONING, CHARACTERIZATION AND CONSTRUCTION OF HTRA AND HTRA-LIKE MUTANTS OF BRUCELLA-ABORTUS AND THEIR SURVIVAL IN BALB/C MICE SO MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS LA English DT Article DE BRUCELLA ABORTUS; HTRA; HTRA-LIKE; GENE REPLACEMENT ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; PROTEIN; GENE; TEMPERATURES; SEQUENCE; DELETION AB A genomic library of Brucella abortus S2308 was screened for expression of recombinant proteins recognized by sera from mice and from cattle infected with B. abortus. A positive clone, BA1, expressing a 50 kDa peptide was recognized by both sera. Plasmid pBA1, isolated from BA1, was shown by restriction enzyme digestion to possess a 1.9 kb insert. The nucleotide sequence of the pBA1 insert revealed an open reading frame with of 1539 bases with a coding capacity of 513 amino acids and a predicted molecular weight of 50 992. The predicted amino acid sequence showed 37% identity to E. coli HtrA, a temperature inducible serine protease. A second B. abortus htrA gene, designated htrA-like, was identified on a different cloned fragment th at a Iso encoded B. abortus recA. The nucleotide sequence of the htrA-like gene revealed an open reading frame of 1422 nucleotides with a coding capacity of 474 amino acids and a predicted molecular weight of 50 155. The deduced amino acid sequence of the htrA-like gene showed 42% and 36% identity with B. abortus and E. coli HtrAs respectively. Western blotting of E. coli lysate containing the htrA-like gene was not recognized by sera from B. abortus-infected cattle or mice. B. abortus htrA but not htrA-like relieved the temperature sensitive phenotype and permitted growth of an E. coli htrA mutant at 42 degrees C. B. abortus htrA and htrA-like mutants were constructed and their survival and growth in BALB/c mice was compared to the parental strain S2308. Splenic levels of htrA or htrA-like mutants were initially lower but after 60 days post-infection both were higher than the parental strain. Histologic analysis of hepatic inflammatory responses suggested that an initial intense granuloma formation in the htrA group was the basis for early low splenic titers of bacteria, but that failure to maintain granulomas, as did mice given the parental strain, resulted in a marked secondary rise in splenic bacterial titers. RP TATUM, FM (reprint author), USDA ARS, NATL ANIM DIS CTR, BRUCELLOSIS UNIT, 2300 DAYTON AVE, AMES, IA 50010 USA. NR 18 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0882-4010 J9 MICROB PATHOGENESIS JI Microb. Pathog. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 17 IS 1 BP 23 EP 36 DI 10.1006/mpat.1994.1049 PG 14 WC Immunology; Microbiology SC Immunology; Microbiology GA PQ153 UT WOS:A1994PQ15300003 PM 7861951 ER PT J AU COSTA, JM LOPER, JE AF COSTA, JM LOPER, JE TI CHARACTERIZATION OF SIDEROPHORE PRODUCTION BY THE BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL AGENT ENTEROBACTER-CLOACAE SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article ID PREEMERGENCE DAMPING-OFF; IRON TRANSPORT COMPOUNDS; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; PYTHIUM-ULTIMUM; COORDINATION CHEMISTRY; BIOSYNTHESIS GENES; SHIGELLA-FLEXNERI; PSEUDOMONAS AB Enterobacter cloacae EcCT-501, which suppresses Pythium damping-off of cucumber and other plant hosts, produces the hydroxamate siderophore aerobactin and a catechol siderophore tentatively identified as enterobactin. Cloned fragments of genomic DNA of E. cloacae EcCT-501 complemented the enterobactin (ent) biosynthesis mutations entA, entB, entC, entE, and entF of Escherichia coli. By complementation of ent mutations of E. coli, we localized the ent(CEB)A region to a 4.5-kb HindIII-XhoI fragment of the E. cloacae genome and the entA gene to a 1.8-kb EcoRI-XhoI fragment within the ent(CEB)A region. We deleted a 0.8-kb EcoRV fragment internal to the entA genomic region of E. cloacae EcCT-501 to construct mutants deficient in enterobactin production (Ent(-)). Introduction of this deletion into a derivative of EcCT-501 that was deficient in aerobactin production (Iuc(-)) resulted in a mutant deficient in the production of both enterobactin and aerobactin (Ent(-) Iuc(-)). Strain EcCT-501 and the Ent(-) Iuc(+) and Ent(+) Iuc(-) derivatives grew on an iron-limited medium. The Ent(-) Iuc(-) mutant, however, failed to grow on the iron-limited medium, indicating that both aerobactin and enterobactin function in iron acquisition by E. cloacae. Aerobactin and enterobactin production by E. cloacae did not contribute to its activity in biological control of Pythium damping-off of cotton or cucumber. C1 USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97330. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,CORVALLIS,OR 97330. NR 49 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 7 IS 4 BP 440 EP 448 DI 10.1094/MPMI-7-0440 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA NY200 UT WOS:A1994NY20000001 ER PT J AU LAWREY, JD ROSSMAN, AY LOWEN, R AF LAWREY, JD ROSSMAN, AY LOWEN, R TI INHIBITION OF SELECTED HYPOCREALEAN FUNGI BY LICHEN SECONDARY METABOLITES SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE ALLELOCHEMICALS; HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS; HYPOCREALES; LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI; LICHENS; NECTRIA; NECTRIOPSIS; PRONECTRIA ID LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD; SUBSTANCES; PRODUCTS AB Isolates of four hypocrealean fungi were used in laboratory experiments designed to determine their ability to degrade lichen tissues and the extent to which lichen secondary metabolites inhibit this degradation. Two fungi (Nectria parmeliae and Pronectria oligospora) were originally isolated from lichens and two (Nectriopsis squamulosa and Nectria zonata) were isolated from nonlichen substrates. A series of growth experiments was done on five test lichens: Flavoparmelia baltimorensis, Xanthoparmelia conspersa, Punctelia rudecta, Myelochroa aurulenta, and Lasallia papulosa. These lichen species were chosen based on previous experiments with the lichenicolous hyphomycete Hobsonia christiansenii, which appeared to make host preferences among these lichens based on secondary chemistry. Results of our experiments demonstrated that the two nonlichenicolous fungi (N. squamulosa and N. zonata) were generally unable to degrade lichens, even in the absence of lichen secondary metabolites. As expected, the lichenicolous fungi (N. parmeliae and P. oligospora) readily degraded lichen tissues; however, each made responses to the presence of lichen secondary metabolites indicating a potential inhibitory role for these compounds. C1 USDA ARS,SYSTEMAT BOT & MYCOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NEW YORK BOT GARDEN,BRONX,NY 10458. RP LAWREY, JD (reprint author), GEORGE MASON UNIV,DEPT BIOL,FAIRFAX,VA 22030, USA. NR 21 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 86 IS 4 BP 502 EP 506 DI 10.2307/3760742 PG 5 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA PH672 UT WOS:A1994PH67200006 ER PT J AU VOLK, TJ BURDSALL, HH REYNOLDS, K AF VOLK, TJ BURDSALL, HH REYNOLDS, K TI CHECKLIST AND HOST INDEX OF WOOD-INHABITING FUNGI OF ALASKA SO MYCOTAXON LA English DT Article DE ALASKA FUNGI; CHECKLIST; CORTICIACEAE; POLYPORACEAE; WOOD-INHABITING FUNGI AB In this study of 754 collections of wood-inhabiting fungi in Alaska, we report 254 species of wood-inhabiting fungi, mostly in the Corticiaceae sensu lato and Polyporaceae sensu lato. One hundred fifty-one of these are new records for the state of Alaska, and nine are new records for North America. A host index to fungi collected is included. Also included is a list of fungi previously reported from Alaska not collected in this study. This survey provides a baseline study for fungi in old growth forests of Alaska. C1 FORESTRY SCI LAB,ANCHORAGE,AK 99501. RP VOLK, TJ (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. RI Reynolds, Keith/B-3327-2009 NR 62 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MYCOTAXON LTD PI ITHACA PA PO BOX 264, ITHACA, NY 14851-0264 SN 0093-4666 J9 MYCOTAXON JI Mycotaxon PD JUL-SEP PY 1994 VL 52 IS 1 BP 1 EP 46 PG 46 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA NZ431 UT WOS:A1994NZ43100001 ER PT J AU LARSEN, MJ BELTRANTEJERA, E RODRIGUEZARMAS, JL AF LARSEN, MJ BELTRANTEJERA, E RODRIGUEZARMAS, JL TI TOMENTELLA-OLIGOFIBULA SP-NOV (APHYLLOPHORALES, THELEPHORACEAE S STR), FROM THE CANARY-ISLANDS SO MYCOTAXON LA English DT Article DE FUNGI; SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AB A new species, Tomentella oligofibula, from the Canary Islands, is characterized by infrequent occurrence of clamp connections and basidiospores with echinuli that are frequently bifurcate. C1 US FOREST SERV,CTR FOREST MYCOL RES,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. UNIV LA LAGUNA,DEPT BIOL VEGETAL BOT,E-38271 LA LAGUNA,SPAIN. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MYCOTAXON LTD PI ITHACA PA PO BOX 264, ITHACA, NY 14851-0264 SN 0093-4666 J9 MYCOTAXON JI Mycotaxon PD JUL-SEP PY 1994 VL 52 IS 1 BP 109 EP 112 PG 4 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA NZ431 UT WOS:A1994NZ43100010 ER PT J AU CAIN, MD SHELTON, MG AF CAIN, MD SHELTON, MG TI INDIGENOUS VEGETATION IN A SOUTHERN ARKANSAS PINE-HARDWOOD FOREST AFTER A 1/2 CENTURY WITHOUT CATASTROPHIC DISTURBANCES SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB In 1992 we analyzed the composition of a 32-ha pine-hardwood forest that originated from the partial cutting of the existing virgin forest around 1915. The area has been reserved from timber management since 1935. Pines >9 cm in diameter at a height of 1.37 m accounted for 61 % of overstory and midstory basal area but only 21 % of density. Of those trees that had attained overstory status, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) had the highest importance value based on relative density, relative basal area, and relative frequency. Following loblolly pine in importance were: white oak (Quercus alba), sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua), and shortleaf pine (P. echinata), respectively Basal area of overstory and midstory trees (17 species) totaled 38 m2/ha. Dominant trees ranged in age from 80 to 140 years. After 57 years without catastrophic disturbances, this forest was characterized by a multilayered, closed canopy. Canopy stratification generally reflected the shade tolerance of the represented species. Species intolerant of shade dominated the overstory, while shade-tolerant species dominated the midstory and understory. Without recruitment from the understory and in the absence of disturbance, data suggest that hardwood species will eventually replace the overstory pines as the dominant vegetative component. RP CAIN, MD (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,MONTICELLO,AR 71656, USA. NR 0 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 14 IS 3 BP 165 EP 174 PG 10 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA NY207 UT WOS:A1994NY20700003 ER PT J AU ENDO, BY NICKLE, WR AF ENDO, BY NICKLE, WR TI ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE BUCCAL CAVITY REGION AND ESOPHAGUS OF THE INSECT PARASITIC NEMATODE, HETERORHABDITIS-BACTERIOPHORA SO NEMATOLOGICA LA English DT Article DE ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; INSECT PARASITE; HETERORHABDITIS-BACTERIOPHORA; NEMATODA ID ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE; CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; RHABDITIDA; GEN AB The cheilostom of the buccal cavity of third stage infective juveniles of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora is supported by an invaginated body cuticle. The buccal ring constitutes the junction between the cheilostom and the prostom which is supported by arcade cells of hypodermal origin. The mesostom cuticle is surrounded by non-muscular tissues comprising the anteriormost region of the oesophagus. Posteriad, the metastom and telostom cuticle or rhabdions are underlain by two tiers of oesophageal muscles designated as M1 and M2. The lumen of the triangular cylindroid buccal cavity is continuous with a triradiate lumen that extends through the narrow musculo-oesophageal tissues of the corpus and postcorpus and continues through an enlarged basal bulb. Radial cells have broad to narrow strands of myofilaments that make hemidesmosomal contacts with the lumen cuticle and outer membranes. Based on the location of muscle insertions on the cuticle of the stoma and midregions of the triradiate lumen of the oesophagus, radial cell muscles are apparently contractile. Whereas myofilaments of marginal cells attached to terminal arms of the cuticle and the outer membranes appear to be primarily, but not exclusively, supportive. Electron lucent granules are present in oesophageal glands that surround a corrugated valve in the basal bulb. RP ENDO, BY (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST PLANT SCI,NEMATOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 31 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU E J BRILL PI LEIDEN PA PO BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS SN 0028-2596 J9 NEMATOLOGICA JI Nematologica PD JUL PY 1994 VL 40 IS 3 BP 379 EP 398 PG 20 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA NV381 UT WOS:A1994NV38100006 ER PT J AU MEOLA, SM CLOTTENS, FL COAST, GM HOLMAN, GM AF MEOLA, SM CLOTTENS, FL COAST, GM HOLMAN, GM TI LOCALIZATION OF LEUCOKININ-VIII IN THE COCKROACH, LEUCOPHAEA-MADERAE, USING AN ANTISERUM DIRECTED AGAINST AN ACHETAKININ-I ANALOG SO NEUROCHEMICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE LEUCOKININ; ACHETAKININ; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; NEUROPEPTIDES; INSECT NERVOUS SYSTEM ID SULFATED INSECT NEUROPEPTIDE; FAMILY; MEMBERS; CEPHALOMYOTROPINS; LEUCOSULFAKININ; CHOLECYSTOKININ; PEPTIDES; HOMOLOGY; GASTRIN AB An antiserum against an achetakinin analog selectively localized leucokinin VIII (LKVIII) in the CNS of Leucophaea maderae. Preabsorption studies of the achetakinin antiserum with either preimmune serum or LKVIII prevented a positive reaction in both ELISA and immunocytochemical procedures. LKVIII immunoreactive neurons were found in the brain, frontal, and subesophageal ganglion, all 3 thoracic ganglia and the terminal ganglion. Nerves originating from the thoracic and terminal abdominal ganglia contain LKVIII material. Lateral and medial neurosecretory cells synthesizing LKVIII-like products contribute axons to the nervi corporis cardiaci that terminate in neurohemal sites in the corpora cardiaca and nervi corporis allati. Thus, leucokinin VIII, like leucokinin I (LKI) and leucomyosuppressin (LMS), appears to have both a neurohemal and neurotransmitter mode of regulating target cells in L. maderae. C1 UNIV LONDON BIRKBECK COLL,DEPT BIOL,LONDON WC1E 7HX,ENGLAND. RP MEOLA, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,ROUTE 5,BOX 810,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 16 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0364-3190 J9 NEUROCHEM RES JI Neurochem. Res. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 19 IS 7 BP 805 EP 814 DI 10.1007/BF00967448 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA NX959 UT WOS:A1994NX95900004 PM 7969749 ER PT J AU COLINAS, C MOLINA, R TRAPPE, J PERRY, D AF COLINAS, C MOLINA, R TRAPPE, J PERRY, D TI ECTOMYCORRHIZAS AND RHIZOSPHERE MICROORGANISMS OF SEEDLINGS OF PSEUDOTSUGA-MENZIESII (MIRB) FRANCO PLANTED ON A DEGRADED SITE AND INOCULATED WITH FOREST SOILS PRETREATED WITH SELECTIVE BIOCIDES SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE ECTOMYCORRHIZA; BIOCIDES; SOIL INOCULUM; RESTORATION ECOLOGY; RHIZOSPHERE ID DOUGLAS-FIR; LACCARIA-LACCATA; MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; CLEAR-CUTS; BACTERIA; GROWTH; SYMBIOSIS; ESTABLISHMENT; STIMULATION; OREGON AB Inoculation of planting holes with small amounts of soil from a mature forest or a plantation can improve formation of ectomycorrhizas on Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France seedlings in degraded clearcuts in southwestern Oregon. To determine the component(s) of transferred soil responsible for increased ectomycorrhiza formation, we treated soil from a clearcut, a mature forest, and a plantation with one of the following: fertilizer to test for the effect of nutrients, dimethoate and carbofuran to test for the effect on microarthropods or nematodes, fumagillin to test for the effect on protozoa, captan to test for the effect on fungi, penicillin and oxytetracycline to test for the effect on bacteria, pasteurization to test for the effect of active forms of organisms, Tyndallization to test for the effect of resting forms of organisms, or water as a control. We studied the effect of inoculation with soil subjected to these treatments on number and types of ectomycorrhizas, and length of active mycelium, and number of active bacteria in the rhizosphere. Inoculation with untreated forest or plantation soils increased the number of ectomycorrhizas but did not change the mycorrhizal types present. Most agents had different effects in different soils. Inoculation with pasteurized and Tyndallized clearcut and plantation soils increased the number of Rhizopogon- and Thelephora-type ectomycorrhizas and decreased the number of active bacteria, as did untreated forest soil. We hypothesize that the role of the soil transfer is to provide a rhizosphere environment free from a deleterious organism present in the clearcut. In this environment, beneficial organisms present in the clearcut or brought in with the seedling from the nursery can proliferate. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. US FOREST SERV,FORESTRY SCI LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RI Colinas, Carlos/P-5457-2014 OI Colinas, Carlos/0000-0002-9113-8747 NR 25 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 4 U2 19 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 127 IS 3 BP 529 EP 537 DI 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb03971.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA PB085 UT WOS:A1994PB08500012 ER PT J AU HOUSE, WA VANCAMPEN, DR AF HOUSE, WA VANCAMPEN, DR TI IRON-ABSORPTION BY RATS FED TANNINS EXTRACTED FROM BEAN HULLS SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE IRON ABSORPTION; TANNIN; POLYPHENOL; BEANS; RATS ID PHENOLIC-COMPOUNDS; DRY BEANS; BIOAVAILABILITY; FOODS; RICH; RETENTION; VANILLIN; GRAIN; DIET; ZINC AB Nutritional balance and whole-body radioassay procedures were used to assess the effects of tannins extracted from hulls of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) on iron (Fe) absorption by male rats fed test meals labeled extrinsically with Fe-59. Tannin in single meals did not affect Fe-59 absorption by moderately anemic, growing rats when Fe-59 was added directly to the whole meal or when it was added to casein before it was incorporated into the meal. However, addition of Fe-59 to either bean tannin or to tannic acid prior to including it in the meal depressed Fe-59 absorption compared to that from tannin-free meals. In growing, anemic rats fed diets with 0, .06, .125, .25 or.5% tannin before and after test meals, Fe-59 absorption averaged about 82, 81, 72, 72 and 71% of the dose, respectively; absorption of Fe-59 by rats fed diets with either 0 or .06% tannin was greater than that of rats fed the other diets. These data suggest a threshold effect of tannins on inhibition of Fe absorption. Similarly, compared to rats fed a tannin-free diet, Fe-59 absorption was depressed in growing, Fe-adequate rats fed a diet with .5% tannin. In contrast, tannins did not affect Fe-59 absorption by mature rats. Although some impairment in Fe absorption in growing rats resulted from consumption of tannin-containing diets for several days, bean tannins consumed as part of typical diets probably have little adverse effect on Fe absorption. RP HOUSE, WA (reprint author), USDA ARS,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 40 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 14 IS 7 BP 1043 EP 1053 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(05)80258-1 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA NR929 UT WOS:A1994NR92900008 ER PT J AU POND, WG SCHOKNECHT, PA FIOROTTO, ML WALTON, L TRAN, V DAVIS, TA MERSMANN, HJ AF POND, WG SCHOKNECHT, PA FIOROTTO, ML WALTON, L TRAN, V DAVIS, TA MERSMANN, HJ TI DIFFERENTIAL NUTRIENT PARTITIONING IN PREGNANT RAT DAMS FED RESTRICTED AMOUNTS OF A BALANCED DIET VERSUS RESTRICTED NONPROTEIN CALORIES SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE NUTRIENT PARTITIONING; PREGNANCY; PROTEIN; NONPROTEIN CALORIES; DIET RESTRICTION ID ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE; OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; BIRTH-WEIGHT; HIGH-PROTEIN; REPRODUCTION; ASSAY AB Virgin Charles River female rats weighing 240 +/- 10 g were assigned sequentially on d of mating (d 0) to individual cages and fed one of five dietary regimens: C (standard control diet), 24 g/d from d 0 to d 20 (n=5); DR (delayed restricted control diet), 24 g/d from d 0 to d 7, then 12 g/d from d 8 to d 20 (n=5); R (restricted control diet), 12 g/d from d 0 to d 20 (n=6); DRCal (delayed restricted nonprotein calorie diet), 24 g/d of standard control diet from d 0 to d 7, then 12 g/d of a diet restricted in nonprotein calories from d 8 to d 20 (n=6); RCal (restricted nonprotein calorie diet), 12 g/d from d 0 to d 20 (n=5). Litter size was unaffected by diet, but total litter wt and individual fetus wt at 20 d were greater in C than in all other groups (C > DR > R = DRCal = RCal, P < 0.01). Maternal liver wt was greater in C rats than in all other groups. Kidney wt was greater in C, DRCal, and RCal darns than in DR and R dams (C = DRCal = RCal > DR = (P < 0.056). Total DNA in liver and kidney was not affected by diet. Small intestinal wt was greater in C darns than in all other groups (C > DRCal = RCal > DR = R, P < 0.01), but protein concentration was unaffected by diet. Although large intestinal wt was less in DR and R dams than in C dams, that of DRCal and RCal darns was not different from C (C = DRCal = RCal > DR = R, P < 0.06). Empty uterus and placentae wt and their protein and DNA concentrations were unaffected by maternal diet. Weights of combined perirenal and gonadal fat pads were less in DR and D dams than in C dams and were even less in DRCal and RCal darns (C > DR = R > DRCal = RCal, P < 0.01). Weight of gastrocnemius plus plantaris muscles was higher in C dams than in all other groups (C > DR = R = DRCal > RCal, P < 0.05). Our data show that when the intake of an adequate diet is severely restricted during all of pregnancy or during the second and third trimesters, the partitioning of nutrients between tile fetus and the maternal body is altered; fetal wt and protein mass are reduced. The greater loss of gonadal and perirenal fat in RCal than in R rats reflected the greater energy cost of maintaining kidneys and visceral organs whose mass was differentially repartitioned in response to the altered diet composition. RP POND, WG (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. RI Biguzzi, Felipe/E-4724-2015 NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 14 IS 7 BP 1067 EP 1076 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(05)80260-X PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA NR929 UT WOS:A1994NR92900010 ER PT J AU BLUMBERG, J BLOCK, G AF BLUMBERG, J BLOCK, G TI THE ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL, BETA-CAROTENE CANCER PREVENTION STUDY IN FINLAND SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID VITAMIN-E; SMOKERS; SUPPLEMENTATION; MICRONUCLEI; POPULATION; TRIAL AB The U.S. National Cancer institute and the Finnish National Public institute jointly sponsored a large double-blind, placebo-controlled primary-prevention trial to examine the effects of vitamin E and beta-carotene supplementation on reducing the incidence of lung cancers in male smokers, ages 50-69 years. Supplementation did not result in a significant reduction in lung cancer, and a higher incidence of lung cancer was observed in the group receiving beta-carotene. These results should be examined within the context of the population studied before they are cited as definitive. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,SCH PUBL HLTH,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP BLUMBERG, J (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. RI Block, Gladys/E-3304-2010 NR 26 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 6 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 52 IS 7 BP 242 EP 245 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA PC348 UT WOS:A1994PC34800004 PM 8090376 ER PT J AU NAIR, PP FLANAGAN, VP OLIVER, JE AF NAIR, PP FLANAGAN, VP OLIVER, JE TI ELECTRON-IMPACT IONIZATION MASS-SPECTRA OF LITHOCHOLYL AMIDES - EVIDENCE FOR A C-20 TO C-23 REARRANGEMENT INVOLVING THE LOSS OF A C4H9 FRAGMENT SO ORGANIC MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID ACID AB Amides of lithocholic acid (3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oic acid) with 6-aminocaproic acid and 4-aminobutyric acid were prepared and examined by electron impact ionization mass spectrometry. Both these compounds gave an unusual [M - 57]+ fragment. Since the product-ion analysis of [M - 57]+ revealed the presence of fragments corresponding to the intact steroid nucleus in addition to that of the original amino acid (6-aminocaproic acid or 4-aminobutyric acid), we concluded that the integrity of the steroid amide had been retained in this fragment. The absence of this fragment from the product-ion spectrum of [M - CH3]+ rules out the sequential loss from the molecular ion of 15 + 42 u as the origin of this signal. Mass spectrometry of the 24-C-13-labelled lithocholykaproylamide showed the retention of the label in the [M - 57]+ fragment. In contrast, the corresponding compound labelled with deuterium at C(23) showed a significant loss of the label during the formation of this product ion at [M - 58]+. In addition, through a combination of derivatization and tandem mass spectrometry, it was demonstrated that this loss of 57 u represented a rearrangement with the expulsion of a C4H9 radical from the side-chain spanning C(20) to C(23) resulting in a truncated steroid-amide fragment. This fragmentation pattern has not been observed in bile acid conjugates with N-alpha-amino acids. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT CHEM ECOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP NAIR, PP (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,LIPID NUTR LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0030-493X J9 ORG MASS SPECTROM JI Org. Mass Spectrom. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 29 IS 7 BP 335 EP 341 DI 10.1002/oms.1210290702 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Organic; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA NY268 UT WOS:A1994NY26800001 ER PT J AU FERRETTI, A FLANAGAN, VP ROMAN, JM AF FERRETTI, A FLANAGAN, VP ROMAN, JM TI MASS-SPECTRA OF N-BUTYLBORONATE ESTER DERIVATIVES OF THE MAJOR METABOLITE OF PROSTAGLANDIN-F SO ORGANIC MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID 11-ALPHA-HYDROXY-9,15-DIOXO-2,3,4,5,20-PENTANOR-19-CARBOXYPROSTANOIC ACID; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; SPECTROMETRY; HUMANS AB The El mass spectra of six n-butylboronate ester derivatives of the major metabolite of prostaglandins F1alpha and F2alpha (PGF-M) are presented and discussed. Proposed ion assignments and fragmentation pathways are based on substituent shifts, on data from a deuterium-labeled methoxime derivative and on the analysis of collision-induced dissociation spectra of selected ions. Fragment ions suitable for identification and quantification of PGF-M in a biological matrix and diagnostically valuable ions for structure recognition are proposed. RP FERRETTI, A (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,LIPID NUTR LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0030-493X J9 ORG MASS SPECTROM JI Org. Mass Spectrom. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 29 IS 7 BP 360 EP 365 DI 10.1002/oms.1210290706 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Organic; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA NY268 UT WOS:A1994NY26800005 ER PT J AU TURNER, CE SOBHIAN, R JOLEY, DB COOMBS, EM PIPER, GL AF TURNER, CE SOBHIAN, R JOLEY, DB COOMBS, EM PIPER, GL TI ESTABLISHMENT OF UROPHORA-SIRUNASEVA (HERING) (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) FOR BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL OF YELLOW STARTHISTLE IN THE WESTERN UNITED-STATES SO PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; GALL; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; WEED; UROPHORA; CENTAUREA AB Urophora sirunaseva (Hering) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a capitulum-galling natural enemy of yellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis (Asteraceae). The fly was first introduced into the United States for biological control of yellow starthistle in the mid-1980s. As of 1992, field establishment of U. sirunaseva is known from California (five sites), Oregon (six sites), and Washington (one site). Field sample data for four populations of U. sirunaseva from California and Oregon in 1992 yielded a range of galled host capitula from 22.1 to 44.0%, and a range of mean galls per galled capitulum from 1.8 to 2.1. RP TURNER, CE (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOL SOC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA CALIFORNIA ACAD OF SCIENCES GOLDEN GATE PARK, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94118 SN 0031-0603 J9 PAN-PAC ENTOMOL JI Pan-Pacific Entomol. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 70 IS 3 BP 206 EP 211 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA PN715 UT WOS:A1994PN71500003 ER PT J AU THALACKER, FW SWANSON, HR FREAR, DS AF THALACKER, FW SWANSON, HR FREAR, DS TI CHARACTERIZATION, PURIFICATION, AND RECONSTITUTION OF AN INDUCIBLE CYTOCHROME P450-DEPENDENT TRIASULFURON HYDROXYLASE FROM WHEAT SO PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ARYL HYDROXYLATION; MULTIPLE FORMS; METABOLISM; DICLOFOP; PLANTS; CHLORSULFURON; REDUCTASE; HERBICIDE AB This report describes the further purification and characterization as well as the solubilization and reconstitution of an inducible cytochrome P450 monooxygenase responsible for triasulfuron hydroxylation in wheat. Improved procedures for increasing the levels of expressed microsomal cytochrome P450 and triasulfuron hydroxylase activity in etiolated wheat seedling shoot tissues are described. Cytochrome P450 concentrations and triasulfuron hydroxylase activities were increased to 1.17 nmol mg(-1) protein and 2.87 nmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein, respectively, with an improved enzyme assay system and the use of sucrose density gradient-purified microsomal preparations from naphthalic anhydride- and ethanol-induced coleoptile tissues. A pH optimum between 7.0 and 7.5 in potassium phosphate buffer and an apparent K-m of 24 mu M for triasulfuron were determined. Dependence of triasulfuron hydroxylation on cytochrome P450 was established with cytochrome P450 inhibitors (tetcyclacis, paclobutrazol, and piperonyl butoxide), reduced CO difference spectra, light-reversible CO inhibition, type I substrate and type II inhibitor binding spectra, and by inhibition with polyclonal antibodies raised against a partially purified fraction of wheat NADPH cytochrome c reductase (EC 1.6.2.4). Microsomal NADPH cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome P450 were solubilized with detergent (1% Chaps, v/v), separated by affinity chromatography on 2',5'ADP-Sepharose 4B, and purified by DEAE ion exchange chromatography. Triasulfuron hydroxylase activity was reconstituted by chromatography of the purified NADPH cytochrome c reductase and cytochrome P450 fractions on hydroxyapatite. In preliminary studies with the reconstituted enzyme system, triasulfuron hydroxylase activity was 6% of the induced microsomal activity. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 USDA ARS,BIOSCI RES LAB,STATE UNIV STN,FARGO,ND 58105. NR 30 TC 19 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0048-3575 J9 PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYS JI Pest. Biochem. Physiol. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 49 IS 3 BP 209 EP 223 DI 10.1006/pest.1994.1049 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA PE505 UT WOS:A1994PE50500007 ER PT J AU CARROLL, JF AF CARROLL, JF TI FEEDING DETERRENCE OF NORTHERN FOWL MITES (ACARI, MACRONYSSIDAE) BY SOME NATURALLY-OCCURRING PLANT-SUBSTANCES SO PESTICIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CAGED LAYING HENS AB Eighteen of 21 naturally occurring compounds and plant extracts tested in an in-vitro feeding system deterred northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), from feeding. At 1.0% (w/v) concentrations in chicken blood, five compounds killed all mites exposed to them. Citronellal and bay extract prevented mite feeding completely at 0.1% concentrations. None of the compounds or extracts had repellent activity when mites were surrounded by a ring of the test material (0.42 mg cm-2) impregnated in filter paper. RP CARROLL, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,LPSI,LIVESTOCK INSECTS LAB,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 26 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0031-613X J9 PESTIC SCI JI Pestic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 41 IS 3 BP 203 EP 207 DI 10.1002/ps.2780410306 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA NY939 UT WOS:A1994NY93900005 ER PT J AU BRAUER, D TU, SI AF BRAUER, D TU, SI TI EFFECTS OF ATP ANALOGS ON THE PROTON-PUMPING BY THE VACUOLAR H+-ATPASE FROM MAIZE ROOTS SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE COMPETITIVE INHIBITION; CORN; NONCOMPETITIVE INHIBITION; NUCLEOTIDE; REGULATION; ZEA MAYS ID TRANSLOCATING ATPASES; TONOPLAST ATPASE; SARCOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; CALCIUM-PUMP; OAT ROOTS; INHIBITION; TRANSPORT; MEMBRANE; BINDING; MICROSOMES AB Understanding the regulatory properties of the activities of the V-type adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) on tonoplast membranes is important in determining the mechanisms by which this enzyme controls cytoplasmic and vacuolar pH. The possible existence of a regulatory site for adenine nucleotides was examined by comparing the effects of ADP, adenylylimidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP) and 3'-o-(4-benzoyl) benzoyladenine 5'-triphosphate (BzATP) to those of the 2',3'-dialdehyde derivative of AMP (oAMP) and ATP by using highly purified tonoplast vesicles from maize (Zea mays L. cv. FRB 73) roots. The addition of either AMP-PNP or BzATP reversibly inhibited the initial rate of proton transport catalyzed by the H+-ATPase in a concentration-dependent manner. Less than 20 mu M AMP-PNP or 50 mu M BzATP was sufficient to inhibit half the initial rate of proton transport in the presence of 2 mM ATP and an excess of Mg. Both analogs increased the K-m for ATP and reduced the maximum enzyme velocity. The presence of ADP also inhibited proton transport. The characteristics of ADP-induced inhibition were similar to those of BzATP and AMP-PNP. The addition of the periodated derivative of AMP (oAMP) irreversibly inhibited the ATPase in a concentration and rime-dependent manner similar to that reported previously (Chow et al. 1992, Plant Physiology 98: 44-52). Irreversible inhibition by oAMP reduced the maximum velocity of the tonoplast ATPase and was prevented by the addition of ATP. The presence of ADP, AMP-PNP or BzATP had no effect on irreversible inhibition by oAMP. The effects of ADP, AMP-PNP and BzATP on the kinetics of ATP utilization and the lack of protection against inhibition by oAMP argue in favor of at least two types of nucleotide binding sites on the V-type ATPase from maize root tonoplast membranes. RP BRAUER, D (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PLANT SOIL & TECHNOL RES UNIT,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 91 IS 3 BP 442 EP 448 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NY597 UT WOS:A1994NY59700013 ER PT J AU RUFTY, TW THOMAS, RB CURE, JD CURE, WW AF RUFTY, TW THOMAS, RB CURE, JD CURE, WW TI GROWTH-RESPONSE OF COTTON TO CO2 ENRICHMENT IN DIFFERING LIGHT ENVIRONMENTS SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE CO2 ENRICHMENT; CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS; GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM L; HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LAMPS; LIGHT INTENSITY; PHOTOSYNTHETIC PERIOD ID ELEVATED CARBON-DIOXIDE; NITROGEN STRESS; SOYBEAN PLANTS; PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACCLIMATION; DRY-MATTER; EXPANSION; SEEDLINGS; LEAVES; YIELD AB Experiments were conducted to examine the growth responses of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Coker 315) to CO2 enrichment under different light regimes. Plants were exposed to 350 or 700 mu l(-1) CO2 and six light treatments differing in photosynthetic period length (8 or 16 h) and in photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) for 32 days of vegetative growth. Higher PPFD (1100 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) was provided by a combination of high intensity discharge and incandescent lamps (HID), and lower PPFD (550 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) was provided by fluorescent and incandescent lamps (F) or HID and incandescent lamps with shade cloth (HIDs). Growth was generally much slower with the 8-h photosynthetic periods, but the growth stimulation by CO2 enrichment was larger than with 16-h photosynthetic periods. After 28 to 32 days of treatment, the growth enhancement with CO2 enrichment was 152 and 78% for 8- and 16-h photosynthetic periods, respectively, under HID; 100 and 77% in F, and 77 and 56% in HIDs. The higher PPFD of HID positively influenced the CO2 effect only at the slower growth rate in the 8-h light period. The stimulation of leaf area expansion by CO2 enrichment was also greater with the 8-h photosynthetic period for all light sources. These results, and others on net assimilation rate, shoot to root dry weight ratios and specific leaf weights, suggest that the growth response to CO2 enrichment with the longer photosynthetic period was depressed by limiting factors, perhaps nutritional, in the growth environment. The results also show that extensive variability in CO2 response can occur under light intensities which are often used in growth chamber experiments. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. DUKE UNIV,DEPT BOT,DURHAM,NC 27706. RP RUFTY, TW (reprint author), USDA ARS,OXFORD,NC 27595, USA. NR 37 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 3 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 91 IS 3 BP 503 EP 509 DI 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1994.tb02980.x PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NY597 UT WOS:A1994NY59700021 ER PT J AU PREISIG, CL MOREAU, RA AF PREISIG, CL MOREAU, RA TI EFFECTS OF POTENTIAL SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION ANTAGONISTS ON PHYTOALEXIN ACCUMULATION IN TOBACCO SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE NICOTIANA TABACUM; SOLANACEAE; TOBACCO; EGTA; W7; CALMODULIN; CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE; CALCIUM UPTAKE; SESQUITERPENE; ELICITATION; MAGNESIUM; VERAPAMIL; LANTHANUM; STAUROSPORINE; A23187; CADMIUM ID CELL-SUSPENSION CULTURES; DEPENDENT PROTEIN-KINASE; CALMODULIN ANTAGONISTS; PARTIAL-PURIFICATION; FUNGAL ELICITOR; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; CALCIUM; BIOSYNTHESIS; INVOLVEMENT; INDUCTION AB Tobacco cell suspensions produce sesquiterpene phytoalexins when treated with cellulase. This response is enhanced by CaCl2, MgCl2, or CdCl2. For CaCl2, and MgCl2, enhancement extends for 8 hr after elicitor treatment. Several classes of signal transduction antagonists were tested on this plant system. EGTA inhibits sesquiterpene accumulation with an effective concentration range suggesting that Ca2+ is the divalent cation being affected. Mg2+ is as effective as Ca2+ in relieving the inhibition by EGTA. This type of shared role by Ca2+ and Mg2+ has not been described previously and is yet to be characterized. The timing of the EGTA effect suggests a role of Ca2+ in signal transduction. Calcium ion influx across the plasma membrane is one possibility since inhibitors of Ca2+ influx inhibit sesquiterpene accumulation induced by cellulase. Verapamil is an inhibitor and its action is relieved by the Ca2+ ionophore A23187. Among the cations which inhibit Ca2+ influx, La3+ is the most effective inhibitor of sesquiterpene accumulation. Calmodulin, or a Ca2+-dependent protein kinase, is also implicated in the signal transduction sequence, based on the results with W7, W5 and staurosporine. Neomycin and LiCl, inhibitors of phosphoinositide cycle steps, enhance cellulase-elicited sesquiterpene accumulation, suggesting a complex interaction of this cycle in the phytoalexin response. The results indicate that Ca2+ and Mg2+ play several roles in sesquiterpene biosynthesis. The involvement of a multicomponent elicitor signal transduction pathway, with calcium ion functioning at more than one step, is suggested. C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. OI Moreau, Robert/0000-0002-8166-8322 NR 34 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD JUL PY 1994 VL 36 IS 4 BP 857 EP 863 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90451-5 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA NY144 UT WOS:A1994NY14400008 ER PT J AU BEIER, RC IVIE, GW OERTLI, EH AF BEIER, RC IVIE, GW OERTLI, EH TI LINEAR FURANOCOUMARINS AND GRAVEOLONE FROM THE COMMON HERB PARSLEY SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE PETROSELINUM SATIVUM; UMBELLIFERAE; BERGAPTEN; ISOIMPERATORIN; ISOPIMPINELLIN; OXYPEUCEDANIN; OXYPEUCEDANIN HYDRATE; PSORALEN; SAXALIN; XANTHOTOXIN ID FUROCOUMARINS PSORALENS; APIUM-GRAVEOLENS; CELERY; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; PETROSELINUM; CONSTITUENTS; DERIVATIVES; DERMATITIS; PSORIASIS; WORKERS AB Fresh parsley leaves and dried parsley flakes were analysed for furanocoumarins. This is the first reported isolation of the linear furanocoumarin, saxalin, from parsley. The coumarin, graveolone, has been previously shown to occur in parsley cell suspension culture; however, this is the first description of its isolation from the plant. Psoralen, bergapten, xanthotoxin, isoimperatorin, isopimpinellin, oxypeucedanin, and oxypeucedanin hydrate were also found, and the levels of psoralen, bergapten, xanthotoxin and isopimpinellin were quantified by HPLC in fresh and dried parsley flakes. Fresh parsley leaves were found to have a total of 112 mu gg(-1) fr. wt. One brand of parsley flakes had a total of 304 mu gg(-1) dry wt of the three major photosensitizing linear furanocoumarins (psoralen, bergapten and xanthotoxin). RP BEIER, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,ROUTE 5,BOX 810,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 43 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD JUL PY 1994 VL 36 IS 4 BP 869 EP 872 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90453-9 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA NY144 UT WOS:A1994NY14400010 ER PT J AU KUMAR, P MORELAND, DE CHILTON, WS AF KUMAR, P MORELAND, DE CHILTON, WS TI 2H-1,4-BENZOXAZIN-3(4H)-ONE, AN INTERMEDIATE IN THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF CYCLIC HYDROXAMIC ACIDS IN MAIZE SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ZEA MAYS; GRAMINEAE; CYCLIC HYDROXAMIC ACIDS; DIMBOA; DIBOA; 2H-1,4-BENZOXAZIN-3(4H)-ONE; BIOSYNTHESIS ID EUROPEAN CORN-BORER; ZEA-MAYS; APHID RESISTANCE; 2,4-DIHYDROXY-7-METHOXY-2H-1,4-BENZOXAZIN-3(4H)-ONE; PURIFICATION; GLUCOSIDASE; PLANTS; WHEAT AB 2H-1,4-Benzoxazin-3(4H)-one has been identified as an intermediate in the biosynthesis of cyclic hydoxamic acids in maize by showing that the deuterium labelled compound is incorporated into DIMBOA with high retention of deuterium and high efficiency, by trapping radioactivity from [C-14] anthranilic acid in a pool of unlabelled benzoxazinone administered to maize shoots, and by showing that benzoxazinone is oxidized to DIBOA by maize microsomes in an NADPH- and oxygen-dependent reaction. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP KUMAR, P (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,DEPT CROP SCI,BOX 7612,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 29 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD JUL PY 1994 VL 36 IS 4 BP 893 EP 898 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90458-8 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA NY144 UT WOS:A1994NY14400015 ER PT J AU BERHOW, MA OMURA, M OHTA, H OZAKI, Y HASEGAWA, S AF BERHOW, MA OMURA, M OHTA, H OZAKI, Y HASEGAWA, S TI LIMONOIDS IN SEEDS OF 3 CITRUS HYBRIDS RELATED TO CITRUS-ICHANGENSIS SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE CITRUS ICHANGENSIS; RUTACEAE; LIMONOIDS; MOCHIYU; YUKO; ICHANG LEMON ID CALAMONDIN; SUDACHI; JUNOS AB The identity and concentrations of the limonoids present in the seeds of three Citrus ichangensis derived hybrid cultivars, Mochiyu, Yuko and Ichang lemon, were determined. The seeds from Mochiyu and Yuko contained ichangensin, which is unique to the C. ichangensis group. Ichangensin was not contained in the seeds from Ichang lemon; however these seeds contained relatively high levels of deacetylnomilin and deacetylnomilinic acid, which are the putative intermediate precursors of ichangensin. These results support the hypothesis that these three citrus cultivars are derived from C. ichangensis. The seeds of all three cultivars also contained limonoids common to all species of Citrus and its hybrids such as limonin, nomilin, nominilic acid, ichangin, and obacunone. C1 MINIST AGR FORESTRY & FISHERIES,OKITSU BRANCH,FRUIT TREE RES STN,SHIMIZU,SHIZUOKA 42402,JAPAN. MINIST AGR FORESTRY & FISHERIES,CHUGOKU NATL AGR EXPT STN,FUKUYAMA,HIROSHIMA 721,JAPAN. WAKAYAMA AGR & BIOL RES INST,WAKAYAMA 64961,JAPAN. RP BERHOW, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS,FRUIT & VEGETABLE CHEM LAB,263 S CHESTER AVE,PASADENA,CA 91106, USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD JUL PY 1994 VL 36 IS 4 BP 923 EP 925 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90464-3 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA NY144 UT WOS:A1994NY14400021 ER PT J AU STIPANOVIC, RD KIM, HL ALTMAN, DW BELL, AA KOHEL, RJ AF STIPANOVIC, RD KIM, HL ALTMAN, DW BELL, AA KOHEL, RJ TI RAIMONDALONE, A SESQUITERPENE FROM A COTTON INTERSPECIFIC HYBRID SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM; G-RAIMONDII; MALVACEAE; COTTON; SESQUITERPENE; 1,4-NAPHTHOQUINONE ID PEST RESISTANCE; PIGMENT GLANDS; TERPENOIDS; GOSSYPIUM AB A new sesquiterpenoid, raimondalone (8-formyl-6,7-dihydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methoxy-3-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), has been isolated from the leaves of a cotton plant derived from an interspecific hybrid (G. hirsutum x G. raimondii). The structure of this compound and the C-13 chemical shifts of related compounds were determined using 2D HMBC NMR spectrometry. C1 USDA ARS,SO CROPS RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. RP STIPANOVIC, RD (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT VET PHYSIOL & PHARMACOL,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843, USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD JUL PY 1994 VL 36 IS 4 BP 953 EP 956 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)90470-9 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA NY144 UT WOS:A1994NY14400027 ER PT J AU LENSSEN, AW MARTIN, SS TOWNSEND, CE HAWKINS, B AF LENSSEN, AW MARTIN, SS TOWNSEND, CE HAWKINS, B TI ACICERONE - AN ISOFLAVONE FROM ASTRAGALUS CICER SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ASTRAGALUS CICER; LEGUMINOSAE; CICER MILKVETCH, ROOTS; ISOFLAVONE; 6-HYDROXY-7-METHOXY-3',4'-METHYLENEDIOXYISOFLAVONE AB A new isoflavone isolated from fungus-inoculated roots of Astragalus cicer has been identified as 6-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3',4'-methylenedioxyisoflavone (acicerone). C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV, NATL CTR NMR APPLICAT, DEPT CHEM, FT COLLINS, CO 80523 USA. RP LENSSEN, AW (reprint author), USDA ARS, CROPS RES LAB, 1701 CTR AVE, FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD JUL PY 1994 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1185 EP 1187 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89635-1 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA PC036 UT WOS:A1994PC03600016 ER PT J AU BERHOW, MA BENNETT, RD POLING, SM VANNIER, S HIDAKA, T OMURA, M AF BERHOW, MA BENNETT, RD POLING, SM VANNIER, S HIDAKA, T OMURA, M TI ACYLATED FLAVONOIDS IN CALLUS-CULTURES OF CITRUS-AURANTIFOLIA SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE CITRUS-AURANTIFOLIA; RUTACEAE; MEXICAN LIME; FLAVONOIDS; 3-HYDROXY-3-METHYLGLUTARIC ACID ESTERS; KAEMPFEROL; CALLUS CELL CULTURE ID EXOGENOUS FLAVANONES; CELL-CULTURES; GLUCOSYLATION; PARADISI; NARINGIN AB Two new acylated flavonol glycosides were isolated along with kaempferol 3-O-beta-rutinoside from 10-year-old callus cultures of Mexican lime. The structures of these new compounds are kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside-6''-(3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutarate) and kaempferol 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside-6''-(3-hydroxy-3 glutarate)-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside. C1 MINIST AGR FORESTRY & FISHERIES,FRUIT TREE RES STN,OKITSU BRANCH,SHIMIZU,SHIZUOKA 42402,JAPAN. RP BERHOW, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS,FRUIT & VEGETABLE CHEM LAB,263 S CHESTER AVE,PASADENA,CA 91106, USA. NR 9 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD JUL PY 1994 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1225 EP 1227 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89641-7 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA PC036 UT WOS:A1994PC03600022 PM 7765362 ER PT J AU VANCE, NC KELSEY, RG SABIN, TE AF VANCE, NC KELSEY, RG SABIN, TE TI SEASONAL AND TISSUE VARIATION IN TAXANE CONCENTRATIONS OF TAXUS-BREVIFOLIA SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE TAXUS BREVIFOLIA; TAXACEAE; PACIFIC YEW; TAXANES; GROWING SEASON; BARK; FOLIAGE ID TAXOL CONTENT; DERIVATIVES; BARK AB Analysis of seven taxanes: taxol, baccatin III, 10-deacetyltaxol, 10-deacetylbaccatin III, 7-xylosyl-10-deacetyltaxol, cephalomannine and brevifoliol in extracts from bark and foliage of pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia) showed a gradient of decreasing concentration from stem base to branch tip. This decrease is attributed to the generally higher concentration of taxanes in the phloem tissue and the decrease in inner bark thickness from base to branch tip. Analysis of taxanes extracted from stem bark and needles sampled over a growing season showed that most taxane concentrations were significantly lower in the needles than in the bark. Typically, taxane concentrations in bark increased from May through August; whereas, in needles, concentrations changed little during that period. Two exceptions were baccatin III, which in the summer reached levels equivalent to back, and brevifoliol which increased from March to August, reaching levels in needles nine times greater than bark. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP VANCE, NC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,3200 JEFFERSON WAY,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA55151-02] NR 13 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD JUL PY 1994 VL 36 IS 5 BP 1241 EP 1244 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89644-2 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA PC036 UT WOS:A1994PC03600025 PM 7765363 ER PT J AU ZHANG, LY MITRA, A FRENCH, RC LANGENBERG, WG AF ZHANG, LY MITRA, A FRENCH, RC LANGENBERG, WG TI FUNGAL ZOOSPORE-MEDIATED DELIVERY OF A FOREIGN GENE TO WHEAT ROOTS SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE GENETIC ENGINEERING; PLANT TRANSFORMATION; VECTOR ID HIGH-VELOCITY MICROPROJECTILES; TRANSGENIC RICE PLANTS; TOBACCO NECROSIS VIRUS; OLPIDIUM-BRASSICAE; CELLS; PROTOPLASTS; EXPRESSION; PROMOTER AB The primitive fungus Olpidium brassicae is an obligate plant parasite that acts as a natural virus vector transmitting tobacco necrosis virus and certain other viruses to roots of many monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. Plasmid pAM981, carrying the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, was packaged by dissociated capsid protein of tobacco necrosis virus. The resulting nucleoprotein complexes were acquired by O. brassicae zoospores and transmitted to wheat roots. Transient expression of CAT in wheat roots was detected, indicating that transformation can be achieved if plants can be regenerated from tissue. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,WHEAT SORGHUM & FORAGE RES UNIT,LINCOLN,NE 68583. RP ZHANG, LY (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUL PY 1994 VL 84 IS 7 BP 684 EP 687 DI 10.1094/Phyto-84-684 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NY500 UT WOS:A1994NY50000005 ER PT J AU FUKUI, R CAMPBELL, GS COOK, RJ AF FUKUI, R CAMPBELL, GS COOK, RJ TI FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INCIDENCE OF EMBRYO INFECTION BY PYTHIUM SPP DURING GERMINATION OF WHEAT SEEDS IN SOILS SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PYTHIUM CARRYING CAPACITY; RESIDENT ANTAGONISTS; SEEDLING BLIGHT; SOILBORNE PATHOGENS ID DAMPING-OFF; PACIFIC NORTHWEST; HAWAIIAN SOIL; SUPPRESSION; SPLENDENS; ULTIMUM; MICROORGANISMS; PATHOGENICITY; VOLATILES; CALCIUM AB The incidence of embryo infection (EI) by Pythium spp. in soil held at a matric potential (psi(m),) of -10 J/kg was a function of inoculum density (ID) at lower IDs and reached a plateau (EI(max)) at higher IDs. In field soils, EI(max) (69.9-89.0%) was achieved at 150-200 propagules per gram. In pasteurized soil reinfested with P. ultimum var. sporangiiferum, EI(max) (congruent to 100%) was achieved with only 50 propagules per gram. The incidence of EI was greatest at -10 J/kg, progressively less as soil was drier, and negligible at drier than -200 J/kg. Both ID and psi(m), could be limiting for EI at lower IDs, whereas only psi(m), affected EI when soil contained enough ID for EI(max). When the pH levels of two natural soils were adjusted to 4.3-7.6 with H2SO4 Or Ca(OH)(2), the incidence of EI was greatest at pH 5.1-6.7. The treatment of soil with chloramphenicol resulted in a higher incidence of EI in soil adjusted to alkaline pH, suggesting that antagonistic soil bacteria had some involvement in the low incidence of EI in alkaline soil. The incidence of EI was higher as seeds aged and lower when seeds were soaked in water before planting. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,PULLMAN,WA 99164. USDA ARS,PULLMAN,WA 99164. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. NR 38 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUL PY 1994 VL 84 IS 7 BP 695 EP 702 DI 10.1094/Phyto-84-695 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NY500 UT WOS:A1994NY50000007 ER PT J AU EILAM, T BUSHNELL, WR ANIKSTER, Y AF EILAM, T BUSHNELL, WR ANIKSTER, Y TI RELATIVE NUCLEAR-DNA CONTENT OF RUST FUNGI ESTIMATED BY FLOW-CYTOMETRY OF PROPIDIUM IODIDE-STAINED PYCNIOSPORES SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLANT-PROTOPLASTS; FLUOROCHROMES; COMPLEXES; SPORES; GENOME AB Flow cytometry was used to estimate the relative nuclear DNA content of pycniospores from 85 collections of 13 species of rust fungi. For a given sample, 10,240 fluorescent events were measured. Sufficient pycniospores could be obtained from as little as one well-developed pycnial cluster, Numbers of fluorescent events plotted against intensity of fluorescence usually exhibited a single well-defined peak with coefficients of variation of 10% or less. Results confirmed and extended data for small numbers of basidiospores obtained earlier with the microscope photometer. DNA content relative to that of a Puccinia hordei standard was estimated to be as follows (in order of increasing DNA content): P. lagenophorae, 53%; P. graminis, 56%; P. coronata, 64%; P. sorghi, 84%; P. hordei, 101%; P. recondita, 105%; Uromyces hippomarathricola, 107%; U. reichertii, 120%; Tranzschelia pruni-spinosae, 150%; P. allii, 164%; P. helianthi, 185%; U. vignae, 336%; and U. appendiculatus, 346%. Within P. hordei, collections from Hordeum bulbosum had higher DNA content than collections from other telial host species; within P. recondita, collections from each of four telial host species differed, suggesting that these fungi are diverging genetically on some telial host species. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,CEREAL RUST LAB,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP EILAM, T (reprint author), TEL AVIV UNIV,DEPT BOT,IL-69978 RAMAT AVIV,ISRAEL. NR 28 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUL PY 1994 VL 84 IS 7 BP 728 EP 735 DI 10.1094/Phyto-84-728 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NY500 UT WOS:A1994NY50000012 ER PT J AU KUHLMAN, EG PEPPER, WD AF KUHLMAN, EG PEPPER, WD TI TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON BASIDIOSPORE GERMINATION AND ON INFECTION OF SLASH PINE-SEEDLINGS BY CRONARTIUM-QUERCUUM F SP FUSIFORME SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE FUSIFORM RUST; PINUS ELLIOTTII AB In vitro germination of basidiospores of 10 isolates of Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme occurred within 24 h at temperatures of 8-32 C. At 32 C, only very short germ tubes developed. Germination was frequent at temperatures of 12-28 C, and 90% of the maximum germination occurred at 14.6-29.6 C. On the basis of second-degree polynomial regressions, the optimum temperatures during 24 h of moist incubation for the infection of pines were 17.7 and 19 C in two experiments. Moist incubation for 24 h at 11.6-23.4 C resulted in greater than or equal to 90% of the maximum infection rate for susceptible slash pine seedlings. Basidiospores were able to initiate infections over a broad temperature range of 8-28 C during a 24-h period of moist incubation. The shape and height of curves for germination of each rust isolate or infection of each pine family did not differ significantly, indicating neither factor interacted with temperature. RP KUHLMAN, EG (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SE FOREST EXPT STN,320 GREEN ST,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUL PY 1994 VL 84 IS 7 BP 735 EP 739 DI 10.1094/Phyto-84-735 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NY500 UT WOS:A1994NY50000013 ER PT J AU OSSWALD, WF SHAPIRO, JP DOOSTDAR, H MCDONALD, RE NIEDZ, RP NAIRN, CJ HEARN, CJ MAYER, RT AF OSSWALD, WF SHAPIRO, JP DOOSTDAR, H MCDONALD, RE NIEDZ, RP NAIRN, CJ HEARN, CJ MAYER, RT TI IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACIDIC HYDROLASES WITH CHITINASE AND CHITOSANASE ACTIVITIES FROM SWEET ORANGE CALLUS-TISSUE SO PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CITRUS; DEFENSIVE PROTEINS; HYDROLASES; LYSOZYME; PLANT TISSUE CULTURE; PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS ID PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS; ANTIFUNGAL HYDROLASES; LYSOZYME CHITINASE; FUNGAL GROWTH; 2 CHITINASES; BEAN-LEAVES; PEA TISSUE; PURIFICATION; BETA-1,3-GLUCANASE; PLANT AB Acidic chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14) were isolated and characterized from 4-week-old nonembryogenic Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck cv 'Valencia' callus tissue. The enzymes were purified using size exclusion, anion exchange, and chromatofocusing HPLC techniques. Eleven isoforms were isolated with M(r)s between 26,000 and 37,400. Eight of the isoforms were purified to homogeneity, and all but one cross-reacted with a polyclonal antibody raised against a basic class I potato leaf chitinase. The isoelectric points (determined by chromatofocusing) were from pH 4.5 to 5.4. All hydrolases degraded chitin and four were capable of hydrolyzing solubilized shrimp shell chitosan suggesting they may be chitosanases (EC 3.2.1.99). Apparent chitosanase activity generally decreased with decreasing acetylation of the chitosan (i.e. from 20% to 0% acetylation). The chitinases and chitinases/chitosanases are predominantly endochitinases. Chitosanase activity was optimal at pH 5 while the pH optimum for chitinase activity ranged between pH 3.5 and 5.5. The chitinases and chitinases/chitosanases were stable up to 60 degrees C and showed their highest enzyme activity at that temperature. N-terminal sequences were obtained on three of the isoforms. One of the isoforms was identified as a class II chitinase and the other two as class III chitinases. C1 USDA ARS,HORT RES LAB,ORLANDO,FL 32803. NR 39 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 4 PU JAPANESE SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI KYOTO PA SHIMOTACHIURI OGAWA HIGASHI KAMIKYOKU, KYOTO 602, JAPAN SN 0032-0781 J9 PLANT CELL PHYSIOL JI Plant Cell Physiol. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 35 IS 5 BP 811 EP 820 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA PA380 UT WOS:A1994PA38000014 PM 7952962 ER PT J AU BLANK, RR ALLEN, F YOUNG, JA AF BLANK, RR ALLEN, F YOUNG, JA TI GROWTH AND ELEMENTAL CONTENT OF SEVERAL SAGEBRUSH-STEPPE SPECIES IN UNBURNED AND POST-WILDFIRE SOIL AND PLANT EFFECTS ON SOIL ATTRIBUTES SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; REVEGETATION; SILICA; SUCCESSION; SHRUBLAND ID NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; FIRE; COMPETITION; NUTRIENTS; PATTERNS AB Fire is the principal means of stand renewal in big sagebrush-steppe communities of western North America. Plant growth following fire may be influenced by heat-induced changes in the nutrient status of the soil. Moreover, post-wildfire pioneer plant species may alter soil properties, and thereby, impact subsequent plant recruitment. Our study compared the growth and elemental content of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), and Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides), grown under greenhouse conditions in post-wildfire and similar unburned soil. We also examined soil attributes following plant growth. Cheatgrass and squirreltail, grown in post-wildfire soil, had significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05) greater aboveground mass than plants grown in unburned soil. As compared with unburned soil, post-wildfire soil engendered the following significant (p less than or equal to 0.05) differences in leaf elemental content: 1) big sagebrush had higher levels of P and lower levels of Mn; 2) squirreltail accumulated more P and N; and 3) all grass species had higher SiO2 content. Following harvest of plants, post-wildfire soil generally contained significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05) more KCl-extractable ortho-P, NH4+, and SO42-, than unburned soil. Plant growth in both burned and unburned soils fostered a significant (p less than or equal to 0.05) increase in the bicarbonate-extractable pool of P as compared with unplanted controls. Soil Kjeldahl-N was significantly (p less than or equal to 0.05) greater after plant growth in burned treatments as compared with the control. This study demonstrates that post-wildfire soil can have a stimulatory effect on plant growth for some species. Squirreltail deserves consideration as a post-wildfire revegetation species. Furthermore, pioneer plant growth following wildfires can attenuate soil properties and therefore influence plant succession. RP BLANK, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS,CONSERVAT BIOL RANGELANDS UNIT,920 VALLEY RD,RENO,NV 89512, USA. NR 38 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD JUL PY 1994 VL 164 IS 1 BP 35 EP 41 DI 10.1007/BF00010108 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA PQ466 UT WOS:A1994PQ46600005 ER PT J AU SILVER, WL SCATENA, FN JOHNSON, AH SICCAMA, TG SANCHEZ, MJ AF SILVER, WL SCATENA, FN JOHNSON, AH SICCAMA, TG SANCHEZ, MJ TI NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY IN A MONTANE WET TROPICAL FOREST - SPATIAL PATTERNS AND METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE NUTRIENT CYCLING; PLANT-SOIL INTERACTIONS; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; TOPOGRAPHIC PATTERNS; TROPICAL FOREST ECOLOGY ID HIGHLY WEATHERED SOILS; PUERTO-RICO; RAIN-FOREST; LUQUILLO MOUNTAINS; ENVIRONMENTS; RAINFOREST; VEGETATION; WATERSHEDS; FLORISTICS; DIVERSITY AB Soils and forest floor were sampled quantitatively from a montane wet tropical forest in Puerto Rico to determine the spatial variability of soil nutrients, the factors controlling nutrient availability to vegetation, and the distribution of nutrients in soil and plants. Exchangeable cation concentrations were measured using different soil extracting procedures (fresh soil with NH4Cl, air-dried and ground soil with KCl, and a Modified Olsen solution) to establish a range of nutrient availability in the soil, and to determine the relationship between different, but commonly used laboratory protocols. The availability of exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K was significantly lower in soils extracted fresh with NH4Cl than from soils which were dried and ground prior to extraction with KCl or a modified Olsen solution. Soil nutrient availability generally decreased with depth in the soil. Several soil properties important to plant growth and survival varied predictably across the landscape and could be viewed in the context of a simple catena model. In the surface soils, exchangeable base cation concentrations and pH increased along a gradient from ridge tops to riparian valleys, while soil organic matter, exchangeable Fe and acidity decreased along this gradient. On the ridges, N, P, and K were positively correlated with soil organic matter; on dopes, N and P were positively correlated with organic matter, and Ca, Kg, and pH were negatively correlated with exchangeable Fe. Nutrient availability in the upper catena appears to be primarily controlled by biotic processes, particularly the accumulation of organic matter. The Ca, K, and P content of the vegetation was higher on ridges and slopes than in the valley positions. Periodic flooding and impeded drainage in the lower catena resulted in a more heterogeneous environment. A comparison of the Bisley, Puerto Rico soils with other tropical montane forests (TMF) revealed that the internal heterogeneity of soils in the Bisley Watersheds is similar to the range of average soil nutrient concentrations among TMF's for Ca, Mg, and K (dry/ground soils). Phosphorus tended to be slightly higher in Bisley and N was lower than in other TMFs. C1 US FOREST SERV,INST TROP FORESTRY,RIO PIEDRAS,PR 00928. UNIV PENN,DEPT GEOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. RP SILVER, WL (reprint author), YALE UNIV,SCH FORESTRY & ENVIRONM STUDIES,360 PROSPECT ST,NEW HAVEN,CT 06511, USA. RI Silver, Whendee/H-1118-2012 NR 64 TC 94 Z9 101 U1 5 U2 32 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD JUL PY 1994 VL 164 IS 1 BP 129 EP 145 DI 10.1007/BF00010118 PG 17 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA PQ466 UT WOS:A1994PQ46600015 ER PT J AU LAZOF, DB RINCON, M RUFTY, TW MACKOWN, CT CARTER, TE AF LAZOF, DB RINCON, M RUFTY, TW MACKOWN, CT CARTER, TE TI ALUMINUM ACCUMULATION AND ASSOCIATED EFFECTS ON (NO3-)-N-15 INFLUX IN ROOTS OF 2 SOYBEAN GENOTYPES DIFFERING IN AL TOLERANCE SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE AL EXCLUSION; AL TOXICITY; ALUMINUM; GLYCINE MAX L; NITRATE UPTAKE; ROOT LOCALIZATION ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; EXCISED ROOTS; SENSITIVE CULTIVARS; WHEAT; TOXICITY; NITRATE; ACID; ELONGATION; AMMONIUM; KINETICS AB A study was conducted to examine aluminum (Al) exclusion by roots of two differentially tolerant soybean (Glycine mar L. Merr.) lines, P1-416937 (Al-tolerant) and Essex (Al-sensitive). Following exposure to 80 mu M Al for up to 2 h, roots were rinsed with a 10mM potassium citrate solution and rapidly dissected to allow estimation of intracellular Al accumulation in morphologically distinct root regions. Using 10 min exposures to 300 mu M (NO3-)-N-15 and dissection, accompanying effects on NO3- uptake were measured. With Al exposures of 20 min or 2 h, there was greater Al accumulation in all root regions of Essex than in those of P1-416937. The genotypic difference in Al accumulation was particularly apparent at the root apex, both in the tip and in the adjacent root cap and mucilage. Exposure of roots to Al inhibited the uptake of (NO3-)-N-15 to a similar extent in all root regions. The results are consistent with Al exclusion from cells in the root apical region being an important mechanism of Al tolerance. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. MIDWESTERN STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,WICHITA FALLS,TX 76308. UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT AGRON,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP LAZOF, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROPS RES LAB,BOX 1168,OXFORD,NC 27565, USA. NR 39 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD JUL PY 1994 VL 164 IS 2 BP 291 EP 297 DI 10.1007/BF00010081 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA PV721 UT WOS:A1994PV72100015 ER PT J AU PURCELL, LC SINCLAIR, TR AF PURCELL, LC SINCLAIR, TR TI AN OSMOTIC HYPOTHESIS FOR THE REGULATION OF OXYGEN PERMEABILITY IN SOYBEAN NODULES SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID SOYBEAN NITROGEN-FIXATION; POLYETHYLENE-GLYCOL; RHIZOSPHERE OXYGEN; GAS-PERMEABILITY; ROOT-NODULES; WATER-STRESS; PLANT; RESPIRATION; METABOLISM; DIFFUSION AB Nodule permeability (P) controls the amount of O-2 entering the nodule, and thereby the rates of both nodule respiration and N-2 fixation. P may be regulated by changes in the effective thickness of a water-filled diffusion barrier in the nodule cortex. Regulation of diffusion barrier thickness was hypothesized to result from changes in the water content of intercellular spaces. Modulation of intercellular water would be a response to osmotic potential gradients in the tissue. To test this hypothesis, preliminary experiments examined three classes of solutes (soluble sugars, free amino acids, and ureides) in nodules of intact plants exposed to 10 or 21 kPa O-2 for 24h. Neither soluble sugars nor free amino acids in nodules were responsive to O-2 treatments. However, nodule ureides accumulated after exposure to 10 kPa O-2 for 24h. A symplastic increase in nodule ureides under the 10 kPa O-2 treatment compared to the 21 kPa O-2 treatment may have removed water from intercellular spaces in the nodule cortex and increased P. In addition, the nodule cortex of intact plants was infiltrated with water, polyethylene glycol (PEG), KCl, or Na-succinate solutions to determine the effect of intercellular water and osmoticants on dinitrogenase activity and P. Results from infiltrating the apoplast of the nodule cortex with osmotic solutions indicated that both increases in intercellular water and decreases in the apoplastic water potential decrease dinitrogenase activity and P. Furthermore, the inability to recover dinitrogenase activity and P following the infiltration of the cortex with PEG compared to either KCl or Na-succinate treatments may indicate that recovery was dependent upon removal of the solute from the apoplast. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,USDA ARS,AGRON PHYSIOL LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. NR 27 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 17 IS 7 BP 837 EP 843 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1994.tb00178.x PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NV536 UT WOS:A1994NV53600006 ER PT J AU TURK, BA SWARTZ, HJ ZIMMERMAN, RH AF TURK, BA SWARTZ, HJ ZIMMERMAN, RH TI ADVENTITIOUS SHOOT REGENERATION FROM IN VITRO-CULTURED LEAVES OF RUBUS GENOTYPES SO PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE LA English DT Article DE BLACKBERRY; RASPBERRY; RUBUS IDAEUS; TISSUE CULTURE; THIDIAZURON ID LEAF EXPLANTS; PLANT-REGENERATION; EXCISED RUBUS; MALUS LEAVES; INVITRO; ORGANOGENESIS; CULTIVARS; THIDIAZURON; COTYLEDONS; TISSUE AB Regeneration of adventitious shoots from leaves of several in vitro-cultured Rubus genotypes was affected by media components and incubation conditions. Leaves cultured at 20 degrees C with a photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 40 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) had a higher regeneration frequency and more shoots per regenerating leaf than ones cultured at 25 degrees C with a PPF of either 40 or 80 mu mol m(-2) s(-1). Thidiazuron (TDZ) was significantly more effective than benzyladenine. Medium containing 1 mu M TDZ had the highest percentage regeneration for leaves of 'Autumn Bliss', 'Canby', 'Summit' and 'Sentry' red raspberries, whereas leaves of MD-ETCE-1 blackberry hybrid responded more to 10 mu M TDZ. Higher regeneration frequencies were obtained with 0.5 mu M indolebutyric acid (IBA) than with 1 mu M, but no significant difference was observed between 0.5 mu M and no IBA in other experiments. More shoots per regenerating leaf formed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) and N6 media than on half-strength MS, Anderson, or Woody Plant media for all genotypes tested. The youngest two expanding leaves near the shoot apex were the most regenerative and yielded the highest number of shoots per regenerating leaf. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,DEPT AGR,FRUIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 23 TC 18 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6857 J9 PLANT CELL TISS ORG JI Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 38 IS 1 BP 11 EP 17 DI 10.1007/BF00034437 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA PQ766 UT WOS:A1994PQ76600002 ER PT J AU MCLAUGHLIN, MR FAIRBROTHER, TE AF MCLAUGHLIN, MR FAIRBROTHER, TE TI SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CLOVER YELLOW VEIN POTYVIRUS IN THE UNITED-STATES GERM PLASM COLLECTION OF SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID VIRUS DISEASES; FORAGE LEGUMES AB In spring 1991, natural infections of clover yellow vein virus (CYVV) caused severe disease in 60% of experimental accessions of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) grown in field trials at Mississippi State, Mississippi. A search for resistance to CYVV was initiated within the United States collection of subterranean clover germ plasm. Plants of each of 261 plant introduction (PI) lines and three cultivars were grown in the greenhouse during the winter and spring of 1991-1992. Seedlings were mechanically inoculated with CYVV-Pratt and evaluated 21-28 days later. Initial DAS-ELISA confirmed an absolute correlation of symptoms with infection. Symptomless plants were reinoculated and reevaluated up to five times. Fewer than 2% of all tested plants were selected as resistant and held as first-generation parents (P-1). Selected P-1 plants (45 from 21 PI lines) were identified as var. yanninicum (one line), var. oxaloides (seven lines), and var, flagelliforme (13 lines) and allowed to produce first-generation self-pollinated (S-1) seed. The S-1 seed were grown and the S-1 plants tested in the summer of 1992, following the same procedures used in the selection of the P-1 plants. Six S-1 plants from four P-1 lines were selected for second-generation (S-2) Seed production. The S-2 Seed were grown and the St plants tested in 1993, following procedures similar to those used for P-1 and S-1 tests. All S-2 plants were susceptible and showed uniformly severe reactions consisting of rapid systemic wilt and plant death. We conclude that no heritable resistance to CYVV exists in the major portion of the germ plasm collection tested. The severe susceptible (hypersensitive) reaction identified in some lines may be a useful management tool in limiting spread of CYVV in the field. RP MCLAUGHLIN, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROP SCI RES LAB,FORAGE RES UNIT,POB 5367,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 78 IS 7 BP 665 EP 667 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NU559 UT WOS:A1994NU55900003 ER PT J AU GRISHAM, MP AF GRISHAM, MP TI STRAINS OF SORGHUM MOSAIC-VIRUS CAUSING SUGARCANE MOSAIC IN LOUISIANA SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID COAT PROTEINS; POTYVIRUSES; MAIZE AB The viruses found causing sugarcane mosaic in Louisiana during 1978-1988, 1990, and 1992 were strains H, I, and M of sorghum mosaic virus. The percentages of plant samples that were infected with the three strains within the three production areas of the sugarcane belt were determined (because approximately 4% of all plants sampled were infected by more than one strain, incidences totaled more than 100%). In the Bayou Lafourche area, strain H was found in 99% of infected plants, strain I in 1%, and strain M in 2%; in the Mississippi River area, strain H was found in 98% of infected plants, strain I in 1%, and strain M in 2%; and in the Bayou Teche area, strain H was found in 90% of infected plants, strain I in 12%, and strain M in 5%. Strains were identified annually by inoculating differential host plants (sugarcane cultivars CP 31-294 and CP 31-588, sweet sorghum cultivar Rio, and johnsongrass) with leaf juice from diseased sugarcane plants. The highest incidence of strain I (12-31% of samples assayed) occurred in the Bayou Teche area during 1978-1982. The subsequent decline in incidence of strain I in this area corresponded with the decline of cultivar NCo 310. Strain M appeared intermittently at low levels in all areas, but in 1987 and 1988 in the Bayou Teche area, strain M appeared in 17 and 13%, respectively, of the samples-most often those of the cultivar CP 79-318. RP GRISHAM, MP (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUGARCANE RES UNIT,HOUMA,LA 70361, USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 78 IS 7 BP 729 EP 732 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NU559 UT WOS:A1994NU55900019 ER PT J AU ROSSMAN, AY AF ROSSMAN, AY TI REPORT OF DWARF BUNT FROM CALIFORNIA-ERRONEOUS SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Editorial Material ID TILLETIA-CONTROVERSA RP ROSSMAN, AY (reprint author), USDA ARS,SYSTEMAT BOT & MYCOL LAB,RM 304,B011A,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 78 IS 7 BP 755 EP 756 PG 2 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NU559 UT WOS:A1994NU55900030 ER PT J AU SAMAC, DA SHAH, DM AF SAMAC, DA SHAH, DM TI EFFECT OF CHITINASE ANTISENSE RNA EXPRESSION ON DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ARABIDOPSIS PLANTS SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ANTISENSE RNA; ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA; BOTRYTIS CINEREA; DISEASE RESISTANCE; PATHOGENICITY ID PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS; SUBCELLULAR-LOCALIZATION; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; MESSENGER-RNA; AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS; ACIDIC CHITINASE; TOMATO LEAVES; THALIANA; TOBACCO; GENES AB Chitinases accumulate in higher plants upon pathogen attack are capable of hydrolyzing chitin-containing fungal cell walls and are thus implicated as part of the plant defense response to fungal pathogens. To evaluate the relative role of the predominate chitinase (class I, basic enzyme) of Arabidopsis thaliana in disease resistance, transgenic Arabidopsis plants were generated that expressed antisense RNA to the class I chitinase. Young plants or young leaves of some plants expressing antisense RNA had < 10% of the chitinase levels of control plants. In the oldest leaves of these antisense plants, chitinase levels rose to 37-90% of the chitinase levels relative to vector control plants, most likely because of accumulation and storage of the enzyme in vacuoles. The rate of infection by the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea was measured in detached leaves containing 7-15% of the chitinase levels of control plants prior to inoculation. Antisense RNA was not effective in suppressing induced chitinase expression upon infection as chitinase levels increased in antisense leaves to 47% of levels in control leaves within 24 hours after inoculation. Leaves from antisense plants became diseased at a slightly faster rate than leaves from control plants, but differences were not significant due to high variability. Although the tendency to increased susceptibility in antisense plants suggests that chitinases may slow the growth of invading fungal pathogens, the overall contribution of chitinase to the inducible defense reponses in Arabidopsis remains unclear. C1 MONSANTO CO,ST LOUIS,MO 63198. RP SAMAC, DA (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. RI Shah, Dilip/M-2850-2013; OI SHAH, DILIP/0000-0001-9503-4729 NR 37 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 25 IS 4 BP 587 EP 596 DI 10.1007/BF00029598 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA PD025 UT WOS:A1994PD02500001 PM 8061313 ER PT J AU SUTTLE, JC HULTSTRAND, JF AF SUTTLE, JC HULTSTRAND, JF TI ROLE OF ENDOGENOUS ABSCISIC-ACID IN POTATO MICROTUBER DORMANCY SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM-L; GROWTH AB Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv Russet Burbank) microtubers generated in vitro from single-node explants contained substantial amounts (approximately 250 pmol/g fresh weight) of free abscisic acid (ABA) and were completely dormant for a minimum of 12 weeks. Microtubers that developed in the presence of 10 mu M fluridone (FLD) contained considerably reduced amounts (approximately 5-25 pmol/g fresh weight) of free ABA and exhibited a precocious loss of dormancy. Inclusion of exogenous racemic ABA in the FLD-containing medium suppressed the premature sprouting of these microtubers in a dose-dependent manner. At a concentration of 50 mu M, exogenous ABA restored internal ABA levels to control values and completely inhibited FLD-induced precocious sprouting. Exogenous jasmonic acid was ineffective in suppressing FLD-induced sprouting. Application of FLD to preformed, fully dormant microtubers also resulted in a reduction in internal ABA content and precocious sprouting. These results indicate that endogenous ABA is essential for the induction and maintenance of potato microtuber dormancy. RP SUTTLE, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO CROP SCI LAB,STATE UNIV STN,POB 5677,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 33 TC 70 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 105 IS 3 BP 891 EP 896 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NW463 UT WOS:A1994NW46300015 ER PT J AU KANG, IK SUH, SG GROSS, KC BYUN, JK AF KANG, IK SUH, SG GROSS, KC BYUN, JK TI N-TERMINAL AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE OF PERSIMMON FRUIT BETA-GALACTOSIDASE SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CELL-WALL POLYSACCHARIDES; ESCULENTUM MILL FRUIT; TOMATO FRUIT; POLYGALACTURONASE ACTIVITY; GENE; SOLUBILIZATION; DEGRADATION; EXPRESSION; PROTEINS; GLYCANS AB beta-Galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) from persimmon fruit was purified 114-fold with a 15% yield using Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, CM-Sephadex ion exchange, and Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration chromatography, with subsequent electroelution from nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PACE) gels. The estimated molecular mass of the native beta-galactosidase by Sephacryl S-200 was 118 kD. After sodium dodecyl sulfate-PAGE of the enzyme electroeluted from native gels, two subunits with estimated molecular masses of 34 and 44 kD were observed, suggesting that the native enzyme was an aggregate of several subunits. Amino acid composition and N-terminal amino acid sequences of the two major subunits were different. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. YEUNGNAM UNIV,DEPT HORT,KYONGSAN 712749,SOUTH KOREA. NR 34 TC 27 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 105 IS 3 BP 975 EP 979 DI 10.1104/pp.105.3.975 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NW463 UT WOS:A1994NW46300026 PM 8058842 ER PT J AU IRAQI, F SMITH, EJ AF IRAQI, F SMITH, EJ TI DETERMINATION OF THE ZYGOSITY OF EV21-K IN LATE-FEATHERING MALE WHITE LEGHORNS USING THE POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE RESTRICTION ENZYME; PRODUCTS; PRIMERS; BROILER ID ENDOGENOUS VIRUS-21; CHICKENS; LOCUS; ASSOCIATION; PROBE AB The dominant sex-linked late-feathering (LF) gene, K, is of commercial importance for sex determination at hatch. Knowledge of the zygosity of sequences associated with K would enable breeders to more efficiently select homozygous grandparent LF males on the maternal side of the standard feather-sex cross because all of their progeny would be LF, whereas only half of the progeny from heterozygous grandparent males would be LF. A specific, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay is described that distinguishes White Leghorn K/K males from K/k+ males and obviates the need to raise all LF grandparent males to sexual maturity. Because the Z chromosome of some LF broiler breeders have, in addition to the endogenous virus gene, ev21, the wild type allele, which is termed the unoccupied repeat b (URb), this approach may not be applicable to some broiler lines. C1 USDA ARS,AVIAN DIS & ONCOL LAB,3606 E MOUNT HOPE RD,E LANSING,MI 48823. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 3 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 73 IS 7 BP 939 EP 946 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA NV527 UT WOS:A1994NV52700002 PM 7937481 ER PT J AU WITTER, RL HUNT, HD AF WITTER, RL HUNT, HD TI POULTRY VACCINES OF THE FUTURE SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE VACCINE; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; EXPRESSION VECTORS; RECOMBINANT DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID; IMMUNITY ID RESISTANCE; PROTECTION; INFLUENZA; PROTEIN; DNA AB Current poultry vaccines are based either on live attenuated organisms or on killed organisms. Future vaccines also may be based on deletion mutants, live viral or bacterial vectors that express foreign genes, and naked DNA. Vaccines have different purposes, depending on the disease, which govern their intrinsic characteristics. Improvement of vaccine efficacy can be addressed by modifications of the vaccine and its administration, modifications in the capacity of the host to mount an immune response, and modifications of environmental factors. The concept of ''designer vaccines'' for matching vaccines that deliver specific antigenic peptides to chickens with the MHC haplotype that best presents those peptides to T cells is discussed. RP WITTER, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS,AVIAN DIS & ONCOL LAB,E LANSING,MI 48823, USA. NR 14 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 73 IS 7 BP 1087 EP 1093 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA NV527 UT WOS:A1994NV52700021 PM 7937470 ER PT J AU RUSSELL, SM FLETCHER, DL COX, NA AF RUSSELL, SM FLETCHER, DL COX, NA TI THE EFFECT OF INCUBATION-TEMPERATURE ON RECOVERY OF MESOPHILIC BACTERIA FROM BROILER CHICKEN CARCASSES SUBJECTED TO TEMPERATURE ABUSE SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE TEMPERATURE ABUSE; INCUBATION TEMPERATURE; MESOPHILES; IMPEDANCE; BROILER AB The optimum temperature to recover mesophilic organisms from temperature-abused broiler chicken carcasses was determined. Twenty broiler carcasses were collected from a commercial processing plant in each of three trials. Ten carcasses were sampled immediately (Day 0 control); 8 carcasses were sampled after holding at 3 C for 3 d, temperature abusing at 25 C for 12 h, and holding them at 3 C for an additional 3 d (temperature abused); and the remaining 2 carcasses were sampled after holding at 3 C for 7 d (Day 7 control). Whole carcass rinses were analyzed using total aerobic plate counts (TPC) and impedimetric detection times (DT) at incubation temperatures of 41, 42, 43, and 44 C. Total plate counts decreased (P < .05) and DT increased (P < .05), at all incubation temperatures tested, for carcasses held under refrigeration (Day 7 control). This demonstrates that mesophilic bacteria, rather than psychrotrophic bacteria, are being enumerated, because psychrotrophs increase on chicken skin upon cold storage. Total plate count was greater (P < .05) and DT was significantly lower for temperature-abused vs Day 7 control birds (5.7 vs 3.6 log10 cfu/mL and 3.7 vs 6.5 h), respectively. These results indicate that temperature-abused carcasses can be microbiologically distinguished from nonabused controls at all incubation temperatures tested. Recovery of mesophiles was optimal at 41 and 42 C for TPC and 41, 42, and 43 C for DT. Because there were no differences between DT at 41, 42, and 43 C, and because 42 C has been successfully used in the past, either 42 C or 43 C can be used when determining DT. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT POULTRY SCI,ATHENS,GA 30602. USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30613. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 73 IS 7 BP 1144 EP 1148 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA NV527 UT WOS:A1994NV52700027 PM 7937476 ER PT J AU YOUNG, LL LYON, CE AF YOUNG, LL LYON, CE TI EFFECTS OF RIGOR STATE AND ADDITION OF POLYPHOSPHATE ON THE COLOR OF COOKED TURKEY MEAT SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Note DE TURKEY; MEAT; COLOR; PH; RIGOR ID DENATURATION; TEMPERATURE; MYOGLOBIN; BEEF; PH AB Pectoralis major muscles were excised from 32 turkeys immediately after slaughter. Half (prerigor) were immediately treated with sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) plus NaCl or NaCl alone (control) and the other half (postrigor) were stored overnight at 4 C and then treated similarly. The muscles were vacuum-sealed, cooked, and then stored for 4 d at 4 C. Raw and treated meat pH and objective color (L*, a*, and b*) were evaluated. Mean pH for the postrigor control muscles was 5.93 whereas that of the prerigor control muscles was 6.19. Treatment with STPP increased pH in both groups but the increase was greater for the prerigor group (.17 vs.58 units). The STPP significantly increased a* values of prerigor muscles (8.8 vs 10.7) but a* of postrigor muscles were unaffected (9.6 vs 9.3). The L* and b* values were the same for all groups. The data suggest that treating prerigor turkey muscle with STPP before resolution of rigor might result in meat pH values sufficiently high to alter ultimate product color. RP YOUNG, LL (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 15 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 73 IS 7 BP 1149 EP 1152 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA NV527 UT WOS:A1994NV52700028 ER PT J AU BAILEY, JS COX, NA BERRANG, ME AF BAILEY, JS COX, NA BERRANG, ME TI HATCHERY-ACQUIRED SALMONELLAE IN BROILER CHICKS SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Note DE SALMONELLA; HATCHERY; CROSS-CONTAMINATION; EGGSHELL; CHICK RINSE AB Hatchery contamination can result in exposure of newly hatched chicks to salmonellae at a time when they are most susceptible to colonization of their intestinal tract. Eggshell fragments, external rinses, and intestinal tracts from day-of-hatch chicks were sampled for salmonellae contamination. Chicks from the same hatching trays were then put in isolators or floor pens and fed a pelleted com-soybean ration for 1 wk before external rinses and ceca from each chick were sampled for salmonellae. About 17% of eggshell, 21% of chick rinses, and 5% of intestines sampled at Day 0 were positive for salmonellae. No differences were observed between broiler hatcheries, but significant differences were seen between replications within hatching cabinets. Results from this study suggest a correlation between hatchery-acquired salmonellae and the production of potential seeder birds. No differences between eggshell and chick rinse samples were found (correlation = .81); therefore, eggshells are recommended as the best sample to determine hatchery salmonellae contamination. RP BAILEY, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 15 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 4 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 73 IS 7 BP 1153 EP 1157 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA NV527 UT WOS:A1994NV52700029 PM 7937477 ER PT J AU REES, BE ANDERSON, DM BOUK, D GORDON, RD AF REES, BE ANDERSON, DM BOUK, D GORDON, RD TI LARVAL KEY TO GENERA AND SELECTED SPECIES OF NORTH-AMERICAN COCCINELLIDAE (COLEOPTERA) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE COCCINELLIDAE; NORTH-AMERICA; LARVAE; TAXONOMY; KEY AB An illustrated key to the larvae of 4 6 of the 60 genera of North American Coccinellidae is presented. The 14 genera not included are Blaisdelliana Gordon, Brumoides Chapin, Ceratomegilla Crotch, Decadiomus Chapin, Didion Casey, Exoplectra Mulsant, Gnathoweisea Gordon, Helesius Casey, Hyperaspidius Crotch, Macronaemia. Casey, Nipus Casey, Pseudoazya Gordon, Selvadius Casey, and Zilus Mulsant. C1 US NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,USDA ARS,PSI,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20560. NR 0 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 96 IS 3 BP 387 EP 412 PG 26 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA PD106 UT WOS:A1994PD10600001 ER PT J AU SABROSKY, CW AF SABROSKY, CW TI A SYNOPSIS OF THE GENUS NOTAULACELLA-ENDERLEIN IN CENTRAL-AMERICA - THE DIVERSITY OF A CANOPY FAUNA (DIPTERA, CHLOROPIDAE) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE TAXONOMY; DIPTERA; CHLOROPIDAE; NOTAULACELLA; NEW SPECIES; CANOPY FOGGING AB Fogging of the high forest canopy in Panama yielded 15 species of a genus previously known from few specimens from scattered Neotropical localities. The addition of other Central American specimens, including the previously described N. compta (Duda) and N. schildi Duda, made a total of 18 species, of which 16 are new (one left unnamed). New species of Notaulacella are vittata, spinosa, buscki, cabimae, albitarsis, polita, paucipilosa, octicola, zeteki, lineigena, sagittata, broadheadae, ligatura, tripunctata, laterivittata. C1 USDA ARS,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20560. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 96 IS 3 BP 428 EP 439 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA PD106 UT WOS:A1994PD10600004 ER PT J AU RUSSELL, LM AF RUSSELL, LM TI NOTES ON THE GENUS PARALEUROLOBUS - REDESCRIPTION OF THE GENUS AND ITS TYPE SPECIES AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (HOMOPTERA, ALEYRODIDAE) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE WHITEFLY; PARALEUROLOBUS; TYPE SPECIES; NEW SPECIES; PALM; MEXICO AB The genus Paraleurolobus Sampson and Drews and its type species, P. imbricatus Sampson and Drews, are redescribed. The pupal case, first, second and third instars of Paraleurolobus chamaedoreae, new species, are described. Both species are recorded from Mexico, P. imbricatus from an undetermined tree and P. chamaedoreae from narrow leaf palms of the genus Chamaedorea. Distinguishing characters are given for Paraleurolobus and for each species. RP RUSSELL, LM (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BARCW,INST PLANT SCI,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,ROOM 6,BLDG 004,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 96 IS 3 BP 537 EP 547 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA PD106 UT WOS:A1994PD10600015 ER PT J AU BERTHOLD, HK WYKES, LJ JAHOOR, F KLEIN, PD REEDS, PJ AF BERTHOLD, HK WYKES, LJ JAHOOR, F KLEIN, PD REEDS, PJ TI THE USE OF UNIFORMLY LABELED SUBSTRATES AND MASS ISOTOPOMER ANALYSIS TO STUDY INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUTRITION SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID GLYCOGEN-SYNTHESIS; LIVER-GLYCOGEN; STABLE ISOTOPES; KREBS CYCLE; GLUCOSE; GLUCONEOGENESIS; GLUCOSE; PATHWAYS; INVIVO; CARBON C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,1100 BATES ST,HOUSTON,TX 77030. RI Berthold, Heiner/E-6017-2011 OI Berthold, Heiner/0000-0002-1457-2216 NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0029-6651 J9 P NUTR SOC JI Proc. Nutr. Soc. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 53 IS 2 BP 345 EP 354 DI 10.1079/PNS19940040 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA NZ780 UT WOS:A1994NZ78000011 PM 7972149 ER PT J AU BAKER, JM SPAANS, EJA AF BAKER, JM SPAANS, EJA TI MEASURING WATER EXCHANGE BETWEEN SOIL AND ATMOSPHERE WITH TDR-MICROLYSIMETRY SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY; BARE SOIL; EVAPORATION; MOISTURE; SENSITIVITY; BALANCE; ENERGY; MODELS; PLANT; CROP AB Soil evaporation is an important hydrologic and energy transfer process, yet it has historically been difficult to measure. Weighing microlysimetry is a commonly employed and accepted technique that is accurate and inexpensive, but it is time consuming and labor intensive, with limited temporal resolution. We modified the method by fitting a time domain reflectometry (TDR) probe in each microlysimeter extending from the bottom to the top. When they are installed, the probes pierce a plastic film lining the bottom of the microlysimeter. The holes thus created allow free drainage when rainfall is sufficient to induce it, but they prevent unsaturated flow in either direction. The use of an automated TDR system allowed continuous, unattended measurement of both evaporative losses and rainfall additions in multiple lysimeters. The TDR data compared favorably with water content changes measured at discrete intervals by weighing, and also with independent measurements of daily evaporation losses and rainfall additions measured by the Bowen ratio method and a rain gauge. Short-term (e.g., hourly) rate estimation exhibited considerable scatter, but further improvement should be possible. The TDR-microlysimeters were replaced less frequently than is typically the case with standard microlysimeters, without serious consequences despite numerous rains. The method should be useful in many studies where information on soil/atmosphere water exchange is required. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL SCI,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. RP BAKER, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS,RES UNIT,439 BORLAUG HALL,1991 UPPER BUFORD CR,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 28 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 158 IS 1 BP 22 EP 30 DI 10.1097/00010694-199407000-00003 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA NX940 UT WOS:A1994NX94000003 ER PT J AU SHAINBERG, I LAFLEN, JM BRADFORD, JM NORTON, LD AF SHAINBERG, I LAFLEN, JM BRADFORD, JM NORTON, LD TI HYDRAULIC FLOW AND WATER-QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS IN RILL EROSION SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RUNOFF; SLOPE; SOILS AB The effects of interaction between water flow characteristics, soil sodicity, and water quality on the detachment of soil particles by flowing water was studied in the laboratory. Specific objectives of this study were to evaluate: (i) the use of flow shear stress and stream power for estimating soil detachment, (ii) the effect of low soil sodicity (exchangeable sodium percentage [ESP] <10) and water quality (deionized water [DW] and 0.005 M CaCl2 solution [TW]) on soil detachment, and (iii) the effect of negatively charged polyacrylamide (PAM) polymer on soil detachment. Detachment rates were measured in a small hydraulic fume. Several bed slopes and flow rates were studied. Detachment rate increased linearly with both shear stress and stream power of the flow. The rill erodibility of the Miami soil (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf) agreed well with field data. Water quality had no effect on rill erodibility for the soil tested when ESP < 3.0. Use of TW reduced the erodibility of soils with ESP 5 and 10 compared with DW. Surface treatment with PAM (0.05 g m-2) prevented soil detachment in flows with high shear stress. The formation of a surface soil layer with high cohesion and aggregate stability prevented soil detachment. Soil surface properties and not bulk soil properties determined soil detachment. C1 PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,NATL SOIL EROS RES LAB,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP SHAINBERG, I (reprint author), AGR RES ORG,VOLCANI CTR,INST SOILS & WATER,POB 6,IL-50250 BET DAGAN,ISRAEL. NR 17 TC 34 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 58 IS 4 BP 1007 EP 1012 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA PC078 UT WOS:A1994PC07800002 ER PT J AU MERRILL, SD UPCHURCH, DR AF MERRILL, SD UPCHURCH, DR TI CONVERTING ROOT NUMBERS OBSERVED AT MINIRHIZOTRONS TO EQUIVALENT ROOT LENGTH DENSITY SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MINI-RHIZOTRONS; GROWTH AB Root length density (RLD) is the measure of plant root growth having greatest general utility. The use of clear material observation tubes, known as minirhizotrons (MR), in field soil has proved to be an effective method for measurement of root growth dynamics. To convert numbers of roots observed at MRs to equivalent bulk soil RLD, workers have used empirical and time-costly calibrations with soil sample-derived RLD. A modified version of an earlier theory for converting MR observations to soil RLD is presented. The theory is based on calculation of the mean root length that would occur inside a MR if it were not present and if all possible root growth orientations at a root interception by the MR are considered. The theory indicates that a dimensionless factor ranging in value from 3.0 to 3.8 will convert MR interceptions per incremental observation area to equivalent soil RLD for MR tubes ranging in diameter from 9.6 to 2.5 cm. An experimental test with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), presented here, and one from the literature using wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), both give numerical support to the theory. Another test from the literature using cotton appeared to indicate that the theory numerically overpredicted RLD. In contrast, a test in corn (Zea mays L.) presented here showed the theory underpredicting RLD. Methodological factors appeared to weaken the significance of the latter test. Inaccuracies in RLD determination from soil sampling may affect the accuracy of empirical calibrations of MR tubes to an extent comparable to uncertainties about the predictive accuracy of the theory. C1 USDA ARS,LUBBOCK,TX. RP MERRILL, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS,POB 459,MANDAN,ND 58554, USA. NR 18 TC 39 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 58 IS 4 BP 1061 EP 1067 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA PC078 UT WOS:A1994PC07800009 ER PT J AU STAHL, PD PARKIN, TB AF STAHL, PD PARKIN, TB TI PURGE-AND-TRAP EXTRACTION OF GEOSMIN AND 2-METHYLISOBORNEOL FROM SOIL SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID EARTHY-MUSTY ODORANTS; ORGANIC-SUBSTANCES; WATER; TASTE AB Although a number of techniques are available for estimating the biomass of filmentons microorganisms in soil, determination of their activity is much more difficult. We report on preliminary studies evaluating the potential use of the volatile microbial secondary metabolites geosmin and methylisoborneol as indicators of activity of filamentous microorganisms. The purge-and-trap technique for analysis of low concentrations of volatile organic compounds in air and water was tested for extracting the earthy-musty odor compounds geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol from soil. Two variations of this method were tried, one in which soil samples were placed in water for purging and another in which samples were purged with no added water. Volatile organic compounds purged from soil were collected on a porous polymer sorbent, Tenax TA. Naturally occurring geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol and added standards were successfully extracted from soil by both methods. Recovery efficiencies, however, were low. Results indicated that wet purging was the most efficacious extraction method yielding maximum recovery rates of added geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol standards of 15 and 24%, respectively. RP STAHL, PD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,2150 PAMMEL DR,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 14 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 58 IS 4 BP 1163 EP 1167 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA PC078 UT WOS:A1994PC07800022 ER PT J AU NETTLETON, WD BUSHUE, L DOOLITTLE, JA ENDRES, TJ INDORANTE, SJ AF NETTLETON, WD BUSHUE, L DOOLITTLE, JA ENDRES, TJ INDORANTE, SJ TI SODIUM-AFFECTED SOIL IDENTIFICATION IN SOUTH-CENTRAL ILLINOIS BY ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CONDUCTIVITY-DEPTH RELATIONS AB The irregular shape, small size, and spotty occurrence of sodium-affected soils (NaAS) in moderately thick to thin loess over Illinoian till have continued to slow mapping in south-central Illinois. Use of a Geonics EM-38 ground conductivity meter to recognize soils with matric horizons in Tennessee suggested that this device would be useful in Illinois. We selected eight areas of NaAS in -five counties of south-central Illinois to find if the EM-38 would be useful for predicting exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP). Approximately 225 observation points, spaced at 10-m intervals, were established in each area and 107 sample cores were collected for laboratory analyses. Weighted averages of the ESP, electrical conductivity of the saturation extract from a saturated soil paste (ECe), and field pH data for 0 to 75- and 75 to 150-cm depths were compared with the horizontal (EMh) and vertical (EMv) responses and the mean ESP data increases with depth, i.e., 7.0 at 35 cm, 9.7 at 75 cm, and 12.5 at 135 cm. The EMh readings correlate almost as well with ESP (r = 0.73) as with ECe (r = 0.76) for the 0- to 75-cm depths. The EMv readings correlate slightly better with ESP (r = 0.76) than with ECe (r = 0.68) for the 75- to 150-cm depth. These results show that EM readings may by used to predict ESP. The correlations of the depth-weighted average ESP at the maximum depth for meeting natric horizon criteria in these soils (75 cm), and the EMv readings show that the EM-38 provides a rapid and accurate method to describe the composition of the map units of NaAS on moderately thick to thin loess over Illinoian till in south-central Illinois. C1 USDA,SCS,CHAMPAIGN,IL. USDA,SCS,CHESTER,PA. USDA,SCS,LAWRENCEVILLE,IL. USDA,SCS,BELLEVILLE,IL. RP NETTLETON, WD (reprint author), USDA,SCS,NSSC,NATL SOIL SURVEY LAB,ROOM 345,FED BLDG,LINCOLN,NE 68508, USA. NR 12 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 58 IS 4 BP 1190 EP 1193 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA PC078 UT WOS:A1994PC07800026 ER PT J AU REICHERT, JM NORTON, LD HUANG, CH AF REICHERT, JM NORTON, LD HUANG, CH TI SEALING, AMENDMENT, AND RAIN INTENSITY EFFECTS ON EROSION OF HIGH-CLAY SOILS SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID INTERRILL EROSION; CRUST FORMATION; RUNOFF; INFILTRATION; MODEL AB The physicochemical composition of and processes acting on the soil-fluid interface determine detachment and transport of soil particles by erosive forces at the surface during rain. It is hypothesized that fluidized bed combustion (FBC) bottom ash and soil surface condition change the relationship between rain intensity and runoff and sediment yield. On small erosion pans, aggregates from five clayey soils (Alfisol, Oxisol, Ultisol, and Vertisols) with distinct swelling and flocculation characteristics were subjected to simulated rainfalls of 74, 39, and 107 nun h-1 for 90, 30, and 30 min, respectively. This rain sequence was applied on freshly tilled (FT), dried-crust (DC) and wet-crust (WC) soil. Fluidized bed combustion bottom ash was spread on FT soil at a rate of 5 Mg ha-1. Power functions described well sediment yield as a function of rain intensity, with exponents of 1.97 for FT, 1.74 for DC, and 1.72 for WC; thus as the soil sealed and consolidated, rain intensity influenced the erosion rates less. Dried-crust was the most erodible surface for half of the soils. Clay shrinkage disrupted aggregates and preformed crusts, whereas rewetting caused differential swelling and raindrops pitted the soil surface. Runoff decreased from FT to DC, but no increase was observed from DC to WC. Smectitic and illitic soils had a longer-lasting positive effect of FBC bottom ash on reducing soil and water losses. For the highly smectitic Vertisols, FBC bottom ash was effective on reducing erosion even after 552 mm of rain. Kaolinitic soils were more stable, generating lower runoff and soil loss rates. C1 PURDUE UNIV, USDA ARS, NATL SOIL EROS RES LAB, W LAFAYETTE, IN 47907 USA. RP REICHERT, JM (reprint author), ESCUELA AGR REG TROP HUMEDA, APDO 4442-1000, SAN JOSE, COSTA RICA. RI Reichert, Jose Miguel/F-8189-2012 NR 29 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 58 IS 4 BP 1199 EP 1205 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA PC078 UT WOS:A1994PC07800028 ER PT J AU KIUCHI, M HORTON, R KASPAR, TC AF KIUCHI, M HORTON, R KASPAR, TC TI LEACHING CHARACTERISTICS OF REPACKED SOIL COLUMNS AS INFLUENCED BY SUBSURFACE FLOW BARRIERS SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TILE DRAINAGE; NITROGEN AB Reducing the leaching of NO3--N is of great interest. The effects of different types of subsurface barriers on delaying and reducing anion leaching and the effect of barrier size on anion leaching were investigated. Three repacked soil columns filled with soil from a Sparta loamy fine sand (sandy, mixed, mesic Entic Hapludoll) mapping unit were used to run Cl- breakthrough.experiments under saturated, steady-flow conditions. Subsurface barriers used were no barrier (NB), a polyethylene disk placed above the Cl-, the same disk placed below the Cl-, a compacted soil layer created outside of the column and placed above the Cl- (CA), and a compacted layer formed in situ above the Cl-. Compared with NB, all barriers tested delayed initial breakthrough of Cl- and reduced peak Cl- concentration. Subsurface barriers delayed occurrence of the peak concentration, indicating that barriers prolonged residence time of Cl- in the soil column. Among subsurface- barriers used, the CA was most effective in delaying and reducing Cl- leaching. Initial breakthrough of Cl- was delayed by 0.9 relative pore volumes, and peak concentration was reduced by >50% with the CA treatment compared with the NB treatment. The occurrence of the peak concentration was also delayed by 1.2 relative pore volumes. Compared with the NB treatment, a 3-cm plastic disk, just large enough to cover the applied Cl- , reduced peak concentration of Cl-. A 5-cm-diam. barrier also delayed initial breakthrough of Cl-, reduced peak concentration by 40%, and delayed occurrence of the peak by 0.6 pore volumes. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,AMES,IA 50011. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 58 IS 4 BP 1212 EP 1218 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA PC078 UT WOS:A1994PC07800030 ER PT J AU SALEH, A AF SALEH, A TI MEASURING AND PREDICTING RIDGE-ORIENTATION EFFECT ON SOIL SURFACE-ROUGHNESS SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Note ID TILLAGE AB Surface roughness significantly reduces soil erosion by wind. Methods commonly used to measure soil roughness function only in parallel and perpendicular directions to the oriented (ridge) roughness. This study was conducted to develop a simple procedure to estimate soil roughness at any given angle with respect to ridge orientation, for aggregated or nonaggregated ridged surfaces. Surface roughness was determined by the chain method. Surface roughness measured at different angles on simulated and field plots matched very closely (R2 greater-than-or-equal-to 0.985, P less-than-or-equal-to 0.001) with those predicted from equations developed in this study. This simple method enables one to estimate a surface roughness parameter for any wind direction with respect to ridge orientation. This should result in a better evaluation of roughness influence on wind erosion. RP SALEH, A (reprint author), USDA ARS,CONSERV SYST RES LAB,BIG SPRING,TX, USA. NR 10 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 58 IS 4 BP 1228 EP 1230 PG 3 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA PC078 UT WOS:A1994PC07800033 ER PT J AU CAHN, MD HUMMEL, JW BROUER, BH AF CAHN, MD HUMMEL, JW BROUER, BH TI SPATIAL-ANALYSIS OF SOIL FERTILITY FOR SITE-SPECIFIC CROP MANAGEMENT SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS; NITRATE CONCENTRATIONS; OPTIMAL INTERPOLATION; CORN YIELDS; VARIABILITY; VARIOGRAM; SENSOR; WINTER; ION AB Spatial patterns of soil properties and nutrient concentrations need to be characterized to develop site-specific farming practices that match agricultural inputs with regional crop needs. The spatial variation of soil organic C (SOC), soil water content (SWC), NO3-N, PO4-P, and K were evaluated in the 0- to 15-cm layer of a 3.3-ha field (Typic Haplaquoll and Argiaquic Argialboll) cropped with maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The range of spatial correlation was determined from semivariance analyses of the data and was found to vary among and within fertility parameters. Nitrate had the shortest correlation range (<5 m) and SOC had the longest (>180 m), whereas SWC, PO4-P, and K had intermediate spatial correlation ranges. In addition, SOC was found to have small-scale spatial variation nested within large-scale spatial variation. The spatial pattern of NO3-N changed with time. Frequency distributions of SOC and SWC were close to normal, whereas the distributions of NO3-N, K, and PO4-P data were skewed. Median polishing detrending and trimming of outlying data were useful methods to remove the effects of nonstationarity and non-normality from the semivariance analysis. The results suggest that reducing sampling intervals from 50 to 1 m would reduce the variance of SWC, SOC, NO3-N, PO4-P, and K estimates by 74, 95, 25, 64, and 58%, respectively. A useful sampling pattern for characterizing the spatial variation of several soil properties-nutrients and scales should be random with sample spacing as close as 1 m and as far apart as the longest dimension of the field. C1 INST LANDWIRTSCHAFTL VERFAHRENSTECH, W-2300 KIEL, GERMANY. RP CAHN, MD (reprint author), USDA ARS, CROP PROTECT RES UNIT, 1304 W PENNSYLVANIA AVE, URBANA, IL 61801 USA. NR 39 TC 126 Z9 172 U1 2 U2 18 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 58 IS 4 BP 1240 EP 1248 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA PC078 UT WOS:A1994PC07800035 ER PT J AU UNGER, PW AF UNGER, PW TI RIDGE-TILLAGE FOR CONTINUOUS GRAIN-SORGHUM PRODUCTION WITH LIMITED IRRIGATION SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Improved soil and water conservation are basic goals for crop production systems in the semi-arid southern Great Plains (SGP) of the USA and similar regions, and managing crop residues on the soil surface plays a key role in attaining these goals. Residue production by dryland grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Mocnch) is often too low in semiarid regions to improve soil and water conservation, but much greater amounts are produced by irrigated sorghum. However, irrigation water may be limited, as in the SGP, and a limited-irrigation approach is sometimes used for sorghum, which responds well to timely irrigations. This study, conducted on Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll) from 1986 to 1992, determined effects of residue management treatments involving ridge tillage on continuous production of two grain sorghum hybrids with limited irrigation. Treatments were conventional (ConvT) tillage, which involved stalk shredding, disking, and rebuilding of the ridges soon after sorghum harvest, and two ridge tillage methods (residues shredded early (at harvest) - ConsTE; residues shredded late (at planting) - ConsTL). Soil water storage between crops was greatest with the ConsTL treatment and least with the ConvT treatment. Soil water use by sorghum was greater (66 mm) with ConsTL than with ConvT (51 mm). Mean initial plant populations and panicles harvested were greater with ConvT than with other treatments, but grain yields were less with ConvT (4.21 Mg ha-1) than with ConsTE (4.42 Mg ha-1) and ConsTL (4.52 Mg ha-1). Mean stover yields and seed weight (mg per seed) were not affected by tillage treatments. Although differences were relatively small, mean grain and stover yields were greater for the 'Pioneer' cultivar (4.53 and 5.68 Mg ha-1) than for the 'Funk' cultivar (4.24 and 5.25 Mg ha-1). Mean water use efficiency differences among treatments and between hybrids were small. Ridge tillage was better than conventional tillage for continuous grain sorghum production with limited irrigation in the semi-arid SGP. Ridge tillage that retained residues on the surface until planting increased soil water storage due to reduced evaporation and increased snow trapping, which resulted in the greater yields than where residues were incorporated with soil soon after crop harvest. RP UNGER, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS,CONSERVAT & PROD RES LAB,PO DRAWER 10,BUSHLAND,TX 79012, USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 31 IS 1 BP 11 EP 22 DI 10.1016/0167-1987(94)90091-4 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA NY707 UT WOS:A1994NY70700002 ER PT J AU GREGOIRE, C AF GREGOIRE, C TI GEOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS IN ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY SO SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article ID ICP-MS; EARTH C1 USDA,FOOD COMPOSIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ADVANSTAR COMMUNICATIONS PI DULUTH PA 131 W FIRST ST, DULUTH, MN 55802 SN 0887-6703 J9 SPECTROSCOPY JI Spectroscopy PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 9 IS 6 BP 12 EP & PG 0 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA RF249 UT WOS:A1994RF24900001 ER PT J AU LASALLE, J SCHAUFF, ME AF LASALLE, J SCHAUFF, ME TI SYSTEMATICS OF THE TRIBE EUDEROMPHALINI (HYMENOPTERA, EULOPHIDAE) - PARASITOIDS OF WHITEFLIES (HOMOPTERA, ALEYRODIDAE) SO SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Eulophid parasitoids of whiteflies are reviewed, with comments on their systematic placement, and a generic key. All eulophid whitefly parasitoids are placed in the tribe Euderomphalini in the subfamily Entedoninae, and reasons for this placement are discussed. Three new genera are described. The seven included genera can be divided into two distinct genus soups: the Euderomphale group contains Baeoentedon Girault, Euderomphale Girault, Neopomphale gen.n., and Pomphale Husain et al.; the Entedononecremnus group contains Aleuroctonus gen.n., Dasyomphale gen.n., and Entedononecremnus Girault. The new species Dasyomphale chilensis is described. C1 NATL MUSEUM,USDA,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,WASHINGTON,DC. RP LASALLE, J (reprint author), NAT HIST MUSEUM,INT INST ENTOMOL,CROMWELL RD,LONDON SW7 5BD,ENGLAND. RI La Salle, John/B-9544-2008 OI La Salle, John/0000-0002-8816-9569 NR 56 TC 13 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0307-6970 J9 SYST ENTOMOL JI Syst. Entomol. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 19 IS 3 BP 235 EP 258 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994.tb00589.x PG 24 WC Evolutionary Biology; Entomology SC Evolutionary Biology; Entomology GA PM216 UT WOS:A1994PM21600003 ER PT J AU CHENOWETH, PJ RISCO, CA LARSEN, RE VELEZ, J TRAN, T CHASE, CC AF CHENOWETH, PJ RISCO, CA LARSEN, RE VELEZ, J TRAN, T CHASE, CC TI EFFECTS OF DIETARY GOSSYPOL ON ASPECTS OF SEMEN QUALITY, SPERM MORPHOLOGY AND SPERM PRODUCTION IN YOUNG BRAHMAN BULLS SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE SPERMATOXICITY; GOSSYPOL; SPERM MORPHOLOGY; BULL FERTILITY; SPERM MIDPIECE; COTTONSEED MEAL ID COTTONSEED MEAL; SPERMATOZOA; PERFORMANCE; DEFECTS AB Eight young reproductively normal Brahman bulls (average age and bodyweight 20 months and 500 kg, respectively) received either cottonseed meal delivering 8.2 g free gossypol/bull/d (treatment group, n=4) or soybean meal (control group, n=4) for 12 wk. After adjustment (1 wk), weekly procedures (11 wk) included blood collection, scrotal circumference measurement acid electroejaculation. Semen assessments included sperm motility, percentage of live spermatozoa, general sperm morphology (using brightfield microscopy), and midpiece morphology (using DIC microscopy). After sacrifice (Week 12), sperm production rates (daily and per gram testicular parenchyma) were determined. Treated bulls did not differ from controls in scrotal circumference or the percentage of live spermatozoa. Sperm motility differed at Weeks 9 (P<0.05), 10 and 11 (both P=0.06). Treated bulls had fewer normal spermatozoa at Weeks 5 (P<0.05), 6 (P<0.01) and 7 thru 11 (P<0.001). Beginning from Week 3, treated bulls showed an increased proportion of sperm midpiece abnormalities (P<0.05) which stabilized at 52 to 62.5% between Weeks 5 and 11 (P<0.01 or P<0.001). Treated bulls also had lower sperm production than untreated bulls, both on a daily (P<0.01) and per gram testicular parenchyma (P<0.001) basis. A cottonseed supplement providing 8.2 g of free gossypol per bull per day had adverse effects upon both sperm morphology and spermatogenesis in young Brahman bulls, with the former being first evident within 3 to 4 weeks of feeding of cottonseed meal. C1 USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES STN,BROOKSVILLE,FL 34605. RP CHENOWETH, PJ (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,COLL VET MED,DEPT LARGE ANIM CLIN SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610, USA. NR 28 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD JUL PY 1994 VL 42 IS 1 BP 1 EP 13 DI 10.1016/0093-691X(94)90657-5 PG 13 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA NV603 UT WOS:A1994NV60300001 PM 16727507 ER PT J AU DOBRINSKY, JR JOHNSON, LA AF DOBRINSKY, JR JOHNSON, LA TI CRYOPRESERVATION OF PORCINE EMBRYOS BY VITRIFICATION - A STUDY OF IN-VITRO DEVELOPMENT SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PORCINE EMBRYO; VITRIFICATION; CRYOPRESERVATION; CRYOPROTECTANT; TOXICITY; DEVELOPMENT ID MOUSE EMBRYOS; -196-DEGREES-C; BLASTOCYSTS; SHEEP AB Until recently, attempts to preserve porcine embryos have been unsuccessful. Vitrification has been developed as a method of cryopreserving mammalian embryos by avoiding ice crystal formation, assuring a cryopreserved glass state during storage in liquid nitrogen. Vitrification may be a useful method of overcoming the deleterious effects of chilling injury when pig embryos are cryopreserved using conventional slow freezing procedures. In this study, we applied vitrification procedures for rodent and/or bovine embryos to cryopreserve porcine embryos. Following warming, survival was defined as normal development of embryos in culture, namely the formation or reexpansion of the blastocoelic cavity. Experiment 1 tested the relative toxicity of 3 vitrification procedures on Day-5, 6 and 7 porcine embryos. Embryos equilibrated in vitrification solution (VS3a) continued to develop in vitro at rates comparable to that of untreated control embryos. Experiment 2 was designed to evaluate embryonic development following cryopreservation by vitrification in VS3a. Day-5 porcine embryos did not survive cryopreservation while Day-6 and Day-7 embryos survived and continued development in vitro. In Experiment 3, we evaluated a period of culture prior to vitrification and its effect on cryosurvivability of porcine embryos. A 3-h culture period prior to vitrification had no effect on cryosurvivability over that of freshly recovered, immediately vitrified embryos. These studies indicate, for the first time, that porcine embryos can be successfully cryopreserved by vitrification based on morphology and subsequent development in vitro. However, survival following cryopreservation appears to depend upon embryonic age or stage of development. RP DOBRINSKY, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 34 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 7 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD JUL PY 1994 VL 42 IS 1 BP 25 EP 35 DI 10.1016/0093-691X(94)90659-7 PG 11 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA NV603 UT WOS:A1994NV60300003 PM 16727509 ER PT J AU FREEMAN, GB JOHNSON, JD LIAO, SC FEDER, PI DAVIS, AO RUBY, MV SCHOOF, RA CHANEY, RL BERGSTROM, PD AF FREEMAN, GB JOHNSON, JD LIAO, SC FEDER, PI DAVIS, AO RUBY, MV SCHOOF, RA CHANEY, RL BERGSTROM, PD TI ABSOLUTE BIOAVAILABILITY OF LEAD ACETATE AND MINING WASTE LEAD IN RATS SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ABSOLUTE BIOAVAILABILITY; LEAD ACETATE; MINING WASTE LEAD; SOIL; DOSED FEED AB The primary purpose of this study was to generate data that could be used to determine the absolute bioavailability of lead using data from a previous study in which soil containing lead from mining waste was mixed with feed. Young male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (7-8 weeks of age, five/sex/group) were given either soluble lead acetate mixed in a purified diet (AIN-76(TM)) at three different dose levels (1, 25, and 250 ppm Pb for 30 consecutive days) or intravenously at doses of 0.02, 0.20, and 2.0 mg Pb/kg BW for 29 days. A control group (purified diet only) was also included. The intravenous groups were used to provide maximal absorption (lead presumed to be 100% bioavailable) and accumulation data for lead in blood, bone, and liver. The lead acetate groups were used to evaluate the comparability of the present study with a previous study that compared bioavailable lead from ingested soil and lead acetate. Group mean whole blood, bone and liver lead concentration values increased with increasing dose levels for all treatment groups. A linear relationship was observed between blood lead concentration and dose following intravenous administration of lead and this provided empirical support for using blood lead concentrations at supposed steady state (similar to 30 days) to compute the bioavailability of lead administered by different routes and from different sources. The absolute bioavailability values of mining waste lead in soil were low based on the results for all tissue types. Absolute bioavailability values for lead acetate in dosed feed for blood, bone, and liver were approximately 6-, 19-, and 20-fold greater, respectively, than mining waste lead. Based on the current design and test system used, the absolute bioavailability of mining waste lead in soil administered in feed was approximately 3% based on blood data and less than 1% based on bone and liver data. These data are consistent with the low solubility of the constituent lead mineral phases in Butte soils. C1 PTI, ENVIRONM SERV, BOULDER, CO 80303 USA. PTI, ENVIRONM SERV, BELLEVUE, WA 98007 USA. USDA, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. ATLANTIC RICHFIELD CO, DENVER, CO 80202 USA. RP FREEMAN, GB (reprint author), BATTELLE MEM INST, 505 KING AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43201 USA. NR 8 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JUL 1 PY 1994 VL 91 IS 2 BP 151 EP 163 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(94)90141-4 PG 13 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA PD513 UT WOS:A1994PD51300004 PM 8059439 ER PT J AU MATTHEWS, KR BERG, NH AZUMA, DL LAMBERT, TR AF MATTHEWS, KR BERG, NH AZUMA, DL LAMBERT, TR TI COOL WATER FORMATION AND TROUT HABITAT USE IN A DEEP POOL IN THE SIERRA-NEVADA, CALIFORNIA SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID RAINBOW-TROUT; TEMPERATURE; STREAM; WASHINGTON; GROWTH; RIVER; RANGE AB We documented temperature stratification in a deep bedrock pool in the North Fork of the American River, described the diel movement of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta, and determined whether these trout used cooler portions of the pool. From July 30 to October 10, 1992, the main study pool and an adjacent pool were stratified (temperature differences between surface and bottom were as great as 4.5-degrees-C) on all but two days. Six rainbow and one brown trout equipped with temperature-sensitive radio transmitters used water with temperatures ranging from 12 to 19.3-degrees-C. During the late afternoon, when the widest range of water temperature was available, trout were found in temperatures up to 19.3-degrees-C even though cooler (14.5-degrees-C) water was available. Radio tracking indicated that fish were significantly more active and had significantly larger home ranges at night; fish were least active during the day. Because we found no evidence of subsurface seepage into the pool and water flowing into the pool was warmer than the pool's maximum temperature, we concluded that the geometry and depth of deep pools may moderate elevated summer water temperatures that can stress trout populations. C1 PACIFIC GAS & ELECT,SAN RAMON,CA 94583. RP MATTHEWS, KR (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,BOX 245,BERKELEY,CA 94701, USA. RI Matthews, Kathleen/G-8773-2012 NR 30 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 123 IS 4 BP 549 EP 564 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0549:CWFATH>2.3.CO;2 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA NZ674 UT WOS:A1994NZ67400009 ER PT J AU TIERSCH, TR GOUDIE, CA CARMICHAEL, GJ AF TIERSCH, TR GOUDIE, CA CARMICHAEL, GJ TI CRYOPRESERVATION OF CHANNEL CATFISH SPERM - STORAGE IN CRYOPROTECTANTS, FERTILIZATION TRIALS, AND GROWTH OF CHANNEL CATFISH PRODUCED WITH CRYOPRESERVED SPERM SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SPERMATOZOA; PRESERVATION; SURVIVAL; CAPACITY; SEMEN AB We developed methods for cryopreserving sperm of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus and evaluated the use of cryopreserved sperm for reproduction. Five cryoprotectants were evaluated: methanol, glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), sucrose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. We measured the motility of sperm that had been stored at 4-degrees-C in three concentrations of cryoprotectants (5%, 10%, 15%) dissolved in a modified Hank's balanced salt solution. All cryoprotectants reduced motility within 6 h, 5% methanol and 5% DMSO caused the smallest reduction. After sperm were frozen at -80-degrees-C and stored for 2 d at -196-degrees-C, motility was highest (5-10%) in samples cryopreserved with 5% and 10% solutions of methanol. Sperm cells cryopreserved in methanol solutions (5%, 10%, and 15%) were used to fertilize channel catfish eggs from three females. Fertilization ranged from 24% to 97%, and no difference in fertilization success was found between cryopreserved sperm and untreated sperm from the same males. Growth of channel catfish produced with cryopreserved sperm was not different from the growth of siblings produced with untreated sperm. Sperm cryopreservation offers utility as a routine method for gamete storage and genetic improvement of catfish. C1 USDA ARS, CATFISH GENET RES UNIT, STONEVILLE, MS 38776 USA. NR 17 TC 82 Z9 85 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 123 IS 4 BP 580 EP 586 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0580:COCCSS>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA NZ674 UT WOS:A1994NZ67400012 ER PT J AU NIELSEN, JL LISLE, TE OZAKI, V AF NIELSEN, JL LISLE, TE OZAKI, V TI THERMALLY STRATIFIED POOLS AND THEIR USE BY STEELHEAD IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA STREAMS SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE; SALMON; GROWTH; TROUT AB Thermal stratification occurred in pools of three rivers in northern California when inflow of cold water was sufficiently great or currents were sufficiently weak to Prevent thorough mixing of water of contrasting temperatures. Surface water temperatures in such pools were commonly 3-9-degrees-C higher than those at the bottom. Cold water entered pools from tributaries, intergravel flow through river bars, and streamside subsurface sources. In Redwood and Rancher-ia Creeks, cold water was protected where gravel bars encroached into pools that were scoured along bedrock banks, creating isolated backwaters. Sixty-five percent of the juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss found in the Rancheria Creek study reaches moved into adjacent stratified pools during periods of high ambient stream temperatures (23-28-degrees-C). Fish showed a decline in forage behavior and increased agonistic activity just before movement into stratified pools. In the Middle Fork Eel River, pools deeper than 3 m stratified when surface flow decreased to less than 1 m3/s. Summer-run steelhead adults were found in deep stratified pools on the Middle Fork Eel River throughout summer when midday ambient stream temperatures ranged from 26 to 29-degrees-C and coldwater pockets averaged 3.5-degrees-C cooler. Thermally stratified pools provided refuge habitat for significant numbers of young-of-the-year, yearling, and adult steelhead in marginal river habitats where stream temperatures reach upper incipient lethal levels. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,ARCATA,CA 95521. REDWOOD NATL PK,ARCATA,CA 95521. NR 35 TC 100 Z9 103 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 123 IS 4 BP 613 EP 626 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0613:TSPATU>2.3.CO;2 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA NZ674 UT WOS:A1994NZ67400017 ER PT J AU MCRAE, G EDWARDS, CJ AF MCRAE, G EDWARDS, CJ TI THERMAL-CHARACTERISTICS OF WISCONSIN HEADWATER STREAMS OCCUPIED BY BEAVER - IMPLICATIONS FOR BROOK TROUT HABITAT SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Expansion of populations of beaver Castor canadensis in northern Wisconsin has raised concerns over warming of coldwater fish habitats as a result of impoundments created by the mammals. We examined temperature with a network of electronic thermographs that recorded hourly water, air, and soil temperatures on four headwater streams occupied by beaver during summer 1990 and 1991. Stream temperatures followed air temperatures, even near groundwater sources. There was no consistent relationship between size or number of beaver impoundments and the degree of downstream warming. Large impoundments, although often warming downstream temperatures slightly, dampened temperature fluctuations immediately downstream. Local groundwater inflow and vegetative and topographic shading also dampened warming by impoundments. Several beaver impoundments were removed to evaluate ensuing temperature changes. Removal of beaver dams did not generally reduce the difference between upstream and downstream temperatures; in some cases dam removal increased the warming rate. Direct thermal benefits of dam removal in headwater streams may be outweighed by the potentially disruptive effects on the composition of fish and invertebrate communities downstream. It is suggested that management focus on relating topographical and geographical attributes to the potential for substantial groundwater discharge and to suitable summer temperatures for coldwater species such as brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,MINNESOTA COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,ST PAUL,MN 55108. US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,RHINELANDER,WI 54501. NR 35 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 21 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 123 IS 4 BP 641 EP 656 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0641:TCOWHS>2.3.CO;2 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA NZ674 UT WOS:A1994NZ67400019 ER PT J AU FLEBBE, PA AF FLEBBE, PA TI A REGIONAL VIEW OF THE MARGIN - SALMONID ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS OF NORTH-CAROLINA AND VIRGINIA SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID EXOTIC RAINBOW-TROUT; BROOK TROUT; SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; BROWN TROUT; STREAM; COMPETITION; TEMPERATURE AB In the southern Appalachian Mountains, native brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis and introduced rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and brown trout Salmo trutta are at the southern extremes of their distributions, an often overlooked kind of marginal habitat. At a regional scale composed of the states of Virginia and North Carolina, species were found to be distributed along latitudinal and elevational gradients. Native brook trout remain most common and abundant, decreasing both from north to south and from high to low elevations. Sympatry increases to the south, where rainbow and brown trout become more successful. For the region as a whole and within major drainages, allopatric and sympatric brook trout were generally found at higher elevations and rainbow and brown trout at lower elevations. Among drainages, elevations at which allopatric brook trout and rainbow trout are found generally increased to the south. A measure of effective elevation, which adjusts elevation for latitude, most clearly separated allopatric and sympatric brook trout from allopatric rainbow and brown trout. RP FLEBBE, PA (reprint author), VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE SCI,US FOREST SERV,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061, USA. NR 38 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 123 IS 4 BP 657 EP 667 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0657:ARVOTM>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA NZ674 UT WOS:A1994NZ67400020 ER PT J AU DOLLOFF, CA FLEBBE, PA OWEN, MD AF DOLLOFF, CA FLEBBE, PA OWEN, MD TI FISH HABITAT AND FISH POPULATIONS IN A SOUTHERN APPALACHIAN WATERSHED BEFORE AND AFTER HURRICANE HUGO SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID DOWNSTREAM DISPLACEMENT; STREAM FISHES; DISTURBANCE; RECOVERY; COMMUNITIES; ECOSYSTEMS; FLOODS; TROUT; RESILIENCE; STABILITY AB Habitat features and relative abundance of all fish species were estimated in 8.4 km of a small mountain stream system before and 11 months after Hurricane Hugo crossed the southern Appalachians in September 1989. There was no change in the total amount (area) of each habitat type but the total number of habitat units decreased and average size and depth of habitat units increased. Transport and sorting of streambed sediments was evident from the increased proportion of habitat units in which cobbles and small boulders were the most common constituents. Large woody debris more than doubled from 228 to 559 pieces/km of stream channel. At the watershed scale, there were only minor changes in the fish community 11 months after the hurricane. Eleven species were found both before and after the storm, and most species were uncommon. Among common species, densities increased in riffles for darters Etheostoma spp., increased in pools for blacknose dace Rhinichthys atratulus, and were largely unaffected for rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The results of this case study suggest that the effects of catastrophic disturbances on fish habitat and populations depend on the predisturbance condition of instream and riparian habitat, timing of the disturbance, and life histories of individual species. RP DOLLOFF, CA (reprint author), VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE SCI,US FOREST SERV,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061, USA. NR 39 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 123 IS 4 BP 668 EP 678 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1994)123<0668:FHAFPI>2.3.CO;2 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA NZ674 UT WOS:A1994NZ67400021 ER PT J AU SAYRE, RM WERGIN, WP AF SAYRE, RM WERGIN, WP TI ADENOPLEA NANUS N-SP (TURBELLARIA, NEORHABDOCOELA) INTRODUCED IN MARYLAND, USA AND PREDATORY ON SOIL NEMATODES SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Adenoplea nanus n. sp., belonging in the family Typhloplanidae, is the smallest member of the armata group, which also includes A. armata and A. paraproxenetes. The new species is distinguished from the two other members of the genus by its morphological features. The ease of rearing the species in the laboratory permitted investigation of its ecology. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR E,ELECTRON MICROSCOPY LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP SAYRE, RM (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR W,NEMATOL LAB,BLDG 011A,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MICROSCOPICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0003-0023 J9 T AM MICROSC SOC PD JUL PY 1994 VL 113 IS 3 BP 263 EP 275 DI 10.2307/3226622 PG 13 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA PF721 UT WOS:A1994PF72100004 ER PT J AU BREWER, HL AF BREWER, HL TI CONCEPTUAL MODELING AUTOMATED SEEDLING TRANSFER FROM GROWING TRAYS TO SHIPPING MODULES SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION; COMPUTERS; ROBOTICS; TRANSPLANTERS; TREES; VEGETABLES AB Automated field transplanters can plant several hundred seedlings per row per minute if the seedlings are presented to the transplanter in modules. Seedlings are grown in trays and transferred to the modules so that each cell in each module has a good seedling. If the operations to transform seeds into seedlings transplanted in fields are automated, then machines to transfer seedlings from trays to modules must be developed. An experimental machine built in 1991 ejected plugs from cells, gripped stems of seedlings and lifted them, transferred seedlings from tray to module, and dropped seedlings into a module. The machine was slow and incomplete. This article reports on a design which was conceptually modeled on a computer to correct the deficiencies of the experimental machine that was build. Projections from the conceptual model indicate that three 200-cell trays of seedlings can be transferred per minute, which is about 80% of the rate required by one field transplanter. RP BREWER, HL (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE WATERSHED RES LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 37 IS 4 BP 1043 EP 1051 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA PM130 UT WOS:A1994PM13000002 ER PT J AU SHINNERS, KJ STELZLE, M KOEGEL, RG AF SHINNERS, KJ STELZLE, M KOEGEL, RG TI IMPROVING THE THROWING EFFECTIVENESS OF AN UPWARD-CUTTING FORAGE HARVESTER SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE FORAGE HARVESTERS; ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AB An upward-cutting, cut-and-throw, forage harvester was previously shown to reduce specific energy requirements by 30 to 34%, but it also had a 27% shorter throwing distance than a conventional, cut-and-blow, forage harvester. The upward-cutting, cut-and-throw, forage harvester was modified to improve the throwing/blowing characteristics while maintaining the specific energy advantage. By increasing the open area in the sidewalls of the cutterhead housing, the air speed through the discharge spout was increased from 8.6 to 21.5 m/s, which significantly improved throwing distance. A video method was used to observe that cut material was engaged with the cutterhead knife for a significant fraction of a revolution, such that the crop left the cutterhead in a wide, nonconcentrated pattern. A throwing countersurface mounted below and perpendicular to the knife improved particle release. The throwing distance improved and the energy requirement increased with a smaller relief dimension from the countersurface to the knife tip. With a 9-mm relief, 9- and 12-knife cutterheads produced mean throwing distances 4 and 11% shorter, respectively, than a cut-and-blow harvester harvesting alfalfa; and 6 and 14% shorter, respectively, than a cut-and-blow harvester harvesting corn. The 9-knife cutterhead produced a throwing distance closer to that of the cut-and-blow harvester than the 12-knife cutterhead due to greater air velicity in the spout. With a 9-mm relief, 9- and 12-knife cutterheads resulted in specific energy requirements 21 and 24% lower, respectively, than a cut-and-blow harvester harvestering alfalfa; and 14 and 25% lower, respectively, than a cut-and-blow harvester when harvesting corn. The 12-knife cutterhead produced greater specific energy reductions than the 9-knife cutterhead due to lower peak cutting and mat compression loads. C1 USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI. RP SHINNERS, KJ (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT AGR ENGN,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 37 IS 4 BP 1059 EP 1067 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA PM130 UT WOS:A1994PM13000004 ER PT J AU BAKER, RV PRICE, JB ROBERT, KQ AF BAKER, RV PRICE, JB ROBERT, KQ TI GIN AND MILL CLEANING FOR ROTOR SPINNING SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE COTTON GINS; CLEANERS; TEXTILES ID PERFORMANCE AB A three-year study was undertaken to provide additional information on important relationships between cotton gin and textile mill cleaning with respect to rotor spinning performance. Some effects of varying the aggressiveness of seed cotton cleaning, lint cleaning, and mill cleaning on fiber properties, spinning performance, and yarn quality are presented. This study also provided important insights into the effects of previous cleaning history and nonlint content on the cleaning performance of mill cleaning and carding equipment. C1 TEXAS TECH UNIV,CTR INT TEXT,LUBBOCK,TX 79409. USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. RP BAKER, RV (reprint author), USDA ARS,COTTON GINNING LAB,LUBBOCK,TX, USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 37 IS 4 BP 1077 EP 1082 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA PM130 UT WOS:A1994PM13000006 ER PT J AU SALYANI, M FOX, RD AF SALYANI, M FOX, RD TI PERFORMANCE OF IMAGE-ANALYSIS FOR ASSESSMENT OF SIMULATED SPRAY DROPLET DISTRIBUTION SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE AUTOSKETCH; LASERJET; IMAGEPLUS; PIXEL ID DEPOSITION AB Various distribution patterns of spray droplets were simulated with Autosketch V.2 software and images of specks were printed on a Laserjet 2 printer. The specks were studied with a Dapple Systems image analyzer and Imageplus+ software. The objectives were to evaluate the utility of image analysis for spray deposition assessment and determine the effects of image area, speck size, and number of specks on the accuracy of the measurements. The size of the image area, speck size, and the number of specks had significant effects on area coverage measurement. The accuracy of image analysis decreased as image area or speck size decreased or speck number increased. Image partitioning adversely affected the accuracy of the measurements. C1 USDA ARS,APPLICAT TECHNOL RES UNIT,OARDC,WOOSTER,OH. RP SALYANI, M (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,CTR AGR RES & EDUC,CTR CITRUS RES & EDUC,IFAS,LAKE ALFRED,FL 33850, USA. NR 21 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 37 IS 4 BP 1083 EP 1089 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA PM130 UT WOS:A1994PM13000007 ER PT J AU SAVABI, MR STOTT, DE AF SAVABI, MR STOTT, DE TI PLANT RESIDUE IMPACT ON RAINFALL INTERCEPTION SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE INTERCEPTION; WATER BALANCE; PLANT RESIDUE; SURFACE COVER; MODELING AB Rainfall interception by different amounts of corn (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max L.), and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residue was studied under simulated rainfall. Given the same amount of residue mass, winter wheat residue intercepts significantly more rainfall than corn and soybean residue. Statistically, corn and soybean residues intercept the same amount of rainfall. Age of the residues had no impact on the amount of rainfall intercepted by the residues. Mathematical relationships were derived for estimating rainfall interception rates for different types and amounts of residue. The findings were incorporated into the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) computer model to improve soil water balance predictions. The model was tested using a 50-year simulation of the impact of rainfall interception by plant residues on the soil water balance of a no-till farm under corn-soybean rotation near Champaign, Illinois. The results of WEPP model simulations indicate that rainfall interception by crop residues reduces the average annual storm runoff by 13% and average daily root zone soil water content by 9% on a midwest farm under corn-soybean rotation. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SOIL EROS RES LAB,W LAFAYETTE,IN. RP SAVABI, MR (reprint author), PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGR ENGN,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907, USA. RI Stott, Diane/A-1270-2010 OI Stott, Diane/0000-0002-6397-3315 NR 24 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 37 IS 4 BP 1093 EP 1098 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA PM130 UT WOS:A1994PM13000008 ER PT J AU SALEH, AR BENGTSON, RL FOUSS, JL AF SALEH, AR BENGTSON, RL FOUSS, JL TI PERFORMANCE OF THE DRAINMOD-CREAMS MODEL WITH AN INCORPORATED NUTRIENT SUBMODEL SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE WATER MANAGEMENT; DRAINMOD; CREAMS; MODELS; NITROGEN ID WATER MANAGEMENT MODEL; SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE; DENITRIFICATION; MISSISSIPPI; SIMULATION; LOSSES AB The CREAMS nutrients submodel and the modified DRAINMOD-CREAMS model were applied to subsurface drained and nonsubsurface drained fields. The CREAMS nutrient submodel overestimated the total nitrogen losses from the subsurface drained and the nonsubsurface drained fields by 61 and 91%, respectively. The modified DRAINMOD-CREAMS model overestimated the total nitrogen losses from the subsurface drained and the nonsubsurfaced drained fields by 36 and 40%, respectively. The modified DRAINMOD-CREAMS model significantly improved the simulation of the nitrogen losses from the subsurface drained and the nonsubsurface drained fields by reducing the error by 25 and 51%, respectively. C1 USDA ARS,SOIL & WATER RES UNIT,BATON ROUGE,LA 70808. RP SALEH, AR (reprint author), LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL & AGR ENGN,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803, USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 37 IS 4 BP 1109 EP 1114 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA PM130 UT WOS:A1994PM13000011 ER PT J AU REYES, MR BENGTSON, RL FOUSS, JL AF REYES, MR BENGTSON, RL FOUSS, JL TI GLEAMS/WT HYDROLOGY SUBMODEL MODIFIED TO INCLUDE SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE HYDROLOGIC MODELING; RUNOFF; WATER TABLE; SURFACE DRAINAGE ID DRAINMOD; SYSTEMS; MODEL AB The model GLEAMS-SWAT (GLEAMS with Subsurface drainage and WAter Table) is a modified version of GLEAMS that accounts for shallow water table fluctuations and subsurface drainage. The modification was accomplished by incorporating a subsurface drainage routine in GLEAMS-WT. Simulation performances of GLEAMS and GLEAMS-SWAT were evaluated by comparing their predictions with seven years (1981-1987) of measured data from a runoff-erosion-drainage experimental plot at Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Validations to test the accuracy of GLEAMS-SWAT predictions of surface runoff volume, subsurface drainage volume, total volume (surface runoff + subsurface drainage), and water table depth were satisfactory. Total predicted surface runoff volume for the seven-year period was 94% of the observed runoff volume, an improvement from GLEAMS underprediction of surface runoff volume which was 71% of the observed runoff. Subsurface drainage volume and total drainage (runoff + subsurface drainage) volume predictions were, respectively, 99% and 96% of the observed volumes. Water table depth prediction was deeper than the observed depth, especially during the pregrowing and growing seasons. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL & AGR ENGN,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. UNIV PHILIPPINES,LOS BANOS 3720,PHILIPPINES. USDA ARS,SOIL & WATER RES UNIT,BATON ROUGE,LA 70808. RP REYES, MR (reprint author), N CAROLINA AGR & TECH STATE UNIV,DEPT NAT RESOURCES & ENVIRONM DESIGN,GREENSBORO,NC 27411, USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 37 IS 4 BP 1115 EP 1120 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA PM130 UT WOS:A1994PM13000012 ER PT J AU WAGNER, LE AMBE, NM DING, D AF WAGNER, LE AMBE, NM DING, D TI ESTIMATING A PROCTOR DENSITY CURVE FROM INTRINSIC SOIL PROPERTIES SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE SOIL WATER CONTENT; SOIL-TILLAGE INTERACTIONS; PROCTOR DENSITY CURVE; SOIL COMPACTION ID PREDICTION; CLAY AB Tillage studies have shown that maximum, tillage-induced, aggregate breakdown occurs near the optimum water content on a Proctor compaction curve for the soil. Many soil databases do not contain Proctor data; therefore, prediction equations were developed to estimate the optimum water content, peak Proctor dry bulk density, and the Proctor compaction curve for a soil based on common intrinsic properties (sand, silt, clay, and organic matter) from 39 soil samples. A good relationship was obtained between soil intrinsic properties and the optimum water content with an adjusted R2 value of 0.86. The shape of the Proctor compaction curve was estimated using two lines intersecting at the Proctor optimum water content/peak density point. An overall adjusted R2 value of 0.72 was obtained for the predicted versus measured values of the Proctor dry density for the entire Proctor compaction curve. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. RP WAGNER, LE (reprint author), USDA ARS,WIND EROS RES UNIT,MANHATTAN,KS, USA. NR 22 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 37 IS 4 BP 1121 EP 1125 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA PM130 UT WOS:A1994PM13000013 ER PT J AU BOLDT, AL WATTS, DG EISENHAUER, DE SCHEPERS, JS AF BOLDT, AL WATTS, DG EISENHAUER, DE SCHEPERS, JS TI SIMULATION OF WATER APPLIED NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION UNDER SURGE IRRIGATION SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE SURGE IRRIGATION; FERTIGATION; COMPUTER SIMULATION ID MANAGEMENT AB Fertigation during surge flow irrigation is a promising means of delaying nitrogen (N) fertilizer application on furrow irrigated corn and thereby reducing the potential for leaching of nitrate-nitrogen into groundwater. A computer model, SIFUM (Surge Irrigation Fertigation Uniformity Model), was developed to simulate the distribution, uniformity, and runoff losses of fertigation-applied N during surge irrigation of furrows. The model, SIFUM, was used to help develop fertigation management strategies for field application that can provide acceptable N distributions across a range of soil conditions and furrow flow rates for surge irrigation with free outflow of runoff with no runoff recovery. Simulation groups included injecting N during (a) all surges, (b) the advance surges only, (c) the post advance surges only, and (d) the middle surges (last of advance plus first of cutback). For each of these groups, fertigation was simulated both for the entire on-time of each surge cycle and for only a portion of the on-time. The application efficiency of the low quarter (AELQ) was used as an index for evaluating the efficiency of fertigation treatments. Simulation results show that to obtain the best N efficiency on high-intake soils, fertigation can occur during any portion or all of the on-time of a surge cycle, but should be applied during all cycles, i.e., for the entire irrigation. For medium and low intake soils, fertigation should be applied during all of the on-time of a surge cycle and may be applied for either all of the irrigation or just the advance surges. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68588. UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT AGRON,LINCOLN,NE 68588. RP BOLDT, AL (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT BIOL SYST ENGN,LINCOLN,NE 68588, USA. NR 24 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 37 IS 4 BP 1157 EP 1165 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA PM130 UT WOS:A1994PM13000017 ER PT J AU RICE, CE KADAVY, KC AF RICE, CE KADAVY, KC TI PLUNGE POOL DESIGN AT SUBMERGED PIPE SPILLWAY OUTLETS SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE PIPE SPILLWAY; PLUNGE POOL; RIPRAP; MODEL AB Submerged pipe spillway outlet flow conditions can damage the downstream channel and the downstream end of the pipe spillway. This study was conducted to develop criteria to determine the geometry of riprap-lined plunge pools downstream of pipe spillways with submerged outlet conditions. Dimensionless relationships were developed to estimate the dimensions of plunge pool and riprap size required for stability using a laboratory-scaled physical model with the following test conditions: pipe diameter (D0; 0.0628 m, and 0.0884 m); five submergence depths (TW/D0; 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.1); three downstream channel bed elevations (Z/D0; 0.0, -0.5, and -1.0); and flows varying from 0.0 to 5.0 Q2/gD5. An example design problem is presented to illustrate the use of the recommended design method. The design equations and method will result in stable riprap-lined plunge pools downstream of pipe spillways with submerged outlet conditions over a wide range of flow conditions. RP RICE, CE (reprint author), USDA ARS,PLANT SCI & WATER CONSERVAT RES LAB,HYDRAUL ENGN RES UNIT,STILLWATER,OK, USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 37 IS 4 BP 1167 EP 1173 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA PM130 UT WOS:A1994PM13000018 ER PT J AU MORRISON, JE RICHARDSON, CW LAFLEN, JM ELLIOT, WJ AF MORRISON, JE RICHARDSON, CW LAFLEN, JM ELLIOT, WJ TI RILL EROSION OF A VERTISOL WITH EXTENDED TIME SINCE TILLAGE SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE EROSION; CLAY SOIL; WATER; TIME ID SOIL STRENGTH; CONSOLIDATION AB Reduced tillage and no-tillage cropping systems have periods of time lasting several months or years between tillage operations. If erosion is to be predicted for these systems, then there is a need to characterize the effects of such extended time since tillage on rill erodibility. Most erosion studies have been conducted on freshly tilled or disturbed soils which may respond differently to erosive forces than undisturbed soils. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of extended time since tillage on critical shear stress and rill erodibility for a Heiden vertisol under corn production. Rainfall simulation studies were conducted in March and August, before corn planting and after corn harvest, over a period of two years with time since tillage ranging from 7 to 624 days. Tests were replicated four times across a slope of 4 to 6%. The resulting data expands erosion information on one site included in the 1987 national tour under the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) studies. As time since tillage increased, the flow width in rills increased, and the hydraulic radius and hydraulic shear converged to more stable values. Three soil strength measurements, cumulative rainfall, or cumulative rainfall energy were not consistently correlated to rill erosion parameters and did not seem to be potentially useful for future predictions. Different approaches may be needed to relate repetitive wetting and drying cycles to measured soil properties and erodibility. Critical shear stress ranged from 0.3 to 2.47 Pa which indicated that rill erosion started at lower flow velocities or shallower flow depths than characterized by the 1987 WEPP data. Rill erodibility was found to be highly variable (0.73 - 16.31 x 10(3) s/m) on freshly tilled treatments, but variability decreased significantly for 89 days or more time since tillage, stabilizing in the range of 2 - 5 x 10(3) s/m. Erosion should be more accurately predictable on sites with extended time since tillage, for the soil in this study. C1 US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,MOSCOW,ID. PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,NATL SOIL EROS RES LAB,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP MORRISON, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS,TEMPLE,TX 76503, USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 37 IS 4 BP 1187 EP 1196 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA PM130 UT WOS:A1994PM13000021 ER PT J AU ABBOTT, JA LILJEDAHL, LA AF ABBOTT, JA LILJEDAHL, LA TI RELATIONSHIP OF SONIC RESONANT-FREQUENCY TO COMPRESSION TESTS AND MAGNESS-TAYLOR FIRMNESS OF APPLES DURING REFRIGERATED STORAGE SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE APPLES; MALUS DOMESTICA; FOOD QUALITY; INSPECTION; POSTHARVEST; QUALITY CONTROL; SENSORS; SONIC VIBRATION AB Apple growers and packers need to measure the firmness of their fruit to make management decisions, preferably using nondestructive measurements so the tested apples remain marketable. 'Delicious', 'Golden Delicious', and 'York Imperial' apples from Pennsylvania were stored at 0-degree-C in air for 0 to 8 months. The sonic transmission power spectrum, compression force/deformation (F/D) curves, and Magness-Taylor (MT) firmness were recorded after storage. Resonant frequencies were determined from sonic data and used to calculate stiffness coefficients. Resonant frequencies, stiffness coefficients, compression measurements, and MT firmness decreased during storage. Resonant frequencies and stiffness coefficients were most highly correlated with compression slope, then area, then maximum force. Correlation coefficients decreased progressively from 'Golden Delicious' to 'Delicious' to 'York Imperial' apples, the same progression as their deviation from spherical symmetry and their characteristic extent of textural change during ripening and storage. RP ABBOTT, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSTRUMENTAT & SENSING LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 12 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 37 IS 4 BP 1211 EP 1215 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA PM130 UT WOS:A1994PM13000024 ER PT J AU ORR, PH GLYNN, MT SACKS, JM AF ORR, PH GLYNN, MT SACKS, JM TI THE RESPONSE OF POTATO-TUBERS TO SIMULATED HANDLING SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE POTATO; HANDLING; INTERNAL QUALITY; RESPIRATION; SUGARS; CHIP COLOR ID QUALITY; STORAGE AB Physiological responses (respiration, sugar, phosphate, and chip color changes) of potatoes to tuber-on-tuber tumbling were obtained with a handling simulator and related impact data were recorded with an instrumented sphere (IS). We attempted to combine the two technologies (simulator and instrumented sphere) into a single test that might quantify internal quality changes for processing. The simulator satisfactorily elicited physiological responses from the sample tubers, reflecting increased metabolic activity. It appears that changes in the concentrations of any one of the variables caused by the simulated handling could be utilized to identify the potential for internal quality degradation. However, our results may preclude the use of the IS as a simple extension and representation of the handling simulation; such adaptation of the IS appears to be more complex. C1 NATL ANIM DIS CTR,USDA ARS,MWA,AMES,IA. RP ORR, PH (reprint author), N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,RED RIVER VALLEY POTATO RES LAB,E GRAND FORKS,MN, USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 37 IS 4 BP 1217 EP 1220 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA PM130 UT WOS:A1994PM13000025 ER PT J AU HUNG, YC HAO, YY TOLLNER, EW UPCHURCH, BL AF HUNG, YC HAO, YY TOLLNER, EW UPCHURCH, BL TI PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES AND STORAGE STABILITY OF APPLES AFFECTED WITH WATERCORE DISORDER SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE APPLE; WATERCORE; STORAGE; TISSUE; MOISTURE CONTENT AB Apples with severe watercore disorder were more dense than apples with mild or no watercore disorder. Moisture content of affected tissue from apples with severe watercore disorder was significantly higher than tissue from apples with a mild disorder. Apples with watercore disorder were stored at either a refrigerated (1-degree-C) or a controlled atmosphere (CA) condition (2% O2 and 2% CO2) for selected periods. A machine vision system for quantifying light transmission was used for detecting watercore disorder. Apples stored under the refrigerated condition lost more mass (4.4%) than apples stored under the CA condition (1.8%). Apples stored under the refrigerated condition had less severe watercore disorder after storage (severity score = 1.69) than apples stored under the CA condition (severity score = 2.42). There was no difference in light transmission score between apples stored at either refrigerated or CA condition for the first two weeks. Subsequently, light transmission scores for apples stored under the refrigerated condition decreased faster than apples stored under the CA condition. C1 USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT BIOL & AGR ENGN,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP HUNG, YC (reprint author), GEORGIA EXPTL STN,CTR FOOD SAFETY & QUAL ENHANCEMENT,DEPT FOOD SCI & TECHNOL,GRIFFIN,GA, USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 37 IS 4 BP 1249 EP 1253 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA PM130 UT WOS:A1994PM13000031 ER PT J AU KORTHALS, RL HAHN, GL NIENABER, JA AF KORTHALS, RL HAHN, GL NIENABER, JA TI EVALUATION OF NEURAL NETWORKS AS A TOOL FOR MANAGEMENT OF SWINE ENVIRONMENTS SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE NEURAL NETWORKS; SWINE; DAILY GAIN; FEEDING; TEMPERATURE AB Nine neural network configurations were developed and evaluated to predict the extent to which ambient temperature can be allowed to vary without incurring excessive losses in rate of gain for ad-libitum-fed growing-finishing swine. The best network, chosen based on root mean square error, absolute error, and histograms of desired and target network outputs, was used in an experiment to determine maximum allowable ambient temperatures to achieve daily gain above 0.78 and 0.70 kg. Results indicated that the network maintained constant growth rates (R2 greater-than-or-equal-to 0.99) of 0.79 and 0.78 kg/day compared to 0.93 kg/day under thermoneutral conditions, but the growth rate of animals in the low growth rate treatment was considerably above the 0.70 kg/day target. Sensitivity analysis performed after the experiment showed that the networks were not attempting to match daily gain goals. A neural network, trained with a more comprehensive data set containing temperature increases and decreases, should improve upon the results found. Experimental results and sensitivity analysis of the simplest neural network developed also indicated a correlation among animal weight, growth limiting temperatures, and daily gain. RP KORTHALS, RL (reprint author), ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,USDA ARS,CLAY CTR,NE, USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 37 IS 4 BP 1295 EP 1299 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA PM130 UT WOS:A1994PM13000038 ER PT J AU BETTINGER, P ARMLOVICH, D KELLOGG, LD AF BETTINGER, P ARMLOVICH, D KELLOGG, LD TI EVALUATING AREA IN LOGGING TRAILS WITH A GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION-SYSTEM SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM; SOIL COMPACTION; LOGGING; FOREST ENGINEERING; HARVESTING ID FOREST; SOILS AB A geographic information system (GIS) was used to evaluate the area in logging trails categorized by number of machine passes. Preharvest logging trail surveys and observations of machine movements during harvesting were transferred to a GIS to determine areas. Detailed procedures and time required to build the GIS database are presented. There was excellent agreement between the trail area estimates based on the GIS database and those from an independent, line-transect method. However, the line-transect method gives no information on the number of machine passes. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW REG,PORTLAND,OR 97208. RP BETTINGER, P (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,COLL FORESTRY,DEPT FOREST ENGN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. OI Bettinger, Pete/0000-0002-5454-3970 NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 37 IS 4 BP 1327 EP 1330 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA PM130 UT WOS:A1994PM13000042 ER PT J AU GRULKE, NE MILLER, PR AF GRULKE, NE MILLER, PR TI CHANGES IN GAS-EXCHANGE CHARACTERISTICS DURING THE LIFE-SPAN OF GIANT SEQUOIA - IMPLICATIONS FOR RESPONSE TO CURRENT AND FUTURE CONCENTRATIONS OF ATMOSPHERIC OZONE SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Ecophysiology and Genetics of Trees and Forests in a Changing Environment CY MAY, 1993 CL UNIV TUSCIA, VITERBO, ITALY SP INT UNION FORESTRY RES ORG HO UNIV TUSCIA DE CARBON DIOXIDE EXCHANGE; MESOPHYLL; RESPIRATION; SEQUOIADENDRON-GIGANTEUM; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; WATER USE EFFICIENCY AB Native stands of giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum Bucholz) are being exposed to relatively high concentrations of atmospheric ozone produced in urban and agricultural areas upwind. The expected change in environmental conditions over the next 100 years is likely to be unprecedented in the life span (about 2,500 years) of giant sequoia. We determined changes in physiological responses of three age classes of giant sequoia (current-year, 12-, and 125-year-old) to differing concentrations of ozone, and assessed age-related differences in sensitivity to pollutants by examining physiological changes (gas exchange, water use efficiency) across the life span of giant sequoia (current-year, 2-, 5-, 20-, 125-, and > 2,000-year-old trees). The CO2 exchange rate (CER) was greater in current-year (12.1 mumol CO2 m-2 -1) and 2-year-old seedlings (4.8 mumol CO2 m-2 s-1) than in all older trees (3.0 mumol CO2 m-2 s-1, averaged across the four older age classes). Dark respiration was highest for current-year seedlings (-6.5 +/- 0.7 mumol CO2 m-2 s-1) and was increased twofold in symptomatic individuals exposed to elevated ozone concentrations. Stomatal conductance (g(s)) was greater in current-year (355 mmol H2O m-2 s-1) and 2-year-old seedlings (200 mmol H2O m-2 s-1) than in all older trees (50 mmol H2O m-2 s-1), indicating that the ozone concentration in substomatal cavities is higher in young seedlings than in trees. Significant changes in water use efficiency, as indicated by C(i)/C(a), occurred in trees between ages 5 and 20 years. We conclude that giant sequoias seedlings are sensitive to atmospheric ozone until they are about 5 years old. Low conductance, high water use efficiency, and compact mesophyll all contribute to a natural ozone tolerance, or defense, or both, in foliage of older trees. RP GRULKE, NE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FORESTRY SCI LAB,3200 SW JEFFERSON WAY,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 0 TC 85 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 5 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA BOX 5579 STATION B, VICTORIA BC V8R 6S4, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JUL-SEP PY 1994 VL 14 IS 7-9 BP 659 EP 668 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA NY187 UT WOS:A1994NY18700002 ER PT J AU GOTTSCHALK, KW AF GOTTSCHALK, KW TI SHADE, LEAF GROWTH AND CROWN DEVELOPMENT OF QUERCUS-RUBRA, QUERCUS-VELUTINA, PRUNUS-SEROTINA AND ACER-RUBRUM SEEDLINGS SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Ecophysiology and Genetics of Trees and Forests in a Changing Environment CY MAY, 1993 CL UNIV TUSCIA, VITERBO, ITALY SP INT UNION FORESTRY RES ORG HO UNIV TUSCIA DE BLACK CHERRY; BLACK OAK; BRANCH DEVELOPMENT; GROWTH ANALYSIS; LEAF AREA; LEAF AREA RATIO; LEAF WEIGHT LEAF AREA; NORTHERN RED OAK RED MAPLE AB The study was conducted in an open field to determine the optimum irradiance for establishment and growth of two oak species and two major associated woody species. Half-sib seedlings of black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and black oak (Q. velutina Lam.) were grown for two years under shade-cloth tents. Eight shade treatments (94, 70, 57, 45, 37, 27, 20 and 8% of full sunlight) with three replications each were used. Measurements were made on seedlings harvested at the end of the first and second growing seasons. In the second year, shading significantly decreased the number of leaves for all species except black cherry, but only significantly decreased leaf area in northern red oak. Shading significantly decreased average leaf size of red maple. Average leaf size of black cherry was largest in the intermediate shade treatments md decreased significantly with increased and decreased shade. Leaf weight/leaf area (mg cm-2) increased significantly in a quadratic pattern with decreasing shade for all four species. Leaf area ratio (cm2 g-1) decreased significantly with decreasing shade for all species except red maple in the first year and black oak in the second year. Total branch development increased significantly with decreasing shade in red maple and northern red oak, whereas indeterminate branches increased significantly with decreasing shade only in black cherry, and short branches increased significantly with decreasing shade only in red maple. RP GOTTSCHALK, KW (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,180 CANFIELD ST,MORGANTOWN,WV 26505, USA. NR 0 TC 60 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 6 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA BOX 5579 STATION B, VICTORIA BC V8R 6S4, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JUL-SEP PY 1994 VL 14 IS 7-9 BP 735 EP 749 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA NY187 UT WOS:A1994NY18700008 ER PT J AU SCHMIDTLING, RC AF SCHMIDTLING, RC TI USE OF PROVENANCE TESTS TO PREDICT RESPONSE TO CLIMATIC-CHANGE - LOBLOLLY-PINE AND NORWAY SPRUCE SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Ecophysiology and Genetics of Trees and Forests in a Changing Environment CY MAY, 1993 CL UNIV TUSCIA, VITERBO, ITALY SP INT UNION FORESTRY RES ORG HO UNIV TUSCIA DE GENETIC RESPONSE; GROWTH; HEIGHT GROWTH; SEED SOURCE; TEMPERATURE; TREE RESPONSE AB Provenance tests are often used to determine genetic responses of seed sources to transfer to different climates. This study was undertaken to determine whether provenance tests can be used to predict tree response to rapid climate changes in situ. Data from provenance tests of loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) and other southern pines (subsect. AUSTRALES Loud.) were interpreted using regression models to relate growth to temperature variables. Results of different plantings were combined by expressing growth as a percent deviation from the ''local'' source, and expressing temperature at the source as a deviation from that of the planting site. The results of the loblolly pine and Norway spruce models predicted a loss of about 5 to 10% in height growth below that expected for a genetically adapted seed source. if the average yearly temperature increases by 4-degrees-C. RP SCHMIDTLING, RC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,POB 2008 GMF,GULFPORT,MS 39505, USA. NR 0 TC 71 Z9 78 U1 3 U2 14 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA BOX 5579 STATION B, VICTORIA BC V8R 6S4, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JUL-SEP PY 1994 VL 14 IS 7-9 BP 805 EP 817 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA NY187 UT WOS:A1994NY18700014 ER PT J AU CREGG, BM AF CREGG, BM TI CARBON ALLOCATION, GAS-EXCHANGE, AND NEEDLE MORPHOLOGY OF PINUS-PONDEROSA GENOTYPES KNOWN TO DIFFER IN GROWTH AND SURVIVAL UNDER IMPOSED DROUGHT SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Ecophysiology and Genetics of Trees and Forests in a Changing Environment CY MAY, 1993 CL UNIV TUSCIA, VITERBO, ITALY SP INT UNION FORESTRY RES ORG HO UNIV TUSCIA DE BIOMASS PARTITIONING; GENETIC DIVERSITY; GENOTYPIC SELECTION; NEEDLE MORPHOLOGY; PRECONDITIONING; SHOOT ROOT RATIO; STOMATAL DENSITY AB Seedlings from 27 open-pollinated families of ponderosa pine representing nine geographically diverse origins were screened for drought tolerance based on survival and growth under imposed drought. Seedlings that had been preconditioned to drought survived 14 days longer than seedlings that had been well watered before being subjected to drought. Seed sources varied in their ability to survive drought and this variation was accentuated by drought preconditioning. Seedlings from a South Dakota source and a Nebraska source generally survived the longest under drought. Seedlings from a Montana source and a New Mexico source succumbed the fastest after water was withheld. Significant family within source variation in drought survival was observed for some sources. In general, drought survival was poorly correlated to climate indices of the seed sources. Allocation of biomass to roots, stems, and needles varied significantly among the seed sources with the most drought-sensitive sources (Montana and New Mexico) showing the most divergent allocation patterns. The relation between drought survival and shoot/root ratio suggested that there is an optimum pattern of allocation for drought survival. A comparison of the most and least drought-tolerant sources indicated that needle gas exchange (net photosynthesis arid needle conductance to water vapor) and predawn needle water potential were similar among the sources regardless of their relative ability to survive drought. Needle morphology traits often associated with variation in drought tolerance, such as stomatal density and specific leaf area, did not differ among the seed sources. However, seedlings from the drought-tolerant sources had shorter needles, less surface area per needle, and fewer stomata per needle than seedlings from the drought-sensitive sources. The results suggest that drought tolerance of ponderosa pine may be improved through seed source selection and, within certain sources, family selection. Allocation patterns and needle morphology appear to play a larger role than needle gas exchange patterns in determining drought tolerance in this species. RP CREGG, BM (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STATION,CTR SEMIGRID AGROFORESTRY,E CAMPUS UNL,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 0 TC 57 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 20 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA BOX 5579 STATION B, VICTORIA BC V8R 6S4, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JUL-SEP PY 1994 VL 14 IS 7-9 BP 883 EP 898 PG 16 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA NY187 UT WOS:A1994NY18700020 ER PT J AU SCHOETTLE, AW AF SCHOETTLE, AW TI INFLUENCE OF TREE SIZE ON SHOOT STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOLOGY OF PINUS-CONTORTA AND PINUS-ARISTATA SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Ecophysiology and Genetics of Trees and Forests in a Changing Environment CY MAY, 1993 CL UNIV TUSCIA, VITERBO, ITALY SP INT UNION FORESTRY RES ORG HO UNIV TUSCIA DE ANNUAL SHOOT ELONGATION; BRISTLECONE PINE; FOLIAGE PRODUCTION; LEAF LIFE SPAN; LEAF NITROGEN; LEAF PHOSPHORUS; LODGEPOLE PINE; NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS; NUTRIENT USE EFFICIENCY; TREE LONGEVITY AB This study examined the morphological and physiological characteristics of shoots of large and small mature trees of two pine species with different growth patterns and tree longevities: Rocky Mountain bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata Bailey) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ssp. latifolia Bailey). Large trees of P. aristata had 21% less annual shoot growth but retained more total foliar biomass per shoot than small trees because of a 95% longer leaf life span. Large trees of P contorta had 69% less annual shoot growth and less foliage production per shoot, and even with a 23% longer leaf life span, they retained less total foliar biomass per shoot than small trees. Needles of both species and sizes did not begin to abscise until they reached approximately 40-45% of their expected maximum life span. Foliar nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations, N(mass) and P(mass), of 1-year-old P. aristata leaves were significantly lower and higher, respectively, in the large than in the small trees. In P. contorta, N(mass) and P(mass) of 1-year-old leaves were similar in large and small trees. Pinus aristata also had a more consistent N(mass) with leaf age than P. contorta, and the pattern differed for small and large trees. Photosynthetic capacity and stomatal conductance of 1-year-old leaves of P. aristata were less in large trees than in small trees. The increased plasticity in leaf life span with tree size in P. aristata compared with P. contorta enabled an increase in foliar biomass per shoot in P. aristata that may offset the decrease in photosynthetic performance and contribute to the smaller reduction in shoot growth with tree size in P. aristata compared with P. contorta. Similarities in needle biomass distribution between species and tree sizes suggest that relative needle age may be of greater importance to the retention of the leaves than their chronological age. The magnitude of the changes in shoot characteristics with increasing tree size differed between the species and may reflect alternative strategies of resource allocation and use. RP SCHOETTLE, AW (reprint author), ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,240 W PROSPECT RD,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. NR 0 TC 74 Z9 78 U1 2 U2 9 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA BOX 5579 STATION B, VICTORIA BC V8R 6S4, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JUL-SEP PY 1994 VL 14 IS 7-9 BP 1055 EP 1068 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA NY187 UT WOS:A1994NY18700034 ER PT J AU SEAL, BS NEILL, JD RIDPATH, JF AF SEAL, BS NEILL, JD RIDPATH, JF TI PREDICTED STEM-LOOP STRUCTURES AND VARIATION IN NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE OF 3' NONCODING REGIONS AMONG ANIMAL CALICIVIRUS GENOMES SO VIRUS GENES LA English DT Article DE RECOMBINANT DNA; GRAPHICS MODELING; RNA FOLDING; POSITIVE-STRAND RNA VIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCING ID RNA-LIKE STRUCTURE; HEMORRHAGIC-DISEASE VIRUS; CAPSID PROTEIN GENE; FELINE CALICIVIRUS; SECONDARY STRUCTURE; TERMINUS; IDENTIFICATION; POLYMERASE; PSEUDOKNOT; VALINE AB Caliciviruses are nonenveloped with a polyadenylated genome of approximately 7.6 kb and a single capsid protein. The ''RNA Fold'' computer program was used to analyze 3'-terminal noncoding sequences of five feline calicivirus (FCV), rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), and two San Miguel sea lion virus (SMSV) isolates. The FCV 3'-terminal sequences are 40-46 nucleotides in length and 72-91% similar. The FCV sequences were predicted to contain two possible duplex structures and one stem-loop structure with free energies of -2.1 to -18.2 kcal/mole. The RHDV genomic 3'-terminal RNA sequences are 54 nucleotides in length and share 49% sequence similarity to homologous regions of the FCV genome. The RHDV sequence was predicted to form two duplex structures in the 3'-terminal noncoding region with a single stem-loop structure, resembling that of FCV. In contrast, the SMSV 1 and 4 genomic 3'-terminal noncoding sequences were 185 and 182 nucleotides in length, respectively. Ten possible duplex structures were predicted with an average structural free energy of -35 kcal/mole. Sequence similarity between the two SMSV isolates was 75%. Furthermore, extensive cloverleaflike structures are predicted in the 3' noncoding region of the SMSV genome, in contrast to the predicted single stem-loop structures of FCV or RHDV. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,VIROL SWINE RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,VIROL CATTLE RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. NR 38 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-8569 J9 VIRUS GENES JI Virus Genes PD JUL PY 1994 VL 8 IS 3 BP 243 EP 247 DI 10.1007/BF01704518 PG 5 WC Genetics & Heredity; Virology SC Genetics & Heredity; Virology GA PA599 UT WOS:A1994PA59900005 PM 7975270 ER PT J AU STRAM, Y LAOR, O MOLAD, T CHAI, DL MOORE, D YADIN, H BECKER, Y AF STRAM, Y LAOR, O MOLAD, T CHAI, DL MOORE, D YADIN, H BECKER, Y TI NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE OF THE P1 REGION OF SEROTYPE ASIA1 FOOT-AND-MOUTH-DISEASE VIRUS SO VIRUS GENES LA English DT Article ID RNA AB Differences in the amino acid sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) virion proteins (VP) among the various FMDV serotypes, particularly in the VP1 polypeptide, are the basis for antigenic diversity of this virus group. This phenomenon provides the basis for type diagnosis of FMDV by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In order to specifically identify the Asia1 FMDV serotype by PCR, the nucleotide sequence of its pi-coding region was determined. The sequence exhibited over 70% homology with the P1 gene segment of type O1k. The deduced amino acid sequence shares 79% homology with that of the P1 region of serotype O1k. C1 HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM,FAC MED,DEPT MOLEC VIROL,IL-91010 JERUSALEM,ISRAEL. USDA ARS,PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR,GREENPORT,NY 11944. RP STRAM, Y (reprint author), KIMRON VET INST,POB 12,IL-50250 BET DAGAN,ISRAEL. NR 17 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-8569 J9 VIRUS GENES JI Virus Genes PD JUL PY 1994 VL 8 IS 3 BP 275 EP 278 DI 10.1007/BF01704521 PG 4 WC Genetics & Heredity; Virology SC Genetics & Heredity; Virology GA PA599 UT WOS:A1994PA59900008 PM 7975273 ER PT J AU SEAL, BS AF SEAL, BS TI ANALYSIS OF CAPSID PROTEIN GENE VARIATION AMONG DIVERGENT ISOLATES OF FELINE CALICIVIRUS SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE POSITIVE-STRAND RNA VIRUS; ANTIGENIC DIVERSITY; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION; WESTERN BLOT; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SERUM-VIRUS NEUTRALIZATION ID VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; GENOMIC VARIABILITY; GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; DNA-POLYMERASE; MESSENGER-RNA; CDNA PROBES; IDENTIFICATION; NEUTRALIZATION AB Genomic variability within the capsid protein gene of feline calicivirus (FCV) was evaluated among different isolates using hybridization analysis and enzymatic viral nucleic acid amplification. Total infected cell RNA was first hybridized with cDNA clones generated to the capsid gene of the FCV isolates CFI/68, 255, LLK, NADC and KCD. Field isolates of FCV were categorized by hybridization with capsid gene cDNA from the reference strains. Isolates that did not hybridize were positive by Western blot using a cross-reactive cat polyclonal FCV CFI/68 capsid protein antiserum. Using previously published sequence information, oligonucleotide primers were generated based on conserved sequences surrounding the hypervariable capsid protein gene regions. Analysis of the FCV capsid protein gene hypervariable regions was completed by sequencing products of FCV nucleic acid amplified by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction. From these data, amino acid substitutions in the hypervariable regions of the capsid protein were identified for those isolates that did not hybridize with the original cDNA clones. An association between phylogenetic relationships and serum neutralization was established among FCV isolates examined. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,VIROL SWINE RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. NR 67 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 33 IS 1 BP 39 EP 53 DI 10.1016/0168-1702(94)90016-7 PG 15 WC Virology SC Virology GA NU266 UT WOS:A1994NU26600004 PM 7941699 ER PT J AU ALLEN, PM ARNOLD, JG BYARS, BW AF ALLEN, PM ARNOLD, JG BYARS, BW TI DOWNSTREAM CHANNEL GEOMETRY FOR USE IN PLANNING-LEVEL MODELS SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE HYDRAULIC GEOMETRY; CHANNEL WIDTH; DEPTH; VELOCITY; UNITED STATES ID GRAVEL-BED RIVERS; HYDRAULIC GEOMETRY AB There is considerable potential for use of channel dimension data in planning-level models for resource and impact assessment. The channel dimension data is used to route flows and sediment through the basin. The cost of obtaining actual surveyed data for large watersheds is typically prohibitive. Predictive equations have been developed based on 674 stations from watersheds across the United States which encompass a wide variety of channel types and sizes. These equations were tested against an independent data set and found to be adequate for use in planning-level models. Future research is advocated which would include data from regions and stream types not included in this study. C1 USDA ARS,BLACKLAND RES CTR,TEMPLE,TX 76502. RP ALLEN, PM (reprint author), BAYLOR UNIV,DEPT GEOL,POB 97354,WACO,TX 76798, USA. NR 35 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 30 IS 4 BP 663 EP 671 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA PG099 UT WOS:A1994PG09900011 ER PT J AU MOHANTY, BP TIM, US ANDERSON, CE WOESTMAN, T AF MOHANTY, BP TIM, US ANDERSON, CE WOESTMAN, T TI IMPACTS OF AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE WELL CLOSURE ON CROP PRODUCTION - A WATERSHED CASE-STUDY SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE WETLANDS; HYDROLOGY; AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE WELL; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS; GROUNDWATER; MODELING ID MODELS; CORN AB Much of north-central Iowa is characterized by flat topography, shallow depressions, and poor natural surface drainage. Land drainage systems comprising of tile drains and agricultural drainage wells (ADWs) are used as outlets for subsurface drainage of cropland under corn and soybean production. Studies have shown that these drainage systems, mainly the ADWs, are potential routes for agricultural chemicals to underground aquifers. To protect the region's vital groundwater resource, researchers are evaluating alternative outlets ranging from complete closure of existing ADWs (and creation of wetlands) to continued use of ADWs and chemical management in a comprehensive policy framework. This paper presents the results of a study designed to provide government jurisdictions, farmers, and land managers information for assessing the impact of closing ADWs on crop production. The study couples a geographic information systems database for a 471-hectare watershed in Humboldt County, Iowa, with a groundwater now model (MODFLOW) and an empirical crop yield loss model to predict long-term effects of complete closure of ADWs on crop production. The cropland areas inundated and the relative crop yield loss due to ADW closure are determined as a function of long-term climatic data. The results indicate that elimination of drainage outlets in the watershed could result in pending of low-lying areas and poorly drained soils, making them unsuitable for crop production. Such wetness also decreases the efficiency of production in the no-ponding areas by isolating fields, and the crop yield loss can be reduced by an annual average of about 18 percent. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGR & BIOSYST ENGN,AMES,IA 50011. ENVIRONM SYST RES INST,REDLANDS,CA 92373. RP MOHANTY, BP (reprint author), USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,4500 GLENWOOD DR,RIVERSIDE,CA 92501, USA. NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD JUL-AUG PY 1994 VL 30 IS 4 BP 687 EP 703 PG 17 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA PG099 UT WOS:A1994PG09900013 ER PT J AU JOHNSON, WC CARDINA, J MULLINIX, BG AF JOHNSON, WC CARDINA, J MULLINIX, BG TI DYNAMICS OF SUBECONOMIC THRESHOLD POPULATIONS OF SICKLEPOD (CASSIA-OBTUSIFOLIA) IN A PEANUT-COTTON-CORN ROTATION SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE SEEDBANK; WEED POPULATION DYNAMICS; WEED SEEDLINGS; CASOB ID WEED SEED DECLINE; IRRIGATED SOIL; ZEA-MAYS; COMPETITION; MANAGEMENT; HERBICIDES; SOYBEANS AB Studies were conducted from 1987 to 1990 to measure the dynamics of sicklepod established at subeconomic threshold populations in a peanut-cotton-com cropping system. The experimental site had no native populations of sicklepod prior to initiation of the study. Main plots were crops in the rotation sequence plus continuous summer fallow (no crop). Subplots were: sicklepod established in the initial year of the study, sicklepod established every year of the study, and no sicklepod. Sicklepod was established at subeconomic threshold densities to simulate weed survival and seed production in fields where economic thresholds were the basis for weed management decisions. Sicklepod growing alone in fallow plots produced more seed per plant, resulting in significantly more seedlings throughout the study than sicklepod growing with crops. Sicklepod growing in corn produced the fewest seed per plant. Seed produced from subeconomic threshold densities established only in the first year caused 7-, 21-, and 20-fold increases in sicklepod populations during the next three seasons compared to the nontreated control. RP JOHNSON, WC (reprint author), USDA ARS,COASTAL PLAIN EXP STN,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-SEP PY 1994 VL 42 IS 3 BP 364 EP 368 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA PD560 UT WOS:A1994PD56000007 ER PT J AU BUHLER, DD KOSKINEN, WC SCHREIBER, MM GAN, JY AF BUHLER, DD KOSKINEN, WC SCHREIBER, MM GAN, JY TI DISSIPATION OF ALACHLOR, METOLACHLOR, AND ATRAZINE FROM STARCH-ENCAPSULATED FORMULATIONS IN A SANDY LOAM SOIL SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CONTROLLED RELEASE; LEACHING; WEED CONTROL; AMARE; SETVI ID STARCH-ENCAPSULATED ATRAZINE; RELEASE; MOVEMENT AB Research was conducted to determine the effect of starch encapsulation on soil dissipation and weed control with alachlor, metolachlor, and atrazine on an Estherville sandy loam in the field. Starch encapsulation increased persistence of alachlor in the surface 15 cm of soil compared to the emulsifiable concentrate formulation during the first 60 d after treatment. More alachlor was detected 30 to 75 cm deep with emulsifiable concentrate than the starch-encapsulated formulation 30 d after treatment. Little alachlor was detected below 15 cm thereafter. Starch encapsulation also increased persistence of metolachlor in the surface 15 cm, but reduced concentrations at 15 to 30 cm compared to the emulsifiable concentrate 30 d after treatment. By 120 and 340 d after treatment, metolachlor concentrations at 15 to 30 cm were greater with starch-encapsulated than emulsifiable concentrate formulation. Starch encapsulation greatly increased atrazine persistence in the surface 15 cm compared to the dry flowable formulation. Although encapsulation in creased atrazine concentration in the surface 15 cm, it reduced the concentration below 15 cm compared to the dry flowable formulation 30 and 60 d after treatment. However, by 120 and 340 d after treatment, starch encapsulation often resulted in greater atrazine concentrations below 15 cm than the dry flowable formulation. Control of green foxtail and redroot pigweed with starch-encapsulated herbicides was similar or superior to the commercial formulations. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL SCI,USDA ARS,SOIL & WATER MANAGE RES UNIT,ST PAUL,MN 55108. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,USDA ARS,INSECT & WEED CONTROL RES UNIT,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP BUHLER, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NAT SOIL TILTH LAB,2150 PAMMEL DR,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 17 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-SEP PY 1994 VL 42 IS 3 BP 411 EP 417 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA PD560 UT WOS:A1994PD56000014 ER PT J AU SEEFELDT, SS GEALY, DR BREWSTER, BD FUERST, EP AF SEEFELDT, SS GEALY, DR BREWSTER, BD FUERST, EP TI CROSS-RESISTANCE OF SEVERAL DICLOFOP-RESISTANT WILD OAT (AVENA-FATUA) BIOTYPES FROM THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY OF OREGON SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE AVEFA; ARYLOXYPHENOXYPROPRIONATE; CYCLOHEXANEDIONE; DOSE RESPONSE CURVES; HERBICIDE RESISTANCE; LOG-LOGISTIC MODEL ID ACETYL-COA CARBOXYLASE; HERBICIDE-RESISTANT AB The first occurrences of wild oat resistance to diclofop in the Willamette Valley of Oregon were reported in 1990. Among eight resistant biotypes, GR50 values for diclofop were 3 to 64 times greater than the GR50 for a susceptible wild oat biotype. GR50 Values for other aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides varied from 1 to over 100 times greater than a susceptible biotype. Only one resistant biotype was resistant to cyclohexanedione herbicides, and this was only a three-fold increase in GR50. Except for one biotype that had a low level of resistance to pronamide, none of the wild oat biotypes were cross-resistant to any other commonly used wild oat herbicide. Levels of resistance and cross-resistance did not follow a consistent pattern among biotypes in this study, suggesting more than one resistance trait. There were significant differences in the light use efficiency, height, dry weight, leaf area, and extent and timing of tillering and flowering of four wild oat biotypes studied. These physiological and morphological differences suggest that these resistant biotypes were selected independently. The diversity of resistance patterns and the coevolution of resistance at several locations will add to the difficulty of resistance management. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,PULLMAN,WA 99164. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP SEEFELDT, SS (reprint author), USDA ARS,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 28 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-SEP PY 1994 VL 42 IS 3 BP 430 EP 437 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA PD560 UT WOS:A1994PD56000017 ER PT J AU BURGARD, DJ DOWDY, RH KOSKINEN, WC CHENG, HH AF BURGARD, DJ DOWDY, RH KOSKINEN, WC CHENG, HH TI MOVEMENT OF METRIBUZIN IN A LOAMY SAND SOIL UNDER IRRIGATED POTATO PRODUCTION SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE SORPTION; LEACHING; DEGRADATION ID DEGRADATION; PERSISTENCE; ADSORPTION; HERBICIDES; ALACHLOR; ATRAZINE; MOBILITY; SURFACE; FATE AB Movement and persistence of the herbicide metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] was assessed following two annual applications to a loamy sand soil under irrigated potato production in east-central Minnesota. Russet Burbank potato (Solanum tuberosum) was grown in plots in 1989 and 1990. Metribuzin was applied prior to potato emergence at rates of 0.56 and 1.1 kg ha-1. Water samples were collected weekly from suction samplers 90 and 150 cm deep. Bromide tracer and water balance data confirmed the movement of water to a depth of 150 cm. Metribuzin was not detected in soil samples below 45 cm during either year. Metribuzin was detected (mean concentration, 0.6 mug L-1) during 1990 in 17 of 473 (3.6%) water samples collected at the 90- and 150-cm depths in 8 of 16 plots. Averaged across rates and years, time for 50% dissipation of metribuzin was 30 d. At the end of the cropping seasons, an average of 17% of initial soil metribuzin remained in the 0- to 45-cm soil layer. Surface soil (0 to 15 cm) metribuzin adsorption coefficients, K(d) and K(oc), were 1.7 and 120, respectively. Metribuzin appeared to remain in the surface 15 cm of soil where it then degrades. C1 USDA ARS,SOIL & WATER MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,ST PAUL,MN. RP BURGARD, DJ (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL SCI,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 30 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-SEP PY 1994 VL 42 IS 3 BP 446 EP 452 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA PD560 UT WOS:A1994PD56000019 ER PT J AU REDDY, KN LOCKE, MA AF REDDY, KN LOCKE, MA TI PREDICTION OF SOIL SORPTION (KOC) OF HERBICIDES USING SEMIEMPIRICAL MOLECULAR-PROPERTIES SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ADSORPTION; DIPOLE MOMENT; HYDROPHOBICITY; METABOLITE; MODEL; POLARIZABILITY; QSAR; VAN-DER-WAALS VOLUME ID WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; SOLVATION ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS; BIOCONCENTRATION FACTORS; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; LOG-P; TOPOLOGY; SOLUBILITIES; ADSORPTION; PESTICIDES; CHEMICALS AB Relationships between soil sorption normalized to organic carbon (K(oc)) and molecular properties of 71 herbicides were examined. The K(oc) values were obtained from the literature. Various molecular properties were calculated by quantum mechanical methods using molecular modeling software. The quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models based on four molecular properties, van der Waals volume (VDW(v)), molecular polarizability (alpha), dipole moment (mu), and energy of highest occupied molecular orbital (e(HOMO)), together accounted for 70 % of the variation in K(oc). Herbiddes were broadly divided into six families based on structural similarities, and separate equations were established for each group. The three descriptors, VDW(v), alpha, and mu, along with either energy of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (e(LUMO)), or electrophilic superdelocalizability (S(E)), or e(HOMO) appeared to be determinants and accounted for 82 to 99 % of the variation in K(oc). Applicability of these models was tested for one herbicide analogue and 10 metabolites. The QSAR models appear to be specific to structurally similar chemicals. The QSAR models could be developed to predict K(oc) of structurally similar compounds even before they are synthesized or for some of the metabolites of existing herbicides. Models of this type can also be developed to create priority lists for testing, so that time, money, and efforts can be focused on the potentially most hazardous chemicals. RP REDDY, KN (reprint author), USDA ARS,S WEED SCI LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 29 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-SEP PY 1994 VL 42 IS 3 BP 453 EP 461 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA PD560 UT WOS:A1994PD56000020 ER PT J AU ISENSEE, AR SADEGHI, AM AF ISENSEE, AR SADEGHI, AM TI EFFECTS OF TILLAGE AND RAINFALL ON ATRAZINE RESIDUE LEVELS IN SOIL SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE NO-TILL; CONVENTIONAL TILL; DEGRADATION; DISSIPATION; HALF-LIFE ID SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; NO-TILLAGE; MOVEMENT; WATER; PERSISTENCE; METRIBUZIN; MACROPORES; HERBICIDE; INTENSITY; TRANSPORT AB A field study was conducted in 1987 to 1991 to determine the effect of tillage and rainfall on distribution of atrazine in soil. Soil samples (10-cm increments to 50 cm) and crop residue samples were taken at regular intervals after application each year and analyzed for atrazine. Crop residue and living vegetation on no-till plots intercepted 60 to 70% of the applied atrazine; 3 to 16% of the atrazine remained in crop residue 1 to 2 wk later. The amount of atrazine recovered in soil, 1 to 2 wk posttreatment, ranged from 22 to 59 and 47 to 73% of the amount applied for no-till and conventional till, respectively. An average of 2.6 times more atrazine was recovered in the surface 10 cm of soil under conventional till than under no-till for all samplings and years. Total amounts of atrazine in the sampled profile (0- to 50-cm depth) were also generally lower under no-till than conventional till. More leaching below 10 cm occurred under no-till than conventional till, particularly in 1988 and 1990 when rain fell soon after application. Variation in soil atrazine levels among years was related to timing and amount of the first and subsequent rainfall after application. RP ISENSEE, AR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BLDG 050,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 19 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 2 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-SEP PY 1994 VL 42 IS 3 BP 462 EP 467 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA PD560 UT WOS:A1994PD56000021 ER PT J AU ALKHATIB, K GEALY, DR BOERBOOM, CM AF ALKHATIB, K GEALY, DR BOERBOOM, CM TI EFFECT OF THIFENSULFURON CONCENTRATION AND DROPLET SIZE ON PHYTOTOXICITY, ABSORPTION, AND TRANSLOCATION IN PEA (PISUM-SATIVUM) SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE DROPLET CONCENTRATION; HERBICIDE DRIFT ID GLYPHOSATE; HERBICIDES AB Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate phytotoxicity, absorption, and translocation of thifensulfuron when applied to pea at different rates, droplet sizes, and as dry particles. Thifensulfuron rates that reduced shoot dry weight by 25% were 0.46, 0.59, 0.98, and 1.21 g ai ha-1 for droplet diameters of 110, 155, 300, and 450 mum, respectively. The C-14-thifensulfuron absorption as percent of applied increased twofold, whereas translocation decreased 36 % as herbicide concentration increased from 18 to 146 mg L-1 in 980-mum droplets. Small droplets (50 mum) that dried to particles before contact with leaves did not damage pea plants. However, under dew conditions, dry particles damaged peas to a similar degree as liquid droplets. We concluded that small and concentrated droplets of thifensulfuron can damage peas more than large and diluted droplets as a result of increased herbicide absorption. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT MED,PULLMAN,WA 99164. USDA ARS,PULMAN,WA 99164. RP ALKHATIB, K (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,NW RES & EXT UNIT,MT VERNON,WA 98273, USA. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-SEP PY 1994 VL 42 IS 3 BP 482 EP 486 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA PD560 UT WOS:A1994PD56000024 ER PT J AU BOYETTE, CD ABBAS, HK AF BOYETTE, CD ABBAS, HK TI HOST-RANGE ALTERATION OF THE BIOHERBICIDAL FUNGUS ALTERNARIA-CRASSA WITH FRUIT PECTIN AND PLANT FILTRATES SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; MYCOHERBICIDE; HOST SELECTIVITY ALTERATION; DATST; SEBEX; SOLPT; CVTSP ID JIMSONWEED DATURA-STRAMONIUM; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; BIOCONTROL; EFFICACY AB In greenhouse tests, the host specificity of Alternaria crassa (Sacc.) Rands, a mycoherbicide for jimsonweed was altered by the addition of water-soluble filtrates of jimsonweed and hemp sesbania or fruit pectin to fungal conidia suspensions. Several crop and weed species that were resistant to the fungus alone exhibited various degrees of susceptibility following these amendments, with 100% mortality occurring to the weeds hemp sesbania, showy crotalaria, and eastern black nightshade when treated with the fungus/pectin mixture. Nonhost plants that were inoculated with conidial mixtures amended with sucrose or cellulose were not affected. Modification of host specificity of this pathogen could have an influence on its bioherbicidal potential. C1 USDA,S WEED SCI LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. NR 14 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-SEP PY 1994 VL 42 IS 3 BP 487 EP 491 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA PD560 UT WOS:A1994PD56000025 ER PT J AU GURUSIDDAIAH, S GEALY, DR KENNEDY, AC OGG, AG AF GURUSIDDAIAH, S GEALY, DR KENNEDY, AC OGG, AG TI ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF METABOLITES FROM PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS-D7 FOR CONTROL OF DOWNY BROME (BROMUS-TECTORUM) SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE BIOHERBICIDE; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; CHROMOPEPTIDE; GAEUMANNOMYCES-GRAMINIS; FATTY ACID; GERMINATION; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; PEPTIDE; RHIZOBACTERIA; UV FLUORESCENCE; BROTE ID PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ROOT-GROWTH; WHEAT; RHIZOBACTERIA; PHYTOTOXIN; ALDITOL; STRAIN AB Downy brome is a grassy weed that infests millions of acres of winter wheat in the Western United States and costs farmers millions of dollars in lost yields. It can not be controlled consistently using chemicals or cultural practices. Isolates of naturally occurring rhizobacteria have shown potential as biological control agents for downy brome. Centrifuged supernatant from aerobic shake cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain D7 suppressed germination of seeds and reduced root and shoot growth of downy brome in agar diffusion assays. The present article relates to the isolation and characterization of active compounds from strain D7. The active compounds were denatured and lost activity with commonly used techniques of extraction, concentration, and purification of microbial products. Two unusual techniques for isolation and partial purification of the active compounds from supernatant of strain D7 were developed. With one technique, supernatant was concentrated at 30 to 35 C under vacuum to 10% of the initial volume. Subsequently, the concentrate was chromatographed on sephadex gels to separate the active fraction. With the second technique, cell-free supernatant was frozen, with or without prior concentration, at -12 C for 12 to 24 h. The frozen supernatant was then thawed at 2 to 4 C, resulting in precipitation and crystallization of the active fraction. The active fraction isolated with either method inhibited downy brome. Inhibition was complete at concentrations as low as 1 mg total dry matter L-1 agar. Also, the active fraction inhibited the plant pathogenic fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. Chemical analysis of the active fraction complex revealed the presence of chromopeptides and other peptides, fatty acid esters, and a lipopolysaccharide matrix. Separation of any of the components from the complex resulted in nearly complete loss of activity against downy brome. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP GURUSIDDAIAH, S (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,CTR BIOANALYT,514 SCI HALL,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 44 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 14 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-SEP PY 1994 VL 42 IS 3 BP 492 EP 501 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA PD560 UT WOS:A1994PD56000026 ER PT J AU DONALD, WW AF DONALD, WW TI A METHOD OF VALIDATING THE TETRAZOLIUM ASSAY FOR TESTING VIABILITY OF DORMANT JOINTED GOATGRASS (AEGILOPS-CYLINDRICA) SEED SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE AFTERRIPENING; DORMANCY; GERMINATION; SURVIVAL; ETRAZOLIUM ASSAY; AEGCY ID GERMINATION; EMERGENCE; SURVIVAL AB Rapid biochemical tests developed for measuring viability of nondormant crop seed have been used for measuring dormant weed seed viability. The objective of this experiment was to propose and test a new method for validating one of these assays, the tetrazolium assay, for determining dormant weed seed viability. Subsamples of partially dormant jointed goatgrass seed from the same seed source were periodically subjected to sequential germination and tetrazolium assays as they afterripened until seed were completely nondormant. Changes in percent germinated, percent tetrazolium positive (presumably dormant), and percent tetrazolium negative (presumably dead) seed were graphed versus time, and compared with models of valid and invalid cases. The validation method showed that the tetrazolium assay accurately determined the viability of seed remaining after a 3-wk germination period for jointed goatgrass seed removed from joints at the start, but underestimated the viability for seed afterripened and germinated in joints. The validation method showed that additional research is needed to refine the tetrazolium assay for this latter purpose. C1 USDA ARS,BIOSCI RES LAB,FARGO,ND 58105. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-SEP PY 1994 VL 42 IS 3 BP 502 EP 508 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA PD560 UT WOS:A1994PD56000027 ER PT J AU WEBBER, CL AF WEBBER, CL TI KENAF (HIBISCUS-CANNABINUS L) RESPONSE TO 4 GRASS CONTROL HERBICIDES BROADCAST POSTEMERGENCE SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PHYTOTOXICITY; PLANT POPULATION; STALK HEIGHT; STALK YIELD; YIELD COMPONENTS AB The availability of postemergence grass control herbicides can prevent dependence on potentially unnecessary preemergence herbicides. No postemergence grass control herbicides have federal registration for kenaf in the United States. This research was conducted to collect data to support such registration. Clethodim, fluazifop, quizalofop, and sethoxydim applied at three rates did not injure established kenaf, reduce plant populations, reduce plant heights, or reduce stalk yields. Nomenclature: Clethodim, (E,E)-(+/-)-2-[1-[[(3-chloro-2-propenyl)oxy]imino]propl]-5-2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one; fluazifop, (+/-)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxyl]-propanoic acid; quizalofop, (+/-)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid; sethoxydim, 2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclo-hexen-1-one; kenaf, Hibiscus cannabinus L. RP WEBBER, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS,S CENT AGR RES LAB,POB 159,LANE,OK 74555, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JUL-SEP PY 1994 VL 8 IS 3 BP 457 EP 460 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA PJ720 UT WOS:A1994PJ72000007 ER PT J AU BOYETTE, CD AF BOYETTE, CD TI UNREFINED CORN-OIL IMPROVES THE MYCOHERBICIDAL ACTIVITY OF COLLETOTRICHUM-TRUNCATUM FOR HEMP SESBANIA (SESBANIA-EXALTATA) CONTROL SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BIOHERBICIDAL POTENTIAL; EMULSION; SEBEX; COLTRU AB In greenhouse experiments, unrefined corn oil was tested as an adjuvant with the mycoherbicidal fungus, Colletotrichum truncatum. A 1:1 (V/V) fungus/corn oil tank mixture extended by at least 70 h the period of time in which the fungus remains infective between inoculation and the onset of dew. This formulation also reduced the dew period requirements for optimal weed pathogenesis and mortality from 12 h to 2 h, and reduced the required spray volume by 100-fold, from 500 L/ha to 5 L/ha. These results suggests tht formulating C. truncatum in unrefined corn oil greatly improves the bioherbicidal potential of this pathogen. Nomeclature: Hemp sesbania, Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. ex. A. W. Hill #3 SEBEX; Colletotrichum truncatum (Schw.) Andrus and Moore. RP BOYETTE, CD (reprint author), USDA,S WEED SCI LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 0 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JUL-SEP PY 1994 VL 8 IS 3 BP 526 EP 529 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA PJ720 UT WOS:A1994PJ72000019 ER PT J AU FRANK, JR TWORKOSKI, TJ AF FRANK, JR TWORKOSKI, TJ TI RESPONSE OF CANADA THISTLE (CIRSIUM-ARVENSE) AND LEAFY SPURGE (EUPHORBIA-ESULA) CLONES TO CHLORSULFURON, CLOPYRALID, AND GLYPHOSATE SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CLONES; CIRAR; EPHES AB Response of clones of Canada thistle from North America and leafy spurge from North America and Eurasia to treatment with chlorsulfuron, clopyralid, and glyphosate was determined. Roots of Canada thistle plants from different locations responded differentially to injury from chlorsulfuron and clopyralid but not to glyphosate. Clones of Canada thistle varied significantly in response to all herbicide treatments. Roots of leafy spurge plants from different locations were differentially susceptible to injury from glyphosate. Clones of leafy spurge varied significantly for all responses to each herbicide. The differential effects of chlorsulfuron, glyphosate, and clopyralid on clones of Canada thistle and leafy spurge suggest that genetically-based differences may account for the failure of the herbicides to kill all plants within collection locations or between collection locations. Cross tolerance to the herbicides was not found in leafy spurge or Canada thistle. Nomenclature: Chlorsulfuron, 2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide; clopyralid, 3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid; glyphosate, N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine; Canada thistle, Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. #3 CIRAR; leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula L. #EPHES. RP FRANK, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,FT DETRICK,MD 21702, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JUL-SEP PY 1994 VL 8 IS 3 BP 565 EP 571 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA PJ720 UT WOS:A1994PJ72000026 ER PT J AU DEGROOT, RC AF DEGROOT, RC TI COMPARISON OF LABORATORY AND FIELD METHODS TO EVALUATE DURABILITY OF PRESERVATIVE-TREATED SHAKES SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE PRESERVATIVE; SHAKES; WOOD DECAY ID WOOD PRESERVATIVES AB Environmental concerns and life-cycle requirements of treated wood products require methods that define the minimum amount of preservative that will be needed to protect products in use. This study illustrates the relative merits of three methods that are used to evaluate the durability of treated wood shakes. Severity of challenge from decay fungi is greatest in laboratory soil jar methodology, next greatest is in field modules composed of stacked shakes, and least is in shakes exposed on small sections of roof decks in the field. Small sections of roof decks allow assessment of stability, color, and other weathering characteristics. Modules of stacked shakes allow opportunities to design field experiments to evaluate effectiveness of preservatives with a test unit that is conducive to decay. RP DEGROOT, RC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 26 IS 3 BP 306 EP 314 PG 9 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA NX634 UT WOS:A1994NX63400002 ER PT J AU PHELPS, JE WORKMAN, EC AF PHELPS, JE WORKMAN, EC TI VESSEL AREA STUDIES IN WHITE OAK (QUERCUS-ALBA L) SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE GROWTH-QUALITY RELATIONSHIPS; WOOD TEXTURE ID TISSUE PROPORTIONS; WOOD; RED AB White oak wood has a light blond color and a ring-porous character that make it appealing to consumers. Color and texture are two very important wood quality parameters in such woods. This study was done to examine factors that influence variation in the percentage of earlywood, latewood, and total growth ring vessel lumen areas. Attributes studied were age (radial distance from the pith), longitudinal position (stump and 8 1/2 ft height) in the tree, and thinning effects. The percentage of earlywood vessel area was influenced by radial position in the trees, but was not influenced by growth ring width. The percentage of latewood vessel area was significantly and negatively influenced by growth ring width. Thinning had no effect on percentage of earlywood vessel area, but it reduced the percentage of latewood vessel area and total growth ring vessel area. By reducing total growth ring vessel area, thinning had a negative impact on texture in these trees. C1 SO ILLINOIS UNIV,US FOREST SERV,FORESTRY SCI LAB,CARBONDALE,IL 62901. RP PHELPS, JE (reprint author), SO ILLINOIS UNIV,DEPT FORESTRY,CARBONDALE,IL 62901, USA. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 26 IS 3 BP 315 EP 322 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA NX634 UT WOS:A1994NX63400003 ER PT J AU ELLIS, WD AF ELLIS, WD TI MOISTURE SORPTION AND SWELLING OF WOOD POLYMER COMPOSITES SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE MONOMER; POLYMER; WOOD POLYMER COMPOSITES; MPALE; RED OAK; SOUTHERN PINE; DIMENSIONAL STABILITY; SWELLING; ACRYLATE; METHACRYLATE AB Changing moisture content in wood can result in dimensional changes that create problems in some circumstances. The swelling of wood by moisture is not reduced by treating the wood with monomers, resins, or polymers unless these substances penetrate the cell walls. In this study maple, red oak, and southern pine specimens were saturated with acrylic and methacrylic monomers in an effort to penetrate the cell walls with monomers. The volumes of the saturated specimens were measured after each of three soak cycles. The swelling resulting from soaking the specimens in monomers was measured. Soaking at 105 C in certain monomers resulted in a range of swelling from 2 to 21% depending on the specific monomer and species of wood. Other monomers generally did not penetrate the cell walls sufficiently to result in swelling of the wood. After the final soak period, a free radical initiator was added and the monomers were polymerized in the wood to make wood-polymer composites. The moisture content and volumetric swelling of the wood-polymer composites at 90% relative humidity were measured. The wood-polymer composites were swelled by moisture at a slower rate than was just wood, but many wood-polymer composites eventually swelled as much as did untreated wood. Some polymers were hygroscopic, which increased the moisture content and volumetric swelling of the wood-polymer composite specimens at 90% relative humidity. RP ELLIS, WD (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 10 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 26 IS 3 BP 333 EP 341 PG 9 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA NX634 UT WOS:A1994NX63400005 ER PT J AU CHEN, PYS SIMPSON, WT AF CHEN, PYS SIMPSON, WT TI WETTING AGENT AND ULTRASONIC CAVITATION EFFECTS ON DRYING CHARACTERISTICS OF 3 UNITED-STATES HARDWOODS SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE DRYING RATE; SHRINKAGE; CAVITATION; DETERGENT; EXTRACTIVES AB Newly formed outer sapwood in all trees is extremely permeable and therefore easy to dry. However, as sapwood becomes heartwood, extractives deposited in the cell lumens and on the pit membranes tend to block the flow of fluids in wood. As a result, drying rates of sapwood and heartwood differ greatly. This paper describes an evaluation of the combined effects of a wetting agent and ultrasonic cavitation on the drying characteristics of sugar maple, black walnut, and white oak. Soaking in a wetting agent for one week increased the subsequent drying rates of sugar maple and black walnut heartwood, but not white oak, around and below fiber saturation point (fsp). Ultrasonic cavitation did not increase the subsequent drying rate and shrinkage of sugar maple and white oak. Soaking in a wetting agent for one week increased thickness shrinkage of black walnut and white oak heartwood, and increased width shrinkage of sugar maple and white oak heartwood upon subsequent drying. C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. RP CHEN, PYS (reprint author), SIU,FORESTRY SCI LAB,USDA FOREST SERV,N CENTR FOREST EXPT STN,CARBONDALE,IL 62901, USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 26 IS 3 BP 438 EP 444 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA NX634 UT WOS:A1994NX63400015 ER PT J AU CHEN, GC AF CHEN, GC TI FUNGAL DECAY RESISTANCE OF WOOD IMPREGNATED WITH PARAHALOPHENYL PARATOLYL SULFONAMIDES SO WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We are investigating wood decay biocides that are both effective in protecting wood from decay and more environmentally compatible than other biocides. A series of halophenyl sulfonamides were synthesized and characterized by infrared and neuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Wood impregnated with these compounds was tested for resistance to decay as well as water leaching. Wood impregnated with para-iodophenyl or para-fluorophenyl para-tolyl sulfonamides resisted decay by brown- and white-rot fungi. For wood impregnated with para-iodophenyl para-tolyl sulfonamide, threshold retention with the brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum was 9.1 mmol/100 g solution for unleached blocks. For leached blocks, weight loss was very high (24.6%), which indicated that threshold retention will be substantially higher than 9.1 mmol/100 g solution. With the white-rot fungus Coriolus versicolor, threshold retentions were 2.9 and 5.6 mmol/100 g solution, respectively, for unleached and leached blocks. Leaching of the blocks treated with the iodo compound slightly decreased resistance to decay by C versicolor. For wood impregnated with para-fluorophenyl para-tolyl sulfonamide, threshold retentions with both G. trabeum and C versicolor were very dose to 9.0 and 9.2 mmol/100 g solution, respectively, for leached and unleached blocks. Leaching had a little effect on resistance to decay by both fungi. Wood impregnated with para-chlorophenyl or bromophenyl para-tolyl sulfonamide was ineffective in resisting decay by both fungi. RP CHEN, GC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0043-7719 J9 WOOD SCI TECHNOL JI Wood Sci. Technol. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 28 IS 5 BP 365 EP 370 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA NX666 UT WOS:A1994NX66600006 ER PT J AU ROWELL, RM CHEN, GC AF ROWELL, RM CHEN, GC TI EPICHLOROHYDRIN COUPLING REACTIONS WITH WOOD .1. REACTION WITH BIOLOGICALLY-ACTIVE ALCOHOLS SO WOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FUNGAL RESISTANCE; PINE; ISOCYANATES; METHYL AB Properties of wood can be improved by reacting chemicals with hydroxyl groups of wood cell wall polymers. To achieve this improvement in wood properties, bioactive compounds containing hydroxyl groups, such as pentachlorophenol, 3,5-dimethyl phenol, and 2-naphthol, can be reacted with epichlorohydrin to give corresponding glycidyl ethers. The new epoxide formed during this reaction can be used to bond bioactive compounds to wood. This bonding may result in improved wood properties. The objective of this study was to develop a simple procedure for synthesizing glycidyl ethers. The alcohol was reacted with epichlorohydrin and a catalyst and monitored by thin-layer chromatography. Shortwave ultraviolet light was used to detect spots. Resulting products were analyzed for carbon, hydrogen, and in one case, chlorine. Reaction of pentachlorophenol with epichlorohydrin formed only one enantiomeric glycidyl ether, whereas reaction of 3,5-dimethyl phenol with epichlorohydrin led to two enantiomeric glycidyl ethers in a 1 to 3 ratio. Reaction of 2-naphthol with epichlorohydrin also led to two enantoimeric glycidyl ethers in equal amounts. In future research, these glycidyl ethers will be reacted with wood, and their toxicity to wood-destroying fungi in bonded form will be determined, RP ROWELL, RM (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0043-7719 J9 WOOD SCI TECHNOL JI Wood Sci. Technol. PD JUL PY 1994 VL 28 IS 5 BP 371 EP 376 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA NX666 UT WOS:A1994NX66600007 ER PT J AU HARRIS, T ROUBENOFF, R KIEL, D LANGLOIS, J HAVLIK, R WILSON, P AF HARRIS, T ROUBENOFF, R KIEL, D LANGLOIS, J HAVLIK, R WILSON, P TI DIAGNOSIS OF GROWTH-HORMONE DEFICIENCY IN ADULTS SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. HEBREW REHABIL CTR AGED,BOSTON,MA. FRAMINGHAM HEART DIS EPIDEMIOL STUDY,FRAMINGHAM,MA. RP HARRIS, T (reprint author), NIA,EPIDEMIOL DEMOG & BIOMETRY PROGRAM,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA. OI Kiel, Douglas/0000-0001-8474-0310 NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JUN 25 PY 1994 VL 343 IS 8913 BP 1646 EP 1646 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA NU354 UT WOS:A1994NU35400062 PM 7911955 ER PT J AU FIATARONE, MA ONEILL, EF RYAN, ND CLEMENTS, KM SOLARES, GR NELSON, ME ROBERTS, SB KEHAYIAS, JJ LIPSITZ, LA EVANS, WJ AF FIATARONE, MA ONEILL, EF RYAN, ND CLEMENTS, KM SOLARES, GR NELSON, ME ROBERTS, SB KEHAYIAS, JJ LIPSITZ, LA EVANS, WJ TI EXERCISE TRAINING AND NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTATION FOR PHYSICAL FRAILTY LN VERY ELDERLY PEOPLE SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID BODY-COMPOSITION; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; NURSING-HOME; STRENGTH; MEN; MORPHOLOGY; SPEED; WOMEN; AGE; OLD AB Background. Although disuse of skeletal muscle and undernutrition are often cited as potentially reversible causes of frailty in elderly people, the efficacy of interventions targeted specifically at these deficits has not been carefully studied. Methods. We conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled trial comparing progressive resistance exercise training, multinutrient supplementation, both interventions, and neither in 100 frail nursing home residents over a 10-week period. Results. The mean (+/-SE) age of the 63 women and 37 men enrolled in the study was 87.1+/-0.6 years (range, 72 to 98); 94 percent of the subjects completed the study. Muscle strength increased by 113+/-8 percent in the subjects who underwent exercise training, as compared with 3+/-9 percent in the nonexercising subjects (P<0.001). Gait velocity increased by 11.8+/-3.8 percent in the exercisers but declined by 1.0+/-3.8 percent in the nonexercisers (P = 0.02). Stair-climbing power also improved in the exercisers as compared with the nonexercisers (by 28.4+/-6.6 percent vs. 3.6+/-6.7 percent, P = 0.01), as did the level of spontaneous physical activity. Cross-sectional thigh-muscle area increased by 2.7+/-1.8 percent in the exercisers but declined by 1.8+/-2.0 percent in the nonexercisers (P = 0.11). The nutritional supplement had no effect on any primary outcome measure. Total energy intake was significantly increased only in the exercising subjects who also received nutritional supplementation. Conclusions. High-intensity resistance exercise training is a feasible and effective means of Counteracting muscle weakness and physical frailty in very elderly people. in contrast, multinutrient supplementation without concomitant exercise does not reduce muscle weakness or physical frailty. C1 HEBREW REHABIL CTR AGED,ROSLINDALE,MA. HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DIV AGING,BOSTON,MA 02115. BETH ISRAEL HOSP,DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA 02215. BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,DIV GERONTOL,BOSTON,MA 02115. TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,DEPT RADIAT ONCOL,DIV MED PHYS,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP FIATARONE, MA (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,DEPT AGR,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AGO4390, UO1 AG09078] NR 40 TC 1496 Z9 1521 U1 9 U2 99 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JUN 23 PY 1994 VL 330 IS 25 BP 1769 EP 1775 DI 10.1056/NEJM199406233302501 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA NR295 UT WOS:A1994NR29500001 PM 8190152 ER PT J AU WILLIAMS, DF PORTER, SD AF WILLIAMS, DF PORTER, SD TI FIRE ANT CONTROL SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter RP WILLIAMS, DF (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 1 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUN 17 PY 1994 VL 264 IS 5166 BP 1653 EP 1653 DI 10.1126/science.264.5166.1653 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA NR600 UT WOS:A1994NR60000007 PM 17839893 ER PT J AU SWENSON, SL HILL, HT ZIMMERMAN, JJ EVANS, LE LANDGRAF, JG WILLS, RW SANDERSON, TP MCGINLEY, MJ BREVIK, AK CISZEWSKI, DK FREY, ML AF SWENSON, SL HILL, HT ZIMMERMAN, JJ EVANS, LE LANDGRAF, JG WILLS, RW SANDERSON, TP MCGINLEY, MJ BREVIK, AK CISZEWSKI, DK FREY, ML TI EXCRETION OF PORCINE REPRODUCTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYNDROME VIRUS IN SEMEN AFTER EXPERIMENTALLY-INDUCED INFECTION IN BOARS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE PORCINE SPECIES; PORCINE REPRODUCTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYNDROME VIRUS; REPRODUCTION; SEMEN ID EQUINE ARTERITIS VIRUS; EARED PIG-DISEASE; TRANSMISSION; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; STALLION AB Four boars intranasally inoculated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus were monitored for 56 days after exposure for changes in semen characteristics and for the presence of virus in the semen. Clinically, 2 of 4 boars had mild respiratory signs of 1 day's duration after infection. Changes in appetite, behavior, or libido were not detected. All boars seroconverted on the indirect fluorescent antibody and serum virus neutralization tests by day 14 after inoculation. Virus was isolated from serum between days 7 and 14 after inoculation. During the monitoring period, semen volume decreased and pH correspondingly increased; however, this change began 7 to 10 days prior to infection. Differences in sperm morphologic features, concentration, or motility between the preinfection and postinfection samples were not observed. The PRRS vines was detected in semen at the first collection in each of the 4 boars (ie, 3 or 5 days after challenge exposure). Virus was detected in nearly all semen samples collected from the 4 infected boars through days 13, 25, 27, and 43, respectively. Neither gross nor microscopic lesions attributable to PRRS virus were observed in tissues collected at the termination of the experiment (day 56), and virus isolation results from reproductive tissues were negative. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET CLIN SCI,AMES,IA 50011. MILES INC,SHAWNEE MISSION,KS 66201. USDA,VET SERV,NATL VET SERV LABS,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,DIAGNOST VIROL LAB,AMES,IA 50010. RP SWENSON, SL (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,COLL VET MED,VET DIAGNOST LAB,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 48 TC 108 Z9 112 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 15 PY 1994 VL 204 IS 12 BP 1943 EP 1948 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA NR017 UT WOS:A1994NR01700025 PM 8077142 ER PT J AU HUNTER, L SMITH, CG MACCORMACK, JN AF HUNTER, L SMITH, CG MACCORMACK, JN TI BRUCELLOSIS OUTBREAK AT A PORK PROCESSING PLANT - NORTH-CAROLINA, 1992 (REPRINTED FROM MMWR, VOL 43, PG 113-116, 1994) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. CDC,NIOSH,HAZARD EVALUAT & TECH ASSISTANCE BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA. RP HUNTER, L (reprint author), N CAROLINA DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH & NAT RESOURCES,RALEIGH,NC 27611, USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 8 PY 1994 VL 271 IS 22 BP 1734 EP 1735 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA NN725 UT WOS:A1994NN72500006 ER PT J AU HATFIELD, JL AF HATFIELD, JL TI FUTURE-NEEDS IN AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY - BASIC AND APPLIED-RESEARCH SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article AB Natural resource management and concerns about the quality of the water and air have provided a direct challenge for science to improve our understanding of the environment and the interactions between the practices of man and environmental quality. Challenges in agricultural meteorology research will be directed toward solving environmental and ecological problems, and will contribute toward improving production efficiency. To accomplish this challenge will require both fundamental research directed toward understanding the linkages among the soil-plant-atmosphere components and problem-oriented research to societal issues. There will be a changing paradigm from single investigator projects to an interdisciplinary, integrated research program. Linkage between research and policy decisions will be a major factor in determining the products of the research program. The research needs of several federal, state and private agencies stress the need for improved understanding of the soil-plant-atmosphere complex, and future agricultural meteorology research should be well-positioned to address these needs. RP HATFIELD, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,2150 PAMMEL DR,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 69 IS 1-2 BP 39 EP 45 DI 10.1016/0168-1923(94)90079-5 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA NT158 UT WOS:A1994NT15800005 ER PT J AU MEEK, DW HATFIELD, JL AF MEEK, DW HATFIELD, JL TI DATA QUALITY CHECKING FOR SINGLE STATION METEOROLOGICAL DATABASES SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article AB In the past decade individual and networks of automated meteorological stations have been installed throughout the United States and many other countries. For a variety of reasons, the data collected are being archived in databases; however, quality control/quality assurance procedures, when employed, vary greatly. As a start to possible standardization, screening rules for hourly and daily data values are proposed for quality checking micrometeorological data from individual base stations that record solar irradiance (SI), precipitation (P), barometric pressure (P(b)), vapor pressure (e), wind speed (u2), wind direction (theta2), air temperature (T(a)), and three soil temperatures (T(s0), T(s1), and T(s2)). Three types of screening rules are considered: (1) high/low range limits (LIM), (2) rate-of-change limits (ROC), (3) continuous no-observed-change with time limits (NOC). Daily data from historical meteorological records for Ames, IA (30 years) and Treynor, IA (26 years) were available for developing climatic based dynamic data screening rules. Otherwise, instrument specifications and theoretical models were used to develop screening rules for the remaining measurements. Hourly and daily data from well maintained, automated weather stations at Walnut Creek, IA (9 months) and Treynor, IA (1 year) were used to evaluate and refine the screening rules. Daily data are not flagged often. The most common flag, on either time-scale, was on vapor pressure when its value exceeded the 95% relative humidity calibration limit of the sensor. Hourly SI often exceeded a computed extraterrestrial radiation value, particularly at sunset. Rule 1 (LIM) is mainly invoked via observations outside the sensor ranges; rule 2 (ROC) flags abrupt changes; rule 3 (NOC) flags unusually steady periods in the data stream. When used as part of a total field operation and data processing system, these rules improve the data quality and may help with data exploration. RP MEEK, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,2150 PAMMEL DR,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 18 TC 100 Z9 103 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 69 IS 1-2 BP 85 EP 109 DI 10.1016/0168-1923(94)90083-3 PG 25 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA NT158 UT WOS:A1994NT15800009 ER PT J AU SHAFFER, MJ WYLIE, BK FOLLETT, RF BARTLING, PNS AF SHAFFER, MJ WYLIE, BK FOLLETT, RF BARTLING, PNS TI USING CLIMATE WEATHER DATA WITH THE NLEAP MODEL TO MANAGE SOIL-NITROGEN SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article AB Local climate/weather conditions can have profound effects on soil fertility management and leaching of nitrates. The application of simulation models together with appropriate climate and soil databases provides a mechanism to evaluate current and alternative management options and identify techniques that will minimize nitrate leaching. The Nitrate Leaching and Economic Analysis Package (NLEAP) model and databases were applied in the form of sensitivity analyses to rainfed climate conditions found in the midwest and to irrigated agriculture in the semiarid Great Plains. Model results supported with field validation data illustrate the importance of local climate/weather patterns on nitrogen management and nitrate leaching amounts and distributions. Site-specific management strategies appear to be necessary for optimal fertility management and control of nitrate leaching. Results obtained from short term transient and long term steady state runs with the NLEAP model illustrate how the model can be used in conjunction with appropriate climate databases as an aid to management decisions regarding control of nitrate nitrogen leaching. RP SHAFFER, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,POB E,301 S HOWES,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. RI Wylie, Bruce/H-3182-2014 OI Wylie, Bruce/0000-0002-7374-1083 NR 9 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 69 IS 1-2 BP 111 EP 123 DI 10.1016/0168-1923(94)90084-1 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA NT158 UT WOS:A1994NT15800010 ER PT J AU FRANSON, RL HAMEL, C SMITH, DL BETHLENFALVAY, GJ AF FRANSON, RL HAMEL, C SMITH, DL BETHLENFALVAY, GJ TI BELOWGROUND INTERACTIONS BETWEEN A SEEDLING SOYBEAN AND PREESTABLISHED SOYBEAN PLANT WITH AND WITHOUT MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI .1. PLANT BIOMASS, ROOT-GROWTH, AND MYCORRHIZAL COLONIZATION SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAS; MICROORGANISMS; ESTABLISHMENT; NUTRITION; SOIL AB Nurse-seedling relationships mediated below-ground are not well-known. Seedlings of a non-nodulating isoline of soybean were planted alone or with a 19 day old pre-established nodulating soybean as partner, with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi Glomus mosseae or control inoculum, and with one of four levels of below-ground barrier in the middle of the pot (no barrier, a 20 mu m screen, a 1 mu m screen, or a solid barrier). This study asked how a stressed soybean seedling interacts below-ground with an older non-stressed soybean with and without VAM fungi, in terms of plant biomass, root growth and VAM colonization. Plants were grown for 53 days in a greenhouse with the seedlings on the north side of each pot, shaded by above-ground barriers in the middle of each pot. Non-nodulating soybeans grew best when growing alone with no below-ground barrier in the pot, least with a nodulated pre-established soybean as partner and intermediate when the pot was split in half by a solid barrier. Screen barrier treatments produced intermediate biomass values between the values for no barrier and solid barrier treatments. Biomass results were consistent with a model of resource competition with the larger established nodulated soybean being the superior competitor. Percent VAM colonization was highest in the seedlings when the plants were grown together. In spite of this result, VAM fungi did not change the competitive relations between the two plants. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 49 IS 2 BP 131 EP 138 DI 10.1016/0167-8809(94)90003-5 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NU599 UT WOS:A1994NU59900003 ER PT J AU MCGREGOR, SE AF MCGREGOR, SE TI POLLINATION AGREEMENTS AND SERVICES SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article RP MCGREGOR, SE (reprint author), USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 134 IS 6 BP 413 EP 417 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NP314 UT WOS:A1994NP31400022 ER PT J AU HUNT, JR GALLAGHER, SK JOHNSON, LK AF HUNT, JR GALLAGHER, SK JOHNSON, LK TI EFFECT OF ASCORBIC-ACID ON APPARENT IRON-ABSORPTION BY WOMEN WITH LOW IRON STORES SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE IRON BIOAVAILABILITY; ABSORPTION; ASCORBIC ACID; FERRITIN; THYROID HORMONES ID SUPPLEMENTATION AB The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on apparent iron absorption was tested in women with low iron stores. For 10 wk, 25 healthy nonpregnant women, aged 20-45 y with low serum ferritin (3.5-17.7 mu g/L), consumed either a diet with predicted poorly bioavailable iron or a typical Western diet, classified according to dietary meat and ascorbic acid contents. Meals were supplemented with ascorbic acid (500 mg, three times a day) for 5 of the 10 wk, in a double-blind, crossover design. Ascorbic acid did not affect most biochemical indexes of iron status, the biological half-life of Fe-59, or apparent iron absorption (diet - feces) from either diet, but slightly increased serum ferritin (11.9 vs 10.7 mu g/L, P < 0.06) when data from both diets were combined. These results support other evidence that ascorbic acid has less effect on iron bioavailability than has been predicted from tests with single meals. RP HUNT, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,POB 9034,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 24 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 59 IS 6 BP 1381 EP 1385 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA NP044 UT WOS:A1994NP04400020 PM 8198064 ER PT J AU BITMAN, J KAHL, S WOOD, DL LEFCOURT, AM AF BITMAN, J KAHL, S WOOD, DL LEFCOURT, AM TI CIRCADIAN AND ULTRADIAN RHYTHMS OF PLASMA THYROID-HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS IN LACTATING DAIRY-COWS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE THYROXINE; TRIIODOTHYRONINE; BOVINE ID MILK-PRODUCTION; THYROXINE; BLOOD; TRIIODOTHYRONINE; TEMPERATURE; RATS; THYROTROPIN; METABOLITE; CORTISOL; SERUM AB Circadian and ultradian rhythms of thyroxine and triiodothyronine were analyzed by radioimmunoassay on integrated 15-min blood samples collected for 48 h from six lactating dairy cows. Body temperatures were recorded every 1.4 min using radiotelemetry. The cows were housed in an environmental chamber at 19.0 +/- 0.5 degrees C (lights on between 0700 and 2300 h), fed daily at 0900 h, and milked at 0800 and 2000 h. Mean concentrations of plasma triiodothyronine and thyroxine exhibited similar circadian rhythms with minima (0500-1300 h) and maxima (1700-0200 h) separated by 12 h. Triiodothyronine peaked 2 h before thyroxine. The thyroxine circadian rhythm preceded a circadian body temperature rhythm by 2 h. Superimposed on the circadian rhythm was an ultradian rhythm with a 90-min period that was 15-20% of the mean thyroid hormone concentrations. Peak thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations were 50 +/- 2 and 1.58 +/- 0.17 ng/ml, and minimal concentrations were 42 +/- 2 and 0.94 +/- 0.17 ng/ml, respectively. Our data indicate that peripheral triiodothyronine is regulated independently of peripheral thyroxine concentration. C1 UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT ANIM SCI, COLL PK, MD 20742 USA. RP BITMAN, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI, MILK SECRETION & MASTITIS LAB, MSML BLDG 173, BARC E, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 37 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0002-9513 J9 AM J PHYSIOL JI Am. J. Physiol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 266 IS 6 BP R1797 EP R1803 PN 2 PG 7 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA NV810 UT WOS:A1994NV81000064 ER PT J AU EBNER, S SCHOKNECHT, P REEDS, P BURRIN, D AF EBNER, S SCHOKNECHT, P REEDS, P BURRIN, D TI GROWTH AND METABOLISM OF GASTROINTESTINAL AND SKELETAL-MUSCLE TISSUES IN PROTEIN-MALNOURISHED NEONATAL PIGS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INSULIN; AMINO ACIDS; BLOOD FLOW ID DIETARY-PROTEIN; FASTED LAMBS; IGF-I; MOLECULAR REGULATION; ENERGY-METABOLISM; BINDING-PROTEINS; BODY-COMPOSITION; AMINO-ACIDS; RAT-LIVER; INSULIN AB Our objective was to, determine whether neonates adapt to protein malnutrition by preserving the relative growth and metabolism of gastrointestinal tissue at the expense of skeletal muscle. We measured gastrointestinal, liver, and carcass tissue masses and blood flow, oxygen consumption, and net glucose and amino acid fluxes in vivo of the portal-drained visceral tissues (PDV) in neonatal pigs fed isocaloric diets containing either 30% protein [control (C)] or 15% [low protein (LP)] for 14 days. Relative protein mass and fasting blood flow and oxygen consumption of PDV tissue in either group were not different. Relative protein mass; of liver and carcass was lower in LP pigs. Net essential amino acid absorption; and insulin concentration after feeding were lower in LP pigs. Results demonstrate that protein malnutrition in neonatal pigs differentially altered rates of tissue growth, such that the proportion of body protein partitioned into gastrointestinal tissue was preserved, while that of skeletal muscle was reduced. Chronic reduction in amino acid absorption in protein-malnourished pigs resulted in a reduced insulin response to feeding, which presumably limited substrate availability and the anabolic stimulus for skeletal muscle protein accretion. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,HOUSTON,TX 77030. BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,HOUSTON,TX 77030. INRA,RECH PORCINES STN,F-35590 HERMITAGE,FRANCE. NR 30 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0002-9513 J9 AM J PHYSIOL JI Am. J. Physiol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 266 IS 6 BP R1736 EP R1743 PN 2 PG 8 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA NV810 UT WOS:A1994NV81000055 ER PT J AU SALGAR, SK PAAPE, MJ ALSTONMILLS, B AF SALGAR, SK PAAPE, MJ ALSTONMILLS, B TI ISOLATION AND PARTIAL POLYPEPTIDE CHARACTERIZATION OF BOVINE NEUTROPHIL PLASMA-MEMBRANES SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PROTEINS; LEUKOCYTES; SECRETIONS; PERIOD AB The neutrophil plasma membrane has a major role in migration, phagocytosis, and destruction of microorganisms. Neutrophils isolated from blood and mammary secretions were homogenized, and the plasma membrane fraction was isolated on discontinuous sucrose gradient (20, 32, and 50%). Purity of plasma membrane preparation was determined by use of marker enzyme analysis, Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the membrane proteins was performed under reducing conditions for polypeptide characterization. The membrane proteins were also labeled with I-125 externally, using 1,3,4,6-tetrachloro-3 alpha-6 alpha-diphenylgly-couril, and proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and autoradiographed. Compared with whole cell homogenate, the plasma membrane fraction obtained at the 20/32% interface was enriched for the marker enzymes, 5'nucleotidase (16-fold), alkaline phosphatase (5.5-fold), and total phosphatase (26-fold). The membrane fraction had minimal specific activity for beta-glucuronidase (0.4-fold), compared with whole cell homogenate. Plasma membrane protein yield was about 500 mu g/ 10(9) bovine blood neutrophils. The SDS-PAGE of plasma membrane proteins revealed 25 protein bands, of which 13 were major bands. There were 3 distinct bands (18, 36, and 65 kd) in the plasma membrane-enriched fraction (20/32 interface) that were not seen in other fractions (30/50% and pellet). Further, I-125-labeling identified 5 distinct protein bands (205, 140, 65, 35, and 30 kd). Flood and mammary neutrophils had similar polypeptide patterns, except that 36- and 65-kd bands were more prominent for blood neutrophils than for mammary neutrophils. C1 USDA ARS, MILK SECRET & MASTITIS LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT ANIM SCI, COLL PK, MD 20742 USA. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, DEPT ANIM SCI, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 EI 1943-5681 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 55 IS 6 BP 803 EP 809 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA NN775 UT WOS:A1994NN77500011 PM 7944018 ER PT J AU DUBEY, JP BRISCOE, N GAMBLE, R ZARLENGA, D HUMPHREYS, JG THULLIEZ, P AF DUBEY, JP BRISCOE, N GAMBLE, R ZARLENGA, D HUMPHREYS, JG THULLIEZ, P TI CHARACTERIZATION OF TOXOPLASMA AND TRICHINELLA ISOLATES FROM MUSCLES OF BLACK BEARS IN PENNSYLVANIA SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID URSUS-AMERICANUS; TRICHINOSIS; PREVALENCE; SPIRALIS AB During the hunting season of 1992, 322 black bears from Pennsylvania were examined for Toxoplasma gondii- and Trichinella spp-induced infections. Toxoplasma gondii antibodies were found in 73.8% of 322 bears-titer < 1:25 in 65 (20.2%), 1:25 in 18 (5.6%), 1:50 in 11 (34.5%) and 1:500 in 128 (38.7%) bears-by use of the modified agglutination test. Muscle tissues from 89 of these bears were bioassayed for T gondii parasites. Muscles from 64 bears, including heart from 1 bear, and heart alone from another bear, were digested in pepsin, and the digested samples were bioassayed in mice. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from 5 bears; from the heart of 1, heart and skeletal muscles of 1, and skeletal muscles of 3. The T gondii antibody titers for the 5 bears with detectable T gondii were: greater than or equal to 1:25 in all 5 bears by use of the modified agglutination test; < 1:10 (3 bears, considered Toxoplasma-negative), 1:20 and 1:320 by use of the Sabin-Feldman dye test; < 1:64 (3 bears, considered Toxoplasma-negative), 1:128, 1:512 by use of the indirect hemagglutination test, and < 1:16 (2 bears, considered Toxoplasma-negative), 1:32, 1:64, and 1:512 by use of the latex agglutination test. Toxoplasma gondii was not isolated from feces of 5 cats fed muscles from the remaining 25 bears with T gondii antibody titer < 1:25. Tissue cysts of the 4 T gondii isolates from bears were rendered noninfective by freezing at - 13 C. Antibodies against Trichinella spp were found in 6 (1.8%) of 313 bear sera; Trichinella spp larvae were detected in muscle digests of 2 of 63 bears, and in histologic sections of muscles from 3 of 162 bears. Genetic typing indicated that the 2 Trichinella isolates from bears were a sylvatic genotype and were not the species found in domestic pigs. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,LPSI,HELMINTH DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,LPSI,BIOSYSTEMAT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. INDIANA UNIV PENN,DEPT BIOL,INDIANA,PA 15705. INST PUERICULTURE,F-75014 PARIS,FRANCE. RP DUBEY, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,LPSI,ZOONOT DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 13 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 55 IS 6 BP 815 EP 819 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA NN775 UT WOS:A1994NN77500013 PM 7944020 ER PT J AU MATHERNE, CM SATTERFIELD, WC GASPARINI, A TONETTI, M ASTROFF, AB SCHMIDT, RD ROWE, LD DELOACH, JR AF MATHERNE, CM SATTERFIELD, WC GASPARINI, A TONETTI, M ASTROFF, AB SCHMIDT, RD ROWE, LD DELOACH, JR TI CLINICAL EFFICACY AND TOXICITY OF DOXORUBICIN ENCAPSULATED IN GLUTARALDEHYDE-TREATED ERYTHROCYTES ADMINISTERED TO DOGS WITH LYMPHOSARCOMA SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CARRIER ERYTHROCYTES; CANINE LYMPHOMA; DELIVERY SYSTEM; ADRIAMYCIN; LIVER; CARDIOTOXICITY AB Doxorubicin was encapsulated in canine erythrocytes, treated with 0.32% glutaraldehyde, and administered at a dosage equivalent to 30 mg of free doxorubicin/m(2) of body surface area to dogs with diagnosis of lymphosarcoma. Compared with administration of free doxorubicin, this method of drug delivery substantially reduced peak plasma concentration and prolonged higher plasma concentration of doxorubicin. As such, this method was comparable to continuous rv infusion. Previous studies have indicated this method's potential for reduction in toxic side effects, particularly cardiotoxicosis, while allowing higher total doses of: doxorubicin to be administered. In this study, doxorubicin encapsulated in glutaraldehyde-treated erythrocytes induced a triphasic exponential decay of doxorubicin from plasma, the highest relative contribution to the total area of the curve being the terminal phase. The treatment was effective in inducing complete and partial remissions of lymphosarcoma, with minimal acute toxicosis and no evidence of cardiotoxicosis. However, substantial, unanticipated, chronic, nonregenerative myelosuppression developed, and was most strikingly expressed as profound thrombocytopenia. Efforts to ameliorate or circumvent this toxic effect will be required prior to further consideration of this doxorubicin delivery system for treatment of systemic neoplasia. C1 UNIV TEXAS,MD ANDERSON CANC CTR,DEPT VET RESOURCES,BASTROP,TX 78602. UNIV GENOA,INST BIOL CHEM,GENOA,ITALY. USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. OI TONETTI, MICHELA/0000-0002-8829-7173 FU NCI NIH HHS [NCI CA 16672] NR 34 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 55 IS 6 BP 847 EP 853 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA NN775 UT WOS:A1994NN77500020 PM 7944027 ER PT J AU CORSINI, DL PAVEK, JJ MARTIN, MW BROWN, CR AF CORSINI, DL PAVEK, JJ MARTIN, MW BROWN, CR TI POTATO GERMPLASM WITH COMBINED RESISTANCE TO LEAFROLL VIRUS AND VIRUS-X AND VIRUS-Y SO AMERICAN POTATO JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE SOLANUM TUBEROSUM AB Potato germplasm with high levels of combined resistance to potato viruses X, Y, and leafroll was identified and used to produce improved parental clones with similarly high levels of resistance. Resistance was determined from the amount of tuber infection following inoculation of plants in the field. Parental germplasm with the best multiple resistance came from two backgrounds, either Solanum tuberosum group Andigena derived from the Cornell University neo-tuberosum program, or from complex hybrids of S. tuberosum and wild solanums that were produced by the Max Planck Institute and the Polish Institute for Potato Research, Two Aberdeen, ID selections, A85519-6 and A85530-10, with gp. Andigena ancestry, have had no tuber-borne infection of PVX, PVY, or PLRV during four years of intensive field testing. We have not been successful in combining virus S resistance with resistance to the other viruses. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,PROSSER,WA 99350. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,CTR IRRIGATED AGR RES & EXTENS CTR,PROSSER,WA 99350. RP CORSINI, DL (reprint author), UNIV IDAHO,USDA ARS,CTR RES & EXTENS,ABERDEEN,ID 83210, USA. NR 14 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU POTATO ASSN AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE 114 DEERING HALL, ORONO, ME 04469 SN 0003-0589 J9 AM POTATO J JI Am. Potato J. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 71 IS 6 BP 377 EP 385 DI 10.1007/BF02849399 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NU709 UT WOS:A1994NU70900001 ER PT J AU WILLIS, RB MONTGOMERY, ME AF WILLIS, RB MONTGOMERY, ME TI MEASUREMENT OF AMORPHOUS FERRIC PHOSPHATE AS AN ASSESSMENT OF IRON BIOAVAILABILITY SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID AVAILABILITY AB A method for measuring amorphous ferric phosphate in complex salt mixtures and animal diets is described. The procedure uses citrate solutions for extraction of salt mixtures and tartrate solution for extraction of prepared diets. Tron in the solution is then determined colorimetrically. Crystalline ferric phosphate, which has no iron bioavailability, is not extracted by either solution. Thus, the procedure can determine if the amorphous form, which has a high iron bioavailability, is present. The procedure was tested on gypsy moth artificial diet and Wesson salt mixture, which is a salt supplement of the diet. RP WILLIS, RB (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NE CTR FOREST HLTH RES,51 MILL POND RD,HAMDEN,CT 06514, USA. NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JUN 1 PY 1994 VL 66 IS 11 BP 1832 EP 1836 DI 10.1021/ac00083a009 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA NP020 UT WOS:A1994NP02000011 PM 8030789 ER PT J AU KAPPES, SM BISHOP, MD KEELE, JW PENEDO, MCT HINES, HC GROSZ, MD HAWKINS, GA STONE, RT SUNDEN, SLF BEATTIE, CW AF KAPPES, SM BISHOP, MD KEELE, JW PENEDO, MCT HINES, HC GROSZ, MD HAWKINS, GA STONE, RT SUNDEN, SLF BEATTIE, CW TI LINKAGE OF BOVINE ERYTHROCYTE ANTIGEN LOCI-B, LOCI-C, LOCI-L, LOCI-S, LOCI-Z, LOCI-R' AND LOCI-T' AND THE SERUM-PROTEIN LOCI POST-TRANSFERRIN-2 (PTF-2), VITAMIN-D-BINDING PROTEIN (GC) AND ALBUMIN (ALB) TO DNA MICROSATELLITE MARKERS SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article ID HSP70 GENES; 2 PAIRS; CATTLE; CONSERVATION; LOCALIZATION; CHROMOSOMES; SYNTENY; SYSTEM AB Seven bovine erythrocyte antigen loci and three serum protein loci were tentatively assigned to chromosomes or synteny groups by linkage analysis to previously assigned microsatellite DNA markers. The erythrocyte antigen locus EAB was mapped to synteny group U27; EAC to chromosome 18, synteny group U9; EAL to chromosome 3, synteny group U6; EAS to chromosome 21, synteny group U4; EAZ to chromosome 10, synteny group U5; EAR' to chromosome 16, synteny group U1; and EAT' to chromosome 19, synteny group U21. The vitamin D binding protein (GC) and albumin (ALB) loci were assigned to chromosome 6, synteny group U15 and post-transferrin 2 (PTF 2) to chromosome 19, synteny group U21. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,SCH VET MED,VET GENET LAB,DAVIS,CA 95616. OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT DAIRY SCI,CATTLE BLOOD TYPING LAB,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. RP KAPPES, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 49 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 25 IS 3 BP 133 EP 140 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA NZ834 UT WOS:A1994NZ83400002 PM 7943946 ER PT J AU GROSZ, MD SKOW, LC STONE, RT AF GROSZ, MD SKOW, LC STONE, RT TI AN ALUI POLYMORPHISM AT THE BOVINE 70 KD HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN-1 (HSP70-1) LOCUS SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Note ID CATTLE; GENES C1 USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT VET ANAT & PUBL HLTH,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. NR 3 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 25 IS 3 BP 196 EP 196 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA NZ834 UT WOS:A1994NZ83400014 PM 7943958 ER PT J AU JOHNSON, EL EMCHE, SD AF JOHNSON, EL EMCHE, SD TI VARIATION OF ALKALOID CONTENT IN ERYTHROXYLUM-COCA LEAVES FROM LEAF BUD TO LEAF DROP SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE COCAINE; METHYL ECGONINE; HYGIENE; TROPINONE; TRANS-CINNAMOYLCOCAINE; CIS-CINNAMOYLCOCAINE; CUZCO-HYGRINE; TROPACOCAINE; LEAF BUD; ROLLED LEAVES; EXPANDED LEAVES; EXPANDED LEAVES; ALKALOIDS; PATTERNS; FLUCTUATION; ERYTHROXYLUM COCA VAR COCA; E-COCA ID CINNAMOYLCOCAINE; NOVOGRANATENSE; BIOSYNTHESIS RP JOHNSON, EL (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR W,WEED SCI LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 20 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 73 IS 6 BP 645 EP 650 DI 10.1006/anbo.1994.1081 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NT742 UT WOS:A1994NT74200011 ER PT J AU URI, ND AF URI, ND TI CLEAN CHEAP HEAT - THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESIDENTIAL MARKETS FOR NATURAL-GAS IN THE UNITED-STATES - HERBERT,JH SO ANNALS OF REGIONAL SCIENCE LA English DT Book Review RP URI, ND (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0570-1864 J9 ANN REGIONAL SCI JI Ann. Reg. Sci. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 28 IS 2 BP 231 EP 232 PG 2 WC Environmental Studies; Geography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography GA NV045 UT WOS:A1994NV04500007 ER PT J AU LOPER, JE LINDOW, SE AF LOPER, JE LINDOW, SE TI A BIOLOGICAL SENSOR FOR IRON AVAILABLE TO BACTERIA IN THEIR HABITATS ON PLANT-SURFACES SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLUORESCENT PIGMENT PRODUCTION; ICE NUCLEATION ACTIVITY; SYRINGAE PV SYRINGAE; PSEUDOMONAS-SYRINGAE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GENETIC-ANALYSIS; SIDEROPHORES; TRANSPORT; CLONING; GROWTH AB A sensor responsive to iron was constructed by fusing a promoterless ice nucleation activity gene (inaZ) to an iron-regulated promoter of a genomic region involved in pyoverdine (fluorescent siderophore) (pvd) production in Pseudomonas syringae. Cells of Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. syringae that contained the pvd-inaZ fusion expressed iron-responsive ice nucleation activity in the bean rhizosphere and phyllosphere, respectively, and in culture. Addition of Fe(III) to leaves or soil reduced the apparent transcription of the pvd-inaZ reporter gene, as shown by a reduction in the number of ice nuclei produced, indicating that Fe(III) was primarily responsible for mediating transcription of the pvd-inaZ gene even in natural environments. A Pseudomonas sp. strain having an intact iceC gene, which conferred Fe-insensitive expression of ice nucleation activity, was included in all studies to account for small strain- or environment-dependent differences in the ability of bacterial cells to produce ice nuclei. Thus, a comparison of the ice nucleation activity conferred by pvd-inaZ with the activity conferred by iceC revealed the bioavailability of iron in culture or natural habitats. The relative ice nucleation activities expressed by strains containing iceC or pvd-inaZ indicated that, while not abundant, Fe(III) is not present at extremely low concentrations at all microsites colonized by bacteria on plant surfaces. Biological sensors that are constructed by fusing inaZ to chemically responsive promoters provide a novel way to characterize chemical constituents of microbial habitats. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP LOPER, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,3420 NW ORCHARD AVE,CORVALLIS,OR 97330, USA. NR 55 TC 103 Z9 111 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 60 IS 6 BP 1934 EP 1941 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA NN765 UT WOS:A1994NN76500033 PM 16349283 ER PT J AU COOK, GM RUSSELL, JB AF COOK, GM RUSSELL, JB TI ENERGY-SPILLING REACTIONS OF STREPTOCOCCUS-BOVIS AND RESISTANCE OF ITS MEMBRANE TO PROTON CONDUCTANCE SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROWTH YIELDS; CONTINUOUS CULTURE; RUMINAL BACTERIUM; MOTIVE FORCE; PHOSPHORYLATION; TRANSPORT; ATP; MAINTENANCE; EFFICIENCY; GRADIENT AB Glucose-excess cultures of Streptococcus bovis consumed glucose faster than the amount that could be explained by growth or maintenance, and nongrowing chloramphenicol-treated cells had a rate of glucose consumption that was 10-fold greater than the maintenance rate. Because N,N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, an inhibitor of the membrane-bound F1F0 ATPase, eliminated the nongrowth energy dissipation (energy spilling) without a decrease in ATP and the rate of energy spilling could be increased by the protonophore 3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide, it appeared that a futile cycle of protons through the cell membrane was responsible for most of the energy spilling. When the rate of energy spilling was decreased gradually with iodoacetate, there was only a small decrease in the phosphorylation potential (Delta G'p) and the theoretical estimate of H+ per ATP decreased from 4.2 to 3.6. On the bases of this ratio of H+ to ATP and the rate of ATP production, the flux of protons (amperage) across the cell membrane was directly proportional to the rate of energy spilling. Amperage values estimated from Delta G'p were, however, nearly twice as great as values which were estimated from the heat production (Delta H) of the cells [amperage = (0.38 x wattage)/Delta p]. The last comparison indicated that only a fraction of the Delta G of ATP hydrolysis was harvested by the F1F0 ATPase to pump protons. Both estimates of amperage indicated that the resistance of the cell membrane to proton conductance was inversely proportional to the log of the energy-spilling rate. C1 CORNELL UNIV,MICROBIOL SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853. USDA ARS,ITHACA,NY 14853. RI Cook, Gregory/E-5665-2011 NR 32 TC 52 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 60 IS 6 BP 1942 EP 1948 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA NN765 UT WOS:A1994NN76500034 PM 8031089 ER PT J AU MOEN, MA HAMMEL, KE AF MOEN, MA HAMMEL, KE TI LIPID-PEROXIDATION BY THE MANGANESE PEROXIDASE OF PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM IS THE BASIS FOR PHENANTHRENE OXIDATION BY THE INTACT FUNGUS SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CREOSOTE-CONTAMINATED SOIL; FATTY-ACID HYDROPEROXIDES; LIGNIN PEROXIDASE; HORSERADISH-PEROXIDASE; BASIDIOMYCETE; DEGRADATION; 7,8-DIHYDROXY-7,8-DIHYDROBENZOPYRENE; LOCALIZATION; EPOXIDATION; ACTIVATION AB The manganese peroxidase (MnP) of Phanerochaete chrysosporium supported Mn(II)-dependent, H2O2 independent lipid peroxidation, as shown by two findings: linolenic acid was peroxidized to give products that reacted with thiobarbituric acid, and linoleic acid was peroxidized to give hexanal. MnP also supported the slow oxidation of phenanthrene to 2,2'-diphenic acid in a reaction that required Mn(II), oxygen, and unsaturated lipids. Phenanthrene oxidation to diphenic acid by intact cultures of P. chrysosporium occurred to the same extent that oxidation in vitro did and was stimulated by Mn. These results support a role for MnP-mediated lipid peroxidation in phenanthrene oxidation by P. chrysosporium. C1 USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,INST MICROBIAL & BIOCHEM TECHNOL,MADISON,WI 53705. RI Hammel, Kenneth/G-1890-2011 OI Hammel, Kenneth/0000-0002-2935-5847 NR 40 TC 136 Z9 139 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 60 IS 6 BP 1956 EP 1961 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA NN765 UT WOS:A1994NN76500036 PM 16349285 ER PT J AU BRIGGS, RE TATUM, FM CASEY, TA FRANK, GH AF BRIGGS, RE TATUM, FM CASEY, TA FRANK, GH TI CHARACTERIZATION OF A RESTRICTION-ENDONUCLEASE, PHAI, FROM PASTEURELLA-HAEMOLYTICA SEROTYPE A1 AND PROTECTION OF HETEROLOGOUS DNA BY A CLONED PHAI METHYLTRANSFERASE GENE SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI K-12; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; LEUKOTOXIN GENE; EXPRESSION; CLONING; ENZYMES; CONSTRUCTION; SECRETION; PLASMID AB Pasteurella haemolytica is the leading cause of economic loss to the beef cattle industry in the United States and an important etiologic agent worldwide. Study of P. haemolytica is hindered by researchers' inability to genetically manipulate the organism. A new restriction endonuclease, PhaI, an isoschizomer of SfaNI (R. J. Roberts, Methods Enzymol. 65:19-36, 1980), was isolated from P. haemolytica serotype 1, strain NADC-D60, obtained from pneumonic bovine lung. PhaI recognizes the 5-base nonpalindromic sequences 5'-GCATC-3' and 5'-GATGC-3'. Cleavage occurs 5 bases 3' from the former recognition site and 9 bases 5' from the latter recognition site. A gene encoding a methyltransferase which protects against PhaI cleavage was cloned from P. haemolytica NADC-D60 into Escherichia coli. Whereas unmethylated plasmid DNA containing a P. haemolytica origin of replication was unable to transform P. haemolytica when introduced by electroporation, the same plasmid DNA obtained from E. coli which contained a cloned PhaI methyltransferase gene could do so. The data indicate that PhaI is an effective barrier to the introduction and establishment of exogenous DNA in P. haemolytica. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,BRUCELLOSIS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,PHYSIOPATHOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. RP BRIGGS, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,RESP DIS RES UNIT,2300 DAYTON AVE,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 26 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 60 IS 6 BP 2006 EP 2010 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA NN765 UT WOS:A1994NN76500044 PM 8031094 ER PT J AU TATUM, FM BRIGGS, RE HALLING, SM AF TATUM, FM BRIGGS, RE HALLING, SM TI MOLECULAR GENE CLONING AND NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCING AND CONSTRUCTION OF AN AROA MUTANT OF PASTEURELLA-HAEMOLYTICA SEROTYPE A1 SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID YERSINIA-ENTEROCOLITICA; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; BORDETELLA-PERTUSSIS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SERC; ELECTROPORATION; TRANSFORMATION; VACCINES; OPERON; INVIVO AB The aroA gene of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A1 was cloned by complementation of the aroA mutation in Escherichia coli K-12 strain AB2829. The nucleotide sequence of a 2.2-kb fragment encoding aroA predicted an open reading frame product 434 amino acids long that shows homology to other bacterial AroA proteins. Several strategies to inactivate aroA were unsuccessful. Gene replacement was finally achieved by constructing a replacement plasmid with aroA inactivated by insertion of a P. haemolytica ampicillin resistance fragment into a unique NdeI site in aroA. A hybrid plasmid was constructed by joining the aroA replacement plasmid with a 4.2-kb P. haemolytica plasmid which encodes streptomycin resistance. Following PhaI methylation, the replacement plasmid was introduced by electroporation into P. haemolytica NADC-D60, a plasmidless strain of serotype IA. Allelic exchange between the replacement plasmid and the chromosome of P. haemolytica gave rise to an ampicillin-resistant mutant which grew on chemically defined P. haemolytica medium supplemented with aromatic amino acids but failed to grow on the same medium lacking tryptophan. Southern blot analysis confirmed that aroA of the mutant was inactivated and that the mutant was without a plasmid. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,PASTEURELLOSIS RES GRP,AMES,IA 50010. RP TATUM, FM (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,BRUCELLOSIS RES GRP,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 60 IS 6 BP 2011 EP 2016 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA NN765 UT WOS:A1994NN76500045 PM 8031095 ER PT J AU BURKHEAD, KD SCHISLER, DA SLININGER, PJ AF BURKHEAD, KD SCHISLER, DA SLININGER, PJ TI PYRROLNITRIN PRODUCTION BY BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL AGENT PSEUDOMONAS-CEPACIA B37W IN CULTURE AND IN COLONIZED WOUNDS OF POTATOES SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COTTON SEEDLINGS; BLUE MOLD; GRAY MOLD; PYTHIUM; ANTIBIOTICS; FLUORESCENS; SUPPRESSION; BIOCONTROL; BACTERIUM; MAYDIS AB Bacterial strain B37w (= NRRL B-14858), an isolate noteworthy because it inhibits the growth of the bioherbicide fungus Colletotrichum truncatum, was selected for further studies of bacterial antifungal properties. This isolate was identified as a Pseudomonas cepacia strain by performing carbohydrate utilization and fatty acid profile analyses, as well as other biochemical and physiological tests. Petri plate assays revealed that strain B37w exhibited antifungal activity against the potato dry rot fungus Fusarium sambucinum. Using bioautography, we correlated antifungal activity with production of a specific compound. Isolation from strain B37w and identification of the antifungal antibiotic pyrrolnitrin are described. A whole-potato assay revealed B37w's ability to colonize potato wounds. Wounded potatoes were inoculated with B37w, and pyrrolnitrin was detected in these potatoes by thin-layer chromatography-bioautography at a concentration on the order of nanograms per wound. We performed an assay in which we examined efficacy against F. sambucinum-incited potato dry rot and found that B37w inhibited disease development. This is the first report of P. cepacia or pyrrolnitrin activity against the economically important potato pathogen F. sambucinum. RP BURKHEAD, KD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 41 TC 70 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 60 IS 6 BP 2031 EP 2039 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA NN765 UT WOS:A1994NN76500048 PM 16349289 ER PT J AU PFEFFER, PE BECARD, G ROLIN, DB UKNALIS, J COOKE, P TU, SI AF PFEFFER, PE BECARD, G ROLIN, DB UKNALIS, J COOKE, P TU, SI TI IN-VIVO NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE STUDY OF THE OSMOREGULATION OF PHOSPHOCHOLINE-SUBSTITUTED BETA-1,31,6 CYCLIC GLUCAN AND ITS ASSOCIATED CARBON METABOLISM IN BRADYRHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM USDA-110 SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MEMBRANE-DERIVED OLIGOSACCHARIDES; RHIZOBIUM-MELILOTI 1021; BIOVAR TRIFOLII TA-1; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS; BETA-(1->2) GLUCAN; OSMOTIC REGULATION; PERIPLASMIC SPACE; NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; SOYBEAN NODULES AB A phosphocholine-substituted beta-1,3;1,6 cyclic glucan (PCCG), an unusual cyclic oligosaccharide, has been isolated from Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110 (D. B. Rolin, P. E. Pfeffer, S. F. Osman, B. S. Swergold, F. Kappler, and A. J. Benesi, Biochim, Biophys. Acta 1116:215-225, 1992). Data presented here suggest that PCCG synthesis is dependent on the carbon metabolism and that osmotic regulation of its biosynthesis parallels regulation of membrane-derived oligosaccharide biosynthesis observed in Escherichia cell (E. P. Kennedy, M. K Rumley, H. Schulman, and L. M. G. van Golde, J. Biol. Chem. 251:4208-4213, 1976) and Agrobacterium tumefaciens (G. A. Cangelosi, G. Martinetti, and E. W. Nester, J. Bacteriol. 172:2172-2174, 1990). Growth of B. japonicum USDA 110 cells in the reference medium at relatively low osmotic pressures (LO) (65 mosmol/kg of H2O) caused a large accumulation of PCCG and unsubstituted beta-1,3;1,6 cyclic glucans (CG). Sucrose and polyethylene glycol, nonionic osmotica, reduce all growth rates and inhibit almost completely the production of PCCG at high osmotic pressures (HO) above 650 and 400 mosmol/kg of H2O), respectively. We used in vivo C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to identify the active osmolytes implicated in the osmoregulation process. The level of alpha,alpha-trehalose in B. japonicum cells grown in autoclaved or filter-sterilized solutions remained constant in HO (0.3 M sucrose or 250 g of polyethylene glycol 6000 per liter) medium. Significant amounts of glycogen and extracellular polysaccharides were produced only when glucose was present in the autoclaved HO 0.3 M sucrose media. The results of hypo- and hyperosmotic shocking of B. japonicum USDA 110 cells were monitored by using in vivo P-31 and C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The first observed osmoregulatory response of glycogen-containing cells undergoing hypoosmotic shock was release of P-i into the medium. Within 7 h, reabsorption of P-i was complete and production of PCCG was initiated. After 12 h, the PCCG content had increased by a factor of 7. Following the same treatment, cells containing little or no glycogen released trehalose and failed to produce PCCG. Thus the production of PCCG/CG in response to hypoosmotic shocking of stationary-phase cells was found to be directly linked to the interconversion of stored glycogen. Hyperosmotic shocking of LO-grown stationary-phase cells with sucrose had no effect on the content of previously synthesized CG/PCCG. The PCCG/CG content and its osmotically induced biosynthesis are discussed in terms of carbon metabolism and a possible role in hypoosmotic adaptation in B. japonicum USDA 110. C1 UNIV RENNES 1,BIOL VEGETALE LAB,CNRS,URA 696,F-35042 RENNES,FRANCE. RP PFEFFER, PE (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 53 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 60 IS 6 BP 2137 EP 2146 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA NN765 UT WOS:A1994NN76500062 PM 8031100 ER PT J AU WELLS, JE RUSSELL, JB AF WELLS, JE RUSSELL, JB TI THE ENDOGENOUS METABOLISM OF FIBROBACTER-SUCCINOGENES AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CELLOBIOSE TRANSPORT, VIABILITY AND CELLULOSE DIGESTION SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BACTEROIDES-SUCCINOGENES; RUMEN BACTERIA; RUMINOCOCCUS-FLAVEFACIENS; NUTRIENT STARVATION; SUBSP SUCCINOGENES; RUMINAL BACTERIUM; DEGRADATION; GLYCOGEN; ADHESION; PROBES AB Fibrobacter succinogenes S85 digested ballmilled cellulose at a rapid rate (0.10 h(-1)), but there was a long lag time if the culture was not transferred daily. When F. succinogenes was starved for 100h, a large fraction of the cells (>30%) still bound to cellulose, but the lag time was 150 h. The lag time was similar for either cellulose- or cellobiose-grown inocula, and lag times were highly correlated (r(2) = 0.91) with a decrease in viable cell number. The number of viable cells declined from 10(8) to 10(6) in the first 30h of starvation, and by 72h the viable cell number was less than 10(3)/ml. Cells growing exponentially on cellobiose had a large pool of polysaccharide, and continuous culture experiments indicated that polysaccharide accumulation was not significantly influenced by the growth rate of the culture (approximately 0.7 mg polysaccharide mg(-1) protein). When the cellobiose was depleted, cellular polysaccharide decreased at a first order rate of 0.09 h(-1) The rate of endogenous metabolism was initially 0.08mg polysaccharide mg(-1) protein h(-1), and there was little decline in viability until the rate of endogenous metabolism was less than 0.01mg polysaccharide mg(-1) protein h(-1). When the rate was less than 0.01 mg polysaccharide mg(-1) protein h(-1), the cells could not maintain a sodium gradient, transport cellobiose or grow. The endogenous metabolic rate needed for cell survival was 20 fold less than the maintenance energy of cells growing in continuous culture (0.01 versus 0.232 mg carbohydrate mg(-1) protein h(-1)). C1 CORNELL UNIV,MICROBIOL SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853. USDA ARS,ITHACA,NY 14853. NR 36 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 41 IS 4 BP 471 EP 476 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA NR636 UT WOS:A1994NR63600017 ER PT J AU HORN, BA QIU, JJ OWEN, NL FEIST, WC AF HORN, BA QIU, JJ OWEN, NL FEIST, WC TI FT-IR STUDIES OF WEATHERING EFFECTS IN WESTERN REDCEDAR AND SOUTHERN PINE SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE FT-IR; WESTERN REDCEDAR; SOUTHERN PINE; DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE; WOOD WEATHERING; DEPTH PROFILE ID WOOD; SOFTWOODS; SURFACES; LIGHT AB Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy has been used to monitor the changes in functional groups on the surface of two woods (western redcedar and southern pine) when they are subjected to a range of artificial weathering conditions. The effects of light only, water only, and light plus water have been studied for a variety of exposure times. The changes in the chemical composition of the wood caused by light plus water is considerably greater than that caused by light only, whereas water alone causes no permanent chemical changes. The effects of some of these weathering conditions have been investigated for wood protected by varnish, for earlywood and latewood and for tangentially, radially, and cross-sectionally cut wood samples. The application of two coats of varnish was found to considerably reduce the weathering effects caused by UV radiation; earlywood undergoes light-only degradation faster than late wood; and the effect of weathering was found to be greatest for cross-sectional cut samples and least for radially cut samples. The weathering profile with depth of penetration has been studied in some detail for western redcedar, and our results show that, after 300 h of continual artificial weathering, the chemical changes are confined to the first 200 mum. C1 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV,DEPT CHEM,PROVO,UT 84602. FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 18 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA PO BOX 1438, FREDERICK, MD 21701 SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 48 IS 6 BP 662 EP 668 DI 10.1366/000370294774369072 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA NW363 UT WOS:A1994NW36300004 ER PT J AU SPENCER, DF ANDERSON, LWJ KSANDER, GG AF SPENCER, DF ANDERSON, LWJ KSANDER, GG TI FIELD AND GREENHOUSE INVESTIGATIONS ON WINTER BUD PRODUCTION BY POTAMOGETON-GRAMINEUS L SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article ID DIOECIOUS HYDRILLA-VERTICILLATA; TEMPERATURE; GROWTH; PHOTOPERIOD; RESPONSES AB Potamogeton gramineus L. winter buds were present in the Byrnes Canal in northern California from August through October. Density (number m-2) of winter buds increased during this period and was inversely related to photoperiod. Density varied from year to year (1985-1991) and maximum average density of 761 m-2 was recorded in 1986. In greenhouse experiments, winter buds were present on plants after 8-10 weeks of growth at a 10 h photoperiod, but not at a 14 h photoperiod. Plants grown at a 10 h photoperiod but with the dark period interrupted with either 20 or 60 min of dim light at 13 muM m-2 s-1 did not produce winter buds. Similar plants grown at a 10 h photoperiod with no interruption of the dark period produced winter buds. Plants grown with interruption of the dark period displayed dry matter allocation patterns similar to plants grown at a 16 h photoperiod. This information confirms earlier reports with other species about the importance of photoperiod for initiating vegetative propagule formation, and will improve capabilities for predicting vegetative reproduction by rooted aquatic plants. RP SPENCER, DF (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,USDA ARS,AQUAT WEED CONTROL RES LAB,PLANT BIOL SECT,ROBBINS HALL,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3770 J9 AQUAT BOT JI Aquat. Bot. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 48 IS 3-4 BP 285 EP 295 DI 10.1016/0304-3770(94)90021-3 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA PH138 UT WOS:A1994PH13800007 ER PT J AU MATA, P ORDOVAS, JM LOPEZMIRANDA, J LICHTENSTEIN, AH CLEVIDENCE, B JUDD, JT SCHAEFER, EJ AF MATA, P ORDOVAS, JM LOPEZMIRANDA, J LICHTENSTEIN, AH CLEVIDENCE, B JUDD, JT SCHAEFER, EJ TI APOA-IV PHENOTYPE AFFECTS DIET-INDUCED PLASMA LDL CHOLESTEROL-LOWERING SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS AND THROMBOSIS LA English DT Article DE APOLIPOPROTEIN A-IV; GENETIC POLYMORPHISM; DIET; LOW-FAT DIETS; LDL ID APOLIPOPROTEIN-A-IV; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; GENETIC-POLYMORPHISM; LIPOPROTEIN LEVELS; POPULATION-GENETICS; QUANTITATIVE TRAITS; MOLECULAR-BASIS; LIFE-STYLE; FAT; LIPIDS AB The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) recommends that dietary total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intake be reduced to less than or equal to 30% of calories, <10% of calories, and <300 mg/d, respectively (step 1 diet), in the general population to reduce plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and heart disease risk. We examined the LDL-C-lowering response to such a diet (26% fat, 8% saturated fat, and 201 mg/d cholesterol) compared with an average American diet (39% fat, 15% saturated fat, and 435 mg cholesterol/d) in 153 subjects using diet periods of 4 through 24 weeks for each diet phase. The mean LDL-C reduction was 13% in men (n=93) and 7% in postmenopausal women (n=60). The effect of apolipoprotein (ape) A-IV phenotype on responsiveness was examined. LDL-C lowering in men was significantly (P<.005) less (7%) for 17 apoA-IV (1/2) subjects than for 76 apoA-IV (1/1) subjects (16%). In women, 7% lowering was observed in both 12 apoA-IV (1/2) subjects and 48 apoA-IV (1/1) subjects. ApoA-IV phenotype had a significant effect on plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels during both dietary periods; women carrying the apoA-IV-2 allele had higher levels than those homozygous for the apoA-IV-1 allele. The opposite was true for triglyceride levels, but only during the period when the subjects consumed the high-fat, high-cholesterol diet. These data indicated that apoA-IV phenotype modulates the LDL-C-lowering response to a diet meeting NCEP step 1 criteria in men and that high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels are affected by this locus in women. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,LIPID NUTR LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-39326] NR 66 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 1049-8834 J9 ARTERIOSCLER THROMB JI Arterioscler. Thromb. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 14 IS 6 BP 884 EP 891 PG 8 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA NQ536 UT WOS:A1994NQ53600005 PM 8199178 ER PT J AU SADRZADEH, SMH NANJI, AA MEYDANI, M AF SADRZADEH, SMH NANJI, AA MEYDANI, M TI EFFECT OF CHRONIC ETHANOL FEEDING ON PLASMA AND LIVER ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL AND GAMMA-TOCOPHEROL LEVELS IN NORMAL AND VITAMIN-E-DEFICIENT RATS - RELATIONSHIP TO LIPID-PEROXIDATION SO BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ETHANOL; VITAMIN-E; VITAMIN-E-DEFICIENT RATS; LIVER ID DIETARY-FAT; INJURY; ACID AB The effects of chronic ethanol intake on the levels of alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in serum and liver of both vitamin E-deficient and normal rats were studied. An intragastric feeding rat model was used. Both normal and vitamin E-deficient animals were fed a liquid diet and ethanol for 1 month. In pair-fed animals, dextrose was isocalorically replaced by ethanol. The blood ethanol level in the ethanol-fed animals was between 150 and 250 mg/dL. Liver peroxidation was determined by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was increased by 3-fold in vitamin E-deficient ethanol-fed rats compared with normal ethanol-fed rats. Plasma alpha- and gamma-tocopherol were decreased in the normal ethanol-fed rats by 22.3 and 65%, respectively (P < 0.01). Liver alpha- and gamma-tocopherol were also decreased by 51.7 and 76%, respectively (P < 0.01). Vitamin E-deficient animals had significantly lower mean plasma alpha-tocopherol (5670 vs 530 ng/mL, P < 0.01), and ethanol feeding did not decrease the levels any further. However, ethanol feeding decreased liver alpha- and gamma-tocopherol by 58.5 and 56.5% (P < 0.01), respectively, beyond the already low levels observed in this group. There was an inverse correlation between liver TBARS and liver alpha-tocopherol (r = - 0.59, P < 0.05) and gamma-tocopherol (r = - 0.65, P < 0.02). Also of significance is that ethanol feeding decreased the plasma and liver gamma-tocopherol more than the alpha-tocopherol in both normal and vitamin E-deficient animals. In conclusion, ethanol feeding markedly decreased both alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in livers of normal and vitamin E-deficient rats, but it only decreased plasma levels of tocopherols in normal rats. The higher ALT in vitamin E-deficient animals and the inverse correlation between TBARS and alpha- and gamma-tocopherol suggest that enhanced lipid peroxidation is associated with greater severity of liver injury induced by ethanol in vitamin E-deficient rats. C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02215. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,ANTIOXIDANT RES LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP SADRZADEH, SMH (reprint author), NEW ENGLAND DEACONESS HOSP,DEPT PATHOL,M323,185 PILGRIM RD,BOSTON,MA 02215, USA. NR 18 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0006-2952 J9 BIOCHEM PHARMACOL JI Biochem. Pharmacol. PD JUN 1 PY 1994 VL 47 IS 11 BP 2005 EP 2010 DI 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90075-2 PG 6 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA NR730 UT WOS:A1994NR73000010 PM 8010985 ER PT J AU ROTH, SK LINDROTH, RL MONTGOMERY, ME AF ROTH, SK LINDROTH, RL MONTGOMERY, ME TI EFFECTS OF FOLIAR PHENOLICS AND ASCORBIC-ACID ON PERFORMANCE OF THE GYPSY-MOTH (LYMANTRIA-DISPAR) SO BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ASCORBIC ACID; FEEDING TRIALS; NUTRITIONAL INDEXES; PHENOLICS; LYMANTRIA DISPAR; LYMANTRIIDAE ID LEPIDOPTERA; TREES; FOOD; OXIDATION; FECUNDITY; RESPONSES; INSECTS; QUALITY; GROWTH; AGE AB We investigated the potential for interactive effects between foliar ascorbic acid and phenolics on performance of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar). In our first study, feeding bioassays with neonate larvae and fourth instars were used to examine larval performance on five host species in relation to concentrations of ascorbic acid and phenolics. in a second study, we supplemented leaves with ascorbic acid and phenolics to assess bath direct and interactive effects on fourth instars. Results revealed that gypsy moth performances (e.g. growth, development rates) varied significantly across host species and in relation to phenolic compounds in aspen. Ascorbic acid, however, neither directly nor indirectly (via interaction with phenolics) influenced larval performance. C1 US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPTL STN,HAMDEN,CT 06514. RP ROTH, SK (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT ENTOMOL,1630 LINDEN DR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. RI Lindroth, Richard/A-8538-2009 OI Lindroth, Richard/0000-0003-4587-7255 NR 35 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0305-1978 J9 BIOCHEM SYST ECOL JI Biochem. Syst. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 22 IS 4 BP 341 EP 351 DI 10.1016/0305-1978(94)90025-6 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA PJ793 UT WOS:A1994PJ79300002 ER PT J AU RAMADAN, MM WONG, TTY MCINNIS, DO AF RAMADAN, MM WONG, TTY MCINNIS, DO TI REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY OF BIOSTERES-ARISANUS (SONAN), AN EGG LARVAL PARASITOID OF THE ORIENTAL FRUIT-FLY SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE BRACONIDAE; BIOSTERES-ARISANUS (SONAN); BACTROCERA-DORSALIS (HENDEL); PARASITOID PROGENY PRODUCTION; SEX RATIO; EXPOSURE PERIODS; HOST PUPARIA SIZE ID CERATITIS-CAPITATA DIPTERA; FLIES DIPTERA; BENZYL ISOTHIOCYANATE; TRYONI HYMENOPTERA; SEX-RATIO; KULA AREA; TEPHRITIDAE; BRACONIDAE; COLLECTION; HAWAII AB Biosteres arisanus (Sonan) is an internal egg-larval parasitoid candidate for biological control programs directed against several fruit fly pests of the family Tephritidae. To facilitate development of mass production methods, basic biological data pertaining to the reproductive activity of B. arisanus were collected. Daily progeny production for the cohort-age interval 6-20 days was found to be optimum, and a discard age of 21 days is recommended. The overall mean progeny production per day (50.4 +/- 4.2 parasitoids) was doubled to 105.4 +/- 23.2 when parasitoids were increased from 50 to 100 females/cage. In parasitoid cages of 200 females, mean progeny production per day peaked at 297.1 +/- 43.8 parasitoids at age interval 6-10 days. Mean progeny yield/cage was 1309, 2433, and 3401 parasitoids when the initial cohort density was 50, 100, and 200 females, respectively. An oviposition exposure period of 6 h was optimum to minimize rates of host mortality or superparasitism. Unparasitized host puparia of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) from parasitoid exposure cages can be efficiently separated by the size of host puparia. Up to 99.5% of the total B. arisanus emerged from pupal size class 1 (maximum width = 1.7 mm, maximum length = 4.1 mm) to size class 4 (maximum width = 2.1 mm, maximum length = 4.9 mm). Most of the unparasitized adult flies (80.6%) emerged from pupal sizes larger than size class 4. Furthermore, 97.6% of B. arisanus that emerged from size class 1 were males. Percentages of male parasitoid progeny declined significantly as the host puparial size increased (almost-equal-to 3% females emerged from class 4 and 5 puparia). (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 USDA ARS,TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE RES LAB,HONOLULU,HI 96804. NR 34 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUN PY 1994 VL 4 IS 2 BP 93 EP 100 DI 10.1006/bcon.1994.1016 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA NN895 UT WOS:A1994NN89500001 ER PT J AU WACKERS, FL LEWIS, WJ AF WACKERS, FL LEWIS, WJ TI OLFACTORY AND VISUAL LEARNING AND THEIR COMBINED INFLUENCE ON HOST SITE LOCATION BY THE PARASITOID MICROPLITIS-CROCEIPES (CRESSON) SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE MICROPLITIS-CROCEIPES; HELICOVERPA-ZEA; PARASITOID; OLFACTORY LEARNING; VISUAL LEARNING; MULTISENSORY CONDITIONING; LEARNING HIERARCHY ID AIRBORNE SEMIOCHEMICALS; CAMPOLETIS-SONORENSIS; FLIGHT BEHAVIOR; LEAF DAMAGE; HYMENOPTERA; BRACONIDAE; LEPIDOPTERA; HELIOTHIS; ICHNEUMONIDAE; PREFERENCES AB The host foraging behavior of the larval parasitoid Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was studied in response to various assemblages of hosts and associated cues distributed over a patch of cotton plants located in a flight chamber. Females of the parasitoid developed a preference for stimuli experienced during host encounters. To study odor learning, frass from Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), feeding on either of two different parts of the cotton plant, was offered as volatile stimuli. During training sessions only one of the frass odors was associated with the host. Subsequent choice evaluations revealed that parasitoids preferred whichever frass odor had been associated with the host during training sessions. Thus, it was shown that females can learn to distinguish among frass odors from hosts feeding on different parts of the plant. In the same manner it was shown that parasitoids can be conditioned to visual stimuli. This study demonstrates that parasitoids use olfactory as well as visual learning to concentrate their search on the plant structures that are most profitable in terms of host encounters. Visual and olfactory learning proved to be additive: parasitoids conditioned to a combination of visual and olfactory stimuli displayed a stronger preference than individuals conditioned to either sensory component alone. When conditioned to a combination of stimuli, olfactory learning was demonstrated to be dominant over visual learning. To our knowledge this study is the first account of multisensory conditioning and summational learning effects in insect parasitoids. The significance of multisensory learning in parasitoid foraging is discussed. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 USDA ARS,INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793. NR 44 TC 110 Z9 116 U1 0 U2 19 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUN PY 1994 VL 4 IS 2 BP 105 EP 112 DI 10.1006/bcon.1994.1018 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA NN895 UT WOS:A1994NN89500003 ER PT J AU MERCIER, J WILSON, CL AF MERCIER, J WILSON, CL TI COLONIZATION OF APPLE WOUNDS BY NATURALLY-OCCURRING MICROFLORA AND INTRODUCED CANDIDA-OLEOPHILA AND THEIR EFFECT ON INFECTION BY BOTRYTIS-CINEREA DURING STORAGE SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE ANTAGONISM; APPLE; AUREOBASIDIUM-PULLULANS; BACTERIA; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; CANDIDA-OLEOPHILA; ERWINIA; GRAY MOLD; POSTHARVEST; SPOROBOLOMYCES-ROSEUS; STORAGE ROT; YEASTS ID POSTHARVEST DISEASES; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; BLUE MOLD; GRAY MOLD; MICROBIOLOGY; BIOCONTROL; VEGETABLES; FRUITS AB The colonization of apple wounds by natural microflora and an introduced antagonist, Candida oleophila, was followed at 4 and 18-degrees-C. Fresh wounds had initial populations of yeasts, filamentous fungi, and bacteria ranging between 10(2) to 10(3) cfu/wound. Colonization at 18-degrees-C by the natural microflora was rapid with fungal and bacterial populations increasing to about 10(4) to 10(5) and 10(6) cfu/wound, respectively, within the first 2 to 4 days and changing little afterwards. Aureobasidium pullulans and yeasts (mainly Sporobolomyces roseus) were the dominant fungal wound invaders, while species of Erwinia, Gluconobacter, and Pseudomonas were the most common bacteria isolated. At 4-degrees-C, little difference was noted in the composition of the microflora in wounds except for the absence of Gluconobacter sp. and lower populations of A. pullulans. The colonization process was more gradual at this temperature, reaching populations of about 5 X 10(4) and 10(5) cfu/wound by day 20 for fungi and bacteria, respectively. Populations of introduced C. oleophila applied at levels of 10(5) or 10(6) cfu/wound increased by about one log within 1 day at 18-degrees-C and 4 days at 4-degrees-C and stabilized thereafter. Introduced C. oleophila outnumbered the natural colonizers, forming a film of cells on the wound surface. Some of the main components of the natural microflora (Erwinia sp., A. pullulans, and S. roseus) coinoculated into wounds with C. oleophila in equal proportions did not have any effect on the establishment of C. oleophila on wounds. However, their introduction to wounds reduced the incidence of gray mold rot at 4-degrees-C after 23 days but not 30 days. Erwinia sp. and S. roseus coinoculated on wounds with C. oleophila did not affect the performance of C. oleophila in the biocontrol of gray mold rot, but A. pullulans improved it. Thus, the presence of the naturally occurring microflora of apple wounds does not interfere with the biocontrol of storage rot by C. oleophila and, in some cases, may even be beneficial. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430. NR 19 TC 45 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUN PY 1994 VL 4 IS 2 BP 138 EP 144 DI 10.1006/bcon.1994.1022 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA NN895 UT WOS:A1994NN89500007 ER PT J AU CLEMENT, SL AF CLEMENT, SL TI RESISTANCE AMONG POPULATIONS OF YELLOW STARTHISTLE TO THISTLE-HEAD INSECTS - RESULTS FROM GARDEN PLOTS IN ITALY SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE CENTAUREA-SOLSTITIALIS; YELLOW STARTHISTLE; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECTS; HOST-PLANT RESISTANCE; INSECT PLANT RELATIONSHIPS; PLANT PHENOLOGY ID CENTAUREA-SOLSTITIALIS; SOLIDAGO-ALTISSIMA; TEPHRITIDAE; DIPTERA; GREECE; ASTERACEAE; GOLDENROD; HERBIVORE; REVISION AB Variation in resistance to thistle-head insects was studied in plants of Centaurea solstitialis L. (yellow starthistle) derived from Nearctic and Palearctic populations and grown in common gardens near Rome, Italy. Significant variation was found in the percentage of insect-damaged flowerheads among plant populations, with aggregate rates of herbivory higher on plants of the local (Italian) population. Two tephritid flies, Acanthiophilus helianthi (Rossi) and Chaetorellia succinia (Costa), accounted for most of the damage to all populations. In addition, more species of insects exploited the capitula of Italian plants (eight vs three to six species for the other populations). That only Italian plants were suitable host plants for Urophora jaculata Rondani suggests a host-plant resistance factor was responsible for the failure of this tephritid fly to become established on yellow starthistle in California. These results indicate that all populations of yellow starthistle are not equally susceptible to herbivory by thistle-head insects. On the other hand, adults of two potential biocontrol agents, U. quadrifasciata quadrifasciata (Meigen) and Terellia uncinata White, emerged from American plants; thus, there is reason to believe these tephritid flies would establish on Nearctic populations. Variation in resistance among plant populations was not related to differences in plant size. The overall results are consistent with the findings of other ecologists that noncrop plant species vary significantly in their resistance to individual herbivore species and to groups of insect herbivores. The results also point to the usefulness of the open field approach in host-specificity determination of insects for biological control of weeds. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. RP CLEMENT, SL (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,WESTERN REG PLANT INTRODUCT STN,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 28 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUN PY 1994 VL 4 IS 2 BP 149 EP 156 DI 10.1006/bcon.1994.1024 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA NN895 UT WOS:A1994NN89500009 ER PT J AU LEGASPI, JC CARRUTHERS, RI NORDLUND, DA AF LEGASPI, JC CARRUTHERS, RI NORDLUND, DA TI LIFE-HISTORY OF CHRYSOPERLA-RUFILABRIS (NEUROPTERA, CHRYSOPIDAE) PROVIDED SWEET-POTATO WHITEFLY BEMISIA-TABACI (HOMOPTERA, ALEYRODIDAE) AND OTHER FOOD SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE CHRYSOPERLA-RUFILABRIS; BEMISIA-TABACI; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; GREEN LACEWING ID PODISUS-MACULIVENTRIS; EPILACHNA-VARIVESTIS; FUNCTIONAL-RESPONSE; HETEROPTERA; PREY; PENTATOMIDAE; PREDATION; BEETLE; LARVAE; RATES AB We studied predation, development, longevity, survival, body length, head width, body weight, and prey preference of the predator, Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) feeding on the sweetpotato whitefly (SPW), Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), an artificial diet (meridic casein-yeast), and eggs of Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and Manduca sexta (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). C. rufilabris larvae attacked an average of 532 SPW per day when prey was mainly eggs. Development of C. rufilabris larvae was longer when SPW, aphids, or an artificial diet alone was provided. However, with a combination of eggs and first instars of SPW and an artificial diet or S. cerealella eggs, development of larvae was shortened with increased survivorship, adult emergence, and body weight. Larvae of C. rufilabris preferred S. cerealella eggs over H. zea and M. sexta eggs or B. tabaci. An artificial diet may be an appropriate supplementary food for rearing C. rufilabris where labor costs are high. The impact of C. rufilabris on sweetpotato whitefly population dynamics is discussed. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. RP LEGASPI, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS,SPA,BIOL CONTROL PESTS RES UNIT,2413 E HIGHWAY 83,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 26 TC 25 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUN PY 1994 VL 4 IS 2 BP 178 EP 184 DI 10.1006/bcon.1994.1028 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA NN895 UT WOS:A1994NN89500013 ER PT J AU OBRIEN, KO ABRAMS, SA AF OBRIEN, KO ABRAMS, SA TI EFFECTS OF DEVELOPMENT ON TECHNIQUES FOR CALCIUM STABLE-ISOTOPE STUDIES IN CHILDREN SO BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ABSORPTION; KINETICS; TRACERS; ADOLESCENTS; METHODOLOGY; EXCRETION AB We evaluated the effects of age and pubertal status on the tracer excess measured in urine samples collected during the 120 h after the oral and intravenous administration of calcium stable isotopes to 90 children (16 preterm infants and 74 females aged 4.9-16.8 years). Analysis of subjects shows differences in distribution volume and fractional absorption of calcium based on developmental status, with four separate groups being identified. These are: (i) premature infants; (ii) prepubertal girls (Tanner stage 1); (iii) early pubertal girls (Tanner states 2-3); and (iv) late pubertal girls (Tanner stages 4-5). Identification of groups in this fashion allows for adequate dosing in calcium stable isotope studies, with the minimum dose being given to achieve an increase in urinary isotopic content consistent with the precision of the analytical equipment. RP OBRIEN, KO (reprint author), USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 NR 25 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 1052-9306 J9 BIOL MASS SPECTROM JI Biol. Mass Spectrom. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 23 IS 6 BP 357 EP 361 DI 10.1002/bms.1200230610 PG 5 WC Biophysics; Spectroscopy SC Biophysics; Spectroscopy GA NN637 UT WOS:A1994NN63700009 PM 8038229 ER PT J AU SEABORN, CD CHENG, N ADELEYE, B OWENS, F STOECKER, BJ AF SEABORN, CD CHENG, N ADELEYE, B OWENS, F STOECKER, BJ TI CHROMIUM AND CHRONIC ASCORBIC-ACID DEPLETION EFFECTS ON TISSUE ASCORBATE, MANGANESE, AND C-14 RETENTION FROM C-14 ASCORBATE IN GUINEA-PIGS SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE CHROMIUM; GUINEA PIGS; CORTISOL; IRON; MANGANESE; C-14 ASCORBATE; ASCORBIC ACID ID VITAMIN-C; EXCRETION; COPPER; CREATININE; GLUCOSE; IRON AB Chromium (Cr) potentiates the effects of insulin and a role for insulin in ascorbic acid transport has been reported. Therefore, the effects of Cr and ascorbate depletion on tissue ascorbic acid and C-14 distribution and excretion after a C-14 ascorbate dose were investigated in guinea pigs. As utilization of dietary Cr is affected by interaction with other minerals, tissue manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) were examined. For 20 wk, 40 weanling animals were fed either a Cr-deficient (<0.06 mu g Cr/g diet, -Cr) or a Cr-adequate (2 mu g Cr from CrCl3/g diet, +Cr) casein-based diet and were given 1 mg ascorbate/d (-C) or 10 mg ascorbate/d (+C) for 20 wk. Animals fed the Cr-depleted diet had decreased weight at 20 wk (p < 0.01). Six hours before necropsy, animals were dosed by micropipette with 1.8 mu Ci of L-[carboxyl-C-14] ascorbic acid and placed in metabolic cages. Ascorbate supplementation increased Fe concentrations in most analyzed tissues, hepatic C-14, tissue ascorbate and Mn concentration in the adrenal and testes; but decreased the concentrations of Cu in the kidney and Mn in the spleen. Liver Mn concentration was higher and kidney Mn concentration was lower in +Cr animals. Interactions between Cr and ascorbic acid affected Mn concentrations in bone and brain. These results indicate that ascorbate and Cr may affect Mn distribution. Chromium supplementation decreased plasma cortisol, brain C-14 and the amount of C-14 expired as carbon dioxide. These findings suggest that dietary Cr may affect ascorbic acid metabolism and the metabolic response to stress. C1 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT NUTR SCI,STILLWATER,OK 74078. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,STILLWATER,OK 74078. UNIV N DAKOTA,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS,ND 58201. NR 40 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 SN 0163-4984 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 41 IS 3 BP 279 EP 294 DI 10.1007/BF02917429 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA NX437 UT WOS:A1994NX43700007 PM 7946919 ER PT J AU SEABORN, CD NIELSEN, FH AF SEABORN, CD NIELSEN, FH TI HIGH DIETARY ALUMINUM AFFECTS THE RESPONSE OF RATS TO SILICON DEPRIVATION SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ALUMINUM; SILICON; BONE ID TISSUE MINERAL-COMPOSITION; ESSENTIAL ELEMENT; BONE LOSS; PERFORMANCE; PHOSPHORUS; METABOLISM; TOXICITY; CHICK; CELLS AB Antagonistic interactions between silicon and aluminum occur in living organisms. Thus, an experiment was performed to ascertain whether high dietary aluminum would accentuate the signs of silicon deprivation in rats and conversely whether silicon deprivation would accentuate the response to high dietary aluminum. The experiment was factorially arranged with two variables: silicon as sodium metasilicate, 0 or 40 mu g/g diet, and aluminum as aluminum citrate, 0 or 500 mu g/g diet. After 9 wk, body weights and plasma urea nitrogen were higher and plasma concentrations of threonine, serine, glycine, cystine, and methionine were lower in silicon-adequate than silicon-deprived rats. High dietary aluminum significantly decreased plasma phenylalanine. An interaction between aluminum and silicon affected plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, and phosphorus concentrations. High dietary aluminum decreased these variables when silicon was absent from the diet, but increased them when silicon was present. Skull iron and silicon concentrations were decreased and iron and zinc concentrations in the femur were increased by the addition of 500 mu g Al/g diet. High dietary aluminum decreased tibia density in silicon-adequate rats, but increased tibial density in silicon-deprived rats. The findings indicate that in rats, high dietary aluminum can affect the response to silicon deprivation and dietary silicon can affect the response to high dietary aluminum. RP SEABORN, CD (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 22 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 SN 0163-4984 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 41 IS 3 BP 295 EP 304 DI 10.1007/BF02917430 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA NX437 UT WOS:A1994NX43700008 PM 7946920 ER PT J AU SCHLAFER, DH YUH, B FOLEY, GL ELSSASER, TH SADOWSKY, D NATHANIELSZ, PW AF SCHLAFER, DH YUH, B FOLEY, GL ELSSASER, TH SADOWSKY, D NATHANIELSZ, PW TI EFFECT OF SALMONELLA ENDOTOXIN ADMINISTERED TO THE PREGNANT SHEEP AT 133-142 DAYS GESTATION ON FETAL OXYGENATION, MATERNAL AND FETAL ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE AND CORTISOL, AND MATERNAL PLASMA TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR-ALPHA CONCENTRATIONS SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID PRETERM LABOR; INTRAAMNIOTIC INFECTION; AMNIOTIC-FLUID; BINDING-PROTEIN; LAST 3RD; CACHECTIN; CELLS; CYTOKINE; INFUSION; ABORTION AB We studied the effects of maternal exposure to endotoxin on pregnancy outcome, stimulation of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-adrenal axes (HHAA) of ewes and their fetuses, and maternal production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), a central mediator in the pathogenesis of bacterial endotoxemia Either endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) from Salmonella typhimurium or saline was administered to pregnant sheep (n = 10) at 137.6 +/- 3.5 days gestational age by slow i.v. infusion at 1 mu g.kg(-1) total dose over a 3-h period. Fetuses of ewes treated with LPS became hypoxemic by 2.5 h after initiation of LPS infusion. Maternal ACTH increased and peaked during LPS administration to levels approximately 10-fold greater in treated than in control ewes. In contrast, fetal ACTH levels were maximum at 6-12 h. Maternal and fetal cortisol levels were significantly different from control levels by 1 and 12 h, respectively. Maternal plasma TNF alpha peaked (6-7 fold over baseline) at 1-2 h after initiation of LPS administration and steadily declined over the following 48 h. Four of 5 treated ewes either delivered or their fetuses died within 28 h. In summary, infusion of LPS caused fetal hypoxemia and stimulated both fetal and maternal HHAA followed by preterm labor by 28 h after infusion in 4 of 5 ewes. Three of the fetuses died in utero. Maternal plasma TNF alpha rose rapidly, but the specific role it may play in initiation of preterm labor remains to be elucidated. C1 CORNELL UNIV,COLL VET MED,PREGNANCY & NEWBORN RES LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853. USDA ARS,RUMINANT NUTR LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP SCHLAFER, DH (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET PATHOL,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD 21350] NR 55 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 50 IS 6 BP 1297 EP 1302 DI 10.1095/biolreprod50.6.1297 PG 6 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA NM630 UT WOS:A1994NM63000012 PM 8080916 ER PT J AU GUTHRIE, HD WELCH, GR COOPER, BS ZAKARIA, AD JOHNSON, LA AF GUTHRIE, HD WELCH, GR COOPER, BS ZAKARIA, AD JOHNSON, LA TI FLOW CYTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF DEGRADED DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC-ACID IN GRANULOSA-CELLS TO IDENTIFY ATRETIC FOLLICLES DURING PREOVULATORY MATURATION IN THE PIG SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID OVARIAN FOLLICULAR ATRESIA; INHIBIN IMMUNOACTIVITY; GONADOTROPIN RECEPTORS; STEROID-SECRETION; APOPTOSIS; DEATH; HEALTHY; INVITRO; BINDING; GROWTH AB Granulosa cells of individual follicles were analyzed by DNA fluorescence now cytometry to determine how the percentage of cells with degraded DNA and the distribution of cells in the phases of the cell cycle (G(0)/G(1), S-1, G(2)/M) related to the incidence of morphological atresia and to changes in follicular steroid concentrations. Follicles were dissected from ovaries recovered at slaughter on Days 1, 3, 5, or 7 of altrenogest-synchronized preovulatory maturation. Twenty-one follicles with debris among their isolated granulosa cells were classified as morphologically atretic (MA); 92 follicles with debris-free granulosa cells were classified as morphologically healthy (MH). Granulosa cells were prepared for flow cytometry by fixation in 80% ethanol and staining with propidium iodide (PI) containing RNase. DNA fluorescence intensity was determined by use of the 488-nm line of an argon laser. A subpopulation of granulosa cells with degraded DNA (A(0) cells), containing less fluorescence than the G(0)/G(1) peak, was found in the DNA histogram of every follicle. The percentage of A(0) cells ranged from 0.02 to 83.6% per follicle. The percentage of A(0) cells was inversely related to the percentage of G(0)/G(1) cells (r = -0.9611, p = 0.0001). The percentage of A(0) cells (mean +/- SEM) was greater (p = 0.0001) in MA (45.9 +/- 6.3%) than in MH follicles (5.3 +/- 1.6%). Follicular estradiol-17 beta was less in MA than in MH follicles, but androstenedione or progesterone did not differ significantly. A follicle biochemical health classification was derived from the percentage of A(0) granulosa cells in the DNA histogram; 27 follicles were biochemically atretic (BA) with greater than or equal to 10% A,cells (mean 44.5 +/- 5.0%), while 86 follicles were biochemically healthy (BH) with < 10% A(0) cells (mean 2.2 +/- 0.4%). The percentage of BA follicles per pig was greater (p = 0.0001) on Day 5 (47%) than on any other day (10-22%). Compared to BH follicles, BA follicles contained a reduced percentage of G(0)/G(1) and S+G(2)/M cells and less estradiol-17 beta and androstenedione (P less than or equal to 0.05). The increased incidence of granulosa cells with low DNA fluorescence, measured by how cytometry, is a new, biochemical marker for atretic follicles in the pig. RP GUTHRIE, HD (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 43 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 50 IS 6 BP 1303 EP 1311 DI 10.1095/biolreprod50.6.1303 PG 9 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA NM630 UT WOS:A1994NM63000013 PM 8080917 ER PT J AU SAMSON, F KNOPF, F AF SAMSON, F KNOPF, F TI PRAIRIE CONSERVATION IN NORTH-AMERICA SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CONSEQUENCES; DOGS C1 USDI,NATL ECOL RES CTR,FT COLLINS,CO 80525. RP SAMSON, F (reprint author), USDA,FOREST SERV NO REG,WILDLIFE ECOL PROGRAM,MISSOULA,MT 59807, USA. NR 32 TC 512 Z9 550 U1 24 U2 150 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD JUN PY 1994 VL 44 IS 6 BP 418 EP 421 DI 10.2307/1312365 PG 4 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA NQ796 UT WOS:A1994NQ79600012 ER PT J AU MEINERSMANN, RJ KHOURY, CA AF MEINERSMANN, RJ KHOURY, CA TI PLASMID FOR THE DIRECT SUBCLONING FROM LAMBDA-GT11 TO PRODUCE AN LT-B FUSION PROTEIN SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Note ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; STABLE MAINTENANCE; VACCINE STRAINS; CHOLERA-TOXIN; HEAT-LABILE; CLONING; CONSTRUCTION; EXPRESSION; ANTIGENS AB We wished to study LT-B fusion proteins for potential as vaccines. We reasoned that a gene that was expressed as a lambda gt11 fusion protein would have a better chance of being expressed fused to LT-B. To facilitate such constructions, we modified plasmid pYA3081. A BamHI-EcoRI-BamHI* (* is stop codon) adapter was inserted into the single BamHI site to form a new plasmid-designated pBEB. The insert was designed so that the EcoRI site at the downstream end of the LT-B gene was in the same reading frame as the EcoRI site in the beta-galactosidase gene of lambda gt11 and termination codons occurred downstream in all three reading frames. A clone was selected from a gt11 library based on the production of a protein that reacted with antibodies to flagellin from Campylobacter jejuni. DNA from this clone as digested with EcoRI, the insert fragment purified and ligated into the EcoRI site of pBEB. A fusion protein of 43 kDa was produced that reacted in Western blot with antibodies against LT-B and flagellin. We have succeeded in making an easy method for subcloning fragments from gt11 into a vector for making LT-B fusion proteins. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP MEINERSMANN, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,RUSSELL RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU EATON PUBLISHING CO PI NATICK PA 154 E. CENTRAL ST, NATICK, MA 01760 SN 0736-6205 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD JUN PY 1994 VL 16 IS 6 BP 1064 EP & PG 0 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA NP970 UT WOS:A1994NP97000022 PM 8074872 ER PT J AU KIRCH, HJ MOYES, RB CHIARANTINI, L DELOACH, JR AF KIRCH, HJ MOYES, RB CHIARANTINI, L DELOACH, JR TI EFFECT OF TARGETED ERYTHROCYTES COATED WITH RECOMBINANT HUMAN INTERLEUKIN-2 ON T-LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION IN-VITRO SO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SOLID-PHASE INTERLEUKIN-2; ADVANCED CANCER; INVIVO; IMMUNOTHERAPY; DELIVERY; SARCOMA; CELLS; GEL AB Mouse red blood cells (RBC) were incubated with recombinant human interleukin 2 (rIL 2) in protein-free media. Of the added cytokine, about 20% was bound to the cells. Dissociation of rIL 2 from RBC commenced when the carrier cells were transferred into fresh media. The release from the RBC vehicle was enhanced in the presence of soluble protein. When rIL 2-coated RBC (RBC-M2) were incubated in protein-containing media for 24 h to release the majority of bound rIL 2, and then were subsequently incubated in fresh media with an IL 2-dependent cytotoxic T cell line (CTLL), residual bound rIL 2 was still released as demonstrated by CTLL proliferation. RBC were covalently coupled to specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) towards the lymphocyte cell-surface marker Thy1.2, coated with rIL 2, subsequently exposed to the target CTII cells, then evaluated for CTLL/RBC rosette formation. The attachment of mAb to the RBCs surface did not markedly change the succeeding rIL 2 adsorption, and the bound rIL 2 did not impair antigen recognition by the mAb. At higher rIL 2 concentrations (1200-1500 i.u./10(8) cells), RBC-M2 plus Thy1.2 mAb provided higher CTLL response than when RBC-IL2 plus non-specific mAb was used thus demonstrating enhancement by targeting. However, the targeting effects were not seen with lower rIL 2 concentrations (80-110 i.u./10(8) cells). C1 USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,RT 5,BOX 810,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. INST CHIM BIOL,I-61029 URBINO,ITALY. OI chiarantini, laura/0000-0003-1654-1840 NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU PORTLAND PRESS PI LONDON PA 59 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON, ENGLAND W1N 3AJ SN 0885-4513 J9 BIOTECHNOL APPL BIOC JI Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 19 BP 331 EP 340 PN 3 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA NQ710 UT WOS:A1994NQ71000007 PM 8031507 ER PT J AU BURGESSCASSLER, A IMAM, SH KINNEY, MP AF BURGESSCASSLER, A IMAM, SH KINNEY, MP TI MICROBIAL ALPHA-AMYLASES FROM POND LARVAE ATTACHED TO STARCH-PLASTIC FILMS SO BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article AB Starch-containing plastic films exposed to a natural freshwater environment were shown previously to undergo significant depletion of the starch components. The culture media from a number of starch-hydrolyzing bacteria that had been collected from larvae attached to these films were found to have alpha-amylase activity. Levels of amylase activity increased with culture age. Most of the activity was found to be cell-associated, and correlated on starch zymograms with an activity at about 55 kDa, in the >50% ammonium sulfate fractionation sample. The pH optimum for these amylases was just at or slightly above neutral, with a temperature optimum of about 65 degrees C. C1 USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, BIOPOLYMER RES UNIT, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0141-5492 EI 1573-6776 J9 BIOTECHNOL LETT JI Biotechnol. Lett. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 16 IS 6 BP 565 EP 568 DI 10.1007/BF00128601 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA NW119 UT WOS:A1994NW11900004 ER PT J AU TORRES, JA AF TORRES, JA TI WOOD DECOMPOSITION OF CYRILLA-RACEMIFLORA IN A TROPICAL MONTANE FOREST SO BIOTROPICA LA English DT Article DE CYRILLA-RACEMIFLORA; INVERTEBRATES; NUTRIENTS; PUERTO-RICO; TROPICS; WOOD DECOMPOSITION ID RAIN-FOREST; NATIONAL-PARK; LITTER; DEBRIS; BOLES; DIVERSITY; TERMITES; STREAMS; INSECTS; ECOLOGY AB Changes in wood density, nutrient content, and invertebrate populations throughout the decay of Cyrilla racemiflora (Cyrillaceaea) were compared with those observed in temperate woody tree species. Wood density tended to remain constant as decay advanced except in the late stages. Nutrients (N, P, Ca, Mg) were in highest concentrations in intact bark, surface wood, and wood in advanced decay. Concentrations of N and P were highly correlated, as were concentrations of Ca and Mg. The C/N ratio was determined mainly by changes in N because C tended to remain constant as decay proceeded. The C/N ratio of wood in advanced decay was 79, one of the lowest reported, and the concentration of N was one of the highest reported (0.69%) in studies of wood decomposition. Nitrogen and P were in greater concentrations in the feces of the cerambycid Parandra cribata than in surrounding wood. A total of 138 invertebrate species was identified. The number of species increased as decay progressed. Termites (Parvitermes discolor and Glyptotermes pubescens) and ants (Pheidole moerens, Paratrechina spp. and Solenopsis spp.) were the most abundant invertebrates, with ants more abundant in snags than in logs. The scarcity of bark beetles and wood borers such as carpenter ants and bees in the wood of C racemiflora contrasted with reports of their presence in dead wood from other tree species. C1 BAYAMON TECHNOL UNIV COLL,DEPT BIOL,BAYAMON,PR 00959. RP TORRES, JA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,INT INST TROP FORESTRY,CALL BOX 25000,RIO PIEDRAS,PR 00928, USA. NR 93 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 9 PU ASSN TROP BIOL PI ST LOUIS PA MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN 2345 TOWER GROVE AVE, ST LOUIS, MO 63110 SN 0006-3606 J9 BIOTROPICA JI Biotropica PD JUN PY 1994 VL 26 IS 2 BP 124 EP 140 DI 10.2307/2388803 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NT992 UT WOS:A1994NT99200002 ER PT J AU AUSTIN, AD QUICKE, DLJ MARSH, PM AF AUSTIN, AD QUICKE, DLJ MARSH, PM TI THE HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITOIDS OF EUCALYPT LONGICORN BEETLES, PHORACANTHA SPP (COLEOPTERA, CERAMBYCIDAE) IN AUSTRALIA SO BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BRACONIDAE AB The systematics of the hymenopterous parasitoids associated with Phoracantha spp. in Australia are reviewed. An illustrated key to species is presented to facilitate their identification as part of ongoing attempts for the biological control of P. semipunctata (Fabricius), an exotic pest on eucalypt trees. Information on the taxonomy, distribution and biology of 18 species of primary and hyperparasitoids associated with Phoracantha spp. are presented. A new braconid genus, Jarra, is described to accommodate three new species, J. phoracantha, J. maculipennis and J. bicolor, and Doryctes diadoxi Nixon (Doryctinae), the latter associated with a buprestid host. Two other new species, Heterospilus nukunu (Doryctinae) and Callibracon moorei (Braconinae) are also described; Iphiaulax morleyi Froggatt is synonymized with Atanycolus fomentosus Szepligeti and I. rubriceps Froggatt is synonymized with Syngaster lepidus Brulle; lectotypes are designated for I. morleyi, I. rubriceps and I. phoracanthae Froggatt; and Ipobracon flaviceps flaviceps (Cameron) and L flaviceps mackayensis Turner are transferred to Callibracon. The encyrtid genus Aventianella is recorded from Australia for the first time and the egg parasitoid of P. semipunctata, A. longoi Siscaro described from Italy, is postulated to be endemic to Australia. C1 SMITHSONIAN INST,USDA,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20105. UNIV SHEFFIELD,DEPT ANIM & PLANT SCI,SHEFFIELD S10 2TN,S YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND. RP AUSTIN, AD (reprint author), UNIV ADELAIDE,DEPT CROP PROTECT,WAITE CAMPUS,GLEN OSMOND,SA 5064,AUSTRALIA. RI Quicke, Donald/I-5948-2012 NR 60 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 7 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA WALLINGFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX10 8DE SN 0007-4853 J9 B ENTOMOL RES JI Bull. Entomol. Res. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 84 IS 2 BP 145 EP 174 PG 30 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA PJ965 UT WOS:A1994PJ96500001 ER PT J AU WELSH, HH AF WELSH, HH TI BIOREGIONS - AN ECOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE AND A PROPOSAL FOR CALIFORNIA SO CALIFORNIA FISH AND GAME LA English DT Article AB Bioregions are natural assemblages of plants and animals with discernible but dynamic boundaries existing simultaneously along both spatial and temporal trajectories. I argue that the designation of bioregions should be based on the study of biogeography and must adhere to the tenets of this discipline; they are not spatial designations of political convenience. Bioregions are defined by physiographic and climatic limits that define the natural communities of organisms in space and time through interactions with the physiological and behavioral capabilities of these organisms. Plants are less vagile than animals and therefore lend themselves better to describing such natural communities. Despite the fluctuation of biotic communities in both time and space, and the anthropogenic bias inherent in defining their composition, such natural assemblages do exist on the landscape and they are of scientific interest and have useful management applications. I propose sixteen bioregions for the state of California and include definitions of geographic boundaries, dominant plant communities, and lists of vertebrate species typical of these bioregions. RP WELSH, HH (reprint author), USDA,FOREST SERV,REDWOOD SCI LAB,1700 BAYVIEW DR,ARCATA,CA 95521, USA. NR 0 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 4 PU CALIF FISH AND GAME EDITOR PI SACRAMENTO PA 1416 NINTH ST, SACRAMENTO, CA 95814 SN 0008-1078 J9 CALIF FISH GAME JI Calif. Fish Game PD SUM PY 1994 VL 80 IS 3 BP 97 EP 124 PG 28 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA QZ216 UT WOS:A1994QZ21600002 ER PT J AU SEGURA, G BRUBAKER, LB FRANKLIN, JF HICKLEY, TM MAGUIRE, DA WRIGHT, G AF SEGURA, G BRUBAKER, LB FRANKLIN, JF HICKLEY, TM MAGUIRE, DA WRIGHT, G TI RECENT MORTALITY AND DECLINE IN MATURE ABIES-AMABILIS - THE INTERACTION BETWEEN SITE FACTORS AND TEPHRA DEPOSITION FROM MOUNT-ST-HELENS SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID RED SPRUCE DECLINE; FOREST DECLINE; STAND STRUCTURE; FIR; GROWTH; WASHINGTON; DYNAMICS; CLIMATE AB Patterns of decline of mature and old-growth stands of Abies amabilis (Dougl.) Forbes (Pacific silver fir) induced by tephra deposition from the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens were analyzed at the landscape level using discriminant and least squares regression analysis. From an array of environmental and biological factors, only the thickness of fine A3 tephra deposit, elevation, and the relative dominance of A. amabilis in a stand showed significant effects on decline. Stand decline, a mean value of the decline conditions of individual trees in a stand, increased with increasing amounts of A3 tephra and decreased with increasing elevation and relative dominance of A. amabilis. Elevation and relative dominance of A. amabilis were positively correlated, complicating the interpretation of each variable alone; we suspect that each individually represents conditions that influenced the vigor A. amabilis predisposing it and (or) contributing to the initial tephra-induced stress and, therefore, affecting its survival and recovery. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,COLL FOREST RESOURCES,SEATTLE,WA 98195. US FOREST SERV,GIFFORD PINCHOT NATL FOREST,RANDLE,WA 98377. RP SEGURA, G (reprint author), NATL AUTONOMOUS UNIV MEXICO,CTR ECOL,APDO POSTAL 70-275,MEXICO CITY 04510,DF,MEXICO. NR 50 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 24 IS 6 BP 1112 EP 1122 DI 10.1139/x94-148 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA PB675 UT WOS:A1994PB67500005 ER PT J AU WOODWARD, A SILSBEE, DG SCHREINER, EG MEANS, JE AF WOODWARD, A SILSBEE, DG SCHREINER, EG MEANS, JE TI INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON RADIAL GROWTH AND CONE PRODUCTION IN SUB-ALPINE FIR (ABIES-LASIOCARPA) AND MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK (TSUGA-MERTENSIANA) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID BUD DEVELOPMENT; REPRODUCTION; WASHINGTON; TEMPERATURE; INITIATION; GRAFTS AB Thirty years of cone production records for subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.) and mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Caff.) (two sites each) in the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon were compared with basal area increment and weather records to determine relationships among weather, radial growth, and cone crop. Results show that the size of subalpine fir cone crops was negatively related to large crops and positively related to radial growth in the previous 2 years. Mountain hemlock cone crops were negatively related to a large cone crop and positively related to July or August temperature in the previous year. Radial growth in heavy cone years was inhibited more for subalpine fir than for mountain hemlock. Results are explained by differences in the location of cone production between species. It is concluded that global climate warming could result in fewer and more irregular cone crops for these species. C1 OLYMPIC NATL PK,PORT ANGELES,WA 98362. US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP WOODWARD, A (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON,COLL FOREST RESOURCES,COOPERAT PAIR STUDIES UNIT,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA. NR 69 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 24 IS 6 BP 1133 EP 1143 DI 10.1139/x94-150 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA PB675 UT WOS:A1994PB67500007 ER PT J AU STCLAIR, JB AF STCLAIR, JB TI GENETIC-VARIATION IN TREE STRUCTURE AND ITS RELATION TO SIZE IN DOUGLAS-FIR .1. BIOMASS PARTITIONING, FOLIAGE EFFICIENCY, STEM FORM, AND WOOD DENSITY SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID VARIANCE STRUCTURE; INDEX SELECTION; HARVEST INDEX; LEAF-AREA; COMPETITION; MENZIESII; CONIFERS; VOLUME; WEIGHT AB Genetic variation and covariation among traits of tree size and structure were assessed in an 18-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) genetic test in the Coast Range of Oregon. Considerable genetic variation was found in size, biomass partitioning, and wood density, and genetic gains may be expected from selection and breeding of desirable genotypes. Estimates of heritability for partitioning traits, including harvest index, were particularly high. Foliage efficiency (stem increment per unit leaf area) was strongly correlated with harvest index and may represent an alternative measure of partitioning to the stem. Estimates of foliage efficiency where leaf area was estimated based on stem diameter or sapwood area were unrelated to foliage efficiency where leaf area was measured directly. Strong negative genetic correlations were found between harvest index and stem size, and between wood density and stem size. Achieving simultaneous genetic gain in stem size and either harvest index or wood density would be difficult. RP STCLAIR, JB (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,3200 SW JEFFERSON WAY,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 50 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 24 IS 6 BP 1226 EP 1235 DI 10.1139/x94-161 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA PB675 UT WOS:A1994PB67500018 ER PT J AU STCLAIR, JB AF STCLAIR, JB TI GENETIC-VARIATION IN TREE STRUCTURE AND ITS RELATION TO SIZE IN DOUGLAS-FIR .2. CROWN FORM, BRANCH CHARACTERS, AND FOLIAGE CHARACTERS SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID LEAF-AREA; STEMWOOD PRODUCTION; INDEX SELECTION; PINUS-CONTORTA; SPRUCE; EFFICIENCY; GROWTH; ARCHITECTURE; LIGHT AB Genetic variation and covariation among traits of tree size and structure were assessed in an 18-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) genetic test in the Coast Range of Oregon. Considerable genetic variation was found for relative crown width; stem increment per crown projection area; leaf area and branch weight relative to crown size; branch diameter and length adjusted for stem size; branch stoutness; cross-sectional area of branches per crown length; and needle size. Little genetic variation was found for branch numbers per whorl, branch angle, and specific leaf area. At both the phenotypic and genetic level, large trees growing well relative to growing space had tall, narrow crowns, high leaf areas per crown projection area or branch length, greater partitioning to leaves versus branches, and stouter branches. Thus, large, efficient trees were those that invested more in the photosynthetic machinery of leaf area and the branch biomass necessary to support that leaf area, but distributed that leaf area over a greater vertical distance. Unfortunately, these traits also were associated with increased branchiness, and selection for these traits would be accompanied by reductions in harvest index and wood quality. RP STCLAIR, JB (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,3200 SW JEFFERSON WAY,CORVALLIS,OR 97330, USA. NR 35 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 24 IS 6 BP 1236 EP 1247 DI 10.1139/x94-162 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA PB675 UT WOS:A1994PB67500019 ER PT J AU MEES, R STRAUSS, D CHASE, R AF MEES, R STRAUSS, D CHASE, R TI MINIMIZING THE COST OF WILDLAND FIRE SUPPRESSION - A MODEL WITH UNCERTAINTY IN PREDICTED FLAME LENGTH AND FIRE-LINE WIDTH PRODUCED SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID CONTAINMENT AB We describe a model that estimates the optimal total expected cost of a wildland fire, given uncertainty in both flame length and fire-line width produced. In the model, a sequence of possible fire-line perimeters is specified, each with a forecasted control time. For a given control time and fire line, the probability of containment of the fire is determined as a function of the fire-fighting resources available. Our procedure assigns the resources to the fire line so as to minimize the total expected cost. A key feature of the model is that the probabilities reflect the degree of uncertainty in (i) the width of fire line that can be built with a given resource allocation, and (ii) the flame length of the fire. The total expected cost associated with a given choice of fire line is the sum of: the loss or gain of value of the area already burned; the cost of the resources used in the attack; and the expected loss or gain of value beyond the fire line-The latter is the product of the probability that the chosen attack strategy fails to contain the fire and the value of the additional burned area that would result from such a failure. The model allows comparison of the costs of the different choices of fire line, and thus identification of the optimal strategy. A small case study is used to illustrate the procedure. C1 UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT STAT,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521. RP MEES, R (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,4955 CAMPUS CREST DR,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507, USA. NR 10 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 24 IS 6 BP 1253 EP 1259 DI 10.1139/x94-164 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA PB675 UT WOS:A1994PB67500021 ER PT J AU FERREY, ML GRAHAM, PH RUSSELLE, MP AF FERREY, ML GRAHAM, PH RUSSELLE, MP TI NODULATION EFFICIENCY OF BRADYRHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM STRAINS WITH GENOTYPES OF SOYBEAN VARYING IN THE ABILITY TO RESTRICT NODULATION SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE GLYCINE MAU; COMPETITION; RESTRICTION; NODULATION ID WHITE CLOVER VARIETIES; GLYCINE-MAX-L; COMPETITIVE NODULATION; RHIZOBIUM-TRIFOLII; NODULE OCCUPANCY; INOCULUM RATE AB Competition from existing soil rhizobia has limited the benefits from nitrogen fixation for soybean grown in the American Midwest. A strategy being considered to overcome this problem is the use of varieties that are restricted in nodulation with soil strains, but nodulate normally with inoculant bradyrhizobia. In this study we examine the efficiency in nodulation of strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum that have been reported as restricted in nodulation with specific genotypes of soybean, using a root-tip marking procedure in growth pouches. When B. japonicum USDA110 was applied to the soybean cultivars Hardee and Fiskeby V at the rate of 3.50 x 10(4) cells/pouch, more than 75% of the plants were nodulated above the root-tip mark, and average uppermost nodule position was above the root-tip mark. By contrast, when this strain was applied in similar concentration to the soybean cultivar Peking, few plants developed nodules above the root-tip mark, and the average position of the uppermost taproot nodule was nearly 30 mm below this mark. Nodulation was improved at higher rates of inoculation, but even when 3.50 x 10(6) cells were applied to each pouch, less than 50% of the plants were nodulated above the root-tip mark. Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain CB1809 (=USDA136) was also efficient in nodulation with cv. Fiskeby V, but with cv. Hardee, less than 65% of plants were nodulated above the root-tip mark, irrespective of inoculation rate. Because restriction of nodulation with the strains initially tested was not absolute, we examined the patterns of nodulation obtained following the inoculation of two restriction hosts, Peking and PI371607. In pure culture, serogroup USDA110 strains failed to induce significant taproot nodulation of cv. Peking in Leonard jars, but did induce lateral root nodulation. However, in a glasshouse experiment contrasting soil- and seed-applied inoculant, lateral-root nodulation of the restriction host PI371607 by USDA123 was not significant. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL SCI,RHIZOBIUM RES LAB,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,US ARS,DEPT SOIL SCI,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 40 IS 6 BP 456 EP 460 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA NT028 UT WOS:A1994NT02800006 ER PT J AU HENNIGHAUSEN, L MCKNIGHT, R BURDON, T BAIK, M WALL, RJ SMITH, GH AF HENNIGHAUSEN, L MCKNIGHT, R BURDON, T BAIK, M WALL, RJ SMITH, GH TI WHEY ACIDIC PROTEIN EXTRINSICALLY EXPRESSED FROM THE MOUSE MAMMARY-TUMOR VIRUS LONG TERMINAL REPEAT RESULTS IN HYPERPLASIA OF THE COAGULATION GLAND EPITHELIUM AND IMPAIRED MAMMARY DEVELOPMENT SO CELL GROWTH & DIFFERENTIATION LA English DT Article ID TRANSGENIC MICE; ALVEOLAR DEVELOPMENT; GROWTH-FACTOR; GENE-PRODUCT; TGF-ALPHA; INDUCTION; MOLECULES; ADHESION; BREAST; INT-2 AB The whey acidic protein (WAP) is a milk protein that contains a cysteine-rich motif. This characteristic WAP signature has also been found in some protease inhibitors and certain proteins involved in tissue modeling. WAP is specifically synthesized in mammary tissue from late pregnant and lactating animals, and precocious synthesis results in impaired lobuloalveolar development of the gland in some transgenic lines. To determine whether growth modulatory effects of WAP are confined to mammary tissue, we expressed the WAP gene under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat in transgenic mice. The transgene was expressed at high levels in organs with exocrine function, such as mammary and salivary glands, prostate, seminal vesicle, and the coagulation gland. In addition to impaired mammary development, we observed hyperplasia and dysplasia of the coagulation gland epithelium. These findings suggest that WAP or a member of the WAP signature family can, in certain tissue contexts, function as an epithelial growth regulator. It appears from the present study that growth regulatory effects of WAP are restricted in the mouse to the mammary and coagulation gland epithelium. C1 NCI,TUMOR IMMUNOL & BIOL LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20982. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20725. RP HENNIGHAUSEN, L (reprint author), NIDDKD,BIOCHEM & METAB LAB,BLDG 10,RM 9N113,BETHESDA,MD 20982, USA. NR 30 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI PHILADELPHIA PA 615 CHESTNUT ST, 17TH FLOOR, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-4404 USA SN 1044-9523 J9 CELL GROWTH DIFFER JI Cell Growth Differ. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 5 IS 6 BP 607 EP 613 PG 7 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA NP799 UT WOS:A1994NP79900006 PM 7522033 ER PT J AU AABLOO, A FRENCH, AD MIKELSAAR, RH PERTSIN, AJ AF AABLOO, A FRENCH, AD MIKELSAAR, RH PERTSIN, AJ TI STUDIES OF CRYSTALLINE NATIVE CELLULOSES USING POTENTIAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS SO CELLULOSE LA English DT Article DE CELLULOSE I; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; CRYSTAL STRUCTURE; MOLECULAR; MODELING ID MM3 FORCE-FIELD; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; RAMIE CELLULOSE; NA-CELLULOSE; POLYMORPHS; MERCERIZATION; DIFFRACTION; MODELS AB Energies for various trial packing arrangements of unit cells for the I alpha and I beta phases of native cellulose discovered by Sugiyama et al. were evaluated. Both a rigid-ring method, PLMR, and the full-optimization, molecular mechanics program, MM3(90), were used, For both phases the models that had the lowest PLMR energy also had the lowest MM3 energy. Both calculated models have the chains packed 'up', O6s in fg positions, and the same sheets of hydrogen-bonded chains, The I beta structure model is essentially identical to that proposed previously for ramie cellulose by Woodcock and Sarko, It is also the same as the best parallel model previously proposed that was based on the X-ray data of Mann, Gonzalez and Wellard, once the various unit cell conventions are considered. Also, the energies from both methods for all three celluloses, I alpha, I beta and II, are in the order that rationalizes their relative stabilites. C1 TARTU STATE UNIV,INST THEORET & EXPTL PHYS,2400 TARTU 2400,ESTONIA. USDA,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. TARTU STATE UNIV,INST GEN & MOLEC PATHOL,TARTU 2400,ESTONIA. INST ELEMENT ORGAN CPDS,MOSCOW 117813,RUSSIA. RI Aabloo, Alvo/C-5639-2011; Aabloo, Alvo/G-9396-2015 OI Aabloo, Alvo/0000-0002-0183-1282; Aabloo, Alvo/0000-0002-0183-1282 NR 24 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 12 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 0969-0239 J9 CELLULOSE JI Cellulose PD JUN PY 1994 VL 1 IS 2 BP 161 EP 168 DI 10.1007/BF00819665 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA RX828 UT WOS:A1994RX82800005 ER PT J AU YOKOYAMA, WH HUDSON, CA CHIU, MM BETSCHART, AA AF YOKOYAMA, WH HUDSON, CA CHIU, MM BETSCHART, AA TI EFFECT OF FORMULATION AND PROCESSING ON THE ENZYMATIC DIGESTION OF COMMON CEREAL PRODUCTS SO CEREAL FOODS WORLD LA English DT Article ID GLYCEMIC INDEX; INVITRO; STARCH; FOODS; DIET AB Twenty-six commonly consumed cereal products, including six breads, eight breakfast cereals, six pasta products, and six whole-grain dishes, were evaluated for their carbohydrate digestibility using an enzymatic method. Reducing sugars, expressed as milligram of maltose equivalents per gram of product on a dry-weight basis, were determined after 0, 15, 30, and 60 min of digestion. Breads containing simple sugars in their formulation produced an average of 236 mg of maltose equivalents per gram before enzymatic digestion and an average of 326 mg/g after 60 min. Breakfast cereals contained 11-88 mg of maltose equivalents per gram before enzymatic digestion. Rapid digestion of breakfast cereals resulted in levels of reducing sugars similar to those of breads at the end of 60 min of digestion, averaging 291 mg of maltose equivalents per gram. Pasta products and whole cooked grains had low levels of reducing sugars initially as well as after 60 min of digestion-2.2-7.7 and 63-119 mg of maltose equivalents per gram, respectively. RP YOKOYAMA, WH (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,BERKELEY,CA 94710, USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0146-6283 J9 CEREAL FOOD WORLD JI Cereal Foods World PD JUN PY 1994 VL 39 IS 6 BP 439 EP 443 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA NU411 UT WOS:A1994NU41100004 ER PT J AU REDDY, KN LOCKE, MA AF REDDY, KN LOCKE, MA TI RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MOLECULAR-PROPERTIES AND LOG-P AND SOIL SORPTION (KOC) OF SUBSTITUTED PHENYLUREAS - QSAR MODELS SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE HERBICIDES; LOG KOW; OCTANOL WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT; MOLECULAR MODELING ID WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; SOLVATION ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS; SURFACE-AREA; ENVIRONMENTAL FATE; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; HERBICIDES; TOPOLOGY; SOLUBILITIES; PREDICTION; CHEMICALS AB Molecular modeling techniques were used to establish relationships between the molecular properties of 45 substituted phenylureas and their octanol/water partition coefficient (log P) and soil sorption normalized to organic carbon (K(oc). Log P and K(oc) values were obtained from the literature. The molecular properties were calculated using MOPAC-MNDO molecular orbital methods. The QSAR models based on van der Waals volume, dipole moment, and energy of lowest unoccupied molecular orbital produced estimates of log P and K(oc) that correlate well with experimental values. The QSAR models appear to be specific to structurally similar chemicals. RP REDDY, KN (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO WEED SCI LAB,POB 350,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 27 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JUN PY 1994 VL 28 IS 11 BP 1929 EP 1941 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(94)90144-9 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NU276 UT WOS:A1994NU27600004 ER PT J AU HEIRD, WC GOMEZ, MR AF HEIRD, WC GOMEZ, MR TI TOTAL PARENTERAL-NUTRITION IN NECROTIZING ENTEROCOLITIS SO CLINICS IN PERINATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIRTH-WEIGHT INFANTS; PRETERM INFANTS; PREMATURE-INFANTS; CONTROLLED TRIAL; AMINO-ACIDS; CYSTEINE SUPPLEMENTATION; PROTEIN-METABOLISM; ENTERAL NUTRITION; NEWBORN; SICK RP HEIRD, WC (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,USDA ARS,DEPT PEDIAT,1100 BATES ST,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. NR 72 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0095-5108 J9 CLIN PERINATOL JI Clin. Perinatol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 21 IS 2 BP 389 EP 409 PG 21 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA NQ385 UT WOS:A1994NQ38500013 PM 8070233 ER PT J AU PAKALUK, J CARLOW, TA AF PAKALUK, J CARLOW, TA TI REVISION OF THE GENUS EISONYX LECONTE (COLEOPTERA, CURCULIONIDAE, BARIDINAE) SO COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB The North American genus Eisonyx LeConte is revised. Most collecting records are from Texas, although specimens have been taken from isolated localities in the eastern United States and a single questionable locality in Veracruz, Mexico. Selected structures for species of Eisonyx are illustrated by line drawings and scanning electron micrographs. This genus, with three valid species, is diagnosed, the species distributions are mapped, and a key to the species is included. A lectotype is designated for E. crassipes LeConte. Each species is redescribed, the aedeagus and spermatheca are illustrated, and the known distribution and relevant biological information are summarized. The putative larva of this genus, represented by E. picipes Pierce, is described for the first time, and important structural features are illustrated by line drawings and scanning electron micrographs. Characters of potential phylogenetic importance for the subfamily, as they pertain to Eisonyx, are discussed. RP PAKALUK, J (reprint author), NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,USDA,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,NHB 168,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU COLEOPTERISTS SOC PI NATCHEZ PA P.O. BOX 767, NATCHEZ, MS 39121 SN 0010-065X J9 COLEOPTS BULL JI Coleopt. Bull. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 48 IS 2 BP 153 EP 169 PG 17 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NR678 UT WOS:A1994NR67800008 ER PT J AU KRISHNAN, KA PROUDMAN, JA BAHR, JM AF KRISHNAN, KA PROUDMAN, JA BAHR, JM TI PURIFICATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ISOFORMS OF LUTEINIZING-HORMONE FROM THE CHICKEN PITUITARY-GLAND SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE LUTEINIZING HORMONE; CHICKEN PITUITARY GLAND ID FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; RECEPTOR ASSAY; OLIGOSACCHARIDES; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; HETEROGENEITY; COMPONENTS; MEMBRANES; LUTROPIN AB Isoforms of chicken luteinizing hormone (cLH) were isolated from chicken pituitaries by differential extraction, sequential chromatography on HPLC cation- and anion-exchange columns, and gel-filtration chromatography. Three purified isoforms of the cLH had high biological potency in the chicken granulosa cell LH bioassay (4.21-7.4 x NIH-LH-S1 U/mg). One cLH isoform without detectable biological activity showed substantial immunological activity in a homologous cLH radioimmunoassay. The cLH isoforms contained negligible follicle-stimulating hormone activity, but some contained thyroid-stimulating hormone activity. The apparent molecular weight of cLH was 37,000 Da, and the holoprotein consisted of subunits with a molecular weight of approximately 17,000 Da. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,GERMPLASM & GAMATE PHYSIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT ANIM SCI,URBANA,IL 61801. NR 29 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0305-0491 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 108 IS 2 BP 253 EP 264 DI 10.1016/0305-0491(94)90073-6 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA NT700 UT WOS:A1994NT70000013 PM 8055191 ER PT J AU SHANG, F HUANG, LL TAYLOR, A AF SHANG, F HUANG, LL TAYLOR, A TI DEGRADATION OF NATIVE AND OXIDIZED BETA-CRYSTALLIN AND GAMMA-CRYSTALLIN USING BOVINE LENS EPITHELIAL-CELL AND RABBIT RETICULOCYTE EXTRACTS SO CURRENT EYE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE CRYSTALLINS; OXIDATION; GLYCATION; PROTEOLYSIS; BOVINE; LENS EPITHELIAL CELL; UBIQUITIN ID RED-BLOOD-CELLS; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT PROTEASES; GLUTAMINE-SYNTHETASE; NEUTRAL PROTEINASE; ALPHA-CRYSTALLIN; OXYGEN RADICALS; CALPAIN-II; UBIQUITIN; PURIFICATION; HEMOGLOBIN AB In many types of cells, modified proteins are selectively and rapidly removed by various proteolytic systems. In eye lens, as in most cells, there appears to be a multiplicity of proteolytic pathways, including ubiquitin-dependent, ATP-dependent and ATP-independent pathways. Each of these appears to be involved in the degradation of alpha-crystallins. The objective of this study was to determine if oxidized beta- and gamma-crystallins would be selectively degraded and which proteolytic systems might be involved. beta- and gamma-crystallins were oxidized by exposure to Cs-137 radiation under N2O. This system generates OH primarily. Oxidation of beta- and gamma-crystallins was indicated by decreased protein sulfhydryl content and tryptophan fluorescence, as well as by increased levels of carbonyl and high molecular weight aggregates with increasing radiation dose. gamma-crystallin was more susceptible than beta-crystallin to oxidation based on loss of native crystallin, increase in aggregates and fragmentation products, and loss of tryptophan. Low molecular mass polymers (dimers) appear to be the precursors of high mass aggregates induced upon oxidation. At a specific level of oxidative insult interchain covalent bonds in addition to disulfides were more extensive in the polymers of gamma-crystallin as compared to beta-crystallin. Except for beta-crystallin irradiated with 1 krad, the degradation rate of crystallins using both reticulocyte and bovine lens epithelial cells (BLEC) proteolytic systems increased in proportion to the extent of oxidation. Proteolysis of oxidized gamma-crystallins increased 1775% and 900%, respectively, using reticulocytes and BLEC supernatants as the source of proteases. Using the same proteolytic systems, oxidation of beta-crystallins resulted in only a 160% and 130% increase in proteolysis, respectively. However, the absolute rate of proteolysis was higher with beta-crystallins. Most of these oxidized crystallins were degraded by an ATP-independent pathway, but ATP-dependent degradation was also observed. These results indicate that BLEC, as well as the reticulocytes, contain proteases which selectively degrade oxidized crystallins. Unlike proteolysis of specifically oxidized ci-crystallins, the degradation of oxidized beta- and gamma-crystallins did not appear to involve ubiquitination. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,NUTR & VIS RES LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. FU NEI NIH HHS [R01 EY08566] NR 46 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0271-3683 J9 CURR EYE RES JI Curr. Eye Res. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 13 IS 6 BP 423 EP 431 DI 10.3109/02713689408999870 PG 9 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA NT807 UT WOS:A1994NT80700005 PM 7924406 ER PT J AU LUGO, AE AF LUGO, AE TI NO COTE SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Letter RP LUGO, AE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,INT INST TROP FORESTRY,CALL BOX 25000,RIO PIEDRAS,PR, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-8574 J9 ECOL ENG JI Ecol. Eng. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 3 IS 2 BP 87 EP 89 DI 10.1016/0925-8574(94)90018-3 PG 3 WC Ecology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Engineering GA NR518 UT WOS:A1994NR51800005 ER PT J AU POLLEY, HW JOHNSON, HB MAYEUX, HS AF POLLEY, HW JOHNSON, HB MAYEUX, HS TI INCREASING CO2 - COMPARATIVE RESPONSES OF THE C-4 GRASS SCHIZACHYRIUM AND GRASSLAND INVADER PROSOPIS SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BIOMASS PRODUCTION; CARBON ISOTOPES; LITTLE BLUESTEM; MESQUITE; N-15; N-2 FIXATION; NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; WATER USE EFFICIENCY; SOUTHWESTERN US ID CARBON-DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION; WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; ELEVATED CO2; GAS-EXCHANGE; GREAT-BASIN; GROWTH; GLANDULOSA; PLANTS; DESERT AB The woody C-3 Prosopis glandulosa (honey mesquite) and C-4 perennial grass Schizachyrium scoparium (little bluestem) were grown along a gradient of daytime carbon dioxide concentrations from near 340 to 200 mu mol/mol air in a 38 m long controlled environment chamber. We sought to determine effects of historical and prehistorical increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration on growth, resource use, and competitive interactions of a species representative of C-4-dominated grasslands in the southwestern United States and the invasive legume P. glandulosa. Increasing CO2 concentration stimulated N-2 fixation by individually grown P. glandulosa and elicited in C-3 seedlings a similar relative increase in leaf intercellular CO2 concentration, net assimilation rate, and intrinsic water use efficiency (leaf net assimilation rate/stomatal conductance). Aboveground biomass of P. glandulosa was not altered by CO2 concentration, but belowground biomass and whole-plant water and nitrogen use efficiencies increased linearly with CO2 concentration in seedlings that were grown alone. Biomass produced by P. glandulosa that was grown with S. scoparium was not affected by CO2 concentration. Stomatal conductance declined and leaf assimilation rates of S. scoparium at near maximum incident light increased at higher CO2 concentration, but there was no effect of CO2 concentration on biomass production or whole-plant water use efficiency of the C-4 grass. Rising CO2 concentration, especially the 27% increase since the beginning of the 19th century, may have contributed to more abundant P. glandulosa on C-4 grasslands by stimulating the shrub's growth or reducing the amount of resources that the C-3 required. Much of the potential response of P. glandulosa to CO2 concentration, however, appears to be contingent on the shrub's escaping competition with neighboring grasses. RP POLLEY, HW (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRASSLAND SOIL & WATER RES LAB,TEMPLE,TX 76502, USA. NR 62 TC 80 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 16 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD JUN PY 1994 VL 75 IS 4 BP 976 EP 988 DI 10.2307/1939421 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NP103 UT WOS:A1994NP10300010 ER PT J AU WILEYTO, EP EWENS, WJ MULLEN, MA AF WILEYTO, EP EWENS, WJ MULLEN, MA TI MARKOV-RECAPTURE POPULATION ESTIMATES - A TOOL FOR IMPROVING INTERPRETATION OF TRAPPING EXPERIMENTS SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ESTIMATE; INSECT; LIKELIHOOD; MARK-RECAPTURE; MARKOV; POPULATION; TRAP ID BEETLES; MODELS AB This paper describes a method of population estimation in which a random, unknown number of individuals is marked using a self-marking bait station (a trap modified for mark and release); animals (both marked and unmarked) may then be captured in an otherwise identical trap, which is available simultaneously. The estimate of the unknown population size is based on the assumption of a closed population and a simple Markov model in which the rates of marking and capture are assumed to be equal. The population size estimator is based on the maximum likelihood technique, and is given by the next integer less than N = (C + R)(2)/2(R + 1)' where R and C are, respectively, the numbers of marked and unmarked individuals found in the trap. The estimator is almost unbiased for a wide range of true population sizes, and over a wide range of times over which the experiment is run, although it becomes negatively biased when the mean number of recaptures is <5. Confidence limits may be obtained using asymptotic maximum likelihood arguments, although relative likelihood methods perform better when the number of recaptures is small. C1 UNIV PENN, DEPT BIOL, LEIDY LAB, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104 USA. USDA ARS, STORED PROD INSECTS RES & DEV LAB, 3401 EDWIN ST, SAVANNAH, GA 31405 USA. RP WILEYTO, EP (reprint author), UNIV PENN, SCH VET MED, NEW BOLTON CTR, 382 W STREET RD, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348 USA. NR 19 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 8 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 EI 1939-9170 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD JUN PY 1994 VL 75 IS 4 BP 1109 EP 1117 DI 10.2307/1939434 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NP103 UT WOS:A1994NP10300023 ER PT J AU PHILLIPS, TW STRAND, MR AF PHILLIPS, TW STRAND, MR TI LARVAL SECRETIONS AND FOOD ODORS AFFECT ORIENTATION IN FEMALE PLODIA-INTERPUNCTELLA SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE LEPIDOPTERA; PYRALIDAE; INDIANMEAL MOTH; SEMIOCHEMICALS; ATTRACTION; OVIPOSITION ID HOST-PLANT; EPHESTIA-KUEHNIELLA; CABBAGE-LOOPER; WIND-TUNNEL; FLOUR MOTH; LEPIDOPTERA; PYRALIDAE; PHEROMONE; BEHAVIOR; ATTRACTION AB Substrates contaminated by wandering fifth instar larvae of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner)(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) elicit oviposition by conspecific female moths, and larval rearing diet enhances oviposition and also induces upwind flight. Two-choice oviposition assays determined that four-day-old gravid female P interpunctella preferred to lay eggs on dishes containing cornmeal-based rearing diet compared to empty dishes. Pieces of cheesecloth contaminated by fifth instar larvae elicited more oviposition than untreated cheesecloth or dishes with food. The combination of larval contamination and food was preferred over food only or larval contamination only in both two- and four-choice experiments. The factor(s) in larval contamination responsible for eliciting oviposition in female moths was extracted in hexane, confirming that organic semiochemicals are responsible for the effect. The oviposition-eliciting activity of larval contamination was retained on cheesecloth for up to 30 days following treatment with larvae, suggesting the active component(s) is stable and of low relative volatility. In two-choice windtunnel bioassays female moths initiated flight only when rearing food was present in one of the treatments, and they displayed the highest landing responses to a combination of larval contamination and food. Earlier work on P. interpunctella and related pyralid species found that larval contamination due to secretions from the mandibular glands acted an both a spacing pheromone for wandering larvae and as a kairomone for host-seeking parasitoid wasps. The present study suggests that the same or a similar secretion acts as an oviposition-eliciting pheromone for conspecific females. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT ENTOMOL,MADISON,WI 53706. RP PHILLIPS, TW (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,USDA ARS,STORED PROD INSECTS RES UNIT,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 29 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 71 IS 3 BP 185 EP 192 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NR899 UT WOS:A1994NR89900001 ER PT J AU Gove, JH Fairweather, SE Solomon, DS AF Gove, Jeffrey H. Fairweather, Stephen E. Solomon, Dale S. TI Optimizing the horizontal structural diversity in uneven-aged northern hardwood stands SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE diameter distributions; non-linear programming; Patil-Taillie diversity profiles AB Two mathematical programming formulations are presented which allow the determination of diameter distributions that maximize the diameter class diversity in uneven-aged northern hardwood stands. Distributions generated from these models were found to be comparable from a management standpoint and could be incorporated into existing linear programming models as alternative management scenarios. The models presented here provide an initial framework for quantitatively addressing the requirements of the US National Forest Management Act in matters of diversity in the planning process. C1 [Gove, Jeffrey H.; Solomon, Dale S.] US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. [Fairweather, Stephen E.] Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Gove, JH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, POB 640, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1352-8505 EI 1573-3009 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 1 IS 2 BP 109 EP 120 DI 10.1007/BF02426654 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA V31TH UT WOS:000208905400005 ER PT J AU DAY, WH AF DAY, WH TI ESTIMATING MORTALITY CAUSED BY PARASITES AND DISEASES OF INSECTS - COMPARISONS OF THE DISSECTION AND REARING METHODS SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DISSECTION; PARASITISM; REARING ID ALFALFA WEEVIL; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; NATURAL ENEMIES; HYMENOPTERA; ENTOMOPHTHORALES; ICHNEUMONIDAE; LEPIDOPTERA; COLEOPTERA; BRACONIDAE; CURCULIONIDAE AB Because the measurement of insect mortality caused by parasites and disease is fundamental to biological control and related fields, accurate data are of great importance. Most studies rely on the rearing of hosts to determine the incidence of disease and parasitism, and the results are seldom compared with those determined by the dissection method. The examples in the current study show that parasitism measured by dissection was 12 to 44% higher than by rearing, and that dissections are much more accurate than rearing for measuring the effects of parasites and disease, because dissection data are not confounded by the disproportional mortality of parasitized hosts by disease and stress that occurs during the rearing process. Moreover, even parasitism data obtained by dissections underestimate mortality because a considerable proportion of hosts die of oviposition trauma, and in some species, after being fed upon by female parasites before they are sampled. The rearing method is useful for determining parasite species as well as other purposes, and these are listed along with the numerous advantages of dissections. Although dissections provide the most accurate mortality estimates, for the most comprehensive results, both rearing and dissection methods should be used concurrently. RP DAY, WH (reprint author), USDA,BENEFICIAL INSECTS RES LAB,501 S CHAPEL ST,NEWARK,DE 19713, USA. NR 42 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 23 IS 3 BP 543 EP 550 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT202 UT WOS:A1994NT20200002 ER PT J AU LINGREN, PD WESTBROOK, JK BRYANT, VM RAULSTON, JR ESQUIVEL, JF JONES, GD AF LINGREN, PD WESTBROOK, JK BRYANT, VM RAULSTON, JR ESQUIVEL, JF JONES, GD TI ORIGIN OF CORN-EARWORM (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) MIGRANTS AS DETERMINED BY CITRUS POLLEN MARKERS AND SYNOPTIC WEATHER SYSTEMS SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HELICOVERPA-ZEA; CITRUS POLLEN; MIGRATION ID ARMYWORM LEPIDOPTERA; MIGRATION; MOTHS; RADAR; RANGE AB Pollen on com earworm moths, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), can provide an indication of their host plant visitations and migratory activities. Our study was conducted to determine the origin of Citrus sp. pollen-contaminated moths captured in Atoka County, Oklahoma, during 1990 and the host plant feeding range of moths present in Hidalgo County, Texas, and Atoka County. Captured moths were analyzed for pollen with scanning electron microscopy. H. zea moths captured in January 1989 in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas when citrus was not blooming were not contaminated with Citrus spp. pollen. Sixty percent of those captured on 17 March 1989 during the citrus blooming period were contaminated with Citrus sp. pollen. None of the moths sampled in that area between 21 March and 2 April 1990 were contaminated with Citrus spp. after a major freeze in December 1989. Citrus blooming during 1990 was drastically reduced or eliminated in South Texas, northeastern Mexico, Louisiana, and central Florida. However, Citrus sp. pollen accounted for 3% of all pollen detected on migratory H. zea collected in Atoka County between 27 February and 24 April 1990. Lack of Citrus spp. pollen-contaminated H. zea in Hidalgo County after the severe freeze suggests the H. zea contaminated with Citrus pollen was collected in Atoka County during April 1990 originated elsewhere. Evaluation of calculated trajectories, synoptic weather maps, and upper-air transport opportunities suggests southern Florida, the Bahamas, Cuba, Yucatan Peninsula, and northern Central America as potential source areas 1,515 km from the capture site. This would require the moths to be in flight over water for 72 h or have very limited diurnal resting periods on seaweed (Sargassum spp.), ships, oil platforms, or the sea surface. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,PALYNOL LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. RP LINGREN, PD (reprint author), USDA ARS,CIPMRU,ROUTE 5,BOX 808,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 25 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 23 IS 3 BP 562 EP 570 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT202 UT WOS:A1994NT20200005 ER PT J AU WOODSON, WD AF WOODSON, WD TI INTERSPECIFIC AND INTRASPECIFIC LARVAL COMPETITION BETWEEN DIABROTICA-VIRGIFERA-VIRGIFERA AND DIABROTICA-BARBERI (COLEOPTERA, CHRYSOMELIDAE) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DIABROTICA SPP; COMPETITION; ADULT SURVIVAL ID WESTERN CORN-ROOTWORM; NORTHERN AB Intraspecific and interspecific competition among northern corn rootworms, Diabrotica barberi Smith & Lawrence, and western com rootworms, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, were investigated under greenhouse conditions. Densities of both species were varied on potted com seedlings to determine the effects of competition on adult emergence. The results depended on the initial larval densities of the two species. Intraspecific and interspecific competition significantly affected in adult emergence of both species. Western corn rootworm adult emergence was influenced more by intraspecific competition than interspecific competition, but females were effected by northern com rootworm densities. Northern corn rootworm was very sensitive to both intraspecific and interspecific competition. RP WOODSON, WD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO GRAIN INSECTS RES LAB,NPA,RURAL ROUTE 3,BROOKINGS,SD 57006, USA. NR 11 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 5 U2 9 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 23 IS 3 BP 612 EP 616 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT202 UT WOS:A1994NT20200009 ER PT J AU WALLNER, WE GRINBERG, PS WALTON, GS AF WALLNER, WE GRINBERG, PS WALTON, GS TI DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN GYPSY-MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, LYMANTRIIDAE) POPULATIONS BY SPECTRAL COLOR DISCRIMINATION OF HEAD CAPSULES SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE GYPSY MOTH; SPECTRAL COLOR ANALYSIS; HEAD CAPSULES AB Head capsules of 579 individuals from 28 different populations of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), were reliably classified with an analysis of their color spectrum. Based on 26 variables, derived from almost-equal-to 17 million color combinations of red, green, and blue, a set of numeric characteristics permitted discrimination between gypsy moth populations from the former Soviet Union, the northeastern United States, and the laboratory. Discriminant analysis of color spectra also differentiated among laboratory families reared on the same diet as well as instars within the same family. The 26 variables, which were derived from a series of discriminant analyses and tested on head capsules from populations from Japan, China, Yugoslavia, and Maryland, provided separation as well as a high level of correct classification. This procedure may be useful when head capsule or other spectral data are used in studies of biocontrol, behavior, and population dynamics. RP WALLNER, WE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,NE CTR FOREST HLTH RES,HAMDEN,CT 06514, USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 23 IS 3 BP 659 EP 664 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT202 UT WOS:A1994NT20200016 ER PT J AU BEERWINKLE, KR LOPEZ, JD WITZ, JA SCHLEIDER, PG EYSTER, RS LINGREN, PD AF BEERWINKLE, KR LOPEZ, JD WITZ, JA SCHLEIDER, PG EYSTER, RS LINGREN, PD TI SEASONAL RADAR AND METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH NOCTURNAL INSECT FLIGHT AT ALTITUDES TO 900 METERS SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INSECT MIGRATION; INSECT FLIGHT; RADAR ID HELICOVERPA-ARMIGERA LEPIDOPTERA; FALL ARMYWORM LEPIDOPTERA; BLACK CUTWORM; CORN-EARWORM; NOCTUIDAE; MIGRATION; BEHAVIOR; EMERGENCE; POLLEN; MOTHS AB Nocturnal aerial insect flight activities between 30 and 900 m above ground level were monitored with 3-cm scanning radar during the spring, summer, and fall seasons of 1988 and 1989 in the Brazos River Valley of Burleson County near College Station, TX. Surface meteorological parameters were measured continuously with weather station instrumentation, and radiosondes carried aloft by weather balloons were used to measure upper-air temperatures and wind conditions. Aerial volume density patterns and flight behaviors observed with radar varied nightly because of the many biological and meteorological variables involved, but certain seasonal characteristics of insect flight behavior became apparent during the course of the research. Nightly local dispersal flights at dusk were the norm, especially during the summer. Large numbers of insects were typically airborne for 1 to 2 h beginning about one-half hour after sunset with some of them reaching altitudes of 800 m or more where wind speeds were typically greater than 30 km/h. Several apparent long-range migration-type insect movement events were observed in which insects were concentrated in layers in high-speed, low-level wind jets that were apparently associated with nocturnal upper-air temperature inversions. Migration-type movement of insects tended to be south to north in the spring and early summer and north to south in the fall. RP BEERWINKLE, KR (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROP INSECT PESTS MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,ROUTE 5,BOX 808,COLLEGE STN,TX 77840, USA. NR 36 TC 32 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 21 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 23 IS 3 BP 676 EP 683 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT202 UT WOS:A1994NT20200018 ER PT J AU SKINNER, RH COHEN, AC AF SKINNER, RH COHEN, AC TI PHOSPHORUS-NUTRITION AND LEAF AGE EFFECTS ON SWEET-POTATO WHITEFLY (HOMOPTERA, ALEYRODIDAE) HOST SELECTION SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BEMISIA-TABACI; COTTON; HOST SELECTION ID BEMISIA-TABACI HOMOPTERA; ACYRTHOSIPHON-PISUM; COTTON; OSMOREGULATION; IDENTIFICATION; CARBOHYDRATE; EXPANSION; PLANTS AB The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), is a major agricultural pest, causing over $200 million damage to cotton alone in the United States in 1992. To understand sweetpotato whitefly feeding behavior, we examined the effects of phosphorus nutrition and leaf age on sweetpotato whitefly host selection. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedlings grown either hydroponically in growth chambers or in sand culture in the greenhouse were exposed to sweetpotato whitefly adults when two fully expanded true leaves were present. Phosphorus deficiency reduced oviposition on true leaves by 40% in the growth chamber, and by 38% on the youngest expanded leaf in the greenhouse, but had no effect on oviposition on cotyledons in either environment. When individual leaves from the greenhouse were analyzed, host acceptance was significantly correlated with low leaf sucrose concentration, but appeared to be unrelated to amino acid concentration or amino acid:sucrose ratio. This suggests that host selection was based on minimizing osmotic stress to the insect rather than on maximizing amino acid ingestion. RP SKINNER, RH (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 29 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 10 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 23 IS 3 BP 693 EP 698 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT202 UT WOS:A1994NT20200020 ER PT J AU KRASNOFF, SB SAWYER, AJ CHAPPLE, M CHOCK, S REISSIG, WH AF KRASNOFF, SB SAWYER, AJ CHAPPLE, M CHOCK, S REISSIG, WH TI LIGHT-ACTIVATED TOXICITY OF ERYTHROSIN-B TO THE APPLE MAGGOT (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) AND REEVALUATION OF ANALYTICAL METHODS SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE TEPHRITIDAE; RHAGOLETIS-POMONELLA; ERYTHROSIN-B ID MUSCIDAE; FIELD AB The light-activated toxic effect of erythrosin B on apple maggot fly was studied in the laboratory. Flies were allowed to feed in the dark on an aqueous solution of erythrosin B in 10% sucrose and were then exposed to light. Mortality, observed at the end of a 6-b exposure period, increased with dose of erythrosin B over the range 500-2,000 ppm but leveled off at higher doses. Mortality also increased with exposure time at 1,000 and 2,000 ppm. Data on survival versus exposure time were analyzed using a logarithmic model previously proposed, but apparently never used, to describe the process by which insects succumb to dye-sensitized photooxidation. With the addition of a parameter representing an exposure-time threshold, this model fit our observations on apple maggot better than the probit model, which is usually but we believe inappropriately, applied to data in studies of this type. Insects continued to die after they were returned to the dark following exposure to light, suggesting the existence of a residual effect of the light exposure. This calls into question the standard practice of assessing mortality immediately following the period of light exposure in studies of dye-sensitized photooxidation. RP KRASNOFF, SB (reprint author), USDA ARS,PLANT PROTECT RES UNIT,TOWER RD,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 19 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 23 IS 3 BP 738 EP 743 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT202 UT WOS:A1994NT20200026 ER PT J AU RAMADAN, MM WONG, TTY HERR, JC AF RAMADAN, MM WONG, TTY HERR, JC TI IS THE ORIENTAL FRUIT-FLY (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) A NATURAL HOST FOR THE OPIINE PARASITOID DIACHASMIMORPHA-TRYONI (HYMENOPTERA, BRACONIDAE) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DIACHASMIMORPHA-TRYONI; DIACHASMIMORPHA-LONGICAUDATA; HOST SUITABILITY ID CERATITIS-CAPITATA DIPTERA; INSECT PARASITOIDS; KULA AREA; FLIES DIPTERA; SEX-RATIO; HAWAII; MAUI; ABUNDANCE; AGE AB Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to determine the suitability of the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), for the development of Diachasmimorpha tryoni (Cameron). In the laboratory, parasitism of individual B. dorsalis larvae by 6-10 D. tryoni eggs killed and prevented the pupation of 8.0 t 3.7% of the parasitized hosts and the emergence of 50.0 +/- 7.1% of the puparia. Mortality of immature B. dorsalis increased significantly as the rate of superparasitism increased. A mean of 68.0 +/- 6.6% of B. dorsalis that received 1-5 D. tryoni eggs per larva pupated and eclosed to morphologically normal flies. These flies contained melanized eggs of the parasitoid in their abdomens. In uneclosed hosts which received 6-10 parasitoid eggs per larva, melanized eggs along with 1-6 melanized first-instar parasitoids were recorded. Parasitism of B. dorsalis by D. tryoni alone never results in parasitoid development beyond the first instar. However, in a heterospecific parasitism test involving D. tryoni and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead), almost-equal-to 1/10 of the parasitized puparia eclosed to adult D. tryoni. Average percentage of D. tryoni females emerging from such neutralized B. dorsalis (parasitized by D. longicaudata before or after exposure to D. tryoni to block host immunity) was 81 to 92%. Emergence of D. tryoni from field collected B. dorsalis was also very low (0.35% emergence; 8 D. tryoni adults out of 2,279 B. dorsalis puparia). We conclude that contrary to the published host-range lists, neither laboratory-reared nor wild B. dorsalis are natural hosts for the opiine parasitoid D. tryoni. C1 USDA ARS,TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE RES LAB,HONOLULU,HI 96804. NR 52 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 23 IS 3 BP 761 EP 769 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT202 UT WOS:A1994NT20200030 ER PT J AU HOGSETTE, JA FARKAS, R COLER, RR AF HOGSETTE, JA FARKAS, R COLER, RR TI HYMENOPTERAN PUPAL PARASITES RECOVERED FROM HOUSE-FLY AND STABLE FLY (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE) PUPAE COLLECTED ON LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY FACILITIES IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL HUNGARY SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE SPALANGIA; TRICHOPRIA; COPTERA ID MANURE AB The first field survey, noting the occurrence and diversity of filth fly pupal parasite fauna in Hungary, was done on beef and dairy feedlots, and swine and poultry farms in the northern and central parts of the country. Musca domestica L. and Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) were the two major filth fly hosts. Four species of Spalangia recovered, in decreasing order of abundance, were S. cameroni Perkins, S. endius Walker, S. nigroaenea Curtis, and S. nigra Latrielle. S. endius, Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders, two apparently undescribed Trichopria spp. and one apparently undescribed Coptera sp. are believed to be new country records. RP HOGSETTE, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 23 IS 3 BP 778 EP 781 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT202 UT WOS:A1994NT20200032 ER PT J AU LAIRD, DA YEN, PY KOSKINEN, WC STEINHEIMER, TR DOWDY, RH AF LAIRD, DA YEN, PY KOSKINEN, WC STEINHEIMER, TR DOWDY, RH TI SORPTION OF ATRAZINE ON SOIL CLAY COMPONENTS SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DESORPTION HYSTERESIS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; ADSORPTION; EQUILIBRIA; METRIBUZIN; SEDIMENTS; BEHAVIOR; SMECTITE; SURFACE AB Distribution coefficients for sorption and desorption of atrazine were determined for all combinations of three chemical treatments and four particle size fractions prepared from a typical soil clay. Organic and inorganic components were 11 and 89% of the mass and contributed 68 and 32% of the affinity of the soil clay for atrazine, respectively. Organic matter associated with the coarse clay had substantially greater affinity for atrazine and exhibited greater sorption-desorption hysteresis than organic matter associated with the fine clay. Silicate minerals had a moderate affinity for atrazine and exhibited little sorption-desorption hysteresis. Free Fe compounds interacted with silicate minerals in the coarse and medium clay to reduce affinity of the silicate minerals for atrazine. The results suggest that atrazine is primarily retained on silicate clays by physical sorption but that both physical sorption and chemisorption contribute to retention of atrazine by soil organic matter. RP LAIRD, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,2150 PAMMEL DR,AMES,IA 50011, USA. RI Laird, David/E-8598-2014 NR 30 TC 147 Z9 157 U1 3 U2 29 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 28 IS 6 BP 1054 EP 1061 DI 10.1021/es00055a014 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NP277 UT WOS:A1994NP27700018 PM 22176230 ER PT J AU SEABORN, CD NIELSEN, FH AF SEABORN, CD NIELSEN, FH TI BORON AND SILICON - EFFECTS ON GROWTH, PLASMA-LIPIDS, URINARY CYCLIC-AMP AND BONE AND BRAIN MINERAL-COMPOSITION OF MALE-RATS SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE BORON; SILICON; BONE; CAMP; AMINO ACIDS ID BORIC-ACID; MALLARD DUCKLINGS; TOXICITY; PHYSIOLOGY; EXPOSURE; MICE AB Because boron resembles silicon in its chemical properties, an experiment was performed to determine if excessive dietary boron would affect the response to silicon deprivation and, conversely, if silicon would influence the effects of an excessive intake of boron. Male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to groups of six or 12 in a two-by-two factorially arranged experiment. Supplemented to a ground corn/casein diet containing 1.2 mug silicon and 3 mug boron per gram were silicon as sodium metasilicate at 0 or 50 mug/g and boron as orthoboric acid at 0 or 500 mug/g diet. At nine weeks, animals fed high dietary boron had significantly decreased final body weights, liver-weight-to-body-weight ratios, urinary cAMP concentrations, plasma triglyceride, cholesterol, glycine, valine, leucine, and lysine concentrations and skull copper, sodium, and manganese concentrations. High dietary boron also significantly increased brain-weight-to-body-weight ratios, magnesium concentrations of femur, brain, and plasma, zinc concentration of femur, and iron concentration of skull. The bone mineral findings suggest that excess dietary boron exerts subtle effects on bone composition. Dietary silicon affected blood urea nitrogen, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and the concentrations of plasma threonine and aspartic acid in animals fed excess boron. Depression of the testes-weight-to-body-weight ratio of animals fed 500 mug boron per gram diet was most marked in animals not fed silicon. Although excessive dietary boron did not markedly enhance the response of rats to silicon deprivation, dietary silicon affected their response to high dietary boron. Thus, dietary silicon apparently can influence boron toxicity. C1 USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202. NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 13 IS 6 BP 941 EP 947 DI 10.1897/1552-8618(1994)13[941:BASEOG]2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA NN343 UT WOS:A1994NN34300013 ER PT J AU VANLOAN, MD KEIM, NL BARBIERI, TF MAYCLIN, PL AF VANLOAN, MD KEIM, NL BARBIERI, TF MAYCLIN, PL TI THE EFFECTS OF ENDURANCE EXERCISE WITH AND WITHOUT A REDUCTION OF ENERGY-INTAKE ON FAT-FREE MASS AND THE COMPOSITION OF FAT-FREE MASS IN OBESE WOMEN SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID LEAN BODY-MASS; NITROGEN; WATER AB Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of endurance exercise on fat-free mass and nitrogen balance, with energy restriction or with energy intake to meet non-exercise needs in obese women. Design: The study was a 14-week metabolic control study with a 2-week baseline period for dietary stabilization followed by a 12-week period of exercise (E) with or without energy restriction (D), E or D + E. Setting: Metabolic research unit of the Western Human Nutrition Research Center. Subjects: Ten obese women between the ages of 19 and 37 years volunteered as subjects. Body weight ranged from 19% to 41% IBW and body fat was 31-40% of body weight. Intervention: Women were assigned to either an energy-restricted or energy-'adequate' group so that group means for weight, body fat, FFM, predicted VO2max and RMR were similar. Data were polled for the 2-week baseline period and in 3-week intervals during the intervention period. Results: The data indicated that E had a slower rate of weight loss and a lower loss of FFM than D + E. Nitrogen balance was more positive in E than D + E. Negative N balance occurred in the D + E group when blood was drawn. There was no decrease in N excretion to compensate for blood losses. N balance for E was positive throughout the study. Conclusion: Changes in FFM, assessed by total body electrical conductivity, were different from the results obtained by classic nitrogen balance. This suggests that losses were due to fluid losses, which were confirmed by deuterium dilution procedures. This study demonstrated that body protein stores remained intact during periods of increased energy expenditure and dietary restriction in obese women. RP VANLOAN, MD (reprint author), USDA,WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,POB 29997,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94129, USA. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0954-3007 J9 EUR J CLIN NUTR JI Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 48 IS 6 BP 408 EP 415 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA NU625 UT WOS:A1994NU62500005 PM 7925223 ER PT J AU HOWELL, AB FRANCOIS, L ERWIN, DC AF HOWELL, AB FRANCOIS, L ERWIN, DC TI INTERACTIVE EFFECT OF SALINITY AND VERTICILLIUM-ALBO-ATRUM ON VERTICILLIUM-WILT-DISEASE SEVERITY AND YIELD OF 2 ALFALFA CULTIVARS SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ALFALFA; SALINITY; VERTICILLIUM WILT DISEASE ID PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT-ROT; GROWTH; GERMINATION; PARASITICA; TOMATO; PLANTS AB The interaction between the fungus Verticillium albo-atrum and soil salinity was evaluated for two alfalfa (Medicago sativum) cultivars, Moapa-69 and NK-89786, differing in susceptibility to Verticillium wilt. Salinity treatments (NaCl, CaCl2) were imposed by drip irrigation of 7-week-old plants which were then inoculated by soil drench with different concentrations of V. albo-atrum. In the absence of V. albo-atrum, a salinity of 7.5 dS/m significantly (P<0.05) reduced yield of both cultivars relative to the nonsaline control. Thresholds for reduction in relative yield with increasing salinities were 0.8 for NK-89786 and 1.6 dS/m for Moapa-69, indicating that NK-89786 was more sensitive to salinity than Moapa-69. In the absence of salinity, the percentage of stems infected with V. albo-atrum and the severity of root xylem necrosis were significantly greater for Moapa-69 than for NK-89786. Inoculation with V. albo-atrum did not significantly reduce yield of either cultivar when grown in nonsaline soil; however, when infected NK-89786 plants were irrigated with saline water of 3.0, 5.0, or 7.5 dS/m, yield was significantly reduced relative to yield loss due to the effects of V. albo-atrum inoculation alone. A similar yield reduction occurred for Moapa-69, but only at 7.5 dS/m. C1 UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521. USDA,SALIN LAB,RIVERSIDE,CA 92506. NR 29 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 37 IS 3 BP 247 EP 251 DI 10.1016/0378-4290(94)90103-1 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA PN133 UT WOS:A1994PN13300010 ER PT J AU GODFREY, KE ANDERSON, LWJ PERRY, SD DECHORETZ, N AF GODFREY, KE ANDERSON, LWJ PERRY, SD DECHORETZ, N TI OVERWINTERING AND ESTABLISHMENT POTENTIAL OF BAGOUS-AFFINIS (COLEOPTERA, CURCULIONIDAE) ON HYDRILLA-VERTICILLATA (HYDROCHARITACEAE) IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE AQUATIC WEED CONTROL; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; FIELD BIOLOGY; NOXIOUS WEEDS ID INSECTS AB Bagous affinis Hustache (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) has potential as a biological control agent for subterranean turions (also called tubers) of hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle; Hydrocharitaceae). The ability of B. affinis to overwinter and establish was investigated at 2 sites in northern California; a pond in Calaveras County and the Chowchilla River in Madera County. In cage studies conducted at the pond, B. affinis survived the winter for 2 seasons. After releases at the pond, B. affinis successfully reproduced and survived during the summer of 1992. Weevil larvae had damaged both sentinel and native tubers at the site. In the spring, following the release of B. affinis at the pond, a light trap and baited shelter traps were used to detect weevils that had overwintered naturally at the site. No weevils were recovered. At the Chowchilla River site, B. affinis failed to establish, possibly due to a lack of tubers in the section of the river where the releases were made. C1 AQUAT UNLIMITED,MARTINEZ,CA 94553. CALIF DEPT FOOD & AGR,SACRAMENTO,CA 94271. RP GODFREY, KE (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,USDA ARS,AQUAT WEED CONTROL RES LAB,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 77 IS 2 BP 221 EP 230 DI 10.2307/3495507 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NU775 UT WOS:A1994NU77500003 ER PT J AU MITCHELL, ER TUMLINSON, JH AF MITCHELL, ER TUMLINSON, JH TI RESPONSE OF SPODOPTERA-EXIGUA AND S-ERIDANIA (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) MALES TO SYNTHETIC PHEROMONE AND S-EXIGUA FEMALES SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE CROSS SEX ATTRACTION; SOUTHERN ARMYWORM; BEET ARMYWORM; (Z)-9-TETRADECEN-1-OL; (Z,E)-9,12-TETRADECADIEN-1-OL ACETATE; (Z,E)-9,11-TETRADECADIEN-1-OL ACETATE; (Z)-11-HEXADECEN-L-OLACETATE ID ARMYWORM AB The seasonal occurrence of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), and the southern armyworm, Spodoptera eridania (Cramer), was monitored over a 2-year period using International Pheromones, Ltd. Moth Traps(R) baited with rubber septa impregnated with pheromone blends identified from conspecific females and also with pheromone emitted by live female beet armyworm moths. The pheromone blend for beet armyworm was (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol (2.5%), (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate (87.2%), and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate (10.3%). The pheromone blend used for southern armyworm was (Z)-9-tetradecen-1-ol acetate (55.78%), (Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate (21.23%), (Z,E)-9,11-tetradecadien-1-ol acetate (8.67%), and (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol acetate (14.32%). Although subtropical in habit, both species apparently can survive in North-Central Florida even when temperatures drop below freezing for several days. The response of male southern armyworm moths to traps baited with beet armyworm females was remarkably similar to that recorded for southern armyworm males to their synthetic pheromone. This response was consistent over two years. RP MITCHELL, ER (reprint author), USDA ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011 NR 8 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 77 IS 2 BP 237 EP 247 DI 10.2307/3495509 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NU775 UT WOS:A1994NU77500005 ER PT J AU LANDOLT, PJ AF LANDOLT, PJ TI FRUIT OF MORRENIA-ODORATA (ASCLEPIADACEAE) AS A HOST FOR THE PAPAYA FRUIT-FLY, TOXOTRYPANA-CURVICAUDA (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Note RP LANDOLT, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,1700 SW 23RD DR,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 8 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 77 IS 2 BP 287 EP 288 DI 10.2307/3495516 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NU775 UT WOS:A1994NU77500012 ER PT J AU JUNEJA, VK CALL, JE MARMER, BS MILLER, AJ AF JUNEJA, VK CALL, JE MARMER, BS MILLER, AJ TI THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ABUSE ON CLOSTRIDIUM-PERFRINGENS IN COOKED TURKEY STORED UNDER AIR AND VACUUM SO FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FOODBORNE DISEASE; UNITED-STATES; GROWTH; OUTBREAKS; COSTS RP JUNEJA, VK (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 22 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0740-0020 J9 FOOD MICROBIOL JI Food Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 11 IS 3 BP 187 EP 193 DI 10.1006/fmic.1994.1022 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA NY293 UT WOS:A1994NY29300002 ER PT J AU WHITING, RC BUCHANAN, RL AF WHITING, RC BUCHANAN, RL TI MICROBIAL MODELING SO FOOD TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NONPROTEOLYTIC CLOSTRIDIUM-BOTULINUM; PASTEURIZED PORK SLURRY; PREDICTIVE MICROBIOLOGY; BACTERIAL-GROWTH; WATER ACTIVITY; LAG PHASE; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; MODIFIED ATMOSPHERES; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI RP WHITING, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,MICROBIAL FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,600 E MERRIMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 55 TC 83 Z9 92 U1 1 U2 6 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0015-6639 J9 FOOD TECHNOL-CHICAGO JI Food Technol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 48 IS 6 BP 113 EP 120 PG 8 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA NT541 UT WOS:A1994NT54100012 ER PT J AU STANTURF, JA STONE, EL AF STANTURF, JA STONE, EL TI LOSS OF NITROGEN AND BASES AFTER FERTILIZATION OF 2ND-GROWTH HARDWOOD FOREST SOILS SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE NITROGEN; FERTILIZATION; 2ND GROWTH; SOIL ID PINE; ECOSYSTEM; DENITRIFICATION; PLANTATION; BIOMASS; GROWTH AB Soils at five New York sites of a nitrogen fertilization study in second-growth mixed deciduous forests were sampled to determine the fate of applied N and possible adverse chemical changes from its application. Organic layer and mineral soil (0-10 cm) samples were collected 10 or 11 years after the initial application from plots receiving a total of 0, 672 and 1344 kg-N ha-1 in two equal-sized applications 5 years apart. Nitrogen was applied as ammonium nitrate, except the first application at one location was urea. Treatments had little effect on the N and C pools of the forest floor and surface soil, indicating no appreciable retention of added N in the upper soil. Concentration and mass of cations in the mineral soil decreased with added N, as did pH, in accord with an hypothesis of nitrate leaching. The estimated loss of base cations was modest ( 1 2.4 kmol ( + ) ha-1) relative to the anions added in the highest single application of N (24 kmol ( - ) ha-1). On such soils, N added in excess of plant uptake capacity is not immobilized by long-term storage in soil organic matter despite its wide C:N ratio. The reduction in pH entails a loss of effective cation exchange capacity in addition to the associated loss of base cations. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT SOIL SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT FORESTRY,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. RP STANTURF, JA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SO HARDWOODS LAB,BOX 227,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. RI Stanturf, John/B-2889-2010 OI Stanturf, John/0000-0002-6828-9459 NR 48 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 65 IS 2-3 BP 265 EP 277 DI 10.1016/0378-1127(94)90175-9 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA NX635 UT WOS:A1994NX63500017 ER PT J AU LUPPOLD, WG DEMPSEY, GP AF LUPPOLD, WG DEMPSEY, GP TI FACTORS AFFECTING REGIONAL CHANGES IN HARDWOOD LUMBER PRODUCTION SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; INDUSTRY AB Hardwood lumber production increased by nearly 1.8 billion board feet between 1986 and 1990 and decreased sharply in 199 1. However, not all areas of the country experienced the same growth in hardwood lumber production during the 1980s. While lumber production in inland regions of the eastern United States and the west increased during the 1980s, lumber output in regions adjacent to the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts remained steady or declined. This paper examines changes in hardwood lumber production and the impact of changing domestic and international demands on these changes. RP LUPPOLD, WG (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,RT 2,BOX 562-B,PRINCETON,WV 24740, USA. NR 19 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 44 IS 6 BP 8 EP 14 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA NR564 UT WOS:A1994NR56400001 ER PT J AU FEIST, WC AF FEIST, WC TI WEATHERING PERFORMANCE OF FINISHED ASPEN SIDING SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WOOD; WAFERBOARD; SURFACES AB Roughsawn and smooth-planed aspen (Populus tremuloides) siding was finished with several finishes and exposed outdoors on vertical test fences facing south in southern Wisconsin, southern Mississippi, and the Olympic Peninsula of Washington. Transparent, penetrating finishes protected roughsawn surfaces for up to 36 months in Wisconsin and 24 months in Washington, but only 7 months in Mississippi. A semitransparent oil-based stain gave better performance than the transparent finishes; two coats of stain protected roughsawn aspen surfaces for up to 10 years. Accelerated weathering studies on unfinished aspen predicted that transparent and semitransparent finishes would have good performance. Solid-color stains also protected roughsawn wood surfaces for up to 10 years at all three locations; smooth surfaces were protected for 5 years. The best finishes for aspen were acrylic latex paints. Even after 10 years of exposure at the three locations, two coats of acrylic latex paint over an acrylic latex or oil-based primer provided very good protection and appearance to both roughsawn and smooth-planed wood. All finishes evaluated always performed better over roughsawn surfaces than over smooth. Except for a solid-color oil-based stain, two coats of finish were always better than one, and three were better than two. The results show that aspen has finishing and weathering characteristics similar to those of softwoods like ponderosa pine, fir, hemlock, and spruce. Good construction and finishing practices are required to ensure good finish performance and protection against decay. RP FEIST, WC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 44 IS 6 BP 15 EP 23 PG 9 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA NR564 UT WOS:A1994NR56400002 ER PT J AU WINANDY, JE AF WINANDY, JE TI EFFECTS OF LONG-TERM ELEVATED-TEMPERATURE ON CCA-TREATED SOUTHERN PINE LUMBER SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DECAY; ACID; WOOD AB The objective of this study was to determine the influence of extended high temperatures on the mechanical properties and chemical composition of southern pine treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA). Different treatment processing factors were evaluated to determine their effect on the rate of thermal degradation for CCA-treated lumber. When compared to untreated lumber, CCA-treated lumber (9.6 kg/m3 (0.6 pcf) exhibited accelerated thermal degradation on extended exposure to temperatures near 65-degrees-C (150-degrees-F) and 75 percent relative humidity. Both modulus of rupture and work to maximum load were significantly reduced, but modulus of elasticity was not affected. The effect of CCA retention levels less than 9.6 kg/m3 (0.6 pcf) is unknown. Chemical analysis indicated that arabinose and galactose contents were reduced more than 50 and 25 percent, respectively, after the 160-day high-temperature exposure. The rate of change in arabinose and galactose content seemed directly related to the rate of strength loss. Results indicate a possible need to develop an independent temperature modification factor for design stresses of preservative-treated material intended for use in high-temperature environments. RP WINANDY, JE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 44 IS 6 BP 49 EP 55 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA NR564 UT WOS:A1994NR56400008 ER PT J AU CRAWFORD, AM MONTGOMERY, GW PIERSON, CA BROWN, T DODDS, KG SUNDEN, SLF HENRY, HM EDE, AJ SWARBRICK, PA BERRYMAN, T PENTY, JM HILL, DF AF CRAWFORD, AM MONTGOMERY, GW PIERSON, CA BROWN, T DODDS, KG SUNDEN, SLF HENRY, HM EDE, AJ SWARBRICK, PA BERRYMAN, T PENTY, JM HILL, DF TI SHEEP LINKAGE MAPPING - 19 LINKAGE GROUPS DERIVED FROM THE ANALYSIS OF PATERNAL HALF-SIB FAMILIES SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID DINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT POLYMORPHISM; FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; FIBROBLAST GROWTH-FACTOR; MAJOR GENE; BOVINE MICROSATELLITE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; OVINE; LOCUS; CDNA; ASSIGNMENT AB Nineteen linkage groups containing a total of 52 markers have been identified in the sheep genome after typing large paternal half-sib families. The linkage groups range in size from 2 markers showing no recombination to a group containing 6 markers covering approximately 30 cM of the sheep genome. Thirteen of the groups have been assigned to a sheep chromosome. Three groups contain markers from bovine syntenic groups U2, U7 and U29, and one other group contains a marker that has been mapped only in humans. The remaining three groups are unassigned. This information will provide a useful foundation for a genetic linkage map of sheep. C1 UNIV OTAGO,CTR GENE RES,DUNEDIN,NEW ZEALAND. AGRES,INVERMAY AGR CTR,MOSGIEL,NEW ZEALAND. USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. RP CRAWFORD, AM (reprint author), UNIV OTAGO,DEPT BIOCHEM,AGRRES MOLEC BIOL UNIT,DUNEDIN,NEW ZEALAND. RI Montgomery, Grant/B-7148-2008 OI Montgomery, Grant/0000-0002-4140-8139 NR 57 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 2 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD JUN PY 1994 VL 137 IS 2 BP 573 EP 579 PG 7 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA NM107 UT WOS:A1994NM10700021 PM 8070667 ER PT J AU MAHADEVAPPA, M DESCENZO, RA WISE, RP AF MAHADEVAPPA, M DESCENZO, RA WISE, RP TI RECOMBINATION OF ALLELES CONFERRING SPECIFIC RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW AT THE MLA LOCUS IN BARLEY SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE RECOMBINANT; BARLEY; POWDERY MILDEW; MLA; HORDEIN ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; F-SP-HORDEI; FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; LETTUCE LACTUCA-SATIVA; DISEASE-RESISTANCE; FINE-STRUCTURE; A-LOCUS; GENES; MARKERS; LINES AB In barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), the Mla locus conditions reaction to the powdery mildew fungus Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei. Enrichment for genetic recombinants in the Mla region is possible by screening for recombination events between the flanking endosperm storage proteins hordeins C and B. Reciprocal crosses were made between the Franger (C.I. 16151) and Rupee (C.I. 16155) lines carrying the (Mla6 c Mla14) and Mla13 alleles, respectively. Recombinants were identified from F-2 segregants by analyzing the extracted hordein polypeptides by sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two hundred and seventy-six recombinant gametes were identified from the 1800 seeds that were screened. Recombination of Mla alleles was analyzed by inoculating F-4 recombinant lines with three isolates of E. graminis (A27, 5874, and CR3), which recognize specific Mla alleles. The linkage order established is Hor1-Mla6-Mla13-Mlal4-Hor2. The genetic distances between Hor1-Mla6, Mla6-Mla13, and Mla13-Hor2, obtained using Mapmaker 3.0b F-3 intercross analysis, are 3.9, 0.2, and 5.2 cM, respectively. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,INTERDEPT GENET PROGRAM,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,USDA ARS,DEPT PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011. NR 44 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD JUN PY 1994 VL 37 IS 3 BP 460 EP 468 DI 10.1139/g94-064 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA NP558 UT WOS:A1994NP55800015 PM 18470091 ER PT J AU IMANYWOHA, J JENSEN, KB HOLE, D AF IMANYWOHA, J JENSEN, KB HOLE, D TI PRODUCTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PRIMARY TRISOMICS IN DIPLOID AGROPYRON-CRISTATUM (CRESTED WHEATGRASS) SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE TRISOMICS; MEIOSIS; HYBRIDIZATION; AGROPYRON CRISTATUM; C-BANDING; KARYOTYPE ID GENOME AB Six of the seven possible primary trisomics in Agropyron cristatum were produced. Based on morphology, arm length ratios, and C-banding patterns, they were identified as primary trisomics for chromosomes A, B, C, D, E, and G. Agropyron cristatum is one of several species constituting the crested wheatgrass complex. All species in this complex contain one basic genome (P). A study was conducted to produce and identify a primary trisomic series that will be used to map genes to individual chromosomes. A population of 157 plants were generated by crossing autotriploids (PPP) with diploid (PP) A. cristatum: 58 were diploid (2n = 14), 76 were primary trisomics (2n = 15), 17 were double trisomic (2n = 16), 4 were triple trisomics (2n = 14 + 3), 1 was telocentric trisomic (2n = 14 + 1 telo), and 1 was tetratrisomic (2n = 14 + 4). Karyotype analysis of acetoorcein-stained chromosomes was carried out using the CHROMPAC III computer program; for analysis of C-banded karyotypes, the computer imaging analysis program PCAS (Plant Chromosome Analysis System) was used to identify the primary trisomics. Of the 47 primary trisomics analyzed, 21 plants had one extra satellited chromosome E, 18 with the satellited D chromosome, 3 each for chromosomes B and G, and 1 each for chromosomes C and A. Chromosome pairing was studied in trisomics B, D, E, and G. Trisomics for chromosomes B and G were similar in their mieotic behavior. Each had a trivalent frequency of about 60% and pollen stainability of less than 40%. Trisomics for chromosomes D and E had a trivalent frequency of about 30% and pollen stainability of over 70%. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,LOGAN,UT 84322. UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANTS SOILS & BIOMETEOROL,LOGAN,UT 84322. RP IMANYWOHA, J (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANTS SOILS & BIOMETEOROL,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. RI Hole, David/A-7173-2008 OI Hole, David/0000-0003-1325-3181 NR 24 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD JUN PY 1994 VL 37 IS 3 BP 469 EP 476 DI 10.1139/g94-065 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA NP558 UT WOS:A1994NP55800016 PM 18470092 ER PT J AU CHRISTIANSEN, AW AF CHRISTIANSEN, AW TI EFFECT OF OVERDRYING OF YELLOW-POPLAR VENEER ON PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES AND BONDING SO HOLZ ALS ROH-UND WERKSTOFF LA English DT Article ID PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE ADHESIVES; WOOD AB The intent of this study was to follow the changes of various wood physical properties as the wood was overdried at high temperature and to determine if these changes correlated with the ability of the wood to bond with phenolic resins. Yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) was dried from a water-soaked state at 170-degrees-C, 195-degrees-C, and 220-degrees-C for various lengths of time. Light reflectance, wettability, equilibrium moisture content (EMC), loss of wood substance, and compression shear bond strength were measured. Wettability was severely affected over time and was very quickly affected at high temperatures. The bulk properties, EMC and loss of wood substance, were slightly affected by drying for 224 min at 170-degrees-C but were more affected at the higher temperatures with time. The results for these bulk properties correlated well with light reflectance measurements regardless of temperature level. However, compression shear bond strength remained high and was unresponsive to either drying time or drying temperature. After these laboratory samples were analyzed, yellow-poplar plywood samples produced by an industrial manufacturer were tested for bond quality. One sample was composed of regularly dried veneer, and one sample was overdried. RP CHRISTIANSEN, AW (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 40 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0018-3768 J9 HOLZ ROH WERKST JI Holz Als Roh-und Werkst. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 52 IS 3 BP 139 EP 149 DI 10.1007/BF02615210 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA NV023 UT WOS:A1994NV02300002 ER PT J AU RIVER, BH EBEWELE, RO MYERS, GE AF RIVER, BH EBEWELE, RO MYERS, GE TI FAILURE MECHANISMS IN WOOD JOINTS BONDED WITH UREA-FORMALDEHYDE ADHESIVES SO HOLZ ALS ROH-UND WERKSTOFF LA English DT Article ID RESISTANCE; RESINS; STRESS AB Wood joints bonded with urea-formaldehyde (UF) are weakened by cyclic swelling and shrinking. To study the failure mechanisms in UF-bonded joints, specimens were bonded with unmodified, modified (amine), or phenol formaldehyde adhesive and subjected to accelerated aging. Modification of the adhesive properties increased the cleavage fracture toughness and shear strength of bonded joints and improved the resistance of joints to cyclic swell-shrink treatment and accelerated moist-heat aging. Joints bonded with some modified urea-formaldehyde adhesives were as resistant to these treatments as joints bonded with phenol formaldehyde. Physical and mechanical origins of the improved adhesive performance were determined by microscopic analysis. Cure-shrinkage stresses precracked unmodified adhesive layers and damaged the wood interphase. The damaged interphase was especially susceptible to the effects of cyclic swelling and shrinking stresses. Certain modifiers reduced or eliminated cure-shrinkage cracking and damage to the wood. Moist-heat aging caused molecular scission in the bulk unmodified adhesive layer as revealed by the onset of shear cracking in the adhesive layer and erosion of exposed surfaces. Certain modifiers reduced or eliminated molecular scission and erosion responsible for adhesive weakening in moist-heat aging. We conclude that incorporating flexible amines in the adhesive structure improves the durability and stability of UF-bonded joints. RP RIVER, BH (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 9 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0018-3768 J9 HOLZ ROH WERKST JI Holz Als Roh-und Werkst. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 52 IS 3 BP 179 EP 184 DI 10.1007/BF02615219 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA NV023 UT WOS:A1994NV02300010 ER PT J AU OKIE, WR REIGHARD, GL BECKMAN, TG NYCZEPIR, AP REILLY, CC ZEHR, EI NEWALL, WC CAIN, DW AF OKIE, WR REIGHARD, GL BECKMAN, TG NYCZEPIR, AP REILLY, CC ZEHR, EI NEWALL, WC CAIN, DW TI FIELD-SCREENING PRUNUS FOR LONGEVITY IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE PEACH; PLUM; PEACH TREE SHORT LIFE; ROOTSOCK; REPLANT ID TREE SHORT LIFE; PEACH; RESISTANCE; SOIL AB Long-term field trials of a wide range of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] germplasm on two peach tree short-life (PTSL) sites revealed marked differences in survival among lines. Generally, cuttings and seedlings of a given line performed similarly, as did ungrafted seedlings and their counterparts grafted to a commercial cultivar. No apparent relationship existed between a line's chilling requirement and survival. B594520-9 survived best in Georgia and South Carolina, providing significantly greater longevity than Lovell, the standard rootstock for use on PTSL sites. B594520-9 is derived from root-knot-nematode-resistant parentage, and progeny of surviving seedlings have demonstrated root-knot resistance similar to Nemaguard seedlings. C1 CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT HORT,CLEMSON,SC 29634. CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,CLEMSON,SC 29634. SUNWORLD INT,BAKERSFIELD,CA 93380. RP OKIE, WR (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE FRUIT & TREE NUT RES LAB,POB 87,BYRON,GA 31008, USA. NR 16 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 1994 VL 29 IS 6 BP 673 EP 677 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA NR071 UT WOS:A1994NR07100028 ER PT J AU FERY, RL DUKES, PD THIES, JA AF FERY, RL DUKES, PD THIES, JA TI CHARACTERIZATION OF NEW SOURCES OF RESISTANCE IN COWPEA TO THE SOUTHERN ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE SOUTHERNPEA; BLACKEYE BEAN; VIGNA-UNGUICULATA; MELOIDGYNE-INCOGNITA; VEGETABLE BREEDING; GENETICS; ALLELISM TEST AB A series of greenhouse and field studies was conducted over 9 years to characterize three new sources of resistance in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] to the southern root-knot nematode [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood] and to determine if the resistances are conditioned by genes allelic to the Rk root-knot nematode resistance gene in Mississippi Silver'. Three plant introductions (PI), PI 441917, PI 441920, and PI 468104, were evaluated for reaction to M. incognita in four greenhouse tests, and in every test each PI exhibited less galling, egg mass formation, or egg production than 'Mississippi Silver'. F, populations of the crosses between 'Mississippi Silver' and each of the three resistant PIs were also evaluated for root-knot nematode resistance in a greenhouse test. None of the F2 populations segregated for resistance, indicating that PI 441917, PI 441920, and PI 468104 each has a gene conditioning resistance that is allelic to the Rk gene in 'Mississippi Silver'. Our observations on the superior levels of resistances exhibited by PI 441917, PI 441920, and PI 468104 suggest that the allele at the Rk locus in these lines may not be the Rk allele, but one or more alleles that condition a superior, dominant-type resistance. The availability of additional dominant alleles would broaden the genetic base for root-knot nematode resistance in cowpea. RP FERY, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS,US VEGETABLE LAB,2875 SAVANNAH HIGHWAY,CHARLESTON,SC 29414, USA. NR 5 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 1994 VL 29 IS 6 BP 678 EP 679 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA NR071 UT WOS:A1994NR07100029 ER PT J AU ZIMMERMAN, TW SCORZA, R AF ZIMMERMAN, TW SCORZA, R TI BENZYLADENINE AND SHORTENED LIGHT-DARK CYCLES IMPROVE IN-VITRO SHOOT PROLIFERATION OF PEACH SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Note RP ZIMMERMAN, TW (reprint author), USDA ARS,N ATLANTIC AREA APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 1994 VL 29 IS 6 BP 698 EP 698 PG 1 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA NR071 UT WOS:A1994NR07100036 ER PT J AU BARRETT, HC AF BARRETT, HC TI US-145 CITRUS BREEDING LINE SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CITRUS-GRANDIS; FRUIT BREEDING; COMBINING ABILITY RP BARRETT, HC (reprint author), USDA ARS,US HORT RES LAB,2120 CAMDEN RD,ORLANDO,FL 32803, USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 1994 VL 29 IS 6 BP 702 EP 702 PG 1 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA NR071 UT WOS:A1994NR07100040 ER PT J AU FAUST, M BROOKS, HJ AF FAUST, M BROOKS, HJ TI DWARF APPLE GERMPLASM RELEASE US-B1, US-B2, AND US-B3 SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE MALUS-DOMESTICA; INTERNODE LENGTH; DORMANCY ID GROWTH; TREES RP FAUST, M (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 1994 VL 29 IS 6 BP 703 EP 704 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA NR071 UT WOS:A1994NR07100041 ER PT J AU OKIE, WR BECKMAN, TG NYCZEPIR, AP REIGHARD, GL NEWALL, WC ZEHR, EI AF OKIE, WR BECKMAN, TG NYCZEPIR, AP REIGHARD, GL NEWALL, WC ZEHR, EI TI BY5209, A PEACH ROOTSTOCK FOR THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES THAT INCREASES SCION LONGEVITY SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE PRUNUS-PERSICA; MELOIDOGYNE; CRICONEMELLA; PEACH TREE SHORT LIFE ID SHORT LIFE C1 CLEMSON UNIV,CLEMSON,SC 29634. RP OKIE, WR (reprint author), USDA,SE FRUIT & TREE NUT RES LAB,111 DUNBAR RD,BYRON,GA 31008, USA. NR 5 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 1994 VL 29 IS 6 BP 705 EP 706 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA NR071 UT WOS:A1994NR07100042 ER PT J AU STAVELY, JR KELLY, JD GRAFTON, KF AF STAVELY, JR KELLY, JD GRAFTON, KF TI BELMIDAK-RUST-RESISTANT NAVY DRY BEANS GERMPLASM LINES SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; UROMYCES-APPENDICULATUS VAR APPENDICULATUS; BEAN COMMON MOSAIC VIRUS; DISEASE RESISTANCE ID UROMYCES-PHASEOLI; REGISTRATION C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,E LANSING,MI 48824. N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & WEED SCI,FARGO,ND 58105. RP STAVELY, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,MOLEC PLANT PATHOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 18 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 1994 VL 29 IS 6 BP 709 EP 711 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA NR071 UT WOS:A1994NR07100044 ER PT J AU KRASZEWSKI, AW NELSON, SO AF KRASZEWSKI, AW NELSON, SO TI MICROWAVE RESONATOR TECHNIQUE FOR MOISTURE-CONTENT AND MASS DETERMINATION IN SINGLE SOYBEAN SEEDS SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Note ID KERNELS AB Principles are presented relating to the use of a microwave resonant cavity for determining simultaneously the mass and moisture content of individual soybean seeds. Measurement of the resonant frequency shift and change in the transmission characteristics of the cavity when the soybean seed is inserted provides the necessary information for calculating the mass of water in the seed and the dry matter mass, from which the moist mass of the seed and its moisture content can be determined. Uncertainties of the measurements of mass and moisture content were 3 percent and less than 1 percent moisture content, wet basis, respectively, at the 95-percent confidence level. RP KRASZEWSKI, AW (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 43 IS 3 BP 487 EP 489 DI 10.1109/19.293475 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA NV969 UT WOS:A1994NV96900021 ER PT J AU OUTCALT, KW AF OUTCALT, KW TI SEED PRODUCTION OF WIREGRASS IN CENTRAL FLORIDA FOLLOWING GROWING-SEASON PRESCRIBED BURNS SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Note DE ARISTIDA-STRICTA; PINUS-PALUSTRIS; FLORIDA; RESTORATION; SANDHILLS AB Wiregrass (Aristida stricta Michx.) is a major species in the long leaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) sandhills areas of central Florida, providing a major portion of the fuel for the recurring ground fires necessary to maintain the community. Growing season burning promotes flower and seed production. The objective of this study was to assess the seed production potential of wiregrass following prescribed burns from May through August. Four longleaf wiregrass sites were prescribed burned, one each in May, June, July, and August. Information on bunch size, bunch density, seed stalk density, seed density, and seed germination were collected. The four sites differed significantly in the density of wiregrass bunches, average bunch size, wiregrass cover and seed viability. The density of seed stalks was fairly consistent across sites. Viable seed production was lowest on the June burned site and highest on the July burned site. The study shows good quantities of seed are comparatively easy to produce with growing season bums. RP OUTCALT, KW (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,POB 14524,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA. NR 0 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 31 PU INT ASSOC WILDLAND FIRE PI FAIRFIELD PA PO BOX 328, FAIRFIELD, WA 99012-0328 SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PD JUN PY 1994 VL 4 IS 2 BP 123 EP 125 DI 10.1071/WF9940123 PG 3 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA NQ392 UT WOS:A1994NQ39200010 ER PT J AU WANJURA, DF MAHAN, JR AF WANJURA, DF MAHAN, JR TI THERMAL ENVIRONMENT OF COTTON IRRIGATED USING CANOPY TEMPERATURE SO IRRIGATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB The threshold canopy temperature method for controlling a drip irrigation system includes a physiologically based threshold temperature and irrigation application rate that responds to the environment. Energy input from the environment causes canopy temperature to exceed the threshold value and irrigation is then applied. This study evaluated temperature distributions, amount of optimum time, and the amount of irrigation control time for cotton where irrigation scheduling was controlled by different threshold temperatures during the years 1988 to 1991. Optimum time for cotton growth was defined as the accumulated time that canopy temperatures were between 25 and 31 degrees C and the time accumulated above different threshold temperatures was designated as irrigation control time. Threshold temperatures over a 26 to 32 degrees C range altered the frequency distribution of temperature within the optimum temperature range (25-31 degrees C) by reducing temperatures above the threshold. Frequency of canopy temperatures of a 28 degrees C threshold temperature treatment decreased in the 28 to 29 degrees C increment and then remained below air temperature. Irrigation control time was more sensitive than optimum time to changes in threshold temperature between 26 and 31 degrees C. Optimum time and irrigation control time of the 28 degrees C threshold temperature varied by 37% and 29%, respectively. Lint yields in 1988 and 1990 were high while those in 1989 and 1991 were low because of unfavorable weather. Irrigation amounts applied during DOY 198-273 that were above 20 cm in high yield years or 12 cm in low yield years did not increase yield. RP WANJURA, DF (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROPPING SYST RES LAB,LUBBOCK,TX 79401, USA. NR 8 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0342-7188 J9 IRRIGATION SCI JI Irrig. Sci. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 14 IS 4 BP 199 EP 205 DI 10.1007/BF00190191 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA NV005 UT WOS:A1994NV00500004 ER PT J AU PARRIS, N JOUBRAN, RF LU, DP AF PARRIS, N JOUBRAN, RF LU, DP TI TRIGLYCERIDE MICROEMULSIONS - EFFECT OF NONIONIC SURFACTANTS AND THE NATURE OF THE OIL SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MODEL MICROEMULSIONS; VEGETABLE-OILS; SOLUBILIZATION; SYSTEMS; PHASES AB The phase behavior of mixtures of food grade surfactants and various triglycerides was investigated to prepare oil-in-water microemulsions (L(1)) for food uses. Water-in-oil microemulsions (L(2)) were easily formed at a ratio of 75/25 wt % ethoxylated monodiglycerides/monoglyceride. This ratio was found to be optimal for the formation of an extended triglyceride microemulsion area which approached the aqueous corner of the phase diagram where oil-in-water microemulsions (L(1)) are present. Blue-phase regions, which are extremely stable emulsions, were identified. These regions consisted of droplets separated by layers of lamellar liquid crystals. Sucrose enhanced the formation of the L(1) phase while destroying the L(2) phase. Triglycerides containing unsaturated or short-chain fatty acids had improved solubility in L(1)-type microemulsions compared to triglycerides with saturated or long-chain fatty acids. RP PARRIS, N (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 21 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1295 EP 1299 DI 10.1021/jf00042a008 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA NT867 UT WOS:A1994NT86700008 ER PT J AU HEDIN, PA MCCARTY, JC AF HEDIN, PA MCCARTY, JC TI EFFECTS OF SEVERAL COMMERCIAL PLANT-GROWTH REGULATOR FORMULATIONS ON YIELD AND ALLELOCHEMICALS OF COTTON (GOSSYPIUM-HIRSUTUM L) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID RESISTANCE; PESTS AB In recent years, a number of kinetin-based commercial plant growth regulators have been evaluated for their effects on various crop plants. In a study at Mississippi State during 1986-1992, five commercial plant growth regulators and urea were evaluated as foliar sprays on growing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants for their effects on yield, agronomic traits, and pest allelochemicals. Of the five tested, the activities of three (Burst, Foliar Triggrr, and Maxon) were attributed by their providers to cytokinins. FPG-5 contained cytokinins, IAA, GA, and several inorganic micronutrients, and PG-IV contained IBA, GA, and micronutrients, but no cytokinins. FPG-5 and Foliar Triggrr caused statistically significant increases in yield, but only in 1992. The foliar application of urea had a consistently negative effect on yield. Formulations containing IAA/IBA, GA, and inorganic micronutrients did not appear to cause more positive yield trends than those whose potencies were attributed to their cytokinin content. Positive trends in bud gossypol were observed upon treatment with Burst, Foliar Triggrr, and PG-IV. RP HEDIN, PA (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROP SCI RES LAB,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 42 IS 6 BP 1355 EP 1357 DI 10.1021/jf00042a021 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA NT867 UT WOS:A1994NT86700021 ER PT J AU PARK, YW KANDEH, M CHIN, KB POND, WG YOUNG, LD AF PARK, YW KANDEH, M CHIN, KB POND, WG YOUNG, LD TI CONCENTRATIONS OF INORGANIC ELEMENTS IN MILK OF SOWS SELECTED FOR HIGH AND LOW SERUM-CHOLESTEROL SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CHOLESTEROL; GENETIC VARIATION; PIGS; MILK; MINERAL ELEMENTS; SELECTION ID LACTATION; GENERATIONS; LEVEL AB Comprehensive information on the composition of the whole spectrum of essential inorganic elements in sow milk is very limited. The objectives of this study were to measure concentrations of major and trace mineral elements in milk of third-generation sows selected for high(H) or low(L) serum cholesterol concentrations at 8 wk of age and to determine correlations between concentrations of milk cholesterol and major and trace mineral elements in sow milk. Twenty-one H and 21 L and 8 contemporary unselected control (U) Chester White x Landrace x Large White x Yorkshire crossbred sows were milked on d 20 or 21 of their first lactation. A standard corn and soybean meal-based diet was fed to all sows during pregnancy and lactation. There were no differences among the sow groups in milk concentrations of Ca, K, Mg, Na, and P, indicating that the genetic selection for serum cholesterol did not affect major mineral contents of the milk. Concentration of S in milk of the H sows was significantly (P <.05) higher than that of the U sows. Effects of genetic group were significant for concentrations of B, Al, Cu, and Mn in the milk, but not for Mo and Zn concentrations. Milk cholesterol concentration was negatively correlated with milk Al (P <.05), B (P < .01), and Mn (P <.05) for pooled data; there was no relationship between milk cholesterol concentration and that of other mineral elements. C1 PRAIRIE VIEW A&M UNIV,COOPERAT AGR RES CTR,PRAIRIE VIEW,TX 77446. BAYLOR COLL MED,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,USDA ARS,DEPT PEDIAT,HOUSTON,TX 77030. USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 72 IS 6 BP 1399 EP 1402 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA NQ172 UT WOS:A1994NQ17200003 PM 8071161 ER PT J AU SHACKELFORD, SD KOOHMARAIE, M WHEELER, TL AF SHACKELFORD, SD KOOHMARAIE, M WHEELER, TL TI EFFICACY OF ADDING A MINIMUM ADJUSTED FAT THICKNESS REQUIREMENT TO THE USDA BEEF QUALITY GRADING STANDARDS FOR SELECT GRADE BEEF SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE BEEF; CARCASS GRADING; FAT THICKNESS; MEAT QUALITY; PALATABILITY; TENDERNESS ID SUBCUTANEOUS FAT; ELECTRICAL-STIMULATION; PALATABILITY; TENDERNESS; CARCASSES AB The present analysis was conducted to test the efficacy of adding a minimum 5-mm adjusted s.c. fat thickness requirement to the present USDA beef quality grading standards for the Select grade. Carcass grade data and longissimus thoracis Warner-Bratzler shear force and trained sensory panel ratings were analyzed for calf-fed steers (n = 1,602). The experimental group (nine breeds and three composite populations finished on medium- and high energy diets) contained a large amount of variation in yield grade, marbling score, Warner-Bratzler shear force, and sensory panel overall tenderness ratings (CV = 30.8, 17.9, 25.0, and 14.0%, respectively). All but one of the carcasses were of A maturity and 37% of the carcasses had < 5 mm adjusted fat thickness. Among carcasses with a ''slight'' amount of marbling, WBS values were higher (5.58 vs 5.32 kg; P < .01) and overall tenderness (4.82 vs 4.99; P < .01) was lower for carcasses with < 5 mm s.c. fat thickness than for those with greater than or equal to 5 mm s.c. fat thickness. However, the magnitude of those differences was so small that the current and proposed Select grades did not differ with respect to shear force (5.45 vs 5.32 kg), overall tenderness (4.90 vs 4.99), juiciness (5.09 vs 5.12), beef flavor intensity (4.86 vs 4.86), or the percentage of samples rated ''slightly tender'' or higher for overall tenderness (48.7 vs 52.0). Thus, it seems that the addition of a minimum fat thickness requirement td the standards for the Select grade would not: improve the tenderness of Select grade longissimus thoracis steaks. RP SHACKELFORD, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 72 IS 6 BP 1502 EP 1507 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA NQ172 UT WOS:A1994NQ17200017 PM 8071175 ER PT J AU MITCHELL, AD STEELE, NC SOLOMON, MB ALILA, HW LINDSEY, TO CRACKNELL, V AF MITCHELL, AD STEELE, NC SOLOMON, MB ALILA, HW LINDSEY, TO CRACKNELL, V TI INFLUENCE OF DIETARY BACKGROUND ON THE RESPONSE OF PIGS TO THE BETA-ADRENERGIC AGONIST BRL-47672 SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE PIGS; BETA-ADRENERGIC AGONIST; GROWTH; CARCASS COMPOSITION ID RACTOPAMINE; PROTEIN; ENERGY AB The level of protein in the diet both before and during treatment with beta-adrenergic agonist (BAA) was investigated with regard to its effect on growth performance and carcass characteristics of pigs. A total of 76 pigs were divided into two groups and given ad libitum access to diets containing either 12 or 18% crude protein (CP) during growth from 15 to 60 kg. At 60 kg, six pigs from each group were slaughtered and carcass composition was determined. For the test period (growth from 60 to 90 kg) the remainder of the pigs were divided into eight groups of eight pigs each. Half of the pigs from each of the two dietary pretreatment groups were switched to the other diet and half remained on the same diet. Of the four dietary groups, half were fed 0 mg/kg (controls) or 1 mg/kg of BRL 47672. During the test period, all pigs were fed at 90% of their calculated ad libitum DE intake. All pigs were slaughtered at 90 kg and carcass composition was determined. Addition of BRL 47672 to the diet resulted in an overall improvement (P < .05) in daily gain (.72 vs .64 kg) and gain/feed (.28 vs .26); the greatest improvement occurred with pigs fed the 18% CP diet (24 and 14% for daily gain and gain/feed, respectively). Pigs that had received BRL 47672 also had 12% less backfat, 10% less carcass lipid, 16% larger longissimus muscle area, and 5% more carcass protein (P < .05 for each), and the greatest changes occurred in pigs fed the 18% CP diet (-26, -16, +21, and +10%, respectively). However, comparing the two groups that had been fed the 18% CP diet, those pigs that had received the 12% CP diet before treatment responded less to BAA treatment than those that had received the 18% CP diet throughout the study. This suggests that pretreatment diet may influence subsequent response to BAA treatment. C1 USDA ARS,MEAT SCI RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. SMITHKLINE BEECHAM ANIM HLTH,W CHESTER,PA 19380. RP MITCHELL, AD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NONRUMINANT ANIM NUTR LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 13 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 72 IS 6 BP 1516 EP 1521 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA NQ172 UT WOS:A1994NQ17200019 PM 7915265 ER PT J AU CHOW, JM VANKESSEL, JAS RUSSELL, JB AF CHOW, JM VANKESSEL, JAS RUSSELL, JB TI BINDING OF RADIOLABELED MONENSIN AND LASALOCID TO RUMINAL MICROORGANISMS AND FEED SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE RUMEN MICROORGANISMS; IONOPHORES; MONENSIN; LASALOCID; BINDING ID STREPTOCOCCUS-BOVIS; AMINO-ACIDS; RUMEN; FERMENTATION; IONOPHORES; BACTERIA; ADDITIVES; INVITRO AB Gram-negative, ionophore-resistant ruminal bacteria and Gram-positive, ionophore-sensitive species bound similar amounts of [C-14]lasalocid, but neither group bound large amounts of [C-14]monensin. Membrane vesicles also bound more lasalocid than monensin (P < .05). The binding was first-order at low cell or vesicle concentrations and saturable at high cell or vesicle densities. Streptococcus bovis was inhibited by both monensin and lasalocid (5 mu M), but cells that were re-incubated in medium lacking ionophore grew rapidly. Lasalocid-treated cells grew very slowly when they were, resuspended in fresh medium. Based on these results, it seemed that lasalocid had a higher affinity for bacterial membranes than monensin. Mixed bacteria, however, bound nearly equal amounts of [C-14]inonensin and [C-14]lasalocid (P > .05). Monensin binding was greatly reduced when the mixed ruminal bacteria were pretreated with Tris+EDTA (P < .05), but Tris+EDTA did not affect the binding of lasalocid. Mixed ruminal protozoa always took up more lasalocid than monensin (P < .05), but feed particles bound equal amounts of [C-14]lasalocid and [C-14]monensin (P > .05). Based on the binding capacity of mixed ruminal bacteria, ruminal protozoa, and feed particles, there would be little free ionophore in ruminal fluid. C1 USDA ARS,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853. USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP CHOW, JM (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 21 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 72 IS 6 BP 1630 EP 1635 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA NQ172 UT WOS:A1994NQ17200034 PM 8071190 ER PT J AU NEWMAN, S AF NEWMAN, S TI QUANTITATIVE-GENETIC AND MOLECULAR-GENETIC EFFECTS ON ANIMAL WELL-BEING - ADAPTIVE-MECHANISMS SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ANIMAL WELFARE; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; GENETICS; BEHAVIOR TRAITS; BIOTECHNOLOGY; LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ID LONG-TERM SELECTION; SOCIAL STRESS; CORTICOSTERONE RESPONSE; CAGED HENS; CHICKENS; BEHAVIOR; WELFARE; DOMESTICATION; ADAPTATION; RESISTANCE AB Domestic farm animals play an important role in meeting some basic needs of humankind, especially food and clothing. The aspects of genetic improvement programs in livestock production pertinent to animal welfare and animal well-being are reviewed. A link is made between the evolutionary processes of adaptation and domestication and animal well-being. Animal behavior is a component of all these. Thus, the genetics of behavior may provide clues to the well-being of farm animal populations, and it will also be of relevance to public opinion issues of animal welfare. Many expressions of behavior by domestic livestock may be influenced by those processes that change gene as well as genotypic frequencies such as inbreeding, drift, and artificial selection. The environment in which the individual lives will also play a role, along with the interaction between genotype and environment. Selection for or against such behaviors as aggressiveness, docility, response to stress, and certain sexual behaviors in some livestock species has often been successful. This points to the existence of additive genetic variation for behavior, and scope for the inclusion of behavioral traits into selection programs, if these measures are shown to be related to welfare. Negative relationships between behaviors associated with well-being and traits of economic importance have been reported in most livestock species. However, estimates of genetic parameters, especially genetic correlations between objective measures of well-being and production traits, are scarce. There have been no comprehensive studies of the welfare of transgenic animals reported in the scientific literature. Increased use of biotechnology in animal agriculture, coupled with greater public scrutiny of livestock industries, may precipitate decisions concerning the interface of behavior and genetics that need to be addressed before scientists can conduct appropriate experimental evaluations. RP NEWMAN, S (reprint author), USDA ARS,FT KEOGH LIVESTOCK & RANGE RES LAB,MILES CITY,MT 59301, USA. NR 100 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 72 IS 6 BP 1641 EP 1653 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA NQ172 UT WOS:A1994NQ17200036 PM 8071192 ER PT J AU GRUBER, F POPRAWSKI, TJ COUTINOT, D AF GRUBER, F POPRAWSKI, TJ COUTINOT, D TI HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES AND HYPERPARASITES OF SCHIZAPHIS-GRAMINUM (RONDANI) (HOM, APHIDIDAE) ON SORGHUM, IN THE DROME, FRANCE SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE ENTOMOLOGIE LA French DT Article ID SITOBION-AVENAE F; METOPOLOPHIUM-DIRHODUM; HEMIPTERA; HOMOPTERA; GREENBUG; BIOTYPES; CEREALS AB For 6 years, the abundance and efficacy of parasites of the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rond.), were studied in sorghum fields in the Drome Department, south-eastern France. The 10 species of primary parasites recorded included Aphidius ervi Hal., A. matricariae Hal., A. picipes Nees, A. rhopalosiphi de S. P., A. uzbekistanicus Luzh., Ephedrus plagiator (Nees), Praon gallicum and P. volucre Hal. (Aphidiidae); Apbelinus asychis Walk. and A. varipes Forest. (Aphelinidae). The most common parasites belonged to the genera Praon and Apbelinus, but they rarely had a determinating impact on the limitation of populations of S. graminum. Ten species of hyperparasistes in the families Encyrtidae, Charipidae, Megaspilidae and Pteromalidae greatly reduced the efficacy of the primary parasites. Among the 14 different species of primary parasites (over 39 000 mummified cereal aphids) shipped from France to the United States in the frame of a biological control program against S. graminum, only A. asychis and A. varipes seem to have been established. In contrast, two cooperative biological control programs against cereal aphids in Brazil and Chile were successful, owing to a better synchronization in the shipments of exotic parasites by our laboratory and of releases by our collaborators overseas. C1 USDA ARS,EUROPEAN BIOL CONTROL LAB,F-34092 MONTPELLIER,FRANCE. USDA ARS,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853. NR 53 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-2048 J9 J APPL ENTOMOL JI J. Appl. Entomol.-Z. Angew. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 117 IS 5 BP 477 EP 490 PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA PG939 UT WOS:A1994PG93900008 ER PT J AU KOZAR, F BROWN, MW LIGHTNER, G AF KOZAR, F BROWN, MW LIGHTNER, G TI SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION OF HOMOPTERAN PESTS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS IN AN ORCHARD AND ITS CONNECTION WITH ECOLOGICAL PLANT-PROTECTION SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE ENTOMOLOGIE LA English DT Article AB It was established that Parthenolecanium corni (Bouche), Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comst.), and Dysaphis plantaginea (Pass.), had stable infestation patterns in the orchard over time. Other species had a stable distribution during part of the year and a random re-distribution at other times [Eriosoma lanigerum (Haus.), Apbidoletes sp.]. Other arthropods (Aphis sp., spiders, Coccinella septempunaata L.) had a random distribution pattern over time. The distribution pattern of insect species was determined variously by surrounding habitat (P. corni; Q. perniciosus; D. plantaginea), or by host plant susceptibility (E. lanigerum; Aphis spp.) which, in part, was a result of different size trees. We were able to detect the arrival of colonizing populations from outside the orchard using analysis of spatial distribution. The distribution pattern of predators was not always determined by the distribution of apple pests, but by alternate prey on weeds or in surrounding vegetation. For a better understanding of spatial distribution of insects in orchards it was necessary to combine several analysis techniques such as graphical methods, analysis of variance, correlation analysis, and chi-square; each method providing different types of information. The knowledge of aggregated distribution of pests can help to reduce the amount of pesticides using local treatments, saving with it natural enemies and increasing the possibilities of ecological plant protection. C1 USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430. RP KOZAR, F (reprint author), HUNGARIAN ACAD SCI,INST PLANT PROTECT,POB 102,H-1525 BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-2048 J9 J APPL ENTOMOL JI J. Appl. Entomol.-Z. Angew. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 117 IS 5 BP 519 EP 529 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA PG939 UT WOS:A1994PG93900012 ER PT J AU CANNON, JG FIATARONE, MA FIELDING, RA EVANS, WJ AF CANNON, JG FIATARONE, MA FIELDING, RA EVANS, WJ TI AGING AND STRESS-INDUCED CHANGES IN COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION AND NEUTROPHIL MOBILIZATION SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ECCENTRIC EXERCISE; CREATINE KINASE; MUSCLE DAMAGE ID ACUTE-PHASE RESPONSE; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; INTRACELLULAR ENZYMES; EXERCISE; RELEASE; WALKING; INJURY; DAMAGE AB We measured the extent of complement activation and neutrophil mobilization after eccentric exercise to determine whether these responses were age dependent and whether they were associated with changes in plasma creatine kinase (CK), a marker for muscle membrane integrity. Repeated forced lengthening of a muscle as it develops tension causes immediate ultrastructural damage to sarcomeres, followed by delayed-onset muscle soreness and release of myocellular enzymes. This can be accomplished in quadriceps muscles by running downhill or by resisting bicycle pedals driven backward by a motor. Twelve older (61-72 yr) and 9 younger (20-32 yr) subjects performed one of these activities for 45 min at an intensity of 78 +/- 2% of maximum heart rate. For all subjects, a median increase of 21% in plasma des-Arg-C3a levels occurred immediately after the protocol, circulating neutrophils increased 66 +/- 10% by 4-6 h, and plasma CK increased 135 +/- 25% by 24 h. The peak increases in neutrophils correlated with the peak increases in des-Arg-C3a (rho = 0.662, P = 0.006), and the peak increases in CK correlated with the rise in neutrophils (rho = 0.523, P = 0.027). The increases in neutrophils and plasma CK were significantly smaller in the older subjects (P < 0.05). The results indicate that increased concentrations of circulating CK after muscle injury are associated with a sequential cascade of inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, neutrophil mobilization, but not complement activation, was diminished in older subjects in response to this stress. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [AR-39595] NR 25 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 76 IS 6 BP 2616 EP 2620 PG 5 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA NR916 UT WOS:A1994NR91600049 PM 7928891 ER PT J AU ROUBENOFF, R ROUBENOFF, RA CANNON, JG KEHAYIAS, JJ ZHUANG, H DAWSONHUGHES, B DINARELLO, CA ROSENBERG, IH AF ROUBENOFF, R ROUBENOFF, RA CANNON, JG KEHAYIAS, JJ ZHUANG, H DAWSONHUGHES, B DINARELLO, CA ROSENBERG, IH TI RHEUMATOID CACHEXIA - CYTOKINE-DRIVEN HYPERMETABOLISM ACCOMPANYING REDUCED BODY CELL MASS IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article DE BODY COMPOSITION; INTERLEUKIN-1; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; ENERGY; METABOLISM ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; DISEASE-ACTIVITY; CANCER-PATIENTS; FACTOR-ALPHA; ARTHRITIS; INTERLEUKIN-1; CORTICOSTEROIDS; MORTALITY; MUSCLE AB The cytokines IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha cause cachexia and hypermetabolism in animal models, but their role in human inflammation remains controversial. The relationship between in vitro cytokine production and metabolism was examined in 23 adults with RA and 23 healthy control subjects matched on age, sex, race, and weight. Body composition was measured by multicompartmental analysis of body cell mass, water, fat, and bone mass. Resting energy expenditure (REE) was measured by indirect calorimetry. Cytokine production by PBMC was measured by radioimmunoassay. Usual energy intake, physical activity, disability scores, medication use, and other confounders were also measured. Body cell mass was 13% lower (P < 0.00001), REE was 12% higher (P < 0.008), and physical activity was much lower (P < 0.001) in subjects with RA. Production of TNF-alpha was higher in RA than controls, both before and after stimulation with endotoxin (P < 0.05), while production of IL-1 beta was higher with endotoxin stimulation (P < 0.01). In multivariate analysis, cytokine production was directly associated with REE (P < 0.001) in patients but not in controls. While energy and protein intake were similar in the two groups and exceeded the Recommended Dietary Allowances, energy intake in subjects with RA was inversely associated with IL-1 beta production (P < 0.005). In this study we conclude that: loss of body cell mass is common in RA; cytokine production in RA is associated with altered energy metabolism and intake, despite a theoretically adequate diet; and TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta modulate energy metabolism and body composition in RA. C1 TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP ROUBENOFF, R (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HNRCA,BODY COMPOSIT LAB,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG-00209]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK-08443] NR 56 TC 347 Z9 360 U1 1 U2 6 PU ROCKEFELLER UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 1114 FIRST AVE, 4TH FL, NEW YORK, NY 10021 SN 0021-9738 J9 J CLIN INVEST JI J. Clin. Invest. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 93 IS 6 BP 2379 EP 2386 DI 10.1172/JCI117244 PG 8 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA NP577 UT WOS:A1994NP57700014 PM 8200971 ER PT J AU RAJKOWSKI, KT CALDERONE, SM JONES, E AF RAJKOWSKI, KT CALDERONE, SM JONES, E TI EFFECT OF POLYPHOSPHATE AND SODIUM-CHLORIDE ON THE GROWTH OF LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS IN ULTRA-HIGH TEMPERATURE MILK SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE SODIUM HEXAMETAPHOSPHATE; ULTRA-HIGH TEMPERATURE MILK; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS AB With UHT-sterilized milk as a model system, combinations of polyphosphate (.5 and 1.0%) and NaCl (.5 and 4.5%) were studied to determine their effects on the growth kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A and Staphylococcus aureus 196E. The milk was inoculated with 10(3) to 10(4) cfu/Ml of either L. monocytogenes or S. aureus and incubated under aerobic conditions at 12, 19, 28, or 37-degrees-C. The addition of polyphosphate did not significantly inhibit the growth of either microbe at the temperatures studied, but the addition of NaCl or a combination of salts significantly inhibited growth. The addition of .5 or 1.0% polyphosphate alone to dairy products is not likely to affect substantially the growth of S. aureus or L. monocytogenes. RP RAJKOWSKI, KT (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,MICROBIAL FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 77 IS 6 BP 1503 EP 1508 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA NQ192 UT WOS:A1994NQ19200004 PM 8083407 ER PT J AU HEINRICHS, AJ WELLS, SJ HURD, HS HILL, GW DARGATZ, DA AF HEINRICHS, AJ WELLS, SJ HURD, HS HILL, GW DARGATZ, DA TI THE NATIONAL DAIRY HEIFER EVALUATION PROJECT - A PROFILE OF HEIFER MANAGEMENT-PRACTICES IN THE UNITED-STATES SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CALF MANGEMENT; HEIFER MANAGEMENT; HEALTH; NATIONAL SURVEY ID CALF MORTALITY; HERDS; HEALTH AB The National Dairy Heifer Evaluation Project was a cooperative, USDA-sponsored project involving state agricultural departments, the Cooperative Extension Service, the National Agricultural Statistics Service, and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. A series of retrospective and prospective descriptive surveys using a multiple list and area frame sampling technique were conducted. Information collected pertained primarily to dairy neonates and replacement heifers. Much of the study was related to observational information on health and management characteristics that can be related to the animals' long-term physical and economic performance. The data reflect herds representing 78% of the national dairy cow population. Average herd size was 86 milking and dry cows and 66 heifers. Many characteristics of these herds reflect accepted and recommended practices in the area of dairy replacement management and nutrition. Data summarized in this national study can be utilized to evaluate the impact of management practices on dairy operations. C1 USDA,VET SERV,ANIM PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,CTR EPIDEMIOL & ANIM HLTH,FT COLINS,CO 80521. USDA,VET SERV,ANIM PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,CTR NATL ANIM HLTH MONOTIRONG SYST,FT COLLINS,CO 80521. NR 24 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 77 IS 6 BP 1548 EP 1555 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA NQ192 UT WOS:A1994NQ19200011 PM 8083414 ER PT J AU MCGAUGHEY, WH JOHNSON, DE AF MCGAUGHEY, WH JOHNSON, DE TI INFLUENCE OF CRYSTAL PROTEIN-COMPOSITION OF BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS STRAINS ON CROSS-RESISTANCE IN INDIANMEAL MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA, PYRALIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; PLODIA-INTERPUNCTELLA; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE ID BRUSH-BORDER MEMBRANE; INSECT RESISTANCE; DELTA-ENDOTOXINS; SUBSP KURSTAKI; PLUTELLA-XYLOSTELLA; DIAMONDBACK MOTH; TOXINS; TOXICITY; MIDGUT; SPECIFICITY AB Cross-resistance spectra of colonies of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) resistant to strains of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner subspp. kurstaki, aizawai, and entomocidus reflected the toxin composition of the B. thuringiensis isolates used for selection. Subsp. kurstaki caused relatively narrow-spectrum resistance to CryIA(b) and CryIA(c) toxins. The subspp. aizawai and entomocidus strains caused broader-spectrum resistance to CryIA(a), CryIA(b), CryIA(c), CryIB, CryIC, and CryIIA toxins. Thus, some isolates of subspp. aizawai and entomocidus can elicit resistance to half of the known B. thuringiensis toxins active against Lepidoptera. RP MCGAUGHEY, WH (reprint author), USDA ARS,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,1515 COLL ABE,MANHATTAN,KS 66502, USA. NR 32 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 87 IS 3 BP 535 EP 540 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT723 UT WOS:A1994NT72300002 ER PT J AU ZETTLER, JL KEEVER, DW AF ZETTLER, JL KEEVER, DW TI PHOSPHINE RESISTANCE IN CIGARETTE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA, ANOBIIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH TOBACCO STORAGE IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DIAGNOSTIC DOSE; FUMIGANT; PHOSPHINE ID INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; PESTICIDE RESISTANCE; TRIBOLIUM-CASTANEUM; TENEBRIONIDAE AB Twenty field strains of cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne (F1), were collected from tobacco storages in the southeastern United States from July 1990 through October 1991. These strains were reared in the laboratory and F1 adults were tested for phosphine resistance by exposing adults to a diagnostic dose of 25 ppm for 24 h in 2.5-liter desiccator jars. Based on the percentage of survivors of the treatment as an estimate of the frequency of resistance in that population, results showed that 11 strains were resistant with survivals ranging from 2 to 97%. Nine susceptible strains showed no survival. Two resistant strains, tested with multiples of the diagnostic dose, showed survival of 12 and 24% at 125 ppm; their resistance ratios were five-fold compared with the phosphine susceptible strain. No control failures have been attributed yet to phosphine resistance in the cigarette beetle. However, the frequency and intensity of the resistance suggest that normal fumigation techniques will become increasingly less effective. RP ZETTLER, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS,STORED PROD INSECTS RES & DEV LAB,SAVANNAH,GA 31403, USA. NR 17 TC 24 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 87 IS 3 BP 546 EP 550 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT723 UT WOS:A1994NT72300004 ER PT J AU ELZEN, GW MARTIN, SH LEONARD, BR GRAVES, JB AF ELZEN, GW MARTIN, SH LEONARD, BR GRAVES, JB TI INHERITANCE, STABILITY, AND REVERSION OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN TOBACCO BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) FIELD POPULATIONS SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; TOBACCO BUDWORM; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE ID HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS F; PYRETHROID RESISTANCE; PERMETHRIN RESISTANCE; BOLLWORM LEPIDOPTERA; TOXICITY; SUSCEPTIBILITY; MISSISSIPPI; SYNERGISM; STRAINS; LARVAE AB Responses of an insecticide-resistant strain of tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), were examined in the laboratory by using three different insecticide bioassays during continuous culture without insecticide selection pressure. Resistance to the pyrethroid cypermethrin and the carbamate thiodicarb did not revert to susceptiblity until 12 generations in culture- Previous studies indicated that reversion tends to occur much more rapidly in this species. The temporal sequence of resistance in field populations of H. virescens collected in 1990 and 1991 was determined by using a spray-chamber bioassay. Resistance to several classes of insecticides varied and was often high before and during the cotton growing season. Inheritance of resistance to insecticicles in H. virescens was examined with two different bioassays. Results of bioassays with third instars and adults were similar. Resistance in reciprocal crosses was intermediate to that of the parent susceptibIe and resistant strains. Codominant mechanisms of resistance to the pyrethroid and carbamate insecticides are suggested from the data. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR AGR,LOUISIANA AGR EXPT STN,NE RES STN,MACON RIDGE LOCAT,WINNSBORO,LA 71295. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR AGR,LOUISIANA AGR EXPT STN,DEPT ENTOMOL,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. RP ELZEN, GW (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO INSECT MANAGEMENT LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 36 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 87 IS 3 BP 551 EP 558 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT723 UT WOS:A1994NT72300005 ER PT J AU NIGG, HN MALLORY, LL FRASER, S SIMPSON, SE ROBERTSON, JL ATTAWAY, JA CALLAHAM, SB BROWN, RE AF NIGG, HN MALLORY, LL FRASER, S SIMPSON, SE ROBERTSON, JL ATTAWAY, JA CALLAHAM, SB BROWN, RE TI TEST PROTOCOLS AND TOXICITY OF ORGANOPHOSPHATE INSECTICIDES TO CARIBBEAN FRUIT-FLY (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ANASTREPHA-SUSPENSA; ORAL TOXICITY; TOPICAL TOXICITY ID ANASTREPHA-SUSPENSA LOEW; MCPHAIL TRAPS; FLIES; SUSCEPTIBILITY; GRAPEFRUIT; CITRUS; EFFICACY; CAPTURE; MALES AB General methods for testing effects of toxicants on Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) (Caribbean fruit fly) are described. We estimated relative toxicities of topically applied methamidophos, malathion, ethion, and acephate and orally administered dimethoate, methamidophos, phosdrin, acephate, malathion, and chlorpyrifos for a laboratory colony of A. suspensa. Females were significantly more tolerant to malathion than males by oral administration but not by topical application. Other pesticides were not differentially toxic to sexes. C1 FLORIDA DEPT AGR & CONSUMER SERV,STERILE FLY LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32608. FLORIDA DEPT AGR & CONSUMER SERV,DIV PLANT IND,WINTER HAVEN,FL 33881. US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,BERKELEY,CA 94701. FLORIDA DEPT CITRUS,CTR CITRUS RES & EDUC,LAKE ALFRED,FL 33850. RP NIGG, HN (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,CTR AGR RES & EDUC,IFAS,CTR CITRUS RES & EDUC,700 EXPT STN RD,LAKE ALFRED,FL 33850, USA. NR 51 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 87 IS 3 BP 589 EP 595 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT723 UT WOS:A1994NT72300011 ER PT J AU ERICKSON, EH ERICKSON, BJ WYMAN, JA AF ERICKSON, EH ERICKSON, BJ WYMAN, JA TI EFFECTS ON HONEY-BEES OF INSECTICIDES APPLIED TO SNAP BEANS IN WISCONSIN - CHEMICAL AND BIOTIC FACTORS SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HONEY BEE; APIS-MELLIFERA; PHASEOLUS AB Studies were conducted to determine the role of snap beans as a food resource for honey bees (Apis mellifera L.), bee mortality resulting from pesticides, and the long-term effects on bees of such insecticide exposure. Aerial application of microencapsulated methyl parathion induced elevated levels of bee mortality and reduced total pollen collection rates, whereas treatment with acephate did not. Honey bees did not forage snap beans for pollen or nectar even under conditions of extreme resource dearth. Bee mortality following application of insecticides was caused by foraging either on blooming weeds in the field or among flowering plants within the spray-drift zone. Thus, such bee losses in snap beans could be avoided almost entirely through clean cultivation. High intercolony variability obscured possible differences in winter survival after exposure and in subsequent honey production. RP ERICKSON, EH (reprint author), USDA ARS,CARL HAYDEN BEE RES CTR,HONEY BEE RES UNIT,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 87 IS 3 BP 596 EP 600 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT723 UT WOS:A1994NT72300012 ER PT J AU MCGUIRE, MR SHASHA, BS LEWIS, LC NELSEN, TC AF MCGUIRE, MR SHASHA, BS LEWIS, LC NELSEN, TC TI RESIDUAL ACTIVITY OF GRANULAR STARCH-ENCAPSULATED BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE OSTRINIA-NUBILALIS; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; STARCH ENCAPSULATION ID LEPIDOPTERA; PYRALIDAE AB Residual insecticidal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner encapsulated in cornstarch was determined by using two separate tests. In the first test, granules with various additives were placed in whorls of com plants in the field, collected over time, and bioassayed against neonate Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). During a wet year (1990) when 10 cm rain fell during the exposure time, insecticidal activity of B. thuringiensis encapsulated in starch granules was higher than that of B. thuringiensis in a commercial formulation. In a dry year (1989), we observed no significant differences in activity. In 1991, when 3 cm rain fell midway through the study, the commercial formulation had less activity than two of the starch formulations. In the second test, field efficacy was measured at two locations. In this study, we examined the effect of an early versus a late application of toxicants when whorl-stage plants were infested with laboratory-reared O. nubilalis larvae over a 10-d period. Granules were applied either on the 1st d of insect infestation (early) or after the 7th d of infestation (late). The late application was significantly more efficacious than the early application. B. thurlingiensis granules consistently prevented damage by O. nubilalis as well as or better than a chemical insecticide for the length of the study. RP MCGUIRE, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 13 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 87 IS 3 BP 631 EP 637 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT723 UT WOS:A1994NT72300018 ER PT J AU VARGAS, RI WALSH, WA HSU, CL SPENCER, J MACKEY, B WHITEHAND, L AF VARGAS, RI WALSH, WA HSU, CL SPENCER, J MACKEY, B WHITEHAND, L TI EFFECTS OF STERILE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLY (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) RELEASES ON THE TARGET SPECIES, A NONTARGET TEPHRITID, AND A BRACONID PARASITOID (HYMENOPTERA, BRACONIDAE) IN COMMERCIAL COFFEE FIELDS SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY; STERILE INSECT TECHNIQUE; SUPPRESSION ID HAWAII; ABUNDANCE; KAUAI; ISLAND; FLIES AB A 2-yr program of sterile Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), releases (yr 1: 535 million; yr 2: 941 million flies) was conducted on Kauai Island, HI., in commercial coffee (Coffea arabica L.) fields. Fruit collections were used to estimate relative abundances of (1) C. capitata, the target species; (2) oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), a potential competing fruit fly species; and (3) a beneficial wasp, Biosteres arisanus (Sonan), that attacks both fruit flies. During season 2, C. capitata abundance in the treatment area was suppressed by as much as 56% compared with the control area. In contrast, the number of B. dorsalis in treated coffee fields was within 6% of that in the control field for both years of the study, indicating that its abundance was not affected by C. capitata sterile releases. Numbers of B. dorsalis were not correlated with those of C. capitata, suggesting that these tephritids were not competitors in that habitat at that time. C. capitata and B. arisanus abundances were correlated positively in two of the four situations studied. Mean numbers of B. arisanus per 100 fruits in treated fields were 5.3 and 3.2 during seasons 1 and 2, respectively. Data suggest that high numbers of B. arisanus remain in a habitat inundated with sterile flies and that sterile C. capitata releases are compatible with B. arisanus parasitism for fruit fly control. RP VARGAS, RI (reprint author), USDA ARS,TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE RES LAB,POB 2280,HONOLULU,HI 96804, USA. NR 27 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 87 IS 3 BP 653 EP 660 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT723 UT WOS:A1994NT72300022 ER PT J AU PROSHOLD, FI BERNON, GL AF PROSHOLD, FI BERNON, GL TI MULTIPLE MATING IN LABORATORY-REARED GYPSY MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA, LYMANTRIIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE LYMANTRIA-DISPAR; SPERM TRANSFER; STERILITY ID SPERM BUNDLES; FEMALES; DISPAR; DUPLEX; LIGHT; AGE AB Multiple mating was studied in a laboratory colony of gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar (L.). Males transferred reduced quantities of eupyrene sperm with each mating, and few were able to fully inseminate one female daily for 4 d. Nonetheless, some males could remate and fully inseminate a second female within a few hours, suggesting that not all of the sperm stored in the duplex was transferred during the first mating. Females that had mated with males incapable of full insemination would remate up to 2 d later, and sperm from the second mating was used in fertilization. Fecundity, as measured by egg mass weight, was dependent upon sperm transfer. Females with no sperm or only apyrene sperm laid fewer eggs than females with eupyrene sperm. However, the quantity of eupyrene sperm had little effect on the weight of the egg mass. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT BIOCONTROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP PROSHOLD, FI (reprint author), USDA APHIS,CTR METHODS DEV,BLDG 1398,OTIS AFB,MA 02542, USA. NR 20 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 87 IS 3 BP 661 EP 666 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT723 UT WOS:A1994NT72300023 ER PT J AU BARTELT, RJ VETTER, RS CARLSON, DG BAKER, TC AF BARTELT, RJ VETTER, RS CARLSON, DG BAKER, TC TI INFLUENCE OF PHEROMONE DOSE, TRAP HEIGHT, AND SEPTUM AGE ON EFFECTIVENESS OF PHEROMONES FOR CARPOPHILUS-MUTILATUS AND C-HEMIPTERUS (COLEOPTERA, NITIDULIDAE) IN A CALIFORNIA DATE GARDEN SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CARPOPHILUS; PHEROMONE; DOSE ID AGGREGATION PHEROMONE; TETRAENE HYDROCARBONS; SAP BEETLES; COATTRACTANT; RESPONSES AB Synthetic pheromones for Carpophilus mutilatus Erichson and C. hemipterus (L.) were field tested in a planting of 'Deglet Noor' dates in southern California to determine effects of pheromone dose, trap height, and age of pheromone formulation on trap catch. Fermenting whole-wheat bread dough was the pheromone synergist in all cases. C. mutilatus was the most abundant nitidulid in the date garden, and trap catches were as high as 114,000 beetles per trap per 3-d period. For C. mutilatus, pheromone doses from 50 to 15,000 mug were significantly more attractive than controls, and trap catch increased with pheromone dose. Catch of C. mutilatus to its pheromone (500 mug) was significantly greater at a 3-m trap height than at 0.3 m. C. hemipterus responded significantly to its pheromone at all doses (15 to 15,000 mug). In addition, C. mutilatus, C. obsoletus Erichson, and C. (Urophorus) humeralis (F.) responded to the C. hemipterus pheromone, and all four species responded best at the highest doses. With the C. hemipterus pheromone (500 mug) at trap heights between 0.3 and 3 m, captures of C. hemipterus, C. mutilatus, and C. obsoletus increased with trap height, but those for C. humeralis were greatest near the ground. Rubber septa with pheromone for either species became less effective over time. After 1 wk, septum activity ranged from 18% of its original value (C. mutilatus responding to the C. mutilatus pheromone) to 90% (C. obsoletus responding to the C. hemipterus pheromone). In all experiments and with all species, males and females responded similarly. Trap responses are influenced strongly by the availability of food; in one case, sudden appearance of an abundant food source on the ground decreased responses of C. mutilatus by 99% within 1 wk. Implications of the study for using the pheromones in practical pest management are discussed. C1 UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT ENTOMOL,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521. RP BARTELT, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOACT CONSTITUENTS RES GRP,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 11 TC 20 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 87 IS 3 BP 667 EP 675 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT723 UT WOS:A1994NT72300024 ER PT J AU ROEHRDANZ, RL AF ROEHRDANZ, RL TI SIMPLE METHOD FOR MONITORING DISPERSAL OF HELIOTHIS (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) BACKCROSS STERILITY GENES SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HELIOTHIS; BACKCROSS STERILITY; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; VIRESCENS; IDENTIFICATION; RESISTANCE; SUBFLEXA; HYBRIDS; GENOME; TESTES; MALES AB Release of sterile backcross males from [Heliothis subflexa (F.) X H. virescens (Guenee) females X H. virescens males] has been suggested as a means of reducing populations of H. virescens. A simple method is needed to measure the persistence or dispersal of the backcross sterility genetic factors. Backcross male sterility is transmitted via maternal inheritance. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) also is inherited maternally; therefore, the mtDNA in the backcross is from H. subflexa. Several regions of the mtDNA were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), then were cut with restriction enzymes to generate restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). Differences between H. virescens and backcross mtDNA were observed for 16S (ribosomal DNA (rDNA)), 12S-16S rDNA, and the COI-COII (cytochrome oxidase) regions. This is attributed to species-specific differences between H. virescens mtDNA and H. subflexa mtDNA carried by the backcross. Therefore, mtDNA provides a convenient marker for tracking the progress of backcross sterility. Developmental stages from eggs through adults are suitable for use. RP ROEHRDANZ, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOSCI RES LAB,POB 5674,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 87 IS 3 BP 676 EP 679 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT723 UT WOS:A1994NT72300025 PM 8027473 ER PT J AU YOKOYAMA, VY MILLER, GT HARTSELL, PL AF YOKOYAMA, VY MILLER, GT HARTSELL, PL TI METHYL-BROMIDE EFFICACY AND RESIDUES IN LARGE-SCALE QUARANTINE TESTS TO CONTROL CODLING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE) ON NECTARINES IN-FIELD BINS AND SHIPPING CONTAINERS FOR EXPORT TO JAPAN SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CYDIA-POMONELLA; PRUNUS SPP; FUMIGATION ID FRUIT; CULTIVARS; CALIFORNIA; FUMIGATION AB Large-scale tests in 1986 through 1992 of the methyl bromide quarantine treatment (48 g per m2 for 2 h at greater-than-or-equal-to 21-degree-C with a 50% volume chamber load) to control codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), on nectarines for export to Japan resulted in 100% mortality of 159,829 1-d-old eggs on fruit in field bins and three survivors in 64,004 eggs tested on fruit packed in shipping containers. The true survival proportion at the 95% CL was less-than-or-equal-to per million based on the total number of eggs in all tests. Methyl bromide sorption in tests with nectarines packed in shipping containers (range, 33.4-41.2%) was lower than in tests with fruit in field bins (range, 49.6-60.5%) because less fruit was placed in the fumigation chamber when packed in shipping containers. The products of mean concentration multiplied bb time in all tests were essentially within the recommended values of 68.0 +/- 3.0 g . h per m3 to provide quarantine security. Forty-eight hours after fumigation, inorganic bromide residues were below the tolerance of 20 ppm. Five days after storage at 2.5-degrees-C, mean organic bromide residues were <0.001 ppm. 'May Glo', 'May Diamond', and 'Mayfire' nectarines were approved for export to Japan after fumigation in field bins based on our test results. Efficacy and residue data for fumigation of 'May Grand', ''Firebrite', 'Red Diamond', 'Royal Giant, 'Spring Red', 'Summer Grand', and 'Fantasia' nectarines in shipping containers are in review by regulatory agencies. RP YOKOYAMA, VY (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,2021 S PEACH AVE,FRESNO,CA 93727, USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 87 IS 3 BP 730 EP 735 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT723 UT WOS:A1994NT72300033 ER PT J AU HANSEN, JD SHARP, JL AF HANSEN, JD SHARP, JL TI THERMAL DEATH IN 3RD INSTARS OF THE CARIBBEAN FRUIT-FLY (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) - TEMPERATURE-TIME RELATIONSHIPS SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ANASTREPHA-SUSPENSA; HEAT; QUARANTINE ID AIR QUARANTINE TREATMENT; HOT-WATER IMMERSION; VAPOR-HEAT-TREATMENT; FLIES DIPTERA; MORTALITY RELATIONSHIPS; CELL-LINE; STRESS; EGGS; TOLERANCE; KINETICS AB Temperature-time relationships for mortality rates of third instars of Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), were examined under controlled laboratory conditions. In replicated tests, a measured number of larvae first was placed in metal tubes containing rearing diet; they were submerged in 40, 43, or 47-degrees-C water baths for durations at 10-min increments. No mortality was observed as a result of the pretreatment temperature increase from ambient (almost-equal-to 25-degrees-C) to 40-degrees-C. Acute (immediate) death, which was determined by the failure to pupate, occurred in most larvae after 90 min of 40-degrees-C and 10 min of 43-degrees-C treatments and all treatments of 47-degrees-C. Chronic (protracted) mortality, determined by the failure to eclose, differed from acute mortality for only 40-degrees-C treatments at less-than-or-equal-to 90 min. We propose possible causes of acute and chronic mortalities. We also discuss application of the mortality data in the development of potential quarantine treatments. RP HANSEN, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP HORT RES STN,MIAMI,FL 33158, USA. NR 42 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 87 IS 3 BP 736 EP 740 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT723 UT WOS:A1994NT72300034 ER PT J AU YOKOYAMA, VY MILLER, GT AF YOKOYAMA, VY MILLER, GT TI WALNUT HUSK FLY (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) PEST-FREE AND PREOVIPOSITIONAL PERIODS AND ADULT EMERGENCE FOR STONE FRUITS EXPORTED TO NEW-ZEALAND SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE RHAGOLETIS-COMPLETA; PRUNUS SPP; QUARANTINE ID METHYL-BROMIDE FUMIGATION AB Walnut husk fly, Rhagoletis completa Cresson, adults were trapped in two of nine trap locations in walnuts in five counties in the San joaquin Valley of California before the end of the pest-free period, 1 July 1992. Highest numbers of adults were collected in walnuts from 19 August through 8 October after early-season, midseason, and most late-season stone fruit cultivars had been harvested. Lowest numbers of adults were trapped in Kern County locations in the southern region of the San joaquin Valley. Laboratory behavioral studies showed that earliest ovipositional punctures in walnuts occurred 9 d after and eggs were laid 11 d after adult emergence. The preovipositional period will reduce the risk of stone, fruit infestations during atypical years when adults emerge before 1 July. Adults emerged from pupae reared in the previous year from peaches, nectarines, and walnuts, but no adults emerged from plums. The biological risk for accidental introductions of walnut husk fly into New Zealand through shipments of stone fruits from California is negligible. RP YOKOYAMA, VY (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,2021 S PEACH AVE,FRESNO,CA 93727, USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 87 IS 3 BP 747 EP 751 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT723 UT WOS:A1994NT72300036 ER PT J AU HALLMAN, GJ NISPEROSCARRIEDO, MO BALDWIN, EA CAMPBELL, CA AF HALLMAN, GJ NISPEROSCARRIEDO, MO BALDWIN, EA CAMPBELL, CA TI MORTALITY OF CARIBBEAN FRUIT-FLY (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) IMMATURES IN COATED FRUITS SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE; MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE; FRUIT WAX ID METHOPRENE-IMPREGNATED WAXES; AIR QUARANTINE TREATMENT; LABORATORY TRIALS; GRAPEFRUIT; SURVIVAL; PAPAYAS; FILMS AB The fruit coatings Primafresh 31, Sta-Fresh 360HS, Sta-Fresh 600, and Nature Seal were studied for their ability to kill Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), larvae infesting fruits. Mortality in grapefruits ranged from 33% (Primafresh 31) to 100% (Sta-Fresh 600). Methyl cellulose and shellac, known to restrict gaseous exchange, were identified as substances in Nature Seal that reduced survival of Caribbean fruit fly; Nature Seal with 4% methyl cellulose and 17% shellac caused 99.2% mortality in grapefruits. Coating of cold-stored mangoes and carambolas did not increase Caribbean fruit fly mortality. Hot-air treatment of Nature Seal (2% methyl cellulose plus 10% shellac)-coated grapefruits increased Caribbean fruit fly mortality compared with uncoated fruits; when both were exposed to hot air at 48-degrees-C for 60 min, no larvae survived treatment of coated grapefruits, whereas 24% survived treatment of uncoated grapefruits. Carambolas immersed in 46-degrees-C Nature Seal heated slower than those immersed in 46-degrees-C water. Also, more damage occurred to carambolas immersed in Nature Seal than in water at 46-degrees-C. Carbon dioxide and alcohol levels were higher in coated grapefruits, and oxygen levels were lower compared with uncoated grapefruits. Coatings may have potential as possible quarantine treatments of interior pests, if not alone then in combination with other treatments. Coatings might also be considered as part of an integrated pest management system of fruit pests. RP HALLMAN, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP HORT RES STN,13601 OLD CUTLER RD,MIAMI,FL 33158, USA. NR 19 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 87 IS 3 BP 752 EP 757 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT723 UT WOS:A1994NT72300037 ER PT J AU LOPEZ, JD GOODENOUGH, JL BEERWINKLE, KR AF LOPEZ, JD GOODENOUGH, JL BEERWINKLE, KR TI COMPARISON OF 2 SEX-PHEROMONE TRAP DESIGNS FOR MONITORING CORN-EARWORM AND TOBACCO BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HELICOVERPA-ZEA; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; TRAP ID BORER LEPIDOPTERA; MOTHS LEPIDOPTERA; BAITED TRAPS; SWEET CORN; HELIOTHIS; CAPTURE; PYRALIDAE; CATCHES; BLENDS AB Two sizes of the Texas Pheromone (TP) trap and the International Pheromone Systems' (IP) Universal Moth trap with (IP1) and without (IP2) an insecticide strip were compared season-long for monitoring adult activity of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.). Diameters of the bottom opening of the outer cone and top opening of the inner cone of two sizes of the TP trap that were evaluated were 75 and 50 cm (TP75-50) and 50 and 25 cm (TP50-25), respectively. Based on the means for the number of males of both species caught per trap per week, the ranking of the traps was TP75-50 > TP50-25 > IP1 equal to IP2. Mean efficiency ratios (calculated as the number of males caught per week divided by the number caught in the TP75-50) for the TP50-25, IP1, and IP2 traps were 0.47, 0.04, and 0.03 for Heliothis virescens and 0.55, 0.28, and 0.12 for Helicoverpa zea, respectively. The difference in mean efficiency ratios between species was not significant for the TP50-25 trap, but the differences were significant for the IP1 and IP2 traps. The results indicated that TP trap efficiencies were similar for Helicoverpa zea and Heliothis virescens, IP trap efficiency was very low for Heliothis virescens, and the presence of insecticide strips in the IP traps had no detrimental effects on catches of either species. Linear regression equations were derived among all possible combinations of trap types. Highest r-squares were obtained for TP75-50 and TP50-25 traps for weekly and daily catches for Helicoverpa zea (r2 = 0.955 and 0.816, respectively) and for Heliothis virescens (r2 = 0.926 and 0.830, respectively). RP LOPEZ, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROP INSECT PESTS MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,ROUTE 5,BOX 808,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 87 IS 3 BP 793 EP 801 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT723 UT WOS:A1994NT72300043 ER PT J AU ARTHUR, FH THRONE, JE AF ARTHUR, FH THRONE, JE TI PIRIMIPHOS-METHYL DEGRADATION AND INSECT POPULATION-GROWTH IN AERATED AND UNAERATED CORN STORED IN SOUTHEAST GEORGIA - SMALL BIN TESTS SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PIRIMIPHOS-METHYL; DEGRADATION; CORN ID 3 MOISTURE CONTENTS; CHLORPYRIFOS-METHYL; BIOLOGICAL EFFICACY; WHEAT; CURCULIONIDAE; TEMPERATURES; PROTECTANTS; COLEOPTERA AB Lots of 229 kg untreated seed corn and corn treated with 8 ppm pirimiphosmethyl were stored in unaerated bins and bins modified with a fan blower to provide aeration. The com was infested artificially with adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst); the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky; and eggs of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner), to determine the effects of aeration on insect control in southeastern Georgia. Total temperature units in unaerated and aerated treated com during the storage period of 15 October through 4 August were 5,729 and 5,196 degree-days, and moisture content was significantly greater in unaerated than in aerated bins. Pirimiphos-methyl degraded more quickly in unaerated than in aerated bins. No live insects were recovered from either unaerated or aerated treated bins. Total temperature units in untreated unaerated and untreated aerated com were 5,745 and 5,391 degree-days. Percentage moisture content, percentage insect-damaged kernels, and number of beetles were greater in unaerated untreated than in aerated untreated bins. Indianmeal moth populations did not increase with time in untreated unaerated or untreated aerated bins. Aeration potentially can reduce insect pest population levels and subsequent damage in com stored in southeastern Georgia. RP ARTHUR, FH (reprint author), USDA ARS,STORES PROD INSECTS RES & DEV LAB,3401 EDWIN ST,SAVANNAH,GA 31405, USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 87 IS 3 BP 810 EP 816 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT723 UT WOS:A1994NT72300045 ER PT J AU ROCKEN, M URBAN, J SHEVACH, EM AF ROCKEN, M URBAN, J SHEVACH, EM TI ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC ACTIVATION, TOLERIZATION, AND REACTIVATION OF THE INTERLEUKIN-4 PATHWAY IN-VIVO SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CD4+ T-CELLS; STIMULATORY FACTOR-I; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; IL-4 PRODUCTION; CLONAL ANERGY; MURINE LEISHMANIASIS; AUTOIMMUNE-DISEASE; INTERFERON-GAMMA; TRANSGENIC MICE; TOLERANCE AB The outcome of immune responses critically depends on the pattern of lymphokines secreted by CD4(+) T cells. CD4(+) T cells may differentiate into interleukin 2 (IL-2) and interferon gamma secreting T helper 1 (Th1)-like cells or IL-4/IL-5/IL-10 secreting Th2-like cells. However, the mechanisms that regulate production of IL-4 or other T cell lymphokines in vivo remain unknown. We use the superantigen, Staphylococcus enterotoxin A (SEA), as a model antigen to characterize the signals that regulate the production of IL-4 in vivo. Induction of IL-4 in normal CD4(+) T cells required stimulation with both antigen and IL-4. SEA-specific CD4(+) T cells produced large amounts of IL-4 when restimulated within 10 d after in vivo priming. Repetitive application of both signals was required to prevent downregulation of IL-4 production. Although controversy exists regarding the susceptibility of Th2-like cells to tolerogenic signals, high doses of superantigen readily abolished the capacity to produce IL-4 in both naive T cells and in T cells already primed for IL-4 production. Infection with the nematode, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, reversed the established T cell tolerance, whereas the signals which induced IL-4 production in normal T cells, antigen and IL-4, were not capable of reversing superantigen-specific tolerance in vivo. The major parameter that correlated with the capacity of parasitic infection to break tolerance was the magnitude of the lymphoproliferation seen during the course of the infection. The capacity to activate or tolerize the IL-4 pathway in an antigen-specific fashion should prove useful in the design of antigen-specific therapies for autoimmune and allergic diseases. C1 NIAID,IMMUNOL LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,HELMINTH DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. OI Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 NR 43 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROCKEFELLER UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 1114 FIRST AVE, 4TH FL, NEW YORK, NY 10021 SN 0022-1007 J9 J EXP MED JI J. Exp. Med. PD JUN 1 PY 1994 VL 179 IS 6 BP 1885 EP 1893 DI 10.1084/jem.179.6.1885 PG 9 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA NN510 UT WOS:A1994NN51000014 PM 7910842 ER PT J AU ZWANK, PJ KROEL, KW LEVIN, DM SOUTHWARD, GM ROMME, RC AF ZWANK, PJ KROEL, KW LEVIN, DM SOUTHWARD, GM ROMME, RC TI HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS OF MEXICAN SPOTTED OWLS IN SOUTHERN NEW-MEXICO SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HOME-RANGE AB Nine radio-tagged Mexican Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis lucida) (four pairs, one mated female) were monitored from 101 to 301 d to determine seasonal home range sizes and roost and nest characteristics. Range sizes of individuals averaged 742 +/- 386 (SD) ha and of pairs 1178 +/- 332 ha. During the breeding season ranges of females (xBAR = 117 +/- 93 ha) were smaller than ranges of males (xBAR = 438 +/- 206 ha), but during the non-breeding season mean ranges did not differ (male 583 +/- 90; female 547 +/- 450). Home ranges were dominated by mixed-conifer forest in one drainage but were mixed-conifer, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). pinyon pine (P. edulis) and alligator juniper (Juniperus deppeana) in another drainage. Roost trees differed in height, canopy closure and basal area between drainages. No differences were noted between the heights of roosts of males and females or between heights of roosts during breeding and non-breeding seasons. Nests were in the midsection of large trees with high canopy closure. C1 NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,NEW MEXICO AGR EXPT STN,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003. US FOREST SERV,LINCOLN NATL FOREST,MAYHILL,NM 88339. RP ZWANK, PJ (reprint author), NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,US FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003, USA. NR 19 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 5 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI BELOIT PA BELOIT COLLEGE, DEPT BIOLOGY, 700 COLLEGE ST, BELOIT, WI 53511 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 1994 VL 65 IS 3 BP 324 EP 334 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA PC501 UT WOS:A1994PC50100004 ER PT J AU RUDOLPH, DC CONNER, RN AF RUDOLPH, DC CONNER, RN TI FOREST FRAGMENTATION AND RED-COCKADED WOODPECKER POPULATION - AN ANALYSIS AT INTERMEDIATE SCALE SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ISLANDS; BIOGEOGRAPHY; MAMMALS; BIRDS; AGE AB The Red-cockaded Woodpecker population on the Sam Houston National Forest in Texas was surveyed during 1988. The 128 active clusters present make this population one of the largest in existence. Pine stand ages varied considerably across the forest. Correlation analysis indicated that stand area in excess of 60 yr of age is positively correlated with measures of woodpecker density. This relationship is present across a range of areas from individual compartments (= 520 ha) to blocks of 10-15 compartments. A positive correlation of area in pines of 60 yr of age and number of woodpeckers per group suggests that the causes of these relationships are still operating. It is hypothesized that the fragmentation of forest in excess of 60 vr of age by younger stands is impacting the demographics of this population. RP RUDOLPH, DC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,WILDLIFE HABITAT & SILVICULTURE LAB,NACOGDOCHES,TX 75962, USA. NR 33 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI BELOIT PA BELOIT COLLEGE, DEPT BIOLOGY, 700 COLLEGE ST, BELOIT, WI 53511 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 1994 VL 65 IS 3 BP 365 EP 375 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA PC501 UT WOS:A1994PC50100008 ER PT J AU BRUGGER, KE ARKIN, LN GRAMLICH, JM AF BRUGGER, KE ARKIN, LN GRAMLICH, JM TI MIGRATION PATTERNS OF CEDAR WAXWINGS IN THE EASTERN UNITED-STATES SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Records for 327 Cedar Waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum) banded or recovered in eastern North America (<105-degrees-W) from 1921-1990 were analyzed to determine migration patterns. Southward migration occurred November-January; northward migration in March-May. Eastern waxwings wintered in the coastal plain from South Carolina to Texas and were at their greatest distance from breeding sites in February (xBAR = 2082 +/-1787 [SD] km, n = 27). Recoveries of waxwings banded during summer suggested that birds of divergent breeding populations mix at wintering sites. There was little interchange of birds across the Rocky Mountains. As few encounters occurred in Florida, it was not possible to establish the existence of a geographic source of Cedar Waxwings that may damage early ripening fruits such as blueberries in Florida. C1 USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,FLORIDA FIELD STN,GAINESVILLE,FL 32601. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 7 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI BELOIT PA BELOIT COLLEGE, DEPT BIOLOGY, 700 COLLEGE ST, BELOIT, WI 53511 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 1994 VL 65 IS 3 BP 381 EP 387 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA PC501 UT WOS:A1994PC50100010 ER PT J AU LILLARD, HS AF LILLARD, HS TI EFFECT OF TRISODIUM PHOSPHATE ON SALMONELLAE ATTACHED TO CHICKEN SKIN SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE TRISODIUM PHOSPHATE; SALMONELLAE; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM ID BROILER CARCASSES; POULTRY CARCASSES; CHLORINE DIOXIDE; CHILLER WATER; BACTERIAL AB Processed carcasses from a commercial plant were inoculated with 10(8) or 10(2) colony forming units (CFU) of Salmonella typhimurium 14028. Inoculated carcasses were dipped in a 10% trisodium phosphate (TSP) solution for 15 min. Whole carcass rinses and skin homogenates were tested with and without a 2 L water rinse to remove residual TSP, using unbuffered or buffered peptone solutions. High pH values in test solutions resulting from TSP treatments could interfere with the efficient recovery of Salmonella. Salmonellae levels were reduced by 2 logs, but decreases in total aerobic counts were much smaller as a result of TSP treatments. Salmonellae were recovered from skin and carcasses inoculated with 10(8) or 10(2) CFU when a 2 L water rinse followed the TSP treatment, and buffered peptone was used for bacterial recovery. RP LILLARD, HS (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 17 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 3 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 57 IS 6 BP 465 EP 469 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA NR987 UT WOS:A1994NR98700002 ER PT J AU MATTHEWS, KR OLIVER, SP AF MATTHEWS, KR OLIVER, SP TI DIFFERENTIATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS SPECIES BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION-BASED DNA-FINGERPRINTING SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID STREPTOCOCCUS-UBERIS; BOVINE ORIGIN; IDENTIFICATION; MASTITIS AB Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of Staphylococcus species was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-based (PCR-based) DNA fingerprinting to distinguish between species. A total of 123 staphylococci isolated from bovine mammary secretions, and nine type strains representing eight species were evaluated. Amplified DNA fragments were categorized as either primary, secondary or variable fragments. Primary [optical density > 0.3 absorbance units (AU)] and secondary fragments (optical density > 0.12 AU) were observed in all isolates within a species. Infrequent DNA fragments were designated as variable fragments (optical density > 0.12 AU). Profiles were discrete and reproducible for each species. A simple identification scheme was developed based on the occurrence of primary and secondary DNA fragments for a species. A computer integrated scanning laser densitometer was utilized to store, retrieve, compare and evaluate DNA fingerprint profiles. This permitted rapid and accurate evaluation of staphylococcal isolates. Results of this study suggest that PCR-based DNA fingerprinting is suitable for typing Staphylococcus species of bovine origin. This technique could be of value to researchers and clinicians involved in the study of bacteria isolated from food, humans and animals. C1 UNIV TENNESSEE,INST AGR,DEPT ANIM SCI,KNOXVILLE,TN 37901. RP MATTHEWS, KR (reprint author), UNIV TENNESSEE,USDA ARS,2460 MORGAN CIRCLE,ROOM 109,MCCORD HALL,KNOXVILLE,TN 37996, USA. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 57 IS 6 BP 486 EP 489 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA NR987 UT WOS:A1994NR98700006 ER PT J AU SENTER, SD TOWNSEND, WE SEARCY, GK AF SENTER, SD TOWNSEND, WE SEARCY, GK TI VARIABILITY IN RESIDUAL MYOGLOBIN CONTENT AND GLUTAMIC OXALOACETIC TRANSAMINASE (GOT) ACTIVITY IN COOKED BOVINE SEMIMEMBRANOUS TISSUE AS RELATED TO TEMPERATURE OF COOKING MEDIA ABOVE END-POINT TEMPERATURE AND SAMPLE-SIZE SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE MYOGLOBIN; TRANSAMINASE; BOVINE; END-POINT TEMPERATURE ID LACTATE-DEHYDROGENASE; PINK COLOR; PORK; BEEF; INDICATOR; BREAST; MEAT AB The variables, sample size and temperature of cooking media, were tested to determine their influence on myoglobin content and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) activities in bovine semimembranosus tissue thermally processed in a model heat treatment system. Data were obtained from 2.9 and 5.5 x 8.0 cm samples that were thermally processed to end-point temperatures (EFPs) of 62.8, 71.1 and 79.4-degrees-C in a water bath that exceeded EPTs by 2 and 20-degrees-C. Myoglobin denaturation differed (P < 0.05) by EPTs within samples, by sample size at the specified EPTs and by temperature of the heating media used to attain the EPTs within sample sizes. Similar variations at this probability level were observed in the analyses for residual GOT activities of the samples. Data indicate the inadequacies of analysis of these parameters in model systems that do not duplicate the actual process being evaluated. RP SENTER, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POULTRY PROC & MEAT QUAL RES UNIT,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 57 IS 6 BP 502 EP 504 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA NR987 UT WOS:A1994NR98700009 ER PT J AU BACON, CW NELSON, PE AF BACON, CW NELSON, PE TI FUMONISIN PRODUCTION IN CORN BY TOXIGENIC STRAINS OF FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME AND FUSARIUM-PROLIFERATUM SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Review DE MYCOTOXINS; FUMONISIN-B1; ZEA-MAYS; TOXIC FUNGI; TOXIC CORN; GIBBERELLA-FUJIKUROI ID SECTION LISEOLA; ESOPHAGEAL CANCER; EQUINE LEUKOENCEPHALOMALACIA; MATING POPULATIONS; NATURAL OCCURRENCE; PULMONARY-EDEMA; MYCOTOXINS; TOXICITY; SWINE; MAIZE AB The fungi Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon and Fusarium proliferatum (Matsushima) Nirenberg produce a series of toxins on com which include the fumonisins of which fumonisin B1 and B2 are considered to have cancer promoting activity. Both fungi produce similar ratios of the fumonisins B1 to B2. Other mycotoxins produced include moniliformin, fusarin C and fusaric acid. Fumonisin B1 has been shown to be responsible for most of the toxicological affects observed from ingesting com infected by toxigenic isolates of these fungi. The distribution of the two fungi is generally similar, although F. proliferatum is isolated more frequently from sorghum than com. They occur worldwide on other food crops, such as rice, sorghum, millet, several fruits and vegetables. Both fungi are ear rot pathogens of com, thus, mycotoxin production occurs under field conditions, although it also may occur in storage. One or both fungi may have a frequency of occurrence of 90% or higher in com; 90% of the F. moniliforme isolates produce the fumonisins. On com and com products the range of concentrations reported is 0.3 to 330 mug/g of com-based product. These concentrations include both com-based animal feed and human foods. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT WERKSTOFFWISSENSCH,FUSARIUM RES CTR,UNIV PK,PA 16802. RP BACON, CW (reprint author), USDA ARS,RUSSELL RES CTR,TOXICOL & MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 106 TC 81 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 7 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 57 IS 6 BP 514 EP 521 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA NR987 UT WOS:A1994NR98700013 ER PT J AU NORRED, WP VOSS, KA AF NORRED, WP VOSS, KA TI TOXICITY AND ROLE OF FUMONISINS IN ANIMAL DISEASES AND HUMAN ESOPHAGEAL CANCER SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE FUMONISINS; EQUINE LEUKOENCEPHALOMALACIA; PORCINE PULMONARY EDEMA; ESOPHAGEAL CANCER ID MONILIFORME CULTURE MATERIAL; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; NATURAL OCCURRENCE; PULMONARY-EDEMA; SOUTHERN-AFRICA; CORN SCREENINGS; F-MONILIFORME; MYCOTOXINS; SWINE; RATS AB Fumonisins are secondary metabolites of Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium proliferatum and several other Fusaria that commonly contaminate com. Only recently discovered in 1988, these mycotoxins appear to be the causative agents of several toxicoses in animals that result from ingestion of moldy com or corn-based feeds. The syndromes observed vary considerably among the different species affected and include brain lesions in equids, lung edema in swine, and nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and hepatocellular carcinoma in laboratory rats. There is also evidence that suggests that F. moniliforme and fumonisins may also be responsible for esophageal cancer in humans in certain areas of the world where moldy com is frequently consumed. Studies are currently underway to determine the extent of the hazards posed by fumonisins, and whether controls in the form of regulatory action levels may be necessary. RP NORRED, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,TOXICOL & MYCOTOXINS RES UNIT,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 60 TC 87 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 57 IS 6 BP 522 EP 527 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA NR987 UT WOS:A1994NR98700014 ER PT J AU RILEY, RT VOSS, KA YOOL, KS GELDERBLOM, WCA MERRILL, AH AF RILEY, RT VOSS, KA YOOL, KS GELDERBLOM, WCA MERRILL, AH TI MECHANISM OF FUMONISIN TOXICITY AND CARCINOGENESIS SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE FUMONISINS; FUSARIUM; CERAMIDE SYNTHASE; ZEA-MAYS; TOXIC CORIN; TOXICITY; CARCINOGENESIS ID DENOVO SPHINGOLIPID BIOSYNTHESIS; HAMSTER OVARY CELLS; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; CULTURE MATERIAL; SPHINGOSINE; SPHINGANINE; INHIBITION; CANCER; MYCOTOXINS; RAT AB What are the molecular events that fumonisin-induced porcine pulmonary edema syndrome and equine leucoencephalomalacia have in common? Do these animal diseases relate mechanistically to fumonisin toxicity in laboratory rats? There is considerable data indicating that disruption of sphingolipid metabolism plays an important early role in all of these diseases. In vitro studies have revealed that fumonisins and structurally related Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici-toxin (AAL-toxin) are potent inhibitors of the enzyme sphinganine (sphingosine) N-acyl transferase (ceramide synthase). Soon after cultured cells or animals are exposed to fumonisins there is a dramatic increase in the free sphingoid base, sphinganine, in tissues, serum and/or urine. Also, free sphingosine concentration increases, complex sphingolipid concentration decreases, and sphingoid base degradation products and other lipid products also increase. It is hypothesized that disruption of sphingolipid metabolism is an early molecular event in the onset and progression of cell injury and the diseases associated with consumption of fumonisins. However, the exact mechanisms responsible for the diseases will not be easily revealed since the role of sphingolipids in cellular regulation is very complex and not yet fully understood. While fumonisin B1 is non-genotoxic it is a complete carcinogen in rat liver. Recent studies indicate that fumonisins inhibit hepatocyte proliferation in rat liver. It has been hypothesized that hepatotoxicity and effects on hepatocyte proliferation are critical determinants for fumonisin B1 cancer initiation and promotion. Alternatively, recent studies have found that fumonisin B1 has mitogenic activity in cultured fibroblasts. It is conceivable that the mitogenic, cytostatic and cytotoxic potential of fumonisin may all contribute to the animal diseases including liver cancer in rats. C1 MRC, PROMEC, TYGERBERG 7505, SOUTH AFRICA. EMORY UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT BIOCHEM, ATLANTA, GA 30322 USA. RP RILEY, RT (reprint author), USDA ARS, TOXICOL & MYCOTOXINS RES UNIT, POB 5677, ATHENS, GA 30613 USA. NR 56 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 57 IS 6 BP 528 EP 535 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA NR987 UT WOS:A1994NR98700015 ER PT J AU RICE, LG ROSS, PF AF RICE, LG ROSS, PF TI METHODS FOR DETECTION AND QUANTITATION OF FUMONISINS IN CORN, CEREAL PRODUCTS AND ANIMAL EXCRETA SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE FUMONISINS; METHODS; DETECTION; CORN; CEREAL PRODUCTS ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; EQUINE LEUKOENCEPHALOMALACIA; PULMONARY-EDEMA; MYCOTOXIN; FEEDS; METABOLITES; SCREENINGS; SWINE; FATE AB Fumonisins are a group of naturally occuring mycotoxins PrOduced by strains of several different mating populations of Gibberella fujikori (Fusarium section Liseola). Fumonisins have been shown experimentally to be the causative agent of equine leukoencephalomalacia (ELEM), porcine pulmonary edema (PPE) syndrome, and to produce liver cancer in rats. Epidemiological evidence also indicates a possible correlation between the fumonisins and human esophageal cancer. The analytical method of choice for most sample, has been high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using fluorescence detection. The present work describes the baseline resolution using an isocratic mobile phase of the o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) derivatives of fumonisin B1 (FB1), fumonisin B2 (FBd and fumonisin B3 (FB3). The separation of the hydrolyzed forms of FB1, partially hydrolyzed FB1 (PHFB1) and fully hydrolyzed FB1 (HFB1) is also described. Results of analyses of corn from 1992 crop year in both Iowa (mean = 0.05 mug/g, N = 80) and Pennsylvania (mean = 0.37 mug/g, N = 91) were significantly lower than mean levels reported for 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1991. Significant levels Of FB1 were found in commercially prepared rat (2 mug/g) and horse (37 mug/(g) feed. Levels of FB1 (0.05 to 1.2 mug/g) found in corn meal purchased from local groceries indicated a possible source of low level exposure of humans to fumonisins. The simultaneous isocratic separation of FB1, FB2, FB3 and the hydrolysis products of FB1, PHFB, and HFB1 from fecal samples indicated a possible difference in metabolism of FB1 in ruminants and nonruminants. In ruminants, the hydrolyzed forms of FB1 composed a significant (60 to 90%) portion of the total FB1 concentration found in the feces. In nonruminants, the parent compound, FB1, was the dominant (90%) species present. Both ruminants and nonruminants showed limited excretion of FB1 in their urine (<1 to 7% total FB1 in excreta). RP RICE, LG (reprint author), USDA,NATL VET SERV LABS,VET SERV,ANIMAL & PLANT HLTH INSPEC SERV,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 30 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 57 IS 6 BP 536 EP 540 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA NR987 UT WOS:A1994NR98700016 ER PT J AU BURWELL, BB HELIN, WH JOYCE, SD AF BURWELL, BB HELIN, WH JOYCE, SD TI A SHARED VISION - GHANA COLLABORATIVE COMMUNITY FORESTRY INITIATIVE SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article C1 US FOREST SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20090. TRAINING & RESOURCES GRP,ALEXANDRIA,VA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 92 IS 6 BP 18 EP 23 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA NN322 UT WOS:A1994NN32200011 ER PT J AU HELIN, W AF HELIN, W TI SEEKING GREATER EFFECTIVENESS IN AFRICAN NATURAL-RESOURCE MANAGEMENT INTERVENTION SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article RP HELIN, W (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,POB 96090,WASHINGTON,DC 20090, USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 92 IS 6 BP 20 EP 21 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA NN322 UT WOS:A1994NN32200012 ER PT J AU KARASEV, AV NIKOLAEVA, OV KOONIN, EV GUMPF, DJ GARNSEY, SM AF KARASEV, AV NIKOLAEVA, OV KOONIN, EV GUMPF, DJ GARNSEY, SM TI SCREENING OF THE CLOSTEROVIRUS GENOME BY DEGENERATE PRIMER-MEDIATED POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID BEET YELLOWS CLOSTEROVIRUS; CITRUS TRISTEZA VIRUS; DOUBLE-STRANDED-RNA; NUCLEIC-ACID; KDA PROTEIN; PURIFICATION; SEQUENCES; GENES; HYBRIDIZATION; TRANSLATION AB The genome of beet yellows virus (BYV), the type representative of the closterovirus group, encodes a homologue of the cellular heat-shock protein (HSP) 70 family. A pair of degenerate primers targeted to motifs A and E, which are highly conserved in HSP70s, was synthesized. Genomes of several definite and possible members of the closterovirus group were screened for the presence of the HSP70 gene with PCR using these degenerate primers. BYV, citrus tristeza virus (CTV), beet yellow stunt virus (BYSV) and carnation necrotic fleck virus templates produced 1 kb amplification products, which were shown by sequencing to represent fragments of the respective HSP70 genes. Further screening was performed with an additional degenerate primer targeted to the motif IV of the putative viral polymerase. This degenerate primer and specific primers complementary to the 5' region of the HSP70 genes of the respective viruses were used to estimate the distance between polymerase motif IV and the start point of the HSP70 gene for BYV (approximately 1.1 kb), CTV and BYSV (around 2.0 kb) by PCR. The amplified genome regions of CTV (3026 nucleotides) and BYSV (2837 nucleotides) were cloned and sequenced. CTV and BYSV were found to encode the gene for an additional 30K (BYSV) or 33K (CTV) protein between the polymerase and the small hydrophobic protein genes, which was absent in BYV. These two 30K proteins displayed very weak similarity to each other, unlike the highly conserved polymerases, hydrophobic proteins and HSP70s of BYV, CTV and BYSV. Degenerate primer-mediated PCR proved to be an efficient tool for rapid screening and subsequent cloning of the viral genomes. C1 UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521. NATL LIB MED,NATL CTR BIOTECHNOL INFORMAT,BETHESDA,MD 20894. USDA ARS,HORT RES LAB,ORLANDO,FL 32803. NR 34 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA HARVEST HOUSE 62 LONDON ROAD, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 5AS SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 75 BP 1415 EP 1422 DI 10.1099/0022-1317-75-6-1415 PN 6 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA NQ490 UT WOS:A1994NQ49000023 PM 8207405 ER PT J AU OROURKE, KI HUFF, TP LEATHERS, CW ROBINSON, MM GORHAM, JR AF OROURKE, KI HUFF, TP LEATHERS, CW ROBINSON, MM GORHAM, JR TI SCID MOUSE SPLEEN DOES NOT SUPPORT SCRAPIE AGENT REPLICATION SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS; CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE; RESISTANT PRION PROTEIN; SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY; FIBRIL PROTEIN; INFECTED MICE; PRP PROTEIN; LYMPH-NODES; TISSUES; INFECTIVITY AB BALB/c and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice were inoculated intracerebrally or intraperitoneally with scrapie agent strain ME7 to examine the role of functional lymphocytes and follicular dendritic cells in splenic infectivity and PrPSc accumulation. Intracerebrally inoculated BALB/c and SCID mice developed the clinical signs and microscopic lesions characteristic of scrapie. Spleens from terminally affected BALB/c mice contained PrPSc which was detectable by immuno-blot analysis; SCID mouse spleens did not contain detectable PrPSc. SCID mouse spleens collected during the first 90 days after intraperitoneal infection contained neither infectivity nor PrPSc. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,WASHINGTON ANIM DIS DIAGNOST LAB,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP OROURKE, KI (reprint author), USDA ARS,ANIM DIS RES UNIT,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 36 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA HARVEST HOUSE 62 LONDON ROAD, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 5AS SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 75 BP 1511 EP 1514 DI 10.1099/0022-1317-75-6-1511 PN 6 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA NQ490 UT WOS:A1994NQ49000038 PM 8207418 ER PT J AU JONES, PJH LICHTENSTEIN, AH SCHAEFER, EJ AF JONES, PJH LICHTENSTEIN, AH SCHAEFER, EJ TI INTERACTION OF DIETARY-FAT SATURATION AND CHOLESTEROL LEVEL ON CHOLESTEROL-SYNTHESIS MEASURED USING DEUTERIUM INCORPORATION SO JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE CORN OIL; BEEF TALLOW; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; STEARIC ACID; SATURATED FAT; POLYUNSATURATED FAT ID PLASMA-LIPOPROTEINS; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; DEUTERATED WATER; SYNTHESIS INVIVO; GUINEA-PIG; WHOLE-BODY; METABOLISM; EXCRETION; HUMANS; MEN AB To examine interactive effects of dietary fat saturation and cholesterol level on serum lipids and de novo cholesterogenesis, moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects were fed solid-foods diets containing 30% fat (80 mg C.1000 Kcal(-1)) in which 2/3 fat was either corn oil or beef tallow, with and without 120 mg C.1000 Kcal(-1), for 5 wk. At the end of each diet period, subjects were given deuterium (D) oxide orally and de novo cholesterol synthesis was measured over 24 h from D incorporation into cholesterol as fractional synthesis rates (FSR) and absolute synthetic rate (ASR) into the rapid exchangeable cholesterol pool. Plasma total and low density lipoprotein levels were elevated (P < 0.01) with both beef tallow and cholesterol feeding. High density lipoprotein (HDL) levels were not influenced by fat saturation or cholesterol level; however, HDL was higher with addition of cholesterol to corn oil versus beef tallow (P < 0.02). Plasma triglycerides were higher (P < 0.02) with beef tallow feeding but were not influenced by cholesterol level. FSR was increased (P < 0.02) by feeding corn oil, versus beef fat, but not by dietary cholesterol level. Calculated cholesterol pools sizes did not differ across groups; however, ASR was also elevated with corn oil versus beef tallow feeding (P < 0.02). Results indicate that corn oil feeding lowers circulating cholesterol by mechanisms other than reduced synthesis, and that cholesterol at the level of supplementation used is not associated with feedback inhibition of cholesterogenesis. However, with the exception of HDL levels, dietary fat saturation and cholesterol levels do not interactively influence circulating lipoprotein cholesterol levels and cholesterol synthesis. C1 UNIV BRITISH COLUMBIA,DIV HUMAN NUTR,VANCOUVER V6T 1W5,BC,CANADA. TUFTS UNIV,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,DEPT AGR,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. OI Jones, Peter/0000-0001-5887-2846 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL39326] NR 55 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPID RESEARCH INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0022-2275 J9 J LIPID RES JI J. Lipid Res. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1093 EP 1101 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA NP569 UT WOS:A1994NP56900016 PM 8077848 ER PT J AU BECK, MA KOLBECK, PC ROHR, LH SHI, Q MORRIS, VC LEVANDER, OA AF BECK, MA KOLBECK, PC ROHR, LH SHI, Q MORRIS, VC LEVANDER, OA TI BENIGN HUMAN ENTEROVIRUS BECOMES VIRULENT IN SELENIUM-DEFICIENT MICE SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE SELENIUM; MYOCARDITIS; COXSACKIEVIRUS; KESHAN DISEASE ID POST-WEANING UNDERNUTRITION; COXSACKIEVIRUS B3 INFECTION; ADULT MICE; VIRUS; IMMUNODEFICIENCY; MYOCARDITIS; PROTEIN; DAMAGE AB Coxsackieviruses have been implicated as possible co-factors in the etiology of the selenium (Se)-responsive cardiomyopathy known as Keshan disease. Here we report that a cloned and sequenced amyocarditic coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3/0), which causes no pathology in the hearts of Se-adequate mice, induces extensive cardiac pathology in Se-deficient mice. CVB3/0 recovered from the hearts of Se-deficient mice inoculated into Se-adequate mice induced significant heart damage, suggesting mutation of the virus to a virulent genotype. We demonstrate the important role of host nutritional status in determining the severity of a viral infection. (C) 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,MED CTR,DEPT PATHOL & MICROBIOL,OMAHA,NE. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP BECK, MA (reprint author), UNIV N CAROLINA,FRANK PORTER GRAHAM CHILD DEV CTR,CB 8180,105 SMITH LEVEL RD,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599, USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [5-R29 HL46195-04]; NICHD NIH HHS [2-P30-HD03110-26] NR 23 TC 112 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0146-6615 J9 J MED VIROL JI J. Med. Virol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 43 IS 2 BP 166 EP 170 DI 10.1002/jmv.1890430213 PG 5 WC Virology SC Virology GA NM387 UT WOS:A1994NM38700012 PM 8083665 ER PT J AU NICKLE, WR CONNICK, WJ CANTELO, WW AF NICKLE, WR CONNICK, WJ CANTELO, WW TI EFFECTS OF PESTA-PELLETIZED STEINERNEMA-CARPOCAPSAE (ALL) ON WESTERN CORN ROOTWORMS AND COLORADO POTATO BEETLES SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; DIABROTICA-VIRGIFERA-VIRGIFERA; ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODE; FORMULATION; LEPTINOTARSA-DECEMLINEATA; NEMATODE; PESTA; STEINERNEMA-CARPOCAPSAE ID SUSCEPTIBILITY; CHRYSOMELIDAE; COLEOPTERA; RHABDITIDA; NEMATODES AB Pesta-pelletized Steinernema carpocapsae (All) nematodes were used in soil treatments in the greenhouse against larvae of Western corn rootworm and prepupae of Colorado potato beetle. The pesta-pellets delivered 100,000 living nematodes/g. Infective-stage nematodes and their associated bacteria survived the pesta-pellet process, emerged from the pellets in large numbers in the soil, and reduced adult emergence of both pest insects by more than 90%. C1 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,VEGETABLE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP NICKLE, WR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,NEMATOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 8 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 26 IS 2 BP 249 EP 250 PG 2 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA NQ513 UT WOS:A1994NQ51300015 PM 19279889 ER PT J AU CAPERNA, TJ GAVELEK, D VOSSOUGHI, J AF CAPERNA, TJ GAVELEK, D VOSSOUGHI, J TI SOMATOTROPIN ALTERS COLLAGEN-METABOLISM IN GROWING PIGS SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE SOMATOTROPIN; COLLAGEN; PIGS; GROWTH HORMONE; PROTEIN DEPOSITION ID RECOMBINANT PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN; HUMAN GROWTH-HORMONE; MUSCLE-FIBER CHARACTERISTICS; KILOGRAMS LIVE WEIGHT; BODY-COMPOSITION; DOSE-RESPONSE; GRANULATION-TISSUE; PROTEIN-TURNOVER; DIETARY-PROTEIN; YOUNG-PIGS AB Treatment of pigs with porcine somatotropin (pST) is associated with altered nutrient partitioning. The aim of this investigation was to determine the role of pST in protein and collagen deposition in growing pigs. Barrows were treated daily with buffer or PST when they weighed between 30 and 64 kg (n = 8 pigs/group). Pigs were restrictively fed such that the average feed intake for both groups was 1.86 kg/d. Treatment with pST was associated with 25, 55, 78 and 31% higher growth rates for carcass, skin, viscera and head, respectively. Total protein depositions (g/d) were 52, 60, 81, 42 and 54% greater in carcass, skin, viscera, head and empty body, respectively, of PST-treated pigs. Collagen represented approximately 70, 15 and 43% of total protein in skin, viscera and head; pST did not influence this ratio. However, collagen relative to total protein was 16% lower in the carcass of pST-treated pigs. Deposition rate of collagen was higher in all components of empty body, except carcass, as a result of PST treatment. The ratio of non-collagen protein to collagen deposition rate was 49% greater in the carcass of pST-treated pigs. The deposition rate of acid-soluble collagen was approximately 2-fold higher in skin but was 25% lower in carcass of pST-treated pigs. Depositions of insoluble collagen in viscera and head of pST-treated pigs were 74 and 46% greater, respectively, than for controls. These data show that pST treatment enhances collagen deposition in skin, head and viscera, whereas non-collagen protein deposition and collagen maturation are enhanced in the carcass. C1 UNIV DIST COLUMBIA,INST ENGN RES,WASHINGTON,DC 20004. RP CAPERNA, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,NANL,BARC EAST,BLDG 200,ROOM 201,10300 BALTIMORE BLVD,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 35 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 124 IS 6 BP 770 EP 778 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA NP543 UT WOS:A1994NP54300002 PM 8207534 ER PT J AU REEDS, PJ FJELD, CR JAHOOR, F AF REEDS, PJ FJELD, CR JAHOOR, F TI DO THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE AMINO-ACID COMPOSITIONS OF ACUTE-PHASE AND MUSCLE PROTEINS HAVE A BEARING ON NITROGEN LOSS IN TRAUMATIC STATES SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID RAT SKELETAL-MUSCLE; METABOLIC RESPONSE; NITRIC-OXIDE; GLUTAMINE; INFECTION; CYSTEINE; SEPSIS; INJURY C1 INT ATOM ENERGY AGCY,NUTR & HLTH RELATED ENVIRONM STUDIES SECT,VIENNA,AUSTRIA. RP REEDS, PJ (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. NR 32 TC 204 Z9 208 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 124 IS 6 BP 906 EP 910 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA NP543 UT WOS:A1994NP54300019 PM 7515956 ER PT J AU ELIASSON, MK BEYL, CA BARKER, PA AF ELIASSON, MK BEYL, CA BARKER, PA TI IN-VITRO RESPONSES AND ACCLIMATIZATION OF PRUNUS-SEROTINA WITH PACLOBUTRAZOL SO JOURNAL OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION LA English DT Article ID GROWTH-RETARDANTS; HUMIDITY; RESISTANCE; PLANTLETS AB Paclobutrazol (PBZ), a triazole growth retardant known to improve tolerance of various species to stress, was incorporated into the in vitro rooting medium of Prunus serotina var. virens at rates of 0.00, 0.15, 0.30, and 0.60 mg/L with and without 1.0 mg/L indolebutyric acid (IBA). PBZ significantly reduced shoot growth in vitro but increased/improved the quality and coloration. The percentage of water loss from detached leaves of in vitro plantlets was significantly reduced by PBZ and IBA. At 4 weeks after transfer to the greenhouse, survival was significantly improved by PBZ, IBA, and the combination. Incorporation of PBZ in vitro better enables Prunus serotina plantlets to withstand the stresses associated with acclimatization. C1 ALABAMA A&M UNIV,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,NORMAL,AL 35762. US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,NORMAL,AL 35762. US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,BERKELEY,CA 94701. NR 24 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0721-7595 J9 J PLANT GROWTH REGUL JI J. Plant Growth Regul. PD SUM PY 1994 VL 13 IS 3 BP 137 EP 142 DI 10.1007/BF00196377 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA PN670 UT WOS:A1994PN67000004 ER PT J AU BUTA, JG SPAULDING, DW AF BUTA, JG SPAULDING, DW TI CHANGES IN INDOLE-3-ACETIC-ACID AND ABSCISIC-ACID LEVELS DURING TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON-ESCULENTUM MILL) FRUIT-DEVELOPMENT AND RIPENING SO JOURNAL OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION LA English DT Article ID SEED DEVELOPMENT AB Changes in the levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit pericarp tissue during development through ripening were measured by GC-SIM-MS using d3-ABA and C-13(6)-IAA internal standards. In the two cultivars of field-grown tomatoes analyzed, the highest IAA levels (8-24) ng/g fw) were found at the earliest stage of development (7 days after anthesis) followed by a rapid decline in levels of the hormone. ABA levels of 40-60 ng/g fw were found at the earliest stages of development followed by a decline in levels until ripening occurred when elevated ABA levels (125 ng/g fw) were measured. RP BUTA, JG (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI Barickman, Thomas/I-6993-2012 NR 10 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0721-7595 J9 J PLANT GROWTH REGUL JI J. Plant Growth Regul. PD SUM PY 1994 VL 13 IS 3 BP 163 EP 166 DI 10.1007/BF00196382 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA PN670 UT WOS:A1994PN67000009 ER PT J AU BOAL, CW BIBLES, EL BROWN, RE AF BOAL, CW BIBLES, EL BROWN, RE TI UNUSUAL PARENTAL BEHAVIORS BY MALE NORTHERN GOSHAWKS SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Letter C1 US FOREST SERV,SAFFORD,AZ 85548. RP BOAL, CW (reprint author), UNIV ARIZONA,SCH RENEWABLE NAT RESOURCES,TUCSON,AZ 85721, USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 12805 ST CROIX TRAIL, HASTINGS, MN 55033 SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 28 IS 2 BP 120 EP 121 PG 2 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA PB284 UT WOS:A1994PB28400013 ER PT J AU CHU, CC NATWICK, ET HENNEBERRY, TJ LAEMMLEN, FF AKEY, DH AF CHU, CC NATWICK, ET HENNEBERRY, TJ LAEMMLEN, FF AKEY, DH TI COTTON (GOSSYPIUM SPP) LEAF BURN SYNDROME - A NEW COTTON PLANT DISORDER SO JOURNAL OF THE AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF CHINA LA Chinese DT Article AB Cotton ''leaf burn'' syndrome occurred widespread throughout the Imperial Valley, California in 1989. The symptoms first appear in mid-July on leaves in most cases located on the exterior of the plant canopy. The first visible indication was small brownish areas in the palms of leaves. These areas enlarge and merge to dried necrotic areas surrounded by silvery rings. Prior to the appearance of ''leaf burn'' symptoms, the dark green color of leaves often fades to a paler green. Stomata conductance and leaf transpiration of affected leaves were lowered, and leaf water potentials and leaf temperatures were abnormally high in affected plants. Lint yields were reduced by an average of 30%. To date, cause(s) of the cotton ''leaf burn'' syndrome are unknown. However, soil applications of aldicarb (2-methyl-2- (methylthio) propionaldehyde-O- (methylcarbamoyl) oxime) alleviate the symptoms and increase cotton yields. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. UNIV CALIF HOLTVILLE COOPERAT EXTENS,HOLTVILLE,CA 92250. RP CHU, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,BRAWLEY,CA 92227, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGR ASSN CHINA PI TAIPEI PA 14 WENCHOW ST, TAIPEI, TAIWAN SN 0578-1434 J9 J AGR ASSOC CHINA JI J. Agric. Assoc. China PD JUN PY 1994 IS 166 BP 76 EP 93 PG 18 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA PV285 UT WOS:A1994PV28500006 ER PT J AU BLUMBERG, J AF BLUMBERG, J TI ARE ANTIOXIDANTS AT AN AWKWARD AGE SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; VITAMIN-E CONSUMPTION; SUPPLEMENTATION; RISK RP BLUMBERG, J (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,MEDFORD,MA 02155, USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 13 IS 3 BP 218 EP 219 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA NP531 UT WOS:A1994NP53100001 PM 8077566 ER PT J AU KLINE, DL AF KLINE, DL TI INTRODUCTION TO SYMPOSIUM ON ATTRACTANTS FOR MOSQUITO SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material ID TSETSE-FLIES DIPTERA; CULICIDAE; GLOSSINIDAE RP KLINE, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 9 TC 10 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 10 IS 2 BP 253 EP 257 PN 2 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT474 UT WOS:A1994NT47400001 ER PT J AU ALLAN, SA AF ALLAN, SA TI PHYSICS OF MOSQUITO VISION - AN OVERVIEW SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Attractants for Mosquito Surveillance and Control, at the 59th Annual Meeting of the American-Mosquito-Control-Association CY APR 21, 1993 CL FT MYERS, FL SP AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOC ID AEDES-AEGYPTI DIPTERA; CULICIDAE VISION; FLIES; BEES AB Important information for the location by mosquitoes of a wide range of resources is provided by the visual perception of objects and the environment. Behavior of mosquitoes in the location of these resources has been well studied, yet relatively little has been reported on the physical parameters pertaining to mosquito vision. An understanding of physics relating to vision aids in an appreciation of the importance of morphology and physiology and ambient light conditions in mosquito vision. RP ALLAN, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 37 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 10 IS 2 BP 266 EP 271 PN 2 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT474 UT WOS:A1994NT47400003 PM 8965078 ER PT J AU KLINE, DL AF KLINE, DL TI OLFACTORY ATTRACTANTS FOR MOSQUITO SURVEILLANCE AND CONTROL - 1-OCTEN-3-OL SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Attractants for Mosquito Surveillance and Control, at the 59th Annual Meeting of the American-Mosquito-Control-Association CY APR 21, 1993 CL FT MYERS, FL SP AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOC ID MUSHROOMS PSALLIOTA-BISPORA; CARBON-DIOXIDE; LINOLEIC-ACID; DIPTERA; TSETSE; COMPONENTS; FLIES; ODOR AB The role of octenol as a mosquito attractant is still under investigation. When used alone, octenol has been a good attractant for only a few species. However, there appears to be a synergistic response of species of the genera Aedes, Anopheles, Coquillettidia, Psorophora, and Mansonia to the combination of octenol and CO2. Further research is required to determine the potential role of this compound in mosquito management programs. RP KLINE, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 25 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 10 IS 2 BP 280 EP 287 PN 2 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT474 UT WOS:A1994NT47400005 PM 8965080 ER PT J AU MANKIN, RW AF MANKIN, RW TI ACOUSTICAL DETECTION OF AEDES-TAENIORHYNCHUS SWARMS AND EMERGENCE EXODUSES IN REMOTE SALT MARSHES SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Attractants for Mosquito Surveillance and Control, at the 59th Annual Meeting of the American-Mosquito-Control-Association CY APR 21, 1993 CL FT MYERS, FL SP AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOC AB Swarms and emergence exoduses of Aedes taeniorhynchus mosquitoes produce sounds detectable from 10 to 50 m in a quiet environment. Background noise levels as low as 21 dB (decibels referenced to 20 muPa) are present at dusk between frequencies of 0.3 and 3.4 kHz. A mosquito swarm with a sound pressure level of 25-35 dB is detectable over tens of meters in the marsh, if not in the 40-60-dB background noise of a typical urban environment. Individually caged Ae. taeniorhynchus also are detectable, but only within 2-5-cm distances where the sound pressure level rises to 22-25 dB. These differences between signal and noise levels indicate that it is technologically feasible to construct an acoustical device for remote surveillance of large swarms or emergence exoduses of Ae. taeniorhynchus. This device could also detect nearby individuals attracted to a bait. Such a device can distinguish males from females by their wingbeat frequencies (700-800 Hz vs. 400-500 Hz). RP MANKIN, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS,BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 22 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 10 IS 2 BP 302 EP 308 PN 2 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NT474 UT WOS:A1994NT47400008 PM 8965083 ER PT J AU HANDCOCK, MS MEIER, K NYCHKA, D AF HANDCOCK, MS MEIER, K NYCHKA, D TI KRIGING AND SPLINES - AN EMPIRICAL-COMPARISON OF THEIR PREDICTIVE PERFORMANCE IN SOME APPLICATIONS - COMMENT SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID LINEAR PREDICTIONS; INCORRECT C1 USDA ARS,FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV,DIV STAT & DATA SYST,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT STAT,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP HANDCOCK, MS (reprint author), NYU,LEONARD STERN SCH BUSINESS,DEPT STAT & OPERAT RES,NEW YORK,NY 10012, USA. NR 5 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 SN 0162-1459 J9 J AM STAT ASSOC JI J. Am. Stat. Assoc. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 89 IS 426 BP 401 EP 403 DI 10.2307/2290838 PG 3 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA NN155 UT WOS:A1994NN15500008 ER PT J AU WIPFLI, MS MERRITT, RW AF WIPFLI, MS MERRITT, RW TI EFFECTS OF BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS VAR ISRAELENSIS ON NONTARGET BENTHIC INSECTS THROUGH DIRECT AND INDIRECT EXPOSURE SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS VAR ISRAELENSIS; BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES; NONTARGET INSECTS; SIMULIIDAE; TOXICITY; FOOD-CHAIN TOXICITY; ARTIFICIAL STREAMS; STREAM AB We investigated direct and indirect (food-chain) effects of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i.) on selected nontarget benthic insects. Sixteen taxa of various Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, and Diptera were exposed to B.t.i. directly, and indirectly through ingesting B.t.i.-contaminated food (black flies and conditioned leaves) in experiments that were conducted in artificial and natural streams. Lethal effects and sublethal effects (drift, feeding, growth, emergence success, and time to emergence) were measured up to 35 d following B.t.i. exposure. In addition, we measured larval detachment and decomposition rates, following B.t.i. application, to determine how long B.t.i.-killed larvae remain available to potential consumers. We observed no lethal or sublethal effects on most taxa following direct and indirect B.t.i. exposure. Mortality was recorded with two species, Tipula abdominalis (Diptera:Tipulidae) and Arthroplea bipunctata (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae), when immatures were exposed to B.t.i. at dosages considerably higher (>50 x and 500 x, respectively) than recommended field rates. Acroneuria lycorias (Plecoptera:Perlidae) nymphs exposed to a high B.t.i. dose (100 ppm for 120 min) drift at higher frequencies than nymphs not exposed. Predators consumed equal numbers of B.t.i.-killed and live black flies, except for one trial where Isoperla signata (Plecoptera:Perlodidae) ingested significantly fewer B.t.i.-killed black flies than live ones, and another trial where Ceratopsyche sparna (Trichoptera:Hydropsychidae) ingested significantly more B.t.i.-killed than live larvae. Shredders switched to consuming black fly larvae once the black flies were killed with B.t.i. Siphlonurus rapidus (Ephemeroptera:Siphlonuridae) nymphs provisioned with B.t.i.-killed larval black flies attained a greater body mass over 7 d than those not so provisioned. No change in adult emergence success or time to emergence was recorded after respective taxa were exposed to B.t.i. B.t.i.-killed black fly larvae remained attached to substrates in artificial streams up to 16 d, until decomposing beyond recognition. In summary, B.t.i. appears harmless to nontarget benthic insects, even when these organisms are exposed to higher than recommended dosages, and when they consume B.t.i.-killed black fly larvae. RP WIPFLI, MS (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,2770 SHERWOOD LANE,JUNEAU,AK 99801, USA. NR 0 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 13 IS 2 BP 190 EP 205 DI 10.2307/1467238 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA NT887 UT WOS:A1994NT88700007 ER PT J AU MORRISON, TA KESSLER, JR HATFIELD, RD BUXTON, DR AF MORRISON, TA KESSLER, JR HATFIELD, RD BUXTON, DR TI ACTIVITY OF 2 LIGNIN BIOSYNTHESIS ENZYMES DURING DEVELOPMENT OF A MAIZE INTERNODE SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE; CINNAMYL ALCOHOL-NADPH DEHYDROGENASE; CINNAMYL PRECURSORS; INTERNODE; TEMPORAL RELATIONSHIP; ACID DETERGENT LIGNIN ID CINNAMYL-ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE; POPULUS-X-EURAMERICANA; PLANT DEVELOPMENT; PURIFICATION; HEMICELLULOSE AB To ascertain the temporal relationships of phenylpropanoid and lignin pathway enzymes, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and cinnamyl alcohol-NADPH dehydrogenase (CAD), with lignin concentration, PAL and CAD activities and lignin concentrations were assessed during progressive development of the 10th internode in maize (Zea mays L). Enzyme activities were quantified and lignin concentrations were determined by the detergent system of fiber fractionation from lower, middle, and upper sections of the elongating internode harvested 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 days after the internode had reached 10 mm in length. Over 15 days, a coordinated, sequential, and basipetal pattern of enzyme activities and lignin accumulation evolved through the internode, spanning the stages of rapid elongation cellular differentiation, and secondary cell wall formation. PAL activity was initiated first, rising to peak activity in elongating tissue, and falling basipetally in tissues as they matured. CAD activity rose in fully elongated, maturing internode tissue where PAL activity was waning following its peak activity. Lignin accumulated in tissues with high CAD activity. CAD activity and lignin deposition patterns were similar: simultaneously increasing in activity and deposition over time while activity and deposition also shifting basipetally through the internode, keeping pace with secondary cell wall formation. Lignin concentration correlated significantly with CAD, but not with PAL. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,US ARS,FIELD CROPS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50011. US ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 26 TC 23 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 65 IS 2 BP 133 EP 139 DI 10.1002/jsfa.2740650202 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA NR909 UT WOS:A1994NR90900001 ER PT J AU SENTER, SD PAYNE, JA MILLER, G ANAGNOSTAKIS, SL AF SENTER, SD PAYNE, JA MILLER, G ANAGNOSTAKIS, SL TI COMPARISON OF TOTAL LIPIDS, FATTY-ACIDS, SUGARS AND NONVOLATILE ORGANIC-ACIDS IN NUTS FROM 4 CASTANEA SPECIES SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE CASTANEA; CHINKAPINS; CHESTNUTS; NUTS; LIPIDS; FATTY ACIDS; SUGARS; ORGANIC ACIDS AB Total lipid percentage and fatty acid ratios in nuts from Castanea dentata (Marsh) Borkh (American), C sativa Mill (European), C mollissima Bl (Chinese) chestnuts and C pumila (L) Mill (chinkapin) were significantly different among all species and among individuals within species. Total lipids and fatty acids were greatest in American chestnuts followed by chinkapins, then European chestnuts, and lowest in Chinese chestnuts. Palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids comprised the fatty acid complement in all species. Free sugars (fructose, glucose and sucrose) and the sugar-alcohol inositol did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) by species except in the European chestnuts where fructose and glucose were absent. Citric acid was present in all species except the European chestnuts. Malic acid was present in all species except in the American chestnuts. These results can be used to test nuts of new hybrids being bred for nut orchards and for wildlife mast production. C1 USDA ARS,SE FRUIT & TREE NUT RES LAB,BYRON,GA 31008. CONNECTICUT AGR EXPT STN,NEW HAVEN,CT 06504. RP SENTER, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 9 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 65 IS 2 BP 223 EP 227 DI 10.1002/jsfa.2740650216 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA NR909 UT WOS:A1994NR90900015 ER PT J AU BECKER, BA MISFELDT, ML AF BECKER, BA MISFELDT, ML TI EFFECT OF HOT ENVIRONMENT ON CELL-SURFACE DIFFERENTIATION ANTIGENS OF PORCINE PERIPHERAL LYMPHOCYTES FROM SOWS AND LITTERS SO JOURNAL OF THERMAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ENVIRONMENT; HEAT; LYMPHOCYTES; CELL SURFACE; ANTIGENS; SWINE ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; STRESS; SWINE; TEMPERATURE; EXPRESSION; SUBSETS; BLOOD; INVITRO; MICE AB 1. Rectal temperatures were higher in sows maintained for 28 days following farrowing in a cycling hot environment (27-32-degrees-C, 50-90% RH) than in sows in a cool environment (21-degrees-C, 50% RH). Rectal temperatures in the litters were similar regardless of environment. 2. In sows in the hot environment, the percentages of CD2+ and CD8+ peripheral T lymphocytes and cells expressing SLA class II molecules were reduced, while the percentages of CD4+ cells were not affected. 3. Overall percentages of expression of CD2+ and CD8+ T cells and SLA class II molecules were lower in the litters than in the sows, with expression increasing with age but not significantly affected by temperature. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,SCH MED,DEPT MOLEC MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. RP BECKER, BA (reprint author), USDA ARS,ANIM PHYSIOL UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. OI Misfeldt, Michael/0000-0001-5598-6637 NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0306-4565 J9 J THERM BIOL JI J. Therm. Biol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 19 IS 3 BP 163 EP 169 DI 10.1016/0306-4565(94)90027-2 PG 7 WC Biology; Zoology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Zoology GA NT641 UT WOS:A1994NT64100002 ER PT J AU ZIMMERMAN, JJ HILL, RE SMITH, KE KNEELAND, BL PLATT, KB HILL, HT BERAN, GW CLARK, WR MILLER, LD AF ZIMMERMAN, JJ HILL, RE SMITH, KE KNEELAND, BL PLATT, KB HILL, HT BERAN, GW CLARK, WR MILLER, LD TI ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS-INFECTION IN RACCOONS (PROCYON-LOTOR) SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE RACCOON; PROCYON-LOTOR; ENCEPHALOMYOCARDITIS VIRUS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; SEROLOGIC SURVEY; PATHOLOGY; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB To determine the susceptibility of raccoons (Procyon lotor) to infection with encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), 1-vr-old raccoons were exposed intramuscularly (n = 1) or orally (n = 6). Serum samples were collected at 3-7-day intervals beginning 14 days prior to exposure and continuing to postexposure day (PED) 107. EMCV-specific antibody titers were measured by a serum virus neutralization (SN) test. In the intramuscularly (i.m.) exposed animal, elevated and stable SN antibody titers (1:64 to 1:128) were present from PED 11 through 107. Among orally exposed raccoons, antibody titers were detected in one of six animals. In contrast to the i.m.-exposed animal, antibodies in this individual were low (less-than-or-equal-to 1:16) and transient, falling to undetectable levels by PED 64. Fecal samples for virus isolation were collected four times before exposure, for 10 days after EMCV exposure, and at biweekly or weekly intervals for an additional 82 days. Whole blood for virus isolation was collected in sodium citrate on PED 3, 6, 8, and 11. No virus was detected in fecal samples or whole blood by mouse inoculation assay from any of the raccoons. No overt signs of disease were observed in raccoons over the course of the experiment following exposure by either route. No gross lesions or histopathologic changes attributed to EMCV infection were detected. Serum samples (n = 380) from a free-ranging population of raccoons trapped in Guthrie County, Iowa over a 5-yr period (1984-1988) were tested for neutralizing antibodies against EMCV. The population cross section included adults and juveniles of both sexes. Antibody titers were less-than-or-equal-to 1:4 in all samples by the SN test. The absence of elevated neutralizing antibody titers suggested that EMCV was not circulating in the wild population. Although raccoons were shown to be susceptible to infection with EMCV, the cumulative results of the experimental and field studies suggest that raccoons are a dead-end host for EMCV and do not participate in the epidemiology of the disease. C1 USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,AMES,IA 50010. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT VET MED,ATHENS,GA 30602. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,COLL VET MED,DEPT MICROBIOL IMMUNOL & PREVENT MED,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ANIM ECOL,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT VET PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011. RP ZIMMERMAN, JJ (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,VET DIAGNOST LAB,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 29 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC Z00 VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 25 IS 2 BP 233 EP 239 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA NR336 UT WOS:A1994NR33600006 ER PT J AU BASZLER, TV HARWOOD, WG LESTER, KL DAVIS, WC KNOWLES, DP AF BASZLER, TV HARWOOD, WG LESTER, KL DAVIS, WC KNOWLES, DP TI CHARACTERIZATION OF CAPRINE MICROGLIAL CELLS AND IN-VITRO INFECTION WITH CAPRINE ARTHRITIS-ENCEPHALITIS LENTIVIRUS SO LABORATORY INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article DE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ID CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; IMMUNE-DEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; CELLULAR-LOCALIZATION; GLIAL-CELLS; MACROPHAGES; PATHOGENESIS; DISEASE; CYTOKINES AB BACKGROUND: Similar to human immunodeficiency virus-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus-1, microglial cells in brain tissue are a major cell target for infection with caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus (CAEV) in vivo. These observations have raised interest in the role of microglial cells in the development of lentivirus-induced neurologic lesions. To initiate in vitro studies into the pathogenesis of encephalomyelitis caused by CAEV, we characterized primary cultures of caprine microglia, determined their susceptibility to virus infection, and examined the effect of virus infection on class I and class II major histocompatibility complex antigen expression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Microglia were examined as adherent cells in purified cultures and as nonadherent cells in mixed glial cell cultures, which also contained astrocytes and oligodendroglia. The cultured cells were investigated with regard to their phenotype, class I and II major histocompatibility complex antigen expression, and susceptibility to infection with CAEV using light and electron microscopy, enzyme and lectin cytochemistry, immunocytochemistry, flow cytometry, and kinetic analysis of virus replication. RESULTS: The cultured microglia had a typical macrophage morphology, were actively phagocytic, and expressed macrophage-like markers including non-specific esterase, complement receptor CR3, and Ricinis communis agglutinin-1. Microglia were highly permissive to CAEV infection in vitro as indicated by induction of syncytial cells, formation of lentivirus particles, expression of viral antigens, and release of high titered infectious virus into culture supernatants. CAEV selectively infected microglia in mixed glial cultures but replicated less efficiently than in purified microglial cultures; productive infection of astrocytes or oligodendrocytes was not detected. There was constitutive expression of class I and class II major histocompatibility complex antigens on microglia in purified and mixed cultures that was not altered significantly by CAEV infection alone. CONCLUSIONS: These observations demonstrated that cultured caprine microglial cells had a macrophage-like phenotype and were highly permissive to productive CAEV infection in vitro. This primary brain culture system is a valuable tool to study lentivirus-microglial interactions in the central nervous system. C1 US ARS,ANIM DIS RES UNIT,PULLMAN,WA. RP BASZLER, TV (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET MICROBIOL & PATHOL,WASHINGTON ANIM DIS DIAGNOST LAB,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA 50141]; NIAMS NIH HHS [AR 27680] NR 52 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0023-6837 J9 LAB INVEST JI Lab. Invest. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 70 IS 6 BP 933 EP 943 PG 11 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA NU620 UT WOS:A1994NU62000018 PM 8015297 ER PT J AU SALVO, SK AF SALVO, SK TI VEGETATIVE COVER FOR LOW-LEVEL RADIOACTIVE-WASTES SITES SO LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING LA English DT Article DE RADIOACTIVE; VEGETATIVE COVER; WASTE SITES AB Low level radioactive waste (LLRW), hazardous, and mixed waste disposal sites normally require some form of plant material to prevent erosion of the soil cover cap. Waste disposal sites are closed and capped in a complex scientific manner to minimize water infiltration and percolation down into the waste material. Turf type grasses are normally used as the principal vegetative cover for most sites. Consequently, the sites require periodic mowing and other expensive annual maintenance practices. The purpose of this 5 year study was to evaluate alternative plant material for use on LLRW sites that can be quickly and easily established and economically maintained, retards water infiltration, provides maximum year-round evapotranspiration, is ecologically acceptable and does not harm the closure cap. The results of the study suggest that two species of bamboo (Phyllostachys bissetii and Phyllostachys rubromarginata) could be utilized to quickly establish a long lived, low maintenance, final vegetative cover for the waste sites. RP SALVO, SK (reprint author), USDA,SOIL CONSERVAT SERV,4405 BLAND RD,RALEIGH,NC 27609, USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-2046 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN JI Landsc. Urban Plan. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 29 IS 1 BP 25 EP 29 DI 10.1016/0169-2046(94)00155-3 PG 5 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies; Geography; Geography, Physical; Urban Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography; Physical Geography; Urban Studies GA NY384 UT WOS:A1994NY38400003 ER PT J AU STERN, NJ JONES, DM WESLEY, IV ROLLINS, DM AF STERN, NJ JONES, DM WESLEY, IV ROLLINS, DM TI COLONIZATION OF CHICKS BY NON-CULTURABLE CAMPYLOBACTER SPP SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANTIGENIC VARIATION; JEJUNI; RECOVERY AB Six suspensions of non-culturable Campylobacter spp. were administered by gavage to day-of-hatch chicks. Four non-culturable isolates of Campylobacter spp. were found to colonize low numbers (5/79) of 1-week-old chicks, while two isolates did not (0/30). The original and recovered Campylobacter spp. isolates were serotyped and examined by restriction enzyme analysis. Evidence of clonality of two Camp. jejuni isolates was demonstrated. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010. PUBL HLTH LAB SERV,MANCHESTER,ENGLAND. USN,MED RES INST,BETHESDA,MD 20814. RP STERN, NJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POULTRY MICROBIOL SAFETY RES UNIT,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 13 TC 79 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 18 IS 6 BP 333 EP 336 DI 10.1111/j.1472-765X.1994.tb00882.x PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA NR400 UT WOS:A1994NR40000008 ER PT J AU HUNTER, WJ AF HUNTER, WJ TI INCREASED NODULATION OF SOYBEAN BY A STRAIN OF BRADYRHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM WITH ALTERED TRYPTOPHAN-METABOLISM SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM; INDOLE-3-ACETIC-ACID CONTENT; CATABOLISM AB A strain of Bradyrhizobium japonicum was isolated that accumulated anthranilic acid, indole, 3-indoleacetic acid, 3-indolelactic acid and 3-indolepyruvic acid in culture. Such accumulations are indicative of altered tryptophan metabolism. Soybean plants inoculated with these bacteria formed more nodules (349 vs 159 per plant) and had more nodule mass (3.9 vs 2.2 g wet wt per plant) than plants inoculated with the wild-type strain. RP HUNTER, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,POB E,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 18 IS 6 BP 340 EP 342 DI 10.1111/j.1472-765X.1994.tb00884.x PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA NR400 UT WOS:A1994NR40000010 ER PT J AU JOERGER, RD HAAS, MJ AF JOERGER, RD HAAS, MJ TI ALTERATION OF CHAIN-LENGTH SELECTIVITY OF A RHIZOPUS-DELEMAR LIPASE THROUGH SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID PENICILLIUM-CAMEMBERTII U-150; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; INTERFACIAL ACTIVATION; DIACYLGLYCEROL LIPASE; GEOTRICHUM-CANDIDUM; PURIFICATION; EXPRESSION; SECRETION; PROTEINS; VECTOR AB The coding sequences of the Rhizopus delemar lipase and prolipase were altered by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis to introduce amino acid substitutions. The resulting mutant enzymes, synthesized by the bacterial host Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), were tested for their ability to hydrolyze the triglycerides triolein (TO), tricaprylin (TC) and tributyrin (TB). Mutagenesis and lipase gene expression were carried out using plasmid vectors derived from previously described recombinant plasmids [Joerger and Haas (1993) Lipids 28, 81-88] by introduction of the origin of replication of bacteriophage f1. Substitution of threonine 83 (thr83), a residue thought to be involved in oxyanion binding, by alanine essentially eliminated lipolytic activity toward all substrates examined (TB, TO and TC). Replacement of thr83 with serine caused from two- to sevenfold reductions in the activity toward these substrates. Introduction of tryptophan (trp) at position 89, where such a residue is found in closely related fungal lipases, reduced the specific activity toward the three triglyceride substrates, For the mutagenesis of residues in the predicted acyl chain binding groove, mutagenic primers were designed to cause the replacement of a specific codon within the prolipase gene with codons for all other amino acids. Phenylalanine 95 (phe95), phe112, valine 206 (val206) and val209, were targeted. A phenotypic screen was successfully employed to identify cells producing prolipase with altered preference for olive oil, TC or TB. In assays involving equimolar mixtures of the three triglycerides, a prolipase with a phe95 --> aspartate mutation showed an almost twofold increase in the relative activity toward TC. Substitution of trp for phe112 caused an almost threefold decrease in the relative preference for TC, but elevated relative TB hydrolysis. Replacement of val209 with trp resulted in an enzyme with a two- and fourfold enhanced preference for TC and TB, respectively. C1 USDA ARS, EASTERN REG RES CTR, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19118 USA. NR 26 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0024-4201 EI 1558-9307 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD JUN PY 1994 VL 29 IS 6 BP 377 EP 384 DI 10.1007/BF02537305 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA NR917 UT WOS:A1994NR91700001 PM 8090057 ER PT J AU REHNER, SA SAMUELS, GJ AF REHNER, SA SAMUELS, GJ TI TAXONOMY AND PHYLOGENY OF GLIOCLADIUM ANALYZED FROM NUCLEAR LARGE SUBUNIT RIBOSOMAL DNA-SEQUENCES SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS; RNA GENE; HYPOMYCES; TRICHODERMA; NECTRIA; FUNGI AB The phylogenetic distribution of Gliocladium within the Hypocreales was investigated by parsimony analysis of partial sequences from the nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (28S rDNA). Two principal monophyletic groups were resolved that included species with anamorphs classified in Gliocladium. The first clade includes elements of the genera Hypocrea (H. gelatinosa, H. lutea) plus Trichoderma, Hypocrea pallida, Hypomyces and Sphaerostilbella, which are each shown to be monophyletic but whose sister group relationships are unresolved with the present data set. Gliocladium anamorphs in this clade include Gliocladium penicillioides, the type species of Gliocladium and anamorph of Sphaerostilbella aureonitens, and Trichoderma virens (= G. virens) which is a member of the clade containing Hypocrea and Trichoderma. A second clade, consisting of species with pallid perithecia, is grouped around Nectria ochroleuca, whose anamorph is Gliocladium roseum. Other species in this clade having Gliocladium-like anamorphs are Nectriopsis sporangiicola and Roumegueriella rufula. The species of Nectria represented in this study are polyphyletic and resolved as four separate groups: (1) N. cinnabarina the type species, (2) three species with Fusarium anamorphs including N. albosuccinea, N. haematococca and Gibberella fujikoroi, (3) N. purtonii a species whose anamorph is classified in Fusarium sect. Eupionnotes, and (4) N. ochroleuca, which is representative of species with pallid perithecia. The results indicate that Gliocladium is polyphyletic and that G. penicillioides, G. roseum, and Trichoderma virens (= G. virens), are generically distinct. RP REHNER, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,SYSTEMAT BOT & MYCOL LAB,ROOM 304,BLDG 011A,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 57 TC 351 Z9 369 U1 0 U2 14 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 98 BP 625 EP 634 PN 6 PG 10 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA NV489 UT WOS:A1994NV48900006 ER PT J AU KALE, SP BHATNAGAR, D BENNETT, JW AF KALE, SP BHATNAGAR, D BENNETT, JW TI ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL VARIANTS OF ASPERGILLUS-PARASITICUS DEFICIENT IN SECONDARY METABOLITE PRODUCTION SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FUSARIUM-GRAMINEARUM; P53 GENE; AFLATOXIN-B1; PRECURSOR AB Polyketide-producing Aspergillus parasiticus was developed as a model system to study fungal strain degeneration. One wild type and five spore colour and auxotrophic mutants of A. parasiticus (designated sec+ for secondary metabolism plus) making aflatoxin and/or pigmented pathway intermediates were subjected to a protocol of serial mycelial transfers in a defined medium. Variant forms (designated sec- for secondary metabolism minus) were isolated from the sec+ forms after 5-12 transfers. The sec- forms exhibited altered morphology, reduced sporulation and inability to make detectable levels of polyketide secondary metabolites. The variants were stable and did not revert to the parental characteristics after more than ten transfers. This pleiotrophic class of non-aflatoxigenic variants serves as a model system to study the commonly occurring, but poorly understood, phenomenon of strain degeneration in filamentous fungi. C1 USDA,SO REG CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. TULANE UNIV,DEPT CELL & MOLEC BIOL,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70118. NR 39 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 5 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 98 BP 645 EP 652 PN 6 PG 8 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA NV489 UT WOS:A1994NV48900008 ER PT J AU MEDEIROS, CAB CLARK, RB ELLIS, JR AF MEDEIROS, CAB CLARK, RB ELLIS, JR TI GROWTH AND NUTRIENT-UPTAKE OF SORGHUM CULTIVATED WITH VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA ISOLATES AT VARYING PH SO MYCORRHIZA LA English DT Article DE DRY MATTER YIELDS; SAND CULTURE; SHOOT CONCENTRATIONS OF P, K, CA, MG, S, MN, FE, CU, AND ZN; SORGHUM-BICOLOR ID VA-MYCORRHIZA; SOIL-PH; MICRONUTRIENT UPTAKE; SPORE GERMINATION; ROOT EXUDATION; MINERAL UPTAKE; PHOSPHORUS; INFECTION; FUNGI; RESPONSES AB This study was conducted to determine the effects of different pH regimes on root colonization with four vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) isolates, and VAM effects on host plant growth and nutrient uptake. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] was grown at pH 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0 (+/- 0. 1) in hydroponic sand culture with the VAM isolates Glomus etunicatum UT316 (isolate E), G. intraradices UT143 (isolate I), G. intraradices UT126 (isolate B), and an unknown Glomus isolate with no INVAM number (isolate A). Colonization of roots with the different VAM isolates varied differentially with pH. As pH increased, root colonization increased with isolates B and E, remained unchanged with isolate I, and was low at pH 4.0 and high at pH 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0 with isolate A. Isolates E and I were more effective than isolates A and B in promoting plant growth irrespective of pH. Root colonization with VAM appeared to be independent of dry matter yields or dry matter yield responsiveness (dry matter produced by VAM compared to nonmycorrhizal plants). Dry matter yield responsiveness values were higher in plants whose roots were colonized with isolates E and I than with isolates A and B. Shoot P concentrations were lower in plants colonized with isolates E and I than with isolates A and B or nonmycorrhizal plants. This was probably due to the dilution effect of the higher dry matter yields. Neither the VAM isolate nor pH had an effect on shoot Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, and Mn concentrations, while the VAM isolate affected not only P but also S, K, and Fe concentrations. The pH x VAM interaction was significant for shoot K, Mg, and Cu concentrations C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,ARS,DEPT AGRON,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68583. NR 37 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 4 U2 13 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0940-6360 J9 MYCORRHIZA JI Mycorrhiza PD JUN PY 1994 VL 4 IS 5 BP 185 EP 191 DI 10.1007/BF00206778 PG 7 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA NQ040 UT WOS:A1994NQ04000001 ER PT J AU MINTON, NA BONDARI, K AF MINTON, NA BONDARI, K TI EFFECTS OF SMALL-GRAIN CROPS, ALDICARB, AND MELOIDOGYNE-INCOGNITA RESISTANT SOYBEAN ON NEMATODE POPULATIONS AND SOYBEAN PRODUCTION SO NEMATROPICA LA English DT Article DE ALDICARB; AVENA SATIVA; FALLOW; GLYCINE MAX; HELICOTYLENCHUS SPP; MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA; NEMATODE; OAT; PARATRICHODORUS MINOR; POPULATION DENSITIES; PRATYLENCHUS BRACHYURUS; RYE; SECALE CEREALE; SOYBEAN; TRITICUM AESTIVUM; WHEAT AB Rotations of soybean (Glycine max) with winter grown cleat (Triticum aestivum), oat (Avena sativa), and rye (Secale cereale) were compared in relation to soybean yield and population densities of Meloidogyne incognita, Paratrichodorus minor, Pratylenchus brachyurus, and Helicotylenchus spp. Soil population densities of all the nematode species in plots that had been planted to small grains in the winter did not differ from those in fallow plots in the spring. However, fall populations of Helicotylenchus spp. were more numerous in soybean plots following wheat and rye than in soybean plots following oat and fallow. Small grain rotations did not affect population densities of M. incognita juveniles, root-knot indices, plant heights or soybean yield. Meloidogyne incognita juveniles were more numerous, root-knot indices and plant heights were greater, and yields were lower in plots planted to the moderately M. incognita resistant soybean cultivar, Coker 488, than in plots planted to the more highly resistant cultivar, Coker 6738. Yield of Coker 6738 was greater than Coker 488 following rye but yields of the two cultivars following wheat, oat, or fallow did not differ. Soil population densities of all nematode species present in the fall were reduced by at-plant application of aldicarb. Aldicarb also reduced root-knot indices and increased soybean plant height and yield. The population density of M. incognita was negatively correlated with yield. RP MINTON, NA (reprint author), USDA ARS,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ORGANIZATION TROP AMER NEMATOLOGISTS PI AUBURN PA AUBURN UNIV DEPT PLANT PATHOLOGY, AUBURN, AL 36849 SN 0099-5444 J9 NEMATROPICA JI Nematropica PD JUN PY 1994 VL 24 IS 1 BP 7 EP 15 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA PK276 UT WOS:A1994PK27600002 ER PT J AU GRIFFIN, GD GRAY, FA AF GRIFFIN, GD GRAY, FA TI PATHOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIP OF MELOIDOGYNE-HAPLA AND PHYTOPHTHORA-MEGASPERMA F SP MEDICAGINIS IN 12 MEDICAGO-SATIVA L CULTIVARS SO NEMATROPICA LA English DT Article DE ALFALFA; CULTIVARS; MEDICAGO SATIVA; NEMATODE REPRODUCTION; PHYTOPHTHORA ROOT ROT; SHOOT WEIGHT; RESISTANCE; ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB Effect of prior inoculation with Meloidogyne hapla on the performance of 12 cultivars of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) with varying resistance to M. hapla was studied under greenhouse conditions. Inoculation with the fungus alone caused plant mortality in the fungus-susceptible cultivar Deseret but not in susceptible Vernal. None of the P. megasperma f. sp. medicaginis-resistant cultivars died from Phytophthora root rot (PRR). Inoculation with M. hapla alone resulted in mortality in nine of 12 cultivars. Combined inoculation of the two pathogens increased mortality in 10 of the 12 cultivars; only Nevada S Synthetic XX (Nev Syn XX) germplasm and Chief with dual resistance were unaffected by the addition of the nematode. Inoculation with the fungus alone suppressed the dry shoot weight in four cultivars, including Vernal and Deseret, both susceptible to P. megasperma E. sp. medicaginis. Meloidogyne hapla reduced dry shoot weights and reproduced on roots of all entries except Nev Syn XX. Meloidogyne hapla reduced root weights of four of six alfalfa cultivars resistant to the nematode and five of six cultivars susceptible to the nematode. The fungus suppressed root weights in four cultivars including Vernal and Deseret. Severity of PRR was lowest in the resistant cultivar Kingstar and highest in the susceptible cultivar Deseret. Overall, M. hapla increased the susceptibility of alfalfa to P. megasperma f. sp. medicaginis, but the fungus did not affect the resistance or susceptibility to M. hapla. RP GRIFFIN, GD (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,FORAGE & RANGE RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ORGANIZATION TROP AMER NEMATOLOGISTS PI AUBURN PA AUBURN UNIV DEPT PLANT PATHOLOGY, AUBURN, AL 36849 SN 0099-5444 J9 NEMATROPICA JI Nematropica PD JUN PY 1994 VL 24 IS 1 BP 35 EP 43 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA PK276 UT WOS:A1994PK27600005 ER PT J AU NOEL, GR MENDES, ML MACHADO, CC AF NOEL, GR MENDES, ML MACHADO, CC TI DISTRIBUTION OF HETERODERA-GLYCINES RACES IN BRAZIL SO NEMATROPICA LA English DT Article DE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; GLYCINE MAX; HETERODERA GLYCINES RACES; SOYBEAN; SOYBEAN CYST NEMATODE AB Soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, populations were obtained from the states of Goias, Mate Grosso, Mate Grosso do Sul, and Minas Gerais in 1993 from infested fields and greenhouse cultures. Collections were brought under quarantine to Urbana, Illinois for race identification. Nematodes were cultured on 'Lee 68' soybean, and races were identified using 'Lee 68' as the susceptible host and the soybeans 'Pickett 71', 'Peking', PI88.788, and PI90.763 as differential hosts. Plants were inoculated with second-stage juveniles and after approximately 1 month, numbers of white females that had developed on each plant were determined. A female index (FI = [{(x) over bar of females that developed on the differential}/{(x) over bar of females that developed on Lee 68}] x 100) was calculated for each differential soybean line and a race was designated for each population. Races 2, 3, and 5 were identified in collections obtained in Mate Grosso. Races 3 and 14 were identified in collections from Goias. Races 3, 4, 10, and 14 occurred in Mate Grosso do Sul. Race 3 was the only race identified in collections obtained in Minas Gerais. RP NOEL, GR (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,USDA ARS,RES INST CROP UNIT,1102 S GOODWIN AVE,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ORGANIZATION TROP AMER NEMATOLOGISTS PI AUBURN PA AUBURN UNIV DEPT PLANT PATHOLOGY, AUBURN, AL 36849 SN 0099-5444 J9 NEMATROPICA JI Nematropica PD JUN PY 1994 VL 24 IS 1 BP 63 EP 68 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA PK276 UT WOS:A1994PK27600008 ER PT J AU ZOTZ, G TYREE, MT COCHARD, H AF ZOTZ, G TYREE, MT COCHARD, H TI HYDRAULIC ARCHITECTURE, WATER RELATIONS AND VULNERABILITY TO CAVITATION OF CLUSIA-UVITANA PITTIER - A C-3-CAM TROPICAL HEMIEPIPHYTE SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE CLUSIA UVITANA; WATER RELATIONS; HYDRAULIC ARCHITECTURE; CAVITATION AB Clusia uvitana Pittier (Clusiaceae) is a tropical hemiepiphyte that has been shown to display a high plasticity in the expression of CAM in response to the environment. When water is available CO2 is taken up mostly during the day. This study of the water relations and hydraulic architecture has revealed that leaf water potentials, Psi, ranged from -0.7 to -0.9 MPa and changed very little with time or water availability. The absolute hydraulic conductivity of stem segments (K-h) and the specific conductivity (K-s) were comparable to many other temperate and tropical species, but the leaf specificity conductivity (K-L) was 1/3 to 1/30 that of many other species. So stems supported high leaf areas per unit of hydraulic conductivity. C. uvitana was very vulnerable to cavitation, reaching 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity at stem Psi = -1.3 MPa. The species survives in spite of low K-L and high xylem vulnerability, because the CAM physiology insures low transpiration rates and high ability to evade dehydration. C1 SMITHSONIAN TROP RES INST, BALBOA, PANAMA. US FOREST SERV, BURLINGTON, VT 05402 USA. INRA, ECOPHYSIOL FORESTIERE LAB, CHAMPENOUX, FRANCE. RI Cochard, Herve/P-7406-2015 OI Cochard, Herve/0000-0002-2727-7072 NR 19 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 127 IS 2 BP 287 EP 295 DI 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb04279.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NX744 UT WOS:A1994NX74400008 ER PT J AU HALLFRISCH, J DRINKWATER, DT MULLER, DC FLEG, J BUSBYWHITEHEAD, MJ ANDRES, R GOLDBERG, A AF HALLFRISCH, J DRINKWATER, DT MULLER, DC FLEG, J BUSBYWHITEHEAD, MJ ANDRES, R GOLDBERG, A TI PHYSICAL CONDITIONING STATUS AND DIET INTAKE IN ACTIVE AND SEDENTARY OLDER MEN SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE EXERCISE; FITNESS; AEROBIC CAPACITY; WAIST/HIP RATIO; BODY FAT ID BODY-COMPOSITION; AEROBIC CAPACITY; AGE; VO2MAX; DECLINE; INSULIN; PEOPLE; WEIGHT; ADULTS; YOUNG AB Changes in body composition accompanied by a reduction of food intake have been reported to occur with aging, but these changes may not be an inevitable consequence of aging, if one continues a vigorous exercise program in later life. The diets and body composition of 16 endurance-trained older athletes were compared to those of 24 healthy age and BMI-matched sedentary men. Aerobic capacity was greater in athletes (p < 0.001). Percent body fat and waist/hip ratio were lower in athletes than in controls (p < 0.05). Protein and Kcal intake per kg body weight were greater in athletes (p < 0.05). The composition of the diets was different also, with athletes consuming a greater percentage of their calories as carbohydrate and less as alcohol and fat (p < 0.05). Percent body fat was inversely related to kcal/kg intake in athletes (r = -0.58, p < 0.02), but not controls (r = -0.35, p = 0.18) and to VO2 max in controls (r = -0.45, p < 0.05) but not athletes (r = -0.17, p = 0.53). These results show that older endurance-trained male athletes can maintain high levels of aerobic fitness and desirable weight and body composition despite calorie intakes comparable to levels of much younger men. C1 UNIV SASKATCHEWAN,COLL PHYS EDUC,SASKATOON S7N 0W0,SK,CANADA. NIA,GERONTOL RES CTR,BALTIMORE,MD 21224. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,DIV GERIATR MED,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DIV GERIATR,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. RP HALLFRISCH, J (reprint author), USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI Biguzzi, Felipe/E-4724-2015 NR 32 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 14 IS 6 BP 817 EP 827 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(05)80483-X PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA NN009 UT WOS:A1994NN00900003 ER PT J AU REEVES, PG ROSSOW, KL BOBILYA, DJ AF REEVES, PG ROSSOW, KL BOBILYA, DJ TI ZINC-INDUCED METALLOTHIONEIN AND COPPER-METABOLISM IN INTESTINAL-MUCOSA, LIVER, AND KIDNEY OF RATS SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ZINC; COPPER; METALLOTHIONEIN; INTESTINE; KIDNEY; LIVER; ABSORPTION; RAT ID HEPATIC-METABOLISM; MUTUAL ANTAGONISM; DIETARY ZINC; ABSORPTION; DISEASE; CERULOPLASMIN; INVOLVEMENT; TRANSPORT; MODEL; ASSAY AB Large doses of parenteral zinc (Zn) and/or the feeding of high Zn diets to animals or humans for long periods affects copper (Cu) metabolism. Previous work suggests that Zn-induced metallothionein (MT) in intestinal epithelial cells binds Cu and inhibits its absorption. This study was designed to determine the effects of treating rats with high dietary or high parenteral Zn on Cu metabolism and its relationship to MT in the intestinal epithelium, liver and kidney. Six-week-old male rats were fed for one week a control diet containing 42 mg Zn and 6 mg Cu/kg. They were then divided into three groups. One group continued to receive the control diet while another received a similar diet containing 560 mg Zn/kg, A third group, fed the control diet, received a subcutaneous dose of 90 mg Zn/kg body weight every 2-3 days for the duration of the experiment. Rats from each group were killed on days 7 and 14. Low Cu status in Zn-treated rats was indicated by lower than normal serum Cu concentration, serum ceruloplasmin activity, low liver and kidney eu concentrations and low cytochrome C oxidase activity. None of these changes, however, were related to an increase in Cu as a result of Zn-induced MT in the intestinal epithelial cell. Instead, as the MT concentrations rose, Cu concentration decreased. This study suggests that the effects of high Zn treatment on Cu status are not the result of the long-held theory that Zn-induced intestinal MT sequesters Cu and prevents its passage to the circulation. Instead, it may be caused by a direct effect of high lumenal Zn concentrations on Cu transport into the epithelial cell. RP REEVES, PG (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 14 IS 6 BP 897 EP 908 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(05)80490-7 PG 12 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA NN009 UT WOS:A1994NN00900010 ER PT J AU ZISKA, LH BUNCE, JA AF ZISKA, LH BUNCE, JA TI INCREASING GROWTH TEMPERATURE REDUCES THE STIMULATORY EFFECT OF ELEVATED CO2 ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS OR BIOMASS IN 2 PERENNIAL SPECIES SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE ALFALFA; ASSIMILATION; A/C-I; BIOMASS; DACTYLUS GLOMERATA; ELEVATED CO2; GLOBAL CHANGE; INTERNAL CO2; MEDICAGO SATIVA; ORCHARD GRASS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; TEMPERATURE ID SOYBEAN CANOPY PHOTOSYNTHESIS; CARBON-DIOXIDE EFFLUX; ACCLIMATION; RESPIRATION; CARBOXYLASE; INHIBITION; ENRICHMENT; SEEDLINGS; LEAVES; LIGHT AB We examined how anticipated changes in CO2 concentration and temperature interacted to alter plant growth, harvest characteristics and photosynthesis in two cold-adapted herbaceous perennials, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Are) and orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L. cv. Potomac). Plants were grown at two CO2 concentrations (362 [ambient] and 717 [elevated] mu mol mol(-1) CO2) and four constant day/night temperatures of 15, 20, 25 and 30 degrees C in controlled environmental chambers. Elevated CO2 significantly increased total plant biomass and protein over a wide range of temperatures in both species. Stimulation of photosynthetic rare, however, was eliminated at the highest growth temperature in M. sativa and relative stimulation of plant biomass and protein at high CO2 declined as temperature increased in both species. Lack of a synergistic effect between temperature and CO2 was unexpected since elevated CO2 reduces the amount of carbon lost via photorespiration and photorespiration increases with temperature. Differences between anticipated stimulatory effects of CO2 and temperature and whole plant single and leaf measurements are discussed. Data from this study suggest that stimulatory effects of atmospheric CO2 on growth and photosynthesis may decline with anticipated increases in global temperature, limiting the degree of carbon storage in these two perennial species. C1 USDA ARS,CLIMATE STRESS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 27 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 15 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 91 IS 2 BP 183 EP 190 DI 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1994.tb00417.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NR383 UT WOS:A1994NR38300008 ER PT J AU KASPERBAUER, MJ AF KASPERBAUER, MJ TI COTTON PLANT SIZE AND FIBER DEVELOPMENTAL RESPONSES TO FR/R RATIO REFLECTED FROM THE SOIL SURFACE SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT European Symposium on Photomorphogenesis in Plants CY JUL 11-15, 1993 CL PISA, ITALY DE COTTON; FAR-RED RED RATIO; GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM; PHYTOCHROME; REFLECTED LIGHT ID FAR-RED LIGHT; FIELD CONDITIONS; PHYTOCHROME; PERCEPTION; GRADIENTS; SIGNALS; LEAVES; TISSUE; MULCH; END AB Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants were grown in irrigated field plots over red, green or white soil covers (mulches). The far-red (FR) to red (R) light ratios were higher in upwardly reflected light over the red and green surfaces than in incoming sunlight. Plants that grew over the white mulches received higher photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), but the reflected FR/R ratio did not differ significantly from that in incoming sunlight. At five weeks after emergence, seedling stem lengths were significantly longer over red and green than over white surfaces. At maturity, plants that had grown over the red and green surfaces had longer stems, larger shoots, more bells (fruit), more seed cotton, and longer fibers than plants grown over the white surfaces even though those grown over the white surfaces had received more reflected photosynthetic light during growth and development. RP KASPERBAUER, MJ (reprint author), US ARS,COASTAL PLAINS RES CTR,FLORENCE,SC 29502, USA. NR 25 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 91 IS 2 BP 317 EP 321 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NR383 UT WOS:A1994NR38300030 ER PT J AU HOLDEN, MJ NORMAN, HA BRITZ, SJ AF HOLDEN, MJ NORMAN, HA BRITZ, SJ TI SPECTRAL QUALITY DURING POD DEVELOPMENT AFFECTS OMEGA-6 DESATURASE ACTIVITY IN SOYBEAN SEED ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT European Symposium on Photomorphogenesis in Plants CY JUL 11-15, 1993 CL PISA, ITALY DE CHLOROPLAST; OMEGA-6 DESATURASE; ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; GLYCINE MAX; LOW PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS; SOYBEAN; SPECTRAL DUALITY ID OLEIC-ACID; MONOGALACTOSYLDIACYLGLYCEROL AB Polyunsaturated fatty acids (i.e. linoleic acid [18:2], linolenic acid [18:3]) in triacylglycerols (TAG) of soybean seeds increase more during reproductive development under simulated shadelight: i.e., light with reduced blue and/or increased far-red (Britz and Cavins 1993). Elevation of 18:2 and 18:3 is matched by corresponding reduction of oleic acid (18:1), consistent with observations that total seed oil remains constant. We therefore tested the hypothesis that spectral quality affects the activity of the omega-6 and/or omega-3 desaturases involved in TAG biosynthesis. Membranes were isolated from developing soybean cotyledons 24-31 days after flowering. Separate fractions, enriched for chloroplasts and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) respectively, were obtained by sucrose gradient centrifugation and incubated in an in vitro desaturase assay system containing C-14-18:1-CoA at room temperature. Omega-6 and omega-3 desaturase activity was calculated from the rate of formation of C-14-18:2 and C-14-18:3. Radioactive 18:2 and 18:3 were recovered only from phosphatidylcholine (PC) in both ER and chloroplast membranes, consistent with membrane-bound desaturases with specificity towards PC. The specific activity of omega-6 desaturase was high in ER membranes from seeds matured under light sources that promote a canopy shade response, but was reduced in membranes from seeds matured under lamps (high blue and low far-red emission) previously shown to reduce the level of 18:2 in seed oil by 50%. Chloroplast membranes possessed both omega-6 and omega-3 desaturases. Light appeared to have little or no effect on the activity of chloroplast desaturases. C1 US ARS,BELTSVILLE AREA RES CTR,WEED SCI LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP HOLDEN, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AREA RES CTR,CLIMATE STRESS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 91 IS 2 BP 346 EP 351 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NR383 UT WOS:A1994NR38300035 ER PT J AU BUSHNELL, WR LIU, Z AF BUSHNELL, WR LIU, Z TI INCOMPATIBILITY CONDITIONED BY THE MLA GENE IN POWDERY MILDEW OF BARLEY - TIMING OF THE EFFECT OF CORDYCEPIN ON HYPERSENSITIVE CELL-DEATH SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID F-SP TRITICI; PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE; PUCCINIA-CORONATA-AVENAE; PATHOGEN-INDUCED GENE; PRIMARY GERM TUBE; ERYSIPHE-GRAMINIS; BLASTICIDIN-S; HEAT-SHOCK; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; MESSENGER-RNAS AB The effect of cordycepin, an inhibitor of mRNA synthesis, on the hypersensitive host cell death response (HR), was tested with epidermal tissues from barley coleoptiles containing the Mla gene for resistance, inoculated with incompatible race 3 of Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei. In untreated control tissues, HR occurred 18-30 h after inoculation in 61-91% of cells with haustoria. The percentage of HR was strongly reduced by cordycepin al 10-31 mu m but only if applied 4 h after inoculation or before; not if applied 8 h or later. Effective cordycepin treatments had no inhibitory effect on the development of germ tubes or appressoria and usually increased the development of haustoria and hyphae. The results indicate that mRNAs required for the HR are synthesized in the host within the first 0-8 h after inoculation and that mRNX synthesis is not required thereafter. The timing of protein synthesis required for the HR in the host could not be determined because the inhibitors of protein synthesis used, blasticidin S and cycloheximide, inhibited parasite development al concentrations required to inhibit the HR. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP BUSHNELL, WR (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,CEREAL RUST LAB,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 53 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0885-5765 J9 PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P JI Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 44 IS 6 BP 389 EP 402 DI 10.1016/S0885-5765(05)80096-7 PG 14 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA PF578 UT WOS:A1994PF57800001 ER PT J AU ELGHAOUTH, A ARUL, J WILSON, C BENHAMOU, N AF ELGHAOUTH, A ARUL, J WILSON, C BENHAMOU, N TI ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND CYTOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF THE EFFECT OF CHITOSAN ON DECAY OF BELL PEPPER FRUIT SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SP RADICIS-LYCOPERSICI; BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; POSTHARVEST PATHOGENS; RHIZOPUS-STOLONIFER; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; ROOT-ROT; RESISTANCE; INDUCTION; CHITINASE; DISEASES AB Effect of chitosan treatment on the infection process of bell pepper fruit by Botrytis cinerea was investigated at the ultrastructural level. In inoculated control tissues, fungal colonization proceeded rapidly, causing extensive degradation of host walls and middle lamellae. Such alterations were also observed over walls distant from invading hyphae. In chitosan-treated tissue, however, fungal cells were mainly restricted to wound cavities and ruptured epidermal cells. Host walls, even when appressed against invading hyphae, appeared well preserved and showed no sign of alteration. While in inoculated control tissues, invading hyphae appeared normal, the fungal cells detected in chitosan-treated tissue displayed various degrees of cellular disorganization from wall loosening to protoplasm degradation. Structural host defence responses such as formation of wall appositions and plugging of intercellular spaces with fibrillar material were frequently observed in chitosan-treated tissues. Such structure reacted intensely with an Aplysia gonad lectin-gold complex, indicating the presence of pectic residues. C1 UNIV LAVAL,DEPT SCI & TECHNOL ALIMENTS,QUEBEC CITY G1K 7P4,PQ,CANADA. UNIV LAVAL,CTR RECH,QUEBEC CITY G1K 7P4,PQ,CANADA. UNIV LAVAL,DEPT PHYTOL,QUEBEC CITY G1K 7P4,PQ,CANADA. RP ELGHAOUTH, A (reprint author), USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,45 WILTSHIRE RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 25 TC 56 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0885-5765 J9 PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P JI Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 44 IS 6 BP 417 EP 432 DI 10.1016/S0885-5765(05)80098-0 PG 16 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA PF578 UT WOS:A1994PF57800003 ER PT J AU PROKOPY, RJ ROITBERG, BD VARGAS, RI AF PROKOPY, RJ ROITBERG, BD VARGAS, RI TI EFFECTS OF EGG LOAD ON FINDING AND ACCEPTANCE OF HOST FRUIT IN CERATITIS-CAPITATA FLIES SO PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CERATITIS-CAPITATA; EGG LOAD; OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR ID BATTUS-PHILENOR BUTTERFLIES; OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; MARKING PHEROMONE; CLUTCH SIZE; TEPHRITIDAE; DIPTERA; FLY; SELECTION; FOOD AB In studies conducted on potted host trees in field cages and in the laboratory, we examined the influence of egg load on the finding and acceptance of high-ranking (kumquat) and lower-ranking (grapefruit) hosts for oviposition by wild-origin Mediterranean fruit fly females, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). By prescribing the periods during which females had access to protein prior to testing, we generated four classes of females having progressively increasing egg loads but not differing in population origin, age, degree of protein hunger at testing, or amount of prior experience with host fruit (none). Egg load had no discernible effect on behaviour associated with finding either type of fruit but did have a significant effect on several behaviours associated with oviposition after alighting on fruit. Increasing egg load led to increasing propensity to engage in ovipositional-type behaviour on both kumquats and grapefruits. There was no evidence, however, to support a hypothesis that medflies would become less discriminating against grapefruits relative to kumquats as egg load increased. Relative to kumquats, grapefruits were accepted for oviposition by intermediate and high egg load females to a substantially greater degree in laboratory cages than on trees, suggesting that results of laboratory cage experiments on host discrimination by tephritid flies may poorly reflect differences in behavioural responses expressed under less constrained conditions. C1 SIMON FRASER UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,BURNABY V5A 1S6,BC,CANADA. USDA ARS,TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE RES LAB,HONOLULU,HI. RP PROKOPY, RJ (reprint author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT ENTOMOL,AMHERST,MA 01003, USA. NR 41 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0307-6962 J9 PHYSIOL ENTOMOL JI Physiol. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 19 IS 2 BP 124 EP 132 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3032.1994.tb01085.x PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NR466 UT WOS:A1994NR46600005 ER PT J AU PRESSEY, R AF PRESSEY, R TI INVERTASE INHIBITOR IN TOMATO FRUIT SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM; SOLANACEAE; TOMATO; INVERTASE; INVERTASE INHIBITOR ID ACID INVERTASE; VULGARIS; SUCROSE; POTATO AB A protein that inhibits invertase has been purified from tomato fruit. The purification procedure involved extraction of tomato tissue at pH 1.6 to inactivate most of the invertase. The remaining invertase was removed by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 at pH 6.5. The inhibitor was then purified by chromatography on Sephadex G-75, Mono S and Mono P columns. It is a heat stable protein with a M(r) of 18000 as determined by gel filtration. The reactivity of the inhibitor with tomato invertase was dependent on the pH of the reaction mixture, with maximum inhibition at pH 5. Inhibition decreased as the pH was raised or lowered, resulting in double pH optima for the residual invertase activity. The tomato inhibitor also inhibited the invertase from potato tubers but not salivary amylase and various proteases. RP PRESSEY, R (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 20 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD JUN PY 1994 VL 36 IS 3 BP 543 EP 546 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89771-X PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA NT712 UT WOS:A1994NT71200002 ER PT J AU SILER, DJ CORNISH, K AF SILER, DJ CORNISH, K TI IDENTIFICATION OF PARTHENIUM-ARGENTATUM RUBBER PARTICLE PROTEINS IMMUNOPRECIPITATED BY AN ANTIBODY THAT SPECIFICALLY INHIBITS RUBBER TRANSFERASE-ACTIVITY SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE FICUS ELASTICA; MORACEAE; PARTHENIUM ARGENTATUM; ASTERACEAE; GUAYULE; RUBBER; RUBBER PARTICLE PROTEINS; CIS-1,4-POLYISOPRENE; RUBBER TRANSFERASE ID HEVEA-BRASILIENSIS; GUAYULE AB We have shown that an antibody raised to LPR (M(r) 367 000) the predominant protein on Ficus elastica rubber particles, recognized three proteins from Parthenium argentatum (guayule) rubber particles, the glycoprotein RPP (M(r) 52 000), and two smaller proteins (M(r) 15 000 and 9000). Since anti-LPR IgG specifically inhibited the rubber particle-bound cis-prenyl transferase (rubber transferase) in both F. elastica and P. argentatum, our results indicate that these proteins probably play roles in rubber transferase activity. Although LPR and RPP differ considerably in size, we show that RPP can form a large protein complex. A M(r) of 450 000 was determined by electrophoresis under nondenaturing conditions. Thus rubber transferase activity appears to be associated with large proteins in both F. elastica and P. argentatum. RP SILER, DJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. RI Cornish, Katrina/A-9773-2013 NR 18 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD JUN PY 1994 VL 36 IS 3 BP 623 EP 627 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)89786-1 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA NT712 UT WOS:A1994NT71200017 ER PT J AU GOODWIN, SB COHEN, BA DEAHL, KL FRY, WE AF GOODWIN, SB COHEN, BA DEAHL, KL FRY, WE TI MIGRATION FROM NORTHERN MEXICO AS THE PROBABLE CAUSE OF RECENT GENETIC CHANGES IN POPULATIONS OF PHYTOPHTHORA-INFESTANS IN THE UNITED-STATES AND CANADA SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID A2 MATING TYPE; NETHERLANDS; SEGREGATION; DIVERSITY; VIRULENCE; ENGLAND; PROGENY; WALES AB Isolates of Phylophthora infestans from five U.S. states (California, Florida, New York, Washington, and Wisconsin) and one Canadian province (British Columbia) collected between October 1987 and October 1991 were analyzed for mating type and for genetic variation at two allozyme loci. A subset of these 155 isolates, which included all of the allozyme genotypes plus 26 isolates from our culture collection that had been collected in the United States and Canada during 1979-1987, were analyzed for DNA fingerprint variation. These analyses revealed 18 genotypes among the 120 isolates that were analyzed for all markers. One genotype (US-1), which occurred in New York and Wisconsin in 1987 and 1991, respectively, and also in older isolates dating back to 1979, has been found throughout the world and may have persisted asexually in the United States and Canada since the first reports of late blight disease in the 1840s. Four other genotypes that appeared to be members of the same clonal lineage were variants of US-1. The most common genotype in the collections from 1987 to 1991, US-6, was identical to previously characterized isolates from northwestern Mexico, so it was probably a recent migrant. Five additional genotypes were variants of US-6 and differed from it by a single allozyme or DNA fingerprint allele; thus, they were probably members of a single clonal lineage. Overall, 13 of the 18 genotypes identified in isolates collected during 1979-1991 could have resulted from two probable migration events. Only two isolates (1.3% of the total sample) from a single field in British Columbia in 1991 were A2, and these also were probably introduced recently from Mexico. Each field sampled appeared to have been colonized by a single clonal lineage. Therefore, future surveys in the United States and Canada can be accomplished most efficiently by sampling only a low number of isolates per field but increasing the number of fields sampled. These data provide a baseline for monitoring future genetic changes in populations of P. infestans in the United States and Canada. C1 USDA ARS,VEGETABLE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP GOODWIN, SB (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,334 PLANT SCI,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 34 TC 156 Z9 167 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUN PY 1994 VL 84 IS 6 BP 553 EP 558 DI 10.1094/Phyto-84-553 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NU255 UT WOS:A1994NU25500002 ER PT J AU LEE, IM GUNDERSEN, DE HAMMOND, RW DAVIS, RE AF LEE, IM GUNDERSEN, DE HAMMOND, RW DAVIS, RE TI USE OF MYCOPLASMALIKE ORGANISM (MLO) GROUP-SPECIFIC OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PRIMERS FOR NESTED-PCR ASSAYS TO DETECT MIXED-MLO INFECTIONS IN A SINGLE HOST-PLANT SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; ASTER YELLOWS; 16S RDNA; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; GENETIC RELATEDNESS; GRAPEVINE YELLOWS; STRAIN CLUSTER; DNA PROBES; IDENTIFICATION; CLASSIFICATION AB Oligonucleotide primer pairs R16(I)FI/R1, R16(III)F2/R1, and R16(V)F1/RI for polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) were designed on the basis of mycoplasmalike organism (MLO) 16S rRNA sequences. The primer pair R16(I)F1/R1 specifically initiated amplification of 16S rDNA sequences among MLO strains in the MLO 16S rRNA group I, which includes aster yellows MLO and related strains; R16(III)F2/R1 specifically initiated amplification in the MLO 16S rRNA group III, which includes peach X-disease MLO and related strains; and R16(V)F1/R1 specifically initiated amplification in the MLO 16S rRNA group V, which includes elm yellows MLO and related strains. None of the primer pairs initiated amplification of 16S rDNA sequences from MLO strains in other groups or from other prokaryotes, including animal Mollicutes and plant pathogenic bacteria. An MLO group-specific primer pair allows sensitive detection and simultaneous classification of specific MLO strains from plant and insect sources. Nested-PCR assays using the universal primer pair R16F2/R2 and a group-specific primer pair further increased sensitivity in MLO detection. These specially designed assay procedures allowed for the first time detection of a secondary, cryptic MLO(s) associated with a single host plant. C1 GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20037. RP LEE, IM (reprint author), USDA ARS,MOLEC PLANT PATHOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 31 TC 297 Z9 323 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUN PY 1994 VL 84 IS 6 BP 559 EP 566 DI 10.1094/Phyto-84-559 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NU255 UT WOS:A1994NU25500003 ER PT J AU HARTUNG, JS BERETTA, J BRLANSKY, RH SPISSO, J LEE, RF AF HARTUNG, JS BERETTA, J BRLANSKY, RH SPISSO, J LEE, RF TI CITRUS VARIEGATED CHLOROSIS-BACTERIUM - AXENIC CULTURE, PATHOGENICITY, AND SEROLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER STRAINS OF XYLELLA-FASTIDIOSA SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CITRUS SINENSIS; PECOSITA ID LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; LIMITED BACTERIUM; LEAF SCORCH; DISEASE; IDENTIFICATION; TRANSMISSION; ETIOLOGY; VECTORS; BRAZIL; BLIGHT AB A xylem-limited bacterium serologically related to strains of Xylella fastidiosa has been associated previously with citrus variegated chlorosis, a new and potentially serious disease of citrus in Brazil, When isolated and grown on PW (periwinkle wilt) medium, this gram-negative bacterium measured 0.4 X 4 mu m and was indistinguishable based on colony appearance from reference strains of X. fastidiosa obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD. The bacterium also had a rippled cell wall typical of X. fastidiosa and induced symptoms typical of citrus variegated chlorosis in sweet orange after artificial inoculation. The bacterium was reisolated from petioles of symptomatic artificially inoculated plants, and its identity was confirmed by membrane entrapment immunofluorescence and Western blotting with antiserum UF-26 prepared against the original strain and extracts of petioles and midribs from inoculated plants. The organism was observed in large numbers in xylem vessels of diseased, but not healthy, plant petioles and in extracts of diseased, but not healthy, petioles, using a gold label with antiserum UF-26. The bacterium reisolated from symptomatic plant tissue was culturally, morphologically, and serologically indistinguishable from the strain used to inoculate the plants, completing Koch's postulates. Antiserum UF-26 reacted most strongly with strains of X. fastidiosa that cause diseases of grapevines, almond, ragweed, and oak. The citrus strain of X. fastidiosa also reacted as strongly as the homologous strain from plum to antiserum 1609-PP. This strain of X. fastidiosa may represent a new serological group intermediate between previously described serogroups of X. fastidiosa. C1 INST BIOL,SAO PAULO,BRAZIL. UNIV FLORIDA,CTR CITRUS RES & EDUC,IFAS,LAKE ALFRED,FL 33850. RP HARTUNG, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,ROOM 111 BLDG 004,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 45 TC 93 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUN PY 1994 VL 84 IS 6 BP 591 EP 597 DI 10.1094/Phyto-84-591 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NU255 UT WOS:A1994NU25500008 ER PT J AU YANG, X ROMHELD, V MARSCHNER, H CHANEY, RL AF YANG, X ROMHELD, V MARSCHNER, H CHANEY, RL TI APPLICATION OF CHELATOR-BUFFERED NUTRIENT SOLUTION TECHNIQUE IN STUDIES ON ZINC NUTRITION IN RICE PLANT (ORYZA-SATIVA L) SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE COPPER; DTPA; HEDTA; IRON; MANGANESE; ZINC ID L CV HERTA; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; MULTI-METAL; AVAILABILITY; COMPLEXATION; MANGANESE; COPPER; GROWTH; IRON AB It has been difficult to impose different degrees of Zn deficiency on Poaceae species in nutrient solution because most chelators which would control Zn to low activities also bind Fe3+ so strongly that Poaceae species cannot obtain adequate Fe. Recently, a method has been developed to provide buffered Fe2+ at levels adequate for rice using Ferrozine (FZ), and use of other chelators to buffer the other micronutrient cations. The use of Fe2+ buffered with FZ in nutrient solutions in which Zn is buffered with HEDTA or DTPA was evaluated for study of Zn deficiency in rice compared to a conventional nutrient solution technique. The results showed that growth of rice plants in FZ + HEDTA-buffered nutrient solution was similar to that in the conventional nutrient solution. Severe zinc deficiency symptoms were observed in 28-day-old rice seedlings cultured with HEDTA-buffered nutrient solution at Zn2+ activities < 10(-10.6) M. With increasing free Zn2+ activities, concentrations of Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn in shoots and roots were quite similar for the FZ + HEDTA-buffered nutrient solution and the conventional nutrient solution techniques. The percentages of water soluble Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn in shoots with HEDTA-buffered nutrient solution were also similar to those with the conventional solution. However, with DTPA-buffered nutrient solution, the rice seedlings suffered severe Fe deficiency; adding more FeFZ(3) corrected the Fe-chlorosis but shifted microelement buffering. Further, much higher total Zn concentrations are required to provide adequate Zn2+ in DTPA-buffered solutions, and the contents of Mn and Cu in shoots and roots cultured with DTPA-buffered solutions were much higher than those with the conventional or HEDTA-buffered solutions. In conclusion, DTPA-buffered nutrient solutions are not suitable but the FZ/HEDTA-buffered nutrient solution technique can be used to evaluate genotypic differences in zinc efficiency in rice. C1 UNIV HOHENHEIM,INST PLANT NUTR,D-70593 STUTTGART,GERMANY. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP YANG, X (reprint author), ZHEJIANG AGR UNIV,DEPT AGR CHEM & SOIL SCI,HANGZHOU,PEOPLES R CHINA. NR 17 TC 41 Z9 63 U1 3 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD JUN PY 1994 VL 163 IS 1 BP 85 EP 94 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA PH746 UT WOS:A1994PH74600010 ER PT J AU GOTH, RW HAYNES, KG WILSON, DR AF GOTH, RW HAYNES, KG WILSON, DR TI INDEPENDENT SEGREGATION IN POTATO FOR RESISTANCE TO VERTICILLIUM WILT AND PINK-EYE SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM AB In 1991 and 1992, 30 potato families (comprising approximately 1,330 genotypes) were evaluated for resistance to both Verticillium wilt, caused by V. albo-atrum and V. dahliae, and pink-eye, a disease of unknown etiology. Significant differences were found among families for severity of Verticillium wilt and incidence of pink-eye. Within-family variability accounted for more than 90% of the observed variation for both traits in both years. Homogeneous variances for severity of Verticillium wilt across families were observed in both years; in contrast, heterogeneous variances for incidence of pink-eye across families were observed in both years, with greater variance in those families with a higher incidence of pink-eye. In general, there was no consistent relationship between severity of Verticillium wilt and incidence of pink-eye in segregating families. C1 USDA ARS,VEGETABLE LAB,PREGQUE ISLE,ME 04769. RP GOTH, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,VEGETABLE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 78 IS 6 BP 562 EP 564 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NN143 UT WOS:A1994NN14300004 ER PT J AU CSINOS, AS JOHNSON, AW GOLDEN, AM AF CSINOS, AS JOHNSON, AW GOLDEN, AM TI MANAGEMENT OF THE TOBACCO BLACK SHANK-ROOT-KNOT COMPLEX WITH COMBINATIONS OF SOIL FUMIGANTS AND METALAXYL SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE MELOIDOGYNE-JAVANICA; PHYTOPHTHORA-PARASITICA VAR NICOTIANAE ID MELOIDOGYNE AB When applied preplant incorporated and at last cultivation (lay-by), 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) at 56 L/ha, 1,3-D/17% chloropicrin (C-17) at 65.5 L and 93.5 L/ ha, and fenamiphos at 6.7 kg Li./ha + metalaxyl at 0.56 kg a.i./ha were equally effective in reducing tobacco black shank on cultivars K-326, Speight G-70, and Coker 371 Gold. Methyl bromide at 112 kg/ha injected into the soil prior to transplanting was not effective in reducing black shank but reduced damage from root-knot nematodes in all cultivars. All treatments reduced final root-gall indices compared to the untreated control in 1990 and 199 1. In 199 1, final root-gall indices were higher for Coker 371 Gold, a cultivar with no resistance to Meloidogyne incognita, than for Speight G-70 or K-326, cultivars with resistance to M. incognita. Yields were increased over the untreated control by 1,3-D/C-17 treatments at either rate for all cultivars in both years. Yields were higher with 1,3-D/C-17 than with other treatments in 1990 and higher with fenamiphos treatments in 1991 for K-326 and Coker 371 Gold. Yields for K-326 were usually higher than those for the other cultivars in all treatments both years. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BARC,NEMATOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP CSINOS, AS (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 78 IS 6 BP 565 EP 568 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NN143 UT WOS:A1994NN14300005 ER PT J AU SCHREIBER, LR DOMIR, SC AF SCHREIBER, LR DOMIR, SC TI EFFICACY OF CRITERIA TO IDENTIFY AGGRESSIVENESS IN OPHIOSTOMA-ULMI AND RESISTANCE IN AMERICAN ELM GERM PLASM SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID TOBACCO CALLUS-CULTURES; CERATOCYSTIS-ULMI; VERTICILLIUM-DAHLIAE; DISEASE RESISTANCE; BLACK SHANK; PATHOGENICITY; CHARACTERS; TISSUE; HYBRIDIZATION; INHERITANCE AB Criteria were evaluated to identify levels of aggressiveness of the Dutch elm disease pathogen, Ophiostoma ulmi, and resistance in American elms. Twenty-year-old American elms were inoculated with putative nonaggressive strains PG442 and TN and aggressive strains PMP1, H961, and 16K. Strains PMP1 and H961 were confirmed to be aggressive and strains TN, PG442, and 16K to be nonaggressive. Six-month-old American elm seedlings were inoculated with the five 0. ulmi strains, and aggressiveness was judged by disease symptoms and fungus multiplication. Vascular discoloration and numbers of colony-forming units most closely correlated with in vivo results. By most in vitro criteria, PG442 was categorized as aggressive. Callus tissues from susceptible and resistant American elm selections were challenged with the 0. ulmi strains. Aggressiveness was differentiated by growth on callus from both a susceptible and a resistant elm. Differences in resistance between susceptible and resistant elm selections were determined by growth of strains H961, PMP1, and PG442 but not 16K or TN. Growth and mycelial habit on agar were not reliable in identifying 16K as nonaggressive. RP SCHREIBER, LR (reprint author), USDA ARS,US NATL ARBORETUM,DELAWARE,OH 43015, USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 78 IS 6 BP 629 EP 632 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NN143 UT WOS:A1994NN14300022 ER PT J AU LEATH, KT DEGREGORIO, RE ASHLEY, RA AF LEATH, KT DEGREGORIO, RE ASHLEY, RA TI FOLIAR BLIGHT OF BIGFLOWER VETCH CAUSED BY ASCOCHYTA-FABAE F-SP VICIA SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article AB Bigflower vetch (Vicia grandiflora var. kitaibeliana) is a winter-annual legume developed for use in pastures and as a winter cover crop in specialized situations. During evaluation in a rotation experiment in Connecticut, bigflower vetch became severely diseased by a foliar blight. Symptoms consisted of reddish brown spots with tan centers on leaves. Spots were oval and often coalesced to form larger blotches. A fungus identified as Ascochyta fabae was isolated from diseased tissues, and this fungus induced leaf spots plus necrosis of stems, petioles, and tendrils on bigflower vetch by artificial inoculation. The fungus caused leaf spots (<2 mm in diameter) on V. faba, V. hirsuta, and V. tenuifolia, minor leaf flecking on four other legume species, and no symptoms on 54 other species. Only bigflower vetch was susceptible. Because of the very narrow host range of the form of A. fabae from bigflower vetch, rotation of bigflower vetch with other legumes may not be problematic. This strain of A. fabae has the potential, however, to greatly impair the productivity of bigflower vetch in the northeastern United States and possibly elsewhere. Ascochyta fabae f, sp. vicia is proposed to describe the specialized form of the fungus pathogenic to bigflower vetch. C1 UNIV CONNECTICUT,DEPT PLANT SCI,STORRS,CT 06269. RP LEATH, KT (reprint author), USDA ARS,UNIV PK,PA 16802, USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 78 IS 6 BP 637 EP 639 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NN143 UT WOS:A1994NN14300024 ER PT J AU WELLS, JM BUTTERFIELD, JE CEPONIS, MJ AF WELLS, JM BUTTERFIELD, JE CEPONIS, MJ TI DISEASES, PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS, AND INJURIES OF PLUMS MARKETED IN METROPOLITAN NEW-YORK SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article AB Retail and consumer losses in nine major cultivars of western plums marketed in metropolitan New York and sampled for 15 consecutive weeks during the 1983 and 1984 seasons averaged 4.2 and 5.0%, respectively, for a total market loss of 9.2%. Specific causes were parasitic diseases (3.4%), physiological disorders (2.1%), and injuries (3.7%). Total losses were higher in the cultivars Casselman and President than in Red Beaut, Santa Rosa, Eldorado, Simka, Friar, Italian Prune, and Angelino. In a sample of three of the cultivars in 1992, total consumer losses were 4.7%, statistically unchanged from 1983-1984 levels. The principal disease in both surveys was brown rot (Monilinia spp.), which caused up to 50% of the disease losses. Dehydrated and overripe fruit were the leading categories of physiological disorders; and bruising, cuts, punctures, and freeze damage were the chief categories of injury loss. C1 RUTGERS STATE UNIV,COOK COLL,DEPT PATHOL,USDA ARS,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903. RP WELLS, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 78 IS 6 BP 642 EP 644 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NN143 UT WOS:A1994NN14300034 ER PT J AU GREGERSON, RG MILLER, SS PETROWSKI, M GANTT, JS VANCE, CP AF GREGERSON, RG MILLER, SS PETROWSKI, M GANTT, JS VANCE, CP TI GENOMIC STRUCTURE, EXPRESSION AND EVOLUTION OF THE ALFALFA ASPARTATE-AMINOTRANSFERASE GENES SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; GENE STRUCTURE; NODULE; EVOLUTION ID SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ROOT-NODULES; MOLECULAR-CLONING; CDNA CLONE; INEFFECTIVE NODULES; INTRONS ANTEDATE; MEDICAGO-SATIVA; MESSENGER-RNA; PLANT AB Genomic clones encoding two isozymes of aspartate aminotransferase (AAT) were isolated from an alfalfa genomic library and their DNA sequences were determined. The AAT1 gene contains 12 exons that encode a cytosolic protein expressed at similar levels in roots, stems and nodules. In nodules, the amount of AAT1 mRNA was similar at all stages of development, and was slightly reduced in nodules incapable of fixing nitrogen. The AAT1 mRNA is polyadenylated at multiple sites differing by more than 250 bp. The AAT2 gene contains 11 exons, with 5 introns located in positions identical to those found in animal AAT genes, and encodes a plastid-localized isozyme. The AAT2 mRNA is polyadenylated at a very limited range of sites. The transit peptide of AAT2 is encoded by the first two and part of the third exon. AAT2 mRNA is much more abundant in nodules than in other organs, and increases dramatically during the course of nodule development. Unlike AAT1, expression of AAT2 is significantly reduced in nodules incapable of fixing nitrogen. Phylogenetic analysis of deduced AAT proteins revealed 4 separate but related groups of AAT proteins; the animal cytosolic AATs, the plant cytosolic AATs, the plant plastid AATs, and the mitochondrial AATs. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT PLANT BIOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. USDA ARS,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP GREGERSON, RG (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,BORLAUG HALL,1991 BUFORD CIRCLE,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 57 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 25 IS 3 BP 387 EP 399 DI 10.1007/BF00043868 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA PB081 UT WOS:A1994PB08100007 PM 8049365 ER PT J AU COOK, RJ AF COOK, RJ TI PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS IN THE BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL OF WHEAT TAKE-ALL SO PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RHIZOCTONIA ROOT-ROT; PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; SOIL; GLYPHOSATE; GROWTH; BARLEY; YIELD; ACID RP COOK, RJ (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,ROOT DIS & BIOL CONTROL RES UNIT,367 JOHNSON HALL,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 40 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 4 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0032-0862 J9 PLANT PATHOL JI Plant Pathol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 43 IS 3 BP 429 EP 437 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3059.1994.tb01576.x PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA NW026 UT WOS:A1994NW02600001 ER PT J AU EVENSON, KJ GRONWALD, JW WYSE, DL AF EVENSON, KJ GRONWALD, JW WYSE, DL TI PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACETYL-COENZYME A CARBOXYLASE FROM DICLOFOP-RESISTANT AND DICLOFOP-SUSCEPTIBLE LOLIUM-MULTIFLORUM SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYACRYLAMIDE-GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; A CARBOXYLASE; COA CARBOXYLASE; ARYLOXYPHENOXYPROPIONATE HERBICIDES; DEVELOPING ENDOSPERM; POLYETHYLENE-GLYCOL; RICINUS-COMMUNIS; INHIBITION; HALOXYFOP; SETHOXYDIM AB Acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) was purified >100-fold (specific activity 3.5 units mg(-1)) from leaf tissue of diclofop-resistant and -susceptible biotypes of Lolium multiflorom. As determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the purified fractions from both biotypes contained a single 206-kD biotinylated polypeptide. The molecular mass of the native enzyme from both biotypes was approximately 520 kD. In some cases the native dimer from both biotypes dissociated during gel filtration to form a subunit or approximately 224 kD. The inclusion of 5% (w/v) polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG) in the elution buffer prevented this dissociation. Steady-state substrate kinetics were analyzed in both the presence and absence of 5% PEG. For ACCase from both biotypes, addition of PEG increased the velocity 22% and decreased the apparent K-m values for acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), but increased the K-m values for bicarbonate and ATP. In the presence of PEG, the K-m values for bicarbonate and ATP were approximately 35% higher for the enzyme from the susceptible biotype compared with the resistant enzyme. In the absence of PEG, no differences in apparent K-m values were observed for the enzymes from the two biotypes. Inhibition constants (K-i app) were determined for CoA, malonyl-CoA, and diclofop. CoA was an S-hyperbolic (slope replots)-1-hyperbolic (intercept replots) noncompetitive inhibitor with respect to acetyl-CoA, with K-i app values of 711 and 795 mu M for enzymes from the resistant and susceptible biotypes, respectively. Malonyl-CoA competitively inhibited both enzymes (versus acetyl-CoA) with K-i app values of 140 and 104 mu M for ACCase from resistant and susceptible biotypes, respectively. Diclofop was a linear noncompetitive inhibitor of ACCase from the susceptible biotype and a nonlinear, or S-hyperbolic-1-hyperbolic, noncompetitive inhibitor of ACCase from the resistant biotype. For ACCase from the susceptible biotype the slope (K-is) and intercept (K-ii) inhibition constants for diclofop versus acetyl-CoA were 0.08 and 0.44 mu M, respectively. ACCase from the resistant biotype had a K-i app value of 6.5 mu M. At a subsaturating acetyl-CoA concentration of 50 mu M, the Hill coefficients for diclofop binding were 0.61 and 1.2 for ACCase from the resistant and susceptible biotypes, respectively. The Hill coefficients for diclofop binding and the inhibitor replots suggest that the resistant form of ACCase exhibits negative cooperativity in binding diclofop. However, the possibility that the nonlinear inhibition of ACCase activity by diclofop in the enzyme fraction isolated from the resistant biotype is due to the presence of both resistant and susceptible forms of ACCase cannot be excluded. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. USDA ARS,PLANT SCI RES UNIT,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 41 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 105 IS 2 BP 671 EP 680 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NR443 UT WOS:A1994NR44300027 ER PT J AU CRAFTSBRANDNER, SJ SALVUCCI, ME AF CRAFTSBRANDNER, SJ SALVUCCI, ME TI THE RUBISCO COMPLEX PROTEIN - A PROTEIN-INDUCED BY FRUIT REMOVAL THAT FORMS A COMPLEX WITH RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE OXYGENASE SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE FRUIT REMOVAL AND RUBISCO; GLYCINE (RUBISCO AND FRUIT REMOVAL); JASMONIC ACID; RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE OXYGENASE; SENESCENCE (LEAF); STORAGE PROTEIN (VEGETATIVE) ID VEGETATIVE STORAGE PROTEIN; LEAF SENESCENCE; OXYGENASE; LEAVES; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PURIFICATION; MESOPHYLL AB Continuous removal of fruits from soybean plants (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) causes a redistribution of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco, EC 4.1.1.39) from the soluble to the insoluble phase of leaf extracts. The extent of this redistribution is genotype-dependent. We previously reported that insoluble Rubisco occurs in a high-molecular-mass complex together with a protein composed of 30-kDa subunits (S.J. Crafts-Brander et al., Planta, 183, 300-306). In the present study, the Rubisco Complex Protein (RCP), was isolated from the Rubisco-RCP complex by gel-filtration chromatography in 4 M urea. Under these conditions, RCP migrated with an apparent molecular mass of 120 kDa, indicating that the protein maintains a tetrameric structure even in 4 M urea. Once freed of urea, purified RCP was soluble, but formed insoluble complexes with Rubisco from soybean, tobacco and spinach when RCP and Rubisco were incubated in a ratio of 1:1 by weight. Purified Rubisco and RCP also associated into a high-molecular-mass complex when either component was in several-fold excess, but in this case the complex was soluble. Similarly, the amount of Rubisco sequestered as an insoluble Rubisco:RCP complex in leaf extracts of different soybean genotypes was related to the relative amounts of Rubisco and RCP present in the extracts. Thus, with both purified components and in leaf extracts, formation of an insoluble complex between Rubisco and RCP required a precise stoichiometry. Antibodies directed against purified RCP detected an accumulation of RCP in soybean leaves around the time of flowering. The RCP was also detected in petioles, stems, and pod walls of soybean, but not seeds. Fruit removal caused a marked increase in the amount of RCP in the leaves to levels as high as 15% of the total soluble protein. The accumulation of RCP in response to source:sink manipulations was similar to soybean vegetative storage proteins (VSPs). However, immunogold-localization showed that RCP was located in the cytosol of leaves, compartmentalized separate from both Rubisco and the VSPs. Thus, the physiological relevance of the specific association between RCP and Rubisco is obscure. C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT AGRON,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. RP CRAFTSBRANDNER, SJ (reprint author), UNIV KENTUCKY,USDA ARS,LEXINGTON,KY 40546, USA. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD JUN PY 1994 VL 194 IS 1 BP 110 EP 116 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NR402 UT WOS:A1994NR40200015 ER PT J AU ANTHONY, NB BALOG, JM STAUDINGER, FB WALL, CW WALKER, RD HUFF, WE AF ANTHONY, NB BALOG, JM STAUDINGER, FB WALL, CW WALKER, RD HUFF, WE TI EFFECT OF A UREASE INHIBITOR AND CEILING FANS ON ASCITES IN BROILERS .1. ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABILITY AND INCIDENCE OF ASCITES SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE BROILER; ASCITES; VENTILATION; UREASE INHIBITOR; CEILING FANS ID RIGHT VENTRICULAR FAILURE; CHICKENS; HYPERTROPHY AB A low ventilation model to induce ascites was introduced and characterized. In addition, the effect of supplemental air mixing via ceiling fans (CF) and the feeding of a urease inhibitor (0, 125, and 250 ppm) on incidence of ascites were investigated. Twelve environmental chambers were utilized in the trial: six were fitted with CF. Each dietary treatment was replicated twice per CF treatment. One hundred and twenty day-old male commercial broilers were reared per chamber. Atmospheric O2, CO2, and NH3, temperature, and humidity, as well as weekly litter moisture and pH, were monitored. Chamber CO2 levels increased immediately then stabilized. Chamber NH3 levels increased between 2 to 4 wk of age and rapidly declined when ventilation rates were increased to 1 cfm per bird. The CF and dietary treatments had little effect on air or litter variables except for NH3. Supplementing the diet with urease inhibitor resulted in a greater than 50% reduction in cumulative mortality due to ascites and a slight reduction in weekly BW gains. The CF treatment had no effect on production variables such as weekly feed intake, gain, and feed to gain ratio, or survivability due to ascites. C1 UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT POULTRY SCI,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. DISTRIBUTORS PROC INC,NAPERVILLE,IL 60565. RP ANTHONY, NB (reprint author), UNIV ARKANSAS,USDA ARS,POULTRY PROD & PROD SAFETY RES,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701, USA. NR 21 TC 22 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 73 IS 6 BP 801 EP 809 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA NN844 UT WOS:A1994NN84400006 PM 8072922 ER PT J AU BALOG, JM ANTHONY, NB WALL, CW WALKER, RD RATH, NC HUFF, WE AF BALOG, JM ANTHONY, NB WALL, CW WALKER, RD RATH, NC HUFF, WE TI EFFECT OF A UREASE INHIBITOR AND CEILING FANS ON ASCITES IN BROILERS .2. BLOOD VARIABLES, ASCITES SCORES, AND BODY AND ORGAN WEIGHTS SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE BROILER; ASCITES; VENTILATION; UREASE INHIBITOR; BLOOD VARIABLES AB Restricted ventilation was used to experimentally induce ascites in commercial male broilers. The role of a dietary urease inhibitor (0, 125, and 250 ppm) and ceiling fans to reduce ascites was investigated. At 6 wk of age, birds were bled, euthanatized, weighed, scored for ascites, and heart, liver, and small intestine weights were obtained. Random samples were analyzed for intestinal ammonia. Blood samples were analyzed for blood gases, hemoglobin, red blood cell count, blood urea nitrogen, ammonia, and uric acid. Birds fed 125 and 250 ppm urease inhibitor were significantly (P <.001) lighter at 6 wk, when compared with controls. Urease inhibitor (125 and 250 ppm) significantly decreased large intestine ammonia. Urease inhibitor significantly increased small intestine (250 ppm) and liver weights (125 and 250 ppm), whereas urease inhibitor at 125 ppm decreased right ventricular heart weight. Urease inhibitor had no effect on ascites scores, blood gases, or blood ammonia, but hemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen, red blood cell count, and uric acid were significantly (P < .05) decreased by 125 ppm urease inhibitor. C1 UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT POULTRY SCI,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. DISTRIBUTORS PROC INC,PORTERVILLE,CA 93257. RP BALOG, JM (reprint author), UNIV ARKANSAS,USDA ARS,POULTRY PROD & PROD SAFETY RES,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701, USA. NR 17 TC 18 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 73 IS 6 BP 810 EP 816 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA NN844 UT WOS:A1994NN84400007 PM 8072923 ER PT J AU AUGUSTINE, PC AF AUGUSTINE, PC TI ESTABLISHMENT OF A TURKEY CECAL CELL-LINE AND DEVELOPMENT OF TURKEY COCCIDIA WITHIN THE CELLS SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID SPOROZOITES; CULTURES AB Cells were dispersed from cecal tissues of 1- to 2-day-old turkeys using a mixture of collagenase and dispase to enrich for epithelial cells. The initial culture produced from these cells (TCC) appeared to be heterogeneous, but, as the cells were cultured through 25 passages, they assumed a more fibroblastic appearance. Cellular invasion of the TCC by two species of turkey coccidia, Eimeria adenoeides and Elmeria meleagrimitis, was not enhanced, as compared with invasion in turkey kidney cells (TKC), the cell culture system standardly used to study the avian coccldia In vitro. However, early development by one of the species, E. meleagrimitis, was markedly increased in the TCC (Passages 6 through 19) over that in TKC. Thirty to 42% of the parasites that invaded the TCC developed beyond the sporozoite stage, as compared with 5% development in TKC. Mature first-generation schizonts were observed within 24 hr postinoculation in the TCC, but not until 48 hr in the kidney cells. There was no evidence that development of the second generation was initiated in either the TCC or kidney cells. RP AUGUSTINE, PC (reprint author), USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PDL,BLDG 1040,ROOM 102,BARC-E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 9 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI CAMBRIDGE PA 238 MAIN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 SN 0037-9727 J9 P SOC EXP BIOL MED JI Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 206 IS 2 BP 152 EP 156 PG 5 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA NQ948 UT WOS:A1994NQ94800009 PM 8208739 ER PT J AU ROCK, DL AF ROCK, DL TI LATENT INFECTION WITH BOVINE HERPESVIRUS TYPE-1 SO SEMINARS IN VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE HERPESVIRUS; LATENCY-ASSOCIATED TRANSCRIPTS; LATENT INFECTION; VIRAL REACTIVATION; VIRUS-NEURON INTERACTION ID IMMEDIATE-EARLY GENES; RHINOTRACHEITIS VIRUS; SIMPLEX VIRUS; TRIGEMINAL GANGLIA; RECURRENT INFECTIONS; NEURAL CHANGES; REACTIVATION; CALVES; DEXAMETHASONE; TRANSCRIPTION RP ROCK, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS,PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR,AGR RES SERV,POB 848,GREENPORT,NY 11944, USA. NR 38 TC 40 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 1044-5773 J9 SEMIN VIROL JI Semin. Virol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 5 IS 3 BP 233 EP 240 DI 10.1006/smvy.1994.1025 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA NV510 UT WOS:A1994NV51000007 ER PT J AU ANDERSON, DM HAVSTAD, KM SHUPE, WL LIBEAU, R SMITH, JN MURRAY, LW AF ANDERSON, DM HAVSTAD, KM SHUPE, WL LIBEAU, R SMITH, JN MURRAY, LW TI BENEFITS AND COSTS IN CONTROLLING SHEEP BONDED TO CATTLE WITHOUT WIRE FENCING SO SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE FREE-RANGING LIVESTOCK; RANCE ECONOMICS; SHEEP BEHAVIOR; DISTRIBUTION; PEN FEEDING AB Mixed grazing groups of 15 bonded ewes and five cows consistently ( 100%) remained together in one of two adjoining arid rangeland paddocks during each of three seasons beginning in September 1991. The paddocks were separated with only two strands of wire fence, the bottom wire being 0.7 m off the ground. In contrast, non-bonded ewes (controls) were found in the adjoining paddock without cattle 54% of the time. This created a mean separation distance between non-bonded ewes and cattle of 977 m. Locating ewes in the non-bonded treatment required additional time, thus reducing management efficiency and increasing costs by approx. $0.10/hd/d. In a separate study begun in January 1992 an enduring bond between sheep and cattle was produced by confining 65 to 86 day-old lambs with cattle in pens for 55 d at a cost of approx. $0.51/hd/d. Bonding may provide an economically viable alternative to conventional wire fencing on many properties as a means of controlling the spatial distribution of sheep under mixed grazing. RP ANDERSON, DM (reprint author), NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,DEPT 3JER,USDA ARS,JORNADA EXPTL RANGE,POB 30003,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003, USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4488 J9 SMALL RUMINANT RES JI Small Ruminant Res. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 14 IS 1 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1016/0921-4488(94)90002-7 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA NX938 UT WOS:A1994NX93800001 ER PT J AU CANNELL, RQ HAWES, JD AF CANNELL, RQ HAWES, JD TI TRENDS IN TILLAGE PRACTICES IN RELATION TO SUSTAINABLE CROP PRODUCTION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TEMPERATE CLIMATES SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th Conference of the International-Soil-Tillage-Research-Organization: Soil Tillage for Crop Production and Protection of the Environment (Preprints) CY JUL 24-29, 1994 CL AALBORG, DENMARK SP INT SOIL TILLAGE RES ORG DE CONSERVATION TILLAGE; DIRECT DRILLING; EROSION; NO-TILL; SOIL ORGANIC MATTER; SOIL QUALITY; TILLAGE PRACTICES ID SOIL PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; LONG-TERM TILLAGE; SANDY LOAM SOIL; CONVENTIONALLY TILLED CORN; DRAINED MOLLIC OCHRAQUALF; MAIZE OATS ROTATION; SPRING BARLEY; ORGANIC-MATTER; ROOT-GROWTH; SURFACE SOIL AB The concept and some definitions of sustainable agriculture are reviewed. Most of these definitions include economic, environmental and sociological aspects. The finite area of land emphasizes the need for consideration of soil conservation and of soil quality in relation to sustainability. An important element of soil quality is rooting depth. Therefore loss of soil by erosion is a dominant factor in long-term sustainability. The effects of tillage on soil parameters in minimum data sets that have been proposed to describe soil quality are reviewed. Soil organic matter may be one of the most important soil quality characteristics in relation to tillage because of its influence on other soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Conservation tillage practices can increase the organic matter content, aggregate stability and cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the topsoil. However, bulk density and penetrometer resistance are also increased, especially with zero tillage. Although such soil quality parameters may form a basis for describing some of the consequences of particular tillage practices, they do not provide a basis for predicting the outcome in terms of crop growth and yield. This is both because critical values of soil quality parameters have not been defined and because in some soils biopore formation in zero or minimally tilled land can modify the soil for water movement and for root growth and function. The effects of tillage on crop growth and yield in long-term experiments are reviewed. The review only includes experiments in North America, Europe and New Zealand that have lasted 10 years or more to allow for seasonal variation in weather, possible progressive changes in soil conditions and the learning phase often experienced when new tillage methods are used. While there is a good deal of variation in the results of these tillage experiments some patterns have emerged. In long-term experiments, yields of maize in Europe and the US and soybeans in the US have been similar after ploughing and no-tillage. especially on well-drained soils. In Europe. yields of winter cereals have also been similar after traditional and simplified tillage but yields of spring cereals have sometimes been less, after direct drilling than ploughing. Trends in tillage practices are reviewed. Conservation tillage in the US is increasing and is used on about 30% of cropland. including no-till on about 10% of cropland. This increase in use of conservation tillage is mainly attributed to the legal requirement for farmers who arc in government price support programs to adopt conservation plans which may involve conservation tillage. However, the allowable rates of erosion in these plans are likely to be in excess of rates of erosion for long-term sustainability. Survey information on tillage practices needs to be considered in relation to predictions on suitability of conservation tillage based on experimental results- In the semi-arid prairies of Canada there is a trend toward fewer cultivation operations, but in eastern Canada the mouldboard plough is still the dominant tillage method. In Europe although erosion is less obvious it is believed to be increasing, but minimum tillage is not widely used. This is because of the need to remove at least some straw for successful minimum tillage in sequential winter wheat and barley crops. but there are few economic uses for straw, and burning is illegal in many countries. In the more moist cooler conditions of Europe grass weed proliferation is another constraint, at least with present terminology, So far, the overall success of conservation tillage has not been limited by the growing problem of genetic resistance of weeds to herbicides. Societal attitudes to the continued use of herbicides may pose longer-term problems for some conservation tillage practices. C1 USDA,SOIL CONSERVAT SERV,RICHMOND,VA 23229. RP CANNELL, RQ (reprint author), VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL ENVIRONM SCI,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061, USA. NR 188 TC 117 Z9 129 U1 9 U2 43 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 30 IS 2-4 BP 245 EP 282 DI 10.1016/0167-1987(94)90007-8 PG 38 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA NT043 UT WOS:A1994NT04300007 ER PT J AU EVERITT, JH ESCOBAR, DE SUMMY, KR DAVIS, MR AF EVERITT, JH ESCOBAR, DE SUMMY, KR DAVIS, MR TI USING AIRBORNE VIDEO, GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM, AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION-SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES FOR DETECTING AND MAPPING CITRUS BLACKFLY INFESTATIONS SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID ALEYRODIDAE; HOMOPTERA; TEXAS AB This paper describes the application of airborne video data with global positioning system (GPS) and geographical information system (GIS) technologies for detecting citrus blackfly (Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby) infestations in citrus orchards in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Citrus blackfly infestations could be easily detected on color-infrared (CIR) and black-and-white (B & W) near-infrared (NIR) video imagery. The blackfly-produced deposits of sooty mold fungus (Capnodium citri B. & D.) on the trees foliage gave them a distinct gray-black image tonal response. Quantitative data obtained from NIR digitized video images showed that digital values of blackfly-infested trees were significantly lower (p = 0.01) than those from noninfested trees. The GPS latitude-longitude coordinate data of blackfly-infested orchards was entered into a GIS to map infested orchards over a large agricultural area and develop a digital image data base for future reference. RP EVERITT, JH (reprint author), USDA ARS,2413 E HIGHWAY 83,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 23 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 19 IS 2 BP 129 EP 138 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NU863 UT WOS:A1994NU86300005 ER PT J AU LEGGETT, JE ELLISSY, O ANTILLA, L AF LEGGETT, JE ELLISSY, O ANTILLA, L TI PINK-BOLLWORM MOTH CATCHES WITH PERIMETER AND IN-FIELD GOSSYPLURE BAITED DELTA-TRAPS SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID LEPIDOPTERA; PLACEMENT AB Delta traps baited with gossyplure were used to capture pink bollworm moths, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Weekly moth catches for 15 weeks in control traps located 5 m in-field were comparable to moth catches in traps located on the perimeter of the cotton field. During the period 25 May to 31 August, traps maintained 0.6 m above ground captured as many or more moths than those maintained at plant canopy height. Traps 0.6 m from cotton captured more moths than those 5.0 m from cotton on three sampling dates, but captures were not significantly different on other dates of this test. The position of traps (N,E,S,W) around the field was not a factor in moth catch. Comparison of mean moth catches in (in-field versus perimeter) traps located at the comers of the fields indicated no significant difference for any sampling period of this test, but mid-field traps were significantly different on four dates. Comparison of moth catches by field for (in-field versus perimeter) traps each week for each of the 32 fields indicated greater variability over time. The highest weekly correlation of moth catches with in-field vs perimeter traps for the 32 fields was 0.98 during the week of 15 June, and the lowest was 0.54 during the week of 6 July with an average correlation of 0.79. C1 BOLL WEEVIL ERADICAT PROGRAM,TEMPE,AZ 85282. RP LEGGETT, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTER COTTON RES LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 19 IS 2 BP 147 EP 155 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NU863 UT WOS:A1994NU86300007 ER PT J AU LEGASPI, JC RUSSELL, V LEGASPI, BC AF LEGASPI, JC RUSSELL, V LEGASPI, BC TI MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF THE SPERMATHECA AS AN INDICATOR OF MATING SUCCESS IN PODISUS-MACULIVENTRIS (SAY) SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article C1 TEXAS AGR EXPTL STN,WESLACO,TX 78596. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP LEGASPI, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOL CONTROL PESTS RES UNIT,2413 E HWY 83,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 19 IS 2 BP 189 EP 190 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NU863 UT WOS:A1994NU86300013 ER PT J AU KANE, J AF KANE, J TI THE ROLE OF REFERENCE MATERIALS IN ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY SO SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article C1 USDA,FOOD COMPOSIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ADVANSTAR COMMUNICATIONS PI DULUTH PA 131 W FIRST ST, DULUTH, MN 55802 SN 0887-6703 J9 SPECTROSCOPY JI Spectroscopy PD JUN PY 1994 VL 9 IS 5 BP 18 EP 21 PG 4 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA RF248 UT WOS:A1994RF24800003 ER PT J AU SPRINGER, EL AF SPRINGER, EL TI DELIGNIFICATION OF ASPEN WOOD WITH PERNITRIC ACID SO TAPPI JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE DELIGNIFICATION; HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; NITRIC ACID; PEROXYMONOSULFURIC ACID; PERNITRIC ACID; POPULUS-TREMULOIDES; VISCOSITY ID BLEACHED PULP; PEROXIDE; PEROXYMONOSULFATE AB This study evaluated the feasibility of delignifying aspen wood with pernitric acid. Treating finely divided aspen wood with dilute aqueous pernitric acid and extracting it with dilute alkali readily delignifies the wood. Pernitric acid consumption is excessive due to its rapid self-decomposition. Mixing concentrated hydrogen peroxide with concentrated nitric acid easily produces pernitric acid. Such mixtures present a serious explosion hazard requiring extreme care in their preparation and use. RP SPRINGER, EL (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU TECH ASSN PULP PAPER IND INC PI NORCROSS PA 15 TECHNOLOGY PARK SOUTH, NORCROSS, GA 30092 SN 0734-1415 J9 TAPPI J JI TAPPI J. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 77 IS 6 BP 103 EP 108 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA NP693 UT WOS:A1994NP69300015 ER PT J AU CARDAMONE, JM MARMER, WN AF CARDAMONE, JM MARMER, WN TI BLEACHING EFFICIENCY AND PHOTOSTABILITY OF WOOL, WOOL/COTTON BLENDS AND ALL-COTTON FABRIC SO TEXTILE CHEMIST AND COLORIST LA English DT Article DE BLEACHING; COTTON; PHOTOYELLOWING; PREPARATION; WOOL; WOOL COTTON BLENDS ID SINGLE BATH AB In a followup to an investigation of the bleaching of worsted challis by the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) two-step, single-bath sequential oxidative/reductive process (full bleaching), comparative bleaching studies were carried out on another fabric type, woolen flannel. In the new studies, fabric was bleached in the individual oxidative and reductive steps of full bleaching and results were compared to those from ARS- and traditional full bleaching and to those from conventional bleaching by alkaline hydrogen peroxide. Bleached fabrics were studied for photo-yellowing and phototendering following exposure to artificial sunlight. ARS and conventional peroxide bleaching produced the same levels of yellowness after photoexposure. After photoexposure, the loss in strength of the fabrics from the ARS process was substantially less than the loss in strength from conventional peroxide bleaching. In full bleaching-ARS or traditional the reductive step contributed to significant strength loss, which was compensated by the oxidative step. As seen for all-wool, the ARS process for bleaching of cotton/wool or 100% cotton fabrics gave equivalent whiteness and yellowness values to that achieved by conventional bleaching. The bleached 50/50 union cloth with worsted wool warp and cotton weft showed significant strength loss when stressed in the warp direction while a 50/50 intimate yarn-blended fabric and a 100% cotton fabric showed no strength losses. RP CARDAMONE, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS,ERRC,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSN TEXT CHEM COLOR PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0040-490X J9 TEXT CHEM COLOR JI Text. Chem. Color. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 26 IS 6 BP 19 EP 22 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA NR718 UT WOS:A1994NR71800006 ER PT J AU CHOI, HM WELCH, CM AF CHOI, HM WELCH, CM TI SATURATED AND UNSATURATED CARBOXYLIC-ACID SALTS AS CURING ADDITIVES FOR BTCA TREATMENT OF COTTON SO TEXTILE CHEMIST AND COLORIST LA English DT Article DE BTCA; CARBOXYLIC ACID SALTS; CATALYSIS; DURABLE PRESS; FINISHING; FORMALDEHYDE RELEASE ID CROSS-LINKING; PERFORMANCE; CATALYST; AGENTS AB Mono- or disodium salts of fumaric acid, maleic acid and itaconic acid were effective catalysts for the reaction of 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) and cellulose in formaldehyde-free durable press (DP) finishing of cotton. The esterification and crosslinking reactions were accompanied by considerable improvement in both durable press rating and conditioned wrinkle recovery angles (WRA) of the treated fabric. Retention of Stoll flex abrasion resistance during finishing was substantially increased by the use of these catalysts in place of sodium hypophosphite. Sodium salts of saturated carboxylic acids, such as formic, oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric and adipic acids, were also examined. These saturated acid salts were generally more effective than sodium carbonate, but less effective than sodium hypophosphite in enhancing durable press rating and wrinkle recovery angle of the treated fabric. C1 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. RP CHOI, HM (reprint author), KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,DEPT CLOTHING TEXT & INTERIOR DESIGN,MANHATTAN,KS 66506, USA. NR 17 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSN TEXT CHEM COLOR PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0040-490X J9 TEXT CHEM COLOR JI Text. Chem. Color. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 26 IS 6 BP 23 EP 27 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA NR718 UT WOS:A1994NR71800007 ER PT J AU MILLER, WB PERALTA, E ELLIS, DR PERKINS, HH AF MILLER, WB PERALTA, E ELLIS, DR PERKINS, HH TI STICKINESS POTENTIAL OF INDIVIDUAL INSECT HONEYDEW CARBOHYDRATES ON COTTON LINT SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID BEMISIA-TABACI; PHLOEM SAP AB Stickiness of cotton fiber is usually caused by honeydew deposits from phloem-feeding insects, including whiteflies and aphids. This work was conducted to determine if the specific sugars commonly found in insect honeydews have different stickiness properties when applied to cotton lint. Standard sugar solutions were applied to non-sticky cotton lint using a chromatography sprayer and assessed for stickiness using a minicard. The results indicate significant variation in natural stickiness within the sugars commonly found in insect honeydews. Trehalulose, a major component of sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) honeydew, was very sticky, as were turanose, palatinose, and sucrose. Melezitose, raffinose, glucose, and fructose were relatively nonsticky. Oligosaccharide stickiness was not directly related to the oligomer chain length, at least up to DP 3. These results suggest efforts to exploit biological methods to ameliorate honeydew-affected lint should focus on sugar components known to be sticky. C1 USDA,ARS,COTTON QUAL RES STN,CLEMSON,SC 29633. RP MILLER, WB (reprint author), CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT HORT,CLEMSON,SC 29634, USA. NR 18 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 6 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 64 IS 6 BP 344 EP 350 DI 10.1177/004051759406400606 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA NT726 UT WOS:A1994NT72600006 ER PT J AU DEVEY, ME FIDDLER, TA LIU, BH KNAPP, SJ NEALE, DB AF DEVEY, ME FIDDLER, TA LIU, BH KNAPP, SJ NEALE, DB TI AN RFLP LINKAGE MAP FOR LOBLOLLY-PINE BASED ON A 3-GENERATION OUTBRED PEDIGREE SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE RFLP; GENETIC LINKAGE MAPPING; PINUS TAEDA L ID INHERITANCE; GENETICS; LOCI AB A genetic linkage map for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was constructed using segregation data from a three-generation outbred pedigree consisting of four grandparents, two parents, and 95 F-2 progeny. The map was based predominantly on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) loci detected by cDNA probes. Sixty-five cDNA and three genomic DNA probes revealed 90 RFLP loci. Six polymorphic isozyme loci were also scored. One-fourth (24%) of the cDNA probes detected more than 1 segregating locus, an indication that multigene families are common in pines. As many as six alleles were observed at a single segregating locus among grandparents and it was not unusual for the progeny to segregate for three or four alleles per locus. Multipoint linkage analysis placed 73 RFLP and 2 isozyme loci into 20 linkage groups; the remaining 17 RFLP and 4 isozyme loci were unlinked. The mapped RFLP probes provide a new set of codominant markers for genetic analyses in loblolly pine. C1 US FOREST SERV,INST FOREST GENET,PACIFIC SW RES STN,BERKELEY,CA 94701. CSIRO,DIV FORESTRY,CANBERRA,ACT 2600,AUSTRALIA. OREGON HLTH SCI UNIV,SCH MED,PORTLAND,OR 97201. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT FORESTRY,RALEIGH,NC 27695. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. NR 18 TC 78 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 88 IS 3-4 BP 273 EP 278 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA NW976 UT WOS:A1994NW97600001 PM 24186005 ER PT J AU DEVEY, ME GROOVER, AT JERMSTAD, KD NEALE, DB AHUJA, MR AF DEVEY, ME GROOVER, AT JERMSTAD, KD NEALE, DB AHUJA, MR TI MAPPED DNA PROBES FROM LOBLOLLY-PINE CAN BE USED FOR RESTRICTION-FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM MAPPING IN OTHER CONIFERS SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE PINUS TAEDA L; CONIFERS; RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS (RFLPS); GENETIC MAPPING ID GENETIC MAPS; RFLP MAPS; TOMATO; CONSERVATION; POTATO AB A high-density genetic map based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) is being constructed for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). Consequently, a large number of DNA probes from loblolly pine are potentially available for use in other species. We have used some of these DNA probes to detect RFLPs in 12 conifers and an angiosperm. Thirty complementary DNA and two genomic DNA probes from loblolly pine were hybridized to Southern blots containing DNA from five species of Pinus (P. elliottii, P. lambertiana, P. radiata, P. sylvestris, and P. taeda), one species from each of four other genera of Pinaceae (Abies concolor, Larix laricina, Picea abies, and Pseudotsuga menziesii), one species from each of three other families of Coniferales [Sequoia sempervirens (Taxodiaceae), Torreya californica (Taxaceae) and Calocedrus decurrens (Cupressaceae)], and to one angiosperm species (Populus nigra). Results showed that mapped DNA probes from lobolly pine will cross-hybridize to genomic DNA of other species of Pinus and some other genera of the Pinaceae. Only a small proportion of the probes hybridized to genomic DNA from three other families of the Coniferales and the one angiosperm examined. This study demonstrates that mapped DNA probes from loblolly pine can be used to construct RFLP maps for related species, thus enabling the opportunity for comparative genome mapping in conifers. C1 US FOREST SERV, INST FOREST GENET, PACIFIC SW RES STN, PLACERVILLE, CA 95667 USA. NR 12 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0040-5752 EI 1432-2242 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 88 IS 3-4 BP 279 EP 282 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA NW976 UT WOS:A1994NW97600002 ER PT J AU AFANADOR, LK MIKLAS, PN STAVELY, JR KELLY, JD HALEY, SD AF AFANADOR, LK MIKLAS, PN STAVELY, JR KELLY, JD HALEY, SD TI HETEROGENEOUS INBRED POPULATIONS ARE USEFUL AS SOURCES OF NEAR-ISOGENIC LINES FOR RAPD MARKER LOCALIZATION SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE PHASEOLUS VULGARIS L; BEAN RUST RESISTANCE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR); DNA MARKERS; NEAR-ISOGENIC LINES (NILS) ID PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; RUST RESISTANCE; LINKAGE MAP; DISEASE-RESISTANCE; UROMYCES-PHASEOLI; MOLECULAR MARKER; REGISTRATION; IDENTIFICATION; POLYMORPHISMS; PRIMERS AB The development and use of RAPD markers for applications in crop improvement has recently generated considerable interest within the plant breeding community. One potential application of RAPDs is their use for ''tagging'' simply-inherited (monogenic) pest-resistance genes and enabling more efficient identification and selection of genotypes carrying specific combinations of resistance genes. In this report, we propose and describe the use of heterogeneous inbred populations as sources of near-isogenic lines (NILs) for targeting RAPD markers linked to major pest resistance genes. The development of these NILs for RAPD marker analyses involved a sequence of line and mass selection during successive generations of inbreeding. DNA bulks derived from the NILs were used to identify a RAPD marker (designated OK14(620), generated by 5'-CCCGCTACAC-3' decamer) that was tightly linked (2.23 +/- 1.33 centiMorgans) to an important rust [Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger var. appendiculatus] resistance gene (Ur-3) in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The efficiency of this approach was demonstrated by a low rate of false-positives identified, the tightness of the linkage identified, and the ability to detect polymorphism between genomic regions that are representative of the same gene pool of common bean. This method of deriving NILs should find application by researchers interested in utilizing marker-assisted selection for one or more major pest resistance genes. The identification of OK14(620) should help to facilitate continued use of the Ur-3 resistance source and will now enable marker-assisted pyramiding of three different bean rust resistance sources (two previously tagged) to provide effective and stable resistance to this important pathogen. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI, E LANSING, MI 48824 USA. US ARS, TROP AGR RES STN, MAYAGUEZ, PR 00681 USA. US ARS, INST PLANT SCI, MICROBIOL & PLANT PATHOL LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. RI Haley, Scott/C-1228-2013 NR 29 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0040-5752 EI 1432-2242 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 88 IS 3-4 BP 337 EP 342 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA NW976 UT WOS:A1994NW97600012 ER PT J AU HAWK, HW WALL, RJ AF HAWK, HW WALL, RJ TI IMPROVED YIELDS OF BOVINE BLASTOCYSTS FROM IN-VITRO PRODUCED OOCYTES .1. SELECTION OF OOCYTES AND ZYGOTES SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE OOCYTE SELECTION; IVF; ZYGOTE CYTOPLASM; CULTURE; BOVINE ID MATURED INVITRO; MATURATION INVITRO; FOLLICULAR OOCYTES; FERTILIZATION; CELLS AB Three experiments were conducted with 7,901 oocytes (6,152 cleaved zygotes) to identify methods to increase the proportion of oocytes aspirated from ovaries of slaughtered cows that would develop to expanded blastocysts by 9 d after exposure to spermatozoa. In the first experiment, oocytes were matured for 24 h in TCM-199, fertilized, and presumptive zygotes were co-cultured in TCM-199 and granulosa cells. Cleaved zygotes from oocytes classified as good on the basis of quality of investments and cytoplasm developed to expanded blastocysts more frequently than did zygotes from intermediate-marginal oocytes (29% vs 24%; P=0.035). In the second experiment, marginal oocytes were subdivided into those with partially expanded cumulus, coarsely granulated cytoplasm or minimal cumulus (not more than 3 layers of cumulus cells, or zona pellucida partly exposed), matured in Ham's F-10, and co-cultured in Menezo's B2 with buffalo rat liver (BRL) cells. Cleaved zygotes from oocytes with partially expanded cumulus and/or coarsely granulated cytoplasm developed to expanded blastocysts as frequently (47%) as did good/intermediate oocytes (40%), but zygotes from oocytes with minimal cumulus developed less frequently (23%; P<0.001). In the third experiment, oocytes were classified as good or intermediate quality (omitting those with minimal cumulus), and presumptive zygotes of these groups were divided at 15 h after exposure to spermatozoa into those with dense even cytoplasm or thin and uneven cytoplasm. Cleaved zygotes from oocytes of good or intermediate quality developed to expanded blastocysts with similar frequency (49% vs 46%). Presumptive zygotes classified as having even cytoplasm, compared with those with uneven cytoplasm, had higher cleavage rates (87% vs 76%; P<0.001) and a higher frequency of development of cleaved zygotes to expanded blastocysts (53% vs 43%, P<0.001). The greatest gains in selecting oocytes and zygotes with high developmental potential were made by omitting oocytes with minimal cumulus and selecting presumptive zygotes with dense even cytoplasm. RP HAWK, HW (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,GENE EVALUAT & MAPPING LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 15 TC 70 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD JUN PY 1994 VL 41 IS 8 BP 1571 EP 1583 DI 10.1016/0093-691X(94)90822-Z PG 13 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA NP085 UT WOS:A1994NP08500004 ER PT J AU HAWK, HW WALL, RJ AF HAWK, HW WALL, RJ TI IMPROVED YIELDS OF BOVINE BLASTOCYSTS FROM IN-VITRO PRODUCED OOCYTES .2. MEDIA AND COCULTURE CELLS SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE OOCYTE; MATURATION; IVF; ZYGOTE; COCULTURE; BOVINE ID INVITRO MATURATION; FERTILIZED INVITRO; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; MATURED INVITRO; CATTLE EMBRYOS; COCULTURE; SUPPLEMENTATION; SYSTEMS; SERUM AB Three experiments were conducted with 9,472 oocytes, aspirated from ovaries of slaughtered cows (7,318 cleaved zygotes), to compare some media and co-culture cells for in vitro maturation of oocytes and culture of embryos. The endpoint was development to expanded blastocysts at 9.0 d after exposure of matured oocytes to sperm. In the first experiment, oocytes were matured in TCM-199 and co-cultured in TCM-199 or Menezo's B2 (B2), with granulosa or buffalo rat liver (BRL) cells. The type of co-culture cell had no effect on the proportion of oocytes or cleaved zygotes that developed to expanded blastocysts, but 31% of cleaved zygotes developed to expanded blastocysts in B2 compared with 21% in TCM-199 (P<0.001), and embryos developed faster in B2. In the second experiment, oocytes were matured in TCM-199, Ham's F-10 (F-10), or B2, then all were co-cultured in B2 with BRL cells. The proportion of cleaved zygotes that developed to expanded blastocysts was 28%, 40%, and 8% after maturation in TCM-199, F-10, or B2, respectively (P<0.001). In the third experiment, presumptive zygotes were vortexed to remove cumulus at 15 hr after exposure to sperm and classified as having dense even cytoplasm or thin and/or uneven cytoplasm. Then zygotes were co-cultured with BRL or bovine oviduct epithelial (BOE) cells. There was little difference in the proportion of cleaved zygotes that developed to expanded blastocysts after coculture with BRL (51%) or BOE cells (54%), but embryos developed somewhat faster with BOE than with BRL cells. Presumptive zygotes with even cytoplasm, compared to presumptive zygotes with uneven cytoplasm, had higher cleavage rates (85% vs 76%, P<0.001) and higher rates of development of cleaved zygotes to expanded blastocysts (59% vs 44%, P<0.001). In these experiments, the best combination for growing embryos in vitro was F-10 maturation medium, B2 embryo culture medium, and BOE cells for co-culture. RP HAWK, HW (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,GENE EVALUAT & MAPPING LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 28 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD JUN PY 1994 VL 41 IS 8 BP 1585 EP 1594 DI 10.1016/0093-691X(94)90823-2 PG 10 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA NP085 UT WOS:A1994NP08500005 ER PT J AU DIETRICH, CH AF DIETRICH, CH TI SYSTEMATICS OF THE LEAFHOPPER GENUS DRAECULACEPHALA BALL (HOMOPTERA, CICADELLIDAE) SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE CLASSIFICATION; CLADISTICS; PHYLOGENY; CICADELLINAE AB A checklist and synonymy for the 25 species of Draeculacephala is presented and an illustrated key based on discrete morphological characters is provided for species identification. Three new Neotropical species are described and illustrated. Previously unrecognized morphological characters useful for delimiting species and species groups include the number of paleate setae on hind tarsomere I and the distribution of erect setae at the base of the male pygofer. Weighted and unweighted parsimony analyses of morphological characters of the species of Draeculacephala and selected species of the related cicadelline genera Helochara Fitch, Syncharina Young, and Xyphon Hamilton support the status of Draeculacephala as a monophyletic group. Placement of D. floridana Ball, type species of Carneocephala Ball, in Draeculacephala is also supported. Draeculacephala apparently originated in Mexico or the southwestern U.S. and comprises three major lineages that diversified in isolation: 1) D. clypeata Osborn and related Central and South American species; 2) D. crassicornis Van Duzee and related species inhabiting north temperate North America; and 3) the remaining species, which are concentrated in the southeastern U.S. RP DIETRICH, CH (reprint author), NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,USDA ARS,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. RI Dietrich, Christopher/A-9169-2016 OI Dietrich, Christopher/0000-0003-4005-4305 NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ENTOMOL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1900 BENJ FRANKLIN PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-1195 SN 0002-8320 J9 T AM ENTOMOL SOC JI Trans. Am. Entomol. Soc. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 120 IS 2 BP 87 EP 112 PG 26 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA PB673 UT WOS:A1994PB67300001 ER PT J AU LOAHARANU, P MURRELL, D AF LOAHARANU, P MURRELL, D TI A ROLE FOR IRRADIATION IN THE CONTROL OF FOODBORNE PARASITES SO TRENDS IN FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review ID CO-60 IRRADIATION; UNITED-STATES; INFECTIVITY; MIDWEST; FOOD AB Various foodborne parasites cause human illnesses, resulting in medical costs and productivity losses totaling billions of dollars annually. Many of these zoonoses can be effectively controlled by management and inspection strategies, although the practicality and cost effectiveness of these methods for some countries is problematical. Food irradiation offers an alternative control method for the major foodborne parasites, and this review discusses its technical feasibility and potential uses. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP LOAHARANU, P (reprint author), FAO,IAEA,JOINT DIV NUCL TECHNIQUES FOOD & AGR,FOOD PRESERVAT SECT,VIENNA,AUSTRIA. NR 52 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0924-2244 J9 TRENDS FOOD SCI TECH JI Trends Food Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 5 IS 6 BP 190 EP 195 DI 10.1016/0924-2244(94)90104-X PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA NV617 UT WOS:A1994NV61700003 ER PT J AU SEALE, JL THORP, JW CONWAY, JM RUMPLER, WV HABERMAN, KJ AF SEALE, JL THORP, JW CONWAY, JM RUMPLER, WV HABERMAN, KJ TI ENERGY-EXPENDITURE AND FLUID PRODUCTION IN HYPERBARIC HE-O2 ENVIRONMENTS USING DOUBLY LABELED WATER SO UNDERSEA & HYPERBARIC MEDICINE LA English DT Note DE HEAT PRODUCTION; DOUBLY LABELED WATER; CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION; WATER TURNOVER; URINE PRODUCTION; DRY SATURATION DIVE ID CALORIMETRY AB Energy expenditure (EE), carbon dioxide production (rCO2), water turnover (rH2O), and urine production (UP) were measured to determine nutrient requirements of U.S. Navy divers during saturation dives. Parameters were measured in a normal surface environment (n = 10) and in 0.56 MPa (n = 9) and 3.17 MPa (n = 11) helium-oxygen environments. Daily EE, rCO2, and rH2O were measured with the doubly labeled water method for 10-14 days in each environment. Daily UP was determined by 24-h urine collection for 5- to 10-day periods in each environment. Divers consumed a mixed diet composed of 30% calories from fat, 15% protein, and 55% carbohydrate. Both EE and rCO2 increased significantly relative to surface conditions at 0.56 MPa (13 +/- 4% and 11 +/- 4%) and 3.17 MPa (14 +/- 4% and 11 +/- 3%), but there was no difference between dives. Water turnover was not significantly affected by the hyperbaric environment. UP was significantly greater than surface conditions at 0.56 MPa (53 +/- 19%) but not at 3.17 MPa (38 +/- 18%). Increased EE is attributed to thermal stress caused by the helium-oxygen environment. Increased UP may have been caused by decreased evaporative water loss. C1 USN,MED RES INST,DIVING MED LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20889. RP SEALE, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,ENERGY & PROT NUTR LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNDERSEA & HYPERBARIC MEDICAL SOC INC PI KENSINGTON PA 10531 METROPOLITAN AVE, KENSINGTON, MD 20895 SN 1066-2936 J9 UNDERSEA HYPERBAR M JI Undersea Hyperb. Med. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 21 IS 2 BP 199 EP 208 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA NT011 UT WOS:A1994NT01100010 PM 7914783 ER PT J AU REUSS, JO AF REUSS, JO TI APPLICATION OF THE MAGIC MODEL TO THE GLACIER LAKES CATCHMENTS SO USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE ACID PRECIPITATION; CATCHMENT; MAGIC MODEL; STREAM CHEMISTRY AB The MAGIC model (Cosby et al. 1985, 1986) was calibrated for East and West Glacier Lakes, two adjacent high-altitude (3200 m-3700 m) catchments in the Medicine Bow National Forest of southern Wyoming. This model uses catchment characteristics including weathering rates, soil chemical characteristics, hydrological parameters, and precipitation amounts and composition to calculate simulated lake and stream chemistry. The simulations suggest that if precipitation were acidified to pH 4.27 with sulfuric acid, the ANC of the lakes would rapidly drop by about 30 meq/M3 . This rapid drop would be followed by a further slow decline. Assuming precipitation pH of 4.27, only West Glacier Lake dropped to an average annual ANC less than 0 or a pH of less than 5.6 within a 100-year simulation. However, at this level of precipitation acidity, very acid conditions could be expected on a seasonal basis. If the precipitation pH were lowered to 4.5, monthly average ANC values likely would not fall below 0, but shorter-term acid events might well occur. The model could only be calibrated to current soil pH when input parameters allowed for at least 60 meq/ M3 of organic charge in the soil solution and when the aluminum solubility parameter was set for substantial undersaturation with respect to gibbsite. Important soil chemical characteristics can, therefore, be inferred by the use of such a model. RP REUSS, JO (reprint author), ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FT COLLINS,CO, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ROCKY MT FOREST RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION PI FT COLLINS PA 3825 EAST MULBERRY ST, FT COLLINS, CO 80524-8597 SN 0502-5001 J9 USDA FOR SERV RM RES JI USDA For. Serv. Rocky Mt. For. Range Exp Stn. Res. Pap. PD JUN PY 1994 IS RM-315 BP 1 EP & PG 0 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA PE164 UT WOS:A1994PE16400001 ER PT J AU EDWARDS, MB AF EDWARDS, MB TI 10-YEAR EFFECT OF 6 SITE-PREPARATION TREATMENTS ON PIEDMONT LOBLOLLY-PINE SURVIVAL AND GROWTH SO USDA FOREST SERVICE SOUTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE GROWTH RESPONSE; LOBLOLLY PINE GROWTH; PINE SURVIVAL; PINUS-TAEDA; TREATMENT INTENSITY; YIELD AB Limited information is available on growth responses to different levels of intensity for site preparation in the Piedmont. In the present study, six intensities of site preparation were compared for their effect on survival, height and diameter growth, total volume produced, basal area per acre for the first 10 years after treatment Rates of survival and growth were lower for pines in the control plots than for any others. In general, tree performance improved as the intensity of site preparation increased. RP EDWARDS, MB (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SE FOREST EXPT STN,ECOL & GENET SO PINE ECOSYST UNIT,MACON,GA, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU USDA FOR SERV SE FOR EXP STN PI ASHEVILLE PA 200 WEAVER BLVD, ASHEVILLE, NC 28804 SN 0748-1586 J9 USDA FOR SERV SE RES JI USDA For. Serv. Southeast. For. Exp. Stn. Res. Pap. PD JUN PY 1994 IS SE-288 BP 1 EP 11 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA PB227 UT WOS:A1994PB22700001 ER PT J AU HAYWOOD, JD AF HAYWOOD, JD TI SEASONAL AND CUMULATIVE LOBLOLLY-PINE DEVELOPMENT UNDER 2 STAND DENSITY AND FERTILITY LEVELS THROUGH 4 GROWING SEASONS SO USDA FOREST SERVICE SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE INTERMEDIATE HARVESTING; NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION; PINUS-TAEDA L; THINNING AB A loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation was subjected to two cultural treatments to examine seasonal and cumulative pine development in the 9th through 12th growing seasons: (1) pine stocking was either reduced by thinning to 303 trees per acre at a 12- by 12-ft spacing or the plots were left uncut with an original density of 1,210 trees per acre at a 6- by 6-ft spacing, and (2) either no fertilizer was applied or diammonium phosphate was broadcast at 134 lb of phosphorus and 120 lb of nitrogen per acre. Competing vegetation was controlled on all plots. Thinning resulted in less spring height growth in the 9th and 10th growing seasons than not cutting, but thinning increased diameter growth each year. Beginning in the 10th growing season, fertilization increased height, diameter, and basal area per acre growth, with the effect of fertilization on diameter growth being most pronounced on the thinned plots (a thinning by fertilization interaction). Therefore, fertilization of thinned plots was more beneficial than thinning alone, and thinning alone resulted in less height and basal area per acre growth than the other treatment combinations for the 4-year period. RP HAYWOOD, JD (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,ALEXANDRIA FORESTRY CTR,PINEVILLE,LA 71360, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU USDA FOR SERV SO FOR EXP STA PI NEW ORLEANS PA 701 LOYOLA AVE ROOM T-10210, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70113 SN 0502-5265 J9 USDA FOR SERV SO RES JI USDA For. Serv. South. For. Exp. Stn. Res. Pap. PD JUN PY 1994 IS 283 BP U1 EP 6 PG 0 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA PB035 UT WOS:A1994PB03500001 ER PT J AU SAITO, T HORIMOTO, T KAWAOKA, Y SENNE, DA WEBSTER, RG AF SAITO, T HORIMOTO, T KAWAOKA, Y SENNE, DA WEBSTER, RG TI EMERGENCE OF A POTENTIALLY PATHOGENIC H5N2 INFLUENZA-VIRUS IN CHICKENS SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID A-VIRUSES; HEMAGGLUTININ; VIRULENT; CLEAVAGE; GENE; REASSORTMENT; TRANSMISSION; ACTIVATION; STRAINS; PIGS AB Highly pathogenic influenza A viruses periodically infect both humans and nonhuman animals, including chickens. To gain insight into the origin of influenza outbreaks in poultry, we investigated two H5N2 viruses, A/chicken/Pennsylvania/13609/93 (Ck/PA/93) and A/chicken/Florida/25717/93 (Ck/FLA/93), that had been isolated in live-bird markets in Pennsylvania and Florida during surveillance studies in 1993. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA genes of these isolates, as well as H5N2 viruses isolated from ruddy turnstone surfbirds in 1991 (A/ruddy turnstone/Delaware/244/91 [RT/DE/91]) and other known H5 strains, indicated that Ck/PA/93 and Ck/FLA/93 share a common ancestor with RT/DE/91 and did not originate from A/chicken/Pennsylvania/1370/83 (Ck/PA/1370/83), which devastated chicken populations in 1983-1984. Both isolates were nonpathogenic in chickens by experimental infection and their HA protein (HAD) could not be cleaved into HA1 and HA2 without trypsin. The sequences at the HA cleavage sites of Ck/PA/93 and Ck/FLA/93 (R-K-T-R) appear to be intermediate between those of virulent and avirulent viruses, raising the possibility that a single mutation could promote virulence in chickens. We therefore recommend eradication of such viruses as soon as they appear. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 ST JUDE CHILDRENS RES HOSP, DEPT VIROL MOLEC BIOL, MEMPHIS, TN 38101 USA. UNIV TENNESSEE, DEPT PATHOL, MEMPHIS, TN 38163 USA. USDA, APHIS,VS,NATL VET SERV LABS,DIAGNOST VIROL LAB, AVIAN VIRUS, AMES, IA 50010 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-08831, AI-29599, AI-29680] NR 23 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD JUN PY 1994 VL 201 IS 2 BP 277 EP 284 DI 10.1006/viro.1994.1292 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA NL855 UT WOS:A1994NL85500008 PM 8184538 ER PT J AU BERNARD, KA ISRAEL, BA THOMPSON, LH HOMAN, EJ SCHULTZ, KT AF BERNARD, KA ISRAEL, BA THOMPSON, LH HOMAN, EJ SCHULTZ, KT TI VIRULENCE-ASSOCIATED ANTIGENIC AND GENETIC-CHARACTERISTICS OF BLUETONGUE VIRUS-17 ISOLATES SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID OUTER COAT PROTEIN; GENOME SEGMENTS; UNITED-STATES; MORPHOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS; TAXONOMIC GROUP; RABIES VIRUS; NEUTRALIZATION; SEROTYPE; ACID; VP2 AB Bluetongue virus (BLU), an orbivirus, is of importance to the sheep and cattle industries. We have obtained 5 United States BLU-17 isolates which have been tested for virulence in sheep and 16 BLU-17 field isolates from the Caribbean and Central America. Using a panel of 15 monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against an avirulent BLU-17, we observed that 6 MAbs had negligible or very low neutralization titers for the virulent isolates in contrast to moderate to high titers for the avirulent isolates. These MAbs also differentiated the field isolates into two groups - inadequate vs effective neutralization. All 6 MAbs immunoprecipitated the outer capsid protein, VP2. Electropherotyping of genomic RNA from all 21 viruses identified an increase in RNA segment 3 mobility for those isolates which were not neutralized by the 6 specific MAbs. RNA segment 3 codes for the inner core protein, VP3. There were no detectable electrophoretic differences for RNA segment 2, which encodes VP2. In summary, the virulent BLU-17 isolates differed from the avirulent isolates in both the antigenicity of the outer capsid protein, VP2, and the electrophoretic mobility of RNA segment 3, and we hypothesize that one or both of these changes may result in BLU virulence. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,SCH VET MED,DEPT PATHOBIOL SCI,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,INT AGR PROGRAMS,MADISON,WI 53706. USDA ARS,ABADRL,LARAMIE,WI. NR 55 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD JUN PY 1994 VL 201 IS 2 BP 321 EP 329 DI 10.1006/viro.1994.1297 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA NL855 UT WOS:A1994NL85500013 PM 8184541 ER PT J AU BORCA, MV IRUSTA, P CARRILLO, C AFONSO, CL BURRAGE, T ROCK, DL AF BORCA, MV IRUSTA, P CARRILLO, C AFONSO, CL BURRAGE, T ROCK, DL TI AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS STRUCTURAL PROTEIN P72 CONTAINS A CONFORMATIONAL NEUTRALIZING EPITOPE SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Note ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; INFECTED-CELLS; PARTICLES; CULTURE AB We have previously described a monoclonal antibody (mAb 135D4) to an unidentified 70- to 72-kDa African swine fever virus (ASFV) protein that exhibited high levels of neutralizing activity against various virulent AsFV isolates. Here, we identify the reactive ASFV protein as the major virus structural protein p72. in vitro-translated products of the p72 protein gene were specifically immunoprecipitated by mAb 135D4. Immunoprecipitation of a nested set of truncated p72 in vitro translation products defined the region between amino acid residues 400 and 404 as necessary for mAb 135D4 reactivity. Five partially overlapping peptides (15mers) covering residues 388-446 failed to react with mAb 135D4, suggesting the conformational dependence of the epitope. Supporting this interpretation, larger in vitro translation products representing residues 56-282, 159-361, 360-508, and 507-646 also failed to react with mAb 135D4. Consistent with its involvement in virus neutralization, immunoelectromicroscopy, using a rabbit antiserum against mAb 135D4-purified p72, located the protein on the surface of unenveloped virus particles. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 USDA ARS,PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR,GREENPORT,NY 11948. NR 28 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD JUN PY 1994 VL 201 IS 2 BP 413 EP 418 DI 10.1006/viro.1994.1311 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA NL855 UT WOS:A1994NL85500027 PM 7514322 ER PT J AU JENSEN, MJ CHENEY, IW THOMPSON, LH MECHAM, JO WILSON, WC YAMAKAWA, M ROY, P GORMAN, BM AF JENSEN, MJ CHENEY, IW THOMPSON, LH MECHAM, JO WILSON, WC YAMAKAWA, M ROY, P GORMAN, BM TI THE SMALLEST GENE OF THE ORBIVIRUS, EPIZOOTIC HEMORRHAGIC-DISEASE, IS EXPRESSED IN VIRUS-INFECTED CELLS AS 2 PROTEINS AND THE EXPRESSION DIFFERS FROM THAT OF THE COGNATE GENE OF BLUETONGUE VIRUS SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ORBIVIRUS; EPIZOOTIC HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE VIRUS; BLUETONGUE VIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; GENOME SEGMENT 10; NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEINS NS3/NS3A ID NONSTRUCTURAL PROTEIN; GENOME SEGMENTS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; INSECT CELLS; RNA; TRANSCRIPTION; TRANSLATION; SEROTYPE-1; ASSIGNMENT; SEROGROUP AB The smallest gene (S10) of the virus of epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer (EHD, serotype 2) is expressed as two proteins in virus-infected cells. By contrast, the non-structural proteins (NS3 and NS3A) encoded in the smallest gene of bluetongue (BT) viruses are difficult to detect in virus-infected cells. The nucleotide sequence of SIO of EHDV-2 contains two in-frame initiation codons which allow for translation of proteins of mel. wt. 25503 and 23921 analogous to NS3 and NS3A of BT viruses. The SIO genes of BT viruses are highly conserved (82%-99%); the nucleotide sequence similarity of S10 of EHDV-2 and BT viruses is about 64%. Some structural features of NS3 and NS3A are conserved in the two viruses, despite the divergence in the amino acid sequences of the proteins. The hydrophobic domains of the proteins and the putative transmembrane sequences are conserved, as are potential glycosylation sites in the proteins. A cluster of proline residues, which is conserved at residues 36-50 in an of the published sequences of NS3 of BT viruses, is conserved exactly in the alignment of the sequence of NS3 of EHDV-2 with that of the BT viruses. An explanation for the differences in expression of NS3/NS3A in EHD and BT viruses was not evident in comparing the nucleotide sequences of S10 of the viruses. C1 USDA ARS,ARTHROPOD BORNE ANIM DIS RES LAB,LARAMIE,WY 82071. UNIV ALABAMA,SCH PUBL HLTH,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294. NR 40 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 32 IS 3 BP 353 EP 364 DI 10.1016/0168-1702(94)90083-3 PG 12 WC Virology SC Virology GA NP700 UT WOS:A1994NP70000006 PM 8079516 ER PT J AU PADRO, J MASSMAN, WJ DENHARTOG, G NEUMANN, HH AF PADRO, J MASSMAN, WJ DENHARTOG, G NEUMANN, HH TI DRY DEPOSITION VELOCITY OF O3 OVER A VINEYARD OBTAINED FROM MODELS AND OBSERVATIONS - THE 1991 CALIFORNIA OZONE DEPOSITION EXPERIMENT SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article ID DECIDUOUS FOREST; SO2 AB Measurements were made of concentrations and flux densities (using the eddy correlation technique) for O3 over a vineyard for 20 days during July and August 1991. These were compared with modelled dry deposition velocities (V(d)), using (a) a module in.the air quality model known as ADOM (Acid Deposition.and Oxidant Model), which was modified to apply over a specific site, (b) a version of the ADOM module that employs a modified canopy resistance and (c) versions of ADOM which use two new canopy resistance formulations that are referred to as Wesely and Massman, respectively. The Massman parameterization is valid only locally since it was tuned to the site's ozone data. Here it is used as a benchmark for model comparisons. The observed V(d) had an average value of about 0.5 cm s-1 during the day and about 0.2 cm s-1 at night. Compared to the modified ADOM, the new parameterizations yielded results that were in better agreement with the observations at night. During the daytime, the original ADOM and the Wesely estimates were much larger than the observations, the Massman values were slightly smaller, and the modified ADOM showed a better agreement. We speculate that the underestimation of the Massman V(d) values during the day may have been caused by the ADOM aerodynamic resistance rather than the Massman canopy resistance. It is hypothesized that the original ADOM module and its modified version may need a revised aerodynamic or an additional canopy resistance at night in order to bring the estimates closer to the observations. C1 US FOREST SERV, FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA. RP PADRO, J (reprint author), ATMOSPHER ENVIRONM SERV, 4905 DUFFERIN ST, DOWNSVIEW M3H 5T4, ON, CANADA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 EI 1573-2932 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 75 IS 3-4 BP 307 EP 323 DI 10.1007/BF00482943 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA NT308 UT WOS:A1994NT30800007 ER PT J AU RADER, RB RICHARDSON, CJ AF RADER, RB RICHARDSON, CJ TI RESPONSE OF MACROINVERTEBRATES AND SMALL FISH TO NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT IN THE NORTHERN EVERGLADES SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT; EVERGLADES; INVERTEBRATES; FISH AB The northern Everglades (Water Conservation Area 2A) annually receives an excess addition of 60 M tons of phosphorus and 1814 M tons of nitrogen from agricultural run-off. During 1990-91, invertebrates were collected from replicate sweep and core samples at eight sites along the nutrient enrichment gradient in Water Conservation Area 2A (WCA-2A). Species richness, Shannon's diversity, the number of unique species, and the density of invertebrates and small fish were all greater within enriched and intermediately enriched open water habitats than unenriched sloughs. Sorenson's taxonomic similarity index was significantly different between enriched and unenriched areas. Ostracods in particular were 14 times more abundant in the enriched area than at unenriched sites. The freshwater shrimp (Palaemonetes paludosus) was the only common species with lower densities in enriched than unenriched areas. However, the trophic structure or percent composition of grazers, predators, and collector-gatherers and the number of species within taxonomic orders and functional feeding groups was very similar among sites along the nutrient enrichment gradient. Higher invertebrate and small fish diversity and density within enriched sites indicates that nutrient enrichment has not caused direct harmful foodweb effects that may adversely influence higher trophic levels (e.g., wading birds). Assuming, however, that nutrients can cause cattails to overgrow and eliminate sloughs, the centers of biological diversity in the Everglades, then nutrient enrichment may have harmful indirect effects. RP RADER, RB (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT EXPERIMENT STN,222 S,22ND ST,LARAMIE,WY 82070, USA. NR 0 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 15 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD JUN PY 1994 VL 14 IS 2 BP 134 EP 146 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NY191 UT WOS:A1994NY19100007 ER PT J AU GABREY, SW BELANT, JL DOLBEER, RA BERNHARDT, GE AF GABREY, SW BELANT, JL DOLBEER, RA BERNHARDT, GE TI BIRD AND RODENT ABUNDANCE AT YARD-WASTE COMPOST FACILITIES IN NORTHERN OHIO SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE BIRD STRIKES; BIRDS; COMPOST FACILITY; LANDFILL; OHIO; RODENTS ID HERRING-GULLS RP GABREY, SW (reprint author), USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,OHIO FIELD STN,6100 COLUMBUS AVE,SANDUSKY,OH 44870, USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 1994 VL 22 IS 2 BP 288 EP 295 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA NV302 UT WOS:A1994NV30200020 ER PT J AU CONNER, RN JONES, SD JONES, GD AF CONNER, RN JONES, SD JONES, GD TI SNAG CONDITION AND WOODPECKER FORAGING ECOLOGY IN A BOTTOMLAND HARDWOOD FOREST SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; WESTERN OREGON; BEHAVIOR; BIRDS AB We studied woodpecker foraging behavior, snag quality, and surrounding habitat in a bottomland hardwood forest in the Stephen F. Austin Experimental Forest from December 1984 through November 1986. The amount and location of woodpecker foraging excavations indicated that woodpeckers excavated mainly at the well-decayed tops and bases of snags. Woodpeckers preferred to forage on oaks (Quercus spp.) (snags and live trees) whereas blue beech (Carpinus caroliniana) and red maple (Acer rubrum) were used less than expected. Snags used for foraging excavations were generally 3-10 m in height, mainly located in older stands, and lacked bark at excavated foraging sites. In the bottomland habitat, Downy Woodpeckers (Picoides pubescens) foraged on smaller diameter substrates and used more tree species than other woodpecker species. Pileated Woodpeckers (Dryocopus pileatus) foraged either near the ground or in the upper zones of trees. Red-bellied Woodpeckers (Melanerpes carolinus) used a restricted range of tree diameters and locations in trees. Red-headed Woodpeckers (M. erythrocephalus) used the greatest diversity of foraging methods and foraged on the largest range of tree diameters. C1 STEPHEN F AUSTIN STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,NACOGDOCHES,TX 75962. RP CONNER, RN (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,WILDLIFE HABITAT & SILVICULTURE LAB,NACOGDOCHES,TX 75962, USA. NR 38 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 19 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD JUN PY 1994 VL 106 IS 2 BP 242 EP 257 PG 16 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA NT012 UT WOS:A1994NT01200004 ER PT J AU LOPEZMIRANDA, J ORDOVAS, JM ESPINO, A MARIN, C SALAS, J LOPEZSEGURA, F JIMENEZPEREPEREZ, J PEREZJIMENEZ, F AF LOPEZMIRANDA, J ORDOVAS, JM ESPINO, A MARIN, C SALAS, J LOPEZSEGURA, F JIMENEZPEREPEREZ, J PEREZJIMENEZ, F TI INFLUENCE OF MUTATION IN HUMAN APOLIPOPROTEIN A-1 GENE PROMOTER ON PLASMA LDL CHOLESTEROL RESPONSE TO DIETARY-FAT SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID A-I GENE; POLYMORPHISM; REGION; CIII; TRANSCRIPTION; INTERVENTION; ASSOCIATION; CLUSTER; SITES AB The plasma lipid response to changes in dietary fat and cholesterol can vary between individuals. At present, responders cannot be identified in advance. An adenine to guanine (A-->G) mutation in the promoter of the apolipoprotein A1 gene (apoA-1) has been suggested as affecting plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In 50 young men we examined the effect of the same mutation on the responses of both high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol to low-fat diet. The frequency for the A allele was 0.14. Subjects were fed a low-fat diet for 25 days, followed by a diet rich in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA, 22% out of 40% fat) for 28 days and lipoproteins were measured at the end of each diet. There were no differences in initial total cholesterol between subjects with the G/G mutation (170 mg/dL: 100 mg/dL= 2.59 mmol/L)) and the G/A mutation (169 mg/dL) genotypes. After consumption of the high monounsaturated fat diet, significant increases were noted in plasma LDL cholesterol (10 mg/dL, p=0.035) in the G/A subjects but not in the G/G subjects (1 mg/dL, p=0.996). These differences showed that a significant diet-gene interaction (p=0.015) existed. No differences were observed on HDL cholesterol between groups. Plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol responsiveness to diet may be explained by variation at the apoA-1 gene locus. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. HOSP UNIV REINA SOFIA,CORDOBA,SPAIN. OI Perez-Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-7499-7681; Perez Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-9808-1280; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 25 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 2 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAY 21 PY 1994 VL 343 IS 8908 BP 1246 EP 1249 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92149-0 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA NM144 UT WOS:A1994NM14400007 PM 7910273 ER PT J AU PRICE, JC AF PRICE, JC TI BAND SELECTION PROCEDURE FOR MULTISPECTRAL SCANNERS SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID REFLECTANCE SPECTRA; WATER-STRESS AB Advances in high spectral resolution sensors and in data handling capabilities are enabling development of greatly improved remote-sensing devices for resource monitoring, so that design trade-offs are required. A methodology for optimizing selection of spectral bands for multispectral instruments such as those on the LANDSAT series of satellites is described. The method is applied to a collection of laboratory and outdoor spectra of natural and artificial materials. These reflectance spectra represent the visible and near-infrared spectral ranges at high (0.01-mum) spectral resolution. For most natural materials 15-25 spectral bands appear to be sufficient to describe spectral variability, whereas description of minerals and some artificial substances may require double this number of bands. RP PRICE, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 6 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-6935 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD MAY 20 PY 1994 VL 33 IS 15 BP 3281 EP 3828 PG 548 WC Optics SC Optics GA NM308 UT WOS:A1994NM30800020 PM 20885700 ER PT J AU WU, GS KAPER, JM AF WU, GS KAPER, JM TI REQUIREMENT OF 3'-TERMINAL GUANOSINE IN (-)-STRANDED RNA FOR IN-VITRO REPLICATION OF CUCUMBER MOSAIC-VIRUS SATELLITE RNA BY VIRAL RNA-DEPENDENT RNA-POLYMERASE SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Note DE SATELLITE RNA; CUCUMBER MOSAIC VIRUS; RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE; RNA REPLICATION; INTERNAL INITIATION ID NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; INVITRO; GENOME; PROTEIN C1 USDA ARS,INST PLANT SCI,MOLEC PLANT PATHOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,CTR AGR BIOTECHNOL,COLLEGE PARK,MD 20742. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT BOT,COLLEGE PARK,MD 20742. NR 24 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0022-2836 J9 J MOL BIOL JI J. Mol. Biol. PD MAY 20 PY 1994 VL 238 IS 5 BP 655 EP 657 DI 10.1006/jmbi.1994.1326 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA NM612 UT WOS:A1994NM61200003 PM 7514230 ER PT J AU OBIN, M NOWELL, T TAYLOR, A AF OBIN, M NOWELL, T TAYLOR, A TI THE PHOTORECEPTOR G-PROTEIN TRANSDUCIN (G(T)) IS A SUBSTRATE FOR UBIQUITIN-DEPENDENT PROTEOLYSIS SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID ROD OUTER SEGMENTS; 48-KDA PROTEIN; LIGHT; SYSTEM; ATP; PHOSPHODIESTERASE; DEGRADATION; MECHANISMS; RHODOPSIN; MEMBRANES AB Bovine photoreceptor (rod outer segment) proteins were selectively degraded by an ATP- and ubiquitin-dependent mechanism in rabbit reticulocyte lysate and human retinal pigment epithelial cell supernatant. Proteolysis of 37, 40, 58, 68 and approximate to 100 kDa proteins was accompanied by the formation of high mass (>150 kDa) species (putative ubiquitin-protein conjugates. To identity degraded substrates, the photoreceptor GTP-binding protein, transducin (G(t alpha beta gamma)), was purified by GTP elution. Degradation of transducin (greater than or equal to 50% loss of each subunit) by retinal pigment epithelial cell supernatant was ubiquitin-dependent (EC(50)=1.2 mu M). Formation of high mass transducin species was coincident with degradation. These data identify a selective proteolytic mechanism that may regulate the photoreceptor GTP-binding protein. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. FU PHS HHS [8566] NR 36 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD MAY 16 PY 1994 VL 200 IS 3 BP 1169 EP 1176 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1994.1574 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA NL388 UT WOS:A1994NL38800001 PM 8185564 ER PT J AU SANQUER, S GILCHREST, BA AF SANQUER, S GILCHREST, BA TI CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN CELLULAR RETINOIC ACID-BINDING PROTEIN-I AND PROTEIN-II - LIGAND-BINDING AFFINITIES AND DISTRIBUTION IN SKIN SO ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CULTURED HUMAN KERATINOCYTES; CHICK LIMB BUD; CRABP-II; GENE-EXPRESSION; VITAMIN-A; TERMINAL DIFFERENTIATION; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; NUCLEAR RECEPTOR; EPIDERMAL-CELLS; KINASE ACTIVITY AB Cellular retinoic acid-binding proteins (CRABPs) are a family of proteins that specifically bind retinoic acid (RA) and have been implicated in mediating its action, although their exact function is still unknown. Two CRABPs have been identified and cloned. CRABP-I is present in many tissues and cultured cells; and CRABP-II, first detected in embryonic and neonatal skin of rats and chicks, is now recognized as the predominant form in human epidermis. Previous studies of CRABP protein expression and function could not distinguish between the two forms and perhaps for that reason have yielded conflicting results, particularly with regard to RA-binding affinity in human tissues. In the present study, we have used the FLAG technology to generate recombinant CRABP-II and developed an anion-exchange HPLC assay in order to allow an accurate discrimination of the two proteins. CRABP-II eluted first with a retention time of 6 min, and CRABP-I with a retention time of 14 min. Both CRABP-II and CRABP-I were found to be expressed in human skin, CRABP-II by fibroblasts and keratinocytes and CRABP-I by as yet unidentified cells. This divergent origin supports the hypothesis that CRABP-II and CRABP-I differentially mediate RA effects. Binding studies demonstrated that CRABP-I and CRABP-II possess two classes of RA-binding sites: one class of high-affinity binding sites with a constant of dissociation (K-d) Of 1.5 nM for CRABP-I and 4.7 nM for CRABP-II and one class of low-affinity binding sites with a K-d of 69 nM for CRABP-I and 101 nM for CRABP-II. These data further elucidate the complex regulation of retinoid effects in human skin. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT DERMATOL,BOSTON,MA 02118. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 72 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0003-9861 J9 ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Arch. Biochem. Biophys. PD MAY 15 PY 1994 VL 311 IS 1 BP 86 EP 94 DI 10.1006/abbi.1994.1212 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA NL760 UT WOS:A1994NL76000012 PM 8185324 ER PT J AU JOHNSTON, LA DONOGHUE, AM IGO, W SIMMONS, LG WILDT, DE RIEFFENBERGER, J AF JOHNSTON, LA DONOGHUE, AM IGO, W SIMMONS, LG WILDT, DE RIEFFENBERGER, J TI OOCYTE RECOVERY AND MATURATION IN THE AMERICAN BLACK BEAR (URSUS-AMERICANUS) - A MODEL FOR ENDANGERED URSIDS SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PANDA AILUROPODA-MELANOLEUCA; MEIOTIC MATURATION; DEVELOPMENTAL CAPACITY; FOLLICULAR OOCYTES; OVARIAN OOCYTES; MOUSE OOCYTES; PIG OOCYTES; INVITRO; CONFIGURATIONS; PROGESTERONE AB A study was conducted to determine if meiotic maturation could be induced in ovarian oocytes of the American black bear (Ursus americanus), a model for gamete ''rescue'' techniques for endangered ursids. Ovaries obtained from 48 black bears yielded 2,403 oocytes (51.1 +/- 4.9/female), of which 777 (32.3%) were morphologically classified as excellent quality. More total oocytes were recovered from donors that were anestrous compared to luteal/pregnant (P < 0.05) at the time of ovarian excision. Delaying the recovery of oocytes from antral follicles within excised ovaries from 12-24 hr to 25-36 hr had no effect (P > 0.05) on the overall number of high quality oocytes recovered or subsequent maturational ability. The highest incidence of metaphase Il was reached between 48 and 60 hr of in vitro incubation. Donor status (anestrous vs. luteal/pregnant) had no influence on the oocyte maturation rate by 24 or 48 hr, but by 60 hr, more (P < 0.05) oocytes recovered from anestrous females (43.9%) had achieved metaphase II compared to luteal/pregnant counterparts (23.1%). In preliminary trials involving endangered ursids, 54 ovarian oocytes were recovered from three aged sun bears (Helarctos malayanus), of which 72.2% were excellent quality and 15.4% matured in vitro to metaphase II. Similarly, 119 antral oocytes were recovered from two aged sloth bears (Melursus ursinus), of which 41.2% were excellent and 17.5% matured in vitro. These results demonstrate that: (1) ursid oocytes undergo nuclear maturation in vitro; (2) reproductive status of the donor influences the total number and maturational ability of recovered oocytes; and (3) preliminary observations suggest the American black bear to be a useful model for developing oocyte rescue techniques for related but endangered species. (C) 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 SMITHSONIAN INST,NATL ZOOL PK,WASHINGTON,DC 20008. W VIRGINIA DEPT NAT RESOURCES,ELKINS,WV 26241. USDA ARS,GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP JOHNSTON, LA (reprint author), OMAHAS HENRY DOORLY ZOO,3701 S 10TH ST,OMAHA,NE 68107, USA. NR 38 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 4 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0022-104X J9 J EXP ZOOL JI J. Exp. Zool. PD MAY 15 PY 1994 VL 269 IS 1 BP 53 EP 61 DI 10.1002/jez.1402690107 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA NL326 UT WOS:A1994NL32600006 PM 8207381 ER PT J AU ZARLENGA, DS AF ZARLENGA, DS TI ADVANCES IN PARASITE CONTROL THROUGH BIOTECHNOLOGY SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Biotechnology: The Next Revolution in Veterinary Medicine, at the 130th Annual Meeting of the American-Veterinary-Medical-Association CY JUL 17-23, 1993 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MN SP AMER VET MED ASSOC ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; TICK BOOPHILUS-MICROPLUS; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; DNA-SEQUENCES; HAEMONCHUS-CONTORTUS; ONCHOCERCA-VOLVULUS; RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN; RESISTANCE; CLONING; CATTLE RP ZARLENGA, DS (reprint author), USDA,BIOSYST PARSITOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 40 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 15 PY 1994 VL 204 IS 10 BP 1616 EP 1621 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA NK474 UT WOS:A1994NK47400019 PM 8050941 ER PT J AU HAMMOND, RW AF HAMMOND, RW TI AGROBACTERIUM-MEDIATED INOCULATION OF PSTVD CDNAS ONTO TOMATO REVEALS THE BIOLOGICAL EFFECT OF APPARENTLY LETHAL MUTATIONS SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUBER VIROID CDNA; TI PLASMID; VIRUS MOVEMENT; APICAL STUNT; SPINDLE; REPLICATION; INFECTIVITY; PLANTS; TUMEFACIENS; MUTAGENESIS AB Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) mutants which contain alterations in the terminal loops of the rod-like native structure have previously been reported from our laboratory. PSTVd-P contains mutations at positions 2, 4, and 6 in the left terminal loop; PSTVd-R+, a sequence permutation of PSTVd-R, contains the same mutations at positions 177 and 178 in the right terminal loop as PSTVd-R and contains in addition a 1-nucleotide G insertion at position 176. PSTVd-P, PSTVd-R, and PSTV-R+ were noninfectious when either cDNA or SP6-generated RNA transcripts were used as inoculum onto tomato cotyledons. In the current study, mutant and wild-type PSTVd constructs were mobilized into Agrobacterium tumefaciens and used for stem inoculation of tomato plants. Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation of the mutant and wild-type constructs has confirmed the inability of the PSTVd-P mutant to establish an infection. The PSTV-R+ mutant and/or sequence variants derived in vivo can establish an infection, although PSTVd-R+ progeny and replicative intermediates appear to be primarily restricted to the gall and root tissues of the plant and only occasionally are progeny detectable in the newly developing leaves. The reduced level of viroid accumulation from the PSTVd-R+ mutant appears to be consistent with the mutant viroid replicating/accumulating only in a limited number of cells or cell types. The mutations in the right terminal loop may alter interactions with specific host components and thereby disrupt the normal pattern of intercellular transport of the viroid or limit its replication to a cell type but not abolish replication per se. (C) 1994 Academic Press, RP HAMMOND, RW (reprint author), US ARS,BARC W,INST PLANT SCI,MOLEC PLANT PATHOL LAB,ROOM 252,B-011A,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 46 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD MAY 15 PY 1994 VL 201 IS 1 BP 36 EP 45 DI 10.1006/viro.1994.1263 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA NK296 UT WOS:A1994NK29600005 PM 7513926 ER PT J AU WEILAND, JJ EDWARDS, MC AF WEILAND, JJ EDWARDS, MC TI EVIDENCE THAT THE ALPHA-A GENE OF BARLEY STRIPE MOSAIC-VIRUS ENCODES DETERMINANTS OF PATHOGENICITY TO OAT (AVENA-SATIVA) SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHLOROTIC MOTTLE VIRUS; TO-CELL MOVEMENT; SYSTEMIC MOVEMENT; RNA REPLICATION; SEQUENCE; PROTEINS; CDNA; MUTAGENESIS; RESISTANT; INVITRO AB Complementary DNA clones from which infectious RNA can be transcribed were used to map the genetic determinants for oat (Avena sativa L.) pathogenicity of barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV). Pseudorecombinant analysis of BSMV strains ND18 (nonpathogenic to oat) and CV42 (pathogenic to oat) indicated that the ability to systemically infect oat mapped to RNA alpha. A homologous recombinant of ND18 (18 alpha TKTKIN), possessing nucleotides 2218 to 2454 from CV42 RNA alpha, induced symptoms on oat similar to those generated by wild-type CV42. Six amino acids encoded by the alpha a gene differ between ND18 (PQSQTK) and CV42 (TKTKIN) in this region. Fine structure recombinants that encoded subsets of the six amino acid changes either were slow in their infection phonotype (18 alpha TKTK and 18 alpha TQSQIN) relative to recombinant 18 alpha TKTKIN or were not infectious (18 alpha KTKIN and 18 alpha KTK) to inoculated oat plants. Neither coat protein antigen nor viral RNA was detected in inoculated plants that did not display symptoms. All recombinants infected isolated oat protoplasts, however, as determined by Northern and Western blots of extracts from inoculated oat protoplasts. The accumulation of viral genomic RNAs in protoplasts among the recombinants tested was similar, except for that of recombinant 18 alpha TKTK which was reduced by 30%. The data support an earlier suggestion (Y. Zheng, and M. C. Edwards, 1990, J. Gen. Virol. 71, 1865-1868) that resistance of oat to BSMV strain ND18 is due to restricted virus movement in planta and provide evidence that the cua protein itself may be involved in the movement of BSMV in the infected plant. (C) 1994 Academic Press, Inc. C1 USDA ARS,NO CROP SCI LAB,FARGO,ND 58105. NR 30 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD MAY 15 PY 1994 VL 201 IS 1 BP 116 EP 126 DI 10.1006/viro.1994.1271 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA NK296 UT WOS:A1994NK29600013 PM 8178475 ER PT J AU QUILLIN, DT YIN, MP KOUTSKY, JA CAULFIELD, DF AF QUILLIN, DT YIN, MP KOUTSKY, JA CAULFIELD, DF TI CRYSTALLINITY IN THE POLYPROPYLENE CELLULOSE SYSTEM .2. CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FIBER-REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; COMPOSITES AB Nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry data for neat polypropylene and polypropylene with variously treated cellulose fillers has been used to solve for the Avrami exponent, n. Results show neat polypropylene to have an Avrami exponent value very close to the theoretically expected value of 4.0. The addition of untreated cellulose fiber to polypropylene, which has been shown to produce a transcrystalline region, results in an exponent value of 2.7-2.9 for the initiation stage, followed by a value of 3.9 for the bulk stage. Treatment of the cellulose with alkyl ketene dimer, alkenyl succinic anhydride, or stearic acid results in intermediate exponent values from 2.7 to 3.9. These results verify the effectiveness of surface treatments in reducing the natural nucleating ability of cellulose. Sample mixing and filler content were also shown to play a role in the crystallization process. (C) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT CHEM ENGN,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,MAT SCI PROGRAM,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 17 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD MAY 2 PY 1994 VL 52 IS 5 BP 605 EP 615 DI 10.1002/app.1994.070520504 PG 11 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA NG573 UT WOS:A1994NG57300004 ER PT J AU EBEWELE, RO RIVER, BH MYERS, GE AF EBEWELE, RO RIVER, BH MYERS, GE TI BEHAVIOR OF AMINE-MODIFIED UREA FORMALDEHYDE-BONDED WOOD JOINTS AT LOW FORMALDEHYDE UREA MOLAR RATIOS SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PHYSICAL ASPECTS; ADHESIVES; RESINS; PARTICLEBOARD AB Urea-formaldehyde-bonded wood products are limited to interior nonstructural applications because of their poor durability under cyclic moisture or humid environments. The stability of solid-wood joints and particle boards can be enhanced by bonding with urea-formaldehyde adhesives modified with di- and trifunctional amines at an effective resin formaldehyde-to-urea mol ratio (F/U) of 1.6; however, particleboard formaldehyde emissions were not improved over those from boards made with unmodified adhesives and were unacceptably high. The relative effectiveness of selected modifications was investigated at resin formaldehyde-to-urea (F/U) molar ratios of 1.4 and 1.2. Solid-wood joints and particleboards made with modified adhesives, an unmodified adhesive, and a phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin were subjected to cyclic soak-dry (cyclic stress) treatments and moist-heat aging. Formaldehyde emissions from particleboards were also determined. At F/U 1.4, the resistance of solid-wood joints made with modified adhesives to cyclic stress and moist-heat aging was equal to that of PF-bonded joints and superior to that of joints bonded with unmodified adhesive. The resistance of particleboards made with modified adhesives was greater than that of boards made with unmodified adhesive but less than that of PF-bonded board. Solid-wood joints and particleboards made with F/U 1.4 resins performed better than did those made with F/U 1.2 resins- Particleboards made with F/U 1.2 resins had formaldehyde emissions well below the standard, and room temperature aging or bonding at high temperature reduced emissions substantially. (C) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.* C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 18 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD MAY 2 PY 1994 VL 52 IS 5 BP 689 EP 700 DI 10.1002/app.1994.070520510 PG 12 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA NG573 UT WOS:A1994NG57300010 ER PT J AU KUNZ, SE BULL, D CAMPBELL, J GLADNEY, B RINER, J ROUSH, R WRIGHT, R AF KUNZ, SE BULL, D CAMPBELL, J GLADNEY, B RINER, J ROUSH, R WRIGHT, R TI STRATEGIES AND TACTICS FOR PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF HORN FLY RESISTANCE SO AGRI-PRACTICE LA English DT Article AB The development and use of ear tags containing pesticides in the mid-1970s led to the control of horn flies throughout most of the United States. In the last decade, however, evidence has shown that horn flies have developed a high resistance to pyrethroids. This situation represents the first potential loss of a major pesticide group to resistance in the large animal health area in the United States. Specific treatment options are presented, and ways of increasing producer education and awareness of horn fly resistance and control are discussed. RP KUNZ, SE (reprint author), USDA ARS,KNIPLING BUSHLAND US LIVESTOCK INSECTS,RES LAB,SO PLAINS AREA,2700 FREDERICKSBURG RD,KERRVILLE,TX 78028, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU VETERINARY PRACTICE PUBL CO PI SANTA BARBARA PA 7 ASHLEY AVE SOUTH, SANTA BARBARA, CA 93103-9989 SN 0745-452X J9 AGRI-PRACTICE JI Agri-Pract. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 15 IS 5 BP 24 EP 28 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Veterinary Sciences GA NN317 UT WOS:A1994NN31700006 ER PT J AU MCGAUGHEY, WH AF MCGAUGHEY, WH TI PROBLEMS OF INSECT RESISTANCE TO BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Bacillus Thuringiensis CY SEP 24-26, 1991 CL CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA ID BRUSH-BORDER MEMBRANE; DIAMONDBACK MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; ENGINEERED PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS; DELTA-ENDOTOXIN; PREDICTING DURABILITY; PLUTELLA-XYLOSTELLA; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; MANAGING RESISTANCE; SIMULATION-MODELS; INDIANMEAL MOTH AB Insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been a recognised problem for only about 6 years. It now seriously threatens both conventional and gene transfer uses for this environmentally safe biological insecticide. Since 1985, the potential for resistance has been demonstrated in at least five insect species, and high levels of resistance among field populations have been reported in one species. In two moth species, Plodia interpunctella and Plutella xylostella, the potential for resistance is widespread among diverse populations and laboratory studies suggest that it can progress to high levels within only a few generations. The mechanism of resistance in these species involves a change in binding affinity of the insects' midgut membrane that is specific for the particular toxin type used in selecting the resistant population. Recognition of the inevitability of Bt resistance in insects has led to increased research on deployment strategies that might delay or prevent its evolution. Although resistance to Bt toxins expressed in genetically engineered plants has not been reported yet, it is imperative that resistance management tactics be developed before resistance reduces the pest control value of Bt. Currently, the focus of strategies for managing resistance is on techniques that minimise selection pressure, such as providing untreated refuges, and on the use of multiple toxins in various mixture, mosaic, rotational, or sequential patterns. Experimental data are needed to support the value of these approaches in different pest and cropping systems. RP MCGAUGHEY, WH (reprint author), USDA ARS,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,1515 COLL AVE,MANHATTAN,KS 66502, USA. NR 43 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 49 IS 1 BP 95 EP 102 DI 10.1016/0167-8809(94)90027-2 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NZ671 UT WOS:A1994NZ67100015 ER PT J AU MILLER, RF SVEJCAR, TJ ROSE, JA MCINNIS, ML AF MILLER, RF SVEJCAR, TJ ROSE, JA MCINNIS, ML TI PLANT DEVELOPMENT, WATER RELATIONS, AND CARBON ALLOCATION OF HEART-PODDED HOARY CRESS SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Attempts to control the noxious weed heart-podded hoary cress [Cardaria draba (L.) Desv.] in the Pacific Northwest have been relatively ineffective, and this species has expanded its distribution from irrigated hayland onto adjacent semiarid rangelands. The objective of this study was to define the seasonal pattern of development and biological activity of heart-podded hoary cress growing on semiarid rangeland. The study was conducted in the field over a 2-yr period on a terrace site that has deep Cumulic Haploxeroll soil and an adjacent upland site that has a shallow Lithic Argixeroll soil. Soil water content, phenology, xylem pressure potential and leaf conductance were measured at both sites. Above-and belowground biomass and spring C allocation pattern, determined by labeling plants with C-13, were measured at the terrace location. Regardless of location, no heart-podded hoary cress seedlings were found; all shoots developed from rhizome buds. The majority (76%) of heart-podded hoary cress biomass was located belowground. Although drought occurred earlier on the upland than the terrace site, phenology was similar on the two sites. Carbon was translocated to belowground tissues within 1 h of labeling and reached peak accumulation within 24 h. The greatest C-13 enrichment of roots and rhizomes occurred during the flowering stage. The peak in belowground C allocation occurred at a stage when leaf conductance was declining rapidly. The short period of maximum C allocation to belowground tissue, the large proportion of belowground tissue, and the wide variation of phenology among plants at a given time may account for the difficulty in chemically controlling this species. C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN OREGON AGR RES CTR,BURNS,OR 97720. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT RANGELAND RESOURCES,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP MILLER, RF (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT RANGELAND RESOURCES,BURNS,OR 97720, USA. NR 21 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 86 IS 3 BP 487 EP 491 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NU494 UT WOS:A1994NU49400005 ER PT J AU HEITHOLT, JJ AF HEITHOLT, JJ TI SUPPLEMENTAL BORON, BELL RETENTION PERCENTAGE, OVARY CARBOHYDRATES, AND LINT YIELD IN MODERN COTTON GENOTYPES SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FOLIAR ANALYSIS; TOXICITY AB Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is sometimes grown on soils with low B concentration. However, most of the literature regarding the effects of supplemental B on cotton was obtained from obsolete, low-yielding genotypes rather than modern, high-yielding genotypes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of soil- and foliar-applied B on leaf blade B concentration, bell retention, and lint yield of modern cotton genotypes. In 1991, three genotypes (DES 119, DES 24-8 ne normal leaf, and DES 24-8 ne okra leaf) and in 1992, two genotypes (Deltapine 20 and Deltapine 5415) of cotton were grown in the field on a Beulah fine sandy loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Dystrochrepts) having 0.11 mg kg(-1) hot water extractable B concentration. Treatments included preplant soil and foliar (first flower to end of bloom) B (78% Na2B8O13.4H(2)O, 20% Na2B4O7.5H(2)O) applications for seasonal totals of 0, 0.89, or 1.78 (1992 only) kg B ha(-1). The lowest rate of foliar-applied B increased leaf blade B concentration from 25 to 70 mg kg(-1) in 1991 and from 54 to 108 mg kg(-1) in 1992. In 1992, the highest rate of foliar B applications resulted in a leaf blade concentration of 154 mg B kg(-1). Soil-applied B did not alter leaf blade B concentration in 1991, but slightly increased leaf blade B concentration in 1992 from 54 to 71 mg kg(-1). Soil B concentrations were higher during the midseason than the preplant period, suggesting that preplant soil B analysis may not accurately foreshadow soil B supply during the season. Soil B or foliar B applications did not affect bell retention percentage, flower number, or lint yield in either year. Supplemental B did not affect bell distribution in 1991, but in 1992, foliar B applications increased the percentage of fruit on monopodial branches. In both years, supplemental B did not greatly affect fiber properties with the exception that supplemental B increased fiber micronaire reading of Deltapine 20 in 1992. The results suggest that modern cultivars may not always need supplemental B when soil B concentration is moderately low. RP HEITHOLT, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,POB 345,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 86 IS 3 BP 492 EP 497 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NU494 UT WOS:A1994NU49400006 ER PT J AU KARNEZOS, TP MATCHES, AG BROWN, CP AF KARNEZOS, TP MATCHES, AG BROWN, CP TI SPRING LAMB PRODUCTION ON ALFALFA, SAINFOIN, AND WHEATGRASS PASTURES SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID REGROWTH CHARACTERISTICS; SHEEP; DIGESTIBILITY; YIELD; CELLULASE; MIXTURES; LUCERNE; LEGUME AB Lamb (Ovis aries) weight gains from wheatgrass-sainfoin (Agropyron and Thinopyron spp.-Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) mixtures suggest that grazing sainfoin monocultures offers advantages over mixtures. Our objective was to determine levels of spring lamb production from irrigated 'Renumex' sainfoin, 'Cimmaron' alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), 'Luna' pubescent wheatgrass [T. intermedium subsp. barbulatum (Schur) Barkw. and D.R. Dewey], and pubescent wheatgrass-sainfoin pastures. Replicated pastures grown on a fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll were rotationally stocked (herbage dry matter [DM] allowance of 6.5% of body wt. d(-1)) by weaned Rambouillet x Suffolk wether lambs for an average of 88 d in spring of 1991 and 1992. Across Sears, cumulative weight gain (CWG) ranged between 7.9 kg lamb(-1) for wheatgrass and 16.4 kg lamb(-1) for alfalfa. In 1991 (avg. 16.1 kg lamb(-1)) and 1992 (avg. 12.3 kg lamb(-1)) CWG for alfalfa and sainfoin was similar. Lamb production per hectare (PROD) was greatest for legumes (808 kg lamb ha(-1)) and least for wheatgrass (533 kg lamb ha(-1)). Including sainfoin with wheatgrass increased PROD by 23% over wheatgrass, whereas sainfoin alone increased PROD by 25% over the mixture. Intake of sainfoin herbage (1.5 kg DM lamb-unit(-1) d(-1)) was 29% greater than of alfalfa, wheatgrass, or wheatgrass-sainfoin (1.2 kg DM lamb-unit(-1) d(-1), where 1 lamb-unit is a 35-kg lamb). Herbage crude protein concentrations (pregrazing) were highest for alfalfa (253 g kg(-1)) and lowest for wheatgrass (159 g kg(-1)). Sainfoin had the lowest organic matter digestibility (641 g kg(-1)), which did not reflect the high CWG or PROD obtained. Alfalfa or sainfoin offer greater opportunities for spring lamb production than wheatgrass or wheatgrass-sainfoin pastures. C1 TEXAS TECH UNIV,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,LUBBOCK,TX 79409. RP KARNEZOS, TP (reprint author), USDA ARS,106 SALEM DR,ITHACA,NY 14850, USA. NR 27 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 86 IS 3 BP 497 EP 502 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NU494 UT WOS:A1994NU49400007 ER PT J AU BILBRO, JD FRYREAR, DW AF BILBRO, JD FRYREAR, DW TI WIND EROSION LOSSES AS RELATED TO PLANT SILHOUETTE AND SOIL COVER SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Wind erosion adversely affects soils, plants, animals, equipment, the environment, and people. Wind erosion can be minimized or prevented by either standing residue or fiat residue cover. Our objective was to develop mathematical relationships between these two crop residue prop erties and soil toss ratio (SLR: soil loss from protected soil/soil loss from flat, bare soil), for more accurate predictions of wind erosion son losses. Therefore, from a previously reported wind tunnel study (wind tunnel 1.1. m high, 0.51 m wide, and 5 m long) we took data for velocities ranging from 9.4 to 16.1 m s(-1) and silhouette areas (5) of upright wood dowels (simulating plant stems) ranging from 31 to 813 cm(2) m(-2) of soil surface (washed sand <0.42 mm) and developed the following equation for standing residue and SLR(5): SLR(delta) = exp(-28.49 x S-0.6413/V-2.423) (r(2) = 0.95), where 5 = stalk height (cm) x stalk diameter (cm) x stalk density (no. m(-2) and V = wind velocity in m s(-1) at a height of 0.61 m. We combined data from a second previously reported wind tunnel (0.9 m high, 0.6 m wide, and 7 m long) study in which the soil had been covered from 0.0 to 80.0% with wood dowels, artificial clods, or cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) gin trash with data from field studies published by other researchers for various soil types and soil coverages ranging from S to 95% with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) residue or gravel, and developed the following equation for soil cover and SLR(c): SLR(c) = exp(-0.04380 x psc) (r(2) = 0.94), where pse is the percent of the soil that is covered by nonerodible material (e.g., soil aggregates, rocks, plant material). These equations should be useful to researchers developing and evaluating wind erosion models, prediction systems, and wind erosion control practices. RP BILBRO, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROPPING SYST RES LAB,POB 909,BIG SPRING,TX 79721, USA. NR 12 TC 70 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 86 IS 3 BP 550 EP 553 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NU494 UT WOS:A1994NU49400016 ER PT J AU KINIRY, JR AF KINIRY, JR TI RADIATION-USE EFFICIENCY AND GRAIN-YIELD OF MAIZE COMPETING WITH JOHNSONGRASS SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOLAR-RADIATION; CROP GROWTH; MODEL AB Accurate simulation of the impact of weeds on crops requires adequate quantification of weed effects on crop biomass and on the partitioning of crop biomass into grain. The first objective of this study was to determine whether radiation-use efficiency (RUE) values of maize (Zea mays L.) and johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.] grown in monoculture could be applied to these species grows in mixed plantings. The second objective was to investigate how maize yield and harvest index (HI) respond to johnsongrass competition. Monoculture plots of maize and johnsongrass and plots with the two species competing were established on Houston black clay (fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Udic Pellustert) in the held at Temple, TX, in 1991 and 1992. Sequential measurements of light interception (IPAR) and of biomass were used to calculate values for RUE prior to anthesis. Yield and HI of maize were measured after physiological maturity. Johnsongrass reduced grain yield of maize by 5% in 1991 and by 33 to 49% in 1992. The greater competition in the second year also reduced maize HI from 0.55 in the first year to 0.43 in the second. Values of RUE of maize and johnsongrass growing together were similar to weighted means of monoculture RUE values. The weights were the relative fraction of each species in the mixture. The measured values of maize-johnsongrass mixtures differed from weighted means by 3 to 11% in both years. RP KINIRY, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,808 E BLACKLAND RD,TEMPLE,TX 76502, USA. NR 13 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 86 IS 3 BP 554 EP 557 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NU494 UT WOS:A1994NU49400017 ER PT J AU ACOCK, MC DAUGHTRY, CST BEINHART, G HIRSCHMANN, E ACOCK, B AF ACOCK, MC DAUGHTRY, CST BEINHART, G HIRSCHMANN, E ACOCK, B TI ESTIMATING LEAF MASS FROM LIGHT INTERCEPTION MEASUREMENTS ON ISOLATED PLANTS OF ERYTHROXYLUM SPECIES SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WEIGHT RELATIONSHIPS; CANOPIES AB To determine the extent of coca (Eryfhroxylum spp.) production in the world, some method for estimating yield (leaf mass) in a variety of habitats is required. A computer model that simulates the growth of coca plants has the versatitity for making these estimates, but there must be some reliable method to validate the model. The objective of this research was to validate the use of measurements of light interception and specific leaf area (SLA, m(2) kg(-1)) for estimating yield. Leaf area was calculated from light interception measurements made on plants grown as hedgerow or as isolated plants, then converted to leaf mass using measurements of SLA. Light interception was measured with the Decagon Sunfleck Ceptometer (SC) and the LI-COR Plant Canopy Analyzer (PCA). Leaf disks of known area from Erythroxylum coca var. coca and Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense were cut, dried, and weighed to determine SLA values. Leaf fresh weights were measured and corrected to dry weight using the fresh to dry weight ratio obtained from a sample at harvest. Estimated leaf mass regressed on observed leaf mass demonstrated that PCA was superior to SC in estimating leaf mass on isolated plants of various sizes using the techniques described in this paper. Leaf area was consistently underestimated by the SC. The estimates of leaf mass from the PCA gave the lower mean, absolute mean, and root mean square error terms compared with SC, and the slope of the regression line of observed leaf mass vs. predicted leaf mass was closest to a value of 1.0. C1 USDA ARS,BA,NRI,TROP PLANTS RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,BA,NRI,SYST RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP ACOCK, MC (reprint author), USDA ARS,BA,NRI,REMOTE SENSING RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 86 IS 3 BP 570 EP 574 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NU494 UT WOS:A1994NU49400020 ER PT J AU JALALIFARAHANI, HR SLACK, DC KOPEC, DM MATTHIAS, AD BROWN, PW AF JALALIFARAHANI, HR SLACK, DC KOPEC, DM MATTHIAS, AD BROWN, PW TI EVALUATION OF RESISTANCES FOR BERMUDAGRASS TURF CROP WATER-STRESS INDEX MODELS SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CANOPY TEMPERATURE; EVAPORATION; WHEAT AB Evaluation of the Penman-Monteith-based crop water stress index (CWSI), as a potential indicator of turf irrigation timing, requires reliable estimates of potential (minimum) canopy resistance, r(cp), and aerodynamic resistance, r(a). This paper compares various methods of estimating r(cp) and r(a) for evaluation of water stress of bermudagrass turfgrass (Cynodon dactylon cv. Midiron) in the desert Southwest of the USA. First, two empirical CWSI models were developed using field data collected from well-watered and severely water-stressed turf plots during the 1986 growing season in Tucson, AZ. Second, the regression constants in the empirical lower Limits of CWSI (canopy temperature minus air temperature, T-c - T-a, of nonwater-stressed turf) and the parameters associated with similar terms (net radiation and vapor pressure deficit) in the Penman-Monteith equation were equated, thus solving for r(cp) and r(a). This yielded mean r(cp) and r(a) values of 79 and 13 s m(-1), respectively. Using these estimates, the predicted lower limits of T-c T-a from the Penman-Monteith equation were in good agreement with values measured over well-watered turf. However, the predicted T-c - T-a for severely water-stressed turf agreed very poorly with the measured values. The use of the log-law equation yielded independent estimates of r(a) generally greater than 45 s m(-1) and resulted in erroneous estimates of T-c - T-a by the Penman-Monteith equation. Using a crop-based method and data from the turf plots, estimates of the resistances were made in which constant r(cp) and r(a) values of 62.5 and 20 s m(-1), respectively, were found. The crop-based method was found to be not only simple to use, but also performed satisfactorily in predicting T-c T-a. A well-defined curvilinear relationship between estimates of midday canopy resistance (r(c)) and CWSI was determined for a wide range of turf water stress, implying that these two estimates nearly equally reflect the state of turf water stress. Our findings also suggest threshold midday CWSI and r(c) values for short bermudagrass turf of 0.16 and 125 s m(-1), respectively, to indicate the need for irrigation. C1 UNIV ARIZONA, DEPT AGR & BIOSYST ENGN, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA. USDA ARS, GREAT PLAINS SYST RES UNIT, FT COLLINS, CO 80522 USA. UNIV ARIZONA, DEPT PLANT SCI, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA. UNIV ARIZONA, DEPT SOIL & WATER SCI, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 86 IS 3 BP 574 EP 581 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NU494 UT WOS:A1994NU49400021 ER PT J AU AYERS, GS WIDRLECHNER, MP AF AYERS, GS WIDRLECHNER, MP TI THE GENUS AGASTACHE AS BEE FORAGE - A HISTORICAL-PERSPECTIVE SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article RP AYERS, GS (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,USDA ARS,N CENT REG PLANT INTRODUCT STN,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 134 IS 5 BP 341 EP 348 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NJ578 UT WOS:A1994NJ57800026 ER PT J AU HUANG, KS AF HUANG, KS TI A FURTHER LOOK AT FLEXIBILITIES AND ELASTICITIES SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE ELASTICITIES; FLEXIBILITIES; ORDINARY AND INVERSE DEMAND SYSTEMS ID STATES COMPOSITE FOODS; INVERSE DEMAND SYSTEM AB Relationships between price elasticities and price flexibilities are examined, with emphasis on comparing sizes of difference between a directly estimated demand matrix and an inverted demand matrix. Results show that by using inverted elasticities to represent flexibilities or vice versa, sizable measurement errors may be committed. In agricultural policy and program analysis, a directly estimated demand matrix should be used. RP HUANG, KS (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 76 IS 2 BP 313 EP 317 DI 10.2307/1243633 PG 5 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA NK018 UT WOS:A1994NK01800015 ER PT J AU MEYER, SE KITCHEN, SG AF MEYER, SE KITCHEN, SG TI LIFE-HISTORY VARIATION IN BLUE FLAX (LINUM PERENNE, LINACEAE) - SEED-GERMINATION PHENOLOGY SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article ID HABITAT-CORRELATED VARIATION; DORMANCY AB Linum perenne L. is a nonclonal perennial herb widely distributed across a range of habitats. Variation in seed germination patterns was examined for 21 Intermountain collections and for the commercial cultivar 'Appar'. Collections from sites with long, snowy winters were largely dormant at harvest and responded positively to chilling. Collections from middle elevation sagebrush-grassland sites were generally nondormant and contained a fraction induced into secondary dormancy by chilling. Collections from palouse prairie and pinyon-juniper sites were generally nondormant and unaffected by chilling, as was 'Appar'. When seeds of contrasting populations were planted in seed retrieval experiments at low, middle, and high elevation sites, their Geld germination phenology was predictable from laboratory experiments. In common garden experiments, there were significant among-sibship differences in germination for each garden-grown wild accession but not for 'Appar', suggesting that differences both among and within populations may be genetically based. Garden-grown seeds were generally less dormant than wild-collected seeds, possibly because of selection during propagation. Results demonstrated the existence of ecologically relevant among-population and within-population variation in germination phenology for blue flax. Seeds of high-montane populations are spring-emerging and have little provision for between-year carryover. Populations from lower elevation habitats with less predictable weather have seeds with contrasting germination patterns, allowing for emergence in both fall and spring as well as for seed bank carryover. 'Appar' seeds lack these predictive and carryover mechanisms. RP MEYER, SE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,SHRUB SCI LAB,735 N 500 E,PROVO,UT 84606, USA. NR 17 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 5 U2 8 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 81 IS 5 BP 528 EP 535 DI 10.2307/2445726 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NM601 UT WOS:A1994NM60100002 ER PT J AU MILLER, JW NADEAU, MR SMITH, D SELHUB, J AF MILLER, JW NADEAU, MR SMITH, D SELHUB, J TI VITAMIN-B-6 DEFICIENCY VS FOLATE-DEFICIENCY - COMPARISON OF RESPONSES TO METHIONINE LOADING IN RATS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE METHIONINE LOADING; HOMOCYSTEINE; FOLATE; VITAMIN-B-6; S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ENDOTHELIAL-CELL INJURY; LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; CONTAINING AMINO-ACIDS; METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE; S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE; PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE; METHYLMALONIC ACIDURIA; VASCULAR-DISEASE; RISK FACTOR AB The plasma homocysteine response to methionine loading was assessed in vitamin B-6- and folate-deficient rats. Rats fed vitamin B-6-or folate-deficient diets for 4 wk were administered a gastric gavage of methionine (100 mg/kg body wt). Subsequent plasma analyses revealed a peak post-methionine load increase in plasma homocysteine concentration of > 300 mu mol/L in the vitamin B-6-deficient rats. Folate-deficient rats exhibited no significant changes in plasma homocysteine after the load. These disparate responses can be explained by the observed increase in hepatic S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) concentration because of the load. In vitamin B-6 deficiency, increased SAM inhibits homocysteine remethylation, which, in conjunction with the impaired homocysteine catabolism due to the deficiency and the increased synthesis of homocysteine due to the methionine load, leads to a large elevation of homocysteine in the blood. In folate deficiency, increased SAM activates homecysteine catabolism, which compensates for the increased synthesis of homocysteine due to the load and thus no change in blood homocysteine is observed. These results have significant bearing on the interpretation of both positive and negative responses to methionine loading in humans. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,VITAMIN BIOAVAILABIL LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 57 TC 144 Z9 145 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 59 IS 5 BP 1033 EP 1039 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA NJ050 UT WOS:A1994NJ05000014 PM 8172087 ER PT J AU RUSSELL, RM SUTER, PM AF RUSSELL, RM SUTER, PM TI VITAMIN-B-12 AND ELDERLY PEOPLE - REPLY SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Letter ID ATROPHIC GASTRITIS C1 UNIV ZURICH HOSP,MED POLIKLIN,DEPT MED,CH-8091 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND. RP RUSSELL, RM (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 59 IS 5 BP 1094 EP 1095 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA NJ050 UT WOS:A1994NJ05000026 ER PT J AU DWYER, JT AF DWYER, JT TI VEGETARIAN EATING PATTERNS - SCIENCE, VALUES, AND FOOD CHOICES - WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE VEGETARIAN; VALUES; NUTRITION; MALNUTRITION; SCIENCE; BIOTECHNOLOGY ID BREAST-CANCER; MACROBIOTIC DIETS; FAT; RISK; WOMEN; NUTRITION; INFANTS; HEALTH; EXCRETION; COLON AB Many aspects of vegetarian diets are currently of interest from a health standpoint. It is becoming increasingly important to recognize that bath values and scientific issues come into play in evaluating data on diet and nutrition. C1 TUFTS UNIV, SCH MED, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. TUFTS UNIV, SCH NUTR, BOSTON, MA USA. TUFTS UNIV, USDA, HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. RP DWYER, JT (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR, FRANCES STERN NUTR CTR, BOX 783, 750 WASHINGTON ST, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. NR 86 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0002-9165 EI 1938-3207 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 59 IS 5 SU S BP 1255S EP 1262S PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA NK656 UT WOS:A1994NK65600025 ER PT J AU PARSONSON, IM LUEDKE, AJ BARBER, TL WALTON, TE AF PARSONSON, IM LUEDKE, AJ BARBER, TL WALTON, TE TI BLUETONGUE VIRUS-INFECTION IN PREGNANT EWES SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID INDUCED CONGENITAL ENCEPHALOPATHIES; OVERWINTERING MECHANISM; VACCINE VIRUS; SHEEP AB Inoculation of 53 ewes after 35, 45, 60, or 80 days of gestation with bluetongue virus serotypes 10, 11, 13, or 17, or with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotypes 1 or 2, resulted in overt clinical disease in the 47 ewes inoculated with bluetongue virus but not in the 6 ewes inoculated with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. None of the lambs produced by these ewes had developmental defects or any evidence of persistence of viremia. RP PARSONSON, IM (reprint author), US ARS,ABADRL,POB 3965,UNIV STN,LARAMIE,WY 82071, USA. NR 27 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 55 IS 5 BP 666 EP 669 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA NH317 UT WOS:A1994NH31700013 PM 8067615 ER PT J AU BELKNAP, WR CORSINI, D PAVEK, JJ SNYDER, GW ROCKHOLD, DR VAYDA, ME AF BELKNAP, WR CORSINI, D PAVEK, JJ SNYDER, GW ROCKHOLD, DR VAYDA, ME TI FIELD PERFORMANCE OF TRANSGENIC RUSSET BURBANK AND LEMHI RUSSET POTATOES SO AMERICAN POTATO JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE TUBER QUALITY; YIELD; AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS; CECROPIN; BETA-GLUCURONIDASE ID TUBER PROTEIN GENE; BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; HIGHER-PLANTS; T-DNA; EXPRESSION; TRANSFORMATION; TRANSCRIPTION; VARIABILITY; REGION; SYSTEM AB Transformed Russet Burbank and Lemhi Russet clones which contained three different transgene constructs were evaluated for performance under field conditions in Idaho. The transgenic lines were characterized over two growing seasons, using plants grown from both greenhouse produced mini-tubers (first year) and field grown seed (second year). Individual clones were evaluated for a variety of agronomic and quality properties. Many of the transformed clones showed reduced yield and increases in percent malformed and undersized tubers. Other characteristics, such as specific gravity and fry color, showed less variability. The variation observed in non-transgenic clones regenerated from tissue culture was less than that of the transformed lines. Out of an original population of 57 transgenic lines in tissue culture, maintenance of key agronomic and quality properties of the parental material was observed in only four clones. These results suggest that experiments designed to generate transgenic lines for the marketplace should be initiated with a large number of transgenic clones. C1 UNIV IDAHO,USDA ARS,CTR RES & EXTENS,MOSCOW,ID 83843. UNIV MAINE,DEPT BIOCHEM MICROBIOL & MOLEC BIOL,ORONO,ME 04469. RP BELKNAP, WR (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. RI Belknap, William/B-4500-2009 NR 28 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU POTATO ASSN AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE 114 DEERING HALL, ORONO, ME 04469 SN 0003-0589 J9 AM POTATO J JI Am. Potato J. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 71 IS 5 BP 285 EP 296 DI 10.1007/BF02849055 PG 12 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NM169 UT WOS:A1994NM16900001 ER PT J AU SPOONER, DM BAMBERG, JB AF SPOONER, DM BAMBERG, JB TI POTATO GENETIC-RESOURCES - SOURCES OF RESISTANCE AND SYSTEMATICS SO AMERICAN POTATO JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ENDOSPERM BALANCE NUMBER; VERTICILLIUM-DAHLIAE; BEETLE COLEOPTERA; SOLANUM-CHACOENSE; SOMATIC HYBRIDS; WILD GERMPLASM; UNITED-STATES; TUBEROSUM; CHRYSOMELIDAE; POPULATIONS AB The major potato of commerce, Solanum tuberosum L., is the fourth most important food crop in the world after rice, wheat and corn. Fortunately, the potato has many primitive cultivars and wild species relatives useful to reduce our reliance on chemical controls. These include resistances against diseases, pests, and traits for useful agronomic characters such as yield, specific gravity, chipping qualities, and suppression of enzymatic browning. This paper summarizes some of these qualities, and provides an overview of germplasm availability and taxonomy of the wild species. The major potato of commerce, Solanum tuberosum L., is the fourth most important food crop in the world after rice, wheat and maize. It is grown in more countries than any other crop but maize, and forms the staple crop of many societies. Over 280 million metric tons were grown worldwide in 1989, with Eastern Europe growing 46%, Asia 22%, Western Europe 17%, North America 7%, Latin America 5%, and Africa 3% (2). It is the leading vegetable crop in acreage and farm value in the United States, with 1.2 million acres planted in 1991, with a value of sales almost two and one-half billion dollars (53). Solanum tuberosum is one species of a group of seven cultivated and 216 additional tuber-bearing, and nine non-tuber-bearing wild relatives, all classified by Hawkes (41) in the genus Solanum, section Petota Dumort The purposes of this paper are threefold: 1) to provide examples of the proven and potential utility of wild and cultivated landrace members of sect. Petota for reducing our reliance on chemical controls for many pests and diseases that affect commercial cultivars, 2) to provide an overview of the status of germplasm availability of these species, and 3) to highlight the benefits for continuing germplasm collections and systematic studies of the group. C1 USDA ARS,VEGETABLE CROPS RES UNIT,NATL RES SUPPORT PROGRAM 6,STURGEON BAY,WI 54235. RP SPOONER, DM (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,USDA ARS,DEPT HORT,VEGETABLE CROPS RES UNIT,1575 LINDEN DR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 88 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 4 PU POTATO ASSN AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE 114 DEERING HALL, ORONO, ME 04469 SN 0003-0589 J9 AM POTATO J JI Am. Potato J. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 71 IS 5 BP 325 EP 337 DI 10.1007/BF02849059 PG 13 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NM169 UT WOS:A1994NM16900004 ER PT J AU VERRILL, S AF VERRILL, S TI STATISTICAL VALUES, QUALITY, AND CERTIFICATION - INVITED COMMENT SO AMERICAN STATISTICIAN LA English DT Note RP VERRILL, S (reprint author), USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 SN 0003-1305 J9 AM STAT JI Am. Stat. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 48 IS 2 BP 78 EP 79 DI 10.2307/2684250 PG 2 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA NU499 UT WOS:A1994NU49900011 ER PT J AU ROGERS, CE MARTI, OG AF ROGERS, CE MARTI, OG TI POPULATION-STRUCTURE AND TRANSFER SUCCESS OF NOCTUIDONEMA-GUYANENSE (NEMATODA, APHELENCHOIDIDAE) ON MOTHS OF SPODOPTERA-FRUGIPERDA (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODES; NOCTUIDAE; FALL ARMYWORM ID FALL ARMYWORM LEPIDOPTERA; ECTOPARASITIC NEMATODE; TEMPERATURE; AMERICA AB Age distribution, population dispersion, and transfer success of Noctuidonema guyanense Remillet and Silvain on adults of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) were studied in the laboratory. The nematode population was composed of 77% juveniles (J), 68% of which were J3-J4s. Among adult nematodes, 60% were females. The dispersion of N. guyanense on feral male moths varied from fairly uniform among abdominal segments to clumped on segments 8-10. Transfer success of N. guyanense among mating hosts averaged 2.8% for juveniles and 7.2% for adults on hosts mating a mean of 98 min. On moths mating an average of 415 min, the transfer of nematodes from infested male moths to female moths averaged 19.4% for juveniles and 18.5% for adults. RP ROGERS, CE (reprint author), USDA ARS,INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 87 IS 3 BP 327 EP 330 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NN193 UT WOS:A1994NN19300008 ER PT J AU ABERNATHY, RL TEAL, PEA TUMLINSON, JH AF ABERNATHY, RL TEAL, PEA TUMLINSON, JH TI AGE AND CROWDING AFFECTS THE AMOUNT OF SEX-PHEROMONE AND THE OVIPOSITION RATES OF VIRGIN AND MATED FEMALES OF HELICOVERPA-ZEA (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE PHEROMONE SUPPRESSION; OVIPOSITION; AGING ID CORN-EARWORM MOTH; HELIOTHIS-ZEA; BEHAVIOR; HORMONE; TITER AB The quantity of sex pheromone and the egg-deposition rate was recorded for mated and virgin adult females of Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) for 2 wk following eclosion. When a female was mated, the amount of pheromone in the pheromone gland decreased and remained low. The rate of oviposition increased the day after mating, peaked 2 d following mating, and then gradually declined. This inverse correlation between pheromone quantity and oviposition rate also was seen in aging virgin females. The amount of sex pheromone present in the glands of virgin females decreased during the 1st wk after eclosion and then increased during the 2nd wk to about half the amount found in 1-d-old females. Egg deposition by virgin females held singly increased steadily during adult life. The number of eggs laid when 2, 5, or 10 females were combined into one cage was the same, but these groups of females laid 3.5 times more eggs on average per female than single females. C1 USDA ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011 NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 87 IS 3 BP 350 EP 354 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NN193 UT WOS:A1994NN19300012 ER PT J AU NARANJO, SE AF NARANJO, SE TI FLIGHT ORIENTATION OF DIABROTICA-VIRGIFERA-VIRGIFERA AND D-BARBERI (COLEOPTERA, CHRYSOMELIDAE) AT HABITAT INTERFACES SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE CORN ROOTWORM; NONRANDOM MOVEMENT; SHORT-RANGE FLIGHT ORIENTATION ID CORN-ROOTWORM COLEOPTERA; HOST PLANT PHENOLOGY; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; SPECIES COLEOPTERA; BEETLES COLEOPTERA; ADULT WESTERN; NORTHERN; MOVEMENT; ATTRACTANTS; OVIPOSITION AB The short-range flight orientation behavior of adult western corn rootworms, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, and adult northern com rootworms, D. barberi (Smith & Lawrence), was observed within plots of corn, Zea mays L. and soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., and at the interface between corn and other crop and noncrop habitats. The direction of flight was random within corn and soybeans, but at the interface between early- and late-planted corn, beetles of both species generally oriented more toward flowering corn than vegetative or post-flowering corn. Beetles also oriented toward corn rather than soybean, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam.) mixed with weeds, independent of the developmental stage of the corn. In general, flight orientation behavior did not differ with sex, and flight direction was not modified by wind or the presence of the observer. It appears that, although movement within a homogeneous habitat is random, movement at the boundaries of dissimilar habitats is nonrandom. This behavior should be considered in the development of models for predicting large-scale dispersal of these insects within the corn ecosystem. C1 USDA ARS,NO GRAIN INSECTS RES LAB,BROOKINGS,SD 57006. NR 38 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 87 IS 3 BP 383 EP 394 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NN193 UT WOS:A1994NN19300016 ER PT J AU KINKLE, BK SADOWSKY, MJ JOHNSTONE, K KOSKINEN, WC AF KINKLE, BK SADOWSKY, MJ JOHNSTONE, K KOSKINEN, WC TI TELLURIUM AND SELENIUM RESISTANCE IN RHIZOBIA AND ITS POTENTIAL USE FOR DIRECT ISOLATION OF RHIZOBIUM-MELILOTI FROM SOIL SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Note ID BRADYRHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM; LEGUMINOSARUM; MICROORGANISMS; REDUCTION; BACTERIA; METALS AB Forty-eight Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium strains were screened for resistance to tellurite, selenite, and selenate. High levels of resistance to the metals were observed only in Rhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium fredii strains; the MICs were 2 to 8 mM for Te(IV), >200 mM for Se(VI), and 50 to 100 mM for Se(TV). Incorporation of Se and Te into growth media permitted us to directly isolate R. meliloti strains from soil. Mutant strains of rhizobia having decreased levels of Se and Te resistance were constructed by Tn5 mutagenesis and were found to have transposon insertions in DNA fragments of different sizes. Genomic DNAs from Te-r rhizobium strains failed to hybridize with Te-r determinants from plasmids RP4, pHH1508a, and pMER610. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL SCI,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT MICROBIOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. USDA ARS,SOIL & WATER MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT BIOL SCI,CINCINNATI,OH 45221. RI Sadowsky, Michael/J-2507-2016 OI Sadowsky, Michael/0000-0001-8779-2781 NR 28 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 60 IS 5 BP 1674 EP 1677 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA NJ577 UT WOS:A1994NJ57700042 PM 16349263 ER PT J AU DESJARDINS, AE PLATTNER, RD NELSON, PE AF DESJARDINS, AE PLATTNER, RD NELSON, PE TI FUMONISIN PRODUCTION AND OTHER TRAITS OF FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME STRAINS FROM MAIZE IN NORTHEAST MEXICO SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Note ID FUJIKUROI MATING POPULATION; GIBBERELLA-FUJIKUROI; SECTION LISEOLA; CORN; MYCOTOXINS; AREAS AB Strains of Fusarium moniliforme from maize seed collected in four fields in northeast Mexico were tested for fumonisin production in culture, for sexual compatibility, and for vegetative compatibility by using non-nitrate-utilizing mutants. The test results indicate that a diverse population of fumonisin-producing strains off. moniliforme (Gibberella fujikuroi) mating population A predominates and that a potential exists for production of fumonisins in Mexican maize. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,FUSARIUM RES CTR,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,UNIV PK,PA 16802. RP DESJARDINS, AE (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 21 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 60 IS 5 BP 1695 EP 1697 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA NJ577 UT WOS:A1994NJ57700049 PM 8017951 ER PT J AU WHITTAKER, G AF WHITTAKER, G TI THE RELATION OF FARM SIZE AND GOVERNMENT PROGRAM BENEFITS - AN APPLICATION OF DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS TO POLICY EVALUATION SO APPLIED ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID COMPLEX SURVEY DATA; EFFICIENCY AB Data envelopment analysis is used to establish comparisons of maximum profit without and with participation in government programmes. A measure of a farm's ability to survive, returns on equity, is used to measure the benefit received from participation in government programmes. Density functions are estimated with kernel density estimation using bootstrap samples, and weighted regressions are used to test the equality of mean benefits between different size groups. The results indicate that almost all farms that could be considered of commercial size receive the same benefit from participation in government programmes. RP WHITTAKER, G (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,1301 NEW YORK AVE NW,RM 937,WASHINGTON,DC 20005, USA. NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU ROUTLEDGE PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4P 4EE SN 0003-6846 J9 APPL ECON JI Appl. Econ. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 26 IS 5 BP 469 EP 478 DI 10.1080/00036849400000016 PG 10 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA NM340 UT WOS:A1994NM34000007 ER PT J AU SPENCER, D ANDERSON, L KSANDER, G KLAINE, S BAILEY, F AF SPENCER, D ANDERSON, L KSANDER, G KLAINE, S BAILEY, F TI VEGETATIVE PROPAGULE PRODUCTION AND ALLOCATION OF CARBON AND NITROGEN BY MONOECIOUS HYDRILLA-VERTICILLATA (LF) ROYLE GROWN AT 2 PHOTOPERIODS SO AQUATIC BOTANY LA English DT Article ID AXILLARY TURIONS; SOUTH FLORIDA; PHOSPHORUS; RESPONSES AB Plants of Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle were grown under two photoperiods (11 or 15 h) in a greenhouse. Under the 11 h photoperiod, Hydrilla produced geotropic shoots after 34 days, tubers were first observed at 48 days, and turions after 76 days. During this study, Hydrilla plants grown under the 11 h photoperiod produced 317 tubers, and those grown under the 15 h photoperiod produced two tubers. C and N were directed from other plant structures, especially shoots and roots, into newly formed tubers and turions. C was allocated to new tubers at a rate that was about 43 times that for N. After 12 weeks, about 15 times more C and N were allocated to tuber production than to turion production. Nutrient use efficiency for N increased significantly in both photoperiods. N use efficiency was not a good indicator of the onset of tuber or turion production. RP SPENCER, D (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,USDA ARS,AQUAT WED LAB,PLANT BIOL SECT,ROBBINS HALL,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. RI Klaine, Stephen/C-5352-2011 NR 26 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3770 J9 AQUAT BOT JI Aquat. Bot. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 48 IS 2 BP 121 EP 132 DI 10.1016/0304-3770(94)90079-5 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA PB128 UT WOS:A1994PB12800003 ER PT J AU YOUNG, AL AF YOUNG, AL TI THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD SO BIO-TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter RP YOUNG, AL (reprint author), USDA,OFF AGR BIOTECHNOL,ROOM 1001,ROSSLYN PLAZA E,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING CO PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 SN 0733-222X J9 BIO-TECHNOL JI Bio-Technology PD MAY PY 1994 VL 12 IS 5 BP 432 EP 432 DI 10.1038/nbt0594-432a PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA NJ863 UT WOS:A1994NJ86300002 ER PT J AU PRIEM, B MORVAN, H GROSS, KC AF PRIEM, B MORVAN, H GROSS, KC TI UNCONJUGATED N-GLYCANS AS A NEW CLASS OF PLANT OLIGOSACCHARINS SO BIOCHEMICAL SOCIETY TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 649th Meeting of the Biochemical-Society CY DEC 19-21, 1993 CL IMPERIAL COLL LONDON, LONDON, ENGLAND SP BIOCHEM SOC HO IMPERIAL COLL LONDON ID LINKED OLIGOSACCHARIDES; OLIGOMANNOSIDE TYPE; CELL SUSPENSION; TOMATO FRUIT; PURIFICATION; SUPPRESSORS; UNIT C1 UNIV LIMOGES,BIOL CELLULAIRE VEGETALE & VALORISAT ESPECES LIGN,F-87060 LIMOGES,FRANCE. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP PRIEM, B (reprint author), UNIV GRENOBLE 1,CTR RECH MACROMOLEC VEGETALES,CNRS,BP 53X,F-38041 GRENOBLE,FRANCE. NR 21 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU PORTLAND PRESS PI LONDON PA 59 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON, ENGLAND W1N 3AJ SN 0300-5127 J9 BIOCHEM SOC T JI Biochem. Soc. Trans. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 22 IS 2 BP 398 EP 402 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA NQ955 UT WOS:A1994NQ95500031 PM 7958333 ER PT J AU BAKST, MR AF BAKST, MR TI FATE OF FLUORESCENT STAINED SPERM FOLLOWING INSEMINATION - NEW LIGHT ON OVIDUCAL SPERM TRANSPORT AND STORAGE IN THE TURKEY SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID ARTIFICIAL-INSEMINATION; DOMESTIC-FOWL; AVIAN OVIDUCT; SPERMATOZOA; OVIPOSITION; FERTILITY; GLANDS; HENS; TIME AB A novel approach was used to evaluate the distribution of sperm in the oviduct of turkey hens inseminated before or after the onset of egg production. Prior to insemination, sperm were stained with the nuclear fluorescent stain bisbenzimide. Sperm distribution in the sperm storage tubules (SST) of the uterovaginal junction and the infundibular tubular glands was determined by use of simultaneous differential interference contrast and fluorescence microscopy. In hens inseminated and examined prior to the onset of egg production, 94% of the SST contained sperm (21% were filled). In contrast, in hens inseminated initially before the onset of egg production and examined after the onset of lay, only 73% of the SST contained sperm (5% were filled); and in hens inseminated initially after the onset of lay and then examined, 78% of the SST contained sperm (4% were filled). Sperm were sparsely distributed in the infundibular tubular glands. Therefore, lower percentages of filled SST were associated with the onset of egg production, an indication that the sperm storage capacity of the SST is diminished with the onset and continuation of egg production. Physical events associated with the daily ovulatory cycle, such as rotation of the egg mass during shell formation, may both displace sperm residing in the SST and diminish the efficacy of sperm entry into the SST. C1 USDA ARS,GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 21 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1603 MONROE ST, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 SN 0006-3363 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 50 IS 5 BP 987 EP 992 DI 10.1095/biolreprod50.5.987 PG 6 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA NG368 UT WOS:A1994NG36800002 PM 8025178 ER PT J AU DOWD, MK REILLY, PJ FRENCH, AD AF DOWD, MK REILLY, PJ FRENCH, AD TI RELAXED-RESIDUE CONFORMATIONAL MAPPING OF THE 3 LINKAGE BONDS OF ISOMALTOSE AND GENTIOBIOSE WITH MM3(92) SO BIOPOLYMERS LA English DT Article ID MM3 FORCE-FIELD; POTENTIAL-ENERGY SURFACES; CARBON COUPLING-CONSTANTS; X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; TRIMETHYLSILYL DISACCHARIDES; MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; PREFERRED ROTAMERS; COMBINED ELECTRON AB Isoenergy surfaces were calculated for the alpha- and beta-anomers of isomaltose and gentiobiose, based on 46,656 conformers for each disaccharide. Low-energy regions exist for each of the three staggered positions about the C-5'-C-6' bonds, and known crystal structures lie in two of these regions. As expected, the molecular partition function showed greater flexibility for these three-bond-linked disaccharides than for comparable two-bond-linked structures. A model miniature crystal of gentiobiose accounts for most of the remaining structural differences between the modeled isolated molecule and the crystal structure. Based on models of isolated molecules of isomaltose and gentiobiose, the predicted Boltzmann-weighted nmr coupling constants were satisfactory, as were predicted optical rotations for gentiobiose. (C) 1994 John Wiley and Sons, Inc. C1 USDA, SO REG RES CTR, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70179 USA. RP DOWD, MK (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL, DEPT CHEM ENGN, AMES, IA 50011 USA. NR 66 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0006-3525 EI 1097-0282 J9 BIOPOLYMERS JI Biopolymers PD MAY PY 1994 VL 34 IS 5 BP 625 EP 638 DI 10.1002/bip.360340505 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA NG921 UT WOS:A1994NG92100004 PM 8003622 ER PT J AU MCFADDEN, MW PARKER, JK AF MCFADDEN, MW PARKER, JK TI HUMAN-VALUES AND BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY - ARE WE WASTING OUR TIME SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB The issue of biodiversity is examined from the viewpoint of human values and three questions are posed: What kinds of human values affect biological diversity? Why do humans think about the loss and conservation of biological diversity? Does it really matter? The conclusion is that human values are contributing to the loss of biological diversity and could lead to massive extinctions in the future just as major natural events did in the past. However, as it did in the past, evolution will continue, so will speciation, and so will biological diversity. C1 ORISKANY INST,BROOMALL,PA 19008. RP MCFADDEN, MW (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,RADNOR,PA 19087, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA ON K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 126 IS 3 BP 471 EP 474 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA PC456 UT WOS:A1994PC45600003 ER PT J AU SMITH, LG HAKE, S AF SMITH, LG HAKE, S TI MOLECULAR-GENETIC APPROACHES TO LEAF DEVELOPMENT - KNOTTED AND BEYOND SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Review DE LEAF DEVELOPMENT; MOLECULAR GENETICS; KNOTTED ID MAIZE HOMEOBOX GENE; NICOTIANA-SYLVESTRIS; LEAVES; PLANTS; DIFFERENTIATION; MUTANT; INITIATION; MUTATION; CELLS; FATES AB Molecular genetics provides a promising alternative to other experimental approaches for furthering our understanding of the mechanisms controlling leaf development. We investigated the molecular basis of dominant Knotted (Kn1) mutations in maize, which cause cells associated with the lateral veins of the leaf blade to acquire characteristics of sheath or auricle and sporadically form outgrowths called knots. The kn1 gene encodes a homeodomain, a DNA-binding domain shared by many transcription factors that regulate developmental processes in animals and fungi. In normal plants, the expression of kn1 is confined to the shoot apex, but in Kn1 mutants, the gene is also expressed ectopically in the veins of developing leaves, apparently causing cells to change their developmental fates. The kn1 gene may function in the shoot apex of normal plants to promote indeterminate growth. Consistent with this hypothesis, when kn1 is expressed constitutively at high levels in the leaves of transgenic tobacco, shoots are formed on the leaf surface. Thus, our results indicate that while the kn1 gene may normally have no function in leaf development, it can alter the development of maize and tobacco leaves when it is expressed in the leaf inappropriately. Genes that normally play a role in leaf development are more likely to be defined by recessive mutations that alter leaf morphogenesis and histogenesis. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,ALBANY,CA 94710. RP SMITH, LG (reprint author), USDA,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 34 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 72 IS 5 BP 617 EP 625 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NT981 UT WOS:A1994NT98100011 ER PT J AU CARLSON, CE AF CARLSON, CE TI GERMINATION AND EARLY GROWTH OF WESTERN LARCH (LARIX-OCCIDENTALIS), ALPINE LARCH (LARIX-LYALLII), AND THEIR RECIPROCAL HYBRIDS SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID TREE IMPROVEMENT AB Reciprocal cross pollinations between western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) and alpine larch (L. lyallii Parl.) were done in Spring, 1991. The cross to alpine larch females was highly successful; 63% of the seeds developed mature embryos and 79% germinated. However, the cross to western larch females resulted in only 4% filled seed of which 68% germinated. Open-pollinated western larch and alpine larch averaged 26 and 32% filled seed with 48 and 44% germination, respectively. Less than 1% of the alpine larch hypocotyls were reddish in color; most of them were green. About 15% of the western larch and about 17% of the hybrids from alpine larch females had reddish hypocotyls, whereas hybrids from western larch females were intermediate between western larch and alpine larch. Hybrid seed began germinating before the parental types and initial height growth exceeded that of the parental types. However, 4 months following germination, western larch seedlings were ca. four times taller than the hybrids and 10 times taller than alpine larch. Stems of hybrids were significantly thicker than those of either western larch or alpine larch. Hybrid seedlings are robust, stocky, and may be useful in revegetating cold, moist sites between the elevational ranges of alpine and western larch. RP CARLSON, CE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,POB 8089,MISSOULA,MT 59807, USA. NR 30 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 24 IS 5 BP 911 EP 916 DI 10.1139/x94-120 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA NX676 UT WOS:A1994NX67600007 ER PT J AU HOUSTON, DR AF HOUSTON, DR TI TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL SHIFT WITHIN THE NECTRIA PATHOGEN COMPLEX-ASSOCIATED WITH BEECH BARK DISEASE OF FAGUS-GRANDIFOLIA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article AB Beech bark disease occurs when either Nectria galligena Bres., or Nectria coccinea var. faginata Lohman, Watson, and Ayers kills bark that is or has been infested and altered by the beech scale, Cryptococcus fagisuga (Lind.). Introduced to Nova Scotia around 1890, this insect now occurs as far southwest as Ohio, West Virginia, Virginia, and North Carolina. I determined the relative occurrence of the two pathogens in forests affected for varying times and the temporal changes in their relative occurrence in recently affected stands of the Monongahela National Forest, West Virginia (MNF). Stands in the Canadian Maritimes, New England, New York, and Pennsylvania were sampled in 1985-1986; and in the Catskill Park, New York in 1988 and 1991. Stands on the MNF were sampled in 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1988, and 1991. The following trends were indicated: N. galligena dominated recently affected stands in Pennsylvania and West Virginia, and N. coccinea var. faginata dominated long-affected stands in Canada, New England, and New York. On the MNF, only N. galligena was isolated in 1982; by 1988, N. coccinea var. faginata was isolated from 8 of 16 stands and from all 16 stands in 1991. Stands where N. galligena persisted had higher proportions of tree species highly susceptible to N. galligena than stands dominated quickly by N. coccinea var. faginata. Once present, however, N. coccinea var. faginata eventually will replace N. galligena as the dominant pathogen. RP HOUSTON, DR (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,51 MILL POND RD,HAMDEN,CT 06514, USA. NR 12 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 5 U2 11 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 24 IS 5 BP 960 EP 968 DI 10.1139/x94-126 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA NX676 UT WOS:A1994NX67600013 ER PT J AU DEAL, RL FARR, WA AF DEAL, RL FARR, WA TI COMPOSITION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CONIFER REGENERATION IN THINNED AND UNTHINNED NATURAL STANDS OF WESTERN HEMLOCK AND SITKA SPRUCE IN SOUTHEAST ALASKA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID PICEA-TSUGA FORESTS; VEGETATION; BIOMASS; OREGON AB Natural regeneration of understory conifers was studied in 1988, 9-14 years after thinning of even-aged stands of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) and Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) on upland sites in southeast Alaska. Two age-classes of stands were compared: young stands, <30 years old that before thinning had open forest canopies and understories of conifer regeneration, shrubs, herbs, and forbs; and older stands, 31-98 years old, that before thinning had closed forest canopies and little or no understory vegetation. In 1988, dominant understory conifers in young stands were 2-4 m tall, and about the same age as trees in the overstory. In the older stands there was dense new regeneration that germinated 2-3 years after thinning and averaged 0.6-1.5 m tall. Seventy-two to 100% of all regeneration was hemlock. The rest was Sitka spruce. The amount of regeneration increased and the percentage of hemlock decreased with increasing thinning intensity. Thinning of young stands on upland sites appears to benefit understory conifers, which rapidly expand to fill in the available growing space. Heavy thinning in older stands promotes dense germination of understory conifers making it difficult for other understory plants to become established. RP DEAL, RL (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,2770 SHERWOOD LANE,SUITE 2A,JUNEAU,AK 99801, USA. NR 33 TC 30 Z9 38 U1 6 U2 11 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 24 IS 5 BP 976 EP 984 DI 10.1139/x94-128 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA NX676 UT WOS:A1994NX67600015 ER PT J AU REYNOLDS, KM HOLSTEN, EH AF REYNOLDS, KM HOLSTEN, EH TI CLASSIFICATION OF SPRUCE BEETLE HAZARD IN LUTZ SPRUCE (PICEA X LUTZII) STANDS ON THE KENAI PENINSULA, ALASKA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID WHITE SPRUCE; ATTACK AB Stand data from Lutz spruce (Picea X lutzii Little) forest types occurring on the Kenai Peninsula were analyzed by tree-based classification to develop a decision tree for classifying spruce beetle (Dendroctonus rufipennis Kby.) hazard. Model development and validation data sets contained 100 and 34 stand observations, respectively. The final decision-tree structure yielded seven possible hazard outcomes based on total stand basal area, percentage of total basal area composed of spruce, percentage of spruce basal area composed of trees with diameter >25 cm, stand elevation, and stand aspect. Three paths in the decision tree led to low-hazard outcomes (spruce basal area loss less-than-or-equal-to 10%); one path led to a high-hazard outcome (spruce basal area loss >40%). No paths through the decision tree led to a medium-hazard outcome (spruce basal area loss >10%, but less-than-or-equal-to 40%), but three less precise outcomes of low-medium and medium-high hazard were considered useful and retained in the final model. Results of model verification were considered very acceptable; in the worst case, predictions of high hazard were correct for 73% of the observations. Model validation results were also considered very acceptable considering the small number of observations available for this phase of analysis. C1 US FOREST SERV,REG 10 FOREST HLTH MANAGEMENT,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503. RP REYNOLDS, KM (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,3301 C ST,SUITE 200,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503, USA. OI Reynolds, Keith/0000-0002-5286-4754 NR 14 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1015 EP 1021 DI 10.1139/x94-132 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA NX676 UT WOS:A1994NX67600019 ER PT J AU BROWN, DA WINDHAM, MT ANDERSON, RL TRIGIANO, RN AF BROWN, DA WINDHAM, MT ANDERSON, RL TRIGIANO, RN TI INFLUENCE OF SIMULATED ACID-RAIN ON THE FLOWERING DOGWOOD (CORNUS-FLORIDA) LEAF SURFACE SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Note ID ERYSIPHE-GRAMINIS; EPICUTICULAR WAX; ANTHRACNOSE; INFECTION; SEEDLINGS; DISEASES; LEAVES AB Acidic rainfall has the potential to influence anthracnose incidence and severity in flowering dogwood (Cornus florida L.) of the eastern United States. One-year-old, nursery-grown flowering dogwood seedlings were exposed to 1 cm of simulated rain 10 times over a 42-day period in 1990. Simulated rains were composed of a mixture of salts typical of ambient rainfall in the eastern United States and pH was adjusted to 5.5, 4.5, 3.5, and 2.5 with sulfuric and nitric acids. Samples were cut from the leaf tip, margin, and midvein of rain-treated trees and prepared for scanning electron microscopy. Cuticular cracking, desiccation, and erosion of trichome surfaces was observed in response to acid rain treatment. Increased degradation of dogwood trichomes was observed with decreasing pH for all samples. Cuticular erosion due to acid rain has the potential to predispose dogwoods in the eastern United States to anthracnose caused by Discula destructiva sp.nov. (Red.) and an unnamed Discula sp. C1 UNIV TENNESSEE,INST AGR,DEPT ENTOMOL & PLANT PATHOL,KNOXVILLE,TN 37901. US FOREST SERV,CTR RESISTANCE SCREENING,ASHEVILLE,NC 28806. UNIV TENNESSEE,INST AGR,DEPT ORNAMENTAL HORT & LANDSCAPE DESIGN,KNOXVILLE,TN 37901. RP BROWN, DA (reprint author), AUBURN UNIV,SCH FORESTRY,AUBURN,AL 36849, USA. NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1058 EP 1062 DI 10.1139/x94-138 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA NX676 UT WOS:A1994NX67600025 ER PT J AU WU, YV KING, JW WARNER, K AF WU, YV KING, JW WARNER, K TI EVALUATION OF CORN GLUTEN MEAL EXTRACTED WITH SUPERCRITICAL CARBON-DIOXIDE AND OTHER SOLVENTS - FLAVOR AND COMPOSITION SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PRODUCTS AB Corn gluten meal is a 60% minimum protein product derived from corn during the wet milling process. The undesirable flavor of corn gluten meal prevents its use in food. This research was undertaken to evaluate com gluten meal after extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide or hexane-ethanol (82:18, v/v) at various temperatures, pressures, solvent-to-solid ratios, and particle sizes. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of corn gluten meal at 68 MPa and 80-degrees-C significantly decreased fermented flavor, the predominant characteristic of unprocessed corn gluten meal. Hexane-ethanol extraction also significantly reduced fermented flavor. Processing by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction or hexane-ethanol extraction can significantly improve corn gluten meal flavor. RP WU, YV (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOPOLYMER RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 16 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 71 IS 3 BP 217 EP 219 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA NM654 UT WOS:A1994NM65400001 ER PT J AU WU, YV STRINGFELLOW, AC INGLETT, GE AF WU, YV STRINGFELLOW, AC INGLETT, GE TI PROTEIN-GLUCAN AND BETA-GLUCAN ENRICHED FRACTIONS FROM HIGH-PROTEIN, HIGH BETA-GLUCAN BARLEYS BY SIEVING AND AIR CLASSIFICATION SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CHOLESTEROL-FED RATS; BRAN AB A commercial, dehulled barley (Portage), a high-protein hulless barley (CI 4362), and a high-protein, high beta-glucan hulless barley (Prowashonupana) were ground, sieved, and air-classified to yield fractions with enriched protein and beta-glucan contents. Sieving of Prowashonupana flour gave low protein shift but good beta-glucan shift values. Air classification of Portage flour resulted in good protein shift and good beta-glucan shift values, whereas air classification of CI 4362 and Prowashonupana flours yielded low protein shift but high beta-glucan shift values, The combined high beta-glucan air-classified fractions (3, 4, and 5) had a yield of 62% of the defatted Prowashonupana flour and a beta-glucan content of 31%. The combined high-protein air-classified fractions (1 and exhaust bag) had a yield of 28% of the defatted Prowashonupana flour and a protein content of 31%. Grinding and air classification of barley flour can result in fractions with enriched beta-glucan and protein contents in good yields. RP WU, YV (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 21 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 71 IS 3 BP 220 EP 223 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA NM654 UT WOS:A1994NM65400002 ER PT J AU Jensen, KB Liu, ZW Lu, BR Solamon, B AF Jensen, Kevin B. Liu, Zhi-Wu Lu, Bao-Rong Solamon, Bjoin TI Biosystematic study of hexaploids Elymus tschimganicus and E. glaucissimus. I, Morphology and genomic constitution SO CHROMOSOME RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE chromosome pairing; genome; hybrid; meiosis; morphology; Pseudoroegneria; Triticeae AB Elymus tschimganicus and E. glaucissimus are hexaploids (2n = 6x = 42) that inhabit stony slopes and swales in the middle and upper mountain belts of Central Asia. Chromosome pairing at metaphase I in E. tschimganicus and E. glaucissimus was typical of other Elymus hexaploids, averaging 20.94 and 20.98 bivalents per cell, respectively. Meiotic pairing of tetraploid hybrids derived by crossing E. tschimganicus and E. glaucissimus with P. spicata (2n = 2x = 14; genome = SS) averaged 4.97 and 4.90 bivalents per cell respectively, indicating the presence of the S genome in the target taxa. Pentaploid hybrids derived by crossing E. tschimganicus and E. glaucissimus with tetraploid analyzer species E. mutabilis and E. sibiricus (2n = 4x = 28; genome = SSHH) had mean bivalent frequencies of 5.61 and 4.64 respectively, suggesting the absence of the H genome in the target taxa. Mean bivalent associations were similar among hybrids derived by crossing the target taxa with E. nevski (2n = 4x = 28; genome = SSYY), which averaged 10.61 and 11.42 bivalents, respectively, suggesting the presence of the Y genome in E. tschimganicus and E. glaucissimus. Based on chromosome pairing in the hybrids, the genomic formula for both E. tschimganicus and E. glaucissimus should be SSSSYY. C1 [Jensen, Kevin B.; Liu, Zhi-Wu] Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forest & Range Res, Logan, UT 84322 USA. [Lu, Bao-Rong; Solamon, Bjoin] Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Plant Breeding Res, S-26831 Svalov, Sweden. RP Jensen, KB (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forest & Range Res, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 23 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0967-3849 J9 CHROMOSOME RES JI Chromosome Res. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 2 IS 3 BP 209 EP 215 DI 10.1007/BF01553321 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA V28DZ UT WOS:000208662800005 PM 8069464 ER PT J AU VARIYAM, JN AF VARIYAM, JN TI A COMMON FRAMEWORK FOR ESTIMATING MULTIVARIATE AUTOREGRESSIVE INDEX MODELS SO COMPUTATIONAL STATISTICS & DATA ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE VECTOR AUTOREGRESSIVE MODELS; INDEX MODELS; REDUCED RANK REGRESSION; LATENT VARIABLE MODELS ID TIME-SERIES AB A class of nonlinearly constrained vector autoregressive models called index models have been considered in the econometrics and statistics literature to reduce parameterization in the modeling of multiple time series variables. This paper shows that all versions of these index models arise as special cases of the Joreskog-Keesling-Wiley latent variable structural equations model. Latent variable formulation of index models offers a flexible framework for estimating and comparing different index restrictions using computer programs such as LISREL and Eas. Further, index models proposed in the literature can be readily extended by incorporating several additional restrictions. Some examples of estimated index models are presented. C1 USDA,ECON RES SERV,DIV COMMOD ECON,WASHINGTON,DC 20005. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-9473 J9 COMPUT STAT DATA AN JI Comput. Stat. Data Anal. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 17 IS 4 BP 421 EP 432 DI 10.1016/0167-9473(94)90021-3 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA NF787 UT WOS:A1994NF78700005 ER PT J AU RALPH, CJ FANCY, SG AF RALPH, CJ FANCY, SG TI DEMOGRAPHY AND MOVEMENTS OF THE OMAO (MYADESTES-OBSCURUS) SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE OMAO; HAWAIIAN THRUSH; MYADESTES-OBSCURUS; DEMOGRAPHY; SURVIVAL; BREEDING; MOVEMENTS; HAWAII ID SIZE AB Density, age-specific survival, timing of breeding and molting, and movements of the Omao or Hawaiian Thrush (Myadestes obscurus) were studied at four sites on the island of Hawaii. Mean monthly density (birds/ha) was 3.23 +/- 0.57, 1.07 +/- 0.33, 3.23 +/- 0.16, and 3.74 +/- 0.36 at Kau Forest, Hamakua, Keauhou Ranch, and Kilauea Forest study areas, respectively. Annual survival of juvenile Omao (0.40 +/- 0.09) was lower than that of adults (0.66 +/- 0.08). Emigration and mortality was greatest during November through May. Breeding and molting occurred throughout the year, with peak breeding in May through July. Omao showed strong site fidelity and were highly sedentary. Mean home range size (n = 39) was 2.20 +/- 0.26 ha and did not differ between sexes or study sites. C1 NATL BIOL SURVEY,HAWAII FIELD STN,POB 44,HAWAII NATL PK,HI 96718. RP RALPH, CJ (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,REDWOOD SCI LAB,1700 BAYVIEW DR,ARCATA,CA 95521, USA. NR 27 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 9 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 1994 VL 96 IS 2 BP 503 EP 511 DI 10.2307/1369332 PG 9 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA NN823 UT WOS:A1994NN82300020 ER PT J AU MASON, JR CLARK, L AF MASON, JR CLARK, L TI USE OF ACTIVATED-CHARCOAL AND OTHER PARTICULATE SUBSTANCES AS FEED ADDITIVES TO SUPPRESS BIRD FEEDING SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE ACTIVATED CHARCOAL; BIRD; REPELLENT; STARLING; STURNUS-VULGARIS ID ANTHRANILATE; REPELLENCY; STARLINGS AB Osmotic strength is a function of particle number. The experiments described here were designed to test whether the consumption of a large number of small particles might induce strong osmotic effects that, in turn, could induce food avoidance learning. The experiments also evaluated whether the abrasiveness of fine particulates or their ability to act as organic adsorbants could mediate or contribute to the avoidance of adulterated diets. In experiment 1, captive European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were given two-cup tests between plain chow and chow adulterated with activated charcoal or Anjan-activaid, a product containing large amounts of activated charcoal. Both adulterants decreased consumption of chow at concentrations ranging from 0.63% to 5.0% (w/w). In experiment 2, starlings were given two-cup tests between plain chow and chow adulterated with quartz sand. At the conclusion of the experiment, the gastrointestinal tracts of test birds and other (control) birds were examined for lesions consistent with abrasion. Quartz sand decreased feeding at concentrations of 5.0 and 2.5%, but no evidence of lesions or inflammation was observed. In experiment 3, activated charcoal, Anjan-activaid, quartz sand, and calcium sulfate were placed in dialysis tubing and the tubes were immersed in water to test for differences in osmotic strength: no differences were found. In experiment 4, starlings were given plain chow and feed adulterated with calcium sulfate to test whether organic adsorption might contribute to repellency; unlike activated charcoal, Anjan-activaid, or sand, calcium sulfate is a poor organic adsorbent. No food avoidance was observed, consistent with the hypothesis that absorbance was important for the effects observed in experiments 1 and 2. Although caution is necessary when extrapolating from the laboratory to the field, these results have testable practical implications: for example, activated charcoal or Anjan-activaid might be used as bird-repellent livestock feed additives and either of these substances or quartz sand might be useful as bird-repellent additives to landfill covers or as repellents applied to crops. RP MASON, JR (reprint author), USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,MONELL CHEM SENSES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104, USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 6 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 13 IS 3 BP 219 EP 224 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NH867 UT WOS:A1994NH86700007 ER PT J AU PORTER, DR WEBSTER, JA FRIEBE, B AF PORTER, DR WEBSTER, JA FRIEBE, B TI INHERITANCE OF GREENBUG BIOTYPE-G RESISTANCE IN WHEAT SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Resistance to greenbug [Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)] Biotype G (GBG) has recently been identified in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Prior to this discovery, five sources of resistance to greenbug Biotypes B, C, and E were documented. Resistance in these five sources is controlled by five different genes (gb1, Gb2, Gb3, Gb4, and Gb5). The objectives of this study were to characterize the virulence of Biotypes G and H on sources of greenbug resistance in wheat, determine the inheritance of GBG resistance in GRS 1201 (a GBG-resistant winter wheat), and determine whether the GBG resistance gene is different from other reported resistance genes. A combination of bioassays and previously reported data was used to characterize and summarize the virulence patterns of Biotypes B, C, E, F, G, H, and I on all known sources of greenbug resistance in wheat. 'Largo' (Gb3) was the only germplasm resistant to Biotype H. Large, CI 17959, and GRS 1201 were resistant to Biotype I. GRS 1201 was the only germplasm resistant to Biotype G. Segregation ratios of GBG resistance ratings of an F-2 population from a cross between GRS 1201 and 'Pavon' (GBG-susceptible spring wheat) were analyzed to determine inheritance. GBG resistance in GRS 1201 is inherited as a single dominant gene, which is different from previously reported resistance genes. C-banding analysis identified GRS 1201 as being a 1AL.1RS wheat-rye translocation line. The C-banding of the 1RS arm in GRS 1201 is identical to the 1RS arm present in 'Amigo' (Gb2). The gene symbol Gb6 has been assigned to the greenbug resistance gene in GRS 1201. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. RP PORTER, DR (reprint author), USDA,ARS,1301 N WESTERN ST,STILLWATER,OK 74075, USA. NR 8 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 34 IS 3 BP 625 EP 628 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NK225 UT WOS:A1994NK22500004 ER PT J AU GRAYBOSCH, RA PETERSON, CJ LEE, JH SHELTON, DR AF GRAYBOSCH, RA PETERSON, CJ LEE, JH SHELTON, DR TI EFFECTS OF GLUTENIN PROTEIN POLYMORPHISMS ON BREADMAKING QUALITY OF WINTER WHEATS SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; 1BL/1RS TRANSLOCATION; STORAGE PROTEINS; CULTIVAR NEWTON; SDS-PAGE; LOCATIONS; BIOTYPES; SUBUNITS; LINES AB Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) end-use quality variation often is attributed to variation in glutenin protein composition. The magnitude of this relationship was tested through analysis of wheat lines containing within-line glutenin protein polymorphisms. One hundred winter wheat lines of diverse origin were screened for the presence of within-line glutenin protein polymorphisms through sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Fourteen percent of the tested lines were found to be polymorphic (composed of two or more distinct biotypes). Biotypes, defined as groups of individuals with the same genotype within a polymorphic line, were selected from six wheat lines of diverse quality. Analysis of dough-handling and breadmaking characteristics of the biotypes found in six polymorphic lines demonstrated significant biotype-dependent responses for numerous quality attributes. Biotypes, however, rarely exceeded the source line for any one specific quality attribute and never exceeded the source line for all quality variables. The presence of biotypes of diverse quality potential may contribute to within-line quality variation with time or across the geographic range of cultivation. However, the magnitude of such variation is slight compared with that observed between cultivars. Biochemical variation in single or few glutenin proteins contributed little to total genetic variation for quality. RP GRAYBOSCH, RA (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,DEPT AGRON,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 34 IS 3 BP 628 EP 635 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NK225 UT WOS:A1994NK22500005 ER PT J AU PRATT, RC ANDERSON, RJ LOUIE, R MCMULLEN, MD KNOKE, JK AF PRATT, RC ANDERSON, RJ LOUIE, R MCMULLEN, MD KNOKE, JK TI MAIZE RESPONSES TO A SEVERE ISOLATE OF MAIZE CHLOROTIC DWARF VIRUS SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID STREAK VIRUS; RESISTANCE; GERMPLASM; LINES AB The results of incidence ratings to assess the host response of maize (Zea mays L.) to natural infection, or to controlled inoculation in either the field or the greenhouse, with maize chlorotic dwarf virus (MCDV) appear inconsistent for identification of resistant or tolerant responses. Our objective was to determine whether assessment of the severity of three symptoms on the leaves (veinbanding, chlorosis, and twisting of the leaf and tearing of the leaf margin) would consistently allow differentiation of the host responses of maize inbreds and hybrids to inoculation with two isolates of MCDV. Symptom severity was assessed using a 1 to 5 visual rating for each of the three symptoms at three to four time intervals after controlled inoculation with a severe isolate of MCDV in both greenhouse and field experiments. Analysis of the symptom severity assessments grouped genotypes into similar host response categories in both environments. Incidence ratings of genotypes in greenhouse studies were not significantly different, and field incidence ratings were inconsistent. Height reduction in greenhouse-grown plants was most severe in genotypes with high levels of expression of the other symptoms but was of limited value in differentiating genotypic groups. Comparison of the average symptom severity assessments using the severe and type isolates indicated that symptom expression in held-grown plants was more severe when inoculated with the severe isolate of MCDV. Regardless of virus isolate, symptoms of plants grown in the held were not as severe as those on plants grown in the greenhouse. A reduction in symptom severity was associated with hybrid vigor of field-grown plants. In one field study, the level of symptom severity was correlated with both yield and plant height reduction of hybrids. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,USDA ARS,WOOSTER,OH 44691. OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,DEPT ENTOMOL,WOOSTER,OH 44691. OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,WOOSTER,OH 44691. RP PRATT, RC (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,DEPT AGRON,WOOSTER,OH 44691, USA. NR 23 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 34 IS 3 BP 635 EP 641 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NK225 UT WOS:A1994NK22500006 ER PT J AU ZWER, PK MOSAAD, MG ELSIDAIG, AA RICKMAN, RW AF ZWER, PK MOSAAD, MG ELSIDAIG, AA RICKMAN, RW TI EFFECT OF RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID ON WHEAT ROOT AND SHOOT DEVELOPMENT IN RESISTANT AND SUSCEPTIBLE GENOTYPES SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HOMOPTERA; BARLEY; GROWTH; LINES AB Genetic resistance is an Important management component in the control of Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia Mordvilko) (RWA). The range of leaf symptoms associated with several resistance sources indicate that differences may occur in seedling development. This study was conducted to determine differences in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedling shoot and root development among resistant and susceptible wheat genotypes infested with RWA. The effectiveness of one resistance source identified in greenhouse seedlings was characterized in field-grown F-2 plants. Visual damage and leaf and root development were measured for 17 lines in the greenhouse. Dry weight, grain yield, and harvest index were studied in infested and noninfested, field-grown F-2 populations generated from 'Moro'/PI294994 and 'Hyak'/PI294994. PI48650 and PI294994 had superior seedling shoot and nodal root system development when compared to susceptible genotypes. Visual evaluations were effective in separating susceptible genotypes from potential resistance sources; however, leaf symptoms were not effective in characterizing the most promising RWA resistance resources. Root measurements in conjunction with leaf symptoms identified seedling genotypes least affected by RWA. Russian wheat aphid resistant adult-plants produced significantly more dry weight and grain yield and a greater harvest index than susceptible plants in the two populations. Trends for these characteristics were similar for resistant plants in the infested population and plants in the noninfested population. C1 SHANDAWEEL AGR RES STN,GAZIERT SHANDAWEEL,SOHAG,EGYPT. AGR RES CORP,GEZIRA RES STN,WAD MADANI,SUDAN. USDA ARS,COLUMBIA PLATEAU CONSRV RES CTR,PENDLETON,OR 97801. RP ZWER, PK (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,COLUMBIA BASIN AGR RES CTR,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,POB 370,PENDLETON,OR 97801, USA. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 34 IS 3 BP 650 EP 655 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NK225 UT WOS:A1994NK22500009 ER PT J AU VOIGT, PW TISCHLER, CR AF VOIGT, PW TISCHLER, CR TI LEAF CHARACTERISTIC VARIATION IN HYBRID LOVEGRASS POPULATIONS SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ERAGROSTIS-CURVULA; APOMIXIS; COMPLEX AB Apomictic plant breeding is being practiced in several turf and forage grasses. Variation released during apomictic breeding has been discussed, but few reports have quantified this variation. Our objectives were to characterize variation among lovegrass, Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees, hybrids and their parents, compare parents and hybrids, and determine interrelationships among the characteristics studied. Twenty-nine hybrids from each of two populations, A and B, resulting from the cross of two sexual plants [full-sibs with low levels of epicuticular wax (wax) and narrow leaves] with an apomictic plant (high levels of wax and wide leaves) were studied in separate experiments conducted in 1989 and 1990. Leaf width and wax, moisture content (weight) per leaf area, and specific leaf weight (dry weight per leaf area) were studied. Parents differed and variation among hybrids was significant (P < 0.01) for all four characteristics in both studies. The range of the hybrids exceeded that of the parents in all cases. Transgressive segregation was observed only for greater wax, leaf width, and weight and could have resulted in part from extra chromosomes transmitted from the male parent, a plant with 2n = 7x = 70 chromosomes, compared to the 20 chromosomes expected from the tetraploid female parents. Hybrids that were recombinants, e.g., high wax and narrow leaves or low wax and wide leaves, were frequently observed. Both extreme individuals (transgressive segregants) and hybrids with less extreme but new combinations of characteristics (recombinant individuals) were available for selection even within these relatively small populations. Release of genetic variation during apomictic plant breeding can be extensive. C1 USDA ARS,GRASSLAND SOIL & WATER RES LAB,TEMPLE,TX 76502. RP VOIGT, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS,POB 867,BECKLEY,WV 25802, USA. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 34 IS 3 BP 679 EP 684 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NK225 UT WOS:A1994NK22500015 ER PT J AU MAY, OL GREEN, CC AF MAY, OL GREEN, CC TI GENETIC-VARIATION FOR FIBER PROPERTIES IN ELITE PEE-DEE COTTON POPULATIONS SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID UPLAND COTTON; YIELD; QUALITY; REGISTRATION; GERMPLASM AB Knowledge of heritability and type of genetic variation involved in the expression of fiber traits would facilitate further improvement of cotton fiber properties. A 4 x 4 Design II mating was employed to estimate magnitude and type of genetic variation controlling fiber traits in populations derived from crossing elite Pee Dee cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) parents. Significant genetic variation was found for 2.5 and 50% span length (SL), fiber length uniformity ratio (UR), fiber strength (T-1), fiber elongation, and micronaire (MIC). Mating design variances from the F-2, F-3, and F-4 generations of the Design II were resolved into estimates of additive, dominance, and additive epistatic variance for the fiber properties. Dominance genetic variance was greater than additive genetic variance for all of the fiber traits. Additive epistatic variance was detected for 2.5% SL, UR, and MIC. Low single-plant heritability for all fiber traits suggested that alternatives to a pedigree generation advance beginning with F-2 plant selection be considered. Evaluation of F-2 bulk populations with a low selection intensity was adequate to identify populations with superior fiber traits. Less than half of the offspring of the top 10% of F-3 lines with highest T-1 were in the 10% of F-4 lines with highest yam strength (YS). Additionally, the correlation between T-1 and YS among 283 unselected F-4 lines was only 0.25 (P < 0.05). Maximum progress in improving YS may require selection for traits in addition to T-1 or for components of YS not measured by the standard fiber properties. C1 DELTA & PINE LAND CO, HARTSVILLE, SC 29550 USA. RP MAY, OL (reprint author), USDA ARS, COASTAL PLAINS SOIL WATER & PLANT RES CTR, POB 3039, FLORENCE, SC 29502 USA. NR 29 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 34 IS 3 BP 684 EP 690 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NK225 UT WOS:A1994NK22500016 ER PT J AU ELDEN, TC KENWORTHY, WJ AF ELDEN, TC KENWORTHY, WJ TI FOLIAR NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS OF INSECT SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESISTANT SOYBEAN GERMPLASM SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE; CABBAGE-LOOPER; COCCINELLIDAE; COLEOPTERA; NI AB Differences in host plant quality to insect herbivores may be explained by variations in secondary plant compounds and plant nutrients. Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm resistant to foliar feeding insect pests have been identified and developed. Investigations into the chemical basis of this resistance have met with limited success. The objectives of this study were to determine the foliar concentrations of 12 nutrients in 18 field-grown soybean lines with known quantitative levels of resistance or susceptibility to the Mexican bean beetle (MBB) (Epilachna varivestis Mulsant) and to determine if a relationship exists between nutrient concentrations and resistance. Eighteen soybean genotypes were evaluated. The six MBB-resistant lines of Group 1 included PI 171451 or lines derived therefrom. The six MBB-resistant lines of Group 2 included PI 229358 or lines derived therefrom. The six Group 3 lines were MBB-susceptible commercial cultivars. The MBB feeding damage and foliar concentrations of P, Ca, and Fe in resistant Groups 1 and 2 were significantly less (P < 0.01) than in susceptible Group 3. Significant positive linear contrasts indicated that as damage increased, foliar concentrations of P, Ca, and Fe increased. Results indicate that none of the foliar nutrients analyzed in this study have a direct cause-effect relationship with MBB resistance. However, the foliar concentrations of three nutrients (P, Ca, and Fe) are significantly lower in MBB-resistant soybean genotypes using PI 171451 or PI 229358 as the resistant parent, which suggests that these nutrients are associated or linked to the true cause of resistance. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT AGRON,COLLEGE PARK,MD 20742. RP ELDEN, TC (reprint author), USDA ARS,SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB,BLDG 467,BARC E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 34 IS 3 BP 695 EP 699 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NK225 UT WOS:A1994NK22500018 ER PT J AU PETTIGREW, WT MEREDITH, WR AF PETTIGREW, WT MEREDITH, WR TI LEAF GAS-EXCHANGE PARAMETERS VARY AMONG COTTON GENOTYPES SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PHOTOSYNTHESIS; YIELD; CULTIVARS; OBSOLETE; LINES AB In trying to increase the yield of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), breeders have indirectly selected more for increases in harvest index than in photosynthesis. Future cotton yield advances may need increases in both harvest index and photosynthesis. The objectives of this study were to determine if differences in leaf CO2-exchange rate (CER) existed among cotton genotypes, investigate physiological mechanisms for the gas exchange differences, and determine if gas exchange parameters were related to genotypic lint yield variability. Field studies were conducted from 1990 to 1992 on 18 cotton genotypes. Leaf CER, chlorophyll (Chl) concentration, soluble protein concentration, specific leaf weight (SLW), lint yield, and yield components were determined each year. In addition, Chl fluorescence measurements were made in 1992. The CER of the 18 genotypes significantly varied about 10% from a low of 26.0 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) to a high of 28.8 mu mol m(-2) s(-1). DES 119 and MD 51 ne had higher CER, whereas the CER of Dixie King and Stoneville 508 were lower. The genotypes differed in leaf Chl and soluble protein concentration in both 1991 and 1992. The CER was positively correlated with leaf Chl concentration (r = 0.768*) and SLW (r = 0.568*) in 1991. No difference in the Fv/Fm parameter of Chl fluorescence was found among the genotypes in 1992. A significant positive association (r(2) = 0.205**) was found between lint yield and CER during the bell filling period in 1990 and 1991. CER was positively associated with fiber micronaire (r = 0.772*) and fiber maturity (r = 0.797*) in 1992. As some cotton breeders bred for higher yielding genotypes, they may have inadvertently selected for increased photosynthesis. RP PETTIGREW, WT (reprint author), USDA ARS,POB 345,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 23 TC 70 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 34 IS 3 BP 700 EP 705 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NK225 UT WOS:A1994NK22500019 ER PT J AU MUCHOW, RC SINCLAIR, TR AF MUCHOW, RC SINCLAIR, TR TI NITROGEN RESPONSE OF LEAF PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CANOPY RADIATION USE EFFICIENCY IN FIELD-GROWN MAIZE AND SORGHUM SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BIOMASS ACCUMULATION; TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT; GRAIN-SORGHUM; ASSIMILATION; INTERCEPTION; ADAPTATION; EVOLUTION; NUTRITION; PLANTS; LEAVES AB The grain yielding capability of maize (Zea mays L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is dependent on the capacity of the crop to assimilate CO2. Carbon dioxide assimilation can be measured directly at the leaf level (C-A) and indirectly at the canopy levels by determining radiation use efficiency (RUE). Since leaf N content per unit leaf area (LN) was expected to influence both of these measures of CO2 assimilation, the primary objective of this study was to obtain field data on C-A and RUE in response to differing LN induced by varying the amount of applied N fertilizer. The C-A was most responsive to LN at low values of LN, but there was no difference between the species in the hyperbolic relationship between C-A and LN. Similarly, RUE increased with LN, but maximum RUE and LN values were higher in maize than in sorghum. In maize maximum RUE was 1.7 g MJ(-1) and maximum canopy LN was about 1.8 g N m(-2), while in sorghum the maximum RUE values were less than 1.3 g MJ(-1) and the maximum canopy LN was less than 1.3 g N m(-2). The experimental increase in RUE with increasing LN, however, was less than expected from published theoretical analyses. It was hypothesized that leaf quantum efficiency per unit incident radiation may also depend on LN such that at low LN, quantum efficiency is decreased and RUE is decreased to less than expected levels. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,USDA ARS,AGRON PHYSIOL LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. CSIRO,ST LUCIA,QLD 4067,AUSTRALIA. NR 22 TC 142 Z9 150 U1 1 U2 30 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 34 IS 3 BP 721 EP 727 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NK225 UT WOS:A1994NK22500022 ER PT J AU PRACHT, JE NICKELL, CD HARPER, JE BULLOCK, DG AF PRACHT, JE NICKELL, CD HARPER, JE BULLOCK, DG TI AGRONOMIC EVALUATION OF NONNODULATING AND HYPERNODULATING MUTANTS OF SOYBEAN SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NITRATE; REGISTRATION; FIXATION AB Enhanced nodulation and dinitrogen fixation by soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] has been proposed to increase yield relative to normal nodulating types. This study was conducted to determine if two hyper-nodulating soybean mutants (NOD4 and NOD1-3) were capable of increased yield, compared with normal nodulating cultivars Williams 82 and Hobbit 87, and a non-nodulating check (NN5). Performance data were collected in 1990 and 1991 from a replicated design using two row-widths, 18 and 76 cm, at three locations in east central Illinois, Dwight, Champaign and Urbana. No significant differences in yield were found between the hypernodulating mutants and the nonnodulating check. Yields of the normal nodulating cultivars were signifcantly higher than for the nodulation mutants. A highly significant year to location interaction was noted for all parameters measured, but row width did not significantly affect seed yield. Protein concentration was significantly greater for NOD4 than for Williams 82, but lower seed yield resulted in less total N accumulation in seed of NOD4. The hypernodulated mutants (NOD4 and NOD1-3) were agronomically inferior to Williams 82 and Hobbit 87, suggesting that these mutants likely have other deleterious mutations that override any possible benefit of enhanced nodulation. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS, DEPT AGRON, URBANA, IL 61801 USA. CIBA GEIGY CORP, DIV SEED, BLOOMINGTON, IL 61701 USA. USDA ARS, PLANT PHYSIOL & GENET RES UNIT, URBANA, IL 61801 USA. NR 18 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 34 IS 3 BP 738 EP 740 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NK225 UT WOS:A1994NK22500025 ER PT J AU OLIVA, RN STEINER, JJ YOUNG, WC AF OLIVA, RN STEINER, JJ YOUNG, WC TI WHITE CLOVER-SEED PRODUCTION .1. CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS AND IRRIGATION TIMING SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ALFALFA AB White clover (Trifolium repens L.) seed production may be increased by soil-water deficits during flowering. This study was conducted on a Woodburn silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Aquultic Argixeroll) in 1990 and 1991 to determine white clover seed crop water requirements and supplemental irrigation timing. A crop water stress index (CWSI) was calculated and the fraction of available soil-water used was used to determine white clover seed crop water requirements. Under minimal-stress conditions, depleted soil-water was replenished twice weekly to field capacity with the water amount used since the last application. Four treatments had a single water replacement to 100% held capacity when 25, 46, 68, and 84% of the available water was used in 1990 and 30, 57, 63, and 79% in 1991. A nonirrigated control was also maintained. We identified two distinct CWSI nonstressed baselines for canopy-air temperature differences versus vapor pressure deficit that were related to crop aging hut not to canopy floral display. Maximum seed yield water-use efficiency was obtained in 1990 when water application was delayed until 68% of the available soil-water was depleted and CWSI was 0.46. In contrast to 1990, in 1991 none of the single water application treatments affected seed yield because how er production was reduced by dense stolen production. The CWSI values across all treatments in both years were negatively related to leaf water potentials (r = - 0.86). C1 USDA ARS,NATL FORAGE SEED PROD RES CTR,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. INST NACL TECNOL AGROPECUARIA,RA-5507 MENDOZA,ARGENTINA. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 34 IS 3 BP 762 EP 767 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NK225 UT WOS:A1994NK22500029 ER PT J AU OLIVA, RN STEINER, JJ YOUNG, WC AF OLIVA, RN STEINER, JJ YOUNG, WC TI WHITE CLOVER SEED PRODUCTION .2. SOIL AND PLANT WATER STATUS ON YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID VARIETIES; ALFALFA AB White clover (Trifolium repens L.) seed yield is reduced by environmental conditions that favor vegetative growth and that consequently reduce flower density. White clover seed yields in western Oregon can be highly variable and often are low. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of soil and plant water status on white clover flower production, seed yield, and seed yield components. Five supplemental irrigation treatments were applied in 1990 and 1991 to first- and second-year white clover grown on a Woodburn silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Aquultic Argixeroll) near Corvallis, OR. Seed yield in 1990 was greatest when water application was delayed until 68% of the available soil-water was used by the crop. This treatment restricted vegetative growth but maintained an even flush of flower production during the reproductive phase of growth. In 1991, all irrigation treatments yielded the same or less than the nonwatered control because vegetative stolen growth between the planted rows reduced the number of flowers produced by greater than 50%. In both years, a twice weekly irrigated treatment that matched evaporative demand increased vegetative growth and reduced seed yield. A single irrigation application later than the optimum 68% soil-water depletion increased total above ground phytomass, but decreased seed yield due to an interruption in flower production compared to irrigation at 68% soil-water depletion. Flower density was the yield component that most affected seed yield in both years. In 1990, effective control of soil-water depletion increased seed yield 69% and potential seed yield 4%, compared to the nonirrigated control. Under conditions that promote stolen development prior to the second reproductive season, aggressive vegetation management may be needed to increase inflorescence density and seed yield. C1 USDA ARS,NATL FORAGE SEED PROD RES CTR,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. INST NACL TECNOL AGROPECUARIA,RA-5507 MENDOZA,ARGENTINA. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. NR 31 TC 12 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 34 IS 3 BP 768 EP 774 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NK225 UT WOS:A1994NK22500030 ER PT J AU COSGROVE, GP BURNS, JC FISHER, DS MUELLER, JP POND, KR AF COSGROVE, GP BURNS, JC FISHER, DS MUELLER, JP POND, KR TI NEAR-INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY PREDICTION OF QUALITY FROM MASTICATED TEMPERATE FORAGE SPECIES SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BOTANICAL COMPOSITION; FERMENTATION; DIGESTION; MATTER AB Masticated forage provides information related to the quality and fractionation characteristics of a ruminant's diet. This study reports the use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict the in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), in vitro organic matter disappearance (IVOMD), and cell-wall concentrations of particle size fractions and the whole masticate of temperate forages. Esophageal extrusa samples, with saliva retained, were obtained from fistulated steers (Bos taurus) that were intermittently grazing tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), and ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Grazing was initiated at canopy heights of 100, 200, and 300 mm during spring and fall of two consecutive years. Samples were collected at the start of grazing at each canopy height and after defoliation to a 50-mm residue. Masticates, quick-frozen in liquid N-2, were subsequently lyophilized and dry sieved into seven particle size fractions and, along with a whole-masticate subsample, were scanned for MRS analyses. A single broad-based calibration encompassing all experimental factors predicted quality constituents within acceptable limits of precision for this methodology. Standard errors of cross-validation (SECV) were 6 g kg(-1) for organic matter, 16.0 g kg(-1) for IVDMD, 16.2 g kg(-1) for IVOMD, 14.8 g kg(-1) for neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), and 14.3 g kg(-1) for ash-corrected NDF. Separate calibrations for each species x sample time combination resulted in little reduction in SECV. Sample numbers used in calibration could be reduced to approximate to 7% of total samples with SECV of 16.3 g kg(-1) for IVDMD. Masticate quality constituents of temperate species were satisfactorily predicted by MRS when obtained from a wide range of seasonal and plant variation. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. AGRES GRASSLANDS,PALMERSTON NORTH,NEW ZEALAND. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 34 IS 3 BP 789 EP 792 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NK225 UT WOS:A1994NK22500033 ER PT J AU DIMASCIO, JA SWEENEY, PM DANNEBERGER, TK KAMALAY, JC AF DIMASCIO, JA SWEENEY, PM DANNEBERGER, TK KAMALAY, JC TI ANALYSIS OF HEAT-SHOCK RESPONSE IN PERENNIAL RYEGRASS USING MAIZE HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN CLONES SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOYBEAN SEEDLINGS; THERMAL TOLERANCE; GENE-EXPRESSION; PLANTS; WHEAT; DNA; TEMPERATURE; INVITRO; STRESS AB Evidence suggests that heat shock proteins (HSP) may be involved in differences in thermal tolerance among perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) cultivars. It seems possible that HSP could be useful in developing laboratory assays for thermal tolerance in perennial ryegrass. To evaluate the possibility of using HSP genes or gene products to screen for thermal tolerance, thermal-tolerant and thermal-sensitive cultivars were germinated and heat treatments were conducted in a dry germinator in constant light. The two cultivars exhibited differences in root, shoot, and total seedling length when briefly subjected to high temperatures (55 degrees C) following an initial acclimation period (40 degrees C). In vitro translation products of total RNA indicated that different messenger RNA (mRNA) populations were present in seedlings exposed to stress temperatures. Hybridizations of two maize (Zea mays L.) heat shock clones, pMON9501 (HSP 70) and pZmHSP26 (HSP 26), to genomic DNA indicated a high degree of homology between the two perennial ryegrass cultivars and the HSP 70 clone and a moderate homology of the cultivars with BSP 26. The HSP 70 clone revealed restriction fragment length polymorphisms between the cultivars. Hybridizations of the two maize heat shock clones to Northern blots with perennial ryegrass total RNA showed that HSP 70 and HSP 26 mRNA were heat inducible. There were detectable differences in the levels of heat-induced HSP 26 mRNA between the two cultivars. Our findings indicated that analysis of HSP could provide the basis of a rapid and reliable characterization of thermal tolerance in perennial ryegrass. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. USDA,FOREST SERV,NE EXPT STN,DELAWARE,OH 43015. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 34 IS 3 BP 798 EP 804 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NK225 UT WOS:A1994NK22500035 ER PT J AU KRESOVICH, S LAMBOY, WF LI, RG REN, JP SZEWCMCFADDEN, AK BLIEK, SM AF KRESOVICH, S LAMBOY, WF LI, RG REN, JP SZEWCMCFADDEN, AK BLIEK, SM TI APPLICATION OF MOLECULAR METHODS AND STATISTICAL-ANALYSES FOR DISCRIMINATION OF ACCESSIONS AND CLONES OF VETIVER GRASS SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Note ID GENETIC-VARIATION; MARKERS; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; CULTIVARS AB Because (i) origins and genealogies of vetiver grass have been poorly documented, and (ii) morphological uniformity and infrequent flowering precluded accurate identification of selected clones, an investigation was undertaken to link molecular methods with rigorous biometric analysis to discriminate accessions and clones. Successful DNA profiling is highly dependent on the reproducibility of the assay. Our ability to generate consistent results may have been a result of (i) genomic DNA quality, (ii) rigorous oligonucleotide primer selection, and (iii) DNA amplification protocol stringency. Because of the low level of replicate variability, we were able to bring a high level of resolution to the analysis of identity. Though genetic redundancy may be more difficult to establish than genetic uniqueness, the data support with a high degree of certainty that the accessions 'Huffman' and 'Boucard' were essentially the same genotype. A contrasting case to the Huffman-Boucard example was found among the putative clones of 'PI 196257'. Our analysis indicated that each clone of PI 196257 was genetically unique. C1 CORNELL UNIV,USDA ARS,PLANT GENET RESOURCES UNIT,GENEVA,NY 14456. RP KRESOVICH, S (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,USDA ARS,PLANT GENET RESOURCES CONSERVAT UNIT,GRIFFIN,GA 30223, USA. NR 12 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 34 IS 3 BP 805 EP 809 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NK225 UT WOS:A1994NK22500036 ER PT J AU MILLIGAN, SB MARTIN, FA BISCHOFF, KP QUEBEDEAUX, JP DUFRENE, EO QUEBEDEAUX, KL HOY, JW REAGAN, TE LEGENDRE, BL MILLER, JD AF MILLIGAN, SB MARTIN, FA BISCHOFF, KP QUEBEDEAUX, JP DUFRENE, EO QUEBEDEAUX, KL HOY, JW REAGAN, TE LEGENDRE, BL MILLER, JD TI REGISTRATION OF LCP-85-384 SUGARCANE SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Note C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,ST GABRIEL RES STN,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,IBERIA RES STN,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL & CROP PHYSIOL,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR AGR,LOUISIANA AGR EXPT STN,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. USDA ARS,SUGARCANE RES UNIT,HOUMA,LA 70360. USDA ARS,SUGARCANE FIELD STN,CANAL POINT,FL 33438. RP MILLIGAN, SB (reprint author), LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803, USA. NR 2 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 34 IS 3 BP 819 EP 820 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NK225 UT WOS:A1994NK22500042 ER PT J AU LEGENDRE, BL GRISHAM, MP WHITE, WH GARRISON, DD DUFRENE, EO MILLER, JD AF LEGENDRE, BL GRISHAM, MP WHITE, WH GARRISON, DD DUFRENE, EO MILLER, JD TI REGISTRATION OF HOCP-85-845 SUGARCANE SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Note C1 USDA ARS,SUGARCANE FIELD STN,CANAL POINT,FL. RP LEGENDRE, BL (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUGARCANE RES UNIT,HOUMA,LA 70361, USA. NR 3 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 34 IS 3 BP 820 EP 820 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NK225 UT WOS:A1994NK22500043 ER PT J AU KILEN, TC YOUNG, LD AF KILEN, TC YOUNG, LD TI REGISTRATION OF D92-6487 SOYBEAN GERMPLASM LINE RESISTANT TO PHYTOPHTHORA ROT AND SOYBEAN CYST-NEMATODE RACE-3 AND RACE-14 SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Note C1 USDA ARS,JACKSON,TN 38301. RP KILEN, TC (reprint author), USDA ARS,POB 196,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 34 IS 3 BP 821 EP 821 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA NK225 UT WOS:A1994NK22500045 ER PT J AU REINERS, WA BOUWMAN, AF PARSONS, WFJ KELLER, M AF REINERS, WA BOUWMAN, AF PARSONS, WFJ KELLER, M TI TROPICAL RAIN-FOREST CONVERSION TO PASTURE - CHANGES IN VEGETATION AND SOIL PROPERTIES SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE COSTA-RICA; LAND USE CHANGE; LOWLAND TROPICAL RAIN FOREST; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION AND NITRIFICATION; PASTURE; SECONDARY TROPICAL FOREST; SOIL ALTERATIONS; SUCCESSION; VEGETATION CHANGE ID COSTA-RICA; DEFORESTATION; NITROGEN; PHOSPHORUS; NITRIFICATION; AMAZON; TRENDS; RATES; RANGE AB The effects of converting lowland tropical rainforest to pasture, and of subsequent succession of pasture lands to secondary forest, were examined in the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica. Three replicate sites of each of four land-use types representing this disturbance-recovery sequence were sampled for changes in vegetation, pedological properties, and potential nitrogen mineralization and nitrification. The four land-use types included primary forest, actively grazed pasture (10-36 yr old), abandoned pasture (abandoned 4-10 yr) and secondary forest (abandoned 10-20 yr). Conversion and succession had obvious and significant effects on canopy cover, canopy height, species composition, and species richness; it appeared that succession of secondary forests was proceeding toward a floristic composition like that of the primary forests. Significant changes in soil properties associated with conversion of forest to pasture included: (1) a decrease in acidity and increase in some base exchange properties, (2) an increase in bulk density and a concomitant decrease in porosity, (3) higher concentrations of NH4+, (4) lower concentrations of NO3-, (5) lower rates of N-mineralization, and (6) in some cases, lower rates of nitrification. Chemical changes involving cations associated with conversion from forest to pasture indicated increases in soil fertility under the pasture regimes, while changes associated with nitrogen indicated decreases in fertility. Physical changes in density and porosity were deleterious with respect to infiltration, percolation, aeration, and, ultimately, erodability. Beyond the practical aspects of land management, many of these changes are very important to carbon and nitrogen cycling and to the emission and consumption of biogenic trace gases. C1 NATL INST PUBL HLTH & ENVIRONM PROTECT,3720 BA BILTHOVEN,NETHERLANDS. US FOREST SERV,INST TROP FORESTRY,RIO PIEDRAS,PR 00928. RP REINERS, WA (reprint author), UNIV WYOMING,DEPT BOT,LARAMIE,WY 82071, USA. RI Keller, Michael/A-8976-2012; Bouwman, Lex/B-7053-2012; Bouwman, Lex/F-1444-2015 OI Keller, Michael/0000-0002-0253-3359; Bouwman, Lex/0000-0002-2045-1859 NR 65 TC 205 Z9 218 U1 12 U2 69 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 4 IS 2 BP 363 EP 377 DI 10.2307/1941940 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NH001 UT WOS:A1994NH00100017 ER PT J AU HONEYCUTT, CW CLAPHAM, WM LEACH, SS AF HONEYCUTT, CW CLAPHAM, WM LEACH, SS TI A FUNCTIONAL-APPROACH TO EFFICIENT NITROGEN USE IN CROP PRODUCTION SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE CROP PRODUCTION; NITROGEN; NITROGEN-USE EFFICIENCY ID RESIDUE CARBON; HEAT UNITS; MINERALIZATION; SOIL AB Nitrogen fertilization is a critical component of most cropping systems. However, plant recovery of applied N is often only 50% or less. Low N-use efficiency is a contributor to groundwater contamination, eutrophication, acid rain, global warming, and farm insolvency. A method to improve N-use efficiency by plants is proposed where N availability from organic sources is compared with plant N uptake requirement over thermal time. From these relationships, N-use efficiency dynamics and plant N uptake from mineralized organic sources can be predicted. This will provide growers with information on the quantity and time to apply additional N for optimal yield and improved N-use efficiency. RP HONEYCUTT, CW (reprint author), UNIV MAINE,USDA ARS,NEW ENGLAND PLANT SOIL & WATER LAB,ORONO,ME 04469, USA. NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 73 IS 1-2 BP 51 EP 61 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA NM453 UT WOS:A1994NM45300004 ER PT J AU DOWD, PF AF DOWD, PF TI EXAMINATION OF AN ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS RESISTANT INBRED OF MAIZE FOR CROSS-RESISTANCE TO SAP BEETLE VECTORS SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Note DE AFLATOXIN; CARPOPHILUS; ZEA MAYS; CORN; PLANT RESISTANCE; COLEOPTERA; NITIDULIDAE ID FIELD RP DOWD, PF (reprint author), US ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 71 IS 2 BP 177 EP 180 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NL554 UT WOS:A1994NL55400009 ER PT J AU GORDON, RD AF GORDON, RD TI ARAWANA-SCAPULARIS (COLEOPTERA, COCCINELLIDAE) IN THE UNITED-STATES AND NEW LOCALITY RECORDS FOR SPECIES OF ARAWANA SO ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LA English DT Article AB Arawana scapularis is recorded again from southern Arizona. Habitus and genitalia are illustrated, and new locality records are listed for A. scapularis and A. arizonica. RP GORDON, RD (reprint author), US NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,USDA ARS,PSI,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ENTOMOL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1900 BENJ FRANKLIN PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-1195 SN 0013-872X J9 ENTOMOL NEWS JI Entomol. News PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 105 IS 3 BP 133 EP 136 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA NY833 UT WOS:A1994NY83300002 ER PT J AU CRAFTSBRANDNER, SJ COLLINS, M SUTTON, TG BURTON, HR AF CRAFTSBRANDNER, SJ COLLINS, M SUTTON, TG BURTON, HR TI EFFECT OF LEAF MALEIC HYDRAZIDE CONCENTRATION ON YIELD AND DRY-MATTER PARTITIONING IN BURLEY TOBACCO (NICOTIANA-TABACUM-L) SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE BURLEY TOBACCO; FLUE-CURED TOBACCO; MALEIC HYDRAZIDE; NICOTIANA-TABACUM AB Maleic hydrazide (MH) is commonly used to prevent axillary bud (sucker) development in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) after inflorescences have been removed by topping. Although MH provides an inexpensive and effective method to control sucker development, high concentrations (> 80 mug g-1) of MH residue in cured leaves are undesirable. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a wide range of MH rates on leaf MH residue, yield, and dry matter partitioning among plant parts of burley tobacco. The feasibility of using near infrared spectroscopy as a method to rapidly screen tobacco samples for MH residue also was tested. MH was applied at rates of 0 (suckers manually removed), 1.68, 3.36, 5.04, 6.72, 10.08, and 13.44 kg ha-1, where 3.36 kg ha-1 corresponds to the usual commercial rate. Adequate sucker control was provided for up to 3 weeks by 1.68 kg ha-1 MH. Concentrations in the leaves (midribs removed) increased progressively with increasing rate of MH. Concentration of MH decreased over time but plants treated with rates above 3.36 kg ha-1 had MH concentrations at or above 80 mug g-1 in air-cured leaves of the upper third of the canopy. Leaf MH concentration decreased from the top to the bottom of the plant, and at MH rates above 6.72 kg ha-1, the MH concentration was above 80 mug g-1 in leaves at the bottom of the canopy. Air-cured leaf yield was slightly increased for the 1.68 kg ha-1 MH rate compared with hand-suckered controls, but higher MH rates did not further affect yield. A large portion of the yield increase was due to increased cured-leaf moisture content of MH-treated plants. Additionally, MH-treatment decreased partitioning of dry matter in stalks. On a whole-plant basis, dry matter accumulation was similar for all treatments. The results indicated that MH rates above 3.36 kg ha-1 did not alter plant development, yield, or sucker control, but did lead to excessive undesirable leaf MH concentrations. For cured-leaf and especially midrib tissue, there was a significant relationship between MH concentration determined by the chemical method and estimated by NIR spectroscopy. These results indicated that the potential exists to use NIR spectroscopy to rapidly estimate MH residue levels of tobacco leaf tissue. C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT AGRON,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. RP CRAFTSBRANDNER, SJ (reprint author), UNIV KENTUCKY,USDA ARS,LEXINGTON,KY 40546, USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 37 IS 2 BP 121 EP 128 DI 10.1016/0378-4290(94)90040-X PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA PC824 UT WOS:A1994PC82400005 ER PT J AU CRAFTSBRANDNER, SJ SUTTON, TG AF CRAFTSBRANDNER, SJ SUTTON, TG TI EFFECT OF MALEIC HYDRAZIDE ON PHOTOSYNTHESIS, CARBOHYDRATE-METABOLISM, AND SENESCENCE OF BURLEY TOBACCO (NICOTIANA-TABACUM-L) SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE BURLEY TOBACCO; FLUE-CURED TOBACCO; MALEIC HYDRAZIDE; NICOTIANA-TABACUM; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; SENESCENCE; STARCH; SUCROSE ID SUCROSE AB Maleic hydrazide (MH), a systemic agent used for control of axillary growth (suckers) in tobacco production, has been shown to alter cured-leaf quality and increase yield compared to manual sucker control. The objective of this study was to determine how MH, applied at rates ranging from zero (manual sucker control) to four times the usual commercial rate of 3.36 kg ha-1, influenced the carbon dioxide exchange rate (CER), carbohydrate metabolism, and senescence of upper-canopy leaves. Leaves treated with various MH rates had residue levels ranging from zero to over 600 mug g-1. Leaf area was decreased and specific leaf weight was increased by increasing MH rates. Oven-dried leaf weight, however, was similar for all treatments. CER was markedly decreased within 2 weeks after applying MH at rates above 1.68 kg ha-1. Chlorophyll concentration was also decreased by MH application, but not as rapidly or to the same extent as observed for CER. Sucrose and starch levels were significantly increased within 2 weeks after applying MH. As with CER, MH effects on sucrose and starch accumulation were maximum at 3.36 kg ha-1 MH with no further change at higher rates. Activities of sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG) pyrophosphorylase were not affected by any MH treatment. The results indicated that the increased sucrose and starch accumulation was due to decreased translocation of assimilate and not to increased photosynthesis. Because MH did not markedly alter total plant dry matter accumulation, MH-induced decreases in CER and chlorophyll were possibly compensated for by leaves lower in the canopy. This conclusion was supported by the lack of effect of MH on starch and sucrose accumulation and chlorophyll concentration for leaves in the middle of the canopy. While MH did inhibit photosynthesis of upper-canopy leaves, the results indicated that, in general, plant senescence was not markedly affected. C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT AGRON,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. RP CRAFTSBRANDNER, SJ (reprint author), UNIV KENTUCKY,USDA ARS,ROOM 107 ANIM PATHOL BLDG,LEXINGTON,KY 40546, USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 37 IS 2 BP 129 EP 135 DI 10.1016/0378-4290(94)90041-8 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA PC824 UT WOS:A1994PC82400006 ER PT J AU THAYER, DW AF THAYER, DW TI WHOLESOMENESS OF IRRADIATED FOODS SO FOOD TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHICKEN RP THAYER, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 31 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0015-6639 J9 FOOD TECHNOL-CHICAGO JI Food Technol. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 48 IS 5 BP 132 EP & PG 0 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA NN393 UT WOS:A1994NN39300018 ER PT J AU CZAPLEWSKI, RL REICH, RM BECHTOLD, WA AF CZAPLEWSKI, RL REICH, RM BECHTOLD, WA TI SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION IN GROWTH OF UNDISTURBED NATURAL PINE STANDS ACROSS GEORGIA SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; FORESTED AREAS; LOBLOLLY-PINE; OZONE DATA; REDUCTIONS; DECLINE AB Moran's I statistic measures the spatial autocorrelation in a random variable measured at discrete locations in space. Permutation procedures test the null hypothesis that the observed Moran's I value is no greater than that expected by chance. The spatial autocorrelation of gross basal area increment is analyzed for undisturbed, naturally regenerated stands in three Georgia forest types: loblolly, shortleaf, and slash pine. The analysis uses 0.4-ha permanent sample plots from a forest inventory that included two remeasurement intervals (1961-1972 arid 1972-1982). We present a new statistic for exploratory spatial analyses, and this statistic revealed an anomalous duster of unusually slow-growing shortleaf pine plots occurred in the mountains 100 km north of Atlanta. A regression model was used to predict gross basal area increment as a function of variables that describe local stand conditions, and no significant spatial autocorrelations existed in the regression residuals. This result suggests that the anomalous cluster of slow-growing plots can be explained by the spatial distribution of local stand conditions rather than spatial patterns of other possible causes such as air pollution, although alternative interpretations are possible. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST SCI,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,ASHEVILLE,NC. RP CZAPLEWSKI, RL (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,240 W PROSPECT RD,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. NR 47 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 40 IS 2 BP 314 EP 328 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA NK041 UT WOS:A1994NK04100007 ER PT J AU LAI, CC HUANG, WH ASKARI, A WANG, YH SARVAZYAN, N KLEVAY, LM CHIU, TH AF LAI, CC HUANG, WH ASKARI, A WANG, YH SARVAZYAN, N KLEVAY, LM CHIU, TH TI DIFFERENTIAL REGULATION OF SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE IN COPPER-DEFICIENT RAT ORGANS SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE REGULATION; COPPER DEFICIENCY; FREE RADICALS; RAT; LIVER; HEART; BRAIN ID GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE; ZINC; ENZYME; SYSTEM; LIVER; GENE AB The effects of dietary copper deprivation on the activities, immunoreactive protein concentrations, and mRNA abundance of copper/zinc- and manganese-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn- and Mn-SOD) were examined in liver, heart, and brain of weanling rats fed a Cu-deficient diet for 4 weeks. Hepatic Cu/Zn-SOD activity, enzyme content, and mRNA abundance were significantly reduced, and, conversely, the activity, protein, and mRNA levels of Mn-SOD were significantly elevated in Cu-deficient rats. In Cu-deficient heart, the activity and protein content for Cu/Zn-SOD were reduced, whereas those for Mn-SOD were increased; the levels of mRNAs for these two enzymes was unaffected. Dietary Cu deficiency was without effect on the activities, enzyme contents, and mRNA abundance of brain Cu/Zn- and Mn-SOD. These results indicate that SODs from liver, heart, and brain exhibit differential sensitivities to dietary Cu deprivation, and that different mechanisms (transcriptional, posttranscriptional, or posttranslational) may be involved in their regulation. C1 MED COLL OHIO,DEPT PHARMACOL,TOLEDO,OH 43699. MED COLL OHIO,DEPT SURG,TOLEDO,OH 43699. USDA ARS,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL45554] NR 40 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 16 IS 5 BP 613 EP 620 DI 10.1016/0891-5849(94)90061-2 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA NG423 UT WOS:A1994NG42300009 PM 8026804 ER PT J AU JOHNSON, LA SCHULMAN, JD AF JOHNSON, LA SCHULMAN, JD TI THE SAFETY OF SPERM SELECTION BY FLOW-CYTOMETRY SO HUMAN REPRODUCTION LA English DT Editorial Material ID SEX PRESELECTION; BEARING SPERM; SEPARATION; DNA C1 GENET & IVF INST,FAIRFAX,VA 22031. RP JOHNSON, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS,GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 6 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0268-1161 J9 HUM REPROD JI Hum. Reprod. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 9 IS 5 BP 758 EP 759 PG 2 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology GA NP467 UT WOS:A1994NP46700003 PM 7929718 ER PT J AU RITCHIE, JC GRISSINGER, EH MURPHEY, JB GARBRECHT, JD AF RITCHIE, JC GRISSINGER, EH MURPHEY, JB GARBRECHT, JD TI MEASURING CHANNEL AND GULLY CROSS-SECTIONS WITH AN AIRBORNE LASER ALTIMETER SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE AIRBORNE LASER ALTIMETRY; RIVER CHANNELS; GULLY; MORPHOLOGY AB A laser altimeter, making 4000 measurements per second, was used to measure channel and gully morphology. The laser measurements provide quick, accurate and readily obtained data on the cross-section and morphology of channels and gullies in relation to the adjacent landscape. Although ground based techniques can be used to make these measurements, using a laser altimeter mounted in an aircraft allows data to be collected faster, with greater density and detail, and in areas with limited access for ground surveys. The laser altimeter data are valuable for measuring channel and gully cross-sections and roughness in relation to the surrounding landscape, for assessing soil loss from gullies and channels, and for providing input to the understanding of gully and channel dynamics in the landscape. RP RITCHIE, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HYDROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD MAY-JUN PY 1994 VL 8 IS 3 BP 237 EP 243 DI 10.1002/hyp.3360080305 PG 7 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA NP990 UT WOS:A1994NP99000005 ER PT J AU KNOWLES, DP KAPPMEYER, LS PERRYMAN, LE AF KNOWLES, DP KAPPMEYER, LS PERRYMAN, LE TI SPECIFIC IMMUNE-RESPONSES ARE REQUIRED TO CONTROL PARASITEMIA IN BABESIA-EQUI INFECTION SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID CD4+ T-CELLS; COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY; SURFACE; MALARIA; MECHANISMS; CHABAUDI; VACCINE; CATTLE; HORSES; IMMUNIZATION AB Horses possessing a normal immune system and spleen often control infection caused by Babesia equi. However, splenectomized horses are unable to control B. equi infection and usually succumb to the infection. To investigate the role of the spleen in the control of B. equi infection in the absence of specific immune responses, two 1-month-old foals with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and two age-matched normal foals were inoculated with B. equi. The SCID foals became febrile seven days postinoculation and developed terminal parasitemias of 41 and 29%. The SCID foals had greater than 50% decreases in indices of total erythrocytes, packed-cell volumes, and hemoglobin concentrations. Both SCID foals were euthanized in extremis at 10 days postinoculation. As expected, the serum of the SCID foals lacked detectable antibodies to B. equi antigens. In contrast, the normal foals inoculated with B. equi produced detectable anti-erythrocyte-stage parasite antibodies by 7 days and controlled clinical disease by 12 days postinoculation. Although SCID foals lack functional T and B lymphocytes, they do possess complement, macrophages, granulocytes, and natural killer cells, as well as a spleen. Therefore, the data indicate that specific immune responses are required to control B. equi parasitemia but are not required for erythrocyte lysis in infected horses. Furthermore, the spleen is not able to control B. equi parasitemia in the absence of specific immune responses to parasite antigens. C1 USDA ARS,ANIM DIS RES UNIT,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP KNOWLES, DP (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET MICROBIOL & PATHOL,USDA ARS,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 34 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 62 IS 5 BP 1909 EP 1913 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA NH313 UT WOS:A1994NH31300056 PM 8168957 ER PT J AU BOROVSKY, D CARLSON, DA HANCOCK, RG REMBOLD, H VANHANDEL, E AF BOROVSKY, D CARLSON, DA HANCOCK, RG REMBOLD, H VANHANDEL, E TI DE-NOVO BIOSYNTHESIS OF JUVENILE HORMONE-III AND HORMONE-I BY THE ACCESSORY-GLANDS OF THE MALE MOSQUITO SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HPLC; RADIOACTIVITY; IN VITRO INCUBATIONS; MICROSURGERY; MICROSCOPY ID AEDES-AEGYPTI MOSQUITOS; EXPOSED CORPORA ALLATA; DIPTERA; CULICIDAE; INVITRO; VITELLOGENESIS; BIOCHEMISTRY; METABOLISM; SECRETIONS; SUBSTANCES AB The role of the male accessory glands (MAG) in reproduction was investigated in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. MAG incubated with [C-14]acetate synthesized radioactively labeled JH III, JH III bisepoxide and methyl farnesoate. MAG incubated with L-[methyl-H-3]methionine synthesized [H-3] JH III and a molecule that chromatographed on HPLC with JH I. Analysis of MAG and whole males extract by glass capillary combined gas-chromatography-selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry identified JH III and I as the main analogs that were synthesized by male mosquitoes. MAG of Culex nigripalpus, Anopheles rangeli and Anopheles trinkae also synthesized JH III from L-[methyl-H-3]methionine, which indicates that the male mosquito has a complete JH III biosynthetic pathway. Unfed and unmated Culex quinquefasciatus do not develop their ovaries to the resting stage. Females injected with one MAG extract equivalent or implanted with A. aegypti MAG developed their ovaries to the resting previtellogenic stage, whereas females that were injected with saline did not. These results indicate that MAG synthesize and secrete JH m. The corpora allata (CA) of the male Aedes aegypti also synthesize JH III from L-[methyl-H-3]methionine. This observation may suggest that JH synthesized by the male's CA is used for internal regulation, whereas JH synthesized by the MAG is transferred with the sperm into the female. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,INST FOOD & AGR SCI,FLORIDA MED ENTOMOL LAB,VERO BEACH,FL 32962. USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. MAX PLANCK INST BIOCHEM,D-82152 MARTINSRIED,GERMANY. NR 47 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 24 IS 5 BP 437 EP 444 DI 10.1016/0965-1748(94)90038-8 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA NK111 UT WOS:A1994NK11100001 PM 8205141 ER PT J AU DUKE, MV PAUL, RN ELSOHLY, HN STURTZ, G DUKE, SO AF DUKE, MV PAUL, RN ELSOHLY, HN STURTZ, G DUKE, SO TI LOCALIZATION OF ARTEMISININ AND ARTEMISITENE IN FOLIAR TISSUES OF GLANDED AND GLANDLESS BIOTYPES OF ARTEMISIA-ANNUA L SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ANTIMALARIAL DRUG; CELL-CULTURES; ORGANOGENESIS; CONSTITUENT; GROWTH AB The tissue localization of the antimalarial sesquiterpenoid compound artemisinin in annual wormwood (Artemisia annua L.) was determined by differential extraction of a glanded biotype and through the use of a glandless biotype. A 5-s dip in chloroform extracted 97% of the artemisinin from glanded A. annua leaf tissue. In addition, all of the detectable artemisitene, an artemisinin analog, was extracted. This extraction method caused collapse of the subcuticular space of the capitate glands on the leaf surface, whereas no other damage to the leaf surface was observed with SEM. Light microscopy and TEM revealed that this extraction method, despite causing some organelle structural changes, did not disrupt cell membranes. An A. annua biotype without glands contained neither artemisinin nor artemisitene. These results indicate that artemisinin and artemisitene present in foliar tissue are localized entirely in the subcuticular space of capitate glands of A. annua. C1 UNIV MISSISSIPPI,SCH PHARM,PHARMACEUT SCI RES INST,OXFORD,MS 38677. AROMAGEN,ALBANY,OR 97321. RP DUKE, MV (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO WEED SCI LAB,POB 350,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 34 TC 136 Z9 150 U1 1 U2 19 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 155 IS 3 BP 365 EP 372 DI 10.1086/297173 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA NY699 UT WOS:A1994NY69900011 ER PT J AU ROWE, LD BEIER, RC ELISSALDE, MH STANKER, LH AF ROWE, LD BEIER, RC ELISSALDE, MH STANKER, LH TI PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES AGAINST THE POULTRY COCCIDIOSTAT HALOFUGINONE SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB A succinyl derivative of halofuginone (Hal) was covalently linked to keyhole limpet hemocyanin to provide an immunogen for production of anti-Hal antibodies. This resulted in six hybridoma cell lines producing Hal-specific monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) of moderate to high affinity. All 6 Mabs were highly specific for Ha! relative to 12 compounds with similar structural components. Fifty percent inhibition of control values (IC50) for the Mabs ranged from 0.19 to 12.0 ng of Hal hydrobromide/well. One Mab (IC50 = 0.19 ng/well) was used to develop a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for Hal in chicken serum. Interference due to serum matrix effects was effectively eliminated by I-fold dilution of the sample with assay buffer. The minimum detectable amount of Hal was 0.05 ng/well. Analysis of Hal-fortified serum (6.25-50 ppb) showed excellent agreement (92-100 %) with the amount of Hal added. C1 USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1132 EP 1137 DI 10.1021/jf00041a017 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA NM298 UT WOS:A1994NM29800018 ER PT J AU SCHIMMELPFENNIG, D THIRTLE, C AF SCHIMMELPFENNIG, D THIRTLE, C TI COINTEGRATION, AND CAUSALITY - EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID RESEARCH EXPENDITURES; MONEY AB This study investigates the causal relationships between total factor productivity (TFP) and explanatory variables, such as public sector agricultural R&D, extension, farmer education, private sector patents and the weather. Cointegration and Granger causality tests are applied to the UK data which were used by Hallam (1990). Unlike Hallam, we find that there is a relationship between research spending and productivity. The same methodology is applied to new data for ten EC countries and the USA. In all cases there is evidence of a long run relationship between TFP and R&D. Pooling the data for the ten EC countries and the USA, and then testing for causality shows that R&D expenditures are Granger prior to TFP and that TFP is also Granger prior to R&D expenditures. This result agrees with Pardey and Craig's (1989) US study. C1 UNIV READING,DEPT AGR ECON & MANAGEMENT,READING RG6 2AH,BERKS,ENGLAND. RP SCHIMMELPFENNIG, D (reprint author), USDA,DIV RESOURCES & TECHNOL,ECON RES SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 29 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS SOC PI ABERDEEN PA UNIV OF ABERDEEN DEPT OF AGRICULTURE 581 KING STREET, ABERDEEN, SCOTLAND AB9 1UD SN 0021-857X J9 J AGR ECON JI J. Agric. Econ. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 45 IS 2 BP 220 EP 231 DI 10.1111/j.1477-9552.1994.tb00396.x PG 12 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA NX467 UT WOS:A1994NX46700007 ER PT J AU KRASZEWSKI, AW NELSON, SO AF KRASZEWSKI, AW NELSON, SO TI DETERMINATION OF MOISTURE-CONTENT AND BULK-DENSITY OF SHELLED CORN BY MEASUREMENT OF MICROWAVE PARAMETERS SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS; ELECTRICAL-PROPERTIES; GRAIN; AQUAMETRY; WHEAT RP KRASZEWSKI, AW (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0021-8634 J9 J AGR ENG RES JI J. Agr. Eng. Res. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 58 IS 1 BP 37 EP 46 DI 10.1006/jaer.1994.1033 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA NM539 UT WOS:A1994NM53900004 ER PT J AU DESHAZO, RD BANKS, WA AF DESHAZO, RD BANKS, WA TI MEDICAL CONSEQUENCES OF MULTIPLE FIRE ANT STINGS OCCURRING INDOORS SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE IMPORTED FIRE ANTS; INSECT REACTIONS; STINGING INSECTS; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS; RESIDENTIAL INSECT INFESTATION ID PLATELET-ACTIVATING-FACTOR; SOLENOPSIS-INVICTA; HYMENOPTERA VENOM; ANAPHYLAXIS; ALLERGENS; SKIN AB Stings by the imported fire ant almost always lead to dermal wheal and pare reactions followed by sterile pustules at sting sites. Less commonly, large local dermal reactions, pyoderma, anaphylaris, or neuropathy may occur. Such reactions have previously been associated with contact with the insects out of doors. We present two previously unreported cases of indoor attacks on individuals by imported fire ants. One patient experienced a cerebrovascular accident in association with the attack, whereas the second patient had no obvious sequelae. With these two reports, a total of four such indoor massive sting episodes have appeared in the recent medical literature. Physicians and other individuals living in areas indigenous to the fire ant should be aware that infestation of buildings with fire ants may be associated with attacks on human beings indoors. Individuals with cognitive dysfunction seem to be especially at risk for attacks by fire ants. C1 USDA ARS,MOBILE,AL. RP DESHAZO, RD (reprint author), UNIV SO ALABAMA,COLL MED,DEPT INTERNAL MED,2451 FILLINGIM ST,MOBILE,AL 36617, USA. NR 24 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 2 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 93 IS 5 BP 847 EP 850 DI 10.1016/0091-6749(94)90376-X PG 4 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA NL919 UT WOS:A1994NL91900007 PM 8182226 ER PT J AU GREGOIRE, DC MILLERIHLI, NJ STURGEON, RE AF GREGOIRE, DC MILLERIHLI, NJ STURGEON, RE TI DIRECT ANALYSIS OF SOLIDS BY ULTRASONIC SLURRY ELECTROTHERMAL VAPORIZATION INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE SLURRY SAMPLING; ELECTROTHERMAL VAPORIZATION; INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY; ULTRASONIC MIXING ID ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; GRAPHITE-FURNACE; CHEMICAL MODIFIERS; CONCOMITANT ELEMENTS; ICP-MS; INTERFERENCES; GFAAS AB The direct analysis of solids using ultrasonic slurry electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is reported. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1632a Trace Elements in Coal (Bituminous), Total Diet SRM 1548 and National Research Council of Canada LUTS-1 Lobster Hepatopancreas RM were analysed for a number of elements including Ni, Cu, Cr, Pb, Mn and Co. As a consequence of matrix effects, most analytes were determined using the method of standard additions, although Ni, Cu, Pb and Mn in NIST coal and Pb in LUTS-1 were successfully determined by external calibration using aqueous standards. With the exception of Cr in the coal sample, excellent agreement was obtained between the concentration determined and the certified range. Monitoring of the argon dimer during the high temperature vaporization cycle was shown to be an effective means of assessing matrix effects and selecting calibration strategies for individual analytes. Calculated limits of detection range from 0.07 ng g-1 for Co to 3.2 ng g-1 for Cr in 2 mg samples. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,NUTRIENT COMPOSIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NATL RES COUNCIL CANADA,INST ENVIRONM CHEM,OTTAWA K1A 0R9,ONTARIO,CANADA. RP GREGOIRE, DC (reprint author), GEOL SURVEY CANADA,601 BOOTH ST,OTTAWA K1A 0E8,ONTARIO,CANADA. OI Sturgeon, Ralph/0000-0001-7304-3034 NR 23 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 4 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4WF SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 9 IS 5 BP 605 EP 610 DI 10.1039/ja9940900605 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA NU964 UT WOS:A1994NU96400008 ER PT J AU GREGORY, KE CUNDIFF, LV KOCH, RM AF GREGORY, KE CUNDIFF, LV KOCH, RM TI BREED EFFECTS, DIETARY ENERGY DENSITY EFFECTS, AND RETAINED HETEROSIS ON DIFFERENT MEASURES OF GAIN EFFICIENCY IN BEEF-CATTLE SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CATTLE; HETEROSIS; BREED DIFFERENCES; ENERGY INTAKE; LIVE WEIGHT GAIN; EFFICIENCY ID COMPOSITE POPULATIONS; ADVANCED GENERATIONS; BIOLOGICAL TYPES; FEED-EFFICIENCY; CYCLE-III; TRAITS; GROWTH; WEIGHT AB Retained heterosis for different measures of gain efficiency was estimated in F-3 generation castrate male progeny in three composite populations finished on two levels of dietary energy density (2.82 and 3.07 Meal of ME and 11.50% CP) and serially slaughtered at four end points at intervals of 20 to 22 d. Breed effects were evaluated in nine parental breeds (Red Poll [R], Hereford [H], Angus [A], Limousin [L], Braunvieh [B], Pinzgauer [P], Gelbvieh [G], Simmental [S], and Charolais [C]) that contributed to the three composite populations (MARC I = 1/4 B, 1/4 C, 1/4 L, 1/8 H, 1/8 A; MARC II = 1/4 G, 1/4 S, 1/4 H, 1/4 A; and MARC III = 1/4 R, 1/4 P, 1/4 H, and 1/4 A). Gain efficiency was evaluated in time constant (0 to 207 d), gain constant (310 to 540 kg), carcass weight constant (333 kg), and retail product weight constant (225 and 210 kg) end points and to different marbling score and longissimus muscle fat end points. Expressions of gain efficiency included live weight gain/megacalories of ME and retail product weight/megacalories of ME. Significant differences were observed among breeds in all measures of gain efficiency. Breeds that had the smallest weight to maintain tended to be more efficient in live weight gain in the time constant period, whereas breeds with the highest rate of gain tended to be more efficient in the gain constant period. To marbling score or longissimus muscle fat end points, breeds with the lowest marbling scores and smallest percentage fat in the longissimus muscle on an age constant basis (e.g., Limousin and Gelbvieh) tended to be less efficient, whereas breeds with the highest marbling score and highest percentage of fat in the longissimus muscle on an age constant basis (e.g., Hereford and Angus) tended to be more efficient. Breeds with the highest percentage of retail product (Limousin and Gelbvieh) were more efficient to retail product weight end points, or when retail product weight was the measure of output. Steers fed the higher energy density diet were more efficient in live weight gain to time constant, live weight gain constant, marbling score constant, and longissimus fat constant end points and were more efficient in the production of retail product weight to retail product weight end points because of the shorter period of maintenance. Retained heterosis was not consistent among composites in different measures of gain efficiency. Higher initial weights resulting in greater requirements for maintenance had a negative effect in composites for most measures of gain efficiency. RP GREGORY, KE (reprint author), USDA ARS,US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 22 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 72 IS 5 BP 1138 EP 1154 PG 17 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA NL835 UT WOS:A1994NL83500008 PM 8056658 ER PT J AU GREGORY, KE CUNDIFF, LV KOCH, RM DIKEMAN, ME KOOHMARAIE, M AF GREGORY, KE CUNDIFF, LV KOCH, RM DIKEMAN, ME KOOHMARAIE, M TI BREED EFFECTS, RETAINED HETEROSIS, AND ESTIMATES OF GENETIC AND PHENOTYPIC PARAMETERS FOR CARCASS AND MEAT TRAITS OF BEEF-CATTLE SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CATTLE; HETEROSIS; BREEDS; GENETIC PARAMETERS; ENERGY INTAKE; MEAT CHARACTERISTICS ID COMPOSITE POPULATIONS; ADVANCED GENERATIONS; WEIGHT AB Retained heterosis for meat traits was estimated in F-3 generation castrate males in three composite populations of beef cattle finished on two levels of dietary energy density (2.82) Mcal of ME and 3.07 Mcal of ME and 11.50% CP) and serially slaughtered at four end points at intervals of 20 to 22 d. Breed effects were evaluated in nine parental breeds (Red Poll [R], Hereford [H], Angus [A], Limousin [L], Braunvieh [B], Pinzgauer [P], Gelbvieh [G], Simmental [S], and Charolais [C]) that contributed to the three composite populations (MARC I = 1/4 B, 1/4 C, 1/4 L, 1/8 H, 1/8 A; MARC II = 1/4 G, 1/4 S, 1/4 H, 1/4 A; and MARC III = 1/4 R, 1/4 P, 1/4 H, and 1/4 A). Breed effects were important (P < .01) for all carcass and meat traits evaluated. Dietary energy density and slaughter group affected (P < .05) most traits evaluated. The effects of retained heterosis were not consistent among composites. For the mean of the three composites, retained heterosis was significant. only for percentage of 9-10-11th rib fat and for percentage of retail product. Phenotypic correlations indicated that marbling score was a poor predictor of palatabiltiy attributes of individual carcasses. Estimates mates of heritability were intermediate to high for measures of fatness but were generally low for palatability attributes. The high negative genetic correlation (-.56) between percentage of retail product and marbling score and the relatively low genetic correlations between percentage of retail product and palatability attributes suggests the need for simultaneous attention to percentage of retail product and palatability attributes rather than to marbling score. Correlations among breed group means were generally high for measures of fatness with palatability attributes and were high and negative for percentage of retail product with marbling score and with other measures of fatness. Limited opportunity exists for selecting among breeds to achieve high levels of marbling in the longissimus muscle simultaneously with a high percentage of retail product. These results suggest that the most logical approach to resolution of the genetic antagonism between favorable carcass composition and less favorable palatability attributes is to form composite breeds with breed contributions organized to achieve an optimum balance between favorable carcass composition and desirable palatability attributes at optimum slaughter weights. RP GREGORY, KE (reprint author), USDA ARS,US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 20 TC 66 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 72 IS 5 BP 1174 EP 1183 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA NL835 UT WOS:A1994NL83500011 PM 8056661 ER PT J AU CZERWINSKI, SM MARTIN, JM AF CZERWINSKI, SM MARTIN, JM TI EFFECT OF SOMATOTROPIN ON MYOSIN EXPRESSION IN PIGS SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE MYOSIN; MUSCLE FIBERS; PIGS; SOMATOTROPIN ID RECOMBINANT PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN; MUSCLE-FIBER CHARACTERISTICS; HEAVY-CHAIN ISOFORMS; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; GROWTH-PERFORMANCE; HORMONE; PROTEINS; QUALITY; FORMS; GENES AB Daily administration of recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST) has marked effects on growth performance of swine. Protein accretion rates are dramatically increased with rpST treatment. However, the effect of rpST on specific muscle proteins has not been addressed. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of rpST on 1) the distribution pattern of isomyosins, 2) the total myosin heavy chain protein levels, and 3) myosin heavy chain mRNA abundance present in swine skeletal muscle. There were no differences in myosin isoform composition in the longissimus muscle resulting from porcine somatotropin treatment. There were also no differences in the myosin heavy chain protein concentration within the longissimus muscles. In accordance with the protein levels, myosin heavy chain mRNA expression was not altered with rpST treatment. This study shows that although the pig responds to rpST with increased protein accretion rates, the proportion of myosin per milligram of total protein remains constant. Myosin was not altered by type, concentration, or expression level. By combining these tools we are now able to examine a myosin on both a protein and message level throughout growth. RP CZERWINSKI, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 72 IS 5 BP 1204 EP 1208 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA NL835 UT WOS:A1994NL83500015 PM 8056665 ER PT J AU WHEELER, TL KOOHMARAIE, M AF WHEELER, TL KOOHMARAIE, M TI PRERIGOR AND POSTRIGOR CHANGES IN TENDERNESS OF OVINE LONGISSIMUS MUSCLE SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE MUSCLES; SHEEP; POSTRIGOR; PRERIGOR; TENDERNESS ID MODELING POSTMORTEM TENDERIZATION; MYOFIBRILLAR PROTEINS; HEATING RATE; RIGOR ONSET; BEEF MUSCLE; TEMPERATURE; PROTEASES AB A novel approach was used to measure the tenderness of prerigor ovine longissimus thoracis et lumborum by avoiding the confounding effects of heat-induced shortening resulting from cooking prerigor meat. The objective was to determine the tenderness of the muscle at the time of slaughter and to monitor changes in tenderness during rigor development and postmortem aging. Nine Romanov and 12 Finnsheep rams were slaughtered at 49.3 kg live weight. Samples of longissimus thoracis et lumborum were removed at 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 72, or 336 h after exsanguination. Five of the eight sample times were represented in each carcass and all carcasses were sampled at 0, 12, and 24 h. Prerigor muscle samples (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h) were clamped between two metal plates before excision to prevent shortening. The samples were frozen at -30 degrees C then stored at -5 degrees C for 10 d to allow glycolysis to proceed to completion, and thus ultimate pH and complete rigor mortis were attained. The longissimus thoracis et lumborum was then cut into chops and cooked and shear force was determined. Sarcomere length decreased through 24 h postmortem, then increased slightly through 336 h postmortem. Warner-Bratzler shear force values were 5.1 kg at 0 and 3 h, increased to 8.3 kg from 3 to 9 h, and then declined to 3.1 kg from 24 to 336 h postmortem. These data imply that longissimus thoracis et lumborum at slaughter is intermediate in tenderness, rigor shortening toughens the meat, and proteolysis tenderizes the meat, resulting in more tender meat after 14 d of aging than at slaughter. RP WHEELER, TL (reprint author), USDA ARS,US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 43 TC 110 Z9 128 U1 6 U2 9 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 72 IS 5 BP 1232 EP 1238 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA NL835 UT WOS:A1994NL83500018 PM 8056668 ER PT J AU SOLOMON, MB PURSEL, VG PAROCZAY, EW BOLT, DJ AF SOLOMON, MB PURSEL, VG PAROCZAY, EW BOLT, DJ TI LIPID-COMPOSITION OF CARCASS TISSUE FROM TRANSGENIC PIGS EXPRESSING A BOVINE GROWTH-HORMONE GENE SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE PIGS; TRANSGENIC; BGH; CARCASS FAT; FATTY ACIDS; CHOLESTEROL ID RECOMBINANT PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN; FATTY-ACIDS; PLASMA-CHOLESTEROL; BODY-COMPOSITION; DIETARY-PROTEIN; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; GROWING-PIGS; LIVE WEIGHT; PERFORMANCE; KILOGRAMS AB Fatty acid profiles and cholesterol content of whole-carcass ground tissue were compared from 26 transgenic (T) pigs expressing a bovine growth hormone gene (bGH) to 26 sibling control (C) pigs. All pigs were fed a common diet and were slaughtered at five different live weights: 14, 28, 48, 68, and 92 kg. The left side of each intact carcass was ground and tissue samples were analyzed for lipid composition and cholesterol content. At 14-kg body weight, carcasses from bGH-T pigs contained 38% less fat, 44% less saturated fatty acids (SFA), 48% less monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), and 38% less polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) than C pigs. At 28 kg, bGH-T pigs had 38% less total carcass fat, 42% less SFA, 46% less MUFA, and 24% less PUFA than C pigs. At 48-kg body weight, bGH-T pigs contained 48% less carcass fat, 55% less SFA, 59% less MUFA, and 22% less PUFA than C pigs. At 68 kg, bGH-T pigs had 78% less carcass fat, 78% less SFA, 79% less MUFA, and 53% less PUFA than C pigs. At 92 kg, carcasses from bGH-T pigs contained 85% less carcass fat, 85% less SFA, 91% less MUFA, and 66% less PUFA than those from C pigs. Cholesterol content was not different between bGH-T pigs and C pigs at any of the carcass weights. The trend was for cholesterol content to decrease from the 14- to 92-kg weight group. These results suggest a dilution effect of carcass fat and fatty acids in carcass tissue from bGH-T pigs with increasing live weight. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,GENE EVALUAT & MAPPING LAB,LPSI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB,LPSI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP SOLOMON, MB (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,MEAT SCI RES LAB,PQDI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 23 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 72 IS 5 BP 1242 EP 1246 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA NL835 UT WOS:A1994NL83500020 PM 8056670 ER PT J AU COLE, NA GALLAVAN, RH RODRIGUEZ, SL PURDY, CW AF COLE, NA GALLAVAN, RH RODRIGUEZ, SL PURDY, CW TI INFLUENCE OF TRIIODOTHYRONINE INJECTIONS ON CALF IMMUNE-RESPONSE TO AN INFECTIOUS BOVINE-RHINOTRACHEITIS VIRUS CHALLENGE AND NITROGEN-BALANCE OF LAMBS SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE TRIIODOTHYRONINE; STEERS; LAMBS; IMMUNITY; STRESS ID UNDERNOURISHED WEANLING MICE; PRIMARY ANTIBODY-RESPONSE; RED BLOOD-CELLS; THYROID-HORMONE; FEED-INTAKE; SHEEP; PROPYLTHIOURACIL; CATTLE; STEERS; SERUM AB Three experiments were conducted to determine the influence of triiodothyronine (T-3) or propylthiouracil (PTU) on the humoral immune response of calves challenged with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBRV) and on nitrogen depletion and repletion of lambs deprived of feed and water for 3 d. In Exp. 1, 18 steer calves (BW 284 +/- 6 kg) challenged with IBRV were limit-fed (1.5% BW) a 60% concentrate diet and injected (s.c.) daily with alkaline saline, .4 mg of T-3, or .8 mg of T-3 Injections of T-3 did not affect serum antibody titers to IBRV, blood leukocyte counts, or plasma free fatty acid, ceruloplasmin, and cholesterol concentrations but increased (P < .05) plasma glucose concentrations and decreased (P < .05) plasma urea N concentrations. In Exp. 2, 36 IBRV-challenged steers (BW 266 +/- .8 kg) were given ad libitum access to a 60% concentrate diet and injected (s.c.) daily with alkaline saline, .2 mg of T-3, or .4 mg of T-3. In contrast to Exp. 1, injections of T-3 did not affect plasma glucose or urea N concentrations and reduced (P < .05) serum antibody titers to IBRV. In Exp. 3, eight wether lambs were limit-fed (600 g/d) a 36% concentrate pelleted diet and assigned to one of four treatments in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square designed nutrient balance experiment involving periods of nutrient depletion and repletion. Treatments were as follows: 1) alkaline saline injection (s.c.), 2) 4 mg of PTU/kg BW in water, 3) .15 mg of T-3 s.c. daily for 15 d, and 4) .15 mg of T-3 s.c. daily for 7 d after the 3-d feed and water deprivation period. Thyroid status affected (P < .05) predeprivation N balance but did not affect N losses during the feed and water deprivation period. Retention of N during realimentation was affected (P < .05) by T-3 treatment. Results of these experiments indicate that there is a complex interrelationship among stress, nutrient status, and thyroidal status and that the effects of T-3 injections on immune and metabolic responses may he dependent on the nutritional status of the animal. C1 USDA,FORAGE & LIVESTOCK RES STN,EL RENO,OK 73036. RP COLE, NA (reprint author), US ARS,CONSERVAT & PROD RES LAB,PO DRAWER 10,BUSHLAND,TX 79012, USA. NR 40 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 72 IS 5 BP 1263 EP 1273 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA NL835 UT WOS:A1994NL83500023 PM 8056673 ER PT J AU EDRINGTON, TS HARVEY, RB KUBENA, LF AF EDRINGTON, TS HARVEY, RB KUBENA, LF TI EFFECT OF AFLATOXIN IN GROWING LAMBS FED RUMINALLY DEGRADABLE OR ESCAPE PROTEIN-SOURCES SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE AFLATOXIN; PROTEIN SOURCE; LAMBS; TOXICITY; GROWTH RATE ID SODIUM CALCIUM ALUMINOSILICATE; DIETARY-PROTEIN; FISH-MEAL; CARBOHYDRATE SOURCES; CONTAMINATED DIETS; PATHOLOGIC-CHANGES; DAIRY-COWS; PERFORMANCE; METABOLISM; NITROGEN AB Thirty-two crossbred (Suffolk x Rambouillet) wether lambs were used to examine the effectiveness of protein source (soybean meal [SBM] or fish meal [FM]) in alleviating decreased performance associated with dietary aflatoxin (AF) in growing lambs. After a 21-d adaptation period to concentrate diets, lambs were assigned to the following dietary treatments: 1) SBM, 0 mg of AF; 2) FM, 0 mg of AF; 3) SBM + 2.5 mg of AF/kg diet; or 4) FM + 2.5 mg of AF/kg diet (two lambs/pen; four pens/treatment). Diets were fed 35 d, at which time AF was removed from the diet (except one pen/protein source) and lambs continued on study for an additional 32 d. On d 67, all lambs were killed and necropsied. Average daily gain, feed intake, and gain/feed were similar (P > .10) among lambs fed SBM or FM; however, lambs fed AF had lower (P < .01) feed intakes, daily gain, and gain/feed. Feed intake remained lower (P < .01) after AF was removed from the diet. Aflatoxin elevated(P < .01) aspartate amino transferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase activities and total protein and cholesterol concentrations while decreasing (P < .05) alkaline phosphatase, glucose, cholinesterase, albumin, inorganic phosphorus, iron, and total-iron-binding capacity. Hematocrit, white blood cell count, and prothrombin time increased (P < .01) in lambs fed AF. No AF or protein effects were seen on ruminal VFA, pH, or lymphocyte blastogenesis (P > .10). Serum constituents and hematologic measurements remained altered in lambs fed AF throughout the 67-d experimental period; however, they returned to levels similar to those in controls when AF was removed from the diet. Dietary AF decreased lamb performance and impaired liver function. No benefits were seen in lamb performance when FM was substituted for SBM, either with or without AF. RP EDRINGTON, TS (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,ROUTE 5,BOX 810,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 50 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 72 IS 5 BP 1274 EP 1281 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA NL835 UT WOS:A1994NL83500024 PM 8056674 ER PT J AU HRISTOV, A BRODERICK, GA AF HRISTOV, A BRODERICK, GA TI IN-VITRO DETERMINATION OF RUMINAL PROTEIN DEGRADABILITY USING [N-15]AMMONIA TO CORRECT FOR MICROBIAL NITROGEN UPTAKE SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE RUMEN DIGESTION; PROTEIN DEGRADATION; N-15; PROTEIN QUALITY; PROTEIN CONCENTRATES ID MIXED RUMEN BACTERIA; AMINO-ACIDS; CONTINUOUS CULTURE; ALFALFA SILAGE; DAIRY-COWS; INVITRO; DEGRADATION; METABOLISM; AMMONIA; CARBOHYDRATE AB An in vitro procedure was developed to estimate rate and extent of ruminal protein degradation using [N-15]H-3 to quantify uptake of protein degradation products for microbial protein synthesis. Incubations were conducted for 6 h in stirrer flasks with ruminal inoculum plus buffer, reducing solution, pectin, soluble carbohydrates, and added ((NH4)-N-15) 2SO4 Seven protein concentrates were tested in the system. Samples of media were analyzed for N-15 enrichment of NH3, microbial N, and total solids N. Degradation rate was computed from net (i.e., protein-added minus blank) release of NH3 N plus net synthesis of microbial protein N; escape was estimated assuming ruminal passage rate = .06/h. Over the course of the incubations, pH was stable at 6.6, protozoal numbers increased slightly, and microbial protein content increased by more than 200%. Free AA had not accumulated at the end of the incubations. Microbial protein synthesis was a linear function (P < .001; r(2) = .780) of extent of degradation. Mean degradation rates and ruminal escapes determined were, respectively, .569/h and 10% (casein), .148/h and 29% (solvent soybean meal), .036/h and 63% (expeller soybean meal), .026/h and 70% (low solubles fish meal),.063/h and 49% (high solubles fish meal), .034/h and 64% (corn gluten meal), and .050/h and 55% (roasted soybeans). Overall, degradation rates averaged 28% greater than those previously estimated using an inhibitor in vitro system; however, rates obtained for the fish meals using the N-15 method were slower. C1 US ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 48 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 1994 VL 72 IS 5 BP 1344 EP 1354 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA NL835 UT WOS:A1994NL83500033 PM 8056683 ER EF