FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU PETERSON, CJ ALLAN, RE MORRIS, CF MILLER, BC MOSER, DF LINE, RF AF PETERSON, CJ ALLAN, RE MORRIS, CF MILLER, BC MOSER, DF LINE, RF TI REGISTRATION OF ROD WHEAT SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Note C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, USDA ARS, WHEAT GENET QUAL PHYSIOL & DIS RES UNIT, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 35 IS 2 BP 594 EP 594 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA QP346 UT WOS:A1995QP34600062 ER PT J AU PEDERSON, GA MCLAUGHLIN, MR AF PEDERSON, GA MCLAUGHLIN, MR TI REGISTRATION OF MSREDFL RED-FLOWERED WHITE CLOVER GERMPLASM SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Note RP PEDERSON, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROP SCI RES LAB,POB 5367,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 35 IS 2 BP 596 EP 596 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA QP346 UT WOS:A1995QP34600064 ER PT J AU LEWELLEN, RT AF LEWELLEN, RT TI REGISTRATION OF SUGAR-BEET GERMPLASM LINES WITH MULTIPLE DISEASE RESISTANCE - C39, C39R, C39R-6, C47, C47R, C93, AND C94 SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Note RP LEWELLEN, RT (reprint author), USDA ARS,US AGR RES STN,CROP IMPROVEMENT & PROTECT RES UNIT,1636 E ALISAL ST,SALINAS,CA 93905, USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 35 IS 2 BP 597 EP 598 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA QP346 UT WOS:A1995QP34600066 ER PT J AU COOK, CG SCOTT, AW AF COOK, CG SCOTT, AW TI REGISTRATION OF C215781-2 COTTON GERMPLASM SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Note C1 RIO FARMS INC,MONTE ALTO,TX 78538. RP COOK, CG (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,2413 E HWY 83,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 35 IS 2 BP 599 EP 599 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA QP346 UT WOS:A1995QP34600068 ER PT J AU MARCHETTI, MA BOLLICH, CN MCCLUNG, AM SCOTT, JE WEBB, BD AF MARCHETTI, MA BOLLICH, CN MCCLUNG, AM SCOTT, JE WEBB, BD TI REGISTRATION OF RU8703196 DISEASE-RESISTANT RICE GERMPLASM SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Note ID SHEATH BLIGHT; YIELD C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,AGR RES STN,BEAUMONT,TX 77713. USDA ARS,BEAUMONT,TX 77713. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 35 IS 2 BP 601 EP 601 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA QP346 UT WOS:A1995QP34600071 ER PT J AU MORNHINWEG, DW PORTER, DR WEBSTER, JA AF MORNHINWEG, DW PORTER, DR WEBSTER, JA TI REGISTRATION OF STARS-9301B BARLEY GERMPLASM RESISTANT TO RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Note ID HOMOPTERA RP MORNHINWEG, DW (reprint author), USDA,ARS,1301 N WESTERN ST,STILLWATER,OK 74075, USA. NR 4 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 35 IS 2 BP 603 EP 603 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA QP346 UT WOS:A1995QP34600074 ER PT J AU WHITEHEAD, TR COTTA, MA AF WHITEHEAD, TR COTTA, MA TI IDENTIFICATION OF INTRACELLULAR AMYLASE ACTIVITY IN STREPTOCOCCUS-BOVIS AND STREPTOCOCCUS-SALIVARIUS SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STEPWISE ADAPTATION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ALPHA-AMYLASE; RUMEN; BACTEREMIA; CLONING; ASSOCIATION; CARCINOMA; ENZYMES; DISEASE AB The ruminal bacterium Streptococcus bovis has been demonstrated to produce an extracellular amylase activity. We previously reported on the cloning of a gene from S. bovis encoding for what was initially believed to be the extracellular amylase. DNA sequence analyses indicated that the amylase produced by the cloned gene did not match the N-terminus amino acid sequence of the purified extracellular amylase and contained no apparent leader sequence for secretion. Analyses of crude extracts demonstrated the presence of an intracellular amylase in S. bovis JB1 that differed in molecular weight (56,000) from that of the extracellular amylase (70,000). The 56,000 molecular weight amylase was identical to the amylase produced by Escherichia coli containing the cloned amylase gene. Low levels of intracellular amylase activity were also detected in other strains of S. bovis and also Streptococcus salivarius. Introduction of the plasmid pVA838 containing the cloned amylase gene into S. bovis and S. sanguis resulted in enhanced intracellular amylase production by both organisms. The amylase gene has been sequenced, and analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence for the amylase indicates a high degree of similarity with secreted amylases from Bacillus species. RP WHITEHEAD, TR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FERMENTAT BIOCHEM RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. RI Whitehead, Terence/B-5235-2009; OI Cotta, Michael/0000-0003-4565-7754 NR 27 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 30 IS 3 BP 143 EP 148 DI 10.1007/BF00296199 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA QF313 UT WOS:A1995QF31300005 PM 7532504 ER PT J AU BEATTIE, JH SELF, R RICHARDS, MP AF BEATTIE, JH SELF, R RICHARDS, MP TI THE USE OF SOLID-PHASE CONCENTRATORS FOR ONLINE PRECONCENTRATION OF METALLOTHIONEIN PRIOR TO ISOFORM SEPARATION BY CAPILLARY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS SO ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT British-Electrophoresis-Society Meeting CY SEP 14-15, 1994 CL ABERDEEN, SCOTLAND SP BRIT ELECTROPHORESIS SOC DE METALLOTHIONEIN; CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS; SAMPLE CONCENTRATION; PRECONCENTRATION; DETECTION SENSITIVITY ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ISOTACHOPHORESIS; PROTEINS AB UV absorbance is a convenient detection method for monitoring a wide variety of different components separated by capillary electrophoresis (CE). However, a significant disadvantage of UV detection is its low sensitivity and this is a major factor limiting the application of CE as an analytical technique. In order to improve sensitivity, several methods of on-line sample preconcentration by electrofocusing, including ''stacking'' and isotachophoresis, have been investigated and the potential of on-line solid phase preconcentrators for this purpose has also been demonstrated. We have developed methods for the separation of isoforms of metallothionein (MT), a low M(r) metal-binding protein which functions as a detoxification system and cellular buffer for heavy metals, primarily in liver and kidney. While a variety of modifications to the capillary surface and electrolyte chemistry have been used to resolve many MT isoforms in liver samples from a variety of species, there are few available alternatives to UV detection and thus sensitivity limits the application of these methods to samples with low MT levels, such as urine or plasma. In this study we have investigated the use of an inexpensive and easy to assemble C-18 concentrator which was fitted to the capillary inlet to extend the detection limits for MT isoform analysis. Samples were pressure loaded onto the concentrator for up to 5 min, eluted using 33% acetonitrile and then subjected to electrophoresis in berate or phosphate buffer. The purified isoforms MT-1 and MT-2 from rabbit liver were best resolved using an acidic acetonitrile eluent and a phosphate buffer electrolyte at pH 7. Sensitivity enhancement was >700-fold and the relationship between loading time and isoform absorbance peak area was linear when only a small proportion of concentrator capacity was used. Analysis of sheep liver extracts demonstrated that both sensitivity and specificity were enhanced. The potential of other solid-phase concentrators is discussed. C1 UNIV E ANGLIA,SCH CHEM SCI,NORWICH NR4 7TJ,NORFOLK,ENGLAND. USDA ARS,GROWTH BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD. RP BEATTIE, JH (reprint author), ROWETT RES INST,DIV BIOCHEM SCI,GREENBURN RD,BUCKSBURN AB2 9SB,ABERDEEN,SCOTLAND. NR 29 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 3 PU VCH PUBLISHERS INC PI DEERFIELD BEACH PA 303 NW 12TH AVE, DEERFIELD BEACH, FL 33442-1788 SN 0173-0835 J9 ELECTROPHORESIS JI Electrophoresis PD MAR PY 1995 VL 16 IS 3 BP 322 EP 328 DI 10.1002/elps.1150160153 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA QV450 UT WOS:A1995QV45000007 PM 7607164 ER PT J AU SMITH, DR NAITO, T AF SMITH, DR NAITO, T TI NEW SPECIES OF STRONGYLOGASTER (HYMENOPTERA, TENTHREDINIDAE) FROM NORTH-AMERICA SO ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LA English DT Article AB strongylogaster lata, n. sp., is described from specimens collected at two sites in Maryland. This species is the first North American representative of a species group previously known only from eastern Asia. It is separated from the North American species of the genus as well as four Asian species. The female sheath and lancet are illustrated. RP SMITH, DR (reprint author), NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,USDA ARS,PSI,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,NHB 168,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ENTOMOL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1900 BENJ FRANKLIN PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-1195 SN 0013-872X J9 ENTOMOL NEWS JI Entomol. News PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 106 IS 2 BP 57 EP 60 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QQ657 UT WOS:A1995QQ65700001 ER PT J AU SELIN, S CHAVEZ, D AF SELIN, S CHAVEZ, D TI DEVELOPING A COLLABORATIVE MODEL FOR ENVIRONMENTAL-PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE COLLABORATION; PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT; NATURAL RESOURCES; DISPUTE RESOLUTION; PARTNERSHIPS; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; TRANSACTIVE PLANNING; COMMUNITIES OF INTEREST AB Methods for involving the public in natural resource management are changing as agencies adjust to an increasingly turbulent social and political environment. There is growing interest among managers and scholars in collaborative approaches to public involvement. Collaboration is conceptually defined and elaborated using examples from the natural resource management field. This paper then examines how collaboration theory from the organizational behavior field can help environmental managers to better understand those factors that facilitate and inhibit collaborative solutions to resource problems. A process-oriented model is presented that proposes that collaboration emerges out of an environmental context and then proceeds sequentially through a problem-setting, direction-setting, and structuring phase. Factors constraining collaboration are also specified, including organizational culture and power differentials. Designs for managing collaboration are identified, which include appreciative planning, joint agreements, dialogues, and negotiated settlements. Environmental managers need new skills to manage collaboration within a dynamic social and political environment. Further research is needed to test the propositions outlined here. C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST FIRE LAB,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507. RP SELIN, S (reprint author), W VIRGINIA UNIV,DIV FORESTRY,POB 6125,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506, USA. NR 25 TC 145 Z9 153 U1 2 U2 29 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 19 IS 2 BP 189 EP 195 DI 10.1007/BF02471990 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QF329 UT WOS:A1995QF32900004 ER PT J AU LOWRANCE, R VELLIDIS, G AF LOWRANCE, R VELLIDIS, G TI A CONCEPTUAL-MODEL FOR ASSESSING ECOLOGICAL RISK TO WATER-QUALITY FUNCTION OF BOTTOMLAND HARDWOOD FORESTS SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT; CONCEPTUAL MODEL; BOTTOMLAND HARDWOOD FORESTS; WATER QUALITY FUNCTION; STRESSORS; ASSESSMENT END-POINT; MEASUREMENT END POINT; GEORGIA ID RIPARIAN FORESTS; NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; NITRATE DYNAMICS; DENITRIFICATION; GROUNDWATER; DEPOSITION; ZONE AB Ecological risk assessment provides a methodology for evaluating the threats to ecosystem function associated with environmental perturbations or stressors. This report documents the development of a conceptual model for assessing the ecological risk to the water quality function (WQF) of bottomland hardwood riparian ecosystems (BHRE) in the Tifton-Vidalia upland (TVU) ecoregion of Georgia. Previous research has demonstrated that mature BHRE are essential to maintaining water quality in this portion of the coastal plain. The WQF of these ecosystems is considered an assessment endpoint-an ecosystem function or set of functions that society chooses to value as evidenced by laws, regulations, or common usage. Stressors operate on ecosystems at risk through an exposure scenario to produce ecological effects that are linked to loss of the desired function or assessment end point. The WQF of BHRE is at risk because of the ecological and environmental quality effects of a suite of chemical, physical, and biological stressors. The stressors are related to nonpoint source pollution from adjacent land uses, especially agriculture; the conversion of BHRE to other land uses; and the encroachment of domestic animals into BHRE. Potential chemical, physical, and biological stressors to BHRE are identified, and the methodology for evaluating appropriate exposure scenarios is discussed. Field-scale and watershed-scale measurement end points of most use in assessing the effects of stressors on the WQF are identified and discussed. The product of this study is a conceptual model of how risks to the WQF of BHRE are produced and how the risk and associated uncertainties can be quantified. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT AGR & BIOL ENGN,TIFTON,GA 31793. RP LOWRANCE, R (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE WATERSHED RES LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 60 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 19 IS 2 BP 239 EP 258 DI 10.1007/BF02471994 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QF329 UT WOS:A1995QF32900008 ER PT J AU REINHARDT, TE WARD, DE AF REINHARDT, TE WARD, DE TI FACTORS AFFECTING METHYL-CHLORIDE EMISSIONS FROM FOREST BIOMASS COMBUSTION SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GASEOUS TRACERS; AIR-POLLUTION AB Chloromethane (CH3Cl or methyl chloride) is a trace gas in the atmosphere that is a characteristic emission of vegetative biomass burning. Measurements of chloromethane emissions from laboratory-scale fires in forest fuels show that CH3Cl emission factors vary considerably between flaming and smoldering combustion. Regression analysis indicates that CH3Cl emission factors can be predicted from three fire and fuel parameters: combustion efficiency, rate of heat release, and fuel chloride content. The percentage of chlorine in the fine particle emissions from burning forest fuels also varies with combustion conditions. A combustion reaction mechanism is proposed to explain the observed variation in chlorinated emissions. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,SEATTLE,WA 98105. NR 28 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 4 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 29 IS 3 BP 825 EP 832 DI 10.1021/es00003a034 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QJ908 UT WOS:A1995QJ90800049 PM 22200294 ER PT J AU BENTON, MJ MALOTT, ML KNIGHT, SS COOPER, CM BENSON, WH AF BENTON, MJ MALOTT, ML KNIGHT, SS COOPER, CM BENSON, WH TI INFLUENCE OF SEDIMENT COMPOSITION ON APPARENT TOXICITY IN A SOLID-PHASE TEST USING BIOLUMINESCENT BACTERIA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Note DE SEDIMENT; TOXICITY; PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; PHOTOBACTERIUM PHOSPHOREUM AB Clean and spiked sediment formulations of various silt:sand and clay:sand ratios were tested for toxicity using a bioassay that utilized bioluminescent bacteria. Measured toxicities of clean and copper sulfate-spiked sediments were negatively but nonlinearly related with percent silt and percent clay, but no significant relationship existed between measured toxicity and sediment composition for methyl parathion-spiked formulations. Results suggest that solid-phase sediment bioassays using bioluminescent bacteria may be useful for testing the toxicities of single contaminants in formulated artificial sediments of known particle-size composition, and for repeated samples collected from the same site. However, extreme caution must be taken when testing sediments of varying composition or which may be differentially contaminated or contain a suite of contaminants. C1 MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV,PHARMACEUT SCI RES INST,ENVIRONM TOXICOL RES PROGRAM,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 38677. USDA ARS,NATL SEDIMENTAT LAB,OXFORD,MS 38655. MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV,SCH PHARM,DEPT PHARMACOL,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 38677. RP BENTON, MJ (reprint author), E TENNESSEE STATE UNIV,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,POB 70682,JOHNSON CITY,TN 37614, USA. NR 13 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 14 IS 3 BP 411 EP 414 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA QH199 UT WOS:A1995QH19900009 ER PT J AU MCGRUDER, ED KOGUT, MH CORRIER, DE DELOACH, JR HARGIS, BM AF MCGRUDER, ED KOGUT, MH CORRIER, DE DELOACH, JR HARGIS, BM TI INTERACTION OF DEXAMETHASONE AND SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS IMMUNE LYMPHOKINES ON SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS ORGAN INVASION AND IN-VITRO POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTE FUNCTION SO FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE LYMPHOKINES; SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS; DEXAMETHASONE; POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES ID NEUTROPHIL FUNCTION; PASTEURELLA-MULTOCIDA; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; IN-VITRO; CHEMOTAXIS; CATTLE; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; INHIBITION; PREDNISONE; ADHERENCE AB We used an anti-inflammatory dose of dexamethasone (DEX) and Salmonella enteritidis (SE)-immune lymphokines (ILK) followed by oral SE challenge to chicks to determine the effects of these treatments on SE organ invasion and in vitro function of PMNs derived from peripheral blood. Endpoints included percent protection against SE organ invasion, numbers of peripheral blood PMNs, and in vitro PMN adherence, chemotaxis, and SE killing. SE organ invasion was significantly reduced in chicks treated with either ILK alone or DEX + ILK compared to controls. Chicks treated with either DEX alone or DEX + ILK responded with a significant increase in numbers of peripheral blood PMNs as compared to controls, while numbers of PMNs in the peripheral blood from chicks treated with ILK alone were not significantly increased. PMN adherence and percent SE killing by PMNs derived from chicks treated with either ILK alone or DEX + ILK were significantly increased compared to controls. Chemotaxis of PMNs derived from chicks treated with either ILK alone or DEX alone significantly increased 2-fold over control levels. Interestingly, chemotaxis of PMNs derived from chicks that received DEX + ILK was similar to controls. Generally, ILK abated the anti-inflammatory effects of DEX on PMNs in these assays, except for chemotaxis. We interpret these data to suggest that ILK may confer protection to chicks against the early phase of SE organ invasion by inducing an inflammatory response predominated by activated PMNs. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET PATHOBIOL,TEXAS AGR EXPT STN,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT POULTRY SCI,TEXAS AGR EXPT STN,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. NR 46 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0928-8244 J9 FEMS IMMUNOL MED MIC JI FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 11 IS 1 BP 25 EP 34 DI 10.1111/j.1574-695X.1995.tb00075.x PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA QR843 UT WOS:A1995QR84300005 PM 7599601 ER PT J AU CENTER, TD FRANK, JH DRAY, FA AF CENTER, TD FRANK, JH DRAY, FA TI BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS - STEMMING THE TIDE IN FLORIDA SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; INVASIVE SPECIES; WEEDS; INSECTS; FLORIDA ID FLOATING WEED SALVINIA; SOUTH-AFRICA; BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY; ACACIA-LONGIFOLIA; INSECTS; HYMENOPTERA; FABACEAE; MOLESTA AB Invasive, adventive species present a significant challenge to environmental resource managers. Unless this problem is addressed, natural areas face loss of biodiversity and habitat integrity. Traditional control methods are often inappropriate or impractical for use in natural areas. Strategies using biological control, a discipline of applied ecology, offer the best hope for reducing deleterious impacts of invaders. Arguments by some ecologists that classical biological controls contribute to the problem appear unwarranted. These criticisms should not be dismissed out of hand, however. Instead, they should foster in biocontrol scientists a renewed dedication to the safe practice of their discipline and an increased concern for collateral impacts of released organisms on native species. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT ENTOMOL & NEMATOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. UNIV FLORIDA,FT LAUDERDALE RES & EDUC CTR,FT LAUDERDALE,FL 33314. RP CENTER, TD (reprint author), USDA ARS,AQUAT WEED CONTROL RES LAB,3205 COLL AVE,FT LAUDERDALE,FL 33314, USA. NR 53 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 8 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 78 IS 1 BP 45 EP 55 DI 10.2307/3495666 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QP119 UT WOS:A1995QP11900006 ER PT J AU ROBACKER, DC MORENO, DS AF ROBACKER, DC MORENO, DS TI PROTEIN FEEDING ATTENUATES ATTRACTION OF MEXICAN FRUIT-FLIES (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) TO VOLATILE BACTERIAL METABOLITES SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE ANASTREPHA LUDENS; KAIROMONES; BACTERIA; SPECIFIC-HUNGER ID ANASTREPHA-LUDENS DIPTERA; MITE AB We tested the hypothesis that Mexican fruit flies [Anastrepha ludens (Loew)] are attracted to odor of tryptic soy broth cultures of Staphylococcus aureus (Rosenbach) because they are hungry for protein. First, we demonstrated that attraction to the odor was attenuated by feeding on a relatively complete diet containing sugar, protein, fats, vitamins, and minerals compared to feeding on sugar only; second, we showed that feeding on a diet of casein hydrolysate and sugar in which the percentage of protein was equal to that in the complete diet attenuated attraction to the same degree as the complete diet; and third, we showed that attraction to bacterial odor decreased as percentage of protein increased in a diet containing casein hydrolysate and sugar. Results of the three experiments support the hypothesis that flies are attracted to odor of S. aureus cultures largely to find protein. Dietary vitamins, minerals, fats, and percentage of protein as amino acids had no effect. RP ROBACKER, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS,2301 S INT BLVD,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 16 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 78 IS 1 BP 62 EP 69 DI 10.2307/3495668 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QP119 UT WOS:A1995QP11900008 ER PT J AU PORTER, SD FOWLER, HG CAMPIOLO, S PESQUERO, MA AF PORTER, SD FOWLER, HG CAMPIOLO, S PESQUERO, MA TI HOST-SPECIFICITY OF SEVERAL PSEUDACTEON (DIPTERA, PHORIDAE) PARASITES OF FIRE ANTS (HYMENOPTERA, FORMICIDAE) IN SOUTH-AMERICA SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE BIOCONTROL; SOLENOPSIS; BRAZIL AB We tested the host specificity of several parasitic Pseudacteon scuttle flies in South America with 23 species of ants in 13 genera. None of these ant species attracted Pseudacteon parasites except Solenopsis saevissima (F. Smith) and to a lesser extent Solenopsis geminata (Fab.). This result is encouraging because it indicates that the Pseudacteon flies tested in this study would not pose an ecological danger to other ant genera if these flies were introduced into the United States as classical biological control agents of imported fire ants. This prediction of host specificity will, of course, need to be validated with potential hosts in the United States before these flies can be released. C1 UNIV ESTADUAL PAULISTA,INST BIOCIENCIAS,DEPT ECOL,BR-13500 RIO CLARO,SP,BRAZIL. UNIV ESTADUAL PAULISTA,INST BIOCIENCIAS,DEPT ZOOL,BR-18610 BOTUCATU,SP,BRAZIL. RP PORTER, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 23 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 3 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 78 IS 1 BP 70 EP 75 DI 10.2307/3495669 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QP119 UT WOS:A1995QP11900009 ER PT J AU LANDOLT, PJ AF LANDOLT, PJ TI ATTRACTION OF FEMALE CABBAGE-LOOPER MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) TO MALES IN THE FIELD SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE TRICHOPLUSIA NI; SEX PHEROMONE; TRAPS ID TRICHOPLUSIA-NI LEPIDOPTERA; SEX-PHEROMONE; STRATEGIES AB Live male cabbage looper moths, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), used to bait traps in cotton fields, attracted conspecific males and females which were captured in the bucket traps. Females captured in traps baited with males included unmated individuals as well as mated ones, with up to 7 spermatophores in the bursa copulatrix. Cabbage looper moths arrived at cages of males in cotton primarily during the first three hours of the night, beginning at dusk. RP LANDOLT, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,1700 SW 23RD DR,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 78 IS 1 BP 96 EP 100 DI 10.2307/3495672 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QP119 UT WOS:A1995QP11900012 ER PT J AU LANDOLT, PJ HEATH, RR REED, HC MANNING, K AF LANDOLT, PJ HEATH, RR REED, HC MANNING, K TI PHEROMONAL MEDIATION OF ALARM IN THE EASTERN YELLOWJACKET (HYMENOPTERA, VESPIDAE) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; SOCIAL; COMMUNICATION; DEFENSE; BEHAVIOR; WASP ID WASPS AB Eastern yellow jacket, Vespula maculifrons (Buysson), workers exhibited alarm responses to a target sphere treated with an extract of conspecific workers or an extract of the wasp sting apparatus. Workers of Vespula squamosa also responded to extracts of the sting apparatus of Vespula maculifrons, indicating some cross reactivity of their alarm pheromones. N-3-methylbutylacetamide, a known alarm pheromone of the southern yellowjacket, Vespula squamosa (Drury), was found in the extract of the eastern yellowjacket venom sac and also elicited alarm in worker V. maculifrons, although only when presented at an unnaturally high dose. C1 ORAL ROBERTS UNIV,DEPT BIOL,TULSA,OK 74171. RP LANDOLT, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 19 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 5 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 78 IS 1 BP 101 EP 108 DI 10.2307/3495673 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QP119 UT WOS:A1995QP11900013 ER PT J AU KLOTZ, JH MANGOLD, JR VAIL, KM DAVIS, LR PATTERSON, RS AF KLOTZ, JH MANGOLD, JR VAIL, KM DAVIS, LR PATTERSON, RS TI A SURVEY OF THE URBAN PEST ANTS (HYMENOPTERA, FORMICIDAE) OF PENINSULAR FLORIDA SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE URBAN PEST CONTROL; HOUSE-INFESTING; TREATMENT STRATEGIES; ANT BAITS ID TECHNOMYRMEX-ALBIPES AB A one year survey was conducted with structural pest control employees of Florida to determine the kinds of ants and types of ant problems confronted in both commercial and household pest control. Eight species of ants were identified as key pests in Florida. Of these, the most common were Solenopsis invicta Buren 14%, Tapinoma melanocephalum (F.) - 14%, Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille) - 14%, Camponotus abdominalis floridanus (Buckley) - 12%, Monomorium pharaonis (L.) - 11%, Camponotus tortuganus Emery - 8%, Pheidole megacephala (F.) 7% and Paratrechina bourbonica (Forel) - 4%. More than twenty-five other species of ants which were occasional invaders were also collected in the survey. Customer complaints, nest locations, and treatment strategies for pest ants are also described. C1 TERMINIX INT CO LP,CLEARWATER,FL 34623. RP KLOTZ, JH (reprint author), USDA ARS,HOUSEHOLD INSECTS & IMPORTED FIRE ANTS RES UNIT,GAINESVILLE,FL 32608, USA. NR 39 TC 32 Z9 40 U1 3 U2 17 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 78 IS 1 BP 109 EP 118 DI 10.2307/3495674 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QP119 UT WOS:A1995QP11900014 ER PT J AU VANDERMEER, RK LOFGREN, CS SEAWRIGHT, JA AF VANDERMEER, RK LOFGREN, CS SEAWRIGHT, JA TI SPECIFICITY OF THE RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT (HYMENOPTERA, FORMICIDAE) PHAGOSTIMULANT RESPONSE TO CARBOHYDRATES SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE FEEDING; SUGARS; SOLENOPSIS INVICTA; DIET; AGRICULTURE ID SOLENOPSIS-INVICTA; LABORATORY COLONIES; FOOD AB The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, is considered an oil-loving feeder, however, carbohydrates are essential ingredients in the diet of the fire ant also. Comprehensive screening of mono-, di-, and tri-saccharides demonstrated that glucose, fructose, fucose, sucrose, maltose, turanose and raffinose were significant phagostimulants for fire ant workers. It was also found that while D-glucose and L-fucose, the naturally occurring isomers, were active, the opposite diastereomers were not. Any structural modification of the glucose molecule resulted in loss of activity. None of the sugar alcohols evaluated were active. The fire ant is an agricultural pest and the many reports of fire ant damage to food crops may be linked to their need for dietary carbohydrates. A knowledge of carbohydrate phagostimulants may help to understand specificity of fire ant/plant interactions. RP VANDERMEER, RK (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 25 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 78 IS 1 BP 144 EP 154 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QP119 UT WOS:A1995QP11900019 ER PT J AU ELLER, FJ AF ELLER, FJ TI A PREVIOUSLY UNKNOWN SEXUAL CHARACTER FOR THE PEPPER WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA, CURCULIONIDAE) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Note RP ELLER, FJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 6 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 78 IS 1 BP 180 EP 183 DI 10.2307/3495683 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QP119 UT WOS:A1995QP11900023 ER PT J AU CRAWFORD, L MYHR, B AF CRAWFORD, L MYHR, B TI A PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF THE TOXIC AND MUTAGENIC POTENTIAL OF STEROIDAL ALKALOIDS IN TRANSGENIC MICE SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POTATO ALKALOIDS; MUTATIONS INVIVO; MOUSE MODEL; ASSAY AB Impregnated CD2 transgenic mice, which contain multiple copies of a lambda gt10lacZ construct integrated into the genome of each cell, were given a predetermined estimated maximum tolerated dose of several steroidal alkaloids: Solanum glycoalkaloids from potato, alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine; aglycones, solanidine and solasodine, and a Veratrum alkaloid, jervine. Observations were made of dams and foetuses for indications of toxicity and/or terata; some dam livers and foetuses were assayed for mutagenicity using the lacZ gene. Other dams were gavaged with a single dose of 75 mg all-trans-retinol/kg to serve as a reference teratogen. Unexpectedly, this level of retinol was not clearly teratogenic. The results of both positive and non-positive selection systems showed that the mutation frequencies in the livers of the dams dosed with alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine and solanidine were three to four times higher than historically normal in the livers of this transgenic mouse strain. C1 HAZLETON WASHINGTON INC,VIENNA,VA 22182. RP CRAWFORD, L (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 33 IS 3 BP 191 EP 194 DI 10.1016/0278-6915(94)00135-B PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA QQ765 UT WOS:A1995QQ76500003 PM 7896228 ER PT J AU ONWULATA, CI SMITH, PW KONSTANCE, RP HOLSINGER, VH AF ONWULATA, CI SMITH, PW KONSTANCE, RP HOLSINGER, VH TI BAKING PROPERTIES OF ENCAPSULATED MILKFAT SO FOOD TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WHEY PROTEINS; MICROENCAPSULATION; LIPIDS; FAT RP ONWULATA, CI (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,N ATLANTIC AREA,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 34 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0015-6639 J9 FOOD TECHNOL-CHICAGO JI Food Technol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 49 IS 3 BP 82 EP & PG 0 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA QN563 UT WOS:A1995QN56300013 ER PT J AU LIN, WJ KLINE, DE ARAMAN, PA WIEDENBECK, JK AF LIN, WJ KLINE, DE ARAMAN, PA WIEDENBECK, JK TI DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF LOG-TO-DIMENSION MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS USING SYSTEM SIMULATION SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB In a recent study of alternative dimension manufacturing systems that produce green hardwood dimension directly from logs, it was observed that for Grade 2 and 3 red oak logs, up to 78 and 76 percent of the log scale volume could be converted into clear dimension parts. The potential high yields suggest that this processing system can be a promising technique for dimension manufacturing. To further explore the potential of this processing system, this study tests different mill designs and examines the effect of mill configurations, log grade, and cutting bill on dimension production rate. System simulation techniques are employed to aid in the design and evaluation of the proposed dimension mills. The results of this study show that the dimension production rates in mills configured for live-sawing average 22 percent higher than those configured for five-part (cant) sawing. The part production rates in mills processing Factory Grade 2 logs averaged 41 percent higher than those processing Factory Grade 3 logs. Other results show how different cutting-length specifications can impact production rate. The application of system simulation as a tool for identifying resource bottlenecks and improving overall mill efficiency is also illustrated. C1 VIRGINIA TECH,DEPT WOOD SCI & FOREST PROD,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. US FOREST SERV,SE FOREST EXPT STN,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,PRINCETON,WV 24740. RP LIN, WJ (reprint author), AUBURN UNIV,SCH FORESTRY,CTR FOREST PROD DEV,AUBURN,AL 36849, USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 45 IS 3 BP 37 EP 44 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA QP837 UT WOS:A1995QP83700003 ER PT J AU WIEDENBECK, JK GATCHELL, CJ WALKER, ES AF WIEDENBECK, JK GATCHELL, CJ WALKER, ES TI QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF APPALACHIAN RED OAK LUMBER SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CROOK AB Red oak lumber defect information derived from a well-constructed board data bank was analyzed. The potential utility of No. 1 Common and No. 2A Common lumber is indicated by the finding that 23 percent of the No. 1 Common boards and 35 percent of the No. 2A Common boards in the data bank contain clear-face cutting percentages that meet the minimum requirement for the next higher grade. The mean surface measure of the FAS, Selects, No. 1 Common, and No. 2A Common lumber was 9.1, 7.5, 6.3, and 6.2, respectively. The mean defect areas for each grade were: FAS - 1.2 percent, Selects - 2.3 percent, No. 1 Common - 6.8 percent, and No. 2A Common - 9.8 percent. Approximately 89 percent of the total defect area in these boards consisted of unsound defects. Wane, unsound knots, and bark pockets are the three major defects found in red oak lumber. Between grades, there are significant differences in the occurrence of these defects. Pith is relatively uncommon in Common-grade lumber, occurring in 9 percent of the No. 1 Common boards and 19 percent of the No. 2A Common boards. Twenty-five percent of the No. 1 Common and No. 2A Common boards contained crook of 1/2 inch or more. C1 US FOREST SERV,SE FOREST EXPT STN,BLACKSBURG,VA. RP WIEDENBECK, JK (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,ROUTE 2,BOX 562-B,PRINCETON,WV 24740, USA. NR 9 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 45 IS 3 BP 45 EP 50 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA QP837 UT WOS:A1995QP83700004 ER PT J AU VICK, CB AF VICK, CB TI COUPLING AGENT IMPROVES DURABILITY OF PRF BONDS TO CCA-TREATED SOUTHERN PINE SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ADHESIVE AB Today's wood products market lacks adhesively bonded, structural lumber products that have been treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) preservatives. The problem arises, in part, because commercial adhesives do not adhere to CCA-treated wood well enough to consistently meet rigorous standards for resistance to delamination. A new hydroxymethylated resorcinol coupling agent, when used as a dilute aqueous primer on lumber surfaces before bending, physicochemically couples phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde (PRF) adhesives to lumber surfaces of CCA-treated southern pine. In this study, two commercial PRF adhesives met the 5 percent maximum delamination requirement of ASTM D 2559 on southern pine treated with CCA to 0.4 and 0.6 lb./ft.(3) (6.4 and 9.6 kg/m(3)) retention levels. The USDA Forest Service has applied for a patent covering this invention. RP VICK, CB (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 11 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 45 IS 3 BP 78 EP 84 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA QP837 UT WOS:A1995QP83700010 ER PT J AU WANG, XD MARINI, RP HEBUTERNE, X FOX, JG KRINSKY, NI RUSSELL, RM AF WANG, XD MARINI, RP HEBUTERNE, X FOX, JG KRINSKY, NI RUSSELL, RM TI VITAMIN-E ENHANCES THE LYMPHATIC TRANSPORT OF BETA-CAROTENE AND ITS CONVERSION TO VITAMIN-A IN THE FERRET SO GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; INTESTINAL-ABSORPTION; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; PLASMA; CANCER; RATS; ACID; SUPPLEMENTATION; ANTIOXIDANTS; METABOLISM AB Backgound/Aims: beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol may have either antagonistic or synergistic effects on each other's absorption and metabolism. The effects of both physiological and pharmacological concentrations of alpha-tocopherol on the absorption and metabolism of beta-carotene in ferret intestine were determined. Methods: A high concentration of beta-carotene was perfused through the upper portion of the small intestine of ferrets in vivo with varying levels of alpha-tocopherol. The effluent of a mesenteric lymph duct cannulation, the intestinal mucosa scraping, and portal vein blood were sampled and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: The lymphatic transport of beta-carotene was enhanced 4-fold by alpha-tocopherol at a physiological dose and 12-21-fold at a pharmacological dose. The lymphatic transport of alpha-tocopherol was linearly (r = 0.8; P < 0.05) related to the luminal alpha-tocopherol concentration even in the presence of a high concentration of beta-carotene. Furthermore, alpha-tocopherol increased the conversion of beta-carotene into retinol in the intestine in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: alpha-Tocopherol has a positive effect on the intestinal absorption of intact beta-carotene and may modulate the metabolic conversion of beta-carotene into retinoids. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,GASTROINTESTINAL NUTR LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,BOSTON,MA 02111. MIT,DIV COMPARAT MED,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. FU NCI NIH HHS [R01CA49195-01] NR 31 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0016-5085 J9 GASTROENTEROLOGY JI Gastroenterology PD MAR PY 1995 VL 108 IS 3 BP 719 EP 726 DI 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90444-1 PG 8 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA QK572 UT WOS:A1995QK57200013 PM 7875474 ER PT J AU JIN, Y STEFFENSON, BJ BOCKELMAN, HE AF JIN, Y STEFFENSON, BJ BOCKELMAN, HE TI EVALUATION OF CULTIVATED AND WILD BARLEY FOR RESISTANCE TO PATHOTYPES OF PUCCINIA-HORDEI WITH WIDE VIRULENCE SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE BARLEY; HORDEUM VULGARE; HORDEUM SPONTANEUM; LEAF RUST; PUCCINIA HORDEI; RESISTANCE ID UNITED-STATES; GENES; SPONTANEUM; LINKAGE; MARKERS; ISRAEL AB An isolate of Puccinia hordei (ND89-3) originally collected in Morocco is virulent on most barley genotypes reported to possess resistance, except cultivar Estate (CI 3410), which possesses the Rph3 gene and exhibits a low to intermediate level of resistance (infection type 12). Isolate ND89-3 possesses one of the widest virulence spectrums reported for P. hordei. Accessions of Hordeum vulgare (1,997 in total) and H. spontaneum (885 in total), mostly originating from the Mediterranean region and parts of North Africa, were evaluated with isolate ND89-3 at the seedling stage to identify new sources of leaf rust resistance. Fifty-eight accessions of H. vulgare, and 222 accessions of H. spontaneum exhibited low infection types to this isolate. Further evaluations of these resistant accessions with isolates of P. hordei virulent for Rph3, Rph7, and Rph12 suggested that most of the resistant H. vulgare accessions possess the Rph3 gene. Data suggested additional sources of effective resistance in H. vulgare are rather limited. Five H. vulgare accessions and 167 H. spontaneum accessions were identified as possible sources of new genes for leaf rust resistance. These accessions likely possess resistance genes that are different from Rph1 to Rph12, or gene combinations thereof based on their reaction to four leaf rust isolates. Utilization of these accessions in barley breeding will broaden the germplasm resources available for genetic control of P. hordei. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SMALL GRAINS GERMPLASM RES FACIL,ABERDEEN,ID 83210. RP JIN, Y (reprint author), N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 19 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 42 IS 1 BP 1 EP 6 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA RY068 UT WOS:A1995RY06800001 ER PT J AU OLDROYD, BP CORNUET, JM ROWE, D RINDERER, TE CROZIER, RH AF OLDROYD, BP CORNUET, JM ROWE, D RINDERER, TE CROZIER, RH TI RACIAL ADMIXTURE OF APIS-MELLIFERA IN TASMANIA, AUSTRALIA - SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES WITH NATURAL HYBRID ZONES IN EUROPE SO HEREDITY LA English DT Article DE APIS MELLIFERA; CLINE; HYBRID ZONE; MALATE DEHYDROGENASE; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; MORPHOMETRICS ID ALLOZYME VARIABILITY; HONEY-BEES; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; LIGUSTICA; CARNICA; POLYMORPHISM; POPULATIONS AB Feral and domesticated honey bees were collected across the island state of Tasmania, Australia, and typed for malate dehydrogenase and a mitochondrial DNA polymorphism. They were also compared morphometrically with reference specimens of Apis mellifera ligustica and A. m. mellifera from Europe. These measures were correlated with temperature and elevation. In warmer coastal regions, the two subspecies readily hybridize and most samples showed evidence of considerable hybridization. In cooler mountain regions, there is much less hybridization, with the A. m. mellifera subspecies characteristics strongly predominating. There is no evidence for cytonuclear incompatibilities between these subspecies or for dines caused by direct selection. We hypothesize that A. m. ligustica and F-1 hybrids have lower fitness than A. m. mellifera in cooler regions, and that there may be assortative mating in cooler regions only. The significance of these results for the understanding of honey bee hybrid zones in Europe is discussed. C1 INRA,NEUROBIOL COMPAREE INVERTEBRES LAB,CNRS,URA 1190,F-91440 BURES SUR YVETTE,FRANCE. USDA ARS,HONEY BEE BREEDING GENET & PHYSIOL RES LAB,BATON ROUGE,LA 70820. RP OLDROYD, BP (reprint author), LA TROBE UNIV,SCH GENET & HUMAN VARIAT,BUNDOORA,VIC 3083,AUSTRALIA. RI Crozier, Ross/C-6773-2009 NR 48 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 19 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0018-067X J9 HEREDITY JI Heredity PD MAR PY 1995 VL 74 BP 315 EP 325 DI 10.1038/hdy.1995.46 PN 3 PG 11 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA QK564 UT WOS:A1995QK56400011 ER PT J AU PERKINS, A FITZGERALD, JA MOSS, GE AF PERKINS, A FITZGERALD, JA MOSS, GE TI A COMPARISON OF LH-SECRETION AND BRAIN ESTRADIOL RECEPTORS IN HETEROSEXUAL AND HOMOSEXUAL RAMS AND FEMALE SHEEP SO HORMONES AND BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article ID LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; SEXUAL ORIENTATION; SYNAPTIC ORGANIZATION; BEHAVIORAL-ANALYSES; ESTROGEN; TESTOSTERONE; VOMERONASAL; AMYGDALA; DIFFERENTIATION; PROGESTERONE AB This study examined endocrine components of sexual orientation of male sheep. Sexual orientation of adult rams was identified through standardized sexual performance tests. Four rams that copulated with ewes, four rams that never mounted females and copulated with males, and eight ewes were used in the experiments. Exogenous estradiol benzoate (50 mu g, i.m.) stimulated (P < .05) a preovulatory-like LH surge 16-22 hr after administration to females. Estradiol did not (P > .05) affect LH release of heterosexual or homosexual rams. Thirty days after the estradiol challenge, sheep were euthanized and areas of the amygdala (AMY), hypothalamus (HYP), anterior pituitary (AP), and preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus were collected. Occupied and unoccupied content of estradiol receptors (ER) was determined. The content of ER in the amygdala of both homesexual rams and ewes was similar, but less than (P <.05) the content of ER in heterosexual rams. The ER content measured in other brain regions did not differ by sex or orientation. In summary, results from these data show that the preovulatory LH surge mechanism that is a characteristic of the female does not occur in either homosexual or heterosexual rams. Conversely, the ER content of the AMY of homosexual rams is similar to that of ewes and differs from the heterosexual male. Differences in ER content between heterosexual and homosexual rams imply that the amygdala serves as a link for input from potential mates. These data suggest that the amygdala not only plays a role in sexual behavior but may be involved in sexual orientation of rams. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc. C1 CARROLL COLL,HELENA,MT 59601. USDA ARS,US SHEEP EXPT STN,DUBOIS,ID 83423. UNIV WYOMING,DEPT ANIM SCI,LARAMIE,WY 82701. NR 37 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0018-506X J9 HORM BEHAV JI Horm. Behav. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 29 IS 1 BP 31 EP 41 DI 10.1006/hbeh.1995.1003 PG 11 WC Behavioral Sciences; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Behavioral Sciences; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA QN960 UT WOS:A1995QN96000003 PM 7782061 ER PT J AU YOUNG, AL AF YOUNG, AL TI ISSUES AND CHALLENGES SO IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY MAGAZINE LA English DT Article RP YOUNG, AL (reprint author), USDA,OFF AGR BIOTECHNOL,ROOM 1001,ROSSLYN PLAZA E,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 SN 0739-5175 J9 IEEE ENG MED BIOL JI IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 14 IS 2 BP 204 EP 206 DI 10.1109/51.376762 PG 3 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Medical Informatics SC Engineering; Medical Informatics GA QP973 UT WOS:A1995QP97300018 ER PT J AU WAPPNER, P KRAMER, KJ HOPKINS, TL MERRITT, M SCHAEFER, J QUESADAALLUE, LA AF WAPPNER, P KRAMER, KJ HOPKINS, TL MERRITT, M SCHAEFER, J QUESADAALLUE, LA TI WHITE PUPA - A CERATITIS-CAPITATA MUTANT LACKING CATECHOLAMINES FOR TANNING THE PUPARIUM SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CATECHOLAMINES; CUTICLE TANNING; SCLEROTIZATION; PUPARIUM; CERATITIS CAPITATA; MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY; TRANSPORT; WHITE PUPA; SOLIDS; NMR ID N-BETA-ALANYLDOPAMINE; SOLID-STATE C-13-NMR; MANDUCA-SEXTA L; INSECT CUTICLE; DOPA DECARBOXYLASE; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; ENZYMATIC-ACTIVITIES; TOBACCO HORNWORM; LOCUST CUTICLE; SCLEROTIZATION AB The white pupa mutant of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Cevatitis capitata, fails to tan the puparium, but develops normal larval and adult cuticular structures, We found that the puparium of this mutant underwent minor stiffening at the beginning of pupariation, but subsequently did not increase further in stiffness, By the end of puparium formation, it was fivefold less resistant to compression than the wild type strain, Scanning electron microscopy of cross-sections of puparial exuviae revealed a dense sclerotized cuticle in the wild type, whereas the white pupa cuticle was quite distinct, with the inner two-thirds consisting of unsclerotized lamellae and the outer third being a dense, nonlaminar, amorphous layer, Puparial catecholamine levels were also very low in the white pupa when compared with the wild type strain, in which N-beta-alanyldopamine (NBAD) predominated, However, in mutant hemolymph, NBAD, N-acetyldopamine (NADA), and dopamine were about 10 times more concentrated than in the normal phenotype, By injecting 1-C-14-beta-alanine as a tracer, we confirmed that N-beta-alanyldopamine incorporation into the puparium was much lower in the white pupa than in the wild type strain, However, insoluble cuticle phenoloxidase activity was similar in the two strains, Tanning occurred in vitro when white pupa puparial cuticle, free of epidermis, was incubated with either NBAD or NADA, and melanization occurred when the cuticle was incubated with dopamine, demonstrating that tanning enzymes, but not substrates, were present in white pupa puparial cuticle, Solid state C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed that more chitin as well as less protein, catechols and p-alanine were present in the white pupa cuticle relative to the wild type, We conclude that the white pupa mutant is defective in the mechanism that provides hemolymph catecholamines to the puparial cuticle; this defect prevents normal sclerotization and pigmentation. C1 USDA ARS,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,MANHATTAN,KS 66502. UNIV BUENOS AIRES,INST INVEST BIOQUIM,FDN CAMPOMAR,RA-1405 BUENOS AIRES,DF,ARGENTINA. KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,DEPT ENTOMOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. WASHINGTON UNIV,DEPT CHEM,ST LOUIS,MO 63130. OI Wappner, Pablo/0000-0003-1517-0742 NR 39 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 25 IS 3 BP 365 EP 373 DI 10.1016/0965-1748(94)00078-V PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA QR078 UT WOS:A1995QR07800007 ER PT J AU URI, ND GILL, M AF URI, ND GILL, M TI THE AGRICULTURAL DEMAND FOR ELECTRICITY IN THE UNITED-STATES SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE AGRICULTURAL ENERGY USE; ENERGY DEMAND; ENERGY AND AGRICULTURE; ENERGY FOR IRRIGATION; ENERGY PRICE ELASTICITY AB This study looks at how farmers adjust their consumption of electricity in response to changes in the price of energy. A demand model is specified and estimated. The conclusions suggest that the price of electricity is a factor impacting the quantity of electricity demanded by farmers for irrigation and for other (non-irrigation) uses, but there is no indication that other types of energy are substitutes for electricity. Additionally, the number of acres irrigated is an important factor driving the demand for electricity for irrigation and the number of acres planted is a factor determining the demand for electricity for other uses. Finally, the estimated models of electricity for irrigation and electricity for other uses are structurally stable over the period 1971-92. RP URI, ND (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,WASHINGTON,DC, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0363-907X J9 INT J ENERG RES JI Int. J. Energy Res. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 19 IS 2 BP 145 EP 157 DI 10.1002/er.4440190207 PG 13 WC Energy & Fuels; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Energy & Fuels; Nuclear Science & Technology GA QN180 UT WOS:A1995QN18000006 ER PT J AU MEYER, SE BECKSTEAD, J ALLEN, PS PULLMAN, H AF MEYER, SE BECKSTEAD, J ALLEN, PS PULLMAN, H TI GERMINATION ECOPHYSIOLOGY OR LEYMUS CINEREUS (POACEAE) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article AB We studied seed germination responses of 41 collections of Leymus cinereus (basin wildrye), a native perennial bunchgrass widely distributed in western North America. Collections made in 1987 and 1988 were largely nondormant in midautumn but relatively slow to germinate at optimal temperatures (mean germination time 6-16 d). Seeds germinated more quickly after a 2-wk chilling pretreatment (mean germination time 2-11 d). Mean germination time under conditions simulating prolonged snowpack (1 degrees C) varied among collections from 6 to 12 wk and was negatively correlated with mean January temperature at the collection site. In dry-afterripening experiments with four 1992 collections, seeds showed only minor change in germination rate and percentage after time in dry storage, unlike seeds of Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass) and Elymus elymoides (squirreltail), which are facultatively fall-emerging Field retrieval studies showed that L. cinereus seeds did not germinate in autumn even under conditions that triggered complete germination of B. tectorum and E. elymoides. Thus L. cinereus is primarily a spring-emerging species even though its seeds are mostly nondormant at dispersal. Its failure to germinate more quickly as a consequence of time in dry storage protects it from fall emergence under most weather scenarios. Timing of germination under snowpack is keyed to site-specific variation in snowpack duration, ensuring rapid emergence in very early spring. These results show the importance of rate as a mechanism that regulates germination phenology under semiarid conditions. C1 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV,DEPT AGRON & HORT,PROVO,UT 84601. BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV,DEPT BOT & RANGE SCI,PROVO,UT 84601. RP MEYER, SE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,SHRUB SCI LAB,PROVO,UT 84606, USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 156 IS 2 BP 206 EP 215 DI 10.1086/297242 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QP282 UT WOS:A1995QP28200008 ER PT J AU TRICE, I HAYMES, EM AF TRICE, I HAYMES, EM TI EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE INGESTION ON EXERCISE-INDUCED CHANGES DURING HIGH-INTENSITY, INTERMITTENT EXERCISE SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORT NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE EXHAUSTION; FREE FATTY ACIDS; GLUCOSE; GLYCEROL; OXYGEN COST AB In this study a double-blind design was used to determine the effect of caffeine on time to exhaustion and on associated metabolic and circulatory measures. Eight male subjects ingested either caffeine (5 mg/kg body weight) or a placebo 1 hr prior to exercise at 85-90% of maximum workload. Subjects were encouraged to complete three 30-min intermittent cycling periods at 70 rpm with 5 min rest between each. The exercise was terminated when the subject failed to complete three 30-min periods or failed to maintain 70 rpm for at least 15 s consecutively. Serum free fatty acids, glycerol, blood glucose, lactate, perceived exertion, heart rate, and O2 cost were measured. The time to exhaustion was significantly longer during the caffeine trial than during the placebo trial. Serum free fatty acid levels were significantly different between trials. The decline in blood glucose levels was significantly less during the caffeine trial than during the placebo trial. There were no significant differences between trials for the other measures. It was concluded that caffeine increases time to exhaustion when trained subjects cycled intermittently at high levels of intensity. RP TRICE, I (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MEYER USDA HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [P0L-DK42618] NR 0 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 11 PU HUMAN KINETICS PUBL INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1607 N MARKET ST BOX 5076, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820-5076 SN 1050-1606 J9 INT J SPORT NUTR JI Int. J. Sport Nutr. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 5 IS 1 BP 37 EP 44 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics; Sport Sciences SC Nutrition & Dietetics; Sport Sciences GA QH532 UT WOS:A1995QH53200005 PM 7749424 ER PT J AU TONUCCI, LH HOLDEN, JM BEECHER, GR KHACHIK, F DAVIS, CS MULOKOZI, G AF TONUCCI, LH HOLDEN, JM BEECHER, GR KHACHIK, F DAVIS, CS MULOKOZI, G TI CAROTENOID CONTENT OF THERMALLY PROCESSED TOMATO-BASED FOOD-PRODUCTS SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE LYCOPENE; TOMATOES; CAROTENOIDS; CANCER; HPLC; ANTIOXIDANT ID LUNG-CANCER RISK; BETA-CAROTENE; VEGETABLES; SEPARATION; FRUITS; IDENTIFICATION; QUANTIFICATION; CHROMATOGRAPHY; POPULATION; GREEN AB Tomato-based food products such as tomato paste, tomato sauce, and tomato-based soups are rich in carotenoid compounds and are frequently consumed in the United States. Foods such as these, which. are high in carotenoid content, are of interest because of the demonstrated association between consumption of fruits and vegetables and reduced risk of lung and other epithelial cancers in humans. Limited analytical data on the carotenoid content of tomato-based products are available in food tables and data bases; however, they are usually reported only in terms of vitamin A activity. In this study name-brand and store-brand tomato-based food products purchased in three major U.S. cities were extracted and carotenoids were individually identified and quantified by reversed-phase HPLC according to methodology developed in our laboratory. The carotenoids that were detected and quantified included lycopene, lycopene-5,6-diol, lutein, alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and zeta-carotenes, neurosporene, phytoene, and phytofluene. As expected, lycopene was the most abundant carotenoid, ranging in concentration from 0.3 mg/100 g in vegetable beef soup to 55 mg/100 g in tomato paste. The concentration of beta-carotene ranged from 0.23 mg/100 g in tomato soup to 1.51 mg/100 g in vegetable beef soup. Lutein was found at very low concentrations (less than 0.2 mg/100 g) in all products analyzed except tomato paste, which contained 0.34 g/100 g. C1 TANZANIA FOOD & NUTR CTR, DAR ES SALAAM, TANZANIA. CATHOLIC UNIV AMER, DEPT CHEM, WASHINGTON, DC 20064 USA. RP TONUCCI, LH (reprint author), USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR, FOOD COMPOSIT LAB, BLDG 161, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. RI Khachik, Frederick/C-5055-2009 NR 26 TC 226 Z9 228 U1 2 U2 25 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 43 IS 3 BP 579 EP 586 DI 10.1021/jf00051a005 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA QN832 UT WOS:A1995QN83200005 ER PT J AU TONG, CBS HICKS, KB OSMAN, SF HOTCHKISS, AT HAINES, RM AF TONG, CBS HICKS, KB OSMAN, SF HOTCHKISS, AT HAINES, RM TI OXALIC-ACID IN COMMERCIAL PECTINS INHIBITS BROWNING OF RAW APPLE JUICE SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ENZYMATIC BROWNING; INHIBITION; APPLE JUICE; OXALIC ACID; PECTIN ID POLYPHENOL OXIDASE; ASCORBIC-ACID; CHROMATOGRAPHY; VEGETABLES; SULFITES; FRUITS; FOODS AB Various commercial pectin preparations were tested for their ability to prevent enzymatic browning of fresh, raw, Granny Smith apple juice. Six of eight commercial pectin samples inhibited browning to some degree, and two of the pectin preparations completely prevented fresh, unrefrigerated, apple juice from browning for 24 h when added to juice at a concentration of 0.5% (w/v). Fractionation and testing of one pectin preparation showed that the antibrowning activity was not due to pectin, per se, but to the presence of low levels of oxalic acid (<0.5%) in the pectin preparations. When oxalic acid was removed from the commercial pectins, antibrowning activity was lost or greatly reduced. Pure oxalic acid was also found to inhibit browning reactions in fresh juice. Pure oxalic acid is not an approved food additive, but it does occur naturally in fruits and vegetables such as rhubarb and spinach. C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. NR 28 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 43 IS 3 BP 592 EP 597 DI 10.1021/jf00051a008 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA QN832 UT WOS:A1995QN83200008 ER PT J AU BLANKEMEYER, JT ATHERTON, R FRIEDMAN, M AF BLANKEMEYER, JT ATHERTON, R FRIEDMAN, M TI EFFECT OF POTATO GLYCOALKALOIDS ALPHA-CHACONINE AND ALPHA-SOLANINE ON SODIUM ACTIVE-TRANSPORT IN FROG-SKIN SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ALPHA-CHACONINE; FOOD SAFETY; FROG SKIN; GLYCOALKALOIDS; MEMBRANE POTENTIAL; POTATOES; SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT; SODIUM ION TRANSPORT; ALPHA-SOLANINE ID HYDROLYSIS; PRODUCTS AB To test the effect of glycoalkaloids on sodium ion active transport, frog skin was exposed to the potato glycoalkaloids alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine in a glass Ussing chamber. It was found that the short-circuit current (ISC), the measure of transepithelial active transport of sodium, decreased up to 30% at an alpha-chaconine concentration of 10 mg/L. alpha-Solanine had a similar but smaller effect, decreasing short-circuit current by 16%. The data suggest that (a) frog skin is a useful experimental model to evaluate effects of glycoalkaloids at the cellular level and (b) the mechanism of action of the two glycoalkaloids is to modify the active transport of sodium. The possible significance of these findings to food safety is discussed. C1 USDA ARS, WESTERN REG RES CTR, FOOD SAFETY & HLTH RES UNIT, ALBANY, CA 94710 USA. RP OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV, DEPT ZOOL, STILLWATER, OK 74078 USA. NR 28 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 43 IS 3 BP 636 EP 639 DI 10.1021/jf00051a015 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA QN832 UT WOS:A1995QN83200015 ER PT J AU SMITH, CMM HARNLY, JM AF SMITH, CMM HARNLY, JM TI EFFECT OF ELEVATED GAS-PRESSURE ON ATOMIZATION IN GRAPHITE-FURNACE CONTINUUM SOURCE ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY WITH LINEAR PHOTODIODE-ARRAY DETECTION SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Biennial National-Atomic-Spectroscopy-Society Meeting CY JUL 20-22, 1994 CL KINGSTON HULL, ENGLAND SP NATL ATOMIC SPECT SOC DE ATOMIC ABSORPTION; GRAPHITE FURNACE; ELEVATED PRESSURE; 2ND SURFACE ATOMIZATION; HALIDE INTERFERENCES ID MATRIX VAPORS; HEATED TUBES AB Absorbances for Al, Cd, Cr, Mn and Pb, integrated with respect to wavelength and time, were determined at pressures as high as 6 atmospheres (1 atm = 101.325 Pa) in a standard integrated contact cuvette (ICC) (tube ends open) and an end-capped ICC (tube ends restricted) and with the injection port open and plugged. In a standard ICC, the maximum increase in signal was limited to a factor of 3 at 6 atmospheres owing to a strong convection component. Plugging the injection port reduced, but did not eliminate, the convection component for Cd and Pb. Use of an end-capped ICC increased the sensitivity by an average factor of 3.2, but did not reduce the convection component. Plugging the injection port of the end-capped ICC gave sensitivity increases proportional to the pressure increase, suggesting that convection had been eliminated. Factors of 4-6 improvement in sensitivity were obtained for atomization at 6 atmospheres. Reasonable agreement was found between the experimental data and a simple model that incorporated diffusion and convection as loss-mechanisms. The rate of analyte loss by convection in an ICC at 1 atm is approximately 1/8 that by diffusion. In 3% NaCl, Ph showed improved-recoveries at higher pressure with the injection port open or plugged. Good recoveries for Cr were obtained only with the injection port plugged; pressure had no effect. With an end-capped ICC, the injection port plugged, and 6 atmospheres of pressure, detection limits of 50, 100, 30 and 90 fg were obtained for Cd, Cr, Mn and Pb, respectively. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,FOOD COMPOSIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 26 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE SCIENCE PARK MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4WF SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 10 IS 3 BP 187 EP 195 DI 10.1039/ja9951000187 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA QN125 UT WOS:A1995QN12500004 ER PT J AU HARNLY, JM RADZIUK, B AF HARNLY, JM RADZIUK, B TI EFFECT OF FURNACE ATOMIZATION TEMPERATURES ON SIMULTANEOUS MULTIELEMENT ATOMIC-ABSORPTION MEASUREMENT USING A TRANSVERSELY-HEATED GRAPHITE ATOMIZER SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Biennial National-Atomic-Spectroscopy-Society Meeting CY JUL 20-22, 1994 CL KINGSTON HULL, ENGLAND SP NATL ATOMIC SPECT SOC DE ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; MULTIELEMENT; TRANSVERSELY HEATED GRAPHITE ATOMIZER ID MATRIX VAPORS; SPECTROMETRY; SERUM; TUBES AB The sensitivities and signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of five elements (Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, and V) were characterized for atomization by a commercially available transversely heated graphite atomizer (THGA) as a function of the atomization temperature, with and without a Pd-Mg(NO3)(2) matrix modifier, and with a standard furnace and an ''end-capped'' furnace to restrict diffusional loss of the analyte. These five elements were selected to provide a representative range of atomization temperatures. In general, the sensitivities of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Cr decreased with increasing atomization temperature and the sensitivity of the least volatile element, V, increased with temperature. The most suitable temperature for simultaneous determination of these elements was 2500 degrees C, as dictated by V. The loss in sensitivity for the atomization of Cd and Pb at 2500 degrees C was 25 to 35%, considerably less than predicted by mass diffusion. With use of the modifier and 'end-capped' THGAs, the temperature dependence of the sensitivity approached that predicted by mass diffusion. With photon shot noise and optimization of the integration interval, the best SNRs for all elements, in the simultaneous multielement mode or in the single element mode, are found at approximately 2500 degrees C and no compromise is necessary. C1 BODENSEEWERK PERKIN ELMER & CO GMBH,D-88647 UBERLINGEN,GERMANY. RP HARNLY, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,NUTR COMPOSIT LAB,BLDG 161,BARC E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 17 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE SCIENCE PARK MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4WF SN 0267-9477 J9 J ANAL ATOM SPECTROM JI J. Anal. At. Spectrom. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 10 IS 3 BP 197 EP 206 DI 10.1039/ja9951000197 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA QN125 UT WOS:A1995QN12500005 ER PT J AU WILLIAMS, CB BENNETT, GL KEELE, JW AF WILLIAMS, CB BENNETT, GL KEELE, JW TI SIMULATED INFLUENCE OF POSTWEANING PRODUCTION SYSTEM ON PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL TYPES OF CATTLE .1. ESTIMATION OF MODEL PARAMETERS SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE BEEF CATTLE; BODY COMPOSITION; COMPUTER SIMULATION ID EMPTY BODY GAIN; CARCASS COMPOSITION; FEED-EFFICIENCY; COMPUTER-MODEL; CYCLE-III; WEANING TRAITS; BEEF-CATTLE; GROWTH; PALATABILITY; PREDICT AB Breed parameters for a computer model that simulated differences in the composition bf empty-body gain of beef cattle, resulting from differences in postweaning level of nutrition that are not associated with empty BW, were estimated for 17 biological types of cattle (steers from F-1 crosses of 16 sire breeds [Hereford, Angus, Jersey, South Devon, Limousin, Simmental, Charolais, Red Poll, Brown Swiss, Gelbvieh, Maine Anjou, Chianina, Brahman, Sahiwal, Pinzgauer, and Tarentaise] mated to Hereford and Angus dams). One value for the maximum fractional growth rate of fat-free matter (KMAX) was estimated and used across all breed types. Mature fat-free matter (FFM(mat)) was estimated from data on mature cows for each of the 17 breed types. Breed type values for a fattening parameter (THETA) were estimated from growth and composition data at slaughter on steers of the 17 breed types, using the previously estimated constant KMAX and breed values for FFM(mat). For each breed type, THETA values were unique for given values of KMAX, FFM(mat), and composition at slaughter. The results showed that THETA was most sensitive to KMAX and had similar sensitivity to. FFM(mat) and composition at slaughter. Values for THETA were most sensitive for breed types with large THETA values (Chianina, Charolais, and Limousin crossbred steers) and least sensitive for breed types with small THETA values (purebred Angus, crossbred Jersey, and Red Poll steers). Simulations of four postweaning production systems using genetic parameters (THETA and FFM(mat)) for Hereford x Angus and Charolais crossbred steers showed that Hereford x Angus steers were approximately 7 to 8% fatter than Charolais crossbred steers in all production systems when slaughtered at the same weight. RP WILLIAMS, CB (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 21 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 73 IS 3 BP 665 EP 673 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA QK401 UT WOS:A1995QK40100005 PM 7607999 ER PT J AU WILLIAMS, CB BENNETT, GL KEELE, JW AF WILLIAMS, CB BENNETT, GL KEELE, JW TI SIMULATED INFLUENCE OF POSTWEANING PRODUCTION SYSTEM ON PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL TYPES OF CATTLE .2. CARCASS COMPOSITION, RETAIL PRODUCT, AND QUALITY SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CARCASS COMPOSITION; COMPUTER SIMULATION ID EMPTY BODY GAIN; FEED-EFFICIENCY; COMPUTER-MODEL; COMPENSATORY GROWTH; WEANING TRAITS; BEEF-CATTLE; CYCLE-III; STEERS; NUTRITION; PREDICT AB A computer simulation model was used to characterize the response in carcass composition, retail product, and quality of steers from F-1 crosses of 16 sire breeds (Hereford, Angus, Jersey, South Devon, Limousin, Simmental, Charolais, Red Poll, Brown Swiss, Gelbvieh, Maine Anjou, Chianina, Brahman, Sahiwal, Pinzgauer, and Tarentaise) mated to Hereford and Angus dams, grown under nine backgrounding systems, and finished at either a low (1.0 kg) or high (1.36 kg) ADG. The backgrounding systems were a high ADG (.9 kg) for 111, 167, or 222 d, a medium ADG (.5 kg) for 200, 300, or 400 d, a low ADG (.25 kg) for 300 or 400 d and 0 d backgrounding. For specific genotype x production system combinations, results showed that carcasses of compensating steers may be either leaner, not different in fatness, or fatter than carcasses of steers put on a finishing diet directly after weaning. Systems in which steers gained a greater proportion of the final slaughter weight over long durations of growth restriction resulted in leaner carcasses. There were 12 common production systems in which 13 of the genotypes produced a carcass with a maximum of 28% fat or with a marbling score of 11 or greater. These results suggest sire breeds used to produce these steers can be used over a wide range of nutritional and management environments, and that a mixed group of steers can be fed and managed similarly from weaning to slaughter to produce a carcass with a specified composition, retail product, or quality. RP WILLIAMS, CB (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 73 IS 3 BP 674 EP 685 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA QK401 UT WOS:A1995QK40100006 PM 7608000 ER PT J AU WILLIAMS, CB BENNETT, GL KEELE, JW AF WILLIAMS, CB BENNETT, GL KEELE, JW TI SIMULATED INFLUENCE OF POSTWEANING PRODUCTION SYSTEM ON PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL TYPES OF CATTLE .3. BIOLOGICAL EFFICIENCY SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CARCASS COMPOSITION; COMPUTER SIMULATION ID BEEF-PRODUCTION; FEED-EFFICIENCY; WEANING TRAITS; CYCLE-III; GROWTH; STEERS; BIRTH; LEVEL; MILK AB Methods were developed and incorporated into a previously published computer model to predict ME intake and calculate biological efficiencies in terms of grams of empty BW (EBW) and fat-free matter (FFM) gained/megacalorie of ME consumed from weaning to slaughter. Efficiencies were calculated for steers from F-1 crosses of 16 sire breeds (Hereford, Angus, Jersey, South Devon, Limousin, Simmental, Charolais, Red Poll, Brown Swiss, Gelbvieh, Maine Anjou, Chianina, Brahman, Sahiwal, Pinzgauer, and Tarentaise) mated to Hereford and Angus dams, grown under nine backgrounding systems, finished at either a low (1.0 kg) or high (1.36 kg) ADG, and slaughtered at 300 kg carcass weight, small or greater degree of marbling, and 28% carcass fat. Backgrounding systems were high ADG (.9 kg) for 111, 167, or 222 d, medium ADG (.5 kg) for 200, 300, or 400 d, and low ADG (.25 kg) for 300 or 400 d, and 0 d backgrounding. The high ADG finishing system was more biologically efficient than the low ADG finishing system, and generally backgrounding systems were less biologically efficient than direct finishing after weaning (0 d backgrounding). Large-framed breeds were more efficient at the constant carcass weight and carcass fatness end point, and breeds that achieved the marbling end point at low levels of carcass fatness were more efficient at this end point. Some small-framed breeds gained EBW more efficiently but gained FFM less efficiently than some of the large-framed breeds. Variation in efficiency between genotypes was greatest with 0 d backgrounding and decreased in the other backgrounding systems. RP WILLIAMS, CB (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 25 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 73 IS 3 BP 686 EP 698 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA QK401 UT WOS:A1995QK40100007 PM 7608001 ER PT J AU YOUNG, LD AF YOUNG, LD TI REPRODUCTION OF F1 MEISHAN, FENGJING, MINZHU, AND DUROC GILTS AND SOWS SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE PIGS; CHINA; BREEDS; LITTER SIZE; PUBERTY; OVULATION RATE ID LARGE WHITE GILTS; CHINESE MEISHAN; OVULATION RATE; CROSSBREEDING PARAMETERS; CONCEPTUS GROWTH; EMBRYO SURVIVAL; PORCINE BREEDS; LITTER SIZE; PIGS; PERFORMANCE AB Gilts were the progeny of eight Duroc, nine Meishan, eight Fengjing, and seven Minzhu boars mated to composite (1/4 Chester White, 1/4 Landrace, 1/4 Large White, and 1/4 Yorkshire) females. Age at puberty was youngest (P <.05) for Meishan and Fengjing crosses followed by Minzhu crosses and then Duroc crosses. Fengjing crosses had a higher (P <.05) ovulation rate than Meishan or Minzhu crosses, which had a higher (P <.05) ovulation rate than Duroc crosses. Meishan and Fengjing crosses had larger(P <.05) litters than Duroc crosses at 60 and 100 d of gestation, at birth, and at weaning. Minzhu crosses also had larger (P <.05) litters than Duroc crosses at all stages but were significantly lower than Meishan and Fengjing crosses only for litter size at 100 d of gestation. Duroc crosses were heavier (P < .05) at farrowing than all three Chinese crosses. Breed groups differed (P <.05) for backfat thickness at weaning but not at farrowing. Duroc crosses were the least efficient (P <.95) in converting feed energy into litter gain from birth to weaning; Fengjing crosses were less efficient (P <.05) than Minzhu crosses but neither differed significantly from the intermediate value of the Meishan crosses. Chinese crosses returned to estrus sooner after weaning (P <.05) than Duroc crosses. Ovulation rate at second parity was highest for Fengjing crosses followed by Meishan, Duroc, and Minzhu crosses; difference among nonadjacent means were significant (P <.05). Differences among crosses were not large or significant for number of fetuses at 100 d of gestation at second parity. Results indicate Meishan and Fengjing can be used to produce crossbred gilts that have a higher level of reproductive performance than Duroc crossbred gilts; the reproductive performance of Minzhu crosses would be intermediate. However, the Chinese crosses would not be expected to have an advantage in litter size at second parity. RP YOUNG, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 43 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 73 IS 3 BP 711 EP 721 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA QK401 UT WOS:A1995QK40100009 PM 7608003 ER PT J AU CHEN, NX WHITE, BD HAUSMAN, GJ AF CHEN, NX WHITE, BD HAUSMAN, GJ TI GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR-BINDING IN PORCINE PREADIPOCYTES DURING DEVELOPMENT SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE GLUCOCORTICOIDS; RECEPTORS; ADIPOCYTES; DEVELOPMENT; PIGS ID ADIPOSE PRECURSOR CELLS; PIG FETUSES; DIFFERENTIATION; ADIPOCYTES; CULTURES; INSULIN; TISSUE; SERUM AB Previous studies have shown that the responsiveness of porcine preadipocytes to glucocorticoids increases progressively with fetal age. In the current study, the development of fetal glucocorticoid receptors in porcine preadipocytes was examined in primary cultures derived from 50-, 75-, and 105-d fetal and 7-d postnatal porcine adipose tissue. Three dams were used for each fetal age group and three young pigs were used for the postnatal studies. Using [H-3]dexamethasone as the radioligand, cytosolic glucocorticoid receptors were measured in preadipocytes. There was an age-related increase in the number of glucocorticoid receptors during fetal development. The number of glucocorticoid receptors was very low in 50-d fetal porcine preadipocytes (1.350 +/- .178 fmol/mg of protein) and increased progressively to a peak at 105 d (8.990 +/- .741 fmol/mg of protein). This represents an approximate sixfold increase in receptor number between these two ages (P <.05). After birth, the glucocorticoid receptor number significantly decreased compared with that of 105-d fetuses (2.766 +/- .218 fmol/mg of protein, P <.05). Furthermore, the dissociation constant (K-d) of the glucocorticoid receptor in 105-d fetal preadipocytes was numerically smaller than the K-d of receptors derived from other age groups, although only significantly lower than that of the 75-d group (P <.05). Insulin markedly increased the number and binding affinity of glucocorticoid receptors in preadipocytes, indicating its potential involvement in regulation of glucocorticoid receptors. The effect of glucocorticoids on differentiation in preadipocytes is, at least in part, mediated by the number of glucocorticoid receptors. The responsiveness of preadipocytes to glucocorticoid in vivo seems to be paralleled by changes in glucocorticoid receptor number. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT FOOD & NUTR,ATHENS,GA 30602. USDA ARS,RUSSELL RES CTR,ANIM PHYSIOL UNIT,ATHENS,GA 30613. NR 21 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 73 IS 3 BP 722 EP 727 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA QK401 UT WOS:A1995QK40100010 PM 7608004 ER PT J AU OSCAR, TP AF OSCAR, TP TI GLUCAGON BINDING TO RECEPTORS ON THE SURFACE OF CHICKEN ADIPOCYTES SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ADIPOCYTES; CHICKENS; GLUCAGON; BINDING; LIPOLYSIS ID ISOLATED CANINE HEPATOCYTES; RAT HEPATOCYTES; PLASMA-MEMBRANES; LIPOLYSIS; LIVER; INTERNALIZATION; DESENSITIZATION; IDENTIFICATION; SOMATOSTATIN; DEGRADATION AB Adipocytes isolated from abdominal fat of chickens were used 1) to demonstrate that [I-125]-tyr(10)-glucagon binds with all the characteristics of a hormone-receptor interaction and 2) to determine whether glucagon binds to one or more receptor sites. Binding of [I-125]-tyr(10)-glucagon was characterized at 12 degrees C, a temperature found to completely inhibit internalization of the radioligand. Culturing adipocytes increased radioligand binding by 60 to 100% and, therefore, fat cells were incubated for 72 h before characterizing binding. Binding of [I-125]-tyr(10)-glucagon to chicken adipocytes reached steady-state, was reversible, was specific for glucagon, was saturable, and increased linearly as a function of fat cell concentration. Both kinetic and steady-state experiments indicated that [I-125]-tyr(10)-glucagon bound to two sites on chicken adipocytes. Equilibrium dissociation constants (K-d) of 54 +/- 16 pM and 3.3 +/- 1.3 nM were obtained for [I-125]-tyr(10)-glucagon, whereas K-d of .49 and 81 nM were calculated for mammalian glucagon. There were 4,831 +/- 1,057 high-affinity receptors and 200,780 +/- 63,404 low-affinity receptors per adipocyte. Thus, only 2.3% of the glucagon binding sites were of high affinity. In addition to higher binding affinity, [I-125]-tyr(10)-glucagon stimulated glycerol release from chicken adipocytes with greater potency than porcine glucagon. Therefore, it was concluded that [I-125]-tyr(10)-glucagon was a supra-agonist that bound to high- and low-affinity receptors on the surface of chicken adipocytes with all the characteristics of a hormone-receptor interaction. RP OSCAR, TP (reprint author), USDA ARS,GEORGETOWN,DE 19947, USA. NR 38 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 73 IS 3 BP 728 EP 737 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA QK401 UT WOS:A1995QK40100011 PM 7608005 ER PT J AU FREETLY, HC FERRELL, CL JENKINS, TG GOETSCH, AL AF FREETLY, HC FERRELL, CL JENKINS, TG GOETSCH, AL TI VISCERAL OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION DURING CHRONIC FEED RESTRICTION AND REALIMENTATION IN SHEEP SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE BLOOD FLOW; PORTAL-DRAINED VISCERA; LIVER ID PORTAL-DRAINED VISCERA; BLOOD-FLOW; LACTATION; STEERS; BODY; METABOLISM; NUTRITION; CATTLE; LEVEL; LIVER AB The objectives of this study were twofold: first, to estimate the time required to reach equilibrium in splanchnic tissue oxygen (O-2) consumption rates after a feed restriction that maintained BW; and second, to estimate the time following a subsequent realimentation required to reach equilibrium. Catheters were placed in a cranial mesenteric vein, the portal vein, a branch of the hepatic vein, and the abdominal aorta of six wethers. Wethers were allowed to eat ad libitum 2 h/d. At 49.9 +/- 2.7 kg two wethers were assigned to the high group, which continued to receive the 2 h/d ad libitum meal. Four wethers were assigned to the low group for 80 d and were restricted to 70% of the average meal each consumed during the week before restriction. Hepatic and portal-drained viscera (PDV) O-2 consumption rates were determined the day before restriction (day 0) and on d 10, 24, 38, 52, 66, and 80 of restriction. After d 80 of restriction, wethers assigned to the low group were fed the 2 h/d ad libitum meal, and hepatic and PDV O-2 consumption rates were determined on d 7, 14, 28, and 42 of realimentation. At 80 d of restriction, PDV and hepatic O-2 consumptions were 60 and 65%, respectively, of the d-0 rate. Hepatic tissue required 21 d and PDV required 29 d to be within 5% of the new steady-state O-2 consumption rates after restriction. RP FREETLY, HC (reprint author), USDA ARS,MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 25 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 73 IS 3 BP 843 EP 852 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA QK401 UT WOS:A1995QK40100025 PM 7608019 ER PT J AU BACON, CW AF BACON, CW TI TOXIC ENDOPHYTE-INFECTED TALL FESCUE AND RANGE GRASSES - HISTORIC PERSPECTIVES SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ACREMONIUM COENOPHIALUM; BALANSIA; TOXICOGENIC FUNGI; ENDOPHYTES; POISONOUS PLANTS; FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA ID FUNGUS ATKINSONELLA-HYPOXYLON; HOST ASSOCIATIONS; FORAGE GRASSES; ACREMONIUM-COENOPHIALUM; PERENNIAL RYEGRASS; EPICHLOE-TYPHINA; FESTUCA-ARUNDINACEA; LOLIUM-PERENNE; ERGOPEPTINE ALKALOIDS; BALANSIA-EPICHLOE AB A historic profile of endophyte-induced tall fescue toxicosis is presented. A chronology of events is presented, beginning with the importance of finding Balansia-infected grasses in a tall fescue pasture in north central Georgia. This initial finding was followed by the discovery that another related endophyte was present in tall fescue and other major forage grasses. This species of endophyte was identified as Acremonium coenophialum. After this report was the important discovery that cattle performance was poor on Acremonium-infected tall fescue. Thus, this endophyte and its presence in tall fescue was implicated as the cause of tall fescue toxicosis and fescue foot. It was later established that this endophyte also produced ergot alkaloids. The related endophyte of perennial ryegrass, A. lolii, was subsequently shown to be responsible for the ryegrass staggers syndrome. Several other species of Acremonium have been associated with other important forage and turf grasses. Finally, important papers leading to the revelations that endophytic fungi and their grass hosts are ecologically significant and that most should be considered mutualistic symbioses are reviewed. Symbiotic grasses have enhanced physiological and morphological characteristics that offer biotechnological exploitations on one hand, but on the other solutions to the toxicity of tall fescue are difficult because grasses free of their fungal partner are generally ecological failures. RP BACON, CW (reprint author), USDA ARS,RUSSELL RES CTR,TOXICOL & MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 133 TC 73 Z9 83 U1 5 U2 10 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 73 IS 3 BP 861 EP 870 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA QK401 UT WOS:A1995QK40100027 PM 7608021 ER PT J AU PORTER, JK AF PORTER, JK TI ANALYSIS OF ENDOPHYTE TOXINS - FESCUE AND OTHER GRASSES TOXIC TO LIVESTOCK SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ACREMONIUM; ENDOPHYTES; ALKALOIDS; ANALYTICAL METHODS; TOXINS; GRASSES ID INFECTED TALL FESCUE; SPECTROMETRY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; INSECT FEEDING DETERRENT; N-ACETYL LOLINE; ERGOT ALKALOIDS; ERGOPEPTINE ALKALOIDS; EPICHLOE-TYPHINA; PERENNIAL RYEGRASS; HPLC METHOD; LOLITREM-B AB Research on livestock toxicoses caused by Acremonium (endophyte)-infected grasses strongly implicate the ergopeptine alkaloids with A. coenophialum-infected fescue and paxilline and the lolitrem alkaloids with A. lolii-infected perennial ryegrass as the causative agents. Isolation, identification, and detection of these toxins involves extraction with appropriate solvents, clean-up procedures, and chromatographic methods with known standards. Thin-layer, high-performance liquid and gas chromatography along with ultraviolet and mass spectrometric (i.e., electron impact, chemical ionization, tandem mass) characterizations have been reported. These methods have varying degrees of success depending on the matrix from which the alkaloids have been extracted. Ergovaline is the primary ergopeptine alkaloid isolated from cultures of A. coenophialum and also from infected fescue grass and seeds toxic to livestock. Other compounds isolated from the endophyte-infected fescue include: lysergic acid amide (ergine), the clavine class of ergot alkaloids (chanoclavine I, agroclavine, elymoclavine, penniclavine), the pyrrolizidine alkaloids (N-formylloline, N-acetylloline, M-methlyloline, N-acetylnorloline), and the unique pyrrolopyrazine alkaloid peramine. The loline alkaloids and peramine have been more associated with the insect-deterrent properties of the endophyte-infected fescue than with livestock toxicoses. Also, both peramine and the ergopeptine alkaloids (ergovaline, ergotamine) have been isolated from A. lolii-infected perennial ryegrass. More recently, paxilline and lolitrem B have been detected in laboratory cultures of A. coenophialum isolated from tall fescue. The ergot alkaloids in endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass may be more related to decreased animal productivity (weight gains, reproduction problems), whereas the lolitrems cause the staggers syndrome. The detection, isolation, identification, and analyses of these compounds from Acremonium-infected grasses is presented. RP PORTER, JK (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,TOXICOL & MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 70 TC 104 Z9 109 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 73 IS 3 BP 871 EP 880 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA QK401 UT WOS:A1995QK40100028 PM 7608022 ER PT J AU BOEHM, KA ROSS, PF AF BOEHM, KA ROSS, PF TI DETERMINATION OF TOTAL NITROGEN IN URINE BY PYROCHEMILUMINESCENCE - COLLABORATIVE STUDY SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID BALANCE; NUTRITION AB Twelve collaborating laboratories analyzed 5 blind duplicate samples of human urine for total nitrogen using a pyrochemiluminescence method. The nitrogen content ranged from low (650 mg/L) to high levels (8800 mg/L) in urine samples of people under moderate to severe stress. In addition to test samples, collaborators also received a certified standard (sodium nitrite in water) as an external control. The pyrochemiluminescence assay was performed on urine samples diluted in water within a range of 1:50 to 1:100. The method detects total nitrogen by reaction of the product of high temperature oxidative pyrolysis and ozone. Repeatability standard deviation values (RDS(r)) ranged from 1.49 to 3.91% and reproducibility standard deviation values (RSD(R)) ranged from 3.66 to 9.57%. The average recovery of total nitrogen was 99.9%. The pyrochemiluminescence method for determination of total nitrogen in urine was adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL. C1 USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,NATL VET SERV LABS,AMES,IA 50010. USA,INST SURG RES,CTR BURN,FT SAM HOUSTON,TX 78234. UNIV MICHIGAN,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. UNIV TENNESSEE,CTR HLTH SCI,DEPT CLIN PHARM,MEMPHIS,TN 38163. SCI RES CONSORTIUM,ST PAUL,MN. DUKE UNIV,CRIT CARE DIAGNOST SERV,DURHAM,NC. UNIV ROCHESTER,SCH MED,DEPT SURG,ROCHESTER,NY. PENNINGTON BIOMED RES CTR,BATON ROUGE,LA. UNIV TENNESSEE,DEPT ANESTHESIOL RES,KNOXVILLE,TN. USDA ARS,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202. MCGAW INC,DEPT MED,IRVINE,CA. UNIV WASHINGTON,HARBORVIEW MED CTR,DEPT LAB MED,SEATTLE,WA 98104. RP BOEHM, KA (reprint author), ANTEK INSTRUMENTS INC,DEPT MED & NUTR RES,300 BAMMEL WESTFIELD RD,HOUSTON,TX 77090, USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 78 IS 2 BP 301 EP 306 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA QN304 UT WOS:A1995QN30400005 PM 7756845 ER PT J AU LEHOTAY, SJ IBRAHIM, MA AF LEHOTAY, SJ IBRAHIM, MA TI SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION AND GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY ION-TRAP MASS-SPECTROMETRY OF PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE PESTICIDES IN VEGETABLES SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE EXTRACTION; DETECTOR AB An analytical approach using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) followed by gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry (GC/ITMS) was developed for the analysis of the fungicide pentachloronitrobenzene and several analogues in vegetables, The method was tested in the analysis of carrots, potatoes, green beans, celery, and radishes fortified with pentachloronitrobenzene, tetrachloronitrobenzene, pentachloroanisole, pentachlorothioanisole, pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, and pentachloroaniline, An incurred carrot sample analyzed by the method was shown to contain hexachlorobenzene at 7 +/- 3 ng/g, which agreed with the concentration (8 +/- 4 ng/g) determined using a traditional solvent-based method, The SFE method consisted of the following steps: (1) homogenizing a 50 g vegetable sample and weighing a 3 g subsample; (2) mixing 2 g sorbent (Hydromatrix) with the subsample to absorb moisture and packing a 10 mL extraction vessel; (3) extracting with 40 mL CO2 at 200 atm, 40 degrees C, and a flow rate of 3 mL/min; and (4) collecting the extract on a 1 g alumina basic trap at 25 degrees C and flushing with 8 mL isooctane. Collection of the extract on alumina efficiently removed chlorophyll and other matrix interferences, GC/ITMS in the electron-impact mode confirmed and quantitated the analytes at concentrations as low as 1 ng/g. RP LEHOTAY, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BLDG 007,ROOM 224,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 29 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 1 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 78 IS 2 BP 445 EP 452 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA QN304 UT WOS:A1995QN30400028 PM 7756861 ER PT J AU LYNCH, JM BARBANO, DM HOUGHTON, G FLEMING, JR AF LYNCH, JM BARBANO, DM HOUGHTON, G FLEMING, JR TI BABCOCK BOTTLE CERTIFICATION APPARATUS PERFORMANCE EVALUATION SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB The use and performance of a computer-controlled apparatus for certification of Babcock bottles used for payment testing were evaluated. The apparatus delivered mercury into the bottle neck using a syringe mounted on a motorized pump. Syringe movement and the collection and calculation of data were controlled by computer. The apparatus was evaluated using four 8% milk bottles (total volume 1.600 mL; bottles rejected if deviation was greater than or equal to 0.008 mL) and four 50% short-neck cream bottles (total volume 5.000 mL; bottles rejected if deviation was greater than or equal to 0.050 mL). Six milk and 5 cream bottle trials were conducted; each bottle was read 5 consecutive times for each trial, As a percentage of the rejection criteria, average repeatability was 5-6% and reproducibility was 9-10%, These values were similar for both types of bottles, The evaluation of the apparatus demonstrated acceptable within- and between-days performance in relation to the rejection criteria and volumes measured. Because the apparatus creates a closed system during certification, an additional experiment was conducted with 50% short-neck cream bottles to determine the effect of internal pressure within a bottle on volume estimates. Four trials were conducted, as previously described, using 4 control and 4 experimental bottles, Volume between the 0 and 50% marks (5 mL) was determined, Holes were drilled in the experimental bottles to eliminate internal pressure for the final 2 trials, The estimated volume of bottles under pressure was 0.0054 +/- 0.0012 mL greater than without internal pressure (i,e., about 11% of the rejection criteria), We concluded that any pressure effect was small relative to other factors that affect volume determination. C1 USDA,AGR MKT SERV,CARROLLTON,TX 75006. RP LYNCH, JM (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,NE DAIRY FOOD RES CTR,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 78 IS 2 BP 463 EP 471 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA QN304 UT WOS:A1995QN30400031 ER PT J AU TOUMA, JS COX, WM THISTLE, H ZAPERT, JG AF TOUMA, JS COX, WM THISTLE, H ZAPERT, JG TI PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF DENSE GAS DISPERSION MODELS SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1993 Specialty Conference on the Role of Meteorology in Managing the Environment in the 90s CY JAN, 1993 CL SCOTTSDALE, AZ SP AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC, AMER METEOROL SOC AB This paper summarizes the results of a study to evaluate the performance of seven dense gas dispersion models using data from three held experiments. Two models (DEGADIS and SLAB) are in the public domain and the other five (AIRTOX, CHARM, FOCUS, SAFEMODE, and TRACE) are proprietary. The field data used are the Desert Tortoise pressurized ammonia releases, Burro liquefied natural gas spill tests, and the Goldfish anhydrous hydrofluoric acid spill experiments. Desert Tortoise and Goldfish releases were simulated as horizontal jet releases, and Burro as a liquid pool. Performance statistics were used to compare maximum observed concentrations and plume half-width to those predicted by each model. Model performance varied and no model exhibited consistently good performance across all three databases. However, when combined across the three databases, all models performed within a factor of 2. Problems encountered are discussed in order to help future investigators. C1 US EPA,OFF AIR QUAL PLANNING & STAND,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. US FOREST SERV,MISSOULA TECHNOL & DEV CTR,MISSOULA,MT. TRC ENVIRONM CORP,AUSTIN,MN. RP TOUMA, JS (reprint author), NOAA,AIR RESOURCES LAB,DIV ATMOSPHER SCI MODELING,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 34 IS 3 BP 603 EP 615 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(1995)034<0603:PEODGD>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA QK452 UT WOS:A1995QK45200003 ER PT J AU VANLOAN, MD KOPP, LE KING, JC WONG, WW MAYCLIN, PL AF VANLOAN, MD KOPP, LE KING, JC WONG, WW MAYCLIN, PL TI FLUID CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY - USE OF BIOIMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY; TOTAL BODY WATER; EXTRACELLULAR FLUID ID TOTAL-BODY WATER; BIOELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE ANALYSIS AB The increase in body water during pregnancy is responsible for the largest portion of weight gain and is of interest to clinical practitioners. However, assessing changes in body fluids is not easily accomplished during pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy for estimating fluid volumes before, during, and after pregnancy. Ten healthy adult women were recruited for the study. Total body water (TBW) and extracellular fluid (ECF) volume were measured at baseline (preconception); 8-10, 24-26, and 34-36 wk of gestation; and 4-6 wk postpartum by deuterium oxide and NaBr dilution, respectively. Estimates of TBW and ECF were also obtained by bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS). At baseline, mean values for dilution and BIS estimates of TBW and ECF were 33.2 +/- 4.6 (SD) vs. 31.6 +/- 6.2 liters and 15.2 +/- 1.3 vs. 16.9 +/- 2.3 liters, respectively. TBW and ECF estimated by BIS were not significantly different from the dilution values at any time point. These results suggest that BIS may be useful in estimating volumes of ECF and TBW during pregnancy. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT NUTR SCI,BERKELEY,CA 94720. USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,HOUSTON,TX 77030. RP VANLOAN, MD (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,POB 29997,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94129, USA. NR 25 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 78 IS 3 BP 1037 EP 1042 PG 6 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA QP826 UT WOS:A1995QP82600038 PM 7775296 ER PT J AU WAITE, TA REEVE, JD AF WAITE, TA REEVE, JD TI SOURCE-USE DECISIONS BY HOARDING GRAY JAYS - EFFECTS OF LOCAL CACHE DENSITY AND FOOD VALUE SO JOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERISOREUS-CANADENSIS; SQUIRRELS; BEHAVIOR; STORAGE; MODEL AB By analogy with patch-use decisions made by animals foraging among patches, animals storing food items among scattered sites must make decisions such as how long to persist in exploiting a known source before leaving to search for alternative sources. If the survival of scattered caches is density-dependent, then there should be a ''source-departure threshold,'' beyond which additional caching would reduce the long-term average rate of storage of recoverable food. The hoarder would profit maximally by leaving the source at that threshold, even though the source still contains food. We experimentally examined how two factors influence various source-use decisions of Gray Jays Perisoreus canadensis exploiting locally abundant food sources. First, we examined the behavior of jays exploiting a food source during an initial ''encounter'' and during another encounter 3 days later. The jays made fewer caches during subsequent encounters with a source at a given location, around which the local density of previously made caches was high. They also compensated by spacing out their caches more widely and by increasing the rate at which they retrieved and redistributed previously made caches. Second, we investigated the effect of the composition of a food source (i.e., the value of its food items) on the jays' source-use decisions. The jays cached substantially more food items (raisins) from a large-item (($) over bar X=491) than from a small-item (328) source when sources of each type were made available on different days. The cumulative number of caches made by individual jays (over 10 h) was more nearly asymptotic in the smaller-item treatment. We propose that the jays' tendency to recache previously made caches accounts for their failure to cease hoarding from our experimental sources. This two-stage process of food storage (i.e., initial placement and subsequent recaching) may yield long-term average rates of storage throughout the territory exceeding those predicted by simple rate-maximization, patch-use models. C1 SIMON FRASER UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,BEHAV ECOL RES GRP,BURNABY,BC V5A 1S6,CANADA. US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,PINEVILLE,LA 71360. NR 30 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0908-8857 J9 J AVIAN BIOL JI J. Avian Biol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 26 IS 1 BP 59 EP 66 DI 10.2307/3677213 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA QQ432 UT WOS:A1995QQ43200009 ER PT J AU WAUGH, SI PAULSEN, DM MYLONA, PV MAYNARD, RH PREMAKUMAR, R BISHOP, PE AF WAUGH, SI PAULSEN, DM MYLONA, PV MAYNARD, RH PREMAKUMAR, R BISHOP, PE TI THE GENES ENCODING THE DELTA SUBUNITS OF DINITROGENASE-2 AND DINITROGENASE-3 ARE REQUIRED FOR MO-INDEPENDENT DIAZOTROPHIC GROWTH BY AZOTOBACTER-VINELANDII SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; 2ND ALTERNATIVE NITROGENASE; IRON-MOLYBDENUM COFACTOR; STRUCTURAL GENES; VANADIUM NITROGENASE; FE-PROTEIN; KLEBSIELLA-PNEUMONIAE; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; ALPHA-SUBUNIT; CHROOCOCCUM AB vnfG and anfG encode the delta subunits of alternative nitrogenases 2 and 3 in Azotobacter vinelandii, respectively. As a first step towards elucidating the role of these subunits, diazotrophic growth and acetylene reduction studies were conducted on mutants containing alterations in the genes encoding these subunits. Mutants containing a stop codon (C36stop) or an in-frame deletion in anfG were unable to grow in N-free, Mo-deficient medium (Anf(-)). Mutants in which cysteine 36 of AnfG (a residue conserved between VnfG and AnfG) was changed to Ala or Ser were Anf(+). Thus, this conserved cysteine is not essential for the function of AnfG in dinitrogenase 3. A mutant with a stop codon in vnfG (C17stop) grew after a lag of 25 h in N-free, Mo-deficient medium containing V2O5. However, a Nif(-) Anf(-) strain with this mutation was unable to grow under these conditions. This shows that the vnfG gene product is required for nitrogenase 2-dependent growth. Strains with mutations in vnfG and anfG reduced acetylene to different degrees. This indicates that the delta subunits are not required for acetylene reduction by nitrogenases 2 and 3. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. NR 43 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 4 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 177 IS 6 BP 1505 EP 1510 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA QL612 UT WOS:A1995QL61200012 PM 7883707 ER PT J AU Pachepsky, LB Haskett, JD Acock, B AF Pachepsky, LB Haskett, JD Acock, B TI A two-dimensional model of leaf gas exchange with special reference to leaf anatomy SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems Science Conference CY MAY 23-27, 1994 CL WOODS HOLE, MA DE modelling; CO2 elevation; photosynthesis; transpiration; leaf anatomy; two-dimensional diffusion; soybean ID WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; MATHEMATICAL-MODEL; LEAVES; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; TRANSPIRATION AB This model of leaf gas exchange includes (1) two-dimensional CO2, O-2 and water vapour diffusion in intercellular space schematized according to leaf anatomy, (2) CO2 assimilation by mesophyll cells as described by Farquhar's model of photosynthesis and (3) stomatal movements as a regulating factor. Parameters describing the leaf cross-section and gas diffusion properties replace the empirical parameters of earlier models. The model was tested for soybean and performed well in representing light, CO2 concentration ([CO2]), and temperature response curves as well as the dependence of transpiration on temperature and water vapour deficit. The model allows the calculation of the steady state distribution of CO2 and water vapour concentrations in the intercellular space and the boundary layer. The direct calculation of diffusion in leaves showed that stomatal aperture effectively regulates the transpiration rate but usually has a much smaller effect on the rate of assimilation. C1 USDA ARS,BARC W,NRI,SYST RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. DUKE UNIV PHYTOTRON,DURHAM,NC 27708. NR 17 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD MAR-MAY PY 1995 VL 22 IS 2-3 BP 209 EP 214 DI 10.2307/2845912 PG 6 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA TR055 UT WOS:A1995TR05500006 ER PT J AU Pushnik, JC Demaree, RS Houpis, JLJ Flory, WB Bauer, SM Anderson, PD AF Pushnik, JC Demaree, RS Houpis, JLJ Flory, WB Bauer, SM Anderson, PD TI The effect of elevated carbon dioxide on a Sierra-Nevadan dominant species: Pinus ponderosa SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems Science Conference CY MAY 23-27, 1994 CL WOODS HOLE, MA DE elevated CO2; Pinus ponderosa; growth; morphometry; photosynthesis; ribulose-bis-phosphate carboxylase; sucrose phosphate synthase ID SUCROSE-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; CO2 ENRICHMENT; PHOTOSYNTHETIC ACCLIMATION; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; LEAF ANATOMY; GROWTH; SEEDLINGS; RADIATA; TREES; FORMS AB The impact of increasing atmospheric CO2 has not been fully evaluated on western coniferous forest species. Two year old seedlings of Pinus ponderosa were grown in environmentally controlled chambers under increased CO2 conditions (525 mu L L(-1) and 700 mu L L(-1)) for 6 months. These trees exhibited morphological, physiological and biochemical alterations when compared to our controls (350 mu L L(-1)). Analysis of whole plant biomass distribution has shown no significant treatment effect to the root to shoot ratios. However, while stem diameter and height growth generally increased with elevated CO2, needles exhibited an increased overall specific needle mass and a decreased total needle area. Morphological changes at the needle level included decreased mesophyll to vascular tissue ratio and variations in starch storage in chloroplasts. The elevated CO2 increased internal CO2 concentrations and assimilation of carbon. Biochemical assays revealed that ribulose-bis-phosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) specific activities increased on per unit area basis with CO2 treatment levels. Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activities exhibited an increase of 55% in the 700 mu L(-1) treatment. These results indicate that the sink-source relationships of these trees have shifted carbon allocation toward above ground growth, possibly due to transport limitations. C1 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. US FOREST SERV,FOREST SERV LAB,RHINELANDER,WI 54501. RP Pushnik, JC (reprint author), CALIF STATE UNIV LOS ANGELES,DEPT BIOL SCI,CHICO,CA 95929, USA. NR 24 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD MAR-MAY PY 1995 VL 22 IS 2-3 BP 249 EP 254 DI 10.2307/2845918 PG 6 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA TR055 UT WOS:A1995TR05500012 ER PT J AU Whitehead, D Hogan, KP Rogers, GND Byers, JN Hunt, JE McSeveny, TM Hollinger, DY Dungan, RJ Earl, WB Bourke, MP AF Whitehead, D Hogan, KP Rogers, GND Byers, JN Hunt, JE McSeveny, TM Hollinger, DY Dungan, RJ Earl, WB Bourke, MP TI Performance of large open-top chambers for long-term field investigations of tree response to elevated carbon dioxide concentration SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems Science Conference CY MAY 23-27, 1994 CL WOODS HOLE, MA DE open-top chambers; climate change; elevated carbon dioxide concentration; gas separation techniques; biogas; diffuse irradiance ID VENTILATED CHAMBER; DESIGN; CO2 AB In preparation for an investigation of the effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration on the two tree species Pinus radiata D. Don and Nothofagus fusca (Hook. f.) Oerst, the environmental conditions inside sixteen open-top chambers, of the design described by Heagle et al. (1989), were measured and compared with those outside. During a period in late summer, both air temperature and air saturation deficit were greater inside the chambers, with mean increases of 0.3 degrees C and 0.1 kPa, respectively. The increases were closely related to solar irradiance, reaching maximum differences for temperature and air saturation deficit of 4.3 degrees C and 0.8 kPa, respectively, when solar irradiance was greater than 1600 mu mol m(-2)s(-1). The mean (+/- standard deviation) CO2 concentrations for the ambient and elevated treatments were 362+/-37 and 654+/-69 mu mol mol(-1), respectively. However, the CO2 concentration in the elevated treatment decreased as windspeed increased, owing to incursions of ambient air into the chambers. Transmittance of visible solar irradiance (400-700 nm) through the plastic wall material decreased by 7% after 1 year of exposure at the site. In cloudy conditions the mean transmittance of solar irradiance into the chambers was 81% and on clear days this decreased from 80% to 74% with increasing solar zenith angle. The ratio of diffuse to total solar irradiance in the chambers was 13% and 21% greater than that outside for cloudy and clear conditions, respectively. The implications of these differences on water use efficiency for the trees growing inside and outside the chamber are discussed. A cost effective system, built to separate the CO2 required for the experiment from waste biogas, is described. This project is contributing to the Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems (GCTE) Core Research Programme by providing data on the long-term effects of elevated CO2 concentration on the above and below-ground carbon balance for the two tree species. C1 NEW ZEALAND FOREST RES INST,CHRISTCHURCH,NEW ZEALAND. US FOREST SERV,DURHAM,NH 03824. UNIV CANTERBURY,SCH FORESTRY,CHRISTCHURCH 1,NEW ZEALAND. UNIV CANTERBURY,DEPT CHEM & PROC ENGN,CHRISTCHURCH 1,NEW ZEALAND. CHRISTCHURCH CITY COUNCIL,CHRISTCHURCH,NEW ZEALAND. RP Whitehead, D (reprint author), MANAAKI WHENUA LANDCARE RES,POB 69,CANTERBURY,NEW ZEALAND. RI Hollinger, David/G-7185-2012 NR 21 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD MAR-MAY PY 1995 VL 22 IS 2-3 BP 307 EP 313 DI 10.2307/2845925 PG 7 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA TR055 UT WOS:A1995TR05500019 ER PT J AU Bunce, JA AF Bunce, JA TI Long-term growth of alfalfa and orchard grass plots at elevated carbon dioxide SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems Science Conference CY MAY 23-27, 1994 CL WOODS HOLE, MA DE alfalfa (Medicago sativa L); orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L); carbon dioxide; growth; photosynthesis; respiration; water loss ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; RESPONSES; TREES; TRANSPIRATION; PRODUCTIVITY AB Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) plots were exposed to ambient or ambient plus 350 cm(3) m(-3) carbon dioxide concentrations at Beltsville, Maryland, U.S.A. Replicate plots were established in different years and fertilized annually. We report here data for the second and third years after establishment. There has been no increase in the yearly production of either species at the elevated carbon dioxide concentration after the first season. In orchard grass, reduced growth at the high carbon dioxide concentration in the spring offset growth stimulation in the summer. Weed growth was consistently increased by carbon dioxide enrichment, but weed species composition was unaffected. Leaf photosynthetic capacity was reduced by the high carbon dioxide concentration in both crop species, as was leaf nitrogen content. Canopy carbon dioxide uptake was slightly higher in the elevated carbon dioxide treatments, consistent with the increased weed growth. In alfalfa, elevated carbon dioxide significantly reduced canopy carbon dioxide efflux at night for the same daytime uptake rate and temperature. The growth conversion efficiency estimated from elemental composition of the tissue was not substantially altered by carbon dioxide treatment in either crop species, indicating little effect of carbon dioxide treatment on the respiratory cost of tissue synthesis. Canopy conductance to water vapour averaged 23% less at high than at low carbon dioxide in the orchard grass plots, and 14% less in the alfalfa plots. This was consistent with the smaller short-term response of conductance to carbon dioxide concentration in the alfalfa plots. It is concluded that a warm climate and fertile soil does not guarantee a persistent response of production to elevated carbon dioxide concentration in these herbaceous perennial species. RP Bunce, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,CLIMATE STRESS LAB,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 15 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD MAR-MAY PY 1995 VL 22 IS 2-3 BP 341 EP 348 DI 10.2307/2845929 PG 8 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA TR055 UT WOS:A1995TR05500023 ER PT J AU Hollinger, DY Kelliher, FM Schulze, ED Vygodskaya, NN Varlagin, A Milukova, I Byers, JN Sogachov, A Hunt, JE McSeveny, TM Kobak, KI Bauer, G Arneth, A AF Hollinger, DY Kelliher, FM Schulze, ED Vygodskaya, NN Varlagin, A Milukova, I Byers, JN Sogachov, A Hunt, JE McSeveny, TM Kobak, KI Bauer, G Arneth, A TI Initial assessment of multi-scale measures of CO2 and H2O flux in the Siberian taiga SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems Science Conference CY MAY 23-27, 1994 CL WOODS HOLE, MA DE CO2; eddy correlation; Larix; convective boundary layer; boreal forest ID ATMOSPHERE AB We measured CO2 and H2O fluxes between undisturbed Larix gmelinii forest and the atmosphere at a remote Eastern Siberian site in July 1993. Scaled-up leaf-level porometer measurements agreed with those derived from the eddy correlation technique for the canopy fluxes of CO2 and H2O. Patch-scale measurements of ecosystem CO2 exchange agreed in turn with regional CO2 exchange rates derived from aircraft measurements made throughout the convective boundary layer. At all scales, midsummer CO2 fluxes for this vast, dry boreal forest were low, with maximum C uptake rates of only about 5 mu mol m(-2) s(-1). C1 MANAAKI WHENUA LANDCARE RES,CHRISTCHURCH,NEW ZEALAND. UNIV BAYREUTH,LEHRSTUHL PFLANZENOKOL,W-8580 BAYREUTH,GERMANY. RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,SEVERTSOV INST ANIM EVOLUT MORPHOL & ECOL,MOSCOW 117071,RUSSIA. STATE HYDROL INST,DEPT CLIMAT CHANGE,ST PETERSBURG 199053,RUSSIA. RP Hollinger, DY (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,CORNER CONCORD & MAST RD,DURHAM,NH 03824, USA. RI Hollinger, David/G-7185-2012; Arneth, Almut/B-2702-2013; Schulze, Ernst-Detlef/K-9627-2014 NR 21 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD MAR-MAY PY 1995 VL 22 IS 2-3 BP 425 EP 431 DI 10.2307/2845939 PG 7 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA TR055 UT WOS:A1995TR05500033 ER PT J AU Shortle, WC Smith, KT Minocha, R Alexeyev, VA AF Shortle, WC Smith, KT Minocha, R Alexeyev, VA TI Similar patterns of change in stemwood calcium concentration in red spruce and Siberian fir SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems Science Conference CY MAY 23-27, 1994 CL WOODS HOLE, MA DE dendrochemistry; forest decline; environmental markers; wood cations ID ACIDIC DEPOSITION; TRENDS; IMPACT; FOREST AB Changes in stemwood calcium concentration ([Ca]) for the last 120 years occurred in a common pattern for two sample collections of red spruce (n=33 and 20) from the northeastern United States and for one sample collection of Siberian fir (n=20) from southcentral Siberia, Russia. The [Ca] was measured for wood formed during the periods 1871-90, 1891-1910, 1911-30, 1931-50, 1951-70 and 1971-90. For each core, the relative increase or decrease in [Ca] for adjacent periods of wood formation was recorded. The relative frequency of positive change in [Ca] for each period of wood formation was calculated for the three sample collections. Previous research indicated that under equilibrium conditions, [Ca] in stemwood tended to decrease in more recently formed wood, due to declining numbers of Ca binding sites. Consequently, we expected a low frequency of positive changes in [Ca] in successively formed wood. Consistent with expectation, the relative frequency of positive change from the preceding period to the periods 1891-1910, 1911-30, 1931-50, and 1971-90 were low. Contrary to expectation, the frequency of positive increases in [Ca] more than doubled in 1951-70 compared to 1931-50. The frequency of positive increases in the 1951-70 period relative to the preceding period was 48%, significantly greater than all other periods (P less than or equal to 0.01). The frequencies of positive increases for all other periods were not significantly different from each other (overall mean = 21%, SD = 7). This anomaly in the frequency of positive change in [Ca] in wood formed in 1951-70 relative to wood formed in 1931-50 indicated a perturbation in the ion exchange chemistry of stemwood in two widely separated parts of the northern coniferous forest. This anomaly could be due to external or internal factors. Changes in sap chemistry that affected stemwood chemistry could have been due to changes in the rooting zone. Such changes in rooting zone chemistry could result from the atmospheric deposition of ionic pollutants. Other external factors that could cause the observed anomaly include unusual climatic periods or environmental disturbances such as logging or fire. Internal factors that might produce an anomalously high frequency of positive change of [Ca] include heartwood formation, stemwood infection and a hypersensitive response of the tree against infection. C1 US FOREST SERV,DURHAM,NH 03824. VV SUKACHEV FOREST INST,KRASNOYARSK 660036,RUSSIA. NR 11 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD MAR-MAY PY 1995 VL 22 IS 2-3 BP 467 EP 473 DI 10.2307/2845943 PG 7 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA TR055 UT WOS:A1995TR05500037 ER PT J AU ZHANG, NY JONES, BL AF ZHANG, NY JONES, BL TI CHARACTERIZATION OF GERMINATED BARLEY ENDOPROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES BY 2-DIMENSIONAL GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS SO JOURNAL OF CEREAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ASPARTIC PROTEINASE; GREEN MALT; CYSTEINE PROTEINASE; ALEURONE LAYERS; CATHEPSIN-D; SEEDS; PURIFICATION; PROTEASE; ENDOPEPTIDASE; HORDEIN AB Germinating barley proteolytic enzymes hydrolyze insoluble seed storage proteins into soluble proteins, peptides and amino acids. This process is of vital importance to both seed germination and the commercial malting process. This study reports the development of a two-dimensional IEF x PAGE separation method utilizing protein substrates incorporated into the PAGE gel to analyze and partially characterize the endoproteinases of germinating barley grain. The method separated 42 different activities, which fell into five groups on the basis of their pi values, PAGE mobilities and biochemical characteristics. Multiple representatives of each of the four proteinase classes were present, but about 64% of the enzymes were cysteine proteinases. The majority of the endoproteinases had pH optima considerably below neutrality, but those of the serine proteinases were generally eight or higher. Most of the endoproteinases hydrolyzed gelatin faster than edestin, but the four aspartic class proteinases and one of an undetermined class only hydrolyzed edestin. These results show that the protein-hydrolyzing system of green malt (4-day-old germinated barley) is very complex. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT AGRON,MADISON,WI 53706. RP ZHANG, NY (reprint author), USDA ARS,CEREAL CROPS RES UNIT,501 N WALNUT ST,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 28 TC 80 Z9 84 U1 1 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS (LONDON) LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0733-5210 J9 J CEREAL SCI JI J. Cereal Sci. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 21 IS 2 BP 145 EP 153 DI 10.1016/0733-5210(95)90030-6 PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA QR788 UT WOS:A1995QR78800005 ER PT J AU NDUNGU, LW AGUIRRE, C RURANGIRWA, FR MCELWAIN, TF MCGUIRE, TC KNOWLES, DP PALMER, GH AF NDUNGU, LW AGUIRRE, C RURANGIRWA, FR MCELWAIN, TF MCGUIRE, TC KNOWLES, DP PALMER, GH TI DETECTION OF ANAPLASMA-OVIS INFECTION IN GOATS BY MAJOR SURFACE PROTEIN 5 COMPETITIVE-INHIBITION ENZYME-LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CARRIER CATTLE; MARGINALE; SHEEP; SERUM AB A competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on a major surface protein 5 (MSP5) B-cell epitope conserved among Anaplasma species was used to detect goats infected with Anaplasma ovis. We examined strains of A. ovis isolated from goats in Kenya and demonstrated that MSP5 and the target B-cell epitope, bound by monoclonal antibody ANAF16C1, were conserved. Sera from 149 goats in four regions of Kenya and from 302 goats in six U.S. states were tested far the presence of epitope-specific antibodies with the MSP5 competitive inhibition ELISA. Evidence that the assay can be used to detect A. ovis-infected goats includes the following: (i) 53 goats raised in confinement with arthropod central were all seronegative; (ii) six goats experimentally infected with A. ovis seroconverted at the same time that they developed detectable rickettsemia; (iii) seroconverted goats remained seropositive, consistent with the persistence of A. ovis in goats and the presence of anti-MSP5 antibody in cattle persistently infected with Anaplasma marginale; and (iv) 119 of 127 known A. ovis-infected goats in Kenya were seropositive. A. ovis infection, as determined serologically and by demonstration of infected erythrocytes, in goats from the four regions in Kenya was highly prevalent. In contrast, despite the presence of A. ovis and competent arthropod vectors in the United States, the prevalence of infection appeared to be very low. The high prevalence in Kenya and the occurrence of anemia in persistently infected goats may be impediments to current efforts to increase milk yields on small farms. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT VET MICROBIOL & PATHOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,WASHINGTON ANIM DIS DIAGNOST LAB,PULLMAN,WA. KENYA AGR RES INST,VET RES CTR,KABETE,KENYA. USDA ARS,ANIM DIS RES UNIT,PULLMAN,WA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [1 T35-RR07042] NR 33 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 33 IS 3 BP 675 EP 679 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA QG830 UT WOS:A1995QG83000031 PM 7538510 ER PT J AU CHU, B ZHOU, Z WU, GW FARRELL, HM AF CHU, B ZHOU, Z WU, GW FARRELL, HM TI LASER-LIGHT SCATTERING OF MODEL CASEIN SOLUTIONS - EFFECTS OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID KAPPA-CASEIN; MICELLES; SUBMICELLES; STABILITY AB Static and dynamic light scattering studies of sodium caseinate solution in a Pipes-KCl buffer at pH 6.75 and a constant ionic strength in the dilute concentration regime are presented. In the absence of calcium ions, a bimodal distribution with comparable scattering intensity contributions has been consistently observed by using the CONTIN method to analyze the dynamic light scattering data. However, based on the weight fraction of submicelles and that of the aggregates, the casein solution remains overwhelmingly in the submicellar form with sizes in the 20-nm range. The calcium-induced aggregation of these casein submicelles appears to be a time-dependent process. After reaching equilibrium, two aggregate fractions of different average sizes (about 90 and 350 nm) have been detected in the casein solution. Casein submicelles are generally stable at high temperatures. But, a prolonged ultrahigh-temperature treatment (10 min at 140 degrees C) can fully transform casein submicelles into very large aggregates. Calcium-induced aggregates exhibit reduced thermal stability. Modification of casein with iodoacetic acid to block the SH groups gives the protein a stronger resistance to calcium-induced aggregation, but significantly reduces its stability at high temperatures when the calcium ions are present. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc. C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. RP CHU, B (reprint author), SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT CHEM,LONG ISL,STONY BROOK,NY 11794, USA. NR 20 TC 74 Z9 76 U1 2 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD MAR 1 PY 1995 VL 170 IS 1 BP 102 EP 112 DI 10.1006/jcis.1995.1077 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA QH437 UT WOS:A1995QH43700015 ER PT J AU TOMASULA, PM CRAIG, JC BOSWELL, RT COOK, RD KURANTZ, MJ MAXWELL, M AF TOMASULA, PM CRAIG, JC BOSWELL, RT COOK, RD KURANTZ, MJ MAXWELL, M TI PREPARATION OF CASEIN USING CARBON-DIOXIDE SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE; CASEIN; WHEY; HIGH PRESSURE ID PROTEINS; MILK AB The effects of pressure, temperature, residence time, and mass of skim milk on some characteristics of casein, prepared by precipitation with high pressure CO2, were examined in a batch reactor. For a 500-g milk sample, precipitation occurred at pressures >2760 kPa and temperatures >32 degrees C. Residence time was not significant and was held at 5 min. Yields were maximum at 2750 to 5520 kPa and at 38 to 49 degrees C for a 500-g milk sample. The resulting whey had a pH of 6.0. The casein product had an acceptable appearance and had greater solids, ash, and Ca contents than commercial acid caseins. Particle size distribution studies showed that the mean particle size was sensitive to precipitation pressure and temperature and was similar to that of acid caseins produced under laboratory conditions. The HPLC studies of the casein and whey fractions showed that precipitation by CO2 did not result in fractionation of casein or whey proteins to their component proteins. RP TOMASULA, PM (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,ENGN SCI RES UNIT,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 12 TC 36 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci PD MAR PY 1995 VL 78 IS 3 BP 506 EP 514 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA QP628 UT WOS:A1995QP62800006 PM 7782508 ER PT J AU VANRADEN, PM WIGGANS, GR AF VANRADEN, PM WIGGANS, GR TI PRODUCTIVE LIFE EVALUATIONS - CALCULATION, ACCURACY, AND ECONOMIC VALUE SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE PRODUCTIVE LIFE; HERD LIFE; GENETIC EVALUATION; ECONOMIC VALUE ID LINEAR TYPE TRAITS; HERD LIFE; DAIRY-CATTLE; GENETIC-PARAMETERS; MILK-YIELD; SELECTION; VARIANCE; LONGEVITY; LACTATION; LENGTH AB A preliminary national evaluation of productive life was computed from records of 11 million Holsteins. Data were a mixture of projected and completed months in milk by 7 yr of age. Data were analyzed with the animal model programs currently used for yield traits. Genetic trend for productive life was positive as a correlated response to past selection for yield and type traits. Phenotypic trend was slightly negative. Active Al bulls had PTA that ranged from -1.7 to +4.3 mo and mean reliability of 56%: 3-yr-old cows had mean reliability of 29%. Yield and type PTA were almost uncorrelated with productive life PTA for active Al bulls but had positive correlations (.25 to .36) for all bulls born since 1980. An index that combines yield and productive life PTA with relative weights 2.5:1 can increase economic progress by up to 4%. Nearly identical progress can result from an index that combines yield and productive life adjusted for yield. Multitrait evaluations might produce higher reliabilities for productive life by inclusion of correlated traits measured earlier in life such as yield, type, and somatic cell score. RP VANRADEN, PM (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,ANIM IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 22 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci PD MAR PY 1995 VL 78 IS 3 BP 631 EP 638 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA QP628 UT WOS:A1995QP62800019 PM 7782519 ER PT J AU BITMAN, J WOOD, DL MILLER, RH WILK, JC MOORE, ED AF BITMAN, J WOOD, DL MILLER, RH WILK, JC MOORE, ED TI COMPARISON OF LIPID-COMPOSITION OF MILK FROM HALF-DANISH JERSEY COWS AND UNITED-STATES JERSEY COWS SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE LIPIDS IN MILK; HALF-DANISH SIRES; JERSEY COWS; UNITED STATES SIRES ID THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY AB We studied differences in lipid composition of milk from Jersey cows with US sires and from Jersey cows with Danish sires. Milk samples were obtained on DHIA test day from 32 cows with Danish sires and 32 herdmates with US sires in two herds, The Jerseys with US sires were paired with those with Danish sires by parity and stage of lactation. Mean percentage of milk fat was 5.7% for Jerseys with Danish sires and 4.8% for Jerseys with US sires, Total fat per day was the same (.91 kg) for both groups. Detailed analysis of milk lipids indicated that lipid composition of milk was similar for cows with US sires and those with Danish sires, However, milk from Jerseys with Danish sires contained more free cholesterol than milk from Jerseys with US sires, 17.5 versus 14.3 +/- .6 mg/dl. The proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids was greater for milk from Jerseys with US sires than for milk from Jerseys with Danish sires (2.3 vs. 2.1%). Although lipid composition of milk from both groups was generally similar, the milk of Jersey cows with Danish sires had higher concentrations of free cholesterol and lower proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids, both of which are possible negative factors for health of consumers. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. USDA ARS,DAIRY EXPT STN,LEWISBURG,TN 37901. RP BITMAN, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,LPSI,MILK SECRET & MASTITIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci PD MAR PY 1995 VL 78 IS 3 BP 655 EP 658 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA QP628 UT WOS:A1995QP62800022 PM 7782521 ER PT J AU PASQUARELL, GC AF PASQUARELL, GC TI GRANULAR FLOWS - STEADY PLANAR CHUTE FLOW WITHIN SLIGHTLY BUMPY WALLS SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS-ASCE LA English DT Article ID BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; CIRCULAR DISKS AB The Wentzel, Kramers, and Brillouin (WKB) asymptotic approximation is used to produce an analytical solution for the bounded, gravity-driven flow of smooth, uniform disks in the limit where the wall-form roughness is small and slip is large. A unique, steady solution is obtained for all channel slopes, in contrast with previous experiments. However, this apparent contrast can be explained by the fact that the large travel distances required to develop the very rapid flows predicted may exceed the practical limits for experimental observation. The slip speed governs the rate of mass transport, and is shown to be inversely proportional to the wall roughness, and directly proportional to the square root of the channel slope and channel width. The spatial variation in fluctuation speed is primarily governed by the energy dissipative characteristics of the disks. However, the ratio of slip speed to fluctuation speed at the wall is inversely related to both the wall elasticity and wall-form roughness. C1 USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN SOIL & WATER CONSERVAT RES LAB,BECKLEY,WV 25802. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9399 J9 J ENG MECH-ASCE JI J. Eng. Mech.-ASCE PD MAR PY 1995 VL 121 IS 3 BP 406 EP 413 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1995)121:3(406) PG 8 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA QH755 UT WOS:A1995QH75500005 ER PT J AU MOORE, PA DANIEL, TC EDWARDS, DR MILLER, DM AF MOORE, PA DANIEL, TC EDWARDS, DR MILLER, DM TI EFFECT OF CHEMICAL AMENDMENTS ON AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION FROM POULTRY LITTER SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID BROILER PERFORMANCE; QUALITY; MANURE; CHICKENS; TURKEYS; SULFATE; HOUSES; RUNOFF; PLOTS; LAKES AB Ammonia (NH3) volatilization from poultry litter results in a buildup of atmospheric NH3 in chicken houses, which Is detrimental to both farm laborers and birds. Ammonia loss from litter is detrimental to the external environment because it results in acid rain, as well as low N/P ratios in Litter, which increase the likelihood of excessive P runoff into adjacent water bodies. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of various chemical amendments on NH3 volatilization and selected litter characteristics after 42 d. A laboratory study was conducted using the following amendments: Ca(OH)(2) (calcium hydroxide), Al-2(SO4)(3) . 18H(2)O (alum), alum + CaCO3, FeSO4 . 7H(2)O (ferrous sulfate), and MLT (Multi-purpose Litter Treatment, a commercial product). Ammonia-free air was continuously passed through air-tight chambers containing amended litter and any NH3 volatilized from the litter was trapped in boric acid solutions, which were titrated daily for NH3 content. The study was carried out for 42 d. At this time, the litter was analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soluble organic C (SOC), metals, and soluble and total forms of N and P. The results of this study indicated that the addition of alum to poultry litter dramatically reduces NH3 volatilization (up to 99% less volatilization than controls). Decreases in volatilization resulted in higher total and soluble N in litter, which increased NIP ratios. Several of the compounds studied (particularly alum) were effective in decreasing water-soluble P levels in litter. Therefore, we are proposing the use of alum as a litter amendment in poultry houses. C1 UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT AGR & BIOL ENGN,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. RP MOORE, PA (reprint author), UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT AGRON,USDA ARS,PPPSR,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701, USA. NR 49 TC 113 Z9 121 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 24 IS 2 BP 293 EP 300 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QN677 UT WOS:A1995QN67700011 ER PT J AU PARKIN, TB SIMPKINS, WW AF PARKIN, TB SIMPKINS, WW TI CONTEMPORARY GROUNDWATER METHANE PRODUCTION FROM PLEISTOCENE CARBON SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID DEEP SUBSURFACE SEDIMENTS; SOIL; DENITRIFICATION; VARIABILITY; CONSUMPTION; OXIDATION; BACTERIA; IOWA; TILL AB Relative to surface systems, microbial activities in groundwater have been poorly studied, especially with regard to methanogenesis. Past studies have reported high concentrations of CH4 in groundwater in the late Wisconsinan till and Wisconsinan loess of central Iowa. The objectives of this work were to assess whether CH4 is presently produced in the till and loess, and, if so, to characterize the spatial variability of CH4 production rates. Groundwater and sediment samples were collected at several locations within the Des Moines Lobe in central Iowa. Methane concentrations in groundwater ranged from 0.04 mu mol L(-1) at 1 m to 2600 mu mol L(-1) at 7 m. Incubations of deep sediment obtained from core samples revealed active CH4 production was occurring, although high variability was observed. Highest specific CH4 production rates were associated with buried particulate C fragments of Wisconsinan age. Results of our study indicate methanogenesis is an active process in the sediments beneath the Des Moines Lobe, that the substrate for methanogenesis is of late Wisconsinan age, and that the high spatial variability of CH4 production is controlled by the heterogeneous distribution of particulate organic C fragments in the glacial sediments. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL, DEPT GEOL & ATMOSPHER SCI, AMES, IA 50011 USA. RP PARKIN, TB (reprint author), USDA ARS, NATL SOIL TILTH LAB, 2150 PAMMEL DR, AMES, IA 50011 USA. NR 25 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 EI 1537-2537 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 24 IS 2 BP 367 EP 372 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QN677 UT WOS:A1995QN67700020 ER PT J AU GLAHN, JF MCCOY, RB AF GLAHN, JF MCCOY, RB TI MEASUREMENTS OF WINTERING DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS AND DISCRIMINANT MODELS OF SEX SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EXTERNAL MEASUREMENTS; GULLS AB Body mass, maximum wing length, culmen length, culmen depth, tarsal length and sex were recorded from 200 Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus auritus) collected from January through April 1991 at roost sites in the delta region of Mississippi. Body mass and tarsal length appeared to distinguish this population as excluding the Ii a. floridanus subspecies, which is also reported to be geographically restricted to the Gulf Coast, or at least 250 km south of our study area Wing length, culmen depth and culmen length, in order of importance, were the most useful variables for identifying sex in a discriminant function model that predicted sex with 96.5% accuracy. RP GLAHN, JF (reprint author), USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,MISSISSIPPI RES STN,PO DRAWER 6099,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 17 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI BELOIT PA BELOIT COLLEGE, DEPT BIOLOGY, 700 COLLEGE ST, BELOIT, WI 53511 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 1995 VL 66 IS 2 BP 299 EP 304 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA QV969 UT WOS:A1995QV96900019 ER PT J AU GAST, RK HOLT, PS AF GAST, RK HOLT, PS TI IRON SUPPLEMENTATION TO ENHANCE THE RECOVERY OF SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS FROM POOLS OF EGG CONTENTS SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS; CHICKENS; EGGS; IRON ID EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED HENS; PHAGE TYPE-4; GROWTH AB Direct-plating culture methods have been proposed for use in programs to test eggs for contamination by Salmonella enteritidis (SE) because of their speed and low cost, but direct plating has previously been observed to detect SE less frequently than more elaborate broth-enrichment culture methods. The present study used experimentally inoculated pools of egg contents to assess the comparative sensitivities of direct-plating and broth-enrichment culturing for detecting SE, to evaluate the ability of iron supplementation to increase the multiplication of SE during incubation of egg pools, and to determine whether iron supplementation could enhance the ability of direct plating to detect SE in egg pools that initially contained very few SE cells. Efficient detection of SE in egg pools was found to require an approximately 10,000-fold higher level of SE for direct plating than for broth-enrichment culturing. Iron supplementation of contaminated egg pools significantly (P < 0.005) increased the resulting final level of SE after 1 day of incubation at 37-degrees-C. Iron supplementation also significantly (P < 0.005) increased the percentage of 10-egg pools, initially inoculated with fewer than 10 SE cells each, that were identified as contaminated by direct plating after the pools had been incubated for 1 day at 37-degrees-C. Increasing the iron availability in incubating egg pools, therefore, increased the probability that a small initial number of SE cells would grow quickly to levels likely to be detected by direct plating. RP GAST, RK (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE POULTRY RES LAB,934 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 26 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 58 IS 3 BP 268 EP 272 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA QT483 UT WOS:A1995QT48300008 ER PT J AU GUO, BZ RUSSIN, JS CLEVELAND, TE BROWN, RL WIDSTROM, NW AF GUO, BZ RUSSIN, JS CLEVELAND, TE BROWN, RL WIDSTROM, NW TI WAX AND CUTIN LAYERS IN MAIZE KERNELS ASSOCIATED WITH RESISTANCE TO AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION BY ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE ZEA-MAYS; PERICARP; MYCOTOXIN; FOOD SAFETY ID COTTON BOLLS; CONTAMINATION; GROWTH; FIELD; CORN; POLYGALACTURONASE; INOCULATION; PROTEINS; HYBRIDS; EAR AB Thirteen maize hybrids and one maize population, MAS:gk, were screened for susceptibility to aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus. Marked differences in aflatoxin B1 production were detected among the maize genotypes tested. Most commercial hybrids consistently supported high levels of aflatoxin accumulation. Aflatoxin levels did not differ between intact and wounded kernels of these genotypes. However, different results were obtained from 4 of the 13 hybrids and the maize population MAS:gk. Levels of aflatoxin accumulation in intact kernels of these genotypes were lower than in the previous susceptible group of genotypes. In addition, aflatoxin levels were higher in wounded than in intact kernels. MAS:gk not only supported the lowest levels of aflatoxin production in intact kernels, but aflatoxin levels in endosperm-wounded kernels also were significantly lower in MAS:gk than in wounded kernels of all tested hybrids. Treatment with KOH to remove cutin from intact kernels prior to inoculation with A. flavus effected substantial increases in aflatoxin accumulation in MAS:gk, but only marginal increases in the susceptible hybrid Pioneer 3154. Removing wax from the surface of MAS:gk kernels greatly increased the susceptibility of this genotype to aflatoxin accumulation. When wax removal was combined with treatment with potassium hydroxide (KOH) or purified cutinase, aflatoxin levels in kernels were equal to those in wounded control kernels in both genotypes. These results indicated that wax and cutin layers of maize kernel pericarps may play a role in resistance to aflatoxin accumulation in MAS:gk and some other genotypes. However, results suggest further that resistance in MAS:gk also may be due to other preformed compounds as well. C1 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. USDA ARS,INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793. RP GUO, BZ (reprint author), LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR AGR,DEPT PLANT PATHOL & CROP PHYSIOL,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803, USA. NR 39 TC 58 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 58 IS 3 BP 296 EP 300 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA QT483 UT WOS:A1995QT48300013 ER PT J AU JUNEJA, VK MAJKA, WM AF JUNEJA, VK MAJKA, WM TI OUTGROWTH OF CLOSTRIDIUM-PERFRINGENS SPORES IN COOK-IN-BAG BEEF PRODUCTS SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY LA English DT Article ID REFRIGERATED FOODS; TEMPERATURE; PATHOGENS; VEHICLES; STRAINS; GROWTH AB Clostridium perfringens growth from a spore inoculum was investigated in vacuum-packaged, cook-in-bag ground beef that included 0.3% (w/w) sodium pyrophosphate, pH 5.5 or 7.0, and salt (sodium chloride) at 0 or 3% (w/w). The packages were processed to an internal temperature of 71.1C, ice chilled and stored at various temperatures. The total C. perfringens population was determined by plating diluted samples on tryptose-sulfite-cycloserine agar followed by anaerobic incubation for 48 h at 37C. At 28C, a combination of 3% salt and pH 5.5 was effective in delaying growth for 24 h. At 15C, growth occurred within 6 days in samples with pH 7.0, but was delayed until day 8 in the presence of 3% salt at pH 7.0. Vegetative cells were not observed even after 21 days of storage at 15C in the presence 3 % salt at pH 5.5. C. perfringens growth was not observed at 4C regardless of pH or salt levels. The D-values ranged from 23.33 min (3% salt, pH 7.0) to 13.99 min (3% salt, pH 5.5). Cyclic and static temperature abuse of refrigerated products for 12-15 h did not permit C. perfringens growth. However, temperature abuse of cook-in-bag beef products for periods longer than 15 h in the absence of salt led to growth of C. perfringens from a spore inoculum. RP JUNEJA, VK (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,MICROBIAL FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 34 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 2 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 SN 0149-6085 J9 J FOOD SAFETY JI J. Food Saf. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 15 IS 1 BP 21 EP 34 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1995.tb00118.x PG 14 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA RK118 UT WOS:A1995RK11800003 ER PT J AU GOLDEN, MH BUCHANAN, RL WHITING, RC AF GOLDEN, MH BUCHANAN, RL WHITING, RC TI EFFECT OF SODIUM-ACETATE OR SODIUM PROPIONATE WITH EDTA AND ASCORBIC-ACID ON THE INACTIVATION OF LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-ACIDS; PH; GROWTH; TEMPERATURE; INHIBITION; BEHAVIOR; SURVIVAL; CHLORIDE AB Several organic acids or salts approved as food additives enhance the inactivation of foodborne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes. Although there has been research on the effects of individual organic acids on the inactivation kinetics of L. monocytogenes, little information exists on their activity when used in combination with other food additives. We undertook to characterize the effects of combinations of 90% sodium acetate or sodium propionate, two salts that inhibit L. monocytogenes, with 8% EDTA (disodium salt) and 2% ascorbic acid on the nonthermal inactivation of a three-strain mixture oft. monocytogenes. Activity was assessed in Brain Heart Infusion broth (BHI) at various concentrations (0.0-2. 0% w/v), pH values (3.0-4.5) and temperatures (4-28C). Samples were removed periodically for up to 175 days and viable counts determined. Survivor curves were generated using a logistics-based inactivation model and used to calculate ''time to a 4-D (99.99%) inactivation'' (t(4-D)). The rate of inactivation was directly related to concentration of the acid mixture and temperature of incubation and inversely related to pH. The primary factor effecting inactivation rates was pH, followed by the concentration of the undissociated form of the primary organic acid (acetic or propionic). Evaluation of the mixture components individually and in combination indicated the components acted largely in an additive manner. The results indicate that combinations of primary and secondary organic acids and EDTA may have advantages for enhancing the inactivation of L. monocytogenes in refrigerated, mildly acidic foods, while avoiding organoleptic effects associated with excessive levels of single acids. RP GOLDEN, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,MICROBIAL FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 30 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 SN 0149-6085 J9 J FOOD SAFETY JI J. Food Saf. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 15 IS 1 BP 53 EP 65 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1995.tb00120.x PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA RK118 UT WOS:A1995RK11800005 ER PT J AU CUTTER, CN SIRAGUSA, GR AF CUTTER, CN SIRAGUSA, GR TI APPLICATION OF CHLORINE TO REDUCE POPULATIONS OF ESCHERICHIA-COLI ON BEEF SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY LA English DT Article ID SODIUM-HYPOCHLORITE; LAMB CARCASES; CASE-LIFE; SPRAY; NUMBERS; WATER AB The effects of chlorine against 2 strains of E. coli attached to the surface of beef carcass tissue (BCT) were examined using a model carcass washer. Lean and adipose BCT with approximately 5 log(10) CFU/cm(2) E. coli bacteria were spray-treated with water and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) to give chlorine concentrations of 50, 100, 250, 500, or 800 ppm, incubated for 24 h, 4C, and E. coli populations enumerated. Spray treatments with water did significantly (P < 0.05) reduce the bacterial populations of either organism attached to lean or adipose BCT, as compared to populations of controls; however, reductions were less than 0.60 log(10) CFU/cm(2). Treatments with 500 and 800 ppm chlorine against E. coli ATCC 25922 attached to BCT resulted in the greatest reductions of 1.22 and 1.28 log(10) CFU/cm(2), respectively. At 800 ppm chlorine, E. coli O157:H7 ATCC 43895 attached to BCT was reduced by 1.04 log(10) CFU/cm(2), whereas spray treatments with 50, 100, 250, and 500 ppm chlorine resulted in reductions of < 1 log(10) CFU/cm(2). Spray treatments with chlorine from sodium hypochlorite solutions reduced populations of E. coli, however, these reductions were not sufficient to completely inactivate the bacteria attached to red meat. RP CUTTER, CN (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 26 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 4 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 SN 0149-6085 J9 J FOOD SAFETY JI J. Food Saf. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 15 IS 1 BP 67 EP 75 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1995.tb00121.x PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA RK118 UT WOS:A1995RK11800006 ER PT J AU PALUMBO, SA CALL, JE COOKE, PH WILLIAMS, AC AF PALUMBO, SA CALL, JE COOKE, PH WILLIAMS, AC TI EFFECT OF POLYPHOSPHATES AND NACL ON AEROMONAS-HYDROPHILA K144 SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY LA English DT Article ID GROWTH; MODEL; PORK AB Polyphosphates are multifunctional ingredients added to many foods, particularly meat products. In addition to their moisture-binding properties, polyphosphates have been reported to inhibit various bacteria. In the current study, four food-grade polyphosphates were evaluated for their effects on the growth of Aeromonas hydrophila K144 in both a model system and a food system. Since polyphosphates can interact with other food factors, effect of these compounds were studied at different NaCl levels and temperatures. The model system was BHI Broth modified by the addition of polyphosphates (sodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, Hexaphos, or Sodaphos) and NaCl; incubation was aerobic at 5 or 28C. The food system was ground pork with NaCl and polyphosphate added and inoculated with A. hydrophila. Individually, the polyphosphates were relatively noninhibitory in both BHI broth and ground pork, but NaCl and temperature interacted with the polyphosphates in the model system to increase generation and lag times of A. hydrophila. In BHI broth, a combination of 2% of any of the polyphosphates tested and 3.5% NaCl inactivated the bacterium; this inactivation was temperature-dependent. By both a plating system and electron microscopy, the polyphosphate-NaCl combination was shown to injure the bacterium. In the ground pork, the polyphosphate-NaCl combination limited growth of the bacterium during refrigerated storage. These results suggest that polyphosphates could be useful to control the presence of A. hydrophila in certain foods. RP PALUMBO, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,MICROBIAL FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 19 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 SN 0149-6085 J9 J FOOD SAFETY JI J. Food Saf. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 15 IS 1 BP 77 EP 87 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1995.tb00122.x PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA RK118 UT WOS:A1995RK11800007 ER PT J AU THAYER, DW BOYD, G AF THAYER, DW BOYD, G TI RADIATION SENSITIVITY OF LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES ON BEEF AS AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURE SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE BEEF; IRRADIATION; FOOD SAFETY; LISTERIA; MEAT ID DEBONED CHICKEN MEAT; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; FOODBORNE PATHOGENS; POULTRY MEAT; IRRADIATION; IDENTIFICATION; CONSUMPTION; SURVIVAL; FOODS AB Longissimus dorsi from beef was inoculated with Listeria monocytogenes and the effect of gamma irradiation on the survival of this pathogen at -60 to +15 degrees C was determined. Radiation D-values were determined for inactivation of L. monocytogenes at 5 degrees C intervals from -20 to 5 degrees C. These data were used to develop an equation to predict the response to gamma radiation within that range. An abrupt increase in resistance oc occurred at -5 degrees C. The radiation D-value was 0.45 kGy at 0 degrees C, 0.77 kGy at -5 degrees C and 1.21 kGy at -20 degrees C. A straight line was obtained when the log(10) of the D-values from -5 to -20 degrees C was plotted vs the reciprocal of the absolute temperature. This led us to calculate a value analogous to the Arrhenius activation energy for inactivation of L. monocytogenes by gamma radiation. RP THAYER, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 33 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 60 IS 2 BP 237 EP 240 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1995.tb05645.x PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA RA941 UT WOS:A1995RA94100006 ER PT J AU FLEMING, HP MCDONALD, LC MCFEETERS, RF THOMPSON, RL HUMPHRIES, EG AF FLEMING, HP MCDONALD, LC MCFEETERS, RF THOMPSON, RL HUMPHRIES, EG TI FERMENTATION OF CUCUMBERS WITHOUT SODIUM-CHLORIDE SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CUCUMBERS; FERMENTATION; SODIUM CHLORIDE; LACTOBACILLUS-PLANTARUM; BLANCHING ID LACTOBACILLUS-PLANTARUM; CALCIUM-CHLORIDE; INHIBITION; PICKLES AB Cucumbers were successfully fermented and stored in the absence of sodium chloride (salt) under laboratory conditions? provided the fruit were blanched (3 min, 77 degrees C) before brining in a calcium acetate buffer and the brine inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum. Bloater formation was prevented by blanching even when brines were nor purged of CO2. Firmness of cucumbers was similar in salt-free brines or those containing salt after 1 mo, but firmness of salt-free cucumbers was lower after storage for 12 mos. Under pilot-scale, commercial conditions, however, the cucumbers were severely bloated, and the firmness was unacceptable after storage for 7 mo, due apparently to microbial recontamination after blanching. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI,ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. MILES INC,CLAYTON,NC. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL & AGR ENGN,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP FLEMING, HP (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD FERMENTAT LAB,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 23 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 9 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 60 IS 2 BP 312 EP & DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1995.tb05662.x PG 0 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA RA941 UT WOS:A1995RA94100023 ER PT J AU VANCE, NC AF VANCE, NC TI MEDICINAL-PLANTS REDISCOVERED SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Note RP VANCE, NC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 93 IS 3 BP 8 EP 9 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA QK197 UT WOS:A1995QK19700008 ER PT J AU THEOPHILE, K AF THEOPHILE, K TI THE FOREST AS A BUSINESS - IS ECOTOURISM THE ANSWER SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article RP THEOPHILE, K (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,POB 96538,WASHINGTON,DC 20090, USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 93 IS 3 BP 25 EP 27 PG 3 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA QK197 UT WOS:A1995QK19700014 ER PT J AU GROOVER, AT WILLIAMS, CG DEVEY, ME LEE, JM NEALE, DB AF GROOVER, AT WILLIAMS, CG DEVEY, ME LEE, JM NEALE, DB TI SEX-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN MEIOTIC RECOMBINATION FREQUENCY IN PINUS-TAEDA SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Note ID FEMALE AB Linked pairs of restriction fragment length polymorphism loci were used to estimate the rate of meiotic recombination in the male and female parents of two Pinus taeda pedigrees. Based on 13 linked pairs of markers, the average rate of meiotic recombination was 26% greater in the male than in the female parents. Taken with a previous report of greater recombination in male meiosis for P. radiata, our results suggest that greater recombination in male gamete formation may be inherent in the genus Pinus. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT GENET,RALEIGH,NC 27695. CSIRO,DIV FORESTRY,CANBERRA,ACT 2600,AUSTRALIA. RP GROOVER, AT (reprint author), USDA ARS,PACIFIC SW RES STN,INST FOREST GENET,POB 245,BERKELEY,CA 94701, USA. NR 13 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 86 IS 2 BP 157 EP 158 PG 2 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA QQ220 UT WOS:A1995QQ22000015 ER PT J AU LI, Y STEINER, WWM AF LI, Y STEINER, WWM TI A WING COLOR MUTANT (CW) IN THE PARASITIC WASP, MICROPLITIS-CROCEIPES (HYMENOPTERA, BRACONIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Note ID EYE-COLOR; LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE AB The haplodiploid parasitoid Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) normally occurs with a dark-pigmented, patterned wing. Here, we describe a clear wing color mutant defined by the allele cw, which has an abnormal wing pigmentation. The mutant phenotype is controlled by a single recessive gene. The cw gene may have an epistatic effect on the expression of the black abdomen gene, Bad, when both genes exist in the genome. Under electron microscope examination, individuals of the cw mutant strain were also found to have abnormal fool morphology, which affected their ability to cling to the sidewalls of colony cages. C1 USDA ARS,BIOL CONTROL INSECTS RES LAB,COLUMBIA,MO 65205. RP LI, Y (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT BIOL,COLUMBIA,MO, USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 86 IS 2 BP 158 EP 163 PG 6 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA QQ220 UT WOS:A1995QQ22000016 ER PT J AU GRAY, DR RAVLIN, FW REGNIERE, J LOGAN, JA AF GRAY, DR RAVLIN, FW REGNIERE, J LOGAN, JA TI FURTHER ADVANCES TOWARD A MODEL OF GYPSY-MOTH (LYMANTRIA-DISPAR (L)) EGG PHENOLOGY - RESPIRATION RATES AND THERMAL RESPONSIVENESS DURING DIAPAUSE, AND AGE-DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENTAL RATES IN POSTDIAPAUSE SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE LYMANTRIA DISPAR (L); DIAPAUSE TERMINATION; POSTDIAPAUSE; THERMAL RESPONSIVENESS; DEVELOPMENT RATE ID CHORISTONEURA-FUMIFERANA; LEPIDOPTERA; SIMULATION; RESPONSES; LARVAE AB Measurements of respiration rates were used to support a three-phase model of gypsy moth egg development. Respiration rate was measured on individual eggs that had been reared for 0-155 days at 5 degrees C following diapause initiation. Diapause termination was indicated by the dramatic increase in respiration rate that began approximately 95-125 days after diapause initiation. Respiration rates at 25 degrees C increased each day by approximately 0.0054 mu l CO2/24 h during diapause. After diapause termination respiration rates increased each day approximately 0.1379 mu l CO2/24 h. Eggs were equally responsive to temperature changes during diapause acid postdiapause. A 10 degrees C increase in temperature resulted in a 2-fold increase in respiration rate. Developmental rates in postdiapause were found to be age- and temperature-dependent. The initial developmental rate parameters and a temperature-dependent rate change parameter were estimated empirically and a composite function was derived to describe the age- and temperature-dependent behavior of the developmental rate response. Modeled rates increased from 0.0 and 0.078 day(-1) at postdiapause initiation to 0.01 and 0.20 day(-1) at physiological age 0.95, at 5 and 30 degrees C respectively. C1 FORESTRY CANADA,LAURENTIAN FORESTRY CTR,ST FOY,PQ G1V 4C7,CANADA. US FOREST SERV,LOGAN,UT 84321. RP GRAY, DR (reprint author), VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,PRICE HALL,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061, USA. NR 18 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 41 IS 3 BP 247 EP 256 DI 10.1016/0022-1910(94)00102-M PG 10 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA QP511 UT WOS:A1995QP51100008 ER PT J AU MILLER, SG CAMPBELL, BC BECNEL, J EHRMAN, L AF MILLER, SG CAMPBELL, BC BECNEL, J EHRMAN, L TI BACTERIAL ENTOMOPATHOGENS FROM THE DROSOPHILA-PAULISTORUM SEMISPECIES COMPLEX SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DROSOPHILA PAULISTORUM; BACTERIAL PATHOGEN; 16S RIBOSOMAL DNA; PAUP ANALYSIS ID LEAFHOPPER EUSCELIDIUS-VARIEGATUS; PARASITOID WASP; SON-KILLER; SEX-RATIO; STERILITY; ENDOSYMBIONTS; SEQUENCES; PROGENY AB Bacteria which are infectious by inoculation in lepidoptera have been isolated and characterized from semispecies comprising the Drosophila paulistorum complex. These microorganisms are pathogenic toward lepidopteran hosts such as Heliothis virescens when introduced by injection of Drosophila tissue extracts and have been given the trivial name DpLE (D. paulistorum lepidopteran entomopathogen). The DpLE from two of the semispecies, Transitional and Andean, were determined to be related to Proteus vulgaris based upon nucleotide sequence comparisons of 16S rDNA genes. Infectivity and 16S rDNA-based PCR assays showed the bacterium to be localized in a number of drosophilid tissues except adult heads and thoraces. Based upon similar experiments, the DpLE in transinfected Heliothis larvae were found in all tissues assayed prior to the onset of mortality. Stocks of Drosophila which had spontaneously lost DpLE continued to produce sterile sons when crossed with incompatible semispecies' females, confirming that the bacilliform DpLE is not the causative agent of the Drosophila paulistorum intersemispecific hybrid male sterility. Acquisition of the sequences of the 16S rDNB molecules of DpLE from all six semispecies permitted the construction of a phylogenetic tree in which the groupings were found not to be congruent with the phylogenies of their insect hosts. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. USDA ARS,MAVERL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32608. SUNY COLL PURCHASE,DIV NAT SCI,PURCHASE,NY 10577. RP MILLER, SG (reprint author), USDA ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32608, USA. NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 65 IS 2 BP 125 EP 131 DI 10.1006/jipa.1995.1019 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA QN831 UT WOS:A1995QN83100006 PM 7722340 ER PT J AU BRADLEY, D HARKEY, MA KIM, MK BIEVER, KD BAUER, LS AF BRADLEY, D HARKEY, MA KIM, MK BIEVER, KD BAUER, LS TI THE INSECTICIDAL CRYLB CRYSTAL PROTEIN OF BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS SSP THURINGIENSIS HAS DUAL-SPECIFICITY TO COLEOPTERAN AND LEPIDOPTERAN LARVAE SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS; HD-290-I; CRYIB; L-DECEMLINEATA; C-SCRIPTA ID BRUSH-BORDER MEMBRANE; DELTA-ENDOTOXIN GENE; AMINO-ACID SEQUENCE; VAR KURSTAKI; SUBSP ISRAELENSIS; PIERIS-BRASSICAE; VAR TENEBRIONIS; SAN-DIEGO; PLASMID; BINDING AB The crystals found in sporulation extracts of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) contain proteins that are highly toxic to insects. Different crystal proteins exhibit distinct specificities for restricted groups of insects. An uncharacterized strain of B. thuringiensis (BtS2), derived from China, was found to carry several crystal protein genes and to be toxic to a wide variety of insects, including some coleopterans. Surprisingly, the coleopteran toxicity was traced to a CryIB-class protein. The previously cloned CryIB protein from B. thuringiensis ssp. thuringiensis strain IID-290-I, which was believed to be lepidopteran-specific, was also found to be toxic to at least two species of coleopteran larvae under certain conditions. In contrast to CryIB toxicity toward lepidopterans, the coleopteran activity of CryIB is enhanced by solubilization and by truncation with trypsin prior to administration. The magnitude of this effect varies with the host species and is reversed for the one lepidopteran tested. These results suggest that, for at least some insects, the apparent host specificity of CryIB may depend both on differences in midgut environment and on differences in toxin-receptor interaction. The results of insect toxicity experiments with a series of deletion mutants allowed definition of a CryIB protein fragment of ca. 65 kDa as the smallest peptide that retains bioactivity against both lepidopteran and coleopteran larvae. Deletions smaller than this resulted in the production of a protein that was nontoxic to both lepidopteran and coleopteran larvae. (C) 1998 Academic Press, Inc. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT MICROBIOL,SEATTLE,WA 98195. CHONBUK NATL UNIV,COLL AGR,DEPT AGR CHEM,CHONGJU 560750,SOUTH KOREA. USDA ARS,FRUIT & VEGETABLE RES UNIT,YAKIMA,WA 98902. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,PESTICIDE RES CTR,US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,E LANSING,MI 48824. RP BRADLEY, D (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT BOT,AJ-30,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA. NR 44 TC 59 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 65 IS 2 BP 162 EP 173 DI 10.1006/jipa.1995.1024 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA QN831 UT WOS:A1995QN83100011 PM 7722342 ER PT J AU HOWELL, TA DUSEK, DA AF HOWELL, TA DUSEK, DA TI COMPARISON OF VAPOR-PRESSURE-DEFICIT CALCULATION METHODS - SOUTHERN HIGH-PLAINS SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; EQUATION; PENMAN; MODELS AB Vapor-pressure deficit (VPD) affects evapotranspiration, water-use efficiency, and radiation-use efficiency of crops. VPD calculation methods were evaluated for a semiarid environment in the Southern Great Plains. Air temperature and relative humidity were measured near Bushland, Texas, during 1992 and 1993. Temperature and relative humidity were measured at 0.17 Hz (6 s), averages were recorded for each 15-min period, and daily (24-hr) maximums, minimums, and averages were recorded. VPD, actual vapor pressure, and dew-point temperatures were computed and averaged for each 15-min period and day. Methods that used mean daily dew-point temperature to compute daily actual vapor pressure performed well, and methods that used hybrid calculations based on maximum and minimum air temperature and relative humidity performed the worst. Methods using one-time-of-day dew-point temperatures as recommended by the 1990 ASCE Manual No. 70 should be used with caution in this environment. Weather data sets containing maximum and minimum temperatures and daily mean dew-point temperature should provide the most accurate calculations of VPD in this environment. RP HOWELL, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS,CONSERVAT & PROD RES LAB,PO DRAWER 10,BUSHLAND,TX 79012, USA. NR 31 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 7 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 121 IS 2 BP 191 EP 198 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1995)121:2(191) PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA QP027 UT WOS:A1995QP02700007 ER PT J AU SAVABI, MR AF SAVABI, MR TI MODELING SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE AND SURFACE RUNOFF WITH WEPP - CLOSURE SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Discussion ID CRITERIA C1 PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,NAT SOIL EROS RES LAB,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP SAVABI, MR (reprint author), PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGR ENGN,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907, USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 121 IS 2 BP 218 EP 219 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1995)121:2(218) PG 2 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA QP027 UT WOS:A1995QP02700011 ER PT J AU HANSON, CL AF HANSON, CL TI SHORT-DURATION-RAINFALL INTENSITY EQUATIONS FOR DRAINAGE DESIGN SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Discussion RP HANSON, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS,PLAZA IV,SUITE 105,800 PK BLVD,BOISE,ID 83712, USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 121 IS 2 BP 219 EP 221 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1995)121:2(219) PG 3 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA QP027 UT WOS:A1995QP02700012 ER PT J AU CARROLL, JF KLUN, JA SCHMIDTMANN, ET AF CARROLL, JF KLUN, JA SCHMIDTMANN, ET TI EVIDENCE FOR KAIROMONAL INFLUENCE ON SELECTION OF HOST-AMBUSHING SITES BY ADULT IXODES-SCAPULARIS (ACARI, IXODIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE IXODES SCAPULARIS; WHITE-TAILED DEER; LEG GLANDS ID LYME DISEASE; DAMMINI; BEHAVIOR; ECOLOGY AB Unfed adult blacklegged ticks Ixodes scapularis Say, were tested under laboratory conditions for behavioral responses to substances rubbed from external glands on legs of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann). In replicated trials, significantly more female ticks became stationary on portions of vertical glass tubing rubbed with the tarsal gland substances of both bucks and does than on nontreated tubing. This behavior, apparently an arrestant response, was infrequent among males. White-tailed deer urinate upon their tarsal glands, and doe urine also produced an arrestant response among female ticks. Metatarsal gland secretions of bucks elicited no arrestant response in either male or female I. scapularis, but doe metatarsal gland secretions elicited low-level positive responses from both sexes. A los-level arrestant response also was exhibited by females to secretions from the interdigital glands of bucks. In a second bioassay, three times as many females came to rest on the terminal ends of vertical glass rods whose bases were treated with secretions from buck interdigital glands than on rods with nontreated bases. This suggests that interdigital gland secretion influences blacklegged tick climbing behavior. Substances produced by or associated with the leg glands of O. virginianus may therefore serve as kairomones for host-seeking adult I. scapularis; interdigital gland secretions on soil or leaf litter may signal active deer trails, and tarsal gland substances may denote portions of vegetation contacted previously by white-tailed deer. In nature, use of these chemical cues by host-seeking adult I. scapularis may increase the probability of acquiring a suitable host. RP CARROLL, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS,LIVESTOCK INSECTS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 17 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 32 IS 2 BP 119 EP 125 PG 7 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA QJ937 UT WOS:A1995QJ93700006 PM 7608916 ER PT J AU JACKSON, JJ BROOKS, MA AF JACKSON, JJ BROOKS, MA TI PARASITISM OF WESTERN CORN-ROOTWORM LARVAE AND PUPAE BY STEINERNEMA-CARPOCAPSAE SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; CORN ROOTWORM; DIABROTICA VIRGIFERA VIRGIFERA; ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODE; NEMATODE; STEINERNEMA CARPOCAPSAE ID NEMATODE NEOAPLECTANA-CARPOCAPSAE; ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODE; WEISER RHABDITIDA; COLEOPTERA; SUSCEPTIBILITY; CHRYSOMELIDAE; CURCULIONIDAE; LEPIDOPTERA; PERSISTENCE AB Virulence and development of the insect-parasitic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Mexican strain), were evaluated for the immature stages of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte. Third instar rootworm larvae were five times more susceptible to nematode infection than second instar larvae and 75 times more susceptible than first instar larvae and pupae, based on laboratory bioassays. Rootworm eggs were not susceptible. Nematode development was observed in all susceptible rootworm stages, but a complete life cycle was observed only in second and third instar larvae and pupae. Nematode size was affected by rootworm stage; the smallest infective-stage nematodes were recovered from second instar rootworm larvae. Results of this study suggest that S. carpocapsae should be applied when second and third instar rootworm larvae are predominant in the field. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT ENTOMOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP JACKSON, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO GRAIN INSECTS RES LAB,RR 3,BROOKINGS,SD 57006, USA. NR 26 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 9 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 27 IS 1 BP 15 EP 20 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA QN530 UT WOS:A1995QN53000002 PM 19277256 ER PT J AU SHAPIRO, DI TYLKA, GL BERRY, EC LEWIS, LC AF SHAPIRO, DI TYLKA, GL BERRY, EC LEWIS, LC TI EFFECTS OF EARTHWORMS ON THE DISPERSAL OF STEINERNEMA SPP SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE EARTHWORM; ENTOMOPHYLLIC NEMATODE; NEMATODE; NEMATODE DISPERSAL; STEINERNEMA SPP ID ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES; ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODES; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; CARPOCAPSAE; SOIL; HETERORHABDITIDAE; INFECTIVITY; INVASION; STRAINS; INSECTS AB Previous studies indicated that dispersal of S. carpocapsae may be enhanced in soil with earthworms. The objective of this research was to determine and compare the effects of earthworms on dispersal of other Steinernema spp. Vertical dispersal of Steinernema carpocapsae, S. feltiae, and S. glaseri was tested in soil columns in the presence and absence of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris). Dispersal was evaluated by a bioassay and by direct extraction of nematodes from soil. Upward dispersal of S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae increased in the presence of earthworms, whereas upward dispersal of S. glaseri was not affected by earthworms. No significant differences were detected in downward dispersal of S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae in soil with earthworms compared to soil without earthworms. Downward dispersal of S. glaseri, however, was greater in soil without earthworms relative to soil with earthworms. In soil void of earthworms, dispersal of S. glaseri was greatest followed by dispersal of S. carpocapsae. The presence of earthworm burrows in soil did not influence nematode dispersal. Nematodes were recovered from the surface, interior, and casts of earthworms. Therefore, nematodes may have a phoretic association with earthworms. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011. USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,AMES,IA 50011. USDA ARS,CORN INSECTS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50011. RP SHAPIRO, DI (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ENTOMOL,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 20 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 27 IS 1 BP 21 EP 28 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA QN530 UT WOS:A1995QN53000003 PM 19277257 ER PT J AU ROBINSON, AF AF ROBINSON, AF TI OPTIMAL RELEASE RATES FOR ATTRACTING MELOIDOGYNE-INCOGNITA, ROTYLENCHULUS-RENIFORMIS, AND OTHER NEMATODES TO CARBON-DIOXIDE IN SAND SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BEHAVIOR; CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS; CARBON DIOXIDE; CHEMOTAXIS; DITYLENCHUS PHYLLOBIUS; MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA; NEMATODE; ROTYLENCHULUS RENIFORMIS; STEINERNEMA GLASERI AB Movement of vermiform stages of Meloidogyne incognita, Rotylenchulus reinformis, Ditylenchus phyllobius, Steinernema glaseri, and Caenorhabditis elegans in response to carbon dioxide was studied in 40- and 72-mm-long cylinders of moist sand inside 38-mm-d acrylic tubes. Meloidogyne incognita, R. reniformis, and S. glaseri were attracted to CO2 when placed on a linear gradient of 0.2%/cm at a mean CO2 concentration of 1.2%. When CO2 was delivered into the sand through a syringe needle at flow rates between 2 and 130 mu l/minute, the optimal flow rate for attracting M. incognita and R. reniformis was 15 mu l/minute, and maximal attraction of the two species from a distance of 52 mm was achieved after 29 and 40 hours, respectively. After 24 hours, a total CO2 volume of 20 cm(3) was sufficient to induce 96% of all M. incognita introduced to move into the half of the cylinder into which CO2 was delivered and more than 75% to accumulate in the 9 cm(3) of sand volume nearest the source. Results indicate it may be possible to use a chemical or biological source of CO2 to attract nematodes to nematicide granules or biocontrol agents. RP ROBINSON, AF (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO CROPS RES LAB,2765 F&B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 20 TC 43 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 9 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 27 IS 1 BP 42 EP 50 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA QN530 UT WOS:A1995QN53000006 PM 19277260 ER PT J AU MOJTAHEDI, H BROWN, CR SANTO, GS AF MOJTAHEDI, H BROWN, CR SANTO, GS TI CHARACTERIZATION OF RESISTANCE IN A SOMATIC HYBRID OF SOLANUM-BULBOCASTANUM AND SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM TO MELOIDOGYNE CHITWOODI SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE COLUMBIA ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE; MELOIDOGYNE CHITWOODI; PROTOPLAST FUSION; POTATO; RESISTANCE; RUSSET BURBANK; SOLANUN BULBOCASTANUM; SOLANUM TUBEROSUM; SOMATIC HYBRID ID RUSSET BURBANK POTATOES; REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY; INVITRO AB A somatic hybrid, CBP-233, between resistant Solanum bulbocastanum (SB-22) and susceptible S. tuberosum (R4) was tested for resistance to Meloidogyne chitwoodi race 1. One week after inoculation, only 0.04-0.4% of the initial inoculum (Pi, 5,000 eggs) as second stage-juveniles infected SB-22 and CBP-233 root systems, compared to 2% in R4. After 8 weeks, the number of M. chitwoodi in SB-22 and CBP-233 roots remained lower (0.3-1.5% of Pi) compared to R4, which increased from 2% to ca. 27%. Development of M. chitwoodi was delayed on SB-22 and CBP-233 by at least 2 weeks, and only half of the infective nematodes established feeding sites and matured in resistant clones compared to 99% in susceptible R4. Necrotic tissue surrounded nematodes that failed to develop in SB-22 and CBP-233. The reproductive factor (ratio of final number of eggs recovered from roots to Pi) was <0.01 for both SB-22 and CBP-233 and 46.8 for R4. Delaying inoculation of CBP-233 from 1 to 3 months after planting did not increase the chance or rate of tuber infection. Only a few M. chitwoodi developed to maturity on CBP-233 tubers and deposited a small number of eggs. SB-22 rarely produced tubers in these experiments, and like CBP-233 were resistant to M. chitwoodi. It appeared that the mechanisms of resistance to M. chitwoodi in roots and tubers of CBP-233 are similar. C1 USDA ARS,CTR IRRIGATED AGR RES & EXTENS CTR,PROSSER,WA 99350. RP MOJTAHEDI, H (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,CTR IRRIGATED AGR RES & EXTENS CTR,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,PROSSER,WA 99350, USA. NR 15 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 27 IS 1 BP 86 EP 93 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA QN530 UT WOS:A1995QN53000011 PM 19277265 ER PT J AU ZHANG, L RAVIPATI, A JOSEPH, J ROTH, GS AF ZHANG, L RAVIPATI, A JOSEPH, J ROTH, GS TI AGING-RELATED CHANGES IN RAT STRIATAL D-2 RECEPTOR MESSENGER-RNA-CONTAINING NEURONS - A QUANTITATIVE NONRADIOACTIVE IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION STUDY SO JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE AGING; D-2 RECEPTOR MESSENGER-RNA-CONTAINING NEURONS; STRIATUM; NONRADIOACTIVE IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION; DIGOXIGENIN; COMPUTER-ASSISTED IMAGE ASSESSMENT ID MESSENGER-RNA; DOPAMINE-RECEPTORS; WISTAR RATS; RECOVERY; BLOCKADE AB In situ hybridization of a digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probe combined with computer-assisted image assessment was used to directly visualize D-2 receptor mRNA-containing neurons in rat striata, and quantify age-related changes in the sizes and relative mRNA content of these neurons. It was found that: (1) numbers of D-2 mRNA-containing neurons appear to decrease in striata of aged rats, (2) relative amounts of D-2 receptor mRNA decrease in striatal neurons of aged rats, and (3) neurons of all sizes appear to be lost, with the greatest absolute decrease in those smaller than 90 mu m(2). These data confirm the well documented age-associated loss of D-2 dopamine receptors, and further suggest that both neuronal death and reduced transcription contribute to this decrement. C1 NIA,GERONTOL RES CTR,MOLEC PHYSIOL & GENET SECT,BALTIMORE,MD 21224. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,ARS,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 17 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0270-6474 J9 J NEUROSCI JI J. Neurosci. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 15 IS 3 BP 1735 EP 1740 PN 1 PG 6 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA QM467 UT WOS:A1995QM46700010 PM 7891131 ER PT J AU BROUSSEAU, ME ORDOVAS, JM OSADA, J FASULO, J ROBINS, SJ NICOLOSI, RJ SCHAEFER, EJ AF BROUSSEAU, ME ORDOVAS, JM OSADA, J FASULO, J ROBINS, SJ NICOLOSI, RJ SCHAEFER, EJ TI DIETARY MONOUNSATURATED AND POLYUNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS ARE COMPARABLE IN THEIR EFFECTS ON HEPATIC APOLIPOPROTEIN MESSENGER-RNA ABUNDANCE AND LIVER LIPID CONCENTRATIONS WHEN SUBSTITUTED FOR SATURATED FATTY-ACIDS IN CYNOMOLGUS MONKEYS SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE FATTY ACIDS; LIVER LIPIDS; LIPOPROTEINS; APOLIPOPROTEIN MESSENGER-RNA; CYNOMOLGUS MONKEYS ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PLASMA-LIPOPROTEINS; NONHUMAN-PRIMATES; CHOLESTEROL LEVELS; UNSATURATED FAT; MESSENGER-RNA; METABOLISM; RECEPTOR; EXPRESSION; INVIVO AB Although studies have shown that saturated and polyunsaturated fats can mediate plasma lipid and apolipoprotein (apo) concentrations at the mRNA level, there is little data on the role of monounsaturated fats. We determined hepatic lipid and apo mRNA levels in 10 cynomolgus monkeys fed three diets that provided 30% of energy as fat with 0.1% cholesterol by weight and differed solely by the substitution of saturated, mono- and polyunsaturated fats as 60% of total fat energy. Total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol, as well as LDL apo B, HDL ape A-I and HDL total ape C concentrations, were reduced with the mono- and polyunsaturated fat diets relative to the saturated fat diet. Although fat saturation did not significantly affect hepatic ape A-I, B, C-II, or E mRNA abundance, hepatic apo C-III mRNA concentrations were uniformly lower (-23%, P < 0.01) with the mono- and polyunsaturated fat diets than with the saturated fat diet. Interestingly, liver triglycerides were significantly elevated with the monounsaturated fat diet relative to the saturated fat diet, but no other differences in hepatic lipids were noted among diets. Hepatic triglyceride composition was shown to reflect dietary fatty acid composition, with liver triglycerides enriched in myristic and palmitic fatty acids during the saturated fat diet, oleic acid during the monounsaturated fat diet and linoleic acid during the polyunsaturated fat diet. We conclude that dietary monounsaturated fats are comparable to polyunsaturated fats' in their effects on hepatic lipid and apo mRNA levels in this species, with both unsaturated fats significantly reducing only hepatic apo C-III mRNA abundance relative to saturated fat. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT CLIN SCI,CARDIOVASC RES LAB,LOWELL,MA. VET ADM MED CTR,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL 39385] NR 36 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 125 IS 3 BP 425 EP 436 PG 12 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA QL021 UT WOS:A1995QL02100004 PM 7876917 ER PT J AU ANDERSON, RL WOLF, WJ AF ANDERSON, RL WOLF, WJ TI COMPOSITIONAL CHANGES IN TRYPSIN-INHIBITORS, PHYTIC ACID, SAPONINS AND ISOFLAVONES RELATED TO SOYBEAN PROCESSING SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on the Role of Soy in Preventing and Treating Chronic Disease CY FEB 20-23, 1994 CL MESA, AZ SP UNITED SOYBEAN BOARD, PROTEIN TECHNOL INT DE SOYBEAN; ISOFLAVONE; PHYTIC ACID; SAPONIN; TRYPSIN INHIBITOR ID GLYCINE-MAX MERRILL; CV MAPLE ARROW; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SOYASAPOGENOL-A; ULTRASTRUCTURAL-LOCALIZATION; DIFFERENT VARIETIES; TOTAL PHOSPHORUS; THIN-SECTIONS; SOYA PRODUCTS; GOLD METHOD AB Soybeans are high in protein but also contain a number of minor constituents traditionally considered to be antinutritional factors. These include trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, saponins and isoflavones. These compounds are now thought to have beneficial biological effects in the diet, such as lowering blood cholesterol or preventing cancer. Soybean processing changes the content of these minor constituents in various ways. This review discusses the changes in content of trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, saponins and isoflavones as soybeans are processed into the conventional protein ingredients, flours, concentrates and isolates, as well as some of the traditional Oriental soybean foods. RP ANDERSON, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 56 TC 187 Z9 193 U1 1 U2 27 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 125 IS 3 SU S BP S581 EP S588 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA QM161 UT WOS:A1995QM16100005 PM 7884537 ER PT J AU DWYER, J AF DWYER, J TI OVERVIEW - DIETARY APPROACHES FOR REDUCING CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE RISKS SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on the Role of Soy in Preventing and Treating Chronic Disease CY FEB 20-23, 1994 CL MESA, AZ SP UNITED SOYBEAN BOARD, PROTEIN TECHNOL INT DE DIETARY MEASURES; CARDIOVASCULAR AND CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; STROKE; DIET ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; TRANS-FATTY-ACIDS; VITAMIN-E CONSUMPTION; SERUM-LIPIDS; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; BLOOD-PRESSURE; MEN; CHOLESTEROL AB Current interest in reducing heart disease risks by diet involves attention to total fat; saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated and trans fatty acids, as well as dietary cholesterol, soluble fiber, salt, alcohol, antioxidants, dietary alterations causing homocysteinemia and other dietary constituents, such as flavonoid compounds in some soy products. Principles to consider in crafting dietary approaches to reducing heart disease risk and some future directions for research are summarized. Public information about dietary approaches for reducing heart disease risk will benefit from the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act. C1 TUFTS UNIV,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,USDA,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP DWYER, J (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,NEW ENGLAND MED CTR HOSP,SCH MED,FRANCES STERN NUTR CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA54349] NR 96 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 125 IS 3 SU S BP S656 EP S665 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA QM161 UT WOS:A1995QM16100016 PM 7884548 ER PT J AU WONG, WW HACHEY, DL CLARKE, LL ZHANG, SD AF WONG, WW HACHEY, DL CLARKE, LL ZHANG, SD TI CHOLESTEROL-SYNTHESIS AND ABSORPTION BY (H2O)-H-2 AND O-18-CHOLESTEROL AND HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC EFFECT OF SOY PROTEIN SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on the Role of Soy in Preventing and Treating Chronic Disease CY FEB 20-23, 1994 CL MESA, AZ SP UNITED SOYBEAN BOARD, PROTEIN TECHNOL INT DE CHOLESTEROL; SYNTHESIS; ABSORPTION; HUMAN; STABLE ISOTOPES; HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIA; SOY PROTEIN ID SERUM; DIETS; SAMPLES; CASEIN; HUMANS; PLASMA; RATES; WATER; MASS AB The kinetic behavior of orally ingested O-18-cholesterol was compared with that of orally ingested C-13(5)-cholesterol in two normocholesterolemic men and the hypocholesterolemic effect of soy protein was demonstrated in 12 hypercholesterolemic men. Our results indicated no difference in the metabolism of orally ingested O-18- and C-13(5)-cholesterol. The use of O-18-cholesterol and C-13(5)-cholesterol also allowed simultaneous estimation of fractional rates of cholesterol synthesis using the (H2O)-H-2 method, which were calculated to be 5.76 and 8.17%/d for the two normocholesterolemic subjects. The percent reduction in plasma cholesterol levels was found to be greater when the hypercholesterolemic men were placed on a soy protein diet than on an animal protein diet. RP WONG, WW (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,1100 BATES ST,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 125 IS 3 SU S BP S612 EP S618 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA QM161 UT WOS:A1995QM16100010 PM 7884542 ER PT J AU FINLEY, JW BRISKEANDERSON, M REEVES, PG JOHNSON, LK AF FINLEY, JW BRISKEANDERSON, M REEVES, PG JOHNSON, LK TI ZINC UPTAKE AND TRANSCELLULAR MOVEMENT BY CACO-2 CELLS - STUDIES WITH MEDIA CONTAINING FETAL BOVINE SERUM SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ZINC; ABSORPTION; CACO-2; TRANSPORT; CELL CULTURE ID PERFUSED RAT INTESTINE; BORDER-MEMBRANE-VESICLES; ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; ACTIVE-TRANSPORT; ABSORPTION; METALLOTHIONEIN; MONOLAYERS; KINETICS; MODEL; HEPATOCYTES AB A series of experiments using CACO-2 cells, have been conducted to describe the cellular events occurring during Zn uptake and transcellular movement in the presence of media containing fetal bovine serum (FBS). CACO-2 cells were grown for 21 days on either T-25 cell culture flasks or semipermeable membrane inserts maintained in six-well culture plates. Experiments were then conducted using normal growth medium containing FBS, to which Zn-65 was added. The rate of Zn transport in an apical to basolateral direction was much greater than the rate in the opposite direction. To study whether uptake and movement exhibited saturation kinetics, different concentrations of Zn (1-200 mu M) were added with Zn-65. Uptake at the basolateral membrane was saturable; apical to basolateral movement, basolateral to apical movement, and uptake at the apical membrane were not. Zn-65 moved apically to basolaterally at a small but constant rate regardless of the basolateral concentration of Zn. The binding ligands for Zn in the cytosol differed depending on the prior Zn status of the cell and the time postlabeling. Endogenous Zn-65 was released to the apical and basolateral sides at different rates. These data confirm a previous report that uptake and transcellular movement of Zn is different at the apical and basolateral membrane, and they further show that the presence of Zn-binding ligands alters these processes. RP FINLEY, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,POB 9034,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 41 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 6 IS 3 BP 137 EP 144 DI 10.1016/0955-2863(95)00023-S PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA QP350 UT WOS:A1995QP35000003 ER PT J AU SCHANLER, RJ ABRAMS, SA AF SCHANLER, RJ ABRAMS, SA TI POSTNATAL ATTAINMENT OF INTRAUTERINE MACROMINERAL ACCRETION RATES IN LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT INFANTS FED FORTIFIED HUMAN-MILK SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID OWN MOTHERS MILK; PREMATURE-INFANTS; BONE MINERALIZATION; PRETERM INFANTS; COMMERCIAL FORMULA; NUTRIENT BALANCE; CALCIUM; GROWTH; ABSORPTION; PHOSPHORUS AB Hypothesic: Provision of more bioavailable mineral sources as human milk supplements enables very low birth weight (VLBW) infants to meet the intrauterine accretion rate for calcium and phosphorus. Design: Comparison of currently formulated human milk fortifier with previous formulation. Setting: Neonatol level II and III nurseries Patients: Twenty-six healthy, VLBW infants, whose mothers chose to breast-feed. Interventions: We tested the effects of two formulations designed for VLBW infants as human milk supplements and differing primarily in their quantity and source of Ca, P, and magnesium. The study interval began with a milk intake of 100 ml . kg(-1) . day(-1) and ended when a body weight reached 2.0 kg. Main outcome measures: Net absorption and retention of Ca, P, and Mg during a nutritional balance study conducted once during the study interval, growth during the entire study interval, and bone mineral content of the radius were measured at the beginning and end of the study interval. Results: The newer Ca gluconate-glycerophosphate preparation (given to group CaGP) resulted in greater net absorption and retention of Ca and P (p <0.01) than in infants given Ca phosphate (group CaTB). Mg retention was greater than (in group CaGP) or equivalent to (in group CaTB) the intrauterine accretion rate. Radius bone mineral content was significantly greater in group CaGP than in group CaTB (p <0.001). Volumes of the fortified human milk preparation needed to meet the needs for gain in body weight were higher in group CaGP than in group CaTB (p <0.001). Conclusions: Intrauterine accretion rates for Ca and P can be achieved when VLBW infants are fed human milk supplemented with Ca gluconate-glycerophosphate. Supplementation of human milk with Mg may not be indicated. In this study, greater intakes of Ca and P, and not improvements in bioavailability, result in improved net retention and bone mineral content of VLBW infants. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED, DEPT PEDIAT, NEONATOL SECT, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. RP SCHANLER, RJ (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED, CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR, USDA ARS, 1100 BATES ST, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 FU NCRR NIH HHS [MO1-RR-00188] NR 25 TC 64 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 4 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 J9 J PEDIATR-US JI J. Pediatr. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 126 IS 3 BP 441 EP 447 DI 10.1016/S0022-3476(95)70465-5 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA QL579 UT WOS:A1995QL57900020 PM 7869208 ER PT J AU NIELSEN, NC JUNG, R NAM, YW BEAMAN, TW OLIVEIRA, LO BASSUNER, R AF NIELSEN, NC JUNG, R NAM, YW BEAMAN, TW OLIVEIRA, LO BASSUNER, R TI SYNTHESIS AND ASSEMBLY OF 11S GLOBULINS SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE SEED PROTEINS; 11S GLOBULINS; PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY; GLYCINE MAX; VICIA FABA ID STORAGE PROTEIN; POSTTRANSLATIONAL CLEAVAGE; MOLECULAR CHAPERONE; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; GLYCININ SUBUNITS; LEGUME SEEDS; GENE FAMILY; POLYPEPTIDES; TRANSLOCATION; BIOSYNTHESIS AB The 11S globulins are seed proteins found in many grain legumes. After synthesis on endoplasmic reticulum, the globulins are assembled during a series of steps that involve post-translational events and transport of precursors through several intracellular compartments. As an aid in dissecting this process, an in vitro synthesis and assembly system was developed that results in the formation of trimers equivalent in size to oligomers found in endoplasmic reticulum. Assembly of proglycinin trimers in vitro is dependent upon ATP. This observation, together with other evidence, is consistent with the hypothesis that molecular chaperones are involved in the assembly of proglobulin trimers. The 11S proglobulin subunits in trimers are cleaved post-translationally at an ASN-GLY bond that has been conserved during evolution. Evidence from studies carried out both in vivo and in vitro establish that cleavage of this bond is prerequisite for further assembly of trimers into hexamers. Proteolytic activity has been detected in developing seeds that is capable of cleaving the conserved ASN-GLY. The preponderance of this proteolytic activity in developing seeds is due to glycosylated proteins (Scott et al., 1992), although a small amount of the total activity appears associated with a non-glycosylated peptide. To study the specificity of the proteases that are glycosylated, mutant proglobulin subunits or peptides were constructed in which amino acids around the conserved ASN-GLY bond were modified, and then the modified subunits were assembled into trimers and subjected to proteolysis. Deletion of the asparagine on the P1 side of the cleaved peptide bond, or substitution of aspartate or glutamine for the asparagine, eliminated cleavage of the subunit precursor. Conservative changes of the amino acids on the COOH-terminal side of the cleavage site (P1' to P7' positions) seemed not to hinder cleavage of proglobulin into mature acidic and basic polypeptides. In contrast to the normal proglycinin subunits found in trimers, unmodified monomers, unfolded or misfolded normal. 11S proglobulins, fusions of legumin polypeptides with CAT, and several high methionine mutants of proglycinin, are cleaved into small peptide fragments by the purified, glycosylated protease. Our results demonstrate that cleavage sites other than the conserved ASN-GLY bond found in unmodified proglobulin subunits are inaccessible to the protease when they are contained in trimers. C1 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP NIELSEN, NC (reprint author), PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907, USA. NR 33 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 2 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI STUTTGART PA WOLLGRASWEG 49 POSTFACH 72 01 43, D-70577 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 145 IS 5-6 BP 641 EP 647 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QT470 UT WOS:A1995QT47000010 ER PT J AU WHITE, LM AF WHITE, LM TI PREDICTING FLOWERING OF 130 PLANTS AT 8 LOCATIONS WITH TEMPERATURE AND DAYLENGTH SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE DEGREE DAYS; FLOWERING; MODELING; PHENOLOGY ID WINTER-WHEAT AB An improved plant phenological method is needed to accurately predict flowering of a large array of plant species at locations with a wide range of latitude. Degree days or degree days times daylength cannot be used to accurately predict flowering of both early and late flowering species when grown at locations with wide range of latitude. Published flowering dates of 130 plant species from among 8 locations in central North America ranging in latitude from 39 to 50 degrees N and longitude 84 to 108 degrees W were used to develop a degree days times daylength factor to predict flowering dates. Plants flowering in late June flowered at the same time at all 8 locations regardless of latitude. Species flowering earlier than late June flowered earlier at southern locations than those at Treesbank, Manitoba. Species flowering after late June flowered later at southern locations than those at Treesbank. Flowering of 124 species divided among 8 locations was most accurately predicted by the accumulation of degree days (threshold=2 degrees C) times daylength factor (1/(0.259-0,0140 star daylength) from the first of December. This method slightly discounts daylength below 13 hours and greatly increased its weight for every hour over 13 hours. This method predicted flowering dates with a standard deviation of 0.1, 0.5, -1.7, 2.4, -0.1, 6.0, -1.8, and -1.1 days for Swift Current, Saskatchewan; Treesbank, Manitoba; Sidney, Mont.; Fargo, N.D,; Sauk and Dane Co., Wise.; Wauseon, Ohio; and Manhattan, Kans.; respectively. Degree days or degree days times daylength had a standard deviation of 10 and 18 days in predicting flowering dates at Manhattan, Kans. RP WHITE, LM (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO PLAINS RANGE RES STN,2000-18TH ST,WOODWARD,OK 73801, USA. NR 24 TC 14 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 48 IS 2 BP 108 EP 114 DI 10.2307/4002795 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QM066 UT WOS:A1995QM06600003 ER PT J AU SVEJCAR, TJ TRENT, JD AF SVEJCAR, TJ TRENT, JD TI GAS-EXCHANGE AND WATER RELATIONS OF LEMMONS WILLOW AND NEBRASKA SEDGE SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE WATER STRESS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; RIPARIAN SPECIES ID ROOT PERISCOPE; GROWTH; PHREATOPHYTES; PHENOLOGY AB There is considerable interest in riparian zones in the western United States, yet little information is available on the autecology of plant species that dominate these areas. We measured gas exchange and xylem water potential of Nebraska sedge (Carer nebrascensis Dewey) and Lemmon's willow (Salix lemonii Bebb) growing in a streamside location in the northern Sierra Nevada over a 2 year period. Standing biomass of both species and leaf area index of Lemmon's willow was also determined, Rooting activity of Nebraska sedge was measured the second year of the study. Measurements were taken during 1988 and 1989 with growing season precipitation 46% and 110% of average, respectively. Photosynthesis was remarkably similar for the 2 species (10.9 and 11.1 mu moles m(-2) second(-1) for Nebraska sedge and Lemmon's willow, respectively) when averaged over all dates for the 2 years. However, the 2 species exhibited different seasonal and yearly patterns of photosynthesis. Nebraska sedge maintained higher rates of photosynthesis during the early portion of the growing season and Lemmon's willow had higher photosynthesis during mid to late summer. Mean seasonal rates of willow photosynthesis were higher than those of the sedge during the drought year, and the opposite was true during the average year. Yearly average photosynthesis varied more for the sedge than for the willow. However, mean seasonal photosynthesis rates for each species were higher in an average year compared to a drought year. Nebraska sedge almost always had more negative values of xylem water potential than Lemmon's willow (overall average was -2.6 MPa and -1.25 MPa for Nebraska sedge and Lemmon's willow, respectively). Trends in transpiration and conductance were similar among species, except that Nebraska sedge maintained higher rates than Lemmon's willow during the spring of 1989. Willow biomass was similar among years, but willow leaf area index and sedge biomass were slightly greater in the wet year (1989) compared to the dry year. Contrasting growth forms and morphology of the 2 species may help explain differences in gas exchange and xylem water potential. The ability of willows to tap groundwater and the concentration of sedge roots in the upper soil profile probably accounts for the differential response to drought. C1 USDA ARS,RENO,NV 89512. RP SVEJCAR, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN OREGON AGR RES CTR,HC 71451,HWY 205,BURNS,OR 97720, USA. NR 13 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 48 IS 2 BP 121 EP 125 DI 10.2307/4002797 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QM066 UT WOS:A1995QM06600005 ER PT J AU JOHNSON, DA RUMBAUGH, MD AF JOHNSON, DA RUMBAUGH, MD TI GENETIC-VARIATION AND INHERITANCE CHARACTERISTICS FOR CARBON-ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION IN ALFALFA SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE MEDICAGO SATIVA; CARBON ISOTOPE RATIO; WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; TRANSPIRATION EFFICIENCY ID WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; LINE-SOURCE SPRINKLER; COOL-SEASON GRASSES; CRESTED WHEATGRASS; GAS-EXCHANGE; SELECTION; YIELD; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; DIOXIDE; RATIOS AB The negative correlation between carbon isotope discrimination (Delta) and water-use efficiency in C-3 species, including alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), suggests that Delta might be useful in the selection of alfalfa cultivars that use water more efficiently. We initiated field experiments with alfalfa in northern Utah to determine genetic variation for Delta within representative breeding populations, the effect of drought on Delta, magnitudes of heritability for Delta, genetic regulation of Delta, and how Delta differs among plant parts. In an experiment conducted under a rainout shelter facility equipped with a line-source sprinkler system, genetic variability for Delta was not detected in 15 clones each from the NC-83-1 germplasm and 'Spredor 2' cultivar. In another experiment with 25 clones from the NC-83-1 germplasm, there was significant (P<0.01) genetic variation for Delta with a range of 1.6 per mil (parts per thousand), and broad-sense heritabilities exceeded 0.80. In a field trial with 78 cultivars and elite breeding lines, significant genetic variation for Delta was observed, although the range for Delta was only 0.8 parts per thousand. We also detected significant genetic variation for Delta in a diallel experiment with 196 crosses from 14 parent clones from NC-83-1. Furthermore, general combining ability was significant, but specific combining ability and reciprocal effects were not, indicating that standard breeding techniques could be used to alter Delta response in alfalfa. Plant parts differed significantly for Delta with stems having the lowest value (18.7 parts per thousand) followed by the entire shoot (19.0 parts per thousand), upper leaves (19.4 parts per thousand), and bottom leaves (20.2 parts per thousand). The lack of significant statistical interactions among plant parts suggested that any plant part could be sampled to determine Delta. The results from these experiments indicated that promise exists for using Delta to improve water-use efficiency in alfalfa; however, use of more diverse germplasm may be necessary to expand opportunities for selection in North American alfalfa germplasm. RP JOHNSON, DA (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,FORAGE & RANGE RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 42 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 48 IS 2 BP 126 EP 131 DI 10.2307/4002798 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QM066 UT WOS:A1995QM06600006 ER PT J AU CLARK, DH JOHNSON, DA KEPHART, KD JACKSON, NA AF CLARK, DH JOHNSON, DA KEPHART, KD JACKSON, NA TI NEAR-INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY ESTIMATION OF C-13 DISCRIMINATION IN FORAGES SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE SPECTRAL ANALYSIS; RANGE GRASSES; CRESTED WHEATGRASS; CREEPING FOXTAIL; ALFALFA; RUSSIAN WILDRYE; WATER-USE EFFICIENCY ID CARBON-ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION; COOL-SEASON GRASSES; SELECTION; DIOXIDE; QUALITY; ASH AB Forage improvement programs often select for increased crude protein and dry matter digestibility. Additionally, breeding programs may be interested in selecting for enhanced transpiration efficiency or water use-efficiency. Forage crude protein and dry matter digestibility are commonly determined by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS), whereas water use-efficiency is estimated from C-13 discrimination (Delta) values obtained from isotope-ratioing mass spectrometers. If MRS could predict Delta, then W could be determined simultaneously with quality components at a much lower cost. To test this possibility, leaf samples of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and several cool-season perennial grasses were analyzed with a dual-inlet, double collector gas isotope mass spectrometer, and values of Delta were calculated. Subsamples were scanned with monochromators that collected spectra from 400 to 2,500 nm or 1,100 to 2,500 nm, and absorption data were regressed with values of Delta. Standard errors of calibration for regressing Delta with NIRS absorption values were higher for grasses than for alfalfa, Coefficients of variation for all validation sample sets used for prediction of Delta by NIRS were less than 3%, and NIRS correctly identified 77 to 82% of the samples with the lowest Delta values as determined by mass spectrometer analysis. This level of predictability may be acceptable for identification of genotypes with high water use-efficiency during the early phases of forage improvement programs. C1 S DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT SCI,BROOKINGS,SD 57007. RP CLARK, DH (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,FORAGE & RANGE RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 19 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 48 IS 2 BP 132 EP 136 DI 10.2307/4002799 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QM066 UT WOS:A1995QM06600007 ER PT J AU WYLIE, BK DENDA, I PIEPER, RD HARRINGTON, JA REED, BC SOUTHWARD, GM AF WYLIE, BK DENDA, I PIEPER, RD HARRINGTON, JA REED, BC SOUTHWARD, GM TI SATELLITE-BASED HERBACEOUS BIOMASS ESTIMATES IN THE PASTORAL ZONE OF NIGER SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE HERBAGE STANDING CROP; PASTORALISTS; LIVESTOCK GRAZING; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS ID DROUGHT AB Pastoralists in the Sahel of northern Africa are entirely dependent on their livestock, which graze on the annual vegetation produced during a relatively short summer rainfall season. The satellite-based normalized difference vegetation index, calibrated with ground-truth sampling of herbaceous biomass throughout the pastoral zone of Niger, was used to estimate standing biomass for the entire Nigerien pastoral zone, Data were obtained and analyzed during a 5-year period from 1986 through 1990. Techniques developed allow officials with the Government of Niger to estimate herbage available to support animal populations throughout the pastoral zone at the end of the growing season and plan grazing strategies for the impending dry season. End-of-season herbage standing crop varied from less than 200 kg ha(-1) to nearly 1,700 kg ha(-1) with locations and years. Strong biomass gradients were evident from mesic conditions in the southern pastoral zone to xeric conditions in the north. C1 NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM & RANGE SCI,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003. KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,DEPT GEOG,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. EARTH RESOURCES OBSERVAT SATELLITE DATA CTR,SIOUX FALLS,SD. NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,DEPT EXPTL STAT,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003. RP WYLIE, BK (reprint author), USDA ARS,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. RI Wylie, Bruce/H-3182-2014 OI Wylie, Bruce/0000-0002-7374-1083 NR 21 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 2 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 48 IS 2 BP 159 EP 164 DI 10.2307/4002804 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QM066 UT WOS:A1995QM06600012 ER PT J AU HART, RH SHOOP, MC ASHBY, MM AF HART, RH SHOOP, MC ASHBY, MM TI NITROGEN AND ATRAZINE ON SHORTGRASS - VEGETATION, CATTLE AND ECONOMIC RESPONSES SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE BLUE GRAMA; FERTILIZATION; GRAZING; HERBICIDE; INTENSIVE EARLY STOCKING; PUT-AND-TAKE GRAZING; WEED CONTROL; 6-CHLORO-N-ETHYL-N'-(1-METHYLETHYL)-1,3,5-TRIAZINE-2,4-DIAMINE ID INTENSIVE-EARLY STOCKING; RANGE AB Application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer and atrazine [6-chloro-Nethyl-N-(ethyl-N'- (1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-1,3,5-diamine] have each increased grazeable forage on shortgrass prairie, but their effects are unknown when applied in combination. Therefore, a 9-year study was conducted to determine effects of N and atrazine applications on 1) herbage production, 2) steer gains, and 3) profitability of grazing on shortgrass prairie in north-central Colorado. Treatments were 1) untreated control, 2) atrazine applied at 1.1 kg ha(-1) in the autumn of alternate years, 3) N applied at 22 kg ha(-1) each autumn, and 4) N + atrazine at the rates specified above, Pastures were stocked at 21-41 (control), 27-54 (atrazine), 24-82 (N), or 18-84 (N + atrazine) cattle-days ha(-1) during summer. Pastures were stocked with yearling steers 1979-1983 and yearling steers and spayed heifers 1984-1985, using put-and-take stocking. All treatments increased total October standing crop and blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis [H.B.K.] Lag. ex Griffiths) standing crop. Nitrogen increased cool-season grass and forb standing crops; atrazine nearly eliminated cool-season grasses but did not affect forbs. Under put- and-take stocking, atrazine and/or N appeared to increase stocking rate and gain/ha, but not average daily gain or average returns to land, labor, and management. Under optimum stocking rates and grazing strategies, N or atrazine but not both together might increase returns. C1 USDA ARS,RRRU,CENT PLAINS EXPTL RANGE,NUNN,CO 80648. RP HART, RH (reprint author), USDA ARS,RANGELAND RESOURCES RES UNIT,HIGH PLAINS GRASSLANDS RES STN,8408 HILDRETH RD,CHEYENNE,WY 82009, USA. NR 32 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 5 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 48 IS 2 BP 165 EP 171 DI 10.2307/4002805 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QM066 UT WOS:A1995QM06600013 ER PT J AU BRADY, WW MITCHELL, JE BONHAM, CD COOK, JW AF BRADY, WW MITCHELL, JE BONHAM, CD COOK, JW TI ASSESSING THE POWER OF THE POINT-LINE TRANSECT TO MONITOR CHANGES IN PLANT BASAL COVER SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE SHORT-GRASS STEPPE; VEGETATION MEASUREMENT; TYPE II ERROR; SAMPLE SIZE; HYPOTHESIS TESTING; BASAL COVER; DISTURBANCE AB To assess the power of point data (collected systematically at each meter along a permanently-situated, 100-m line transect) to detect actual changes in plant basal cover, we developed a computational approach whereby a simplified shortgrass steppe community was spatially simulated on a computer screen. Cover was then reduced using a random disturbance pattern. One transect could detect an actual decrease in cover from 12% to 8% with less than 20% probability, while 5 transects increased this power to about 80% (P less than or equal to.05). A reduction in cover from 12 to 6% could be detected with 80% probability with only 2 transects, while a cover reduction to 10% could only be detected with 40% probability using 10 transects (P less than or equal to.05). Artificial populations provide a valuable mechanism for quantitatively evaluating field sampling designs. C1 US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FT COLLINS,CO 80524. COLORADO STATE UNIV,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. RP BRADY, WW (reprint author), ARIZONA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANNING ENVIRONM RESOURCES,TEMPE,AZ 85287, USA. NR 13 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 48 IS 2 BP 187 EP 190 DI 10.2307/4002808 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QM066 UT WOS:A1995QM06600016 ER PT J AU ZOBECK, TM ROLONG, NA FRYREAR, DW BILBRO, JD ALLEN, BL AF ZOBECK, TM ROLONG, NA FRYREAR, DW BILBRO, JD ALLEN, BL TI PROPERTIES AND PRODUCTIVITY OF RECENTLY TILLED GRASS SOD AND 70-YEAR CULTIVATED SOIL SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article AB The 1985 Food Security Act established the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) whereby highly erodible land was placed into sod or tree for 10 years. Detailed information on the effects of grass sod on soil properties and productivity is needed in order to fully understand the impact of returning the retired land to production. In this study, land that had been in grass sod for about 30 years was converted to cotton and sorghum production in 1985. Yields were measured from 1985 through 1991 on that land and land that was continuously cultivated for 70 years. Selected soil properties were also measured after the study. Silt content, organic matter, and wet soil stability were higher in the surface soil of the grass sod than in the cultivated fields. Clod density was lower in the grass sod than in the cultivated fields. Sorghum biomass was higher in the recently converted field but yield differences between the converted and continuously cultivated field were not observed after fertilization. Cotton lint yields did not increase on the recently converted grassland. These results suggest economists must consider the crop grown when estimating yields of crops grown land previously in the CRP. Crops may differ in yield and how they respond to management after conversion. C1 TEXAS TECH UNIV,DEPT AGRON HORT & ENTOMOL,LUBBOCK,TX 79409. USDA ARS,WIND EROS RES UNIT,BIG SPRING,TX. RP ZOBECK, TM (reprint author), USDA ARS,WIND EROS RES UNIT,LUBBOCK,TX 79401, USA. RI Zobeck, Ted/A-6126-2012 NR 16 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 50 IS 2 BP 210 EP 215 PG 6 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA QM554 UT WOS:A1995QM55400019 ER PT J AU CYGNAROWICZPROVOST, M OBRIEN, DJ BOSWELL, RT KURANTZ, MJ AF CYGNAROWICZPROVOST, M OBRIEN, DJ BOSWELL, RT KURANTZ, MJ TI SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION OF FUNGAL LIPIDS - EFFECT OF COSOLVENT ON MASS-TRANSFER RATES AND PROCESS DESIGN AND ECONOMICS SO JOURNAL OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS LA English DT Article DE EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; MODELING; SIMULATION; ECONOMICS; LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION; SAPROLEGNIA PARASITICA ID SAPROLEGNIA-PARASITICA; EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; CARBON-DIOXIDE; EQUATION; CO2 AB The extraction of fungal lipids by supercritical CO2 and CO2 with 10 wt % ethanol was studied. The lipid solubility was measured from 40-60 degrees C and 200-700 bar, and was found to increase with increasing solvent pressure and temperature, although the crossover effect was observed. Mass transfer coefficients were fitted to experimental data and were found to increase with increasing solvent Reynolds number. No difference in mass-transfer coefficients was observed with the addition of the cosolvent, Using the experimental data, a mathematical model for a commercial extraction process was developed, and optimal values of the extractor pressure, solvent flow rate, and extraction time were computed. Since the lipid is more soluble in the CO2 mixture, the optimal extractor pressure and extraction time were lower than those computed for a process with a pure CO2 solvent. Capital and operating costs for the process were estimated and the addition of the cosolvent was found to lower the costs by over 40%. A comparison of the costs for the SFE process and the costs for a liquid-extraction process show that the SFE process is not competitive for this application, although the economics would be improved if wet. fungal mycelia were contacted continuously with the supercritical solvent. C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. NR 25 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 8 PU PRA PRESS PI CINCINNATI PA POLYMER RES ASSOC INC 9200 MONTGOMERY RD, SUITE 23B, CINCINNATI, OH 45242 SN 0896-8446 J9 J SUPERCRIT FLUID JI J. Supercrit. Fluids PD MAR PY 1995 VL 8 IS 1 BP 51 EP 59 DI 10.1016/0896-8446(95)90050-0 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA RC728 UT WOS:A1995RC72800009 ER PT J AU RUEHLMANN, D PODELL, M OGLESBEE, M DUBEY, JP AF RUEHLMANN, D PODELL, M OGLESBEE, M DUBEY, JP TI CANINE NEOSPOROSIS - A CASE-REPORT AND LITERATURE-REVIEW SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Note ID TOXOPLASMA-LIKE PARASITE; CYST-FORMING SPOROZOON; TISSUE-SECTIONS; DOGS; INFECTION; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; GONDII; TRANSMISSION; PREVALENCE; DIAGNOSIS AB A three-year-old, intact female vizsla presented for signs of an acute-onset progressive spinal cord disease. Postmortem examination revealed multifocal central nervous system (CNS) lesions, severe pneumonia with pulmonary edema, and congestion of the liver. Protozoal cysts were found in multiple spinal cord and brain stem sections. Immunohistochemical staining positively identified these cysts as Neospora caninum. A literature review of Neospora caninum infection in the dog with summary of the pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnostic evaluation, treatment success, and pathology is presented to provide the clinician with an overview of this increasingly prevalent disease. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET CLIN SCI,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. OHIO STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT PATHOBIOL,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR E,LPSI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 49 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ANIMAL HOSPITAL ASSOC PI LAKEWOOD PA PO BOX 150899, LAKEWOOD, CO 80215-0899 SN 0587-2871 J9 J AM ANIM HOSP ASSOC JI J. Amer. Anim. Hosp. Assoc. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 31 IS 2 BP 174 EP 183 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA QL289 UT WOS:A1995QL28900013 PM 7773765 ER PT J AU XUE, RD BARNARD, DR SCHRECK, CE AF XUE, RD BARNARD, DR SCHRECK, CE TI INFLUENCE OF BODY-SIZE AND AGE OF AEDES-ALBOPICTUS ON HUMAN HOST ATTACK RATES AND THE REPELLENCY OF DEET SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID SEEKING BEHAVIOR; AEGYPTI DIPTERA; CULICIDAE; NUTRITION; LARVAL AB Human host attack rates and the repellency of deet (25% in ethanol) to nulliparous Aedes albopictus in the laboratory were significantly influenced (P = 0.05) by mosquito age and body size and by the interaction of age and body size. Host attack rates were higher for 20-day- (24.5%) and 15-day-old females (22.9%) than for 10- (15.1%) and 5-day-old females (11.0%), regardless of body size, and for large females (22.2%) compared with small females (16.6%), regardless of mosquito age. Deet on human skin repelled small-bodied females longer (3.87 h) than large females (2.31 h); 15-day-old females were repelled longer (3.75 h) than 5- (2.33 h), 10- (3.08 h), or 20-day-old females (3.07 h), regardless of body size. Host attack rates and deet repellency among 15-day-old parous and 15-day-old nulliparous large- and small-bodied female Ae. albopictus were similar but deet repellency was less (by approximate to 2 h) against large females compared with small-bodied females. RP XUE, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 13 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 11 IS 1 BP 50 EP 53 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QV796 UT WOS:A1995QV79600010 PM 7616190 ER PT J AU SCHRECK, CE FISH, D MCGOVERN, TP AF SCHRECK, CE FISH, D MCGOVERN, TP TI ACTIVITY OF REPELLANTS APPLIED TO SKIN FOR PROTECTION AGAINST AMBLYOMMA-AMERICANUM AND IXODES-SCAPULARIS TICKS (ACARI, IXODIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Note ID LONE STAR TICK; PERSONAL PROTECTION; PRESSURIZED SPRAYS; DAMMINI ACARI; LYME-DISEASE; PERMETHRIN; DEET; REPELLENT AB Twenty-nine repellents were tested on human skin for duration of activity as protectants against nymphal lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum) and against black-legged or deer ticks (Ixodes scapularis Say). Eleven of these repellents, including deet, provided >2 h of protection against the lone star tick. One repellent, 1-(3-cyclohexenyl-ylcarbonyl) piperidine, was effective greater than or equal to 4 h. Four repellents (2 pyridines and 2 piperidines with protection lasting 2.3-3 h) showed acaricidal activity to more than half of the ticks tested after 9-12 min of exposure. Seven repellents that were most effective against A. americanum, including deet, were tested against the black-legged tick. None was effective and no knockdown was observed. These results suggest that the black-legged tick is less sensitive to repellents than the lone star tick. C1 NEW YORK MED COLL,DEPT COMMUNITY & PREVENT MED,MED ENTOMOL LAB,VALHALLA,NY 10595. USDA ARS,INSECT CHEM ECOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP SCHRECK, CE (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. FU PHS HHS [A128956] NR 13 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 11 IS 1 BP 136 EP 140 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QV796 UT WOS:A1995QV79600026 PM 7616181 ER PT J AU JENSEN, T KAISER, PE FUKUDA, T BARNARD, DR AF JENSEN, T KAISER, PE FUKUDA, T BARNARD, DR TI ANOPHELES PERPLEXENS FROM ARTIFICIAL CONTAINERS AND INTERMITTENTLY FLOODED SWAMPS IN NORTHERN FLORIDA SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Note AB Anopheles perplexens was collected from habitats previously unreported for this species in northern Florida. These habitats included intermittently flooded swamps, water-filled tires, and plastic oviposition cups. First-instar An. perplexens larvae were recovered from soil samples collected in an intermittently flooded swamp that were flooded in the laboratory, suggesting that An. perplexens eggs may survive in the soil during dry periods. Anopheles perplexens larvae were collected from water-filled tires and plastic oviposition cups at sites near Gainesville, FL. Of 30 dissected An. perplexens females collected in updraft CDC traps, all had ovarioles in Christophers's stage II and blood was absent in the midgut. The physiological state of these females indicates that updraft CDC traps collect predominately host-seeking females and that females take one blood meal per gonotrophic cycle. RP JENSEN, T (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 11 IS 1 BP 141 EP 144 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QV796 UT WOS:A1995QV79600027 PM 7616182 ER PT J AU GRAYBURN, WS HILDEBRAND, DF AF GRAYBURN, WS HILDEBRAND, DF TI PROGENY ANALYSIS OF TOBACCO THAT EXPRESS A MAMMALIAN DELTA-9 DESATURASE SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE FATTY ACIDS; LIPIDS; PALMITIC ACID; VEGETABLE OIL QUALITY ID CARRIER-PROTEIN DESATURASE; STEAROYL-COA DESATURASE; GENE; SAFFLOWER; PLANTS AB Various tissues of Nicotiana tabacum plants transformed with a rat stearyl-CoA desaturase gene were analyzed for lipid composition. Gas chromatographic analysis showed a decrease in saturated 16 and 18 carbon fatty acids in leaves and roots of several progeny. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of total DNA from leaves indicated the presence of the desaturase gene in kanamycin-resistant progeny with altered fatty acid composition. Western immunoblot analysis confirmed the presence of introduced desaturase protein. Data on the inheritance of kanamycin resistance is presented. C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT AGRON,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. USDA ARS,NO CROP SCI LAB,FARGO,ND 58105. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 72 IS 3 BP 317 EP 321 DI 10.1007/BF02541089 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA QM556 UT WOS:A1995QM55600009 ER PT J AU HUANG, JK KEUDELL, KC ZHAO, J KLOPFENSTEIN, WE WEN, L BAGBY, MO LANSER, AC PLATTNER, RD PETERSON, RE ABBOTT, TP WEISLEDER, D AF HUANG, JK KEUDELL, KC ZHAO, J KLOPFENSTEIN, WE WEN, L BAGBY, MO LANSER, AC PLATTNER, RD PETERSON, RE ABBOTT, TP WEISLEDER, D TI MICROBIAL TRANSFORMATION OF 12-HYDROXYOCTADECANOIC ACID TO 5-N-HEXYL-TETRAHYDROFURAN-2-ACETIC ACID SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE BACILLUS LENTUS; CORYNEBACTERIUM; D-(+)-12-HYDROXY-OCTADECANOIC ACID; D-(+)-12-HYDROXYSTEARIC ACID; GAMMA-DECANOLACTONE; 4-HYDROXYDECANOIC ACID; 6-HYDROXYDODECANOIC ACID; 4-KETODECANOIC ACID; 5-N-HEXYL-TETRAHYDROFURAN-2-ACETIC ACID ID FURAN FATTY-ACIDS; OLEIC-ACID; CONVERSION; COMPONENT; LACTONES AB Stationary-phase cells of a corynebacterium (FUI-2) and a bacillus (NRRL B-14864) isolate, when grown aerobically in 1% YE medium at 25 degrees C, converted 12-hydroxystearic acid to a major compound, 5-n-hexyl-tetrahydrofuran-2-acetic acid, and other intermediate and minor compounds (6-hydroxydodecanoic acid, 4-hydroxydecanoic acid, 4-ketodecanoic acid and gamma-decanolactone). The yields of 5-n-hexyl-tetrahydrofuran-2-acetic acid, 4-hydroxydecanoic acid, and gamma-decanolactone, by Bacillus lentus NRRL B-14864 were 43%, 18% and 5%, respectively, after 2.5 d of incubation. C1 WESTERN ILLINOIS UNIV,DEPT CHEM,MACOMB,IL 61455. WESTERN ILLINOIS UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,MACOMB,IL 61455. USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,DEPT OIL CHEM RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,DEPT BIOACT CONSTITUENTS RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,DEPT NEW CROPS RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,DEPT ANALYT CHEM SUPPORT,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 25 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 72 IS 3 BP 323 EP 326 DI 10.1007/BF02541090 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA QM556 UT WOS:A1995QM55600010 ER PT J AU SONNET, PE OSMAN, S AF SONNET, PE OSMAN, S TI RADICAL CHLORINATIONS OF TRIGLYCERIDES SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE BIOMIMICRY; FUNCTIONALIZATION; RADICAL; TRIGLYCERIDE ID ACIDS; OMEGA AB Several triglycerides were synthesized with an iodoaroyl group. Intramolecular radical chain transfer chlorinations were conducted that resulted in the associated pair of fatty acids of the triglyceride becoming chlorinated. The distribution of monochlorinated species was similar to that obtained by direct radical chlorination of the relevant fatty acid methyl esters. Functionalization was, as expected, away from the carboxylate group but gave no indication that either alignment of chains or the constraints of an intramolecular process could limit the manifold of products of the reaction. To gauge the effect on halogenation of a structure, bearing more than one electron-withdrawing group, methyl oleate was converted to the bis trifluoroacetate of methyl 9,10-dihydroxystearate. No products of chlorination on carbons 2-8 were observed. RP SONNET, PE (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 72 IS 3 BP 369 EP 374 DI 10.1007/BF02541098 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA QM556 UT WOS:A1995QM55600018 ER PT J AU LIST, GR MOUNTS, TL ORTHOEFER, F NEFF, WE AF LIST, GR MOUNTS, TL ORTHOEFER, F NEFF, WE TI MARGARINE AND SHORTENING OILS BY INTERESTERIFICATION OF LIQUID AND TRISATURATED TRIGLYCERIDES SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE DROP MELTING POINTS; INTERESTERIFICATION; MARGARINE OILS; SHORTENING OILS; SOLID-FAT INDEX; TRIGLYCERIDES; VEGETABLE OILS ID BLENDS AB Liquid vegetable oils (VO), including cottonseed, peanut, soybean, corn, and canola, were randomly interesterified with completely hydrogenated soybean or cottonseed hardstocks (vegetable oil trisaturate; VOTS) in ratios of four parts VO and one part VOTS. Analysis of the reaction products by high-performance liquid chromatography showed that at 70 degrees C and vigorous agitation, with 0.5% sodium methoxide catalyst, the reactions were complete after 15 min. Solid-fat index (SFI) measurements made at 50, 70, 80, 92, and 104 degrees F, along with drop melting points, indicated that the interesterified fats possess plasticity curves in the range of commercial soft tub margarine oils prepared by blending hydrogenated stocks. Shortening basestocks were prepared by randomly interesterifying palm or soybean ail with VOTS in ratios of 1:1 or 3:1 or 4:1, respectively. Blending of the interesterified basestocks with additional liquid VO yielded products having SFI curves very similar to commercial all purpose-type shortening oils made by blending hydrogenated stocks. Other studies show that fluid-type shortening oils can be prepared through blending of interesterified basestocks with liquid VO. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the desirable beta' crystal structure is achieved through interesterification and blending. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 14 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 72 IS 3 BP 379 EP 382 DI 10.1007/BF02541100 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA QM556 UT WOS:A1995QM55600020 ER PT J AU LIST, GR PELLOSO, T ORTHOEFER, F CHRYSAM, M MOUNTS, TL AF LIST, GR PELLOSO, T ORTHOEFER, F CHRYSAM, M MOUNTS, TL TI PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF ZERO TRANS SOYBEAN OIL MARGARINES SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Note DE INTERESTERIFIED OIL; MARGARINE; OIL OFF TEST; PENETRATION; PILOT PLANT; SOLID FAT INDEX; SOYBEAN OIL; YIELD VALUES ID BLENDS AB Experimental margarines were prepared in the pilot plant from interesterified soybean oil-soybean trisaturate blends and compared to a product made from hydrogenated soybean oil. Penetration, yield values, and water/oil off-data were determined. Margarine prepared from an interesterified soy-soy trisaturate blend (80:20) tended to crystallize slowly after votation and resulted in a somewhat harder than desirable product. However, addition of 20% liquid soybean oil to the interesterified oil yielded a softer product. The experimental products showed excellent oil and water loss properties under accelerated storage conditions. C1 NABISCO FOODS GRP,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46268. RICELAND FOODS INC,STUTTGART,AR 72160. NABISCO FOOD GRP,E HANOVER,NJ 07936. RP LIST, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 6 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 72 IS 3 BP 383 EP 384 DI 10.1007/BF02541101 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA QM556 UT WOS:A1995QM55600021 ER PT J AU ZIMMERMAN, RH STEFFENS, GL AF ZIMMERMAN, RH STEFFENS, GL TI CULTIVAR, PLANTING DENSITY, AND PLANT-GROWTH REGULATOR EFFECTS ON GROWTH AND FRUITING OF TISSUE-CULTURED APPLE-TREES SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE BURRKNOTS; CULTURAL PRACTICES; DAMINOZIDE; ETHEPHON; MALUS DOMESTICA; MICROPROPAGATION; PACLOBUTRAZOL; ROOTSTOCKS; UNICONAZOLE ID INVITRO; MALUS AB Tissue-culture (TC)-propagated 'Gala' and Triple Red 'Delicious' apple trees grown at three planting densities were not treated (CON) or treated with plant growth regulators (PGRs) starting the third or fourth season to control tree size and maximize fruiting. 'Gala' and 'Delicious' trees budded on M.7a rootstock (BUD) were also included as controls. 'Gala' trees were larger than 'Delicious' after the first three growing seasons but 'Delicious' were larger than 'Gala' at the end of 9 years, BUD trees were larger than CON trees the first few seasons but final trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) of CON trees averaged 43 % greater than BUD trees. Paclobutrazol and uniconazole treatments more readily controlled the growth of 'Gala' than 'Delicious' and uniconazole was more effective than paclobutrazol in controlling tree size. Daminozide + ethephon sprays (D+E-S) did not influence tree size. Tree size of both cultivars was inversely related to planting density and both triazole PGRs were more effective in controlling tree size as planting density increased. The trees had fewer flowers as planting density increased and BUD trees generally had more flowers than CON. Triazole PGRs had little effect on the flowering pattern of 'Gala' trees but tended to stimulate flowering of young 'Delicious' TC trees, although the increases were not sustained. The D+E-S treatment increased flowering of 'Gala' trees the last 3 years of the experiment and consistently increased flowering of 'Delicious' TC trees, Fruit yields were higher for young 'Gala' compared to 'Delicious' trees and the final cumulative yield per tree for 'Gala' was also greater. Yield per tree decreased as tree density increased and was the same for BUD and CON trees. D+E-S increased cumulative per tree yield of 'Delicious' but not of 'Gala'. Cumulative yields per tree for triazole-treated TC trees were the same as, or significantly lower than, CON trees, Increasing tree density did not increase yield/ha. Yield efficiency of 'Gala' trees was increased by three, and of 'Delicious' trees by one, of the triazole treatments, because they reduced TCSA proportionally more than they reduced per tree yield. There was less bienniality with 'Gala' than 'Delicious' and no difference between BUD and CON trees. Bienniality indices were higher for paclobutrazol-treated 'Gala' trees compared with CON 'Gala' but only uniconazole applied as a trunk paint increased the bienniality index of 'Delicious' trees. Chemical names used: succinic acid-2,2 dimethyl hydrazide (daminozide), (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon), (2RS,3RS)-l-(4-chlorophenyl)4,4-dimethyl-2- (1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol (paclobutrazol), (E)-(1-chlorophenyl)-4,4 -dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl) 1-penten-3-ol (uniconazole). RP ZIMMERMAN, RH (reprint author), USDA ARS,FRUIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 23 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 120 IS 2 BP 183 EP 193 PG 11 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA QH327 UT WOS:A1995QH32700008 ER PT J AU MANDRE, O RIEGER, M MYERS, SC SEVERSEN, R REGNARD, JL AF MANDRE, O RIEGER, M MYERS, SC SEVERSEN, R REGNARD, JL TI INTERACTION OF ROOT CONFINEMENT AND FRUITING IN PEACH SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE PRUNUS PERSICA; RESTRICTED ROOT ZONE VOLUME; CO2 ASSIMILATION; GAS EXCHANGE; NONSTRUCTURAL CARBOHYDRATES; PHOTOSYNTHESIS ID ZONE VOLUME; GROWTH; RESTRICTION; TREE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; RESPONSES; DENSITY; COTTON; TOMATO AB Fruiting and nonfruiting 'Washington' peach trees were grown in 2.4- (small) or 9 liter (large) containers to determine the influence of root confinement and fruiting on vegetative growth, fruit growth and quality, CO2 assimilation (A), and carbohydrate content. Shoot length, fruit diameter, A, and leaf carbohydrates were measured weekly. Thirteen weeks after transplanting, trees were divided into roots, shoots, leaves, and fruit for dry weight measurement. The dry weight of all organs except fruit was reduced by root confinement, and only the weight of stems formed the previous season was not reduced by fruiting. Fruit dry weight was 30.0 g/tree for large- and small-container treatments, causing the yield efficiency (g fruit/g total dry wt) to be 50 % higher for confined trees. Fruit red color, weight, and diameter were unaffected by root confinement, but higher flesh firmness and a more green ground color of the fruit surface from root-confined trees suggested that confinement delayed maturity. Vegetative growth was not reduced by lack of nonstructural carbohydrates in confined trees. A was reduced by root confinement on only the first of 11 measurement dates, whereas fruiting increased A on 5 of 8 measurement dates before fruit harvest. Fruit removal reduced A by 23 % and 31 % for nonconfined and confined trees, respectively, within 48 h of harvest. Leaf starch, sucrose, sorbitol, and total carbohydrate levels were negatively correlated with A when data were pooled, but inconsistent responses of A to carbohydrate content indicated that factors other than feedback inhibition were also responsible for the reduction in A on nonfruited trees. We hypothesized that a physiological signal originating in roots of confined trees reduced vegetative growth without reducing fruit growth. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT HORT,ATHENS,GA 30602. USDA ARS,RUSSELL RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30613. ECOLE NATL SUPER AGRON MONTIPELLIER,ARBORICULTURE FRUITERE LAB,F-34060 MONTPELLIER 1,FRANCE. RP MANDRE, O (reprint author), ECOLE NATL SUPER HORT,4 RUE HARDY,RP 914,F-78009 VERSAILLES,FRANCE. NR 28 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 120 IS 2 BP 228 EP 234 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA QH327 UT WOS:A1995QH32700015 ER PT J AU CHORTYK, OT YATES, IE REILLY, CC AF CHORTYK, OT YATES, IE REILLY, CC TI CHANGES IN CUTICULAR COMPOUNDS OF DEVELOPING PECAN LEAVES SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CARYA ILLINOENSIS; CLADOSPORIUM CARYIGENUM; HYDROCARBON; WAX ESTER; TRITERPENOID; ALIPHATIC ALCOHOL; FATTY ACID AND DIACYL GLYCERIDE ID WAXES; LEAF AB Leaf surface compounds of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] were analyzed with regard to developmental stage and to susceptibility to infection by Cladosporium caryigenum (Ell. et Lang. Gottwald). Immature and mature leaves of two resistant ('Elliott' and 'Sumner') and two susceptible ('Wichita' and 'Schley') cultivars were extracted with methylene chloride, Extracts were separated by silicic acid chromatography into polar and nonpolar fractions, Constituents of each fraction were subsequently separated by gas chromatography and were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Leaf surface constituents characterized included long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic wax esters, triterpenoid constituents, aliphatic alcohols, fatty acids, and diacyl glycerides. The predominant surface compounds on immature leaves were lipids such as fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and glycerides. On mature leaves, lipids declined and aliphatic hydrocarbons and triterpenoids became predominant leaf surface constituents. The changes were observed for all cultivars, regardless of genotypic response to C. caryigenum. Thus, we conclude that cuticular chemicals change dramatically during leaf maturation but do not correlate with resistance to scab disease common to certain pecan cultivars. C1 USDA ARS,SE FRUIT & TREE NUT RES LAB,BYRON,GA 31008. RP CHORTYK, OT (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 120 IS 2 BP 329 EP 335 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA QH327 UT WOS:A1995QH32700034 ER PT J AU KAMO, K BLOWERS, A SMITH, F VANECK, J LAWSON, R AF KAMO, K BLOWERS, A SMITH, F VANECK, J LAWSON, R TI STABLE TRANSFORMATION OF GLADIOLUS USING SUSPENSION CELLS AND CALLUS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE TRANSGENIC PLANTS; PARTICLE GUN; GUS ID ACT1 5' REGION; TRANSGENIC RICE; MICROPROJECTILE BOMBARDMENT; AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS; PLANTS; MAIZE; PROMOTER; GENES; EXPRESSION; FERTILE AB More than 100 transgenic Gladiolus plants were recovered after particle bombardment of regenerable suspension cells and callus. For transformation, Gladiolus callus and suspension cells were co-bombarded with phosphinothricin acetyltransferase-(PAT) and beta-glucuronidase (GUS)-expressing plasmids. Stably transformed calli were selected on medium containing either phosphinothricin (PPT) or bialaphos followed by transfer to a regeneration medium to recover transgenic plants. Stable transformation was confirmed by detection of the PAT gene by DNA gel blot analysis and by enzymatic assays to measure GUS activity. In general, particle bombardment of regenerable suspension cells rather than callus resulted in the largest number of transformants. The rate of co-expression for GUS in PPT-resistant plants was high (approximate to 70%). Promoters that are typically more efficient in dicotyledonous plants were very active in Gladiolus, a monocotyledonous bulb plant. Establishment of an efficient transformation protocol for Gladiolus will now allow the introduction of transgenes to confer resistance to the viral and fungal pathogens that decrease Gladiolus production. C1 SANFORD SCI,WATERLOO,NY. RP KAMO, K (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,FLORAL & NURSERY PLANTS RES UNIT,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. OI Kamo, Kathryn/0000-0001-6862-2410 NR 31 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 120 IS 2 BP 347 EP 352 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA QH327 UT WOS:A1995QH32700037 ER PT J AU KNOTHE, G BAGBY, MO AF KNOTHE, G BAGBY, MO TI C-13 NMR-SPECTROSCOPY OF UNSATURATED LONG-CHAIN COMPOUNDS - AN EVALUATION OF THE UNSATURATED CARBON SIGNALS AS RATIONAL FUNCTIONS SO JOURNAL OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY-PERKIN TRANSACTIONS 2 LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; ACID METHYL-ESTERS; FATTY-ACIDS; ATOMS AB Literature data on the C-13 NMR spectra of unsubstituted monounsaturated fatty acids and esters as well as fatty acids and esters with allylic hydroxy groups between the double bond and the terminal methyl group have been evaluated. The signals of the unsaturated carbons between the functional group at C-1 and the position of shift equivalence (POSE; defined as the location of the double bond where the separations of the olefinic carbon signals becomes zero in unsubstituted compounds) are of special interest because they depend on the distance of the unsaturation from C-1. The resonances of both unsaturated carbons as well as their difference (the shift value of the carbon closer to C-1 is subtracted from that of the C closer to the terminal methyl group) are rational functions. The equations for the s are the difference of the equations for the individual unsaturated carbons. When comparing Z and E unsaturation, the equations for s do not differ but those for the individual olefinic carbons differ. Some octadecadienoic acids are also discussed. The results generally agree with the electric field model presented by other authors for explaining the decreases in shift separations. RP KNOTHE, G (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE SCIENCE PARK MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4WF SN 0300-9580 J9 J CHEM SOC PERK T 2 JI J. Chem. Soc.-Perkin Trans. 2 PD MAR PY 1995 IS 3 BP 615 EP 620 DI 10.1039/p29950000615 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Organic; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA QL870 UT WOS:A1995QL87000031 ER PT J AU WIDSTROM, NW SNOOK, ME WILSON, DM CLEVELAND, TE MCMILLIAN, WW AF WIDSTROM, NW SNOOK, ME WILSON, DM CLEVELAND, TE MCMILLIAN, WW TI SILK MAYSIN CONTENT AND RESISTANCE OF COMMERCIAL CORN [MAIZE] HYBRIDS TO KERNEL CONTAMINATION BY AFLATOXIN SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS; PLANT RESISTANCE; HELICOVERPA ZEA; ANTIBIOSIS ID ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; PREHARVEST CORN; ZEA-MAYS; GROWTH; PLANT AB Several phenols and related compounds have been shown to have detrimental effects on insects while others have antibiotic activity against fungi which attack higher plants. Insects have also been implicated as contributors to preharvest contamination of corn [maize], Zea mays L, by aflatoxin. The objectives, therefore, were to determine (a) if commercial corn hybrids vary in their silk maysin content and aflatoxin contamination of the grain, and (b) if grain aflatoxin contamination is correlated with maysin and related compounds. During 4 years of testing, 16 corn hybrids varied significantly for silk maysin content and grain aflatoxin contamination. Based on correlations, grain aflatoxin content of the hybrids tested was not significantly associated with maysin, chlorogenic acid, and 3'-methoxymaysin contents. It was concluded that other untested phenolic compounds in the category of compounds analyzed in the present study could be involved in resistance to aflatoxin formation, and that other classes of compounds should also now be assessed to locate major chemical resistance components. C1 USDA ARS,RUSSELL RES CTR,SAA,ATHENS,GA 30613. UNIV GEORGIA,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,TIFTON,GA 31793. USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,MSA,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. RP WIDSTROM, NW (reprint author), USDA ARS,INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB,POB 748,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food. Agric. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 67 IS 3 BP 317 EP 321 DI 10.1002/jsfa.2740670307 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA QM873 UT WOS:A1995QM87300006 ER PT J AU JONES, BA MUCK, RE HATFIELD, RD AF JONES, BA MUCK, RE HATFIELD, RD TI RED-CLOVER EXTRACTS INHIBIT LEGUME PROTEOLYSIS SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE ENSILING; ALFALFA; LUCERNE; MEDICAGO; TRIFOLIUM; SILAGE; PROTEASES; OXIDASES; FERMENTATION; LUCERNE ID FORAGE AB Unwilted red clover and alfalfa herbage were hand-chopped, inoculated, ensiled into laboratory silos and opened after 0, 1, 3 and 7 days. Proteolysis was 40% lower with the red clover silage than alfalfa silage after 7 days of ensiling. The lower extent of proteolysis with the red clover silages could not be explained by differences in dry matter content, pH decline nor final pH of the silage. It was determined that red clover has a buffer soluble protein that could inhibit proteolysis in red clover and alfalfa. The soluble protein is possibly a polyphenoloxidase. C1 USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT AGRON,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 12 TC 79 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food. Agric. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 67 IS 3 BP 329 EP 333 DI 10.1002/jsfa.2740670309 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA QM873 UT WOS:A1995QM87300008 ER PT J AU AKIN, DE RIGSBY, LL GAMBLE, GR MORRISON, WH KIMBALL, BA PINTER, PJ WALL, GW GARCIA, RL LAMORTE, RL AF AKIN, DE RIGSBY, LL GAMBLE, GR MORRISON, WH KIMBALL, BA PINTER, PJ WALL, GW GARCIA, RL LAMORTE, RL TI BIODEGRADATION OF PLANT-CELL WALLS, WALL CARBOHYDRATES, AND WALL AROMATICS IN WHEAT GROWN IN AMBIENT OR ENRICHED CO2 CONCENTRATIONS SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE PHANEROCHAETE CHRYSOSPORIUM; CARBON DIOXIDE; BIODEGRADATION; WHEAT; TRITICUM AESTIVUM; CARBOHYDRATES; LIGNIN ID PHENOLIC CONSTITUENTS; ECOSYSTEMS; LIGNINS AB Mature internodes from wheat (Triticum aestivum L) grown in control (ambient at c 370 mu mol mol(-1)) or enriched (to 550 mu mol mol(-1)) concentrations of atmospheric CO2 in the free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) system were analyzed for potential changes in biodegradation of constituents due to predicted increases in atmospheric levels of CO2. The first internodes below the grain were incubated with the lignocellulose-degrading white rot fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium K-3, or incubated without microorganisms. Plant samples were then analyzed for dry weight loss, disposition of specific cell types to biodegradation using electron microscopy, carbohydrates and lignin using solid state NMR spectroscopy, and ester- and ether-linked aromatics using gas chromatography. Phanerochaete chrysosporium extensively degraded stems cells (c 75%) and both carbohydrate and aromatic portions of the wheat stems proportionately more carbohydrates were removed by the fungus from the stems. Enriched CO2 did not affect the chemical composition of wheat stems or the biodegradation by P chrysosporium of plant cell walls or wall components for the most part. Data from various methods all indicated that enriched CO2 did not substantially alter the biodegradation of wheat cell wall internodes or wall components. Evidence was not found for an influence on C cycling due to CO2 concentrations in this study. C1 USDA ARS, US WATER CONSERVAT LAB, PHOENIX, AZ 85040 USA. RP USDA ARS, RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR, POB 5677, ATHENS, GA 30604 USA. NR 25 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-5142 EI 1097-0010 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 67 IS 3 BP 399 EP 406 DI 10.1002/jsfa.2740670318 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA QM873 UT WOS:A1995QM87300017 ER PT J AU RATH, NC HUFF, WE BAYYARI, GR BALOG, JM AF RATH, NC HUFF, WE BAYYARI, GR BALOG, JM TI EFFECT OF THIRAM ON CHICK CHONDROCYTES IN CULTURE SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID TIBIAL DYSCHONDROPLASIA; TETRAMETHYLTHIURAM DISULFIDE; OSTEOCHONDROSIS; OSTEOMYELITIS; TURKEYS AB The effect of thiram, a fungicide that inc eases the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) in poultry, was studied in vitro using growth plate chondrocyte culture. Thiram caused a significant reduction in alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities at concentrations of 5 mu M and above. It was highly cytotoxic to chondrocytes at and above this concentration as determined by their ability to reduce 3(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (triazolyl blue, MTT), a marker oi cellular viability. An increase in the leakage of LDH into culture media was evident at concentration as low as 1 mu M. Very few differences were noticed in the electrophoretic migration profiles of cell-extract proteins at any treatment level relative to control. The cytotoxic effect of thiram is possibly due to its damaging effect on the cell membrane, which may be responsible for chondrocyte death. RP RATH, NC (reprint author), UNIV ARKANSAS,USDA ARS,BIOMASS RES CTR,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701, USA. NR 21 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0098-4108 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEALTH JI J. Toxicol. Environ. Health PD MAR PY 1995 VL 44 IS 3 BP 369 EP 376 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA QR491 UT WOS:A1995QR49100006 PM 7897697 ER PT J AU SVOBODA, JA WEIRICH, GF AF SVOBODA, JA WEIRICH, GF TI STEROL-METABOLISM IN THE TOBACCO HORNWORM, MANDUCA-SEXTA - A REVIEW SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Regulation of Biosynthesis and Function of Isopentenoids CY MAY, 1994 CL ATLANTA, GA ID 3-OXOECDYSTEROID REDUCTASES; FUCOSTEROL EPOXIDE; INSECTS; MIDGUT; ECDYSTEROIDS AB A number of intermediates involved in the dealkylation and conversion of the major C-28 and C-29 phytosterols to cholesterol in insects were first isolated and identified in studies with the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, carried out in our laboratory. We also investigated the effects of a variety of known sterol metabolism inhibitors in Manduca, particularly those affecting the Delta(24)-sterol reductase enzyme, and synthesized and tested a number of new inhibitors as well. In-depth studies of ecdysteroids in Manduca during embryogenesis and during pupal-adult development provided new information on molting hormone content, biosynthesis, and metabolism. In addition, this insect has been utilized in the study of three specific enzyme systems of ecdysteroid metabolism, namely 20-monooxygenase, 3-epimerase, and phosphotransferase, which are critical to activation and deactivation of molting hormones in insects. RP SVOBODA, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT NEUROBIOL & HORMONE LAB,PSI,BLDG 467,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 45 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD MAR PY 1995 VL 30 IS 3 BP 263 EP 267 DI 10.1007/BF02537831 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA QN228 UT WOS:A1995QN22800012 PM 7791536 ER PT J AU NORTON, RA AF NORTON, RA TI QUANTITATION OF STERYL FERULATE AND P-COUMARATE ESTERS FROM CORN AND RICE SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Regulation of Biosynthesis and Function of Isopentenoids CY MAY, 1994 CL ATLANTA, GA ID BRAN OIL; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; SITOSTANOL; ABSORPTION; ACIDS AB The principal steryl ferulate and p-coumarate esters of different fractions from processed corn brans and corn oils, unrefined and refined, and from rice bran and rice bran oil were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The results show that hexane-extracted corn oils yield more than five times the amount of esters compared to expeller processed oils. The yields of esters from bran and related products ranged from 0.07 to 0.54 mg/g of bran. Unrefined corn oils had levels from 0.18 to 8.6 mg/g For oil from hexane-extracted bran. By comparison, rice bran had ester levels of 3.4 mg/g of bran, and rice bran oil had levels of 15.7 mg/g of oil. The predominant esters from corn were sitostanyl and campestanyl ferulate, and sitostanyl and campestanyl p-coumarate. The principal esters from rice bran were cycloartenyl, 24-methylenecycloartanyl, and campesteryl ferulate. Rice bran oils had low levels of 24-methylenecycloartanyl but high levels of cyclobranol esters. The data presented provide a direct comparison of steryl ferulate and p-coumarate levels in the two cereals, and will aid in selecting the most suitable sources for the isolation of these compounds from corn products. RP NORTON, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 21 TC 74 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD MAR PY 1995 VL 30 IS 3 BP 269 EP 274 DI 10.1007/BF02537832 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA QN228 UT WOS:A1995QN22800013 PM 7791537 ER PT J AU TALLENT, WH AF TALLENT, WH TI PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS - LESSONS LEARNED SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Note RP TALLENT, WH (reprint author), USDA ARS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW 9TH FLOOR, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD SPR PY 1995 VL 29 IS 1 BP 69 EP 70 PG 2 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA RF684 UT WOS:A1995RF68400014 ER PT J AU RUSSELL, JB COOK, GM AF RUSSELL, JB COOK, GM TI ENERGETICS OF BACTERIAL-GROWTH - BALANCE OF ANABOLIC AND CATABOLIC REACTIONS SO MICROBIOLOGICAL REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID KLEBSIELLA-AEROGENES NCTC-418; ADENYLATE ENERGY-CHARGE; MEMBRANE H+ CONDUCTANCE; EVALUATING CATTLE DIETS; PROTON MOTIVE FORCE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CHEMOSTAT CULTURE; STREPTOCOCCUS-BOVIS; MAINTENANCE ENERGY; HEAT-PRODUCTION AB Biomass formation represents one of the most basic aspects of bacterial metabolism. While there is an abundance of information concerning individual reactions that result in cell duplication, there has been surprisingly little information on the bioenergetics of growth. For many years, it was assumed that biomass production (anabolism) was proportional to the amount of ATP which could be derived from energy-yielding pathways (catabolism), but later work showed that the ATP yield (Y-ATP) was not necessarily a constant. Continuous-culture experiments indicated that bacteria utilized ATP for metabolic reactions that were not directly related to growth (maintenance functions). Mathematical derivations showed that maintenance energy appeared to be a growth rate-independent function of the cell mass and time. Later work, however, showed that maintenance energy alone could not account for all the variations in yield. Because only some of the discrepancy could be explained by the secretion of metabolites (overflow metabolism) or the diversion of catabolism to metabolic pathways which produced less ATP, it appeared that energy-excess cultures had mechanisms of spilling energy. Bacteria have the potential to spill excess ATP in futile enzyme cycles, but there has been little proof that such cycles are significant. Recent work indicated that bacteria can also use futile cycles of potassium, ammonia, and protons through the cell membrane to dissipate ATP tither directly or indirectly. The utility of energy spilling in bacteria has been a curiosity The deprivation of energy from potential competitors is at best a teleological explanation that cannot be easily supported by standard theories of natural selection. The priming of intracellular intermediates for future growth or protection of cells from potentially toxic end products (e.g., methylglyoxnl) seems a more plausible explanation. C1 CORNELL UNIV,MICROBIOL SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP RUSSELL, JB (reprint author), USDA ARS,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. RI Cook, Gregory/E-5665-2011 NR 135 TC 386 Z9 409 U1 6 U2 69 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0146-0749 J9 MICROBIOL REV JI Microbiol. Rev. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 59 IS 1 BP 48 EP 62 PG 15 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA QK986 UT WOS:A1995QK98600003 PM 7708012 ER PT J AU BERTACCINI, A VIBIO, M GUNDERSEN, DE LEE, IM AF BERTACCINI, A VIBIO, M GUNDERSEN, DE LEE, IM TI USE OF 16S RDNA GROUP-SPECIFIC PRIMERS FOR NESTED-PCR ASSAY TO DETECT PHYTOPLASMA INFECTION IN FRUIT TREES SO MINERVA BIOTECNOLOGICA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Workshop on Synthetic Oligonucleotides in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology CY FEB 02-03, 1995 CL FERRARA, ITALY SP UNIV FERRARA, INTERUNIV CONSORTIUM BIOTECHNOL DE PHYTOPLASMA INFECTIONS; NESTED PCR; OLIGONUCLEOTIDES ID MYCOPLASMALIKE ORGANISMS MLOS; STRAIN CLUSTER; ASTER YELLOWS; X-DISEASE; IDENTIFICATION; CLASSIFICATION AB To detect phytoplasma presence in plants, several ''universal'' primer pairs have been designated from sequences of their 16S rDNA gene. Recently, specific primers to use in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been developed in order to detect and characterize these organisms when present at very low concentrations such as in fruit trees. Since direct PCR did not detect phytoplasmas in fruit trees because of the low title of pathogens in the tissues, in this work nested-PCR assays were used. For this purpose two universal and four 16S rDNA group-specific primer pairs were employed in order to achieve ultra-sensitive detection and simultaneous classification of phytoplasmas. Results from the present study provide the evidence that as many as four discrete types of phytoplasmas can be associated with a particular disease in a single plant. Primary phytoplasmas associated with a particular disease could vary with individual plants even from the same orchard. The predominant phytoplasma associated with a particular disease may vary with geographical regions or even vary with seasons in the same geographical region. Detections of phytoplasmas associated with asymptomatic fruit trees indicate a role of these prokayotes in the chronic decline of these perennial crops. C1 UNIV BOLOGNA,IST PATOL VEGETALE,I-40126 BOLOGNA,ITALY. USDA ARS,MOLEC PLANT PATHOL LAB,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDIZIONI MINERVA MEDICA PI TURIN PA CORSO BRAMANTE 83-85 INT JOURNALS DEPT., 10126 TURIN, ITALY SN 1120-4826 J9 MINERVA BIOTECNOL JI Minerva Biotechnol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 7 IS 1 BP 74 EP 77 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA QG801 UT WOS:A1995QG80100015 ER PT J AU BECARD, G TAYLOR, LP DOUDS, DD PFEFFER, PE DONER, LW AF BECARD, G TAYLOR, LP DOUDS, DD PFEFFER, PE DONER, LW TI FLAVONOIDS ARE NOT NECESSARY PLANT SIGNAL COMPOUNDS IN ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL SYMBIOSES SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE CHALCONE SYNTHASE; GIGASPORA MARGARITA; POLYVINYLPOLYPYRROLIDONE; QUERCETIN ID DNA TRANSFORMED ROOTS; GIGASPORA-MARGARITA; HYPHAL GROWTH; INVITRO; FUNGUS; MUTANTS; POLLEN; CO2; ESTABLISHMENT; STIMULATION AB Some common flavonoids have been shown to greatly stimulate growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Although exudates of Ri T-DNA transformed roots of carrot similarly stimulate growth of AM fungi, HPLC (retention time), UV spectral and H-1 NMR analyses of tissue detected no flavonoids but rather various derivatives of caffeic acid. A pollen germination rescue bioassay also detected no flavonoids in root extracts. The addition of polyvinypolypyrrolidone to the culture medium to sequester putative exuded flavonoids did not prevent successful mycorrhizal establishment. Maize plants deficient in chalcone synthase activity, necessary for the biosynthesis of flavonoids, were equally colonized with AM fungi as maize with chalcone synthase. These results suggest that root metabolites in addition to flavonoids may stimulate AM fungal growth and that flavonoids are not necessary for the establishment of mycorrhizal symbiosis. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT,PULLMAN,WA 99164. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,PROGRAM PLANT PHYSIOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. NR 33 TC 77 Z9 85 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 8 IS 2 BP 252 EP 258 DI 10.1094/MPMI-8-0252 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA QX452 UT WOS:A1995QX45200008 ER PT J AU SPEAKMAN, JR ROBERTS, SB AF SPEAKMAN, JR ROBERTS, SB TI RECENT ADVANCES IN THE DOUBLY LABELED WATER TECHNIQUE - PROCEEDINGS OF A WORKSHOP MEETING HELD AT THE 78TH ANNUAL FASEB MEETING IN ANAHEIM, CA (APRIL 1994) SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP SPEAKMAN, JR (reprint author), UNIV ABERDEEN,DEPT ZOOL,TILLYDRONE AVE,ABERDEEN AB9 2TN,SCOTLAND. RI John, Speakman/A-9494-2008 OI John, Speakman/0000-0002-2457-1823 NR 5 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI BATON ROUGE PA 6400 PERKINS RD, BATON ROUGE, LA 70808 SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 3 SU 1 BP 1 EP 2 PG 2 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA QY264 UT WOS:A1995QY26400001 ER PT J AU ROBERTS, SB DIETZ, W SHARP, T DALLAL, GE HILL, JO AF ROBERTS, SB DIETZ, W SHARP, T DALLAL, GE HILL, JO TI MULTIPLE LABORATORY COMPARISON OF THE DOUBLY LABELED WATER TECHNIQUE SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE DOUBLY LABELED WATER; ENERGY METABOLISM; DEUTERIUM; HUMAN ID METABOLIZABLE ENERGY-INTAKE; TOTAL-BODY WATER; INDIRECT-CALORIMETRY; NUTRIENT-BALANCE; EXPENDITURE; HUMANS; VALIDATION; MEN AB A double-blind study was conducted to determine between-laboratory variability in the doubly labeled water method for measurement of total energy expenditure in humans, and to compare the accuracy and precision of three widely-used procedures for calculating rates of carbon dioxide production from the original isotope data, Eighteen laboratories from five countries participated in the study, All laboratories were provided with five water standards containing varying amounts of H-2 and O-18, and in addition 11 laboratories were provided with urine and dose specimens from one (six laboratories) or two (five laboratories) healthy elderly subjects of normal height and weight undergoing a calorimetric validation of the doubly labeled water method, The data from the five water standards were analyzed to predict between-laboratory variability in the doubly labeled water technique in all laboratories, In addition, data from the subjects were analyzed using the ''slope-intercept'', ''2-point'' and ''modified'' methods of calculation. The results confirm that the doubly labeled water method can be an accurate technique for the measurement of energy expenditure in adult human subjects in some laboratories. However, there was substantial between-laboratory variability in the results and some laboratories returned physiologically impossible results, There was no significant effect of calculation procedure on the accuracy of the technique in this limited comparison, although the slope-intercept procedure appeared to be more susceptible to analytical error than the other procedures. The isotope standards analyzed by participants in this study will be made available to other investigators on request. C1 FLOATING HOSP,NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,BOSTON,MA 02111. VANDERBILT UNIV,DEPT PEDIAT,NASHVILLE,TN 37232. RP ROBERTS, SB (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG07388]; NICHD NIH HHS [HD25579]; NIDDK NIH HHS [P30-DK4620] NR 17 TC 107 Z9 109 U1 0 U2 7 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI BATON ROUGE PA 6400 PERKINS RD, BATON ROUGE, LA 70808 SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 3 SU 1 BP 3 EP 13 PG 11 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA QY264 UT WOS:A1995QY26400002 PM 7736287 ER PT J AU DOLNIKOWSKI, GG AF DOLNIKOWSKI, GG TI A NEW SAMPLE PREPARATION METHOD FOR ISOTOPE RATIO MASS-SPECTROMETRY OF H-2-ENRICHED SAMPLES GENERATED BY THE DOUBLY LABELED WATER METHOD SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Note ID HYDROGEN C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI BATON ROUGE PA 6400 PERKINS RD, BATON ROUGE, LA 70808 SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 3 SU 1 BP 73 EP 74 PG 2 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA QY264 UT WOS:A1995QY26400010 PM 7736293 ER PT J AU FIOROTTO, ML DAVIS, TA SCHOKNECHT, P MERSMANN, HJ POND, WG AF FIOROTTO, ML DAVIS, TA SCHOKNECHT, P MERSMANN, HJ POND, WG TI BOTH MATERNAL OVERNUTRITION AND UNDERNUTRITION DURING GESTATION INCREASE THE ADIPOSITY OF YOUNG-ADULT PROGENY IN RATS SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE MATERNAL DIET; OBESITY; MALNUTRITION; HYPERPHAGIA; BODY COMPOSITION ID BODY-COMPOSITION; ZUCKER RATS; ORGAN SIZE; OBESITY; GROWTH; RESTRICTION; PREGNANCY; PATHWAYS; TISSUE AB We examined the influence of maternal diet during gestation on the growth and body composition of the progeny. On day 1 of gestation, rat darns were assigned to one of four feeding regimens: free access to standard rodent chow throughout gestation (AL); 20 g feed/day (prebreeding intake) throughout gestation (PB); 10 g feed/day from day 1 to day 14, then ad libitum from day 15 to parturition (RAL); 10 g feed/day from day 1 to 14, then 20 g/day to parturition (RPB). Progeny were fed ad libitum on standard chow diet from 3 to 12 weeks of age; food intake and weight gain were measured over this time. Body composition was measured at 12 weeks. The PB regimen restricted maternal food intake during the third trimester only; the RAL regimen restricted intake by 50% for two trimesters and produced hyperphagia in the third; the RPB regimen restricted intake by 50% for two trimesters, then intake (per unit body weight) was similar to that of AL dams during the third trimester. Litter size and progeny birth, weaning, and 12-week body weights were similar among the four groups. At 12 weeks of age, PB progeny had the highest body fat (per kg fat-free mass), despite similar feed intake during the 9-week postweaning period. The increased fat was proportionally distributed among intra-abdominal and subcutaneous depots. Progeny of RAL, AL, and RPB dams had similar amounts of body fat, but in RAL progeny more fat was present in intra-abdominal depots. The weights of fat-free mass, gastrointestinal tract and hindlimb skeletal muscles were unaffected by maternal diet. Restriction of maternal feed intake during the third week of gestation had subtle effects on the body composition of young adult progeny that could not be explained on the basis of differences in postweaning voluntary feed intake. RP FIOROTTO, ML (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,1100 BATES ST,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. NR 32 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI BATON ROUGE PA 6400 PERKINS RD, BATON ROUGE, LA 70808 SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 3 IS 2 BP 131 EP 141 PG 11 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA QX610 UT WOS:A1995QX61000003 PM 7719959 ER PT J AU ALLSOPP, PG NIEMCZYK, HD KLEIN, MG AF ALLSOPP, PG NIEMCZYK, HD KLEIN, MG TI SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS AND SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING FOR 3RD INSTARS OF BLACK TURFGRASS ATAENIUS, ATAENIUS-SPRETULUS (HALDEMAN), IN CONTROL TRIALS SO PEDOBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE SCARABAEIDAE; ATAENIUS SPRETULUS; BLACK TURFGRASS ATAENIUS; SAMPLING ID PATTERNS AB Sampling statistics were determined for third-instar black turfgrass ataenius, Ataenius spretulus, in control trials in turfgrass. Iwao's patchiness regression and a quadratic model were inappropriate for modelling the mean-variance relationships. Taylor's power law was used to model these data and relationships were developed for counts of third instars. Relationships to determine sample sizes for fixed levels of precision and fixed-precision-level stop lines for sequential sampling of third-instars were also developed. Neither the ln (x + 1) transformation nor the Healy and Taylor transformation consistently standardised the mean-variance relationships and the appropriate transformation should be selected on a case-by-case basis. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,USDA ARS,WOOSTER,OH 44691. OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,DEPT ENTOMOL,WOOSTER,OH 44691. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG JENA PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0031-4056 J9 PEDOBIOLOGIA JI Pedobiologia PD MAR PY 1995 VL 39 IS 2 BP 126 EP 131 PG 6 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA QQ835 UT WOS:A1995QQ83500004 ER PT J AU ABBAS, HK DUKE, SO PAUL, RN RILEY, RT TANAKA, T AF ABBAS, HK DUKE, SO PAUL, RN RILEY, RT TANAKA, T TI AAL-TOXIN, A POTENT NATURAL HERBICIDE WHICH DISRUPTS SPHINGOLIPID METABOLISM OF PLANTS SO PESTICIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry CY JUL 04-09, 1994 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP INT UNION PURE & APPL CHEM DE AAL-TOXIN; ALTERNARIA ALTERNATA (FR) KEISSEL; SPHINGOLIPID METABOLISM; HERBICIDE ID F-SP LYCOPERSICI; JIMSONWEED DATURA-STRAMONIUM; ALTERNARIA-ALTERNATA; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; FUMONISINS; PHYTOTOXICITY; MYCOTOXINS; SPHINGOSINE; TOMATO; CELLS AB AAL-toxin, a product of Alternaria alternata (Pr.) Keissl., is effective as a herbicide at low concentrations against a range of broadleaf plants (e.g. jimsonweed, prickly sida and black nightshade). However, monocotyledonous crops such as maize and wheat, as well as some varieties of tomato, are tolerant to it. The IC50 values for cellular electrolyte leakage and chlorophyll loss in duckweed (Lemna pausicostata L.) after 72 h treatment were 20-40 nM. Similar results were obtained with a susceptible tomato variety. AAL-toxin caused rapid cellular leakage of electrolytes, followed by cellular collapse; the first symptom at the ultrastructural level is disruption of the plasma membrane. The effects of the toxin are not light-dependent and appear to be associated with dysfunction of the plasma membrane. Fumonisins and sphingoid bases such as phytosphingosine cause similar effects, although these compounds are less potent (fumonisins, about 10-fold; sphingoid bases, about 100-fold). Recent studies suggest that in duckweed and in susceptible tomato varieties, AAL-toxin- and fumonisin B-1-induced disruption of sphingolipid metabolism is an early event in the cascade of events leading to phytotoxic injury and cell death. C1 USDA ARS,TOXICOL & MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT,ATHENS,GA 30613. UBE IND LTD,UBE,YAMAGUCHI,JAPAN. RP ABBAS, HK (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO WEED SCI LAB,POB 350,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 51 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0031-613X J9 PESTIC SCI JI Pestic. Sci. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 43 IS 3 BP 181 EP 187 DI 10.1002/ps.2780430302 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA QQ876 UT WOS:A1995QQ87600001 ER PT J AU SCHREUDER, HT LABAU, VJ HAZARD, JW AF SCHREUDER, HT LABAU, VJ HAZARD, JW TI THE ALASKA 4-PHASE FOREST INVENTORY SAMPLING DESIGN USING REMOTE-SENSING AND GROUND SAMPLING SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB A four-phase sampling method using Landsat, high-altitude color infrared photography low-altitude color infrared photography, and ground samples was tested in interior and coastal Alaska from 1982 through 1986. Ratio and regression estimators were applied using variables at the remote sensing phases as covariates related to variables of interest measured on the ground. The four-phase sampling strategy yielded more efficient estimators in coastal Alaska's more heavily timbered area than in interior Alaska's highly heterogeneous vegetation complexes. Advantages and disadvantages associated with each of she phases of the study are presented, as well as a general evaluation of the entire system. C1 STAT CONSULTING SERV,BEND,OR 97701. RP SCHREUDER, HT (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 61 IS 3 BP 291 EP 297 PG 7 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA QK756 UT WOS:A1995QK75600003 ER PT J AU ROESCH, FA VANDEUSEN, PC ZHU, ZL AF ROESCH, FA VANDEUSEN, PC ZHU, ZL TI A COMPARISON OF VARIOUS ESTIMATORS FOR UPDATING FOREST AREA COVERAGE USING AVHRR AND FOREST INVENTORY DATA SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB Various methods of adjusting low-cost and possibly biased estimates of percent forest coverage from AVHRR data with a subsample of higher-cost estimates from the USDA Forest Service's Forest Inventory and Analysis plots were investigated. Two ratio and two regression estimators were evaluated. Previous work (Zhu and Teuber, 1991) finding that the estimates from the two different data sources differed the most in highly fragmented land-use areas led to an investigation into improving the estimates through the use of independently derived estimates of population density. It is concluded that reasonable updates of percent forest area could be obtained through both the ratio and regression estimators and that use of population density as a surrogate for land-use fragmentation could help improve the estimators, although more direct methods of measuring land-use fragmentation might provide further improvement. C1 US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,SO FOREST INVENTORY & ANAL UNIT,STARKVILLE,MS 39759. RP ROESCH, FA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,INST QUANTITAT STUDIES,701 LOYOLA AVE,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70113, USA. NR 5 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 61 IS 3 BP 307 EP 311 PG 5 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA QK756 UT WOS:A1995QK75600005 ER PT J AU KLEIN, RR SALVUCCI, ME AF KLEIN, RR SALVUCCI, ME TI RUBISCO, RUBISCO ACTIVASE AND RIBULOSE-5-PHOSPHATE KINASE GENE-EXPRESSION AND POLYPEPTIDE ACCUMULATION IN A TOBACCO MUTANT DEFECTIVE IN CHLOROPLAST PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; NUCLEAR-PLASTID INTERACTION; PHOTOSYNTHETIC MUTANT ID RIBULOSEBISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE OXYGENASE; ILLUMINATED BARLEY SEEDLINGS; CIRCADIAN CLOCK; MESSENGER-RNA; HIGHER-PLANTS; PSAA-PSAB; TRANSCRIPTION; TRANSLATION; NUCLEAR; PSBA AB Expression of the genes for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco; rbcS and rbcL), Rubisco activase (rca) and ribulose-5-phosphate (Ru5-P) kinase (prk) and accumulation of the polypeptides was examined in chlorophyllous and chlorotic sectors of the D-p1 mutant of Nicotiana tabacum. Plastids from chlorotic sectors of this variegated plastome mutant contained 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits, but had abnormally low levels of plastid polysomes. Consequently, mutant plastids were translationally repressed, unable to synthesize plastid-encoded polypeptides including the large subunit of Rubisco despite the presence of the corresponding mRNAs. Transcripts of rbcS accumulated to near wild type levels in chlorotic sectors, but there was little accumulation of the Rubisco small subunit (SS) polypeptide or holoenzyme. Messenger-RNA isolated from chlorotic sectors effectively directed the synthesis of Rubisco SS in vitro suggesting that posttranslational factors were responsible for the decrease in Rubisco SS abundance. Transcripts of rca and prk also accumulated to near wild type levels in chlorotic sectors and a diurnal rhythm in the abundance of rca mRNA was detected in green and chlorotic sectors. Despite the low abundance of Rubisco holoenzyme in chlorotic sectors, Rubisco activase and Ru5-P kinase polypeptides accumulated to significant levels. Activities of Rubisco and Ru5-P kinase paralleled protein levels, indicating that active forms of these enzymes were present in chlorotic sectors. The data indicate that the developmental events governing the accumulation of Rubisco activase and Ru5-P kinase polypeptides and the diurnal regulation of rca expression were not dependent on the attainment of photosynthetically competent plastids or the accumulation of Rubisco. C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,USDA ARS,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT AGRON,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. NR 48 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 43 IS 3 BP 213 EP 223 DI 10.1007/BF00029934 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA RH513 UT WOS:A1995RH51300004 PM 24306844 ER PT J AU FRANCISCO, PB HARPER, JE AF FRANCISCO, PB HARPER, JE TI AUTOREGULATION OF SOYBEAN NODULATION - DELAYED INOCULATION INCREASES NODULE NUMBER SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE AUTOREGULATION; GLYCINE MAX; NODULATION; SOYBEAN; SPLIT-ROOT SYSTEM; TIME-SEPARATED INOCULATION ID MAX L MERR; NITROGEN-FIXATION; SUPERNODULATING MUTANT; GOVERNING NODULATION; RHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM; ROOT SYSTEMS; SUPPRESSION; NITRATE; GROWTH; IRRADIANCE AB The influence of seedling age at the time of inoculation on the regulation of nodule number in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) was examined in cv. Williams 82 and its hypermodulating mutant NOD1-3. Nodulation was evaluated on plants grown in plastic growth pouches or in vermiculite in 50- or 500-ml glass containers in growth chamber studies. Seeds or seedlings were inoculated once with Bradyrhizobium japonicum strain USDA 110 (10(8) cells seedling(-1)) between 0 and 15 days after sowing at 3- or 5-day intervals and were grown for 21 days after inoculation. Nodule number plant(-1) was similar across inoculation times in plants grown in growth pouches, but was significantly greater when inoculation was delayed and plants were grown in vermiculite in 500-ml containers. Plant culture in vermiculite in 50- or 500-ml containers confirmed the suppressive effect of restricted space for root growth on nodulation. Inoculation with 10(5) or 10(9) USDA 110 cells revealed that nodulation was inhibited by a high inoculum dose. There was a large increase in nodule number plant(-1) when plants were transferred from a restricted rooting environment (growth pouch culture) to a nonrestricted rooting environment (2-1 hydroponic pots). Autoregulation was also examined in split-root assemblies of plants in 500-ml containers of vermiculite. Controls involved concurrent inoculation of both root halves at 0, 4 or 8 days after transplant. Treatments involved time-separated inoculations of root halves with the primary and secondary inoculations being separated by 4 days. Plants were harvested at 21 days after inoculation. Williams 82 exhibited autoregulation of nodule number on the root half receiving delayed inoculation, regardless of plant age at the time of primary inoculation. Total nodule number plant(-1) invariably increased with later inoculation times. In contrast, NOD1-3 exhibited little, if any, autoregulation of nodule number. It was concluded that although Williams 82 exhibits autoregulation of nodule number and NOD2-3 does not, there was no finite limit to nodule number in either line since any delay in inoculation resulted in formation of a greater nodule number on both lines if root growth was not restricted. Nodule number in Williams 82 and NOD1-3 appears to be a function of infection sites (root size) at the time of inoculation and of subsequent plant growth. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS, USDA ARS, PLANT PHYSIOL & GENET RES UNIT, PLANT & ANIM BIOTECHNOL LAB 331, URBANA, IL 61801 USA. NR 28 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0031-9317 EI 1399-3054 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 93 IS 3 BP 411 EP 420 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1995.930301.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QM087 UT WOS:A1995QM08700001 ER PT J AU WANG, SY FAUST, M AF WANG, SY FAUST, M TI CHANGES OF INOSITOL PHOSPHATES DURING DECAPITATION-INDUCED LATERAL BUD BREAK OF MALUS-DOMESTICA SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE APPLE BUD; DECAPITATION; INOSITOL-1-PHOSPHATE; INOSITOL-1,4-BISPHOSPHATE; INOSITOL-1,4,5-TRIPHOSPHATE; MALUS DOMESTICA; PHOSPHOLIPID ID CULTURED PLANT-CELLS; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL TURNOVER; PHOSPHOLIPID TURNOVER; BRASSICA SEEDLINGS; RAPID CHANGES; GROWTH-CYCLE; METABOLISM; MEMBRANE; CA-2+; INOSITOLPHOSPHOLIPIDS AB An increase in phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidylinositol (PI) occurred during bud break induced by decapitation. Inositol-1-phosphate [Ins(1)P-1], inositol-1,4-bisphosphate [Ins(1,4)P-2], and inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P-3] were found in apple buds and increased progressively following decapitation. Ins(1)P-1 and Ins(1,4)P-2 peaked 48 h after decapitation and Ins(1,4,5)P-3 peaked 72 h after decapitation during the metabolic transition when buds emerged from dormancy. Ins(1,4)P-2 and Ins(1,4,5)P-3 levels declined thereafter. The lateral buds on shoots with intact terminals and decapitated shoots treated with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in the terminals tip remained dormant and there were no significant changes in phospholipid and inositol phosphate contents. RP WANG, SY (reprint author), USDA,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,FRUIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 37 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 93 IS 3 BP 471 EP 475 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1995.930309.x PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QM087 UT WOS:A1995QM08700009 ER PT J AU BRAUER, D TU, SI AF BRAUER, D TU, SI TI EFFECTS OF NUCLEOTIDE ANALOGS ON ATP HYDROLYSIS BY P-TYPE ATPASES - COMPARISON BETWEEN THE CANINE KIDNEY (NA(+)+K+) ATPASE AND MAIZE ROOT H+-ATPASE SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE 2',3'-O-(4-BENZOYLBENZOYL)ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; MAIZE; MODIFICATION; NUCLEOTIDE; ZEA MAYS; 5'-P-FLUOROSULFONYL-BENZOYLADENINE ID MAIZE ROOT MICROSOMES; VANADATE-SENSITIVE ATPASE; MEMBRANE H+-ATPASE; SARCOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; FUNCTIONAL CONSEQUENCES; NEUROSPORA-CRASSA; PROTON TRANSPORT; CALCIUM-PUMP; BINDING-SITE; ACTIVE-SITE AB The mechanism by which chemical energy is converted into an electrochemical gradient by P-type ATPase is not completely understood. The effects of ATP analogs on the canine kidney (Na+ + K+) ATPase were compared to effects of the same analogs on the maize (Zea mays L, cv. W7551) root H+-ATPase in order to identify probes for the ATP binding site of the maize root enzyme and to determine potential similarities of ATP hydrolysis mechanisms in these two enzymes. Six compounds able to modify the ATP binding site covalently were compared. These compounds could be classed into three distinct groups based on activity. The first group had little or no effect on catalytic activity of either enzyme and included 7-chloro-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole. The second group, which included azido adenine analogs, fluorescein isothiocyanate and 5'-p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyladenine, were inhibitors of ATP hydrolysis by both enzymes. However, the sensitivity of the (Na+ + K+) ATPase to inhibition was much greater than that exhibited by the maize root enzyme. The third group, which included periodate treated nucleotide derivatives and 2',3'-o-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine triphosphate, inhibited both enzymes similarly. This initial screening of these covalent modifiers indicated that 2'.3'-o-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine triphosphate was the optimal covalent modifier of the ATP binding site of the maize root enzyme. Certain reagents were much more effective against the (Na+ + K+) ATPase than the maize root enzyme, possibly indicating differences in the ATP binding and hydrolysis pathway for these two enzymes. Two ATP analogs that are not covalent modifiers were also tested: the trinitrophenyl derivatives of adenine nucleotides were better than 5'-adenylylimidodiphosphate for use as an ATP binding probe. RP BRAUER, D (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,SOIL BIOPHYS RES UNIT,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 32 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 93 IS 3 BP 526 EP 532 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1995.930317.x PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QM087 UT WOS:A1995QM08700017 ER PT J AU JIMENEZ, DR YOKOMI, RK MAYER, RT SHAPIRO, JP AF JIMENEZ, DR YOKOMI, RK MAYER, RT SHAPIRO, JP TI CYTOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY-INDUCED SQUASH SILVERLEAF SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BEMISIA-TABACI; CHITINASE; RESISTANCE; CUCUMBER; PEROXIDASE; CUCURBITA; DISORDER; PROTEIN; DAMAGE; PLANTS AB Squash silverleaf is a disorder of certain cultivars of Cucurbita which results from feeding by the silverleaf whitefly Bemisia argentifolii (formerly, Bemisia tabaci, biotype B), but not by the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Biotype A (B. tabaci-A). Because squash silverleaf aetiology is unknown, we compared the symptomology, cytology and physiology of Cucurbita pepo plants Fed upon by B. argentifolii and B. tabaci-A to find the mechanism of squash silverleaf induction. B. argentifolii induced rapid-onset, 100% (of upper leaf surface) expression of squash silverleaf regardless of the season, whereas B. tabaci-a induced some intervenal chlorosis but did not induce full expression of squash silverleaf. Cytology of silvered tissue revealed large intercellular air spaces between deformed mesophyll palisade cells and the adaxial epidermis. The chloroplast in the palisade cells and the plasmalemma around some of the vascular cells showed minor ultrastructural damage. Cellular autolysis, similar to other homopteran-induced phytotoxemias, was observed in tissue where the whitefly nymphs had fed and this damage was not due to direct stylet penetration. Ultrastructural examination of squash silverleaf-affected plants did not reveal any viral particles or inclusion bodies. Both whiteflies caused reductions in chlorophyll content, but the loss was greater with B. argentifolii. Two new intercellular fluid proteins were induced in silvered leaf tissue and the constitutive expression of another protein was suppressed. Enzyme assays performed on the intercellular fluid proteins indicated it exhibited reduced activities of chitinase and peroxidase. Similarities between this insect-induced host response and pathogen-induced responses are discussed. C1 USDA ARS,HORT RES LAB,ORLANDO,FL 32803. NR 46 TC 32 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS (LONDON) LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0885-5765 J9 PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P JI Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 46 IS 3 BP 227 EP 242 DI 10.1006/pmpp.1995.1018 PG 16 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QQ499 UT WOS:A1995QQ49900006 ER PT J AU FORTNUM, BA DECOTEAU, DR KASPERBAUER, MJ BRIDGES, W AF FORTNUM, BA DECOTEAU, DR KASPERBAUER, MJ BRIDGES, W TI EFFECT OF COLORED MULCHES ON ROOT-KNOT OF TOMATO SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE COLORED MULCHES; FAR-RED LIGHT ID FAR-RED LIGHT; MELOIDOGYNE-INCOGNITA; NEMATODE DEVELOPMENT; PLANTS; GROWTH AB The effect of different colored polyethylene mulches on quantity and spectra of reflected light, plant morphology, and root-knot disease was studied in field grown staked tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Spring versus fall experiments were conducted in 1987 and 1988 near Florence, South Carolina. Tomato plants were inoculated with Meloidogyne incognita at initial populations (Pi) of 0, 10, 50, 100, and 200 (X 10(3)) eggs per plant, and grown for 60 days over white, red, and black polyethylene mulch. White reflected more total light, more blue and a lower far-red to red ratio than red, whereas black reflected less than 5% of any color. Soil temperatures were warmer under black and red mulch than under white. Plants grown with white mulch had greater shoot, stem, and leaf weights, and leaf area than plants grown over black mulch (P less than or equal to 0.004). Plants grown with red mulch also had greater shoot, leaf, and stem weights, and leaf area, than plants grown over black mulch (P less than or equal to 0.068). Treatment interactions were observed for root weight (mulch color X Pi, P less than or equal to 0.001) and root-gall indices (season X mulch color X Pi, P less than or equal to 0.001). Reductions in shoot weights with increasing Pi coincided with increases in root weight. Linear and quadratic coefficients (absolute values) of the regressions (shoot and root weights on Pi), based on standardized data, were not different (P = 0.05) within each color. Although shoot and leaf biomass and leaf area varied among mulch colors, the relationship between biomass or area and Pi was described by quadratic equations for plants grown over white mulch and black mulch but not red mulch (P less than or equal to 0.057). The linear and quadratic coefficients of the equations (leaf area, leaf weight or stem weight on Pi) did not differ among tissues (P = 0.05) within a mulch color when calculations were based on stanadard values. C1 CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT HORT,CLEMSON,SC 29631. USDA ARS,COASTAL PLAINS SOIL WATER & PLANT RES CTR,FLORENCE,SC 29502. CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT EXPTL STAT,CLEMSON,SC 29631. RP FORTNUM, BA (reprint author), CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL & PHYSIOL,PEE DEE RES & EDUC CTR,FLORENCE,SC 29501, USA. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAR PY 1995 VL 85 IS 3 BP 312 EP 318 DI 10.1094/Phyto-85-312 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QR068 UT WOS:A1995QR06800009 ER PT J AU ROWHANI, A MANINGAS, MA LILE, LS DAUBERT, SD GOLINO, DA AF ROWHANI, A MANINGAS, MA LILE, LS DAUBERT, SD GOLINO, DA TI DEVELOPMENT OF A DETECTION SYSTEM FOR VIRUSES OF WOODY-PLANTS BASED ON PCR ANALYSIS OF IMMOBILIZED VIRIONS SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ANTIGEN CAPTURE PCR; APPLE MOSAIC VIRUS; CHERRY LEAFROLL VIRUS; CITRUS TRISTEZA VIRUS; GRAPEVINE FANLEAF VIRUS; PRUNE DWARF VIRUS; PRUNUS NECROTIC RINGSPOT VIRUS ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; GRAPEVINE FANLEAF VIRUS; CHERRY LEAFROLL VIRUS; HEPATITIS-A VIRUS; CITRUS TRISTEZA VIRUS; ENGLISH WALNUT TREES; PROTEIN GENE; IMMUNOCAPTURE; SEQUENCE; STRAIN AB The genomes of several viruses infecting woody host plants were found to serve as templates for the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) while still contained within their capsids as virions in solution. A detection system was developed in which the virions could be assayed by RT-PCR after recovery from solution by immobilization directly onto polypropylene or polystyrene surfaces. Components of crude plant extracts that could otherwise inhibit the RT-PCR analysis were washed away, and the immobilized virions could then be detected by the PCR reaction. Quantitative RT-PCR assays of virions bound nonspecifically to plastic were compared to those in which the viruses were bound by specific antiserum-directed immunocapture. Binding to plastic was inhibited to a greater extent by extracts of some of the host plants than was immunocapture. C1 USDA ARS,NATL GERMPLASM REPOSITORY,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP ROWHANI, A (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. NR 30 TC 98 Z9 109 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAR PY 1995 VL 85 IS 3 BP 347 EP 352 DI 10.1094/Phyto-85-347 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QR068 UT WOS:A1995QR06800015 ER PT J AU KEINATH, AP FARNHAM, MW ZITTER, TA AF KEINATH, AP FARNHAM, MW ZITTER, TA TI MORPHOLOGICAL, PATHOLOGICAL, AND GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION OF DIDYMELLA-BRYONIAE AND PHOMA SPP ISOLATED FROM CUCURBITS SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ASCOCHYTA CUCUMIS ID PCR AMPLIFICATION; POLYMORPHIC DNA; IDENTIFICATION; SOLANI; ASSAY AB Didymella bryoniae (anamorph Phoma cucurbitacearum), which causes gummy stem blight of cucurbits, occurs throughout the eastern United States. Other Phoma spp., such as P. exigua, also have been reported to cause symptoms of gummy stem blight. Twenty-seven isolates provisionally identified as D. bryoniae or Phoma spp. were obtained from diseased watermelon, cantaloupe, cucumber, pumpkin, and squash grown in South Carolina, New York, and Florida. D. bryoniae was clearly distinguished from Phoma after 7 days of growth on quarter-strength potato-dextrose agar at 24 C with a 12-h photoperiod. D. bryoniae produced white aerial mycelium, olivaceous green substrate mycelium, and few pycnidia; Phoma produced sparse aerial mycelium and numerous pycnidia, sometimes in concentric zones. The percent monoseptate conidia for D. bryoniae isolates ranged from 0 to 18%, whereas no Phoma isolate produced any septate conidia. Seventeen of 19 D. bryoniae isolates were pathogenic on watermelon cv. Charleston Gray and cantaloupe cv. Classic; all eight isolates of Phoma and two isolates of D, bryoniae were nonpathogenic. Genomic DNA was extracted from all 27 isolates described above plus two additional isolates of D. bryoniae from New York and one from Florida. DNA was amplified using PCR primed with random oligonucleotide decamers. RAPD amplification patterns clearly differentiated D. bryoniae from Phoma. Each of five primers used produced two to four amplified fragments that were unique either to all D. bryoniae or to all Phoma isolates. Thirteen additional fragments were present in all D. bryoniae isolates except two of the three isolates from New York. C1 USDA ARS,VEGETABLE LAB,CHARLESTON,SC 29414. CORNELL UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP KEINATH, AP (reprint author), CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL & PHYSIOL,CTR COASTAL RES & EDUC,CHARLESTON,SC 29414, USA. NR 28 TC 54 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAR PY 1995 VL 85 IS 3 BP 364 EP 369 DI 10.1094/Phyto-85-364 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QR068 UT WOS:A1995QR06800018 ER PT J AU CHEN, XM JONES, SS LINE, RF AF CHEN, XM JONES, SS LINE, RF TI CHROMOSOMAL LOCATION OF GENES FOR STRIPE RUST RESISTANCE IN SPRING WHEAT CULTIVARS COMPAIR, FIELDER, LEE, AND LEMHI AND INTERACTIONS OF ANEUPLOID WHEATS WITH RACES OF PUCCINIA-STRIIFORMIS SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CYTOGENETICS; GENE INTERACTION; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTION; MONOSOMIC ANALYSIS; YELLOW RUST ID GRAMINIS-TRITICI; DISEASE RESISTANCE; NORTH-AMERICAN; INHERITANCE AB The spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivar Lemhi has one gene, and cultivars Lee, Compair, and Fielder have two genes each for resistance to stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis. To determine the chromosomal locations of the genes, the cultivars were crossed with susceptible disomic Chinese Spring and a set of 21 Chinese Spring aneuploids. Monosomic Fl plants were cytologically determined, grown in a greenhouse, and self pollinated to produce F-2 seed. F-2 seedlings and their parents were inoculated with selected North American races of P. striiformis. The results confirmed that Yr6 in Fielder is on chromosome 7B and Yr8 in Compair is on chromosome 2D; and they show that YrLem in Lemhi is on chromosome 1B, YrLel in Lee is on chromosome 4D, YrLe2 in Lee is on chromosome 6D, YrCom in Compair is on chromosome 5B, and YrFie in Fielder is on chromosome 6D. None of the Lee genes that we detected with North American races is Yr7. We propose official gene designations Yr19 for YrCom, Yr20 for YrFie, Yr21 for YrLem, Yr22 for YrLel, and Yr23 for YrLe2. C1 USDA ARS,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP CHEN, XM (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 35 TC 43 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAR PY 1995 VL 85 IS 3 BP 375 EP 381 DI 10.1094/Phyto-85-375 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QR068 UT WOS:A1995QR06800020 ER PT J AU CAMPBELL, WJ OGREN, WL AF CAMPBELL, WJ OGREN, WL TI RUBISCO ACTIVASE ACTIVITY IN SPINACH LEAF EXTRACTS SO PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE LIGHT-ACTIVATION; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; RIBULOSE BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; RUBISCO ACTIVASE; RUBISCO ACTIVATION; SPINACEA OLERACEA ID RIBULOSE BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; OXYGENASE RUBISCO; LIGHT ACTIVATION; LEAVES; CO2; EXCHANGE; ATP AB Rubisco activase is a chloroplast stromal protein that catalyzes the activation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) in vivo. Activation must occur before rubisco can catalyze the photosynthetic assimilation of CO2. In leaves, photosynthesis and rubisco activation increase with increasing light intensity. Techniques are described that allow the activity of rubisco activase to be measured in extracts of spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) leaf tissue. In this context, rubisco activase activity is defined as the ability to promote activation of the inactive ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-bound rubisco in an ATP-dependent reaction. Determination of rubisco activase activity in extracts of dark and light treated leaf tissue revealed that the activation state of rubisco activase was independent of light intensity. C1 USDA ARS,PHOTOSYNTH RES UNIT,URBANA,IL 61801. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 6 PU JAPANESE SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI KYOTO PA SHIMOTACHIURI OGAWA HIGASHI KAMIKYOKU, KYOTO 602, JAPAN SN 0032-0781 J9 PLANT CELL PHYSIOL JI Plant Cell Physiol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 36 IS 2 BP 215 EP 220 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA QP087 UT WOS:A1995QP08700002 ER PT J AU ALLEN, EB ALLEN, MF HELM, DJ TRAPPE, JM MOLINA, R RINCON, E AF ALLEN, EB ALLEN, MF HELM, DJ TRAPPE, JM MOLINA, R RINCON, E TI PATTERNS AND REGULATION OF MYCORRHIZAL PLANT AND FUNGAL DIVERSITY SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Biodiversity CY MAY 03-06, 1993 CL MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, E LANSING, MI SP MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, SOIL ECOL SOC HO MICHIGAN STATE UNIV DE ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA; DIVERSITY; ECTOMYCORRHIZA; FUNCTIONAL REDUNDANCY; LATITUDINAL GRADIENT ID VASCULAR PLANTS; SOIL; PHOSPHORUS; BIOLOGY; FOREST; TREES; COMMUNITY; SYMBIOSES; GRADIENT; INOCULUM AB The diversity of mycorrhizal fungi does not follow patterns of plant diversity, and the type of mycorrhiza may regulate plant species diversity. For instance, coniferous forests of northern latitudes may have more than 1000 species of ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi where only a few ectomycorrhizal plant species dominate, but there are fewer than 25 species of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi in tropical deciduous forest in Mexico with 1000 plant species. AM and EM fungi are distributed according to biome, with AM fungi predominant in arid and semiarid biomes, and EM fungi predominant in mesic biomes. In addition, AM fungi tend to be more abundant in soils of low organic matter, perhaps explaining their predominance in moist tropical forest, and EM fungi generally occur in sails with higher surface organic matter. EM fungi are relatively selective of host plant species, while AM tend to be generalists. Similar morphotypes of AM fungi collected from different sites confer different physiological benefits to the same plant species. While the EM fungi have taxonomic diversity, the AM fungi must have physiological diversity for individual species to be so widespread, as supported by existing studies. The environmental adaptations of mycorrhizal fungi are often thought to be determined by their host plant, but we suggest that the physiology and genetics of the fungi themselves, along with their responses to the plant and the environment, regulates their diversity. We observed that one AM plant species, Artemisia tridentata, was associated with different fungal species across its range, indicating that the fungi can respond to the environment directly and must not do so indirectly via the host. Different species of fungi were also active during different times of the growing season on the same host, again suggesting a direct response to the environment. These patterns suggest that even within a single ''functional group'' of microorganisms, mycorrhizal fungi, considerable diversity exists. A number of researchers have expressed the concept of functional redundancy within functional groups of microorganisms, implying that the loss of a few species would not be detectable in ecosystem functioning. However, there may be high functional diversity of AM fungi within and across habitats, and high species diversity as well for EM fungi. If one species of mycorrhizal fungus becomes extinct in a habitat, field experimental data on AM fungi suggest there may be significant shifts in how plants acquire resources and grow in that habitat. C1 SAN DIEGO STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,SAN DIEGO,CA 92182. UNIV ALASKA,AGR & FORESTRY RES STN,PALMER,AK 99645. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. US FOREST SERV,FORESTRY SCI LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. NATL AUTONOMOUS UNIV MEXICO,CTR ECOL,MEXICO CITY 04510,DF,MEXICO. RP ALLEN, EB (reprint author), UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT BOT & PLANT SCI,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521, USA. NR 78 TC 193 Z9 214 U1 6 U2 93 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD MAR PY 1995 VL 170 IS 1 BP 47 EP 62 DI 10.1007/BF02183054 PG 16 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA QV546 UT WOS:A1995QV54600005 ER PT J AU KENNEDY, AC SMITH, KL AF KENNEDY, AC SMITH, KL TI SOIL MICROBIAL DIVERSITY AND THE SUSTAINABILITY OF AGRICULTURAL SOILS SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Biodiversity CY MAY 03-06, 1993 CL MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, E LANSING, MI SP MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, SOIL ECOL SOC HO MICHIGAN STATE UNIV DE AGROECOSYSTEMS; BIODIVERSITY; COMMUNITY; INDEXES; SOIL QUALITY; SUSTAINABLE ID ORGANIC-MATTER; BIODIVERSITY; BIOMASS; RHIZOBACTERIA; MICROORGANISMS; BIOTECHNOLOGY; COMMUNITIES; DYNAMICS; QUALITY; SYSTEMS AB Many world ecosystems are in various states of decline evidenced by erosion, low productivity, and poor water quality caused by forest clearing, intensive agricultural production, and continued use of land resources for purposes that are not sustainable. The biological diversity of these systems is being altered. Little research has been conducted to quantify the beneficial relationships between microbial diversity, soil and plant quality, and ecosystem sustainability. Ecosystem functioning is governed largely by soil microbial dynamics. Differences in microbial properties and activities of soils have been reported but are restricted to general ecological enumeration methods or activity levels, which are limited in their ability to describe a particular ecosystem. Microbial populations and their responses to stresses have been traditionally studied at the process level, in terms of total numbers of microorganisms, biomass, respiration rates, and enzyme activities, with little attention being paid to responses at the community or the organismal levels. These process level measurements, although critical to understanding the ecosystem, may be insensitive to community level changes due to the redundancy of these functions. As microbial communities comprise complex interactions between diverse organisms, they should be studied as such, and not as a ''black box'' into which inputs are entered and outputs are received at measured rates. Microbial communities and their processes need to be examined in relation to not only the individuals that comprise the community, but the effect of perturbations or environmental stresses on those communities. RP KENNEDY, AC (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 88 TC 315 Z9 451 U1 16 U2 106 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD MAR PY 1995 VL 170 IS 1 BP 75 EP 86 DI 10.1007/BF02183056 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA QV546 UT WOS:A1995QV54600007 ER PT J AU WANDER, MM HEDRICK, DS KAUFMAN, D TRAINA, SJ STINNER, BR KEHRMEYER, SR WHITE, DC AF WANDER, MM HEDRICK, DS KAUFMAN, D TRAINA, SJ STINNER, BR KEHRMEYER, SR WHITE, DC TI THE FUNCTIONAL-SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MICROBIAL BIOMASS IN ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONALLY MANAGED SOILS SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Biodiversity CY MAY 03-06, 1993 CL MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, E LANSING, MI SP MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, SOIL ECOL SOC HO MICHIGAN STATE UNIV DE BIOMASS; FAME; FATTY ACID METHYL ESTERS; MICROBIAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; MICROBIAL ECOLOGY; ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL MANAGEMENT; PHOSPHOLIPID FATTY ACIDS; PLFA; SOIL PROCESSES ID COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; FATTY-ACIDS; SEDIMENTS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; BIOMARKERS; BACTERIAL; CARBON; STATE AB In order to achieve sustainability in managed ecosystems we must understand management impacts on soil processes and clarify the regulatory role of the microbial community on these processes. Crop rotation and organic management practices are thought to have positive impacts on the microbial biomass; however, the specific impacts of crop rotation organic management on soil microbial ecology are largely unknown. The effect of organic management on soil microbial ecology was investigated using soils collected from the Rodale Institute Research Center's long-term Farming Systems Trial (FST) experiment. The FST, begun in 1981, included a manured and a cover cropped organic rotation and a conventionally managed grain based rotation. Soil respiration rates and C-13-isotope fate in a companion study suggest that the biomass characteristics of the FST treatment soils were different in November 1991. However, direct measurement of the microbial community at this time using Phospholipid Fatty Acid Analysis (PLFA) did not identify statistically significant treatment based differences in soil biomass characteristics. Variability among the PLFA profiles of treatment replicates was as great as variability between farming systems. Treatment based trends were observed among selected PLFAs, particularly those present in large amounts, that were consistent with indirect biomass and biomass-dependent measures. Overall, PLFA profiles, soil respiration rates and C-13-cycling suggested that the organic cover cropped soil had the Largest and most heterogeneous microbial population while the biomass of the organic-manure amended soil was the least heterogeneous, and the most metabolically active. C1 UNIV TENNESSEE,CTR ENVIRONM BIOTECHNOL,KNOXVILLE,TN 37932. RODALE INST RES CTR,USDA ARS,SOIL MICROBIAL SYST LAB,KUTZTOWN,PA. RP WANDER, MM (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,COLUMBUS,OH 43210, USA. NR 52 TC 68 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 16 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD MAR PY 1995 VL 170 IS 1 BP 87 EP 97 DI 10.1007/BF02183057 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA QV546 UT WOS:A1995QV54600008 ER PT J AU MCCARTY, GW AF MCCARTY, GW TI THE ROLE OF GLUTAMINE-SYNTHETASE IN REGULATION OF NITROGEN-METABOLISM WITHIN THE SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITY SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Biodiversity CY MAY 03-06, 1993 CL MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, E LANSING, MI SP MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, SOIL ECOL SOC HO MICHIGAN STATE UNIV DE ASSIMILATORY NITRATE REDUCTASE; GOGAT; GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE; NITROGEN ASSIMILATION; UREASE ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; NITRATE; AMMONIUM; ASSIMILATION; MICROORGANISMS; INHIBITION; MANGANESE; MN2+ AB Recent advances in our understanding of the enzymology and regulatory systems involved in microbial metabolism of N hold promise to elucidate some of the underlying factors controlling metabolism of N in soil ecosystems. A review of recent work is used to construct a paradigm for N metabolism regulation in soil based on the central role of glutamine synthetase (GS) in such regulation within the soil microbial community. The studies involved use of GS inhibitors to elucidate the role of GS activity in regulation of soil N metabolism. Such studies have shown that the glutamine formed by microbial assimilation of NH4+ via GS activity influences the regulatory mechanisms controlling both the production and activity of enzymes involved in N metabolism. For example, these studies showed that the inhibition of GS activity within the soil microbial community relieved the repression of urease production caused by microbial assimilation of inorganic N and blocked the short-term regulation of assimilatory nitrate reductase (ANR) by NH4+ assimilation. Other studies have indicated that common environmental factors in soil may influence GS activity in microorganisms and thereby may influence metabolism of N within the soil microbial community. The paradigm for N metabolism regulation in soil that has emerged from such studies should lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling fate of N in soil ecosystems. RP MCCARTY, GW (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 26 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD MAR PY 1995 VL 170 IS 1 BP 141 EP 147 DI 10.1007/BF02183062 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA QV546 UT WOS:A1995QV54600013 ER PT J AU BOERNER, REJ REBBECK, J AF BOERNER, REJ REBBECK, J TI DECOMPOSITION AND NITROGEN RELEASE FROM LEAVES OF 3 HARDWOOD SPECIES GROWN UNDER ELEVATED O-3 AND/OR CO2 SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Biodiversity CY MAY 03-06, 1993 CL MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, E LANSING, MI SP MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, SOIL ECOL SOC HO MICHIGAN STATE UNIV DE CARBON DIOXIDE; DECOMPOSITION; LIGNIN; NITROGEN; OZONE ID SULFUR-DIOXIDE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CARBON-DIOXIDE; ACIDIC RAIN; OZONE; SEEDLINGS; RESPONSES; TREE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; QUALITY AB Elevated concentrations of O-3 and CO2 have both been shown to affect structure, nutrient status, and deposition of secondary metabolites in leaves of forest trees. While such studies have produced robust models of the effects of such air pollutants on tree ecophysiology and growth, few have considered the potential for broader, ecosystem-level effects after these chemically and structurally altered leaves fall as leaf litter and decay. To determine the effects of elevated O-3 and/or CO2 on the subsequent decomposition and nutrient release from the leaves grown in such altered atmospheres, we grew seedlings of three widespread North American forest trees, black cherry (Prunus serotina) (BC), sugar maple (Acer saccharum) (SM), and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) (YP) for two growing seasons in charcoal-filtered air (CF-air=approximately 25% ambient O-3), ambient O-3 (1X) or twice-ambient O-3 (2X) in outdoor open-top chambers. We then assayed the loss of mass and N from the litter derived from those seedlings through one year litterbag incubations in the forest floor of a neighboring forest stand. Mass loss followed linear functions and was not affected by the O-3 regime in which the leaves were grown. Instantaneous decay rates (i.e. k values) averaged SM:-0.707 y(-1), BC:-0.613 y(-1), and YP:-0.859 y(-1). N loss from ambient (1X) O-3-grown SM leaves was significantly greater than from CF-air leaves; N loss from BC leaves did not differ among treatments. Significantly less N was released from CF-air-grown YP leaves than from 1X or 2X O-3-treated leaves. YP leaves from plants grown in pots at 2X O-3 and 350 ppm supplemental CO2 in indoor pollutant fumigation chambers (CSTRs or Continuously Stirred Tank Reactors) loss 40% as much mass and 27% as much N over one year as did leaves from YP grown in CF-air or 2X O-3. Thus, for leaves from plants grown in pots in controlled environment fumigation chambers, the concentrations of both O-3 and CO2 can affect N release from litter incubated in the field whereas mass loss rate was affected only by CO2. Because both mass loss and N release from leaves grown at elevated CO2 were reduced significantly (at least for yellow-poplar), forests exposed to elevated CO2 may have significantly reduced N turnover rates, thereby resulting in increased N limitation of tree growth, especially in forests which are already N-limited. C1 US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,DELAWARE,OH 43015. RP BOERNER, REJ (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT BIOL,1735 NEIL AVE,COLUMBUS,OH 43210, USA. NR 31 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD MAR PY 1995 VL 170 IS 1 BP 149 EP 157 DI 10.1007/BF02183063 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA QV546 UT WOS:A1995QV54600014 ER PT J AU NEHER, DA PECK, SL RAWLINGS, JO CAMPBELL, CL AF NEHER, DA PECK, SL RAWLINGS, JO CAMPBELL, CL TI MEASURES OF NEMATODE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND SOURCES OF VARIABILITY AMONG AND WITHIN AGRICULTURAL FIELDS SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Biodiversity CY MAY 03-06, 1993 CL MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, E LANSING, MI SP MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, SOIL ECOL SOC HO MICHIGAN STATE UNIV DE DIVERSITY INDEX; MATURITY INDEX; POWER CURVE; SEMI-VARIOGRAM; VARIANCE COMPONENT ID PLANT-PARASITIC NEMATODES; NO-TILLAGE AGROECOSYSTEMS; ENVIRONMENTAL DISTURBANCE; POPULATION-DENSITIES; FOOD WEBS; SOIL; ABUNDANCE; GROWTH; INDEX; PLOTS AB Whole nematode communities, extracted from soil samples taken from agricultural fields, were enumerated by taxonomic family and trophic group (i.e., bacterivores, fungivores, omnivores, plant-parasites, and predators) to evaluate nematode community structure as an indicator for monitoring ecological condition of soil. No differences were found in mixing treatments or methods of packing or shipping samples. However, extraction using Cobb's sifting and gravity method, followed by sucrose centrifugation, gave greater recovery of free-living nematodes than elutriation followed by sucrose centrifugation. Population means and variance of the sampled area were similar when sampled using different strategies for collecting soil samples within fields, including several patterns, directions and repetitions of transects. Components of variation associated with ratios among the five trophic groups of nematodes and selected indices of community structure were quantified as variation among regions, among counties, among agricultural fields (2-ha area), among transects within agricultural fields, and within composite soil samples. The variance component for 'within composite soil samples' was relatively large compared to the other components of variance. Variation within composite soil samples was less for maturity indices (based on life-history strategy characteristics), ratio of bacterivores to plant-parasites, sum of bacterivores and fungivores, populations of plant-parasites, and populations of bacterivores than for trophic diversity indices, populations of fungivores, populations of omnivores, populations of predators, or the ratio of fungivores to bacterivores. With a single composite sample per field, the ability to differentiate ecological condition of soils among fields within a region improved if the variance among and within fields exceeded the variance within composite samples. Given the variance components, power curves indicated that detection of a 10% change (with 0.8 power) in the ecological condition of soils within a region between two time periods would require sampling a minimum of 25 and 50 fields with one composite soil sample analyzed per field for the maturity and trophic diversity index, respectively. More than 100 fields per region would be required to detect temporal change in populations of individual trophic groups. Biplots of maturity indices, but not of trophic diversity or populations of individual trophic groups, identified clear differences among fields. Thus, maturity indices, which differentiated among sampling sites better and more efficiently than trophic diversity indices or measures based on populations of individual trophic groups, may be appropriate for use in a regional and/or national monitoring program. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT STAT,RALEIGH,NC 27695. USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27606. RP NEHER, DA (reprint author), AGROECOSYST RESOURCE GRP,ENVIRONM MONITORING & ASSESSMENT PROGRAM,1509 VARS DR,RALEIGH,NC 27606, USA. NR 71 TC 60 Z9 67 U1 3 U2 19 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD MAR PY 1995 VL 170 IS 1 BP 167 EP 181 DI 10.1007/BF02183065 PG 15 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA QV546 UT WOS:A1995QV54600016 ER PT J AU BOHLEN, PJ EDWARDS, WM EDWARDS, CA AF BOHLEN, PJ EDWARDS, WM EDWARDS, CA TI EARTHWORM COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AND DIVERSITY IN EXPERIMENTAL AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS IN NORTHEASTERN OHIO SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Soil Biodiversity CY MAY 03-06, 1993 CL MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, E LANSING, MI SP MICHIGAN STATE UNIV, SOIL ECOL SOC HO MICHIGAN STATE UNIV DE EARTHWORMS; CROPPING; BIODIVERSITY; DROUGHT EFFECTS; TILLAGE ID CONSERVATION TILLAGE; SOIL; AGROECOSYSTEMS; INFILTRATION; BURROWS AB Earthworms are known to have an important impact on soil fertility but much remains to be known about the factors that influence earthworm abundance and species diversity in agicultural soils and the impact of earthworm diversity on soil processes in those soils. We have studied factors that influence earthworm community structure and biodiversity in experimental agricultural watersheds at the North Appalachian Experimental Watershed near Coshocton, Ohio. We sampled earthworm communities in seven such watersheds from 1990 to 1992. Six earthworm species were present: Aporrectodea caliginosa, A. trapezoides, A. tuberculata, Lumbricus rubellus, Lumbricus terrestris and Octolasion tyrtaeum. The total earthworm biomass ranged from 2 to 32 g m(-2) and population levels ranged from 10 to 350 worms m(-2). Earthworm community structure and diversity differed among watersheds and was influenced by cropping patterns, geographic location and tillage. The greatest earthworm diversity and highest earthworm population levels occurred in a no-tillage watershed and a watershed that had previously been in ryegrass and long-term no-till. High earthworm populations were also observed in a chisel-plowed watershed. Watersheds that had been managed identically for 50 years had much different earthworm communities, indicating that factors other than management were important in determining species composition. The three watersheds with the lowest populations and diversity were adjacent to one another at one end of the station, indicating that at this site geographic location had the predominant influence on earthworm communities. A severe drought in 1991 greatly reduced earthworm populations and biomass. However, earthworm species differed in their response to drought with Lumbricus rubellus appearing to be the most drought-sensitive and Aporrectodea spp. the most drought-tolerant. C1 USDA ARS,N APPALACHIAN EXPTL WATERSHED,COSHOCTON,OH. RP BOHLEN, PJ (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,1735 NEIL AVE,COLUMBUS,OH 43210, USA. NR 25 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 2 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD MAR PY 1995 VL 170 IS 1 BP 233 EP 239 DI 10.1007/BF02183069 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA QV546 UT WOS:A1995QV54600020 ER PT J AU EYAL, Y CURIE, C MCCORMICK, S AF EYAL, Y CURIE, C MCCORMICK, S TI POLLEN SPECIFICITY ELEMENTS RESIDE IN 30 BP OF THE PROXIMAL PROMOTERS OF 2 POLLEN-EXPRESSED GENES SO PLANT CELL LA English DT Article ID FIREFLY LUCIFERASE GENE; DNA-BINDING PROTEIN; BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; TRANSCRIPTION; TOBACCO; CELLS; SEQUENCES; SELECTION; TRANSIENT AB Functional analyses previously identified minimal promoter regions required for maintaining high-level expression of the late anther tomato LAT52 and LAT59 genes in tomato pollen. Here, we now define elements that direct pollen specificity. We used a transient assay system consisting of two cell types that differentially express the LAT genes and both ''loss-of-function'' and ''gain-of-function'' approaches. Linker substitution mutants analyzed in the transient assay and in transgenic plants identified 30-bp proximal promoter regions of LAT52 and LAT59 that are essential for their expression in pollen and that confer pollen specificity when fused to the heterologous cauliflower mosaic virus 35S core promoter. In vivo competition experiments demonstrated that a common trans-acting factor interacts with the pollen specificity region of both LAT gene promoters and suggested that a common mechanism regulates their coordinate expression. Adjacent upstream elements, the 52/56 box in LAT52 and the 56/59 box in LAT59, are involved in modulating the level of expression in pollen. The 52/56 box may be a target for the binding of a member of the GT-1 transcription factor family. C1 USDA ARS,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,ALBANY,CA 94710. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,ALBANY,CA 94710. NR 37 TC 88 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 1040-4651 J9 PLANT CELL JI Plant Cell PD MAR PY 1995 VL 7 IS 3 BP 373 EP 384 DI 10.1105/tpc.7.3.373 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA QQ295 UT WOS:A1995QQ29500013 PM 7734969 ER PT J AU GANA, JA SHARMA, GC ZIPF, A SAHA, S ROBERTS, J WESENBERG, DM AF GANA, JA SHARMA, GC ZIPF, A SAHA, S ROBERTS, J WESENBERG, DM TI GENOTYPE EFFECTS ON PLANT-REGENERATION IN CALLUS AND SUSPENSION-CULTURES OF AVENA SO PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE LA English DT Article DE AVENA BYZANTINA; AVENA NUDA; AVENA SATIVA; PLATING EFFICIENCY; PICLORAM; SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS; TISSUE-CULTURES; SATIVA-L; SYSTEM AB Regenerative potential of the calli of nineteen genotypes of Avena sativa, Avena nuda, Avena byzantina and one interspecific hybrid were compared over three successive cultures. Highly significant genotype and genotype x subculture interactions were observed. Among the highest plant regenerable genotypes were 'Corbit' (first subculture); 'GAF/Park' and '88Ab3073' (second subculture); and 'GAF/Park' and '87Ab5932' (third subculture). These genotypes regenerated on an average 10 to 17 plants each from a 200 mg callus mass after a 30 to 45 proliferation period. 'GAF/Park', a progeny of an interspecific cross, regenerated plants at a significantly higher level (11.85 plants/rep), followed by the similarly performing A. sativa (6.23 plants) and A. nuda (5.06 plants) genotypes, which were significantly higher than the A. byzantina genotypes (2.07 plants). Four genotypes were tested for their adaptability to suspension culture and plant regeneration potential by separating their cells and cell clusters into two sizes: larger and smaller than 3 mm. Larger clusters yielded plants for three genotypes 'GAF/Park', '88Ab3073', and 'Tibor'. The smaller clusters only regenerated plants for 'GAF/Park' and '88Ab3073'. From one gram of callus used to initiate suspensions of 'GAF/Park' and '88Ab3073', 119.9 and 18.8 plants, respectively, were regenerated. The plants regenerated for various genotypes from agar-solidified or suspension culture experiments had normal growth and seed set. This study confirms high and sustained regenerative capabilities of 'GAF/Park', a restricted genotype due to the weedy Avena fatua genetic background and identifies alternative genotypes, especially 88Ab3073 for future tissue culture and transformation studies. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SMALL GRAINS GERMPLASM RES FACIL,ABERDEEN,ID 83210. RP GANA, JA (reprint author), ALABAMA A&M UNIV,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,POB 1208,NORMAL,AL 35762, USA. NR 17 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6857 J9 PLANT CELL TISS ORG JI Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 40 IS 3 BP 217 EP 224 DI 10.1007/BF00048126 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA QQ715 UT WOS:A1995QQ71500003 ER PT J AU ELGHAOUTH, A WILSON, CL WISNIEWSKI, ME AF ELGHAOUTH, A WILSON, CL WISNIEWSKI, ME TI SUGAR ANALOGS AS POTENTIAL FUNGICIDES FOR POSTHARVEST PATHOGENS OF APPLE AND PEACH SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE BLUE MOLD; SUGARS ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; RHIZOPUS-STOLONIFER; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; INHIBITION; RESISTANCE; DISEASES; CHITOSAN; 2-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE; 2-DEOXYGLUCOSE AB One-percent solutions of 2-deoxy-D-glucose, D-mannose, raffinose, L-sorbose, and 2-deoxy-D-ribose were tested as potential fungicides in apple and peach fruit wounds inoculated with Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium expansum in apple and Monilinia fructicola in peach. Among the sugar analogs tested, only 2-deoxy-D-glucose was effective in controlling decay in inoculated apple and peach fruit. A slight reduction in lesion diameter was detected with L-sorbose and D-mannose. Radial growth of B. cinerea, P. expansum, M. fructicola, and Rhizopus stolonifer was completely inhibited in vitro when 2-deoxy-D-glucose was incorporated into a potato-dextrose agar medium at a 1.0% concentration. Severe alterations in fungal growth were also observed including excessive branching, shortening of the hyphal segments, and hyphal swelling. The sugar analog, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, shows promise as a treatment for postharvest diseases. Effective formulations that are safe to humans must be developed before this technology can be used commercially. C1 UNIV LAVAL,CTR RECH & HORT,QUEBEC CITY,PQ G1K 7P4,CANADA. RP ELGHAOUTH, A (reprint author), USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,45 WILTSHIRE RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 23 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 79 IS 3 BP 254 EP 258 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QP752 UT WOS:A1995QP75200010 ER PT J AU GOTTWALD, TR AVINENT, L LLACER, G DEMENDOZA, AH CAMBRA, M AF GOTTWALD, TR AVINENT, L LLACER, G DEMENDOZA, AH CAMBRA, M TI ANALYSIS OF THE SPATIAL SPREAD OF SHARKS (PLUM POX VIRUS) IN APRICOT AND PEACH ORCHARDS IN EASTERN SPAIN SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE APHIDS; VIRUS EPIDEMIOLOGY ID GEOSTATISTICS; PLANTS AB Spatial patterns of sharka disease, caused by plum pox virus (PPV) and vectored by several species of aphid, were determined by double antibody sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using polyclonal antibodies in newly infected, mature apricot and peach orchards in eastern Spain. Among yearly assessments of plots examined for within- and across-row aggregation of adjacent sharka-diseased trees, only a few transects were found to have aggregation by ordinary runs analyses. Analyses, using beta-binomial index of dispersion (I-beta) to determine if spatial aggregation was present in each plot for data partitioned into quadrats of different spatial dimension, demonstrated occasional aggregation and results were generally inconclusive. Significant (I-beta) values, when present, were generally found associated with plots with higher disease incidence. No disease gradients were discernible for any of the plots and years. More rigorous spatial analyses were used to test for spatial relationships over longer distances. Two-dimensional distance class analyses indicated a spatial dependency of PPV-infected stone-fruit trees over distance, a general scarcity of significant distance classes near the origin, and the presence of significant distance classes occasionally comprising small loose clusters at distances near the center or distal end of the proximity matrices especially during the initial stages of the epidemics. Geostatistical analysis confirmed the lack of significant associations among immediately adjacent trees and the trend for higher order spatial associations in semivariograms for distances corresponding to the center and distal ends of the proximity matrices. This trend in semivariance over distance was best described by linear or exponential increase models compared with transitional models commonly used in geostatistics. Correlation analysis indicated a significant conservation of orientation of localized systemic infections in scaffold branches over years. The spatial patterns of sharka suggest the lack of movement of PPV-viruliferous aphid vectors to immediately adjacent trees and their preferential movement to trees several tree spaces away. C1 INST VALENCIANO INVEST AGR,E-46113 VALENCIA,SPAIN. RP GOTTWALD, TR (reprint author), USDA ARS,2120 CAMDEN RD,ORLANDO,FL 32803, USA. RI Cambra Alvarez, Mariano/O-6367-2014 OI Cambra Alvarez, Mariano/0000-0003-2170-9521 NR 40 TC 43 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 79 IS 3 BP 266 EP 278 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QP752 UT WOS:A1995QP75200013 ER PT J AU HARTMAN, GL NOEL, GR GRAY, LE AF HARTMAN, GL NOEL, GR GRAY, LE TI OCCURRENCE OF SOYBEAN SUDDEN-DEATH SYNDROME IN EAST-CENTRAL ILLINOIS AND ASSOCIATED YIELD LOSSES SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE GLYCINE MAX ID FUSARIUM-SOLANI; HETERODERA-GLYCINES; DISEASE AB Sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybeans, causal organism Fusarium solani, occurred for the first time in epidemic proportions in east-central Illinois in 1993. SDS occurred in 46% of the soybean fields, based on air and ground surveys. Within fields containing plants with SDS, the percent area affected ranged from 1 to 70% with an average of 7.3 and 13.9% for ground and aerial surveys, respectively. Soil samples taken in 25 fields in areas where all plants showed SDS symptoms and in adjacent areas where plants appeared healthy did not differ in cyst populations of soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). Disease severity and yield components were compared from replicated plots at an experimental farm and in a commercial field and in a nonreplicated commercial field. Diseased plants from infested areas had fewer pods and seeds and less 300-seed weights. Plant yields were 46, 41, and 20% less for plants in plots with a high incidence of SDS than were the yields for those with a low incidence of SDS in a nonreplicated commercial field, replicated plots at an experimental farm, and a commercial field, respectively. Seed germination was less and the frequency of Phomopsis spp. was greater on seeds harvested from plants in plots with a high occurrence of SDS compared to plots with a low occurrence of SDS. RP HARTMAN, GL (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,USDA ARS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 11 TC 38 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 79 IS 3 BP 314 EP 318 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QP752 UT WOS:A1995QP75200022 ER PT J AU SOMERS, DE QUAIL, PH AF SOMERS, DE QUAIL, PH TI TEMPORAL AND SPATIAL EXPRESSION PATTERNS OF PHYA AND PHYB GENES IN ARABIDOPSIS SO PLANT JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID AVENA-SATIVA L; FAR-RED LIGHT; PHYTOCHROME-A; 3 PHYTOCHROMES; TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION; PISUM-SATIVUM; SEEDLINGS; THALIANA; DEFICIENT; MUTANTS AB Phytochromes A and B have discrete photosensory functions in Arabidopsis. To determine whether differential temporal or spatial expression patterns of the PHYA and PHYB genes contribute to this phenomenon the expression of PHYA-GUS and PHYB-GUS reporter genes has been examined in transgenic Arabidopsis. Histochemical and quantitative biochemical analyses indicate that both transgenes are expressed extensively throughout the plant, including roots, shoots and flowers, during the entire life cycle, but with strong differences between the two in expression level and photoregulation, and more limited differences in spatial expression patterns. The data indicate that regulation is at the transcriptional level. In dry seed, PHYB-GUS is expressed throughout the embryo at three-fold higher levels than PHYA-GUS, which is confined primarily to the embryonic root tip. By contrast, PHYA promoter activity, despite strong negative regulation in shoots by light, is consistently higher than PHYB (two- to 20-fold) in both the light and dark in most tissues during all subsequent developmental phases, from seedling to mature adult. At the tissue level, most cells appear to express both transgenes at some level at all stages examined, with highest apparent activity in vascular tissue and root tips. With the notable exception of pollen, where high PHYB-GUS but not PHYA-GUS expression occurs, few major differences are observed in the quantitative spatial distribution pattern between the two transgenes. The strongly similar spatial and temporal expression patterns of PHYA-GUS and PHYB-GUS transgenes suggest that the differential photosensory activity of these two phytochromes occurs largely through differences in their (i) intrinsic biochemical activities, (ii) relative abundances, and/or (iii) independent and separate reaction partners, rather than through discrete, developmentally controlled expression patterns. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PLANT BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720. USDA ARS,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,ALBANY,CA 94710. RI Somers, David/A-9209-2010 NR 86 TC 92 Z9 99 U1 1 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0960-7412 J9 PLANT J JI Plant J. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 7 IS 3 BP 413 EP 427 DI 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1995.7030413.x PG 15 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QM702 UT WOS:A1995QM70200005 PM 7757114 ER PT J AU WADSWORTH, GJ GEBHARDT, JS MATTHEWS, BF AF WADSWORTH, GJ GEBHARDT, JS MATTHEWS, BF TI CHARACTERIZATION OF A SOYBEAN CDNA CLONE ENCODING THE MITOCHONDRIAL ISOZYME OF ASPARTATE-AMINOTRANSFERASE, AAT4 SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; CDNA; SOYBEAN; ISOZYME; MITOCHONDRIA; ANTIBODIES ID ROOT-NODULES; ISOENZYMES; METABOLISM; EXPRESSION; SEQUENCES; CARROT AB A soybean leaf cDNA clone, pSAT2, was isolated by hybridization to a carrot aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1.; AAT) cDNA clone at low stringency. pSAT2 contained an open reading frame encoding a 47 640 Da protein. The protein encoded by pSAT2 showed significant sequence similarity to AAT proteins from both plants and animals. It was most similar to two Panicum mitochondrial AATs, 81.5 % and 82.0% identity. Alignment of the pSAT2-encoded protein with other mature AAT enzymes revealed a 25 amino acid N-terminal extension with characteristics of a mitochondrial transit peptide. A plasmid, pEXAT2, was constructed to encode the mature pSAT2 protein lacking the putative mitochondrial transit peptide. Escherichia coli containing the plasmid expressed a functional AAT isozyme which comigrated with the soybean AAT4 isozyme during agarose gel electrophoresis. Equilibrium sucrose gradient sedimentation of soybean extracts demonstrated that AAT4 specifically cofractionated with mitochondria. Antibodies raised against the pEXAT2-encoded AAT protein reacted with AAT4 of soybean and not with other AAT isozymes detected in soybean tissues, providing further evidence that clone pSAT2 encodes the soybean mitochondrial isozyme AAT4. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,PLANT MOLEC BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 27 IS 6 BP 1085 EP 1095 DI 10.1007/BF00020882 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA RB396 UT WOS:A1995RB39600003 PM 7766891 ER PT J AU BIGWOOD, DW AF BIGWOOD, DW TI USING FUZZY SEARCHING TO RETRIEVE PLANT GENOME INFORMATION AT THE USDA, NATIONAL-AGRICULTURAL-LIBRARY SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA,NAL,ISD,GENOME INFORMAT GRP,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANSACTION PERIOD CONSORTIUM PI NEW BRUNSWICK PA DEPT 3091 RUTGERS-THE STATE UNIV OF NJ, NEW BRUNSWICK, NJ 08903 SN 0735-9640 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL REP JI Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 13 IS 1 BP 6 EP 8 DI 10.1007/BF02668384 PG 3 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA RH980 UT WOS:A1995RH98000002 ER PT J AU CHLAN, CA LIN, JM CARY, JW CLEVELAND, TE AF CHLAN, CA LIN, JM CARY, JW CLEVELAND, TE TI A PROCEDURE FOR BIOLISTIC TRANSFORMATION AND REGENERATION OF TRANSGENIC COTTON FROM MERISTEMATIC TISSUE SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER LA English DT Article DE BIOLISTIC TRANSFORMATION; TRANSGENIC COTTON; REGENERATION ID GOSSYPIUM-HIRSUTUM-L; PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; PLANT-REGENERATION AB We have optimized methods for transformation of cotton meristem tissue using the Bio-Rad PDS/1000/He gene gun, selection of transformed tissue, and regeneration of transformed cotton plants. We have used either single or multiple bombardments of cotton tissue with 1.6-Angstrom particles at rupture pressures of 90 or 110 kg/cm(2). The distance between the tissue and the source of particles can be varied between 3 and 6 cm. After bombardment, transformed cotton tissue is identified by selection for growth on media supplemented with 50 mu g/mL kanamycin. Tissue sections that form leaves, shoots and at least two roots are then transferred to media supplemented with 100 mg indoleacetic acid (IAA) to favor formation of extensive root systems. The plantlets are then transferred to soil, hardened off, and grown in the greenhouse. These plants have been confirmed to be transgenic by western-blot analysis of leaf protein extracts with polyclonal antiserum to the neomycin phosphotransferase II gene product. C1 UNIV SW LOUISIANA, DEPT BIOL, LAFAYETTE, LA 70504 USA. USDA ARS, SO REG RES CTR, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70179 USA. NR 15 TC 18 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0735-9640 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL REP JI Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 13 IS 1 BP 31 EP 37 DI 10.1007/BF02668391 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA RH980 UT WOS:A1995RH98000008 ER PT J AU ECHT, C AF ECHT, C TI 2ND INTERNATIONAL-SYMPOSIUM ON THE APPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY TO TREE CULTURE, PROTECTION AND UTILIZATION AND THE 1994 TAPPI-R-AND-D-BIOLOGICAL-SCIENCES-SYMPOSIUM SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,RHINELANDER,WI 54501. RI Echt, Craig/H-4684-2012 OI Echt, Craig/0000-0001-9330-4051 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANSACTION PERIOD CONSORTIUM PI NEW BRUNSWICK PA DEPT 3091 RUTGERS-THE STATE UNIV OF NJ, NEW BRUNSWICK, NJ 08903 SN 0735-9640 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL REP JI Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 13 IS 1 BP 56 EP 62 DI 10.1007/BF02668393 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA RH980 UT WOS:A1995RH98000010 ER PT J AU QUEBEDEAUX, B KALINSKI, A MCCARTHY, S BYRNE, P AF QUEBEDEAUX, B KALINSKI, A MCCARTHY, S BYRNE, P TI PLANT-GENOME-III SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER LA English DT Editorial Material C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT HORT,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. USDA,NATL AGR LIB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MISSOURI,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANSACTION PERIOD CONSORTIUM PI NEW BRUNSWICK PA DEPT 3091 RUTGERS-THE STATE UNIV OF NJ, NEW BRUNSWICK, NJ 08903 SN 0735-9640 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL REP JI Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 13 IS 1 BP 63 EP 68 DI 10.1007/BF02668394 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA RH980 UT WOS:A1995RH98000011 ER PT J AU WOO, SS RASTOGI, VK ZHANG, HB PATERSON, AH SCHERTZ, KF WING, RA AF WOO, SS RASTOGI, VK ZHANG, HB PATERSON, AH SCHERTZ, KF WING, RA TI ISOLATION OF MEGABASE-SIZE DNA FROM SORGHUM AND APPLICATIONS FOR PHYSICAL MAPPING AND BACTERIAL AND YEAST ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME LIBRARY CONSTRUCTION SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTER LA English DT Article DE SORGHUM BICOLOR; MEGABASE-SIZE DNA; YAC AND BAC CLONING; PHYSICAL MAPPING ID FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT DNA; MAP-BASED CLONING; GENOME EQUIVALENTS; DISEASE RESISTANCE; MAIZE; ARABIDOPSIS; CLONES; PROBES; TOMATO AB A method was developed for the isolation of megabase-size DNA from Sorghum bicolor. Sorghum protoplasts were isolated from young leaf tissue, embedded in an agarose matrix as microbeads or plugs, followed by cell lysis and protein degradation. The DNA prepared by this method was larger than 1 Mb in size and readily digestible with restriction enzymes. The DNA was shown to be suitable for physical mapping, and was successfully used for the construction of BAC and YAC libraries. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,USDA ARS,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT SOIL & CROP SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. OI Wing, Rod/0000-0001-6633-6226 NR 44 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU TRANSACTION PERIOD CONSORTIUM PI NEW BRUNSWICK PA DEPT 3091 RUTGERS-THE STATE UNIV OF NJ, NEW BRUNSWICK, NJ 08903 SN 0735-9640 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL REP JI Plant Mol. Biol. Rep. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 13 IS 1 BP 82 EP 94 DI 10.1007/BF02668396 PG 13 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA RH980 UT WOS:A1995RH98000013 ER PT J AU MUHITCH, MJ FELKER, FC TALIERCIO, EW CHOUREY, PS AF MUHITCH, MJ FELKER, FC TALIERCIO, EW CHOUREY, PS TI IMMUNOLOCALIZATION OF A UNIQUE FORM OF MAIZE KERNEL GLUTAMINE-SYNTHETASE USING A MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS L; ZEA-MAYS; AMINO-ACIDS; EXPRESSION; LEAVES; GENES; POLYPEPTIDES; TISSUES; PLANTS; IMMUNOCYTOLOCALIZATION AB The pedicel (basal maternal tissue) of maize (Zea mays L.) kernels contains a physically and kinetically unique form of glutamine synthetase (GS(p1)) that is involved in the conversion of transport forms of nitrogen into glutamine for uptake by the developing endosperm (M.J. Muhitch [1989] Plant Physiol 91: 868-875). A monoclonal antibody has been raised against this kernel-specific GS that does not cross-react either with a second GS isozyme found in the pedicel or with the GS isozymes from the embryo, roots, or leaves. When used as a probe for tissue printing, the antibody labeled the pedicel tissue uniformly and also labeled some of the pericarp surrounding the lower endosperm. Silver-enhanced immunogold staining of whole-kernel paraffin sections revealed the presence of GS(p1) in both the vascular tissue that terminates in the pedicel and the pedicel parenchyma cells, which are located between the vascular tissue and the basal endosperm transfer cells. Light staining of the subaleurone was also noted. The tissue-specific localization of GS(p1) within the pedicel is consistent with its role in the metabolism of nitrogenous transport compounds as they are unloaded from the phloem. C1 USDA ARS,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. RP MUHITCH, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PHYTOPROD RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 32 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 107 IS 3 BP 757 EP 763 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QM688 UT WOS:A1995QM68800011 ER PT J AU HOUTMAN, CJ ATALLA, RH AF HOUTMAN, CJ ATALLA, RH TI CELLULOSE-LIGNIN INTERACTIONS - A COMPUTATIONAL STUDY SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RAMAN MICROPROBE; NATIVE CELLULOSE; CELL-WALLS; HEMICELLULOSES AB Within a broader program of study of the molecular structure of plant cell walls, molecular dynamics calculations were used to explore the character of the motion of lignin model compounds near a cellulose surface. Model cellulose microfibrils, which have a large number of hydroxyl groups on the surface, appear to have a net attractive interaction with the lignin models examined in this study. The lignin monomer coniferyl alcohol rapidly adsorbed onto the surface from a water layer after it was released 13 Angstrom from the surface. The major long-range force responsible for this adsorption is likely electrostatic, The attractive interaction is sufficient to restrict the motion of coniferyl alcohol when it is within 1 Angstrom of the surface and to orient the phenyl ring parallel to the surface. The beta-O-4-linked trimer also was observed to adsorb onto the surface with two of its phenyl rings parallel to the surface, These results suggest a mechanism by which the polysaccharide component of the plant cell wall could influence the structure of lignin. Furthermore, they provide a rationalization of the experimental observation that polysaccharides can change the course of dehydrogenation polymerization of cinnamyl alcohols. C1 US FOREST SERV, FOREST PROD LAB, MADISON, WI 53705 USA. UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT CHEM ENGN, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. RI Houtman, Carl/I-4469-2012 NR 25 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 EI 1532-2548 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 107 IS 3 BP 977 EP 984 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QM688 UT WOS:A1995QM68800034 ER PT J AU TU, SI PATTERSON, D BRAUER, D HSU, AF AF TU, SI PATTERSON, D BRAUER, D HSU, AF TI INHIBITION OF CORN ROOT MEMBRANE ATPASE ACTIVITIES BY ORYZALIN SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE HERBICIDAL ACTION; H+-ATPASE; PLASMA MEMBRANE; PROTON TRANSPORT; TONOPLAST VESICLES; ZEA MAYS ID PLASMA-MEMBRANE; H+-ATPASE; TRANSLOCATING ATPASES; PROTON TRANSPORT; MAIZE ROOTS; PLANT-CELLS; TONOPLAST; BIOCHEMISTRY; MICROSOMES; VESICLES AB The effects of oryzalin, a herbicide, on the H+-ATPase activities of microsomal membranes from corn roots were investigated. The presence of the herbicide at micromolar concentrations did not significantly affect the hydrolytic activity of both tonoplast and plasma membrane H+-ATPases. However, the coupled proton pumping of the H+-ATPases in crude microsomes could be inhibited by the chemical. Similarly, the presence of micromolar levels of oryzalin also caused a steady decrease in ATP-driven proton pumping in purified tonoplast and plasma membrane vesicles. Kinetic analysis indicated that oryzalin decreased the initial proton pumping rate without significant effects on the proton leakage of both energized and de-energized membranes. In contrast, the presence of sub-optimal concentrations of CCCP, a conventional protonophore, inhibited the apparent proton pumping by increasing the proton leakage of the membrane. The results indicate that oryzalin may upset the generation and the utilization of ATP in corn root cells. The observed preferential inhibition on the proton pumping is consistent with a previously proposed indirect coupling mechanism for the root membrane H+-ATPases. RP TU, SI (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,NO ATLANTIC AREA,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 27 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU GAUTHIER-VILLARS PI MONTROUGE PA DEPT UNIV PROFESSIONNEL REVUES SCIENTIFIQUES TECHNIQUE 11 RUE GOSSIN, F-92543 MONTROUGE, FRANCE SN 0981-9428 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL BIOCH JI Plant Physiol. Biochem. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 33 IS 2 BP 141 EP 148 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QR333 UT WOS:A1995QR33300002 ER PT J AU WAN, YC WIDHOLM, JM LEMAUX, PG AF WAN, YC WIDHOLM, JM LEMAUX, PG TI TYPE-I CALLUS AS A BOMBARDMENT TARGET FOR GENERATING FERTILE TRANSGENIC MAIZE (ZEA-MAYS L) SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE TRANSFORMATION; TRANSGENE EXPRESSION; TRANSGENE SEGREGATION; TYPE I CALLUS; ZEA (TRANSFORMATION) ID ANTHER CULTURE RESPONSE; DOUBLED HAPLOID PLANTS; SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS; IMMATURE EMBRYOS; RAPID PRODUCTION; REGENERATION; TRANSFORMATION; GENE; PROTOPLASTS; DNA AB To develop a less genotype-dependent maize-transformation procedure, we used 10-month-old Type I callus as target tissue for microprojectile bombardment. Twelve transgenic callus lines were obtained from two of the three anther-culture-derived callus cultures representing different gentic backgrounds. Multiple fertile transgenic plants (T-0) were regenerated from each transgenic callus line. Transgenic leaves treated with the herbicide Basta showed no symptoms, indicating that one of the two introduced genes, bai, was functionally expressing. Data from DNA hybridization analysis confirmed that the introduced genes (bar and uidA) were integrated into the plant genome and that all lines derived from independent transformation events. Transmission of the introduced genes and the functional expression of bar in T-1 progeny was also confirmed. Germination of T-1 immature embryos in the presence of bialaphos was used as a screen for functional expression of bar; however, leaf painting of T-1 plants proved a more accurate predictor of bar expression in plants. This study suggests that maize Type I callus can be transformed efficiently through microprojectile bombardment and that fertile transgenic plants can be recovered. This system should facilitate the direct introduction of agronomically important genes into commercial genotypes. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,USDA ARS,DEPT PLANT BIOL,ALBANY,CA 94710. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT AGRON,PLANT & ANIM BIOTECHNOL LAB,URBANA,IL 61801. RP WAN, YC (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,USDA ARS,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 38 TC 44 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD MAR PY 1995 VL 196 IS 1 BP 7 EP 14 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QT551 UT WOS:A1995QT55100002 ER PT J AU HUBER, SC HUBER, JL AF HUBER, SC HUBER, JL TI METABOLIC ACTIVATORS OF SPINACH LEAF NITRATE REDUCTASE - EFFECTS ON ENZYMATIC-ACTIVITY AND DEPHOSPHORYLATION BY ENDOGENOUS PHOSPHATASES SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE HYSTERESIS; METABOLITE REGULATION; NITRATE REDUCTASE; PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE; SPINACIA ID LIGHT-DARK MODULATION; RAPID MODULATION; BARLEY LEAVES; PROTEIN; PHOSPHORYLATION; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; NUCLEOTIDES AB Nitrate reductase (NR; EC 1.6.6.1) in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves was inactivated in the dark and reactivated by light in vivo. When extracted from dark leaves, NR activity was lower and more strongly inhibited by Mg2+ relative to the enzyme extracted from leaves harvested in the light. When dark extracts were desalted at pH 6.5 and preincubated at 25 degrees C prior to assay, enzyme activity (assayed either in the presence or absence of Mg2+) remained essentially constant, i.e. there was no spontaneous reactivation in vitro. However, addition of certain metabolites resulted in a time- and concentration-dependent activation of NR in vitro. Effective activators included inorganic phosphate (Pi), 5'-AMP, and certain of its derivatives such as FAD and pyridine nucleotides (both oxidized and reduced forms). All of the activators increased NR activity as assayed in the absence of Mg2+, whereas some activators (e.g. Pi, 5'-AMP and FAD) also reduced Mg2+ inhibition. The reduction of Mg2+ inhibition was also time-dependent and was almost completely prevented by a combination of okadaic acid plus KF, suggesting the involvement of dephosphorylation catalyzed by endogenous phosphatase(s). In contrast, the activation of NR (assayed minus Mg2+) was relatively insensitive to phosphatase inhibitors, indicating a different mechanism was involved. Compounds that were not effective activators of NR included sulfate, ribose-5-phosphate, adenosine 5'-monosulfate, coenzyme A, ADP and ATP. We postulate that NR can exist in at least two states that differ in enzymatic activity. The activators appear to interact with the NR molecule at a site distinct from the NADH active site, and induce a slow conformational change (hysteresis) that increases NR activity (assayed in the absence of Mg2+). Possibly as a result of the conformational change caused by certain activators, the regulatory phospho-seryl groups are more readily dephosphorylated by endogenous phosphatases, thereby reducing sensitivity to Mg2+ inhibition. Preliminary results suggest that light/dark transitions in vivo may alter the distribution of NR molecules between the low- and high-activity forms. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP HUBER, SC (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 25 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD MAR PY 1995 VL 196 IS 1 BP 180 EP 189 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QT551 UT WOS:A1995QT55100023 ER PT J AU DEBEY, MC TRAMPEL, DW RICHARD, JL BUNDY, DS HOFFMAN, LJ MEYER, VM COX, DF AF DEBEY, MC TRAMPEL, DW RICHARD, JL BUNDY, DS HOFFMAN, LJ MEYER, VM COX, DF TI EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES IN TURKEY CONFINEMENT HOUSES ON AIRBORNE ASPERGILLUS AND MYCOFLORA COMPOSITION SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS; TURKEY; MYCOFLORA; ENVIRONMENT; MANAGEMENT AB Environmental conditions and airborne mycoflora were measured concurrently in 10 turkey confinement houses during warm and cold weather. The following variables in the environment were measured: numbers of feed- and litter-associated yeast and mold fungi, temperature, relative humidity, airspeed, carbon dioxide and ammonia concentration, airborne bacteria, and airborne particulate mass, particle number, and particle size distribution. Winter air in turkey confinement houses contained significantly higher concentrations of Aspergillus, Scopulariopsis, and Mucor sp. and significantly lower concentrations of Cladosporium, Fusarium, and Alternaria sp. when compared with summer air. Significantly greater numbers of Mucor sp. were recovered per cubic meter of air where the current turkey flock was present less than 100 d when compared to houses where the current flock resided 100 d or more, Management decisions regarding control of the internal environment of turkey confinement houses apparently influence airborne mycoflora composition. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,VET EXTENS,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGR & BIOSYST ENGN,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,VET DIAGNOST LAB,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT STAT,AMES,IA 50011. USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP DEBEY, MC (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AVIAN DIS RES UNIT,2300 DAYTON RD,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 74 IS 3 BP 463 EP 471 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA QK591 UT WOS:A1995QK59100006 PM 7761330 ER PT J AU HOLLISTER, AG CORRIER, DE NISBET, DJ BEIER, RC DELOACH, JR AF HOLLISTER, AG CORRIER, DE NISBET, DJ BEIER, RC DELOACH, JR TI EFFECT OF LYOPHILIZATION IN SUCROSE PLUS DEXTRAN AND REHYDRATION IN THIOGLYCOLATE BROTH ON PERFORMANCE OF COMPETITIVE-EXCLUSION CULTURES IN BROILER CHICKS SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Note DE SALMONELLA; SKIM MILK; SUCROSE; THIOGLYCOLATE; BROILER AB Cecal bacteria grown under continuous-flow anaerobic conditions were lyophilized in skim milk (SM), Reagent 20 (R-20; sucrose and bovine serum albumin fraction V), or sucrose plus dextran (SDx), rehydrated in drinking water or thioglycollate-beef broth (TGB), and compared with fresh broth culture for control of Salmonella typhimurium enteric colonization in broiler chicks. All groups were challenged on Day 3 with 10(4) cfu of S. typhimurium per chick. Mean Salmonella colony-forming units in cecal contents of groups provided lyophilized cultures rehydrated in TGB were not different from those in groups provided fresh broth culture and were reduced (P <.05) compared with controls at 10 d of age. Likewise, groups treated with the cultures lyophilized in R-20 and SDx and rehydrated in TGB had fewer Salmonella than similar groups treated with culture rehydrated in water. The results of this study indicated that the culture was as effective when lyophilized in SDx as it was when lyophilized in SM or R-20; culture lyophilized in SDx, SM, or R-20 and rehydrated in TGB was more effective than when it was rehydrated in water for the reduction of Salmonella colonization in broiler chicks. RP HOLLISTER, AG (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,ROUTE 5,BOX 810,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 74 IS 3 BP 586 EP 590 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA QK591 UT WOS:A1995QK59100020 PM 7539129 ER PT J AU BUSH, EJ COWEN, P MORROW, WEM DICKEY, DA ZERING, KD AF BUSH, EJ COWEN, P MORROW, WEM DICKEY, DA ZERING, KD TI EVALUATION OF NON-SAMPLING ERRORS IN THE UNITED-STATES NATIONAL SWINE SURVEY SO PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE PIG; NON-SAMPLING ERRORS; NAHMS; USA ID HEALTH MONITORING-SYSTEM; VALIDATION AB On-farm data collection consists of a dynamic interaction between the interviewer and respondent via a questionnaire. Non-sampling errors introduced by these sources during the measurement process often account for a greater proportion of the total survey error than sampling error alone. A two pronged approach was used to evaluate non-sampling errors in the National Animal Health Monitoring System's National Swine Survey. First, results from two supplemental questionnaires, administered to field coordinators and interviewers of the National Swine Survey, were used to assess correlates of non-sampling errors. Second, since questionnaires contained multiple indicators of the same underlying concept, an index of inconsistency was used to quantify the level of response error for several variables. Bias due to the ecologic fallacy was shown by elevated estimates of response error for several indicators of preventive practices. Correlates of respondent error included the presence of multiple respondents for at least one interview for more than half of the interviewers. Correlates of interviewer error included demographic characteristics of interviewers and variations in question administration. Evidence corroborates the idea that survey questions should be unambiguous in wording and simple in structure. Results led to specific recommendations for future questionnaire design and interviewer training. The manifestation of many correlates of non-sampling error support the need for assessment of total survey error in large surveys. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,RALEIGH,NC 27606. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT STAT,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR & RESOURCE ECON,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP BUSH, EJ (reprint author), USDA,CTR EPIDEMIOL & ANIM HLTH,APHIS 555 S HOWES,SUITE 200,FT COLLINS,CO 80521, USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-5877 J9 PREV VET MED JI Prev. Vet. Med. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 22 IS 3 BP 155 EP 168 DI 10.1016/0167-5877(94)00415-F PG 14 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA QR331 UT WOS:A1995QR33100001 ER PT J AU STARKS, PJ WALTERSHEA, EA SCHIEBE, FR MARKHAM, BL AF STARKS, PJ WALTERSHEA, EA SCHIEBE, FR MARKHAM, BL TI TEMPERATURE SENSITIVITY CHARACTERIZATION OF A SILICON DIODE-ARRAY SPECTROMETER SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID FIELD AB High spectral resolution remote sensing devices are frequently used to quantify the flux Of energy reflected from or transmitted through an optical medium. Their use requires careful calibration against a well-characterized standard. This study teas conducted to characterize temperature sensitivity of a typical silicon-detector-based spectroradiometer, demonstrate the potential errors due to temperature effects, and present a methodology to correct for temperature-induced errors. Three Spectron Engineering SE590 units were independently evaluated under varying temperatures at three separate institutions. A procedure for correcting calibration coefficients (radiance/count) as a function of temperature and wavelength teas developed and applied. The Evaluation showed that at wavelengths between 390 nm and 940 nm the calibration coefficients differed from each other by less than 5% among all ambient temperatures. At 1000 nm, the calibration coefficient decreases about 5% going from 25 degrees C to 35 degrees C and increases about 25% going from 25 degrees C to 0 degrees C. Wavebands below 390 nm responded chaotically to temperature. At ant! given wavelength above 940 nm the change in calibration coefficient value was a nearly linear function of temperature, an indication that a simple temperature correction can be applied. Calibration coefficients were linearly interpolated for each waveband greater than 940 nm at temperatures between temperature extremes imposed upon the instruments during the experiments. Linearly interpolated calibration coefficients were found to be within 4% of actual values. Users of silicon-detector-based spectroradiometers should be aware of potential errors in data due to temperature effects. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,INST AGR & NAT RESOURCES,DEPT AGR METEOROL,LINCOLN,NE 68583. NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,BIOSPHER SCI BRANCH,GREENBELT,MD 20771. RP STARKS, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL AGR WATER QUAL LAB,POB 1430,DURANT,OK 74702, USA. RI Markham, Brian/M-4842-2013 OI Markham, Brian/0000-0002-9612-8169 NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBL CO INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 51 IS 3 BP 385 EP 389 DI 10.1016/0034-4257(94)00109-Z PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA RB086 UT WOS:A1995RB08600007 ER PT J AU KING, LJ AF KING, LJ TI HISTORY AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES OF THE USE OF DISINFECTANTS IN ANIMAL HEALTH SO REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE DE L OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES LA English DT Article DE ANIMAL HEALTH; DISINFECTION; FUTURE PERSPECTIVES; HISTORY AB Programmes for the prevention, control and eradication of animal diseases me closely interlinked in many ways. In the field of animal health over the last 100 years, surveillance, diagnostics, rapid response, regulatory and legal authorities, epidemiological investigations, together with guidelines for dealing with diseased animals and contaminated premises and materials, have proved to be the critical links in the chain of actions needed to prevent, control and eradicate diseases Disinfection, as an integral part of the protection of animal health, has become more sophisticated and more effective over this period. The historical trends suggest that disinfection will be even more important in the future, and that disinfectants and procedures must be further developed to keep pace with new scientific findings, changing agricultural structures and contemporary social concerns. RP KING, LJ (reprint author), USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,ROOM 313-E,ADM BLDG,WASHINGTON,DC 20090, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU OFFICE INT EPIZOOTES PI PARIS PA 12 RUE DE PRONY, 75017 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0253-1933 J9 REV SCI TECH OIE JI Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 14 IS 1 BP 41 EP 46 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA QZ707 UT WOS:A1995QZ70700004 PM 7548970 ER PT J AU VERTUCCI, CW CRANE, J PORTER, RA OELKE, EA AF VERTUCCI, CW CRANE, J PORTER, RA OELKE, EA TI SURVIVAL OF ZIZANIA EMBRYOS IN RELATION TO WATER-CONTENT, TEMPERATURE AND MATURITY STATUS SO SEED SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ZIZANIA; WILD RICE; EMBRYO; RECALCITRANT; DESICCATION TOLERANCE; DESICCATION DAMAGE; FREEZING DAMAGE; GERMPLASM; SEED STORAGE; MATURATION; CRYOPRESERVATION ID SEED STORAGE BEHAVIOR; DESICCATION-TOLERANCE; RECALCITRANT SEEDS; INTERMEDIATE CATEGORY; LANDOLPHIA-KIRKII; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; TISSUE WATER; PALUSTRIS; GERMINATION; DEHYDRATION AB The interactions between water content and temperature on freezing and desiccation damage were examined for Zlzania (wild rice) embryos at several stages of maturity. The water content of excised embryos was manipulated by flash drying at 35 degrees C or room temperature to between 2.5 g H2O/g dw and 0.05 g/g. Embryos were then exposed to temperatures ranging from 5 to -50 degrees C. Viability following the drying and cooling treatments was assayed by leakage of electrolytes and germination in culture. viability of embryos decreased when embryos were dried below a critical water content. The critical water content was greatest for the least mature embryos. Critical water contents were also temperature dependent and increased with decreasing temperature. Even though the critical water content varied with developmental status and temperature, the water activity corresponding to the critical water content appeared to be constant at 0.90. The most mature embryos survived temperatures as low as -50 degrees C while the least mature embryos survived only to -18 degrees C. These trends were predicted by 'phase diagrams' based on the physical properties of water in embryos at different stages of maturity (Vertucci et al., 1994a). Our results confirm the earlier prediction that long term preservation of Zizania grains is possible at -20 degrees C and the degree of success will be related to the maturity status of the embryos. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,N CENT EXPT STN,GRAND RAPIDS,MN 55744. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP VERTUCCI, CW (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SEED STORAGE LAB,1111 S MASON ST,FT COLLINS,CO 80521, USA. NR 41 TC 23 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 5 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA WALLINGFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX10 8DE SN 0960-2585 J9 SEED SCI RES JI Deed Sci. Res. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 5 IS 1 BP 31 EP 40 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA RK126 UT WOS:A1995RK12600005 ER PT J AU VIGIL, EL FANG, TK AF VIGIL, EL FANG, TK TI COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL-CHANGES IN IMBIBED COTTON SEED HYPOCOTYLS AND RADICLES IN-SITU AND IN-VITRO - PROTEIN BREAKDOWN AND ELONGATION GROWTH SO SEED SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE COTTON; GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM L; HYPOCOTYL; IN VITRO GERMINATION; RADICLE; PROTEIN STORAGE VACUOLES; SDS-PAGE ID PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS L; STORAGE PROTEINS; DEVELOPMENTAL BIOCHEMISTRY; EMBRYONIC AXIS; GERMINATION; COTYLEDONS; EMBRYOGENESIS; PURIFICATION; MOBILIZATION; DEGRADATION AB Axes, hypocotyls and radicles excised from dry cotton seeds (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. M-8, a double haploid) were imbibed for 24 h and compared with axial segments (excised sections of embryos below the cotyledons) of imbibed, intact seeds. Radicles of excised axes had a 7.4-fold increase in length compared with only 5.2- and 5.7-fold increases, respectively, in radicles of intact seeds and in those isolated when dry. Change in hypocotyl length was not as extensive. EM data for hypocotyl and radicle cortical cells from dry and imbibed seeds revealed a major reduction in matrix protein in protein storage vacuoles along with significant organelle development at 24 h from the start of imbibition. This occurred in parallel with a reduction in salt-extracted proteins and an increase in 2% SDS-extractable proteins. SDS-PAGE of protein from low (0.2 M NaCl) and high (1.0 M NaCl) salt extracts showed a reduction in amount of the major storage proteins (53 and 48 kDa), these bands being almost totally absent in gels of protein extracts from imbibed radicles and significantly reduced in hypocotyls, within 24 h from the start of imbibition. These results indicate that initial elongation of hypocotyls and radicles in intact seeds or of excised axes, after 24 h imbibition, involves breakdown of storage proteins in these axial parts to supply nutrients for growth, with very limited contribution from the cotyledons. RP VIGIL, EL (reprint author), USDA ARS,CLIMATE STRESS LAB,BLD 046A,BARC W,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 36 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA WALLINGFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX10 8DE SN 0960-2585 J9 SEED SCI RES JI Deed Sci. Res. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 5 IS 1 BP 41 EP 51 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA RK126 UT WOS:A1995RK12600006 ER PT J AU SHERWOOD, RT AF SHERWOOD, RT TI NUCLEAR-DNA AMOUNT DURING SPOROGENESIS AND GAMETOGENESIS IN SEXUAL AND APOSPOROUS BUFFELGRASS SO SEXUAL PLANT REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE PENNISETUM CILIARE; MICROSPOROGENESIS; MEGASPOROGENESIS; MEGAGAMETOGENESIS; POLLEN FORMATION; APOMIXIS ID ANGIOSPERMS AB Nuclear DNA amounts (C values) were measured in Feulgen-stained sections of anthers and ovules of sexual plant B-2s (genotype aaaa) and aposporous cultivar Higgins (genotype AAaa) of buffelgrass (Pennisetum ciliare). The mass of the unreplicated nuclear genome of a gamete equals 1C DNA. In both lines, pollen mother cell nuclei were 4C before leptotene; anther wall, dyad, 1-nucleate pollen, and generative cell nuclei were 2C; microspore tetrad, enlarging microspore, and sperm nuclei were 1C. The tapetum persisted as uninucleate cells with 4C DNA. Archespores (2-4C) of both lines initiated meiosis to form megaspore tetrad nuclei with 1-2C DNA. In B-2s, chalazal megaspores (2-4C) formed reduced 8-nucleate Polygonum type embryo sacs, and sacs at 2- and 4-nucleate stages showed distributions with peaks near C1 and C2, corresponding to G1 and G2 cell cycle phases; this is characteristic of active mitosis. Nuclei of 8-nucleate sacs and of eggs and polars were 1C, indicating chromosomes were not duplicated before fertilization. Antipodal nuclei had levels from 1 to 36C, possibly due to polyteny or endopolyploidy. In Higgins, aposporous initials and 2-nucleate embryo sacs showed bimodal distributions of 2n nuclei with peaks at 2C and 4C DNA. Nuclei of newly formed 4-nucleate Panicum type aposporous sacs and of polars were 2C; aposporous eggs stained too faintly for reliable measurement. RP SHERWOOD, RT (reprint author), USDA ARS,US REG PASTURE RES LAB,PASTURE SYST & WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RES,CURTIN RD,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA. NR 37 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0934-0882 J9 SEX PLANT REPROD JI Sex. Plant Reprod. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 8 IS 2 BP 85 EP 90 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Reproductive Biology SC Plant Sciences; Reproductive Biology GA QJ026 UT WOS:A1995QJ02600004 ER PT J AU OVERDEVEST, C GREEN, GP AF OVERDEVEST, C GREEN, GP TI FOREST DEPENDENCE AND COMMUNITY WELL-BEING - A SEGMENTED MARKET APPROACH SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE CORE; DUAL ECONOMY; PERIPHERY; RURAL DEVELOPMENT; UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT ID LABOR AB Forestry activities, such as timber production and processing, are important economic activities in many rural communities. Yet the research on the relationship between forest dependence and community economic well-being is inconclusive. This article examines the relationship between forest dependence and county per capita income and poverty in rural Georgia. Forest dependence is conceptualized according to Averitt's theory of the dual economy. Core dependence, in other words, dependence on well-capitalized, pulp and paper firms, is expected to affect county-level economic well-being differently than dependence on periphery forest industry or high timberland concentrations. Regression analyses show that core forest industries are positively related to county per capita income, while periphery industries have no significant effect and timberland concentration is negatively related to per capita income and positively related to the poverty rate. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT RURAL SOCIOL,MADISON,WI 53706. RP OVERDEVEST, C (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SE FOREST EXPT STN,320 GREEN ST,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 54 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0894-1920 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR JI Soc. Nat. Resour. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 8 IS 2 BP 111 EP 131 DI 10.1080/08941929509380906 PG 21 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA QQ402 UT WOS:A1995QQ40200003 ER PT J AU EVETT, SR WARRICK, AW MATTHIAS, AD AF EVETT, SR WARRICK, AW MATTHIAS, AD TI WALL MATERIAL AND CAPPING EFFECTS ON MICROLYSIMETER TEMPERATURES AND EVAPORATION SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 59th Annual Meeting of the Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY OCT 29-NOV 03, 1995 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP SOIL SCI SOC AMER ID CROP CANOPIES; BARE SOIL AB The micrlysimeter (ML) is useful for measurements of evaporation from soil but questions persist regarding correct ML design. We studied the effects of length and wall material on evaporation and the effects of wall material and capping on ML temperatures. Cylindrical steel and plastic MLs of 10-, 20-, and 30-cm lengths and 8.8-cm o.d. were used in two field experiments on a bare Pima clay loam (fine-silty, mixed, thermic Typic Torrifluvent). Steel MLs significantly underestimated 8-d cumulative evaporation compared with plastic MLs for 20-cm lengths. Steel MLs conducted heat more easily and their surfaces were significantly cooler during the day and warmer at night than either plastic MLs or the adjacent field soil. Capping the bottoms with 0.6-cm-thick plastic disks caused accumulation of heat in the MLs. For plastic MLs, only the 20- and 30-cm lengths were long enough for continuous use for 9 d under our conditions. It was unclear if cumulative evaporation varied with length for steel MLs. We recommend that walls be constructed of material with low thermal conductivity and that end caps be designed to maximize thermal transfer between the soil inside and below the ML. A length of at least 30 cm is recommended if measurements are needed at the same location for several days. C1 UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT SOIL & WATER SCI,TUCSON,AZ 85721. RP EVETT, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS,CONSERVAT & PROD RES LAB,PO DRAWER 10,BUSHLAND,TX 79012, USA. NR 16 TC 41 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 12 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 59 IS 2 BP 329 EP 336 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA QV266 UT WOS:A1995QV26600009 ER PT J AU JAYNES, DB LOGSDON, SD HORTON, R AF JAYNES, DB LOGSDON, SD HORTON, R TI FIELD METHOD FOR MEASURING MOBILE IMMOBILE WATER-CONTENT AND SOLUTE TRANSFER RATE COEFFICIENT SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 59th Annual Meeting of the Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY OCT 29-NOV 03, 1995 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP SOIL SCI SOC AMER ID 2-SITE 2-REGION MODELS; SORBING POROUS-MEDIA; MASS-TRANSFER; AGGREGATED OXISOL; SOIL-WATER; TRANSPORT; NONEQUILIBRIUM; DEGRADATION; PERCOLATION; EXCHANGE AB Numerous field and laboratory studies have documented the occurrence of preferential transport of solutes due to a fraction of the soil water being immobile and not taking part in the transport process. Domain models have been developed that describe these processes, but before we can apply them routinely, we need methods for measuring the required model parameters, particularly the fraction of immobile water to total water theta(im)/theta and the exchange coefficient between the mobile and immobile domains, alpha. We developed a field method for measuring both theta(im)/theta and alpha. The method uses a sequence of conservative anionic tracers consisting of Br-, pentafluorobenzoate, o-trifluoromethylbenzoate, and 2,6-difluorobenzoate infiltrated with time through a tension infiltrometer. Previous studies have confirmed that these tracers have very similar transport properties in a wide range of soils. The method was applied to an undisturbed loam and a greenhouse soil as an initial test of the approach. Calculated theta(im)/theta fractions averaged 0.69 and ranged from 0.25 to 0.98, while calculated alpha values averaged 0.0081 h-1 and ranged from 0.0030 to 0.021 h-1. These values compare well with values reported earlier by other investigators. The method is simple and allows routine measurement of transport properties of field soils. The method can also be used to validate the applicability of domain models to specific soils. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. RP JAYNES, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,2105 PAMMEL DR,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 29 TC 81 Z9 85 U1 2 U2 8 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 59 IS 2 BP 352 EP 356 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA QV266 UT WOS:A1995QV26600012 ER PT J AU SU, CM HARSH, JB BOYLE, JS AF SU, CM HARSH, JB BOYLE, JS TI SOLUBILITY OF HYDROXYALUMINUM INTERLAYERS AND IMOGOLITE IN A SPODOSOL SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 59th Annual Meeting of the Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY OCT 29-NOV 03, 1995 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP SOIL SCI SOC AMER ID CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES; CASCADE RANGE; BS HORIZONS; STABILITY; USA; PODZOLIZATION; ACIDIFICATION; VERMICULITES; WASHINGTON; MINERALOGY AB Information on the thermodynamic stability of minerals is essential when describing dissolution-precipitation reactions. The solubility of imogolite in the Bs and BC horizons of a Spodosol influenced by volcanic ash in the Cascade Range, Washington, was studied using batch chemical equilibrium modeling at 25-degrees-C and 0.1 MPa pressure. Imogolite was found to be a major component of the clay fraction in the Bs and BC horizons of these soils using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selective dissolution techniques. Soil solutions were collected in 60-, 120-, and 180-d intervals from soils (<2 mm) equilibrated in 0.01 M NaCl at initial pH 5.7 or 3.5 under conditions of both under- and oversaturation. The pH, total and labile (inorganic monomeric) Al, and labile (monomeric) Si were determined. We used a computer speciation model to calculate the activities of Al, H4SiO4, F, SO4, and other species including a soluble aluminosilicate complex. Soil solutions appeared to be in equilibrium with interlayer Al(OH)3 of 2:1 phyllosilicates and natural imogolite in the Bs and BC horizon soils, based on the most recent free energy values for synthetic and natural imogolites. The equilibrium activity of H2SiO4 was 10(-3.71+/-0.08). Soil solutions were oversaturated with respect to gibbsite (3pH + log Al3+ = 8.73 +/- 0.16). Interlayer Al(OH)3 appeared to have a higher solubility than well-crystallized gibbsite. Assuming equilibrium with the soil solution, imogolite in this Spodosol was more soluble (log K25C [equilibrium constant at 25-degrees-C and 0.1 MPa] = 13.76 +/- 0.25) than its synthetic counterpart (log K25C = 13.04 +/- 0.14), but not different from a Japanese natural imogolite (log K25C = 13.56 +/- 0.18). C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP SU, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,4500 GLENWOOD DR,RIVERSIDE,CA 92501, USA. RI Harsh, James/C-7455-2014 OI Harsh, James/0000-0002-0177-3342 NR 54 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 59 IS 2 BP 373 EP 379 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA QV266 UT WOS:A1995QV26600015 ER PT J AU PACHEPSKY, YA POLUBESOVA, TA HAJNOS, M JOZEFACIUK, G SOKOLOWSKA, Z AF PACHEPSKY, YA POLUBESOVA, TA HAJNOS, M JOZEFACIUK, G SOKOLOWSKA, Z TI PARAMETERS OF SURFACE HETEROGENEITY FROM LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS ON SOIL DEGRADATION SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 59th Annual Meeting of the Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY OCT 29-NOV 03, 1995 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP SOIL SCI SOC AMER ID ADSORPTION-ISOTHERM DATA; WATER-VAPOR; MONTMORILLONITE; SYSTEMS AB In this study, we examined the applicability of the theory of gas adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces to assess changes in soil particle surfaces in degrading soils. Soil degradation was simulated by laboratory treatments of gray forest soil (Udic Argiboroll), chernozem soil (Typic Haploboroll), and chestnut soil (Ustolic Orthid) samples. Water vapor adsorption energy and to assess the strength of the surface attractive field. A modified Brunauer-Emmett-Teller equation provided a good fit of the water vapor adsorption isotherms on soil minerals for relative vapor pressures in the range of 0.05 to 0.85. This equation was used as a local isotherm equation. The piecewise distribution technique was applied to estimate the surface adsorption energy distribution. After a H2O2 treatment, the monolayer capacity and average adsorption energy decreased in the samples of all three soils. After cyclic wetting-drying, the adsorption energy range decreased. After silica acid treatments, the monolayer capacity decreased, and the energy distribution became much narrower. All treatments resulted in a loss of the low-energy adsorption sites and an increase in the number of layers retained by the surface at saturation vapor pressure. The exchangeable Ca content changed after the treatments in the same way as the monolayer capacity did. The exchangeable Mg content increased after organic matter oxidation and slightly decreased after the silica treatments. The exchangeable K content increased after both organic matter oxidation and the wetting-drying treatments. C1 PUSCHING SOIL SCI & PHOTOSYNTH INST, PUSHCHINO 142292, RUSSIA. INST AGROPHYS, PL-20280 LUBLIN, POLAND. RP PACHEPSKY, YA (reprint author), USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BARC W,SYST RES LAB, BLDG 007, RM 008, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 42 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 EI 1435-0661 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 59 IS 2 BP 410 EP 417 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA QV266 UT WOS:A1995QV26600020 ER PT J AU LINDBO, DL RHOTON, FE BIGHAM, JM HUDNALL, WH JONES, FS SMECK, NE TYLER, DD AF LINDBO, DL RHOTON, FE BIGHAM, JM HUDNALL, WH JONES, FS SMECK, NE TYLER, DD TI LOESS TOPOSEQUENCES IN THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER VALLEY .1. FRAGIPAN MORPHOLOGY AND IDENTIFICATION SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 59th Annual Meeting of the Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY OCT 29-NOV 03, 1995 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP SOIL SCI SOC AMER ID HORIZONS; SOILS; MASSACHUSETTS AB Despite large acreages of agronomically important fragipan soils in the Lower Mississippi River Valley, relatively little information is available regarding their morphology, particularly in regard to fragipan definition and formation. This study was designed to evaluate morphological differences between nonfragipan (Memphis [fine-silty, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludalf]) and fragipan (Loring [fine-silty, mixed, thermic Typic Fragiudalf]) soils occurring on the same landscape. A secondary objective was to determine if morphological characteristics of the Loring and Grenada pedons are consistent with taxonomic criteria. Five representative sites were selected based on published soil survey maps and landscape relations. Morphological characteristics associated with fragipans are present in all the Loring and Grenada pedons. The most obvious and consistent indicators of a fragipan are vertical gray seams and associated redoximorphic features. Because brittleness is subjective and a function of moisture content, it is not always a reliable indicator of fragipan occurrence. Likewise, root distribution is not particularly useful since deep-rooted vegetation did not occur on these soils. Several Memphis pedons exhibit protofragipan development, but based primarily on the organization of gray seams, these should not be considered fragipan soils. Overall, the published criteria are adequate, with the notable exception of slaking, and the characteristics of the Loring and Grenada pedons are consistent with them. Greater relative root penetration and less brittleness also assist in differentiating between the nonfragipan horizons within the Memphis pedons and fragipan horizons of the other members of the toposequence, but these evaluations have to be made in detail from deep pits, particularly in borderline situations. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SEDIMENTAT LAB,OXFORD,MS 38655. OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. UNIV TENNESSEE,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,JACKSON,TN 38301. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR AGR,LOUISIANA AGR EXPT STN,DEPT AGRON,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. RP LINDBO, DL (reprint author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,STOCKBRIDGE HALL,AMHERST,MA 01003, USA. NR 38 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 59 IS 2 BP 487 EP 500 PG 14 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA QV266 UT WOS:A1995QV26600032 ER PT J AU HAMMER, RD YOUNG, FJ WOLLENHAUPT, NC BARNEY, TL HAITHCOATE, TW AF HAMMER, RD YOUNG, FJ WOLLENHAUPT, NC BARNEY, TL HAITHCOATE, TW TI SLOPE CLASS MAPS FROM SOIL SURVEY AND DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 59th Annual Meeting of the Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY OCT 29-NOV 03, 1995 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP SOIL SCI SOC AMER AB Special-purpose land use maps based on slope attributes from digital elevation models (DEMs) often are produced with geographic information system technology. Field verification is lacking for accuracy and precision of computer-generated slope class maps from 10- and 30-m DEMs, a standard USDA (1:24 000) soil survey, and field-measured slopes. Two 16-ha sites in Atchison County, Missouri, were selected, flagged on 10-m grids, and the slope was field measured for each grid cell. The field-measured slope class maps were templates for cell-by-cell comparisons with the computer-generated slope classes. More than 50% of the areas were classified into correct slope classes with 10-m DEM maps. The 30-m DEM maps were 30 and 21% correctly classified in the two study areas. Two iterations of low-pass filters increased the accuracy of the 10-m derived maps, but decreased the accuracy of one 30-m derived map. Soil survey techniques correctly classified >30% of each area, but did not capture landscape heterogeneity. The GIS-produced maps underestimated slopes on convexities and overestimated slopes on concavities. Slope class maps from 10-m DEMs have potential use for soil survey and land use planning. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT GEOG,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT SOIL SCI,MADISON,WI 53706. USDA,SCS,COLUMBIA,MO 65203. RP HAMMER, RD (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT SOIL & ATMOSPHER SCI,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. NR 24 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 59 IS 2 BP 509 EP 519 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA QV266 UT WOS:A1995QV26600034 ER PT J AU TRUMAN, CC BRADFORD, JM AF TRUMAN, CC BRADFORD, JM TI LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF INTERRILL SOIL ERODIBILITY SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 59th Annual Meeting of the Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY OCT 29-NOV 03, 1995 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP SOIL SCI SOC AMER ID RAIN INTENSITY; EROSION; SLOPE; ENERGY; RUNOFF; INFILTRATION; MODEL; FLOW AB Laboratory soil pans and rainfall simulators have been used to study fundamental erosion processes affecting interrill soil loss. Problems exist when laboratory results are extended to those determined under field conditions. Experimental methodology influences a soil's interrill erodibility and interrill erodibility ranking among soils. We compared interrill soil loss and erodibility data from two erosion pans with field data from identical soils. Three plot size-rainfall simulator methodologies were used: (1) 0.14-m2 lab pan under a constant drop size (4.6 mm) rainfall simulator, (2) 0.32-m2 lab pan with soil border areas under an oscillating nozzle (2.3 mm median drop diameter) rainfall simulator, and (3) 1-m2 field plots under the same rainfall simulator as used in Method 2. Soil loss was measured at 5-min intervals. Interrill erodibility (K(i)) was calculated from two equations (E = K(ii)I2 and E = K(iq)Iq) using measured soil loss (E), rainfall intensity (I), and flow discharge (q) values. The interrill erosion equation, methodology, time, and initial water content influenced calculated K(i) values. Soil loss and K(i) values from Method 1 did not correlate with and were greater than corresponding values from Methods 2 and 3. Soil loss and K(i) values from Method 2 were correlated (r = 0.56 to 0.79) with corresponding values from Method 3. The K(iq) values decreased with time and were a function of soil properties related to soil detachment and sediment transport. The K(ii) values (i) increased with time, (ii) were primarily a function of soil properties related to soil detachment only, and (iii) did not account for infiltration and runoff differences among soils. C1 USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,WESLACO,TX 78596. RP TRUMAN, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE WATERSHED RES LAB,POB 946,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 27 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 59 IS 2 BP 519 EP 526 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA QV266 UT WOS:A1995QV26600035 ER PT J AU VARVEL, GE AF VARVEL, GE TI PRECIPITATION USE EFFICIENCY OF SOYBEAN AND GRAIN-SORGHUM IN MONOCULTURE AND ROTATION SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 59th Annual Meeting of the Soil-Science-Society-of-America CY OCT 29-NOV 03, 1995 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP SOIL SCI SOC AMER ID NITROGEN RATE; CROP YIELD AB Rainfed cropping systems are highly dependent on water use efficiency of crops in the rotation, especially in subhumid and semiarid areas. Precipitation use efficiency (PUE), an alternative to water use efficiency, is equally effective for water use evaluation in long-term rainfed studies. We hypothesized that crop rotation and N fertilizer rates altered PUE of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. To test this, soybean (five cropping systems) and grain sorghum (four cropping systems) were grown under rainfed conditions at Mead, NE, on a Sharpsburg silty clay loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Typic Argiudoll), each at three N fertilizer rates. Precipitation use efficiency values for the 1984 through 1991 cropping seasons varied from 15.5 to 59.9 and 21.6 to 159 kg ha-1 cm-1 for soybean and grain sorghum, respectively. Soybean PUE values averaged 30 kg ha-1 cm-1 and varied from 25 to 33 kg ha-1 cm-1 for the 8 yr. Grain sorghum PUE values averaged 89 kg ha-1 cm-1 and with sufficient N fertilization varied from only 94 to 99 kg ha-1 cm-1 for the 8 yr. Similar PUE values for soybean and grain sorghum (with adequate N fertilizer) within a given year and similar PUE values during the study among cropping systems for each crop indicated that both of these crops would be excellent options for rotations in areas with similar precipitation patterns. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT AGRON,LINCOLN,NE 68583. RP VARVEL, GE (reprint author), USDA ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 12 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 59 IS 2 BP 527 EP 531 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA QV266 UT WOS:A1995QV26600036 ER PT J AU KNOEPP, JD SWANK, WT AF KNOEPP, JD SWANK, WT TI LONG-TERM SOIL CHEMISTRY CHANGES IN AGGRADING FOREST ECOSYSTEMS - REPLY SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Letter RP KNOEPP, JD (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,COWEETA HYDROL OLAB,OTTO,NC 28763, USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 59 IS 2 BP 569 EP 569 PG 1 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA QV266 UT WOS:A1995QV26600044 ER PT J AU LEHRSCH, GA BROWN, MJ AF LEHRSCH, GA BROWN, MJ TI FURROW EROSION AND AGGREGATE STABILITY VARIATION IN A PORTNEUF SILT LOAM SO SOIL TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE RILL EROSION; RUNOFF; SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES; SURFACE IRRIGATION; TEMPORAL VARIATION; WATER CONTENT; WATER EROSION AB Numerous soil factors, including aggregate stability, affect erosion rates from irrigated furrows. Since aggregate stability varies within growing seasons, furrow erosion may vary as well. The study objectives were to (1) measure furrow erosion and aggregate stability periodically over two growing seasons, (2) statistically characterize the temporal variation in furrow erosion and aggregate stability, and (3) relate variation in erosion rates to changes in aggregate stability and other soil properties. Erosion rates from replicated, previously unirrigated furrows in fallow plots on a Portneuf silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, mesic Durixerollic Calciorthid) at Kimberly, Idaho, USA, were measured every 2-3 weeks from mid-May through mid-August 1988, and from late-April to late-August 1989. During each 6.5-h irrigation, three furrows in 1988 and four furrows in 1989 were irrigated at an inflow rate of 11.3 I min(-1). At each irrigation, soil samples were taken to a depth of 5 cm from the bottom of furrows adjacent to or near those irrigated. From these samples, soil gravimetric water content was measured and aggregate stability was determined by wet sieving. Erosion from furrows not previously irrigated varied greatly when measured throughout two growing seasons. For both years, erosion rates were significantly lower later in the growing season than earlier. For a 4.0% slope area in 1988, furrow erosion rates varied over the entire season by a factor of six or more while aggregate stability varied (increased) by only 17%. Thus, aggregate stability was not significantly correlated with furrow erosion rates. RP LEHRSCH, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NW IRRIGAT & SOILS RES LAB,3793 N 3600 E,KIMBERLY,ID 83341, USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0933-3630 J9 SOIL TECHNOL JI Soil Technol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 7 IS 4 BP 327 EP 341 DI 10.1016/0933-3630(95)00002-Y PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Geology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA RA452 UT WOS:A1995RA45200005 ER PT J AU TORBERT, HA REEVES, DW AF TORBERT, HA REEVES, DW TI TRAFFIC AND RESIDUE MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS - EFFECTS ON FATE OF FERTILIZER N IN CORN SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE N-15; SOIL COMPACTION; SURFACE TILLAGE; DEEP TILLAGE; TRAFFIC ID FILLED PORE-SPACE; SOIL COMPACTION; COASTAL-PLAIN; CONSERVATION TILLAGE; SUBSOIL COMPACTION; NITROGEN; GROWTH; YIELD; WATER; WHEAT AB Soil compaction has been recognized as a problem limiting crop production, especially in the Southern Coastal Plain of the USA. Development of tillage and residue management systems is needed to alleviate soil compaction problems in these soils. Fertilizer nitrogen (N) management is also an important factor in these management systems. In 1988, a study was initiated with a wide-frame (6.3 m) vehicle to determine the interactive effects of traffic, deep tillage, and surface residue management on the fate of fertilizer N applied to corn (Zea mays L.) grown on a Norfork loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, Thermic, Typic Kandiudults). Corn was planted into a winter cover crop of 'Tibbee' crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.). Treatments included: traffic (conventional equipment or no traffic); deep tillage (no deep tillage, annual in-row subsoiling, or one-time only complete disruption); residue management (no surface tillage or disk and field cultivation). The one-time only complete disruption was accomplished by subsoiling at a depth of 43 cm on 25 cm centers in spring 1988, In 1990-1991, fertilizer applications were made as N-15-depleted NH4NO3 to microplots inside each treatment plot. The 1990 and 1991 data are reported here. In 1990 an extreme drought resulted in an average grain yield of 1.8 Mg grain ha(-1), whereas abundant rainfall in 1991 resulted in 9.4 Mg grain ha(-1). Deep tillage increased corn dry matter production in both years. In 1991, grain yields indicated that corn was susceptible to recompaction of soil owing to traffic when residues were incorporated with surface tillage. In the dry year, plant N uptake was increased 27% with deep tillage and decreased 10% with traffic. In the wet year, a surface tillage X deep tillage X traffic interaction was observed for total N uptake, fertilizer N uptake, and total fertilizer N recovery in the plant-soil system. When combined with traffic, plant N uptake was reduced with the highest intensity tillage treatment (135 kg N ha(-1)) because of root-restricting soil compaction, and with the lowest intensity tillage treatment (129 kg N ha(-1)) because of increased N losses. In these soils, leaving residues on the soil surface can reduce the detrimental effect of traffic on corn production, but if no surface tillage is performed, deep tillage is needed. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SOIL DYNAM LAB,AUBURN,AL 36831. RP TORBERT, HA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BLACKLAND SOIL & WATER RES LAB,808 E BLACKLAND RD,TEMPLE,TX 76502, USA. NR 36 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 33 IS 3-4 BP 197 EP 213 DI 10.1016/0167-1987(94)00442-H PG 17 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA QQ086 UT WOS:A1995QQ08600004 ER PT J AU SUTTER, GR STEWART, JW AF SUTTER, GR STEWART, JW TI TOXICITY OF INSECTICIDES TO LARVAE OF THE MEXICAN CORN-ROOTWORM (COLEOPTERA, CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN A SOIL BIOASSAY SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB Toxicity of insecticides typically used to protect corn roots from feeding by Mexican corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera zeae Krysan and Smith, larvae were established using a soil bioassay. There was a 23-fold difference in toxicity of insecticides for larvae of the Mexican corn rootworm. Carbofuran had significantly lower LC(50) and LC(95) values in an alkaline soil from south central Texas compared to a nearly neutral pH silty clay loam soil from South Dakota. Lack of ''control'' by soil applied insecticides was not due to higher tolerance by larvae of this Diabrotica spp. C1 TEXAS AGR EXTENS SERV,UVALDE,TX 78801. RP SUTTER, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO GRAIN INSECTS RES LAB,RR 3,BROOKINGS,SD 57006, USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 20 IS 1 BP 1 EP 4 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QR341 UT WOS:A1995QR34100001 ER PT J AU SUTTER, GR STEWART, JW AF SUTTER, GR STEWART, JW TI BIOACTIVITY OF GRANULAR INSECTICIDES APPLIED AT PLANTING-TIME FOR CONTROL OF MEXICAN CORN-ROOTWORM (COLEOPTERA, CHRYSOMELIDAE) LARVAE SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID CONTROLLED INFESTATIONS; TOXICITY AB The bioactivity of soil insecticides applied at planting time to protect roots of corn from feeding damage by larvae of the Mexican corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera zeae Krysan and Smith, was established by removing soil samples from field plots biweekly from time of application until samples no longer induced larval mortality. This study was conducted for two consecutive years that were distinctly different. The first year, virtually no rainfall occurred from time of insecticide application through the larval feeding period, and the topsoil remained very dry. During the second year, ample rainfall occurred during this period and topsoil moisture was abundant. Even though the bioactivity of each insecticide during the ''dry year'' was significantly longer, all insecticides had significantly shorter periods of bioactivity in the alkaline soils from Texas than for the same formulations in slightly acidic midwestern soils. Results from this study may provide an explanation for the highly irregular performance of soil applied insecticides and lack of target insect control in south and central Texas. C1 TEXAS AGR EXTENS SERV,UVALDE,TX 78801. RP SUTTER, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NPA,NO GRAIN INSECT RES LAB,RR 3,BROOKINGS,SD 57006, USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 20 IS 1 BP 5 EP 9 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QR341 UT WOS:A1995QR34100002 ER PT J AU HENNEBERRY, TJ LINDEGREN, JE JECH, LF BURKE, RA AF HENNEBERRY, TJ LINDEGREN, JE JECH, LF BURKE, RA TI PINK-BOLLWORM (LEPIDOPTERA, GELECHIIDAE) - EFFECT OF STEINERNEMATID NEMATODES ON LARVAL MORTALITY SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID RHABDITIDA AB Pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), second, third and last stage larvae were susceptible to infection by infective juvenile nematodes, Steinernema riobravis Cabanillas, Poinar and Raulston and the Kapow nematode strain of S. carpocapsae (Weiser). Third and last stage PBW larvae were more susceptible than second stage larvae. The LC(50) (1.84) for last stage PBW larvae treated with S. riobravis was significantly less than the LC(50) (3.07) for PBW larvae with S. carpocapsae. S. riobravis induced higher percentages of larval mortality than S. carpocapsae in bioassay containers with 10, 50, or 100 nematodes per 10 PBW larvae and in each case at densities of 1, 5, and 10 PBW larvae per bioassay container. Small percentages (4-23) of PBW larvae were found containing infective juvenile nematodes after 1 h exposure to either species. C1 USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,FRESNO,CA 93727. RP HENNEBERRY, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,PWA,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,4135 E BROADWAY,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 20 IS 1 BP 25 EP 32 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QR341 UT WOS:A1995QR34100005 ER PT J AU JACKSON, CG TVETEN, MS FIGULI, PJ AF JACKSON, CG TVETEN, MS FIGULI, PJ TI DEVELOPMENT, LONGEVITY AND FECUNDITY OF LEPTOGLOSSUS-ZONATUS (HETEROPTERA, COREIDAE) ON A MERIDIC DIET SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID BUG HEMIPTERA; PARASITISM; FRUITS AB Leptoglossus zonatus (Dallas) was reared successfully on a meridic diet plus a source of free water and was maintained on this regimen for over two years. The mean number of days required for egg development varied from 6.5 at 35 degrees C to 17.4 at 20 degrees C. Nymphs did not complete development without the source of free water. When fed diet plus water, survival from egg to adult was best at 25 and 30 degrees C (64 and 54%, respectively). The length of the nymphal stage varied from 79.5 days at 20 degrees C to 24 days at 35 degrees C and the average adult longevity was 260.3 and 73.7 days at the same temperatures. Total fecundity per female was 153.0, 347.7, 334.7, and 74.0 eggs at 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees C, respectively. C1 UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,TUCSON,AZ 85721. RP JACKSON, CG (reprint author), USDA ARS,TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE LAB,POB 4459,HILO,HI 96720, USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 20 IS 1 BP 43 EP 48 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QR341 UT WOS:A1995QR34100007 ER PT J AU LATHEEF, MA AF LATHEEF, MA TI INFLUENCE OF PYRETHROID FORMULATIONS AND SPRAYER NOZZLE SIZE ON MORTALITY OF TOBACCO BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) LARVAE ON COTTON SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB Encapsulated formulations of two synthetic pyrethroids, Baythroid (cyfluthrin) and Scout (tralomethrin), were compared with respective nonencapsulated formulations for efficacy against tobacco budworm (TBW), Heliothis virescens (F.), larvae on greenhouse-grown cotton on a spray table using 650033 and 8002E flat fan nozzles. The volume median diameter (D-V0.5) of spray droplets in the selected plumes of the two nozzles averaged 246.0 and 324.8 mu m, respectively; these values were significantly different. Using a spray volume of 18.7 L per ha, Baythroid was applied at 0.014 kg (AI)/ha and Scout was applied at 0.010 kg (AI)/ha. Encapsulation of Baythroid and Scout neither increased mortality of TBW larvae nor reduced fruit damage to cotton. Regardless of Baythroid formulations, smaller droplet sprays of the 650033 nozzle significantly increased mortality of TBW larvae compared to larger droplet sprays of the 8002E nozzle. However, the nozzle size of sprayers did not significantly influence TBW mortality for the Scout formulations. RP LATHEEF, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO CROPS RES LAB,AREAWIDE PEST MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 20 IS 1 BP 49 EP 54 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QR341 UT WOS:A1995QR34100008 ER PT J AU THOMAS, DB AF THOMAS, DB TI PREDATION ON THE SOIL INHABITING STAGES OF THE MEXICAN FRUIT-FLY (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID IMPORTED FIRE ANT; HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE; INVASION AB When fully grown, larvae of the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), egress the host fruit to seek pupariation sites in the soil, at which time the larvae are exposed to predation and desiccation. Ants, rove beetles and spiders were found to prey on these larvae. However, only 1-5% of the larvae were killed by predators on the ground before they could enter the soil. This unexpectedly low predation rate occurred in spite of a methodical search for acceptable entry points into the soil by the larvae which sometimes required more than an hour on the ground surface. Honey ants occurred year round at the study sites and were incidental predators of the larvae. Only rove beetles were seen to be deliberate hunters of the larvae, but were present only during the summer months. In south Texas, fire ants were effective predators of pupae and emerging adults, except in the winter months, and may reduce Mexican fruit fly populations. RP THOMAS, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX, USA. NR 23 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 20 IS 1 BP 61 EP 71 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QR341 UT WOS:A1995QR34100010 ER PT J AU RINNE, JN AF RINNE, JN TI REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF THE RIO-GRANDE CHUB, GILA-PANDORA (TELEOSTOMI, CYPRINIFORMES), IN A MONTANE STREAM, NEW-MEXICO SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Note RP RINNE, JN (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,SW FOREST SCI COMPLEX,2500 S PINEKNOLL DR,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 6 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSN NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 SN 0038-4909 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 40 IS 1 BP 107 EP 110 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QP584 UT WOS:A1995QP58400017 ER PT J AU NUMFOR, FA WALTER, WM SCHWARTZ, SJ AF NUMFOR, FA WALTER, WM SCHWARTZ, SJ TI PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN CASSAVA STARCH AND FLOUR ASSOCIATED WITH FERMENTATION - EFFECT ON TEXTURAL PROPERTIES SO STARCH-STARKE LA English DT Article AB Physicochemical changes in cassava starch and flour associated with fermentation were investigated and related to textural properties of its flour pastes. Cyanide and pH decreased, while crude protein, acidity, and apparent amylose content increased in the fermented products. Average starch granule diameter, solubility, and swelling power were depressed, while gelatinization enthalpy increased. Amylography of starch showed increased peak viscosity temperature, reduced peak, breakdown, and setback viscosities, while Texture Profile Analysis showed a decrease in hardness, cohesiveness, elasticity, and gumminess of the fermented flour paste. The altered textural properties were attributed to greater starch granule stability due to short amylose-like fragments formed by enzymatic hydrolysis of amylopectin. C1 USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI,N CAROLINA AGR RES SERV,RALEIGH,NC 27695. INST AGR RES,EKONA CTR,BUEA,CAMEROON. NR 28 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU VCH PUBLISHERS INC PI DEERFIELD BEACH PA 303 NW 12TH AVE, DEERFIELD BEACH, FL 33442-1788 SN 0038-9056 J9 STARCH-STARKE JI Starch-Starke PD MAR PY 1995 VL 47 IS 3 BP 86 EP 91 DI 10.1002/star.19950470303 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA QQ696 UT WOS:A1995QQ69600002 ER PT J AU SIMCOX, KD MCMULLEN, MD LOUIE, R AF SIMCOX, KD MCMULLEN, MD LOUIE, R TI CO-SEGREGATION OF THE MAIZE-DWARF MOSAIC-VIRUS RESISTANCE GENE, MDM1, WITH THE NUCLEOLUS ORGANIZER REGION IN MAIZE SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE DISEASE RESISTANCE; HIGH RESOLUTION GENETIC MAP; RECOMBINATION; RIBOSOMAL DNA; RFLP ID DISEASE RESISTANCE; INTERGENIC SPACER; RECOMBINATION; RDNA; STRAINS; FAMILY AB The mdm1 locus on the short arm of chromosome six confers resistance in maize to five strains of the maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV), an aphid transmitted potyvirus. The location of mdm1 in relation to RFLP and morphological loci on the short arm of chromosome six was determined using BC1 and F-2 mapping populations. The following map order and distance in cM was obtained from the F-2 population; jc1270-2.5-npi245-1.6-umc85/pol-0.5-mdm1/nor-0.5-bnl6.29A-0.5-npi235-0.8-npi101A-4.3-numc59. No recombination between mdm1 and the nucleolus organizer region (nor) was detected, as determined using a probe from the intergenic spacer region of the rDNA repeat. In order to resolve the relationship between mdm1 and the nor, and to recover recombinants around mdm1, a high-resolution map within the polymitotic1 (po1) yellow kernel1 (y1) interval was generated using [po1 y1 tester (po1 mdm1 y1) x Pa405(Po1 Mdm1 Y1)] F-2 plants. The recessive po1 allele imparts a male-sterile phenotype when homozygous and since po1 and y1 are closely linked, the majority of fertile plants from white endosperm (y1/y1) F-2 kernels will arise though a recombination event between the Pa405 Po1 allele and the y1 allele of the po1 y1 tester. Plants from 7, 650 white (y1/y1) F-2 kernels were examined (15,300 chromosomes) and a total of 626 F-2.3 recombinant families was recovered. Analysis of these recombinants revealed that mdm1 cosegregates with the nor. This lack of recombination between mdm1 and the nor suggests that: either(1) mdm1 is located in the region flanking the nor and recombination is suppressed within that region, or (2) mdm1 is located within the nor. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,PLANT SCI UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,WOOSTER,OH 44691. USDA ARS,CORN & SOYBEAN RES UNIT,WOOSTER,OH 44691. RP SIMCOX, KD (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,USDA ARS,PLANT GENET RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. NR 36 TC 37 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 90 IS 3-4 BP 341 EP 346 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA QR664 UT WOS:A1995QR66400007 PM 24173923 ER PT J AU HSIAO, C CHATTERTON, NJ ASAY, KH JENSEN, KB AF HSIAO, C CHATTERTON, NJ ASAY, KH JENSEN, KB TI MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF THE POOIDEAE (POACEAE) BASED ON NUCLEAR RDNA (ITS) SEQUENCES SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE POACEAE; POOIDEAE; RDNA SEQUENCES MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY ID TRANSCRIBED SPACER SEQUENCES; CHLOROPLAST DNA; RIBOSOMAL DNA; SUBFAMILY POOIDEAE; EVOLUTION; GRAMINEAE; CLASSIFICATION; GRASSES AB Phylogenetic relationships of the Poaceae subfamily, Pooideae, were estimated from the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. The entire ITS region of 25 species belonging to 19 genera representing seven tribes was directly sequenced from polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified DNA fragments. The published sequence of rice, Oryza sativa, was used as the outgroup. Sequences of these taxa were analyzed with maximum parsimony (PAUP) and the neighbor-joining distance method (NJ). Among the tribes, the Stipeae, Meliceae and Brachypodieae, all with small chromosomes and a basic number more than x = 7, diverged in succession. The Poeae, Aveneae, Bromeae and Triticeae, with large chromosomes and a basic number of x = 7, form a monophyletic clade. The Poeae and Aveneae are the sister group of the Bromeae and Triticeae. On the ITS tree, the Brachypodieae is distantly related to the Triticeae and Bromeae, which differs from the phylogenies based on restriction-site variation of cpDNA and morphological characters. The phylogenetic relationships of the seven pooid tribes inferred from the ITS sequences are highly concordant with the cytogenetic evidence that the reduction in chromosome number and the increase in chromosome size evolved only once in the pooids and pre-dated the divergence of the Poeae, Aveneae, Bromeae adn Triticeae. RP HSIAO, C (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,FORAGE & RANGE RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 47 TC 102 Z9 116 U1 1 U2 11 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 90 IS 3-4 BP 389 EP 398 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA QR664 UT WOS:A1995QR66400013 PM 24173929 ER PT J AU BARK, OH HAVEY, MJ AF BARK, OH HAVEY, MJ TI SIMILARITIES AND RELATIONSHIPS AMONG POPULATIONS OF THE BULB ONION AS ESTIMATED BY NUCLEAR RFLPS SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE ALLIUM CEPA; DAY-LENGTH RESPONSE; PARSIMONY; PHYLOGENIES; RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS ID RESTRICTION-FRAGMENT-LENGTH; ALLIUM-CEPA L; POLYMORPHISMS RFLPS; MAIZE INBREDS; DNA; HETEROSIS; BRASSICA; CHROMOSOMES; DIVERSITY; DISTANCE AB Random nuclear restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were used to assess similarities and relationships among open-pollinated (OP) populations of the cultivated bulb onion (Allium cepa). Seventeen OP populations and 2 inbreds of contrasting daylength response [termed by convention as long (LD) and short (SD) day], 1 shallot (A. cepa var. ascalonicum), and one cultivar of bunching onion (Allium fistulosum) were examined with 104 cDNA clones and two to four restriction enzymes. Sixty (58%) clones detected at least 1 polymorphic fragment scorable among the OP populations and were used for analyses. The average number of polymorphic fragments per polymorphic probe-enzyme combination was 1.9, reflecting that numerous monomorphic fragments were usually present. Similarities were estimated as the proportion of polymorphic fragments shared by 2 populations. Average similarity values among LD, among SD, and between LD and SD OP populations were 0.79, 0.67, and 0.68, respectively. Relationships among the OP populations were estimated by parsimony, cluster analysis of similarities using the unweighted-pair-group method (UPGMA), and multivariate analysis using principle components. Parsimony analysis generated a strict consensus tree that grouped all but 1 LD onion with unresolved relationships to the SD OP populations. The UPGMA analysis placed together the LD storage OP populations. Principal component analysis grouped all but 2 LD onions; the other OP populations were dispersed. The results suggest that LD and SD onions do not represent distinct germ plasm, but that LD storage onions represent a derived group selected for production at higher latitudes. If it is assumed that the sampled populations are representative of all onion OP populations, the lower similarities among SD OP populations indicate that their collection and maintenance in germ plasm collections is important for the preservation of genetic diversity. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT HORT,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT HORT,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,USDA ARS,VEGETABLE CROPS UNIT,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 51 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 90 IS 3-4 BP 407 EP 414 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA QR664 UT WOS:A1995QR66400015 PM 24173931 ER PT J AU RAJAPAKSE, S BELTHOFF, LE HE, G ESTAGER, AE SCORZA, R VERDE, I BALLARD, RE BAIRD, WV CALLAHAN, A MONET, R ABBOTT, AG AF RAJAPAKSE, S BELTHOFF, LE HE, G ESTAGER, AE SCORZA, R VERDE, I BALLARD, RE BAIRD, WV CALLAHAN, A MONET, R ABBOTT, AG TI GENETIC-LINKAGE MAPPING IN PEACH USING MORPHOLOGICAL, RFLP AND RAPD MARKERS SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE PRUNUS PERSICA; RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM; RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; LINKAGE MAPPING; CULTIVAR IDENTIFICATION ID FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS; QUANTITATIVE TRAITS; GROWTH HABIT; INHERITANCE; MAP AB We have constructed a genetic linkage map of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] consisting of RFLP, RAPD and morphological markers, based on 71 F-2 individuals derived from the self-fertilization of four F-1 individuals of a cross between 'New Jersey Pillar' and KV 77119. This progeny, designated as the West Virginia (WV) family, segregates for genes controlling canopy shape, fruit flesh color, and flower petal color, size and number. The segregation of 65 markers, comprising 46 RFLP loci, 12 RAPD loci and seven morphological loci, was analyzed. Low-copy genomic and cDNA probes were used in the RFLP analysis. The current genetic map for the WV family contains 47 markers assigned to eight linkage groups covering 332 centi-Morgans (cM) of the peach nuclear genome. The average distance between two adjacent markers is 8 cM. Linkage was detected between Pillar (Pi) and double flowers (DI). RFLP markers linked to Pi and flesh color (gamma) loci were also found. Eighteen markers remain unassigned. The individuals analyzed for linkage were not a random sample of all F-2 trees, as an excess of pillar trees were chosen for analysis. Because of this, Pi and eight other markers that deviated significantly from the expected Mendelian ratios (e.g., 1:2:1 or 3:1) were not eliminated from the linkage analysis. Genomic clones that detect RFLPs in the WV family also detect significant levels of polymorphism among the 34 peach cultivars examined. Unique fingerprint patterns were created for all the cultivars using only six clones detecting nine RFLP fragments. This suggests that RFLP markers from the WV family have a high probability of being polymorphic in crosses generated with other peach cultivars, making them ideal for anchor loci. This possibility was examined by testing RFLP markers developed with the WV family in three other unrelated peach families. In each of these three peach families respectively 43%, 54% and 36% of RFLP loci detected in the WV family were also polymorphic. This finding supports the possibility that these RFLP markers may serve as anchor loci in many other peach crosses. C1 USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430. MAF,IST SPERIMENTALE FRUTTICOLTURA,ROME,ITALY. CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT HORT,CLEMSON,SC 29634. INRA,CTR RECH BORDEAUX,F-33883 VILLENAVE DORNON,FRANCE. RP RAJAPAKSE, S (reprint author), CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,CLEMSON,SC 29634, USA. RI Baird, William/I-6442-2012; OI Baird, William/0000-0003-2395-3077; Verde, Ignazio/0000-0002-9139-955X NR 30 TC 88 Z9 116 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 90 IS 3-4 BP 503 EP 510 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA QR664 UT WOS:A1995QR66400028 PM 24173944 ER PT J AU COX, TS SEARS, RG BEQUETTE, RK AF COX, TS SEARS, RG BEQUETTE, RK TI USE OF WINTER-WHEAT X TRITICUM-TAUSCHII BACKCROSS POPULATIONS FOR GERMPLASM EVALUATION SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE TRITICUM TAUSCHII; AEGILOPS SQUARROSA; WHEAT; YIELD; PROTEIN; HARDNESS; LEAF RUST ID HEXAPLOID WHEAT; AEGILOPS-SQUARROSA; HESSIAN FLY; LEAF RUST; D-GENOME; RESISTANCE; VARIABILITY; ACCESSIONS; HARDINESS; TRAITS AB The wild diploid goatgrass, Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmal., is an important source of genes for resistance to both diseases and insects in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) We have evaluated grain yield, kernel weight, protein concentration, and kernel hardness of 641 BC2 F-1-derived families from direct crosses involving four T. aestivum cultivars and 13 T. tauschii accessions over 2 years and at two Kansas, USA, locations. On average, T. tauschii germplasm depressed grain yield and increased protein concentration, whereas kernel weight was affected either positively or negatively, depending on the T. tauschii parent. Three T. tauschii parents produced a large proportion of families with very soft endosperm. Some variation among progeny of different T. tauschii parents resulted from the segregation of genes for resistance to leaf rust (caused by Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm.). This study confirmed that random BC2-derived families can be used to evaluate the effects of T. tauschii genes in the field. This methodology, although laborious, can provide useful information which is not obtainable by the screening of T. tauschii accessions themselves. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,DEPT GRAIN SCI,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. RP COX, TS (reprint author), KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,USDA ARS,DEPT AGRON,THROCKMORTON HALL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506, USA. NR 31 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 90 IS 3-4 BP 571 EP 577 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA QR664 UT WOS:A1995QR66400037 PM 24173953 ER PT J AU STAIGMILLER, RB MACNEIL, MD BELLOWS, RA SHORT, RE PHELPS, DA AF STAIGMILLER, RB MACNEIL, MD BELLOWS, RA SHORT, RE PHELPS, DA TI THE EFFECT OF ESTRUS SYNCHRONIZATION SCHEME, INJECTION PROTOCOL AND LARGE OVARIAN FOLLICLE ON RESPONSE TO SUPEROVULATION IN BEEF HEIFERS SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ESTRUS SYNCHRONIZATION; INJECTION PROTOCOL; DOMINANT FOLLICLE; SUPEROVULATION; FOLLICLE DEVELOPMENT ID ESTROUS-CYCLE; DOMINANT FOLLICLE; CATTLE; HEREFORD; GROWTH; FSH; HETEROSIS; BOVINE; COWS AB Two trials were conducted to examine the effects of estrus synchronization scheme, gonadotropin injection protocol and presence of a large ovarian follicle on response to superstimulation of follicular development and the ensuing superovulation. Estrus was synchronized with either a progestin compound (MGA) or by the use of a luteolytic agent (PGF). Superstimulation was induced with 280 mg equivalents of pFSH administered either by a single subcutaneous injection or by a series of 8 intramuscular injections over 4 d. Follicular development was followed for 5 d with real-time ultrasound, and the heifers were retrospectively classified as to the presence or absence of a large follicle (greater than or equal to 8 mm; morphologically dominant follicle) at the start of superstimulation. The 2 trials differed by season of the year and genetic origin of the heifers. In Trial I (20 heifers), the ovulation rate was influenced by the 3-way interaction of the synchronization scheme, injection protocol and morphologically dominant follicle (P=0.05). The number of large follicles on Day 5 (Day 0 = day of start of superstimulation) and ovarian score (scale 1 to 5 based on extent of follicular development; 1=least, 5=most) on Day 5 were significantly correlated (P<0.05) with ovulation rate. In Trial II (20 heifers), the ovulation rate, number of embryos recovered, number of transferable embryos and ovarian weights were all greater (P<0.05 to P<0.01) with the 8-injection protocol than the 1-injection protocol. The number of medium follicles (5 to 7 mm) on Days 2 and 3, number of large follicles (greater than or equal to 8 mm) on Days 3, 4 and 5 and ovarian scores on Days 4 and 5 were all significantly correlated (P<0.05) with ovulation rate. In both trials, differences in follicle populations were not seen until Day 3 of the superstimulation procedure. Collectively, these trials do not provide strong support for a single injection of FSH, as used here, nor does it indicate a clear advantage for either MGA or PGF as a means of enhancing the ovulation rate or embryo quality. C1 MONTANA AGR EXPTL STN,MILES CITY,MT 59301. RP STAIGMILLER, RB (reprint author), USDA ARS,FT KEOGH LIVESTOCK & RANGE RES LAB,ROUTE 1,BOX 2021,MILES CITY,MT 59301, USA. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009 NR 26 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD MAR PY 1995 VL 43 IS 4 BP 823 EP 834 DI 10.1016/0093-691X(95)00025-4 PG 12 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA QH515 UT WOS:A1995QH51500013 PM 16727673 ER PT J AU HELLER, SR AF HELLER, SR TI TRAC INTERNET COLUMN SO TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material RP HELLER, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-9936 J9 TRAC-TREND ANAL CHEM JI Trac-Trends Anal. Chem. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 14 IS 3 BP 93 EP 94 DI 10.1016/0165-9936(95)94040-L PG 2 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA QN077 UT WOS:A1995QN07700001 ER PT J AU THOMASSON, JA MENGUC, MP SHEARER, SA AF THOMASSON, JA MENGUC, MP SHEARER, SA TI RADIATIVE-TRANSFER MODEL FOR RELATING NEAR-INFRARED AND MICRONAIRE MEASUREMENTS OF COTTON FIBERS SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE COTTON QUALITY; FINENESS; FIBERQUALITY; MATURITY; NIR; SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AB Assessing cotton fiber quality has become increasingly important. Spectrophotometric reflectance measurements have shown promise in assessing fiber fineness and maturity. A technique is proposed herein in which cotton sample reflectance is related to electromagnetic theory with a radiative transfer approach. Cotton fibers are assumed to be cylindrical in shape. All calculations are performed assuming a wavelength of 2000 nm. It is shown that reflectance can be approximated as a function of the scattering and extinction coefficients of cotton. These coefficients are related to the more fundamental parameters of fiber radius, refractive index, and absorption index by way of the Lorenz-Mie theory. Different values of radius, refractive index, and absorption index are input to an electromagnetic wave model to predict reflectances. Comparing calculated results and spectrophotometric data is limited because the scattering phase function of cotton fibers is unknown at present. This is left to another study. However, results hold that most of the variation in reflectance emanates from changes in absorption index, while some variation comes from changes in radius. Uncertainties in refractive index have very little influence on reflectance. The effect of change in radius is heightened at low values of absorption index. Assuming that absorption by cotton fibers increases with maturity, it was concluded that the high correlations between near-infrared reflectance (NIR) measurements and Micronaire measurements are much more related to maturity than to fiber fineness. The radiative transfer approach proved quite useful in exposing some of the complex physical relationships involved. C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT MECH ENGN,LEXINGTON,KY 40506. UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT AGR ENGN,LEXINGTON,KY 40506. RP THOMASSON, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,US COTTON GINNING LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. RI Shearer, Scott/C-8055-2012; Menguc, Pinar/O-3114-2013 NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 38 IS 2 BP 367 EP 377 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA QW855 UT WOS:A1995QW85500002 ER PT J AU FRANZ, E CARLTON, JB BOUSE, LF KIRK, IW AF FRANZ, E CARLTON, JB BOUSE, LF KIRK, IW TI WITHIN-CANOPY AIR-FLOWS AND SPRAY MOVEMENT FOR FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE SPRAY MOVEMENT; CANOPY AIR-FLOW; TEMPORAL SAMPLING ID TRAILING VORTICES AB Studies determined the effects of airspeed and spray height of a Cessna AgHusky on airflow and temporal spray deposits in cotton and cantaloupe canopies. Analyses of covariance selected significant covariants which were used to adjust treatment means. Ambient velocity and turbulence intensity in the canopies were used to adjust for aircraft induced airflows. None of the variables studied covaried significantly with deposits in the cantaloupe canopy. Canopy size had the greatest impact on canopy airflows, deposits, and longevity of aircraft effects in cotton. Deposits and mean airflows were greatest in the smaller canopy. Deposits in small cotton for an airspeed of 145 km/h were significantly greater than those for an airspeed of 185 km/h. There were no significant effects on deposit in large cotton. Based on mean and rms velocity in crop canopies, wake effects were significantly greater than ambient for about 5 s in both cotton and cantaloupe canopies. An airspeed of 145 km/h resulted in higher mean air velocities and greater deposits in cantaloupe than an airspeed of 185 km/h. Spray height of 1.8 m resulted in greater mean air velocities but less spray deposited in cantaloupe than a 3.7 m height. RP FRANZ, E (reprint author), USDA ARS,AERIAL APPLICAT RES UNIT,COLLEGE STN,TX, USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 38 IS 2 BP 389 EP 394 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA QW855 UT WOS:A1995QW85500004 ER PT J AU WANJURA, DF UPCHURCH, DR MAHAN, JR AF WANJURA, DF UPCHURCH, DR MAHAN, JR TI CONTROL OF IRRIGATION SCHEDULING USING TEMPERATURE-TIME THRESHOLDS SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT; CONTROL STRATEGY; TEMPERATURE SETPOINTS AB Irrigation of cotton was scheduled using a minimum three-day irrigation cycle which was adjusted by temperature-time thresholds (TTT). These TTT were measured as the amount of time that canopy temperature exceeded 28 degrees C during one day. The TTT that were tested ranged from 2.5 to 7.0 h in 1991 and from 2 to 8 h in 1992. In both years an increase of 1 h in TTT decreased the number of irrigations by 1.3 for the period day of year (DOY) 184 to DOY 243. Average canopy temperature between DOY 198 and DOY 273 was 1.2 degrees C higher in the 7.5 TTT than in 2.5 TTT in 1991 and in 1992 the 8 TTT treatment was 2.2 degrees C higher than the 2 TTT treatment (averages are based on time when air temperature exceeded 28 degrees C and total radiation exceeded 500 W/m(2)). The TTT treatments produced consistent differences in irrigation frequency and application amount in both years. Yields were not different among the TTT treatments in either year. In 1991 Verticillium wilt, a severe infestation of aphids, and 26.6 cm of rainfall during July through September reduced yields in all treatments. All irrigated yields were high in 1992 compared to long-term averages in spite of a late planting date. Even a small amount of irrigation in 1992 combined with a fill soil water profile prevented significant moisture stress. RP WANJURA, DF (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROPPING SYST RES LAB,LUBBOCK,TX 79401, USA. NR 9 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 38 IS 2 BP 403 EP 409 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA QW855 UT WOS:A1995QW85500006 ER PT J AU WAGNER, LE NELSON, RG AF WAGNER, LE NELSON, RG TI MASS REDUCTION OF STANDING AND FLAT CROP RESIDUES BY SELECTED TILLAGE IMPLEMENTS SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE RESIDUE; CROP; TILLAGE; BURIAL; FLATTENING; INCORPORATION ID PREDICTION AB Field data were collected to determine the mass reduction of standing residue by selected tillage operations and to develop a set of coefficients that could represent changes in mass between standing, flat and buried residue pools caused by those tillage operations. Tillage implements used in this study were tandem-disk harrows, chisel plows, and wide-sweep plows. A range of pre-tillage corn and wheat residue conditions were studied, with standing and flat residue pools sampled separately before and after each tillage operation. The data show that 7% of standing corn residue was flattened with a wide-sweep plow, 89 to 100% with tandem-disk harrows, 29% with a straight-shank chisel plow, and 76% with a twisted-point chisel plow. Wheat residue data, indicated that 53 to 55% of the standing residue was flattened with the wide-sweep plows, 86% for a wide-sweep plow outfitted with a rolling harrow treader attachment, and 86 to 95% for the tandem-disk harrows. The two straight-shanked chisel plows, one outfitted with a drag harrow attachment using coil-spring wire teeth and one without an attachment, flattened 90% and 22% of the standing wheat residue, respectively. A set of transfer equations also was developed to represent changes in mass between standing, flat, and buried residue pools from tillage operations. Only three coefficients (flattening, burial, and surfacing) are necessary to describe the transfer of mass from one residue pool to another. Coefficient values, determined via a constrained optimization procedure, are presented for each tillage implement on both corn and wheat residues. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,ENERGY EXTENS SERV,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. RP WAGNER, LE (reprint author), USDA ARS,WIND EROS UNIT,MANHATTAN,KS, USA. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 38 IS 2 BP 419 EP 427 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA QW855 UT WOS:A1995QW85500008 ER PT J AU MA, QL AHUJA, LR ROJAS, KW FERREIRA, VF DECOURSEY, DG AF MA, QL AHUJA, LR ROJAS, KW FERREIRA, VF DECOURSEY, DG TI MEASURED AND RZWQM PREDICTED ATRAZINE DISSIPATION AND MOVEMENT IN A FIELD SOIL SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE ATRAZINE; TRANSFORMATION; RUNOFF DISTRIBUTION; SORPTION; EQUILIBRIA; SIMULATION ID MODEL; CONDUCTIVITY; TRANSPORT AB The ARS Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) was developed recently to study the fate and behavior of agrochemicals in the environment and the effects of agricultural management on surface and groundwater quality. In this article, model performance was tested by comparing three years of field data for. water and atrazine movement (runoff and concentration profiles) and atrazine transformation obtained under different management conditions with those simulated by RZWQM. Accuracy of model simulation was quantified by standard linear regression techniques. The regression correlation coefficients (R(2)) between average measured and simulated data for water runoff, atrazine runoff atrazine persistence, and atrazine distribution in the soil profile were 0.87, 0.92, 0.97, and 0.73, respectively. Evaluation of the model, using best estimates for properties of atrazine and hydrologic characteristics of the field soil and limited calibration for water runoff suggests that the model effectively simulates the important processes operating on water and chemicals. C1 USDA ARS,GREAT PLAINS SYST RES UNIT,FT COLLINS,CO 80522. NR 22 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 38 IS 2 BP 471 EP 479 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA QW855 UT WOS:A1995QW85500015 ER PT J AU CABELGUENNE, M JONES, CA WILLIAMS, JR AF CABELGUENNE, M JONES, CA WILLIAMS, JR TI STRATEGIES FOR LIMITED IRRIGATIONS OF MAIZE IN SOUTHWESTERN FRANCE - A MODELING APPROACH SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE IRRIGATION; MODELING MANAGEMENT; MAIZE; SIMULATION AB Techniques are needed to determine optimum management strategies for use of limited irrigation water in southwestern France. The objective of this study was to use the Erosion-Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) model to maximize maize (Zea mays L.) yield using a total of 1000 m(3) irrigation ha(-1) y(-1). In order to conduct the study, the EPIC model was modified to simulate more accurately the effects of drought stress on biomass production and harvest index of maize. Field data from a five-year experiment near Toulouse, France, were used for model calibration and validation. Simulations of 20 climatic years were conducted for each of three characteristic soils and six irrigation management strategies. Simulated increases in yields and net economic return due to limited irrigation differed among years, soils, and irrigation strategies. The simulated results agreed well with the known effects of drought stress during critical crop growth periods, indicating that EPIC can be used to determine optimal strategies for limited irrigation of maize in southwestern France. Since EPIC can also simulate multiple crops grown in rotation, further research should be conducted to determine if the model can be used to make more complex recommendations involving multiple crops and spatial distribution of irrigation resources. C1 TEXAS AGR EXPTL STN,TEMPLE,TX. USDA ARS,TEMPLE,TX. RP CABELGUENNE, M (reprint author), INRA,F-31931 TOULOUSE,FRANCE. NR 15 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 38 IS 2 BP 507 EP 511 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA QW855 UT WOS:A1995QW85500019 ER PT J AU MORRISON, JE LEMUNYON, J BOGUSCH, HC AF MORRISON, JE LEMUNYON, J BOGUSCH, HC TI SOURCES OF VARIATION AND PERFORMANCE OF 9 DEVICES WHEN MEASURING PERCENT RESIDUE COVER SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE TRANSECTS; LINES; WHEELS ID TILLAGE AB Nine devices were used to visually measure percent residue cover on 21 field sites in 7 states. Three or more observers measured 1000 points with each device at each sire, with a total of 20 observers participating in the study. The residues were from crops of wheat, corn, cotton, sorghum, soybeans, and sunflowers. Cover ranged from an average of 11 to 84% for the 21 field sites. The measuring devices were four lines with various arrangements of bead markers, a 15.2 m steel measuring tape, and four wheels with markers located on or near the wheel perimeter. The time required to collect and record data for 10 consecutive replications of 100 points each varied between 16 and 31 min, with a mean of 20.7 min. General time savings were 3 to 6 min by using the measurement wheels. The ''even-spaced residue wheel'' equipped with a datalogger required the shortest time, while the steel tape rook the longest time. The observers preferred using the ''dual-beaded'' line and the wheel devices over other line devices. Not one observer preferred the steel tape or ''random-spaced'' single-bead line. Even though the fields visually appeared to be uniformly covered within measurement sites, data from each observer using the same measurement device revealed that there was variation of cover ranging from 7 to 20 percentage points. The variation among the observers was also greater than expected. The observers were mostly trained, USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service employees, yet observer variations were nearly nine percentage points when using the same device on the same site. Superposition of such high levels of field site and observer variabilities exceeded arbitrary limits of acceptable performance, of +/- 3 percentage points, around the true value. All sources of variation increased with increasing field cover above 11%, but other residue characteristics such as diameter, length, and height were not highly correlated with measured values. Therefore, the measurement procedures used were equally effective across the wide array of field conditions. The nine measurement devices represented the variety of devices currently being used experimentally in research studies and standard types being used in the field. High levels of variability among observers obstructed any detailed performance comparisons among the nine devices. Precision of measurement appeared to group the four types of line devices and four wheel devices with generally less than four percentage points between groups of devices. Because cover was naturally distributed and not precisely controlled for any of the field sites, accuracy for individual devices could not be measured. C1 USDA,NAT RESOURCES CONSERV SERV,FT WORTH,TX. RP MORRISON, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS,TEMPLE,TX, USA. NR 11 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 38 IS 2 BP 521 EP 529 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA QW855 UT WOS:A1995QW85500021 ER PT J AU GILLEY, JE KOTTWITZ, ER AF GILLEY, JE KOTTWITZ, ER TI DARCY-WEISBACH ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENTS FOR SURFACES WITH RESIDUE AND GRAVEL COVER SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE FLOW RESISTANCY; HYDRAULICS; HYDRAULIC ROUGHNESS; HYDROLOGIC MODELING; RUNOFF ID OVERLAND-FLOW; RESISTANCE AB Several types of hydraulic resistance factors may be present on upland agricultural areas. It is not known whether roughness contributions from individual elements are additive or if interactions between resistance factors may occur. In this study, Darcy-Weisbach roughness coefficients were measured on surfaces containing corn-soybeans, sorghum-cotton, and sunflower-wheat residue in addition to gravel cover. Varying rates of flow were introduced into a flume in which residue and gravel materials were securely attached. Roughness coefficients were calculated from measurements of discharge rate and flow velocity for Reynolds number values varying from approximately 1,200 to 13,000. The laboratory data were then used to identify the contribution to total hydraulic resistance provided by the different types of resistance elements. For most of the experimental treatments, the addition of smaller diameter residue materials (soybeans, cotton, or wheat) to surfaces containing larger resistance elements (corn, sorghum, or sunflower) did not significantly affect hydraulic resistance. However, smaller diameter residue materials did influence hydraulic resistance when they substantially increased the total volume of resistance elements. Existing roughness coefficient values were not significantly affected by the presence of gravel materials with diameters similar to the larger residue materials. The experimental results suggest that total hydraulic resistance cannot be predicted by simply adding the contributions provided by individual resistance elements. When estimating total hydraulic resistance on upland agricultural areas, the relative size, number, and volume of resistance elements must be considered. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT BIOL SYST ENGN,LINCOLN,NE 68583. RP GILLEY, JE (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 38 IS 2 BP 539 EP 544 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA QW855 UT WOS:A1995QW85500023 ER PT J AU KANG, YS SPILLMAN, CK STEELE, JL CHUNG, DS AF KANG, YS SPILLMAN, CK STEELE, JL CHUNG, DS TI MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES OF WHEAT SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE WHEAT; PHYSICAL PROPERTIES; MOISTURE; STRESS; STRAIN ID ENDOSPERM AB Fundamental mechanical properties of the wheat kernel were characterized for five different wheat classes. An Instron testing machine was used to perform a compression test on wheat slices. Wheat slices were prepared by cutting off both ends of the wheat kernel. A cross-sectional area of the wheat slices was measured using a commercial image processing system. An offset yield of 0.2 % was introduced for determining the yield point for wheat and used to determine yield stress, yield strain, modulus of deformability, and energy to yield point. To determine the effect of sample location, each kernel of hard red spring and soft red winter wheats was cut into two slices (germ end and brush end). No significant differences, a = 0.05, were found in values of the physical properties for germ-end and brush-end samples. In general, the four properties increased as loading rate increased up to a 100 mm/min and decreased thereafter The mean values of yield stress for all five wheat classes decreased as moisture content increased. Soft wheat samples had generally lower modulus of deformability values. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,USDA ARS,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. RP KANG, YS (reprint author), KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,DEPT BIOL & AGR ENGN,MANHATTAN,KS 66506, USA. NR 12 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 38 IS 2 BP 573 EP 578 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA QW855 UT WOS:A1995QW85500028 ER PT J AU NELSON, SO FORBUS, WR LAWRENCE, KC AF NELSON, SO FORBUS, WR LAWRENCE, KC TI ASSESSMENT OF MICROWAVE PERMITTIVITY FOR SENSING PEACH MATURITY SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE PEACHES; MATURITY; MICROWAVE PERMITTIVITY; DIELECTRIC CONSTANT; LOSS FACTOR ID ENDED COAXIAL LINE; DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; FREQUENCIES; RADIO AB Permittivity measurements were taken from 0.2 to 20 GHz on fresh peaches of three varieties at three stages of maturity during the harvest season to determine whether dielectric properties might be correlated with maturity. Other physical properties of the peach tissue, such as density, moisture content, firmness, and total soluble solids content, were also determined. Several indices, based mainly on dielectric constant and loss factor values at 0.2 and 10 GHz, were developed that are related to stage of maturity, but their values were dependent on the variety. Correlations of the permittivity-based maturity indices with tissue firmness and other properties are presented. Further studies, including permittivity measurements at frequencies lower than 0.2 GHz, are needed to determine the practical usefulness of such permittivity-based maturity indices. RP NELSON, SO (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 10 TC 46 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 38 IS 2 BP 579 EP 585 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA QW855 UT WOS:A1995QW85500029 ER PT J AU FRANZ, E GEBHARDT, MR UNKLESBAY, KB AF FRANZ, E GEBHARDT, MR UNKLESBAY, KB TI ALGORITHMS FOR EXTRACTING LEAF BOUNDARY INFORMATION FROM DIGITAL IMAGES OF PLANT FOLIAGE SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE COMPUTER VISION; IMAGE ANALYSIS; IMAGE PROCESSING; LEAVES; SHAPE; INFRARED REFLECTANCE; WEEDS ID SPECTRAL DIFFERENCES; CANOPIES AB Algorithms were developed to extract edge segments along leaf margins in digitized scenes of weed seedlings. Edge segments were linked based on endpoint conditions to form closed boundaries of vegetative regions. Since boundaries represented regions of either single or multiple leaves, methods were developed to partition regions based on interior boundaries and finally produce boundaries of single leaves, either completely visible or partially occluded, suitable for shape identification. The algorithms were evaluated based on a comparison of the number of leaves detected with the actual number of leaves in an image. The results indicated that 0.912, 0.875, 0.958, and 0.714 of the leaves in images of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), soybean (Glycine max), ivyleaf morning glory (Ipomoea hederacea), or foxtail (Setaria faberi) seedlings, respectively, were detected. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,USDA ARS,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. TURNER FOODS CORP,TECH SERV,PUNTA GORDA,FL. UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT ELECT & COMP ENGN,COLUMBIA,MO. NR 7 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1995 VL 38 IS 2 BP 625 EP 633 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA QW855 UT WOS:A1995QW85500035 ER PT J AU HUANG, K TORIDE, N VANGENUCHTEN, MT AF HUANG, K TORIDE, N VANGENUCHTEN, MT TI EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF SOLUTE TRANSPORT IN LARGE, HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS, SATURATED SOIL COLUMNS SO TRANSPORT IN POROUS MEDIA LA English DT Article DE SOLUTE TRANSPORT EXPERIMENTS; HETEROGENEOUS MEDIA; DISPERSION; SCALE-DEPENDENCY ID SCALE-DEPENDENT DISPERSION; STOCHASTIC-ANALYSIS; POROUS-MEDIA; LONGITUDINAL DISPERSION; GROUNDWATER-FLOW; TRACER TESTS; AQUIFERS; MACRODISPERSION; SYSTEMS; MODELS AB Laboratory tracer experiments were conducted to investigate solute transport in 12.5-m long, horizontally placed soil columns during steady saturated water flow. Two columns having cross-sectional areas of 10 x 10 cm(2) were used: a uniformly packed homogeneous sandy column and a heterogeneous column containing layered, mixed, and lenticular formations of various shapes and sizes. The heterogeneous soil column gradually changed, on average, from coarse-textured at one end to fine-textured at the other end. NaCl breakthrough curves (BTC's) in the columns were measured with electrical conductivity probes inserted at 50- or 100-cm intervals. Observed BTC's in the homogeneous sandy column were relatively smooth and sigmoidal (S-shaped), while those in the heterogeneous column were very irregular, nonsigmoidal, and exhibited extensive tailing. Effective average pore-water velocities (v(eff)) and dispersion coefficients (D-eff) were estimated simultaneously by fitting an analytical solution of the convection-dispersion equation to the observed BTC's. Velocity variations in the heterogeneous medium were found to be much larger than those in the homogeneous sand. Values of the dispersivity, alpha = D-eff/v(eff), for the homogeneous sandy column ranged from 0.1 to 5.0 cm, while those for the heterogeneous column were as high as 200 cm. The dispersivity for transport in both columns increased with travel distance or travel time, thus exhibiting scale-dependency. The heterogeneous soil column also showed the effects of preferential flow, i.e., some locations in the column showed earlier solute breakthrough than several locations closer to the inlet boundary. Spatial fluctuations in the dispersivity could be explained qualitatively by the particular makeup of the heterogeneities in the column. RP USDA ARS, US SALIN LAB, 4500 GLENWOOD DR, RIVERSIDE, CA 92501 USA. RI van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 43 TC 58 Z9 65 U1 6 U2 43 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0169-3913 EI 1573-1634 J9 TRANSPORT POROUS MED JI Transp. Porous Media PD MAR PY 1995 VL 18 IS 3 BP 283 EP 302 DI 10.1007/BF00616936 PG 20 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA RM906 UT WOS:A1995RM90600007 ER PT J AU CURRAN, PJ WINDHAM, WR GHOLZ, HL AF CURRAN, PJ WINDHAM, WR GHOLZ, HL TI EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN REFLECTANCE RED EDGE AND CHLOROPHYLL CONCENTRATION IN SLASH PINE LEAVES SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PINUS ELLIOTTII; REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY ID INTACT LEAVES; SPECTROSCOPY; SPECTRA; PLANTS AB Chlorophyll concentration is related positively to the point of maximum slope in the reflectance spectra of leaves and this point is termed the red edge. The reflectance spectra of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm,) needles were measured in the field and the chlorophyll concentrations of the same needles were measured in the laboratory, The measurement errors for red edge and chlorophyll concentration were determined to be 2.2 nm (3% of mean) and 0.35 mg g(-1) (19% of mean), respectively. The red edge-chlorophyll concentration relationship was strong (r(2) = 0.82, n = 152). A red edge-chlorophyll concentration relationship for n = 100 was used with red edge measurements to estimate chlorophyll concentration with an rms error of 0.31 mg g(-1) (17% of mean, n = 52), The entire red edge-chlorophyll concentration relationship for n = 152 was also used with red edge measurements to estimate the chlorophyll concentration of samples from an earlier experiment with an rms error of 0.47 mg g(-1) (30% of mean, n = 38). We conclude that measures of red edge can be used to estimate the chlorophyll concentration of detached needles in the field with an accuracy similar to that obtained by conventional laboratory measurements. C1 USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30613. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT FORESTRY,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. RP CURRAN, PJ (reprint author), UNIV SOUTHAMPTON,DEPT GEOG,SOUTHAMPTON SO17 1BJ,HANTS,ENGLAND. NR 24 TC 89 Z9 100 U1 3 U2 19 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA BOX 5579 STATION B, VICTORIA BC V8R 6S4, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 15 IS 3 BP 203 EP 206 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA QN600 UT WOS:A1995QN60000009 ER PT J AU LUGO, AE AF LUGO, AE TI RECONSTRUCTING HURRICANE PASSAGES OVER FORESTS - A TOOL FOR UNDERSTANDING MULTIPLE-SCALE RESPONSES TO DISTURBANCE SO TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION LA English DT Editorial Material RP LUGO, AE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,INT INST TROP FORESTRY,CALL BOX 25000,RIO PIEDRAS,PR 00928, USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0169-5347 J9 TRENDS ECOL EVOL JI Trends Ecol. Evol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 10 IS 3 BP 98 EP 99 DI 10.1016/S0169-5347(00)89000-X PG 2 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA QJ053 UT WOS:A1995QJ05300003 PM 21236968 ER PT J AU MILLER, GW SCHULER, TM SMITH, HC AF MILLER, GW SCHULER, TM SMITH, HC TI METHOD FOR APPLYING GROUP SELECTION IN CENTRAL APPALACHIAN HARDWOODS SO USDA FOREST SERVICE NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE UNEVEN-AGE MANAGEMENT AB Public concern over the adverse visual impact of clearcutting has heightened interest in developing and testing alternative regeneration practices for central Appalachian hardwoods. When applied properly, group selection, which entails making small openings within a timber stand at regular intervals, can meet aesthetic goals while providing suitable light conditions to reproduce shade-intolerant species. Volume control and residual stand density are used to regulate periodic cuts, which include volume removed to create openings plus volume removed between openings to improve the quality and distribution of the residual stand. In central Appalachian hardwoods, openings must have a minimum size of 0.4 acre; all stems 1.0 inch d.b.h. and larger are cut to reproduce desirable shade-intolerant species. Maximum opening size is based on aesthetic requirements or other management constraints. Where reproduction of shade-intolerant species is acceptable, openings can be as small as a space occupied by a few trees. Openings should be located using the worst first approach to give the growing space occupied by mature trees or risky trees to faster growing, desirable regeneration. The residual stand between openings should be improved by cutting poor-quality or high-risk trees. The recommended residual basal area in sawtimber-size trees (11.0 inches d.b.h. and larger) is related to northern red oak site index (Sl): 70 to 85 ft2/acre for Sl 80, 55 to 70 ft2/acre for Sl 70, and 40 to 55 ft2/acre for Sl 60. These field-tested methods can help forest managers initiate group selection in second-growth Appalachian hardwoods. Guidelines are presented for computing the cut, determining size, location, and number of openings, and marking the stand. RP MILLER, GW (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT ST,TIMBER & WATERSHED LAB,PARSONS,WV, USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU USDA FOREST SERVICE NORTH EASTERN FOREST EXP STATION PI DELAWARE PA 359 MAIN RD, DELAWARE, OH 43015 J9 USDA FOR SERV NE RES JI USDA For. Serv. Northeast. For. Exp. Stn. Res. Pap. PD MAR PY 1995 IS 696 BP U1 EP 11 PG 0 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA RA882 UT WOS:A1995RA88200001 ER PT J AU LITTLE, SN SHAINSKY, LJ AF LITTLE, SN SHAINSKY, LJ TI BIOMASS AND NUTRIENT DISTRIBUTIONS IN CENTRAL OREGON 2ND-GROWTH PONDEROSA PINE ECOSYSTEMS SO USDA FOREST SERVICE PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE BIOMASS; NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS; ALLOMETRIC EQUATIONS; PONDEROSA PINE; CARBON STORAGE AB We investigated the distribution of biomass and nutrients in second-growth ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) ecosystems in central Oregon. Destructive sampling of aboveground and belowground tree biomass was carried out at six sites in the Deschutes National Forest; three of these sites also were intensively sampled for biomass and nutrient concentrations of the soil, forest floor, residue, and shrub components. Tree biomass equations were developed that related component biomass to diameter at breast height and total tree height. No significant differences in equation coefficients were detected among sites, thereby allowing a pooling of the data for equations predicting dry weights for bores, crowns, bark, and coarse roots. Nutrient concentrations were highest in the foliage of trees and in the shrub component and lowest in the soil component. Total nutrient content, however, was greatest in the soil component. Assessment of the nutrient distributions suggests that bore-only harvesting and debarking onsite will result in the greatest retention of tree nutrients within the ecosystem. RP LITTLE, SN (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,PORTLAND,OR 97208, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU USDA FOR SERV PNW RES STN PI PORTLAND PA 319 SW PINE STREET PO BOX 3890, PORTLAND, OR 97208 SN 0882-5165 J9 USDA FOR SERV PNW RE JI USDA For. Serv. Pac. Northwest Res. Stn. Res. Pap. PD MAR PY 1995 IS 481 BP 1 EP 17 PG 17 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA QY481 UT WOS:A1995QY48100001 ER PT J AU BURTON, JD BARNETT, JP AF BURTON, JD BARNETT, JP TI OSAGE-ORANGE - A SMALL TREE WITH A BIG ROLE IN DEVELOPING THE PLAINS SO USDA FOREST SERVICE SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article AB Osage-orange, a small tree with a number of unique characteristics, played an important role in the settlement of the prairies. One of the more significant contributions was in the use of the species for hedges. The thorny, low-spreading crowns provided excellent fencing when properly maintained. This use, plus its later use in shelterbelts, exert a continuing influence on the environment of the Middle West and the Great Plains. C1 US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,ALEXANDRIA FORESTRY CTR,PINEVILLE,LA 71360. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU USDA FOR SERV SO FOR EXP STA PI NEW ORLEANS PA 701 LOYOLA AVE ROOM T-10210, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70113 J9 USDA FOR SERV SO RES JI USDA For. Serv. South. For. Exp. Stn. Res. Pap. PD MAR PY 1995 IS 285 BP 1 EP 8 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA RB770 UT WOS:A1995RB77000001 ER PT J AU KWANG, J KIM, HS ROSATI, S LEHMKUHL, HD AF KWANG, J KIM, HS ROSATI, S LEHMKUHL, HD TI CHARACTERIZATION OF OVINE LENTIVIRUS ENVELOPE GLYCOPROTEIN EXPRESSED IN ESCHERICHIA-COLI CELL AND BACULOVIRUS SYSTEMS SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Note ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES; STRUCTURAL PROTEINS; VISNA AB The ovine lentivirus (OLV) envelope protein NH2- and COOH-terminal subunits gp70 and the NH2-terminal subunit gp40 were expressed in Escherichia coli cell. The entire gp70 envelope protein was also expressed in insect cells by the recombinant baculovirus. Guinea pigs were immunized with each bacterially expressed recombinant protein, and a serum neutralization assay was used to determine their capacity to neutralize OLV. These results showed that the major neutralization epitopes are located in the NH2-terminal half of the gp70, The baculovirus expressed gp70 was found on the surface of insect cells and was immunobiologically active. Virus neutralization activity was also produced in sheep immunized with the baculovirus expressed recombinant protein. C1 UNIV TURIN,DEPT ANIM PROD EPIDEMIOL & ECOL,I-10126 TURIN,ITALY. USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010. RP KWANG, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. OI Rosati, Sergio/0000-0002-8315-0316 NR 14 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 45 IS 1-2 BP 185 EP 193 DI 10.1016/0165-2427(94)05336-Q PG 9 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA QQ781 UT WOS:A1995QQ78100015 PM 7541592 ER PT J AU KNOWLES, DP PERRYMAN, LE MCELWAIN, TF KAPPMEYER, LS STILLER, D PALMER, GH VISSER, ES HENNAGER, SG DAVIS, WC MCGUIRE, TC AF KNOWLES, DP PERRYMAN, LE MCELWAIN, TF KAPPMEYER, LS STILLER, D PALMER, GH VISSER, ES HENNAGER, SG DAVIS, WC MCGUIRE, TC TI CONSERVED RECOMBINANT ANTIGENS OF ANAPLASMA-MARGINALE AND BABESIA-EQUI FOR SEROLOGIC DIAGNOSIS SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Veterinary Hemoparasite Disease Conference CY OCT 06-09, 1993 CL MERIDA, MEXICO SP VET HEMOPARASITE RES WORKERS DE ANAPLASMA MARGINALE; BABESIA EQUI; DIAGNOSIS-PROTOZOA ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; CARRIER CATTLE; PROTEIN; INHIBITION; HORSES; ELISA AB The competitive inhibition ELISA (CI-ELISA) format overcomes problems associated with antigen purity since the specificity of the CI-ELISA depends solely on the monoclonal antibody (mAb) used. Therefore, the CI-ELISA format is well suited for use with recombinant antigens. Molecular clones expressing a conserved 19 kDa protein of Anaplasma marginale and a 34 kDa protein of Babesia equi were derived and characterized. The 19 kDa A. marginale protein, conserved in all recognized Anaplasma species, and present in the infected tick salivary gland, was reactive with all bovine immune sera tested. The 34 kDa B. equi protein contains a protein epitope bound by antibody in equine immune sera from 19 countries. Monoclonal antibodies reactive with these proteins were derived and applied with recombinant copies of the 19 kDa A. marginale and 34 kDa B. equi proteins in a CI-ELISA format. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT VET MICROBIOL & PATHOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,WASHINGTON ANIM DIS DIAGNOST LAB,PULLMAN,WA 99164. ONDERSTEPOORT VET INST,ONDERSTEPOORT 0110,SOUTH AFRICA. USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,NATL VET SERV LABS,AMES,IA 50010. RP KNOWLES, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS,ANIM DIS RES UNIT,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 57 IS 1-3 BP 93 EP 96 DI 10.1016/0304-4017(94)03113-B PG 4 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA QN953 UT WOS:A1995QN95300010 PM 7597796 ER PT J AU STILLER, D COAN, ME AF STILLER, D COAN, ME TI RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ELUCIDATING TICK VECTOR RELATIONSHIPS FOR ANAPLASMOSIS AND EQUINE PIROPLASMOSIS SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Veterinary Hemoparasite Disease Conference CY OCT 06-09, 1993 CL MERIDA, MEXICO SP VET HEMOPARASITE RES WORKERS DE ANAPLASMA MARGINALE; DERMACENTOR SPP; BABESIA SPP; PIROPLASMS, EQUINE; EPIDEMIOLOGY-PROTOZOA ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; DERMACENTOR-ANDERSONI ACARI; MARGINALE RICKETTSIALES; SALIVARY-GLANDS; BABESIA-EQUI; DNA PROBE; RHIPICEPHALUS-APPENDICULATUS; ARTIFICIAL MEMBRANE; VARIABILIS SAY; TRANSMISSION AB This brief review focuses first on several epidemiologically relevant aspects of anaplasmosis, including: (1) the role of male ticks as intrastadial, biological vectors of Anaplasma through interhost transfer; (2) the application of molecular diagnostic assays in assessing tick vector competence and evaluating the role of chronically infected carrier cattle as sources of Anaplasma marginale infection in vector ticks; (3) opportunities provided by a recently developed in vitro tick feeding system in quantitating studies of tick-hemoparasite-host interactions. Lastly, current knowledge of the status of New World ticks as experimental and/or natural vectors of equine piroplasms is discussed. RP STILLER, D (reprint author), USDA ARS,ANIM DIS RES UNIT,MOSCOW,ID 83844, USA. NR 58 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 57 IS 1-3 BP 97 EP 108 DI 10.1016/0304-4017(94)03114-C PG 12 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA QN953 UT WOS:A1995QN95300011 PM 7597797 ER PT J AU MONTENEGROJAMES, S JOHNSON, WC GOFF, WL AF MONTENEGROJAMES, S JOHNSON, WC GOFF, WL TI DEVELOPMENT OF CONVENTIONAL SUBUNIT VACCINES FOR ANAPLASMOSIS AND BABESIOSIS SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Veterinary Hemoparasite Disease Conference CY OCT 06-09, 1993 CL MERIDA, MEXICO SP VET HEMOPARASITE RES WORKERS DE ANAPLASMA SPP; BABESIA SPP; VACCINES ID CULTURE-DERIVED EXOANTIGENS; MARGINALE INITIAL BODIES; SURFACE PROTEIN EPITOPES; BOVINE BABESIOSIS; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY; DIFFERENT HOSTS; CATTLE; IMMUNIZATION; ANTIGENS AB Tick-borne hemoparasitic diseases of cattle continue to impact the beef industry throughout a large portion of the world. A substantial amount of research is currently focused on development of improved vaccines. The two main approaches being followed are: (1) use of conventional inactivated or native protein subunit vaccines, and (2) development of recombinant DNA technology for expression of selected immunogens. Recombinant or synthetic peptide based vaccines hold promise owing to the exquisitely defined nature of the product. However, the development is long-term, and will require extensive testing and risk assessment before field trials can be considered. Until then, more conventional subunit immunogens may offer an attractive alternative, and can be defined immunologically better than before. This paper reviews progress in the development of improved vaccines for anaplasmosis and babesiosis with an emphasis on the characterization of culture-derived babesial exoantigens. Both in vitro and in vivo information is presented. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP MONTENEGROJAMES, S (reprint author), TULANE UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH & TROP MED,DEPT TROP MED,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70112, USA. NR 58 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 57 IS 1-3 BP 255 EP 266 DI 10.1016/0304-4017(94)03124-F PG 12 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA QN953 UT WOS:A1995QN95300021 PM 7597788 ER PT J AU SKOWRONEK, AJ LAFRANCO, L STONEMARSCHAT, MA BURRAGE, TG REBAR, AH LAEGREID, WW AF SKOWRONEK, AJ LAFRANCO, L STONEMARSCHAT, MA BURRAGE, TG REBAR, AH LAEGREID, WW TI CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND HEMOSTATIC ABNORMALITIES IN EXPERIMENTAL AFRICAN HORSESICKNESS SO VETERINARY PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AFRICAN HORSESICKNESS; CLINICAL PATHOLOGY; COAGULATION; ENDOTHELIAL CELL; HORSES ID BLUETONGUE VIRUS-INFECTION; HUMAN ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; WHITE-TAILED DEER; ADHESION; COAGULATION; MECHANISMS AB Infection of naive North American horses with 10(4) cell culture infectious doses (CCID50) of virulence variants of African horsesickness virus (AHSV), designated AHSV/4SP, AHSV/9PI, and AHSV/4PI, reproduced three classical forms of African horsesickness: acute (pulmonary), subacute (cardiac), and febrile, respectively. Distinct clinicopathologic and hemostatic abnormalities were associated with each form of disease. Hemostatic abnormalities included increased concentration of fibrin degradation products and prolongation of prothrombin, activated partial thromboplastin, and thrombin clotting times. Hemostatic findings indicated activation of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems with clotting factor consumption in acute and subacute cases of African horsesickness. Hematologic abnormalities in acute and subacute cases of African horsesickness included leukopenia, decreased platelet counts, elevated hematocrit, and increased erythrocyte counts and hemoglobin concentration. Leukopenia was characterized by lymphopenia, neutropenia, and a left shift. Increased levels of serum creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase, hypocalcemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypoproteinemia, and elevated creatinine, phosphorus, and total bilirubin levels were present in some but not all horses. Metabolic acidosis, indicated by decreased total bicarbonate and increased lactate and anion gap, was present in horses with the acute form of disease. Mild thrombocytopenia and leukopenia were occasionally associated with the febrile form of disease. These results suggest a role for intravascular coagulation in the pathogenesis of African horsesickness. C1 USDA ARS,PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR,GREENPORT,NY 11944. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT VET PATHOBIOL,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,SCH VET MED,PULLMAN,WA. NR 38 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER COLL VET PATHOLOGIST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0300-9858 J9 VET PATHOL JI Vet. Pathol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 32 IS 2 BP 112 EP 121 PG 10 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA QK243 UT WOS:A1995QK24300003 PM 7771050 ER PT J AU PRITCHARD, LI GOULD, AR WILSON, WC THOMPSON, L MERTENS, PPC WADEEVANS, AM AF PRITCHARD, LI GOULD, AR WILSON, WC THOMPSON, L MERTENS, PPC WADEEVANS, AM TI COMPLETE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE OF RNA SEGMENT-3 OF BLUETONGUE VIRUS SEROTYPE-2 (ONA-A) - PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES REVEAL THE PROBABLE ORIGIN AND RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER ORBIVIRUSES SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; VIRUS EVOLUTION; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RNA3; VP3 CORE PROTEIN; BLUETONGUE ID EPIZOOTIC HEMORRHAGIC-DISEASE; COAT PROTEIN; VP3; DNA; POLYMERASE; AMERICA; ACID AB The nucleotide sequence of the RNA segment 3 of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 2 (Ona-A) from North America was determined to be 2772 nucleotides containing a single large open reading frame of 2703 nucleotides (901 amino acid). The predicted VP3 protein exhibited general physiochemical properties (including hydropathy profiles) which were very similar to those previously deduced for other BTV VP3 proteins. Partial genome segment 3 sequences, obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sequencing, of BTV isolates from the Caribbean were compared to those from North America, South Africa, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia, as well as other orbiviruses, to determine the phylogenetic relationships amongst them. Three major BTV topotypes (Could, A.R. (1987) Virus Res. 7, 169-183) were observed which had nucleotide sequences that differed by approximately 20%. At the molecular level, geographic separation had resulted in significant divergence in the BTV genome segment 3 sequences, consistent with the evolution of distinct viral populations. The close phylogenetic relationship between the BTV serotype 2 (Ona-A strain) from Florida and the BTV serotypes 1, 6 and 12 from Jamaica and Honduras, indicated that the presence of BTV serotype 2 in North America was probably due to an exotic incursion from the Caribbean region as previously proposed by Sellers and Maaroof ((1989) Can. J. Vet. Res. 53, 100-102) based on trajectory analysis. Conversely, nucleotide sequence analysis of Caribbean BTV serotype 17 isolates suggested they arose from incursions which originated in the USA, possibly from a BTV population distinct from those circulating in Wyoming. C1 CSIRO,AUSTRALIAN ANIM HLTH LAB,GEELONG,VIC 3220,AUSTRALIA. USDA ARS,ARTHROPOD BORNE ANIM DIS RES LAB,LARAMIE,WY 82071. INST ANIM HLTH,PIRBRIGHT,ENGLAND. NR 38 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 35 IS 3 BP 247 EP 261 DI 10.1016/0168-1702(94)00072-K PG 15 WC Virology SC Virology GA QN318 UT WOS:A1995QN31800002 PM 7785314 ER PT J AU PICCONE, ME SIRA, S ZELLNER, M GRUBMAN, MJ AF PICCONE, ME SIRA, S ZELLNER, M GRUBMAN, MJ TI EXPRESSION IN ESCHERICHIA-COLI AND PURIFICATION OF BIOLOGICALLY-ACTIVE L-PROTEINASE OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH-DISEASE VIRUS SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS; LEADER PROTEINASE; AUTOCATALYTIC CLEAVAGE; P220 CLEAVAGE ID STRAND RNA VIRUSES; POLIOVIRUS INFECTION; CYSTEINE PROTEASES; SERINE PROTEASES; LEADER PROTEIN; CLEAVAGE; POLYPEPTIDE; COMPLEX; P220; 2A AB The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) Lb gene was cloned into bacterial expression vectors under the control of a T7 RNA polymerase promoter. The Lb protein was expressed in both an in vitro transcription-translation system and in Escherichia coli. In vitro expression of a construct containing the Lb gene fused to a portion of the VP4 and 3D genes demonstrated cis cleavage activity that could be blocked by the thiol protease inhibitor E-64. Lb expressed in E. coli was purified from the soluble fraction by metal chelation chromatography. Purified Lb had trans cleavage activity at the L/P1 junction and cleaved the p220 component of the cap-binding protein complex. C1 USDA ARS,PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR,GREENPORT,NY 11944. NR 27 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 35 IS 3 BP 263 EP 275 DI 10.1016/0168-1702(94)00084-P PG 13 WC Virology SC Virology GA QN318 UT WOS:A1995QN31800003 PM 7785315 ER PT J AU BERG, N HEGGLI, M MONTEVERDI, J AF BERG, N HEGGLI, M MONTEVERDI, J TI THE INFLUENCE OF METEOROLOGY ON RIME AND SNOW CHEMISTRY AT A MOUNTAINTOP SITE IN NORTHERN CALIFORNIA SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article ID PRECIPITATION; NEVADA; STORMS AB Samples of rime and snow were collected from 36 storm events during three winters at a high-elevation site in northern California. Trajectories for the 36 events were segregated into types characterized by either large zonal or large meridional extent. The hypothesis that events dominated by meridional flow (potentially bringing pollutants to the study site from pollutant source areas to the south) were associated with elevated ion concentrations in time was not substantiated. For both the combined 3-year period, and winter 1988-89 alone, Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, and H+ concentrations in rime were greater generally than in snow, with the 3-year median concentrations for these ions ranging from 7 to 11 mu eq L(-1) in rime, vs. 2 to 8 mu eq L(-1) in snow. Intra-year variation in ion concentrations in rime was high during all three winters, with maximum concentrations during events in winter 1988-89 at least 16 times the magnitude of the minimum concentration for each ion. RP BERG, N (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,POB 245,BERKELEY,CA 94701, USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 81 IS 1-2 BP 25 EP 36 DI 10.1007/BF00477254 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA RM444 UT WOS:A1995RM44400002 ER PT J AU GEORGAKAKOS, KP BAE, DH CAYAN, DR AF GEORGAKAKOS, KP BAE, DH CAYAN, DR TI HYDROCLIMATOLOGY OF CONTINENTAL WATERSHEDS .1. TEMPORAL ANALYSES SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; REAL-TIME; TEMPERATURE; EVAPORATION; DROUGHT; SURFACE AB The linkage between meteorology/climate and hydrology of temperate latitude catchments on daily to decade time scales is studied. Detailed hydrology is provided by a hydrologic catchment model, adapted from the operational streamflow forecast model of the National Weather Service River Forecast System. The model is tuned to respond to observed daily precipitation and potential evaporation input. Results from the Bird Creek basin with outlet near Sperry, Oklahoma, and from the Boone River basin with outlet at Webster City, Iowa, indicate that the model quite accurately simulates the observed daily discharge over 40 years at each of the two 2000-km(2) basins. Daily cross-correlations between observed and simulated basin outflows were better than 0.8 for both basins over a 40-year historical period. Soil moisture variability over a period of four decades is studied, and an assessment of temporal and spatial (as related to the separation distance of the two basins) scales present in the estimated soil moisture record is made. Negative soil. water anomalies have larger magnitudes than positive anomalies, and comparison of the simulated soil water records of the two basins indicates spatial scales of variability that in several cases are as long as the interbasin distance. The temporal scales of soil water content are considerably longer than those of the forcing atmospheric variables for all seasons and both basins. Timescales of upper and total soil water content anomalies are typically 1 and 3 months, respectively. Linkage between the hydrologic components and both local and regional-to-hemispheric atmospheric variability is studied, both for atmosphere forcing hydrology and hydrology forcing atmosphere. For both basins, crosscorrelation analysis shows that local precipitation strongly forces soil water in the upper soil layers with a 10-day lag. There is no evidence of soil water feedback to local precipitation. However, significant cross-correlation values are obtained for upper soil water leading daily maximum temperature with 5-10 day lags, especially during periods of extremely high or low soil water content. Complementary results of a spatial hydroclimatic analysis are presented in a companion paper (Cayan and Georgakakos, this issue). C1 UNIV IOWA,IOWA INST HYDRAUL RES,IOWA CITY,IA 52242. USDA ARS,COLUMBIA PLATEAU CONSERVAT RES CTR,PENDLETON,OR 97801. UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCRIPPS INST OCEANOG,DIV CLIMATE RES,LA JOLLA,CA 92093. US GEOL SURVEY,DIV WATER RESOURCES,LA JOLLA,CA. RP GEORGAKAKOS, KP (reprint author), HYDROL RES CTR,12780 HIGH BLUFF DR,SUITE 260,SAN DIEGO,CA 92130, USA. NR 41 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 31 IS 3 BP 655 EP 675 DI 10.1029/94WR02375 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA QL427 UT WOS:A1995QL42700018 ER PT J AU THOMAS, JW MECH, LD KESSLER, WB AF THOMAS, JW MECH, LD KESSLER, WB TI MITAKUYE OYASIN - STIMULATING HEARTS AND MINDS IN ALBUQUERQUE SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,US NATL BIOL SERV,PATUXENT WILDLIFE RES CTR,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. UNIV NO BRITISH COLUMBIA,FORESTRY PROGRAMME,PRINCE GEORGE,BC,CANADA. RP THOMAS, JW (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST ECOSYST MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT TEAM,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1995 VL 23 IS 1 BP 5 EP 11 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA QN709 UT WOS:A1995QN70900006 ER PT J AU STICKLEY, AR MOTT, DF KING, JO AF STICKLEY, AR MOTT, DF KING, JO TI SHORT-TERM EFFECTS OF AN INFLATABLE EFFIGY ON CORMORANTS AT CATFISH FARMS SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE CATFISH; DETERRENT; DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT; ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS; PHALACROCORAX AURITUS AB In the late winter and early spring of 1991 we evaluated Scarey Man(R) (an electronically controlled human effigy-type scare device) to determine its effectiveness in reducing double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus) numbers foraging on catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) ponds in Mississippi. We conducted 4 tests in which 6 devices were deployed for 10-19 days. Each test was conducted on a different pair of catfish complexes in which 1 complex served as treatment and the other as control. Deployment of the Scarey Man(R) devices reduced numbers of cormorants flushed from the complexes protected by this device. At 1 site, however, the reductions were not as great or as lasting probably because of its proximity to a cormorant day roost. Signs of cormorant habituation to Scarey Man(R) were evident at 3 of the 4 sites. We recommend use of Scarey Man(R) in addition to harassment patrols at catfish farms where nearly constant patrols are necessary. Cormorant habituation to the devices can probably be blunted somewhat by moving the devices occasionally, modifying their appearance, and by placing them so that birds on the water can only see the devices when they suddenly inflate. RP STICKLEY, AR (reprint author), USDA ARS,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,MISSISSIPPI RES STN,PO DRAWER 6099,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 22 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1995 VL 23 IS 1 BP 73 EP 77 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA QN709 UT WOS:A1995QN70900017 ER PT J AU GREENBERG, CH HARRIS, LD NEARY, DG AF GREENBERG, CH HARRIS, LD NEARY, DG TI A COMPARISON OF BIRD COMMUNITIES IN BURNED AND SALVAGE-LOGGED, CLEAR-CUT, AND FORESTED FLORIDA SAND PINE SCRUB SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID DISTURBANCE; FIRE; VEGETATION AB We hypothesized that similar bird assemblages will occur in like-structured habitat that results from both clearcutting and high-intensity wildfire followed by salvage logging. To test this, we compared bird communities of sand pine scrub in mature forest and three disturbance treatments (1) high-intensity wildfire, salvage logged, and naturally regenerated, (2) clearcut, roller chopped, and broadcast seeded, and (3) clearcut and bracke-seeded. We analyzed communities based on residency status and nesting guilds. Migatory breeding birds were nearly restricted to mature forest. Bird communities of mature forest were significantly more species rich and diverse than those of disturbance treatments in spring. However, species richness and diversity of migratory winter residents did not differ among treatments, indicating that they are habitat-structure generalists on their wintering grounds. Canopy- and cavity-nesters and canopy- and bark-foraging species were virtually restricted to mature forest. Most species recorded in mature sand pine forest or disturbance treatments were either habitat-structure generalists or also occurred in other similarly structured vegetation types. However, the threatened and endemic Florida Scrub Jay (Aphelocoma c. coerulescens) occurred only in disturbance treatments (no differences). Silvicultural disturbance appears to mimic the natural high-intensity disturbance regime by creating habitat structural features required by open scrub species and may be an important habitat management tool where the use of wildfire is impractical. However, long-term effects, unsalvaged burns, and landscape patterns created by clearcutting were not addressed and may also be important in structuring bird communities of sand pine scrub. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT WILDLIFE & RANGE SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. US FOREST SERV,SE FOREST EXPT STN,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. RP GREENBERG, CH (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SE FOREST EXPT STN,POB 14524,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA. NR 37 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 107 IS 1 BP 40 EP 54 PG 15 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA QM261 UT WOS:A1995QM26100004 ER PT J AU CONNER, RN RUDOLPH, DC AF CONNER, RN RUDOLPH, DC TI LOSSES OF RED-COCKADED WOODPECKER CAVITY TREES TO SOUTHERN PINE BEETLES SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID BARK BEETLES; VOLATILES; SELECTION AB Over an 11-year period (1983-1993), we examined the southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis) infestation rate of single Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) cavity trees on the Angelina National Forest in Texas. Southern pine beetles infested and killed 38 cavity trees during this period. Typically, within each cavity tree cluster, beetles infested only a single tree (usually the nest tree of the previous spring) during autumn and used the cavity tree as an over-wintering site for brood development. Seven (4 active and 3 inactive) cavity trees (out of 346 cavity tree years) died as a result of beetle infestation during the first five years of the study (1983-1987). In 1988, an intensive habitat management program was initiated on the forest to halt a severe population decline of the woodpecker. During the next six years (1988-1993), a much higher mortality rate was observed; 31 single cavity trees (out of 486 cavity tree years) were infested and killed (chi(2) = 8.8, P < 0.003). Southern pine beetle-caused mortality of cavity trees also was high on other Texas national and state forests during this period. This marked increase of beetle-caused cavity tree mortality during a period of increased intensity of necessary management is of extreme concern. As a result of high beetle-caused mortality of active cavity trees, 64% of active cavity trees being used by Red-cockaded Woodpeckers on the northern portion of the Angelina National Forest during 1993 were artificial cavities. Pines selected by biologists for cavity inserts may produce less resin than those selected by woodpeckers and not provide an adequate barrier against snakes. The relationship between infestation of single active cavity trees and the number of beetle infestations (spots) on the northern portion of the Angelina National Forest from 1984 to 1993 was inconclusive (r = 0.56, P > 0.09, N = 10); further research is needed for a definitive conclusion. C1 US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,WILDLIFE HABITAT & SILVICULTURE LAB,NACOGDOCHES,TX 75962. RP CONNER, RN (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,WILDLIFE HABITAT & SILVICULTURE LAB,NACOGDOCHES,TX 75962, USA. NR 36 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 107 IS 1 BP 81 EP 92 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA QM261 UT WOS:A1995QM26100008 ER PT J AU MASON, JR CLARK, L AF MASON, JR CLARK, L TI CAPSAICIN DETECTION IN TRAINED EUROPEAN STARLINGS - THE IMPORTANCE OF OLFACTION AND TRIGEMINAL CHEMORECEPTION SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Note ID RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS; REPELLENCY; AVERSIONS; FOOD RP MASON, JR (reprint author), MONELL CHEM SENSES CTR,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104, USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 107 IS 1 BP 165 EP 169 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA QM261 UT WOS:A1995QM26100014 ER PT J AU GUPTA, S MIRANDA, K PARRY, I AF GUPTA, S MIRANDA, K PARRY, I TI PUBLIC-EXPENDITURE POLICY AND THE ENVIRONMENT - A REVIEW AND SYNTHESIS SO WORLD DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID ECONOMISTS AB Commonly cited environmental instruments in the legal, regulatory, and fiscal domains are intended primarily to address market failures to ensure that environmental degradation and resource use is contained to appropriate levels. In many instances, however, environmental degradation is rooted not in market failure, but rather in policy failure. This paper identifies areas of public expenditure policy that interact with the environment. It argues that a reform of certain types of subsidies, increased operations and maintenance expenditures, and a thorough environmental assessment of capital projects will benefit the environment, thereby moving an economy toward ''sustainable'' development. C1 USDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. RP GUPTA, S (reprint author), INT MONETARY FUND,WASHINGTON,DC 20431, USA. NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0305-750X J9 WORLD DEV JI World Dev. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 23 IS 3 BP 515 EP 528 DI 10.1016/0305-750X(94)00139-P PG 14 WC Economics; Planning & Development SC Business & Economics; Public Administration GA QQ691 UT WOS:A1995QQ69100013 ER PT J AU VANDESKA, E AMARTEY, S KUZMANOVA, S JEFFRIES, T AF VANDESKA, E AMARTEY, S KUZMANOVA, S JEFFRIES, T TI EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL-CONDITIONS ON PRODUCTION OF XYLITOL BY CANDIDA-BOIDINII SO WORLD JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CANDIDA BOIDINII; XYLITOL PRODUCTION; XYLOSE FERMENTATION ID D-XYLOSE; PACHYSOLEN-TANNOPHILUS; ETHANOL-PRODUCTION; FERMENTATION AB Candida boidinii NRRL Y-17213 produced more xylitol than C. magnolia (NRRL Y-4226 and NRRL Y-7621), Debaryomyces hansenii (C-98 M-21, C-56 M-9 and NRRL Y-7425), or Pichia (Hansenula) anomala (NRRL Y-366). With C. boidinii, highest xylitol productivity was at pH 7 but highest yield was at pH 8, using 5 g urea and 5 g Casamino acids/I. Decreasing the aeration rate decreased xylose consumption and cell growth but increased the xylitol yield. When an initial cell density of 5.1 g/l was used instead of 1.3 g/l, xylitol yield and the specific xylitol production rate doubled. Substrate concentration had the greatest effect on xylitol production; increasing xylose concentration 7.5-fold (to 150 g/l) gave a 71-fold increase in xylitol production (53 g/l) and a 10-fold increase in xylitol/ethanol ratio. The highest xylitol yield (0.47 g/g), corresponding to 52% of the theoretical yield, was obtained with 150 g xylose/l after 14 days. Xylose at 200 g/l inhibited xylitol production. C1 INST MICROBIAL & BIOCHEM TECHNOL,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53703. OI Jeffries, Thomas/0000-0001-7408-4065 NR 15 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 2 PU RAPID SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8NH SN 0959-3993 J9 WORLD J MICROB BIOT JI World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD MAR PY 1995 VL 11 IS 2 BP 213 EP 218 DI 10.1007/BF00704652 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA QN834 UT WOS:A1995QN83400019 PM 24414506 ER PT J AU CANE, DE SHIM, JH XUE, Q FITZSIMONS, BC HOHN, TM AF CANE, DE SHIM, JH XUE, Q FITZSIMONS, BC HOHN, TM TI TRICHODIENE SYNTHASE - IDENTIFICATION OF ACTIVE-SITE RESIDUES BY SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID FUSARIUM-SPOROTRICHIOIDES; SESQUITERPENE CYCLASE; FARNESYL PYROPHOSPHATE; ENZYMATIC CYCLIZATION; GIBBERELLA-PULICARIS; CONSERVED ASPARTATE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GENE; EXPRESSION; BIOSYNTHESIS AB Derivatization of 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid)-treated trichodiene synthase with [methyl-C-14]methyl methanethiosulfonate and analysis of the derived tryptic peptides suggested the presence of two cysteine residues at the active site. The corresponding C146A and C190A mutants were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. The C190A mutant displayed partial but significantly reduced activity, with a reduction in k(cat)/K-m of 3000 compared to the wild-type trichodiene synthase, while the C146A mutant was essentially inactive. A hybrid trichodiene synthase, constructed from amino acids 1-309 of the Fusarium sporotrichioides enzyme and amino acids 310-383 of the Gibberella pulicaris cyclase, had steady state kinetic parameters nearly identical to those of the wild-type F. sporotrichioides enzyme. From this parent hybrid, a series of mutants was constructed by site-directed mutagenesis in which the amino acids in the base-rich region, 302-306 (DRRYR), were systematically modified. Three of these mutants were overexpressed and purified to homogeneity. The importance of Arg304 for catalysis was established by the observation that the R304K mutant showed a more than 25-fold increase in K-m, as well as a 200-fold reduction in k(cat). In addition, analysis of the incubation products of the R304K mutant by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) indicated that farnesyl diphosphate was converted not only to trichodiene but to at least two additional C15H24 hydrocarbons, mle 204. Replacement of the Tyr305 residue of trichodiene synthase with Phe had little effect on k(cat), while increasing the K-m by a factor of ca. 7-8. By contrast, the Y305T mutant exhibited an approximately 120-fold reduction in k(cat) as well as an 80-fold increase in K-m. Moreover, the Y305T enzyme converted farnesyl diphosphate to an approximately equal mixture of trichodiene and an unidentified sesquiterpene hydrocarbon. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP CANE, DE (reprint author), BROWN UNIV,DEPT CHEM,BOX H,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912, USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM-30301] NR 29 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD FEB 28 PY 1995 VL 34 IS 8 BP 2480 EP 2488 DI 10.1021/bi00008a011 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA QJ955 UT WOS:A1995QJ95500011 PM 7873527 ER PT J AU BREWSTER, JD FISHMAN, ML AF BREWSTER, JD FISHMAN, ML TI CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS OF PLANT STARCHES AS THE IODINE COMPLEXES SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Note ID POLYSACCHARIDES; OLIGOSACCHARIDES; CHROMATOGRAPHY; SEPARATION; BEHAVIOR AB Much research is currently focused on the use of plant starch as an industrial raw material which can reduce dependence on non-renewable resources. Development of new starch-based products requires effective methods for analysis and characterization of starch and related biopolymers. Most separations methods are not suitable for this application due to the high molecular mass (>10(6)) of starch. We describe here the use of iodine complexation to impart charge and permit detection of starch components in capillary electrophoresis. Amylopectin and amylose are resolved in less than 10 min using iodine-containing buffers in unmodified capillaries. Partial resolution of an oligosaccharide mixture was also demonstrated, indicating potential utility of the method for analysis of smaller biopolymers. The primary basis for separation is shown to be iodine binding affinity, which can be manipulated through control of temperature and iodine concentration. RP BREWSTER, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 30 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD FEB 24 PY 1995 VL 693 IS 2 BP 382 EP 387 DI 10.1016/0021-9673(94)01144-4 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA QK801 UT WOS:A1995QK80100022 ER PT J AU STRIEGEL, AM TIMPA, JD AF STRIEGEL, AM TIMPA, JD TI MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYSACCHARIDES DISSOLVED IN ME(2)NAC-LICL BY GEL-PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY SO CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE POLYSACCHARIDE; GEL-PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY; N,N-DIMETHYLACETAMIDE LITHIUM CHLORIDE SOLVENT ID SIZE-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY; CELL-WALL POLYMERS; COTTON FIBER; PACKING ANALYSIS AB Polysaccharides function in key roles in textiles, biomass, foodstuffs, and plant cell walls, in addition to pharmaceuticals and immunological interactions. Structural information is urgently needed, but the complexity of the polymers, their interactions, and poor solubility have been limiting aspects. The dilute solution behavior of polysaccharides representing typical classes of natural products was investigated via gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) using refractive index and viscometric detectors. The solvent of choice for high-molecular weight cellulose analysis, dimethylacetamide with lithium chloride (Me(2)NAc-LiCl), was used for direct polysaccharide dissolution without extraction or derivatization. The utility of this aprotic solvent for effective characterization of carbohydrates was explored. The polysaccharides studied spanned a range of molecular sizes, branching configurations, and linkage types, i.e., celluloses, amyloses, amylopectins, dextrans, pullulans, and curdlan. In addition to molecular weight values and distributions, calculated parameters defining each polysaccharides' dilute solution characteristics (intrinsic viscosity, radius of gyration, Mark-Houwink coefficients) were determined. Comparison between polysaccharides of similar molecular weight differing either in their branching patterns or linkage distribution were made. The calculated values were correlated with theoretical results predicted in the available literature and/or with known results. Relations among polymer linkage type, molecular chain compositions, branching assessments, and solution properties are described. C1 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. UNIV NEW ORLEANS,DEPT CHEM,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70148. NR 35 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 3 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0008-6215 J9 CARBOHYD RES JI Carbohydr. Res. PD FEB 17 PY 1995 VL 267 IS 2 BP 271 EP 290 DI 10.1016/0008-6215(94)00307-2 PG 20 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA QH579 UT WOS:A1995QH57900009 ER PT J AU SVOBODA, JA SCHIFF, NM FELDLAUFER, MF AF SVOBODA, JA SCHIFF, NM FELDLAUFER, MF TI STEROL COMPOSITION OF 3 SPECIES OF SAWFLIES (HYMENOPTERA, SYMPHYTA) AND THEIR DIETARY PLANT-MATERIAL SO EXPERIENTIA LA English DT Article DE SAWFLIES; STEROLS; 7-DEHYDROCHOLESTEROL; CHOLESTEROL; DEALKYLATION ID OCTOSPINOSUS REICH HYMENOPTERA; MANDUCA-SEXTA; ECDYSTEROIDS; IDENTIFICATION; FORMICIDAE; ECDYSONE; ATTINI AB Three species of sawflies, along with their particular host plants, were examined for neutral sterols. Cholesterol was the predominant sterol in the sawflies Dolerus nitens (56.6%) and Aneugmenus flavipes (73.0%), with lesser amounts of sitosterol, campesterol and desmosterol. Xiphydria maculata, however, contained unusually high levels (74.9%) of 7-dehydrocholesterol. Based on the sterol composition of their individual host plants, which contained primarily 28- and 29-carbon sterols, it is likely that all three sawfly species are capable of dealkylation of phytosterols. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BEE RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP SVOBODA, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT NEUROBIOL & HORMONE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 24 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA PO BOX 133 KLOSTERBERG 23, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0014-4754 J9 EXPERIENTIA JI Experientia PD FEB 15 PY 1995 VL 51 IS 2 BP 150 EP 152 DI 10.1007/BF01929359 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA QH346 UT WOS:A1995QH34600013 ER PT J AU WHITEHEAD, TR FLINT, HJ AF WHITEHEAD, TR FLINT, HJ TI HETEROLOGOUS EXPRESSION OF AN ENDOGLUCANASE GENE (ENDA) FROM THE RUMINAL ANAEROBE RUMINOCOCCUS-FLAVEFACIENS-17 IN STREPTOCOCCUS-BOVIS AND STREPTOCOCCUS-SANGUIS SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE RUMINOCOCCUS FLAVEFACIENS; STREPTOCOCCUS BOVIS; ENDOGLUCANASE; STREPTOCOCCUS SANGUIS ID BUTYRIVIBRIO-FIBRISOLVENS; CLONING; BACTERIA; ELECTROPORATION; FERMENTATION; SEQUENCE; DOMAINS; ENZYME; SYSTEM; ALBUS AB The heterologous expression of a cloned endoglucanase gene (endA) from the ruminal bacterium Ruminococcus flavefaciens 17 was demonstrated in the Streptococcus species S. bovis JB1 and S. sanguis DL1. The endA gene was introduced into S. bovis and S. sanguis using the Escherichia coli/Streptococcus shuttle vector pVA838. Expression of the gene was detected by clearing zones around the recombinant colonies on agar plates containing carboxymethylcellulose stained with Congo red. S. bovis JB1 containing the endA gene was capable of utilizing cellotetraose at a faster rate than the parent strain. This is the first demonstration that Streptococcus species can express a gene from a Ruminococcus flavefaciens strain. RP WHITEHEAD, TR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FERMENTATION BIOCHEM RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. RI Whitehead, Terence/B-5235-2009 NR 20 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD FEB 15 PY 1995 VL 126 IS 2 BP 165 EP 169 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07411.x PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA QH084 UT WOS:A1995QH08400010 PM 7705607 ER PT J AU MEDBERRY, SL DALE, E QIN, MM OW, DW AF MEDBERRY, SL DALE, E QIN, MM OW, DW TI INTRA-CHROMOSOMAL REARRANGEMENTS GENERATED BY CRE-LOX SITE-SPECIFIC RECOMBINATION SO NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FLP RECOMBINASE; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT; TRANSGENIC MICE; PLANT-CELLS; DROSOPHILA; DNA; MAIZE; GENE; TRANSPOSITION AB Chromosomal rearrangements are useful genetic and breeding tools but are often difficult to detect and characterize. To more easily identify and define chromosome deletions and inversions, we have used the bacteriophage P1 Cre-lox site-specific recombination system to generate these events in plants. This involves three steps: (i) the introduction of two lox sites into one locus in a plant genome, including one site within a modified Os transposon; (ii) Ac transposase-mediated transposition of the Ds-lox element to a new locus on the same chromosome; (iii) Cre-mediated site-specific recombination between the two lox sites that bracket a chromosome segment. We report the production of a deletion and three inversion events in tobacco. The utility of chromosomal segments bracketed by lox sites for targeted manipulation and cloning is discussed. C1 USDA,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,ALBANY,CA 94710. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PLANT BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720. NR 41 TC 54 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0305-1048 J9 NUCLEIC ACIDS RES JI Nucleic Acids Res. PD FEB 11 PY 1995 VL 23 IS 3 BP 485 EP 490 DI 10.1093/nar/23.3.485 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA QK646 UT WOS:A1995QK64600025 PM 7885845 ER PT J AU ZIGMAN, S MCDANIEL, T SCHULTZ, JB REDDAN, J MEYDANI, M AF ZIGMAN, S MCDANIEL, T SCHULTZ, JB REDDAN, J MEYDANI, M TI DAMAGE TO CULTURED LENS EPITHELIAL-CELLS OF SQUIRRELS AND RABBITS BG UV-A (99.9-PERCENT) PLUS UV-B (0.1-PERCENT) RADIATION AND ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL PROTECTION SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE CULTURED LENS EPITHELIAL CELLS; NEAR-UV RADIATION; CELL DAMAGE VIABILITY AND SURVIVAL; ACTIN FILAMENT DEGRADATION; CATALASE INACTIVATION; NA-K-ATPASE INACTIVATION; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL-ANTIOXIDANT AND FREE RADICAL SCAVENGER ID GLUTATHIONE REDOX CYCLE; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; DNA-DAMAGE; VITAMIN-E; LIGHT; CATARACT; CATALASE; ACTIN; PEROXIDE; PROTEIN AB The purpose of this research is to observe the near-UV radiation induced damage to cultured rabbit and squirrel lens epithelial cells as related to destruction and alterations of specific biochemical targets in the cells and to determine protective effects on the cells and targets that are provided by alpha-tocopherol. Confluent monolayers of cultured rabbit and squirrel lens epithelial cells were exposed to black light (BL) lamps, which emit predominantly UV-A radiation. These cells received a mixture 3 J/cm(2) of UV-A and 4 mJ/cm(2) of UV-B per h. This mixture is termed near UVA (ie: predominantly UV-A). Cells were exposed in Tyrode's or in MEM without or with alpha-tocopherol added at 2.5-10 mu g/ml. Analyses of cell viability and survival, the physical state of cytoskeletal actin, and the activities of Na-K-ATPase and catalase were made. Exposure to near UVA damaged these cells as measured by vital staining and colony forming ability. Pretreatment with alpha-tocopherol decreased the magnitude of near UVA cytotoxicity. Near UVA exposure in MEM always produced more damage to the cells and biochemical targets than in Tyrode's. Cytoskeletal actin was degraded and the activities of Na-K-ATPase and catalase were markedly inhibited by UV-exposure. All of these targets were at least partially protected by alpha-tocopherol in the medium. Without alpha-tocopherol added to the media, the viability and survival of the cells did not recover even after 25 h of incubation. Cell viability was better protected from near UVA by alpha-tocopherol than was the ability to grow into colonies. This indicates that alpha-tocopherol protects actin, catalase, and Na-K-ATPase from near UVA damage. C1 OAKLAND UNIV,ROCHESTER,MI 48063. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,CTR NUTR & AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP ZIGMAN, S (reprint author), UNIV ROCHESTER,SCH MED,OPHTHALM BIOCHEM LAB,BOX 314,601 ELMWOOD AVE,ROCHESTER,NY 14620, USA. FU NEI NIH HHS [EY00362, EY00459] NR 39 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0300-8177 J9 MOL CELL BIOCHEM JI Mol. Cell. Biochem. PD FEB 9 PY 1995 VL 143 IS 1 BP 35 EP 46 DI 10.1007/BF00925924 PG 12 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA QJ847 UT WOS:A1995QJ84700005 PM 7776956 ER PT J AU JOSEPH, JA CAO, G CUTLER, RC AF JOSEPH, JA CAO, G CUTLER, RC TI IN-VIVO OR IN-VITRO ADMINISTRATION OF THE NITRONE SPIN-TRAPPING COMPOUND, N-TERT-BUTYL-ALPHA-PHENYLNITRONE, (PBN) REDUCES AGE-RELATED DEFICITS IN STRIATAL MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR SENSITIVITY SO BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE OXIDATIVE STRESS; AGING; MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR; STRIATUM ID HEAVY-PARTICLE IRRADIATION; PROTECTIVE ACTIVITY; RAT-HEART; CARDIOTOXICITY; DOPAMINE; MODULATION; SENESCENCE; ADRIAMYCIN; OXIDATION; RADIATION AB Previous research has indicated that age-related reductions in muscarinic (m) (e.g. oxotremorine, Ore) agonist enhancement of striatal K+-evoked dopamine release (K+-ERDA) and decreased IP3 release upon m receptor (mAChR) agonist stimulation are partially the result of deficits in signal transduction (ST). The present experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis that these age-related ST deficits occur as a result of free radical-induced alterations in membranes containing receptor-G protein complexes. To test this hypothesis, the effects of in vivo and in vitro administration of the nitrone trapping agent, n-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PEN), on the Ore-enhancement of K+-ERDA were examined. Results showed that: both in vivo (10 mg/kg/2 X day PEN i.p./14 days) in vitro (incubation of striatal slices 0-100 mu M PBN/30 min) applications of PEN were effective in ameliorating age-related deficits in Ore-enhanced K+-ERDA. The results of the in vivo administration of PEN indicate that the loss of mAChR sensitivity in aging may be the result of oxidative stress that can be restored by this nitrone trapping agent. These findings show that reductions of endogenous or exogenous free radicals may alter one important biomarker of aging, i.e. the loss of sensitivity in mAChR systems. However, these results, when considered along with those obtained with in vitro administration indicate that in addition, PEN may have acute effects (e.g. perhaps membrane structural alterations) which can also improve mAChR responsiveness. C1 NIA,GERONTOL RES CTR,BALTIMORE,MD 21224. RP JOSEPH, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 32 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8993 J9 BRAIN RES JI Brain Res. PD FEB 6 PY 1995 VL 671 IS 1 BP 73 EP 77 DI 10.1016/0006-8993(94)01320-H PG 5 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA QG261 UT WOS:A1995QG26100009 PM 7728535 ER PT J AU CARY, JW BROWN, R CLEVELAND, TE WHITEHEAD, M DEAN, RA AF CARY, JW BROWN, R CLEVELAND, TE WHITEHEAD, M DEAN, RA TI CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A NOVEL POLYGALACTURONASE-ENCODING GENE FROM ASPERGILLUS-PARASITICUS SO GENE LA English DT Note DE AFLATOXIGENIC FUNGI; PECTINASE; PECTIN; GENE CLONING; CDNA LIBRARY; CONSTITUTIVE EXPRESSION; VIRULENCE FACTOR ID COCHLIOBOLUS-CARBONUM; COTTON BOLLS; NIGER; ENDOPOLYGALACTURONASE; EXPRESSION; FLAVUS; SEQUENCE; MAIZE AB Pectinases produced by Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus are believed to play a significant role in the ability of these fungi to spread in cotton bells and other crops. Utilizing a DNA probe, generated by PCR, of the Aspergillus niger. pgaII gene, we have isolated a novel, constitutively expressed polygalacturonase (PG)-encoding gene (pecA) from an A. parasiticus cDNA library. DNA sequence analysis and the deduced amino acid (aa) sequence of pecA demonstrated significant identity at the nucleotide and aa levels with other PG of fungal origin. Northern blot analysis of RNA isolated from A. parasiticus grown on either glucose or pectin as the sole carbon source showed that pecA was expressed during growth in both media. C1 CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL & PHYSIOL,CLEMSON,SC 29634. RP CARY, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,1100 ROBERT E LEE BLVD,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 17 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1119 J9 GENE JI Gene PD FEB 3 PY 1995 VL 153 IS 1 BP 129 EP 133 DI 10.1016/0378-1119(94)00749-I PG 5 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA QH096 UT WOS:A1995QH09600022 PM 7883176 ER PT J AU SELHUB, J JACQUES, PF BOSTOM, AG DAGOSTINO, RB WILSON, PWF BELANGER, AJ OLEARY, DH WOLF, PA SCHAEFER, EJ ROSENBERG, IH AF SELHUB, J JACQUES, PF BOSTOM, AG DAGOSTINO, RB WILSON, PWF BELANGER, AJ OLEARY, DH WOLF, PA SCHAEFER, EJ ROSENBERG, IH TI ASSOCIATION BETWEEN PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE CONCENTRATIONS AND EXTRACRANIAL CAROTID-ARTERY STENOSIS SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; ATHEROTHROMBOTIC BRAIN INFARCTION; RISK-FACTORS; CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH; ATHEROSCLEROSIS RISK; VASCULAR-DISEASE; ELDERLY PATIENTS; FOLLOW-UP; ULTRASOUND; FOLATE AB Background. Epidemiologic studies have identified hyperhomocysteinemia as a possible risk factor for atherosclerosis. We determined the risk of carotid-artery atherosclerosis in relation to both plasma homocysteine concentrations and nutritional determinants of hyperhomocysteinemia. Methods. We performed a cross-sectional study of 1041 elderly subjects (418 men and 623 women; age range, 67 to 96 years) from the Framingham Heart Study. We examined the relation between the maximal degree of stenosis of the extracranial carotid arteries (as assessed by ultrasonography) and plasma homocysteine concentrations, as well as plasma concentrations and intakes of vitamins involved in homocysteine metabolism, including folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin B-6. The subjects were classified into two categories according to the findings in the more diseased of the two carotid vessels: stenosis of 0 to 24 percent and stenosis of 25 to 100 percent. Results. The prevalence of carotid stenosis of less than or equal to 25 percent was 43 percent in the men and 34 percent in the women. The odds ratio for stenosis of greater than or equal to 25 percent was 2.0 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.4 to 2.9) for subjects with the highest plasma homocysteine concentrations (greater than or equal to 14.4 mu mol per liter) as compared with those with the lowest concentrations (less than or equal to 9.1 mu mol per liter), after adjustment for sex, age, plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, systolic blood pressure, and smoking status (P<0.001 for trend). Plasma concentrations of folate and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (the coenzyme form of vitamin B-6) and the level of folate intake were inversely associated with carotid-artery stenosis after adjustment for age, sex, and other risk factors. Conclusions. High plasma homocysteine concentrations and low concentrations of folate and vitamin B,, through their role in homocysteine metabolism, are associated with an increased risk of extracranial carotid-artery stenosis in the elderly. C1 FRAMINGHAM HEART DIS EPIDEMIOL STUDY,FRAMINGHAM,MA. BOSTON UNIV,DEPT MATH,STAT & CONSULTING UNIT,BOSTON,MA 02215. GEISINGER MED CTR,DEPT RADIOL,DANVILLE,PA 17822. BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,BOSTON,MA 02118. UNIV BOSTON HOSP,EVANS MEM DEPT CLIN RES,PREVENT MED & EPIDEMIOL SECT,BOSTON,MA 02118. UNIV BOSTON HOSP,DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA 02118. RP SELHUB, J (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HC-38038, R01-HL-40423-05]; NINDS NIH HHS [2-R01-NS-17950-12] NR 40 TC 944 Z9 967 U1 0 U2 7 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD FEB 2 PY 1995 VL 332 IS 5 BP 286 EP 291 DI 10.1056/NEJM199502023320502 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA QD396 UT WOS:A1995QD39600002 PM 7816063 ER PT J AU WESTBROOK, JK EYSTER, RS WOLF, WW LINGREN, PD RAULSTON, JR AF WESTBROOK, JK EYSTER, RS WOLF, WW LINGREN, PD RAULSTON, JR TI MIGRATION PATHWAYS OF CORN-EARWORM (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) INDICATED BY TETROON TRAJECTORIES SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ZEA BODDIE LEPIDOPTERA; EMERGENCE; POLLEN; RANGE; TEXAS AB The corn earworm moth, Helicoverpa tea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a nocturnal pest insect that is capable of long-distance flights. Buoyant superpressure balloons (tetroons) with attached transponders were tracked as surrogate markers of moths migrating from three corn-growing regions in Texas. Launches were synchronized with peak emergence of corn earworm moths in June and July 1992. The tetroons were launched at the time (approximately 0.5 h after sunset) of peak take off (ascent of moths into the boundary layer) from the corn-growing areas, and ballasted to drift near the altitude (500-1000 m a.g.l.) of the maximum insect flight concentration, Each tetroon was followed by a tracking vehicle or the Argos satellite for maximum distances of 466 km per 9 h night flight, and for one to four successive nights. The endpoints of four of the six tetroons that were tracked for 9 h from Weslaco, Texas were clustered within a 40 km radius circle centered 35 km east of Uvalde, Texas. The prorated (9 h) vector-average of National Weather Service forecast trajectories at the surface and 85.0 kPa geopotential-height estimated mean atmospheric displacements 57% as long as, and 3 degrees clockwise from seven observed 9 h tracks of tetroons. Implications of these findings are discussed relative to the prediction of insect migrations and development of area-wide pest management. C1 USDA ARS,SUBTROP COTTON INSECTS RES UNIT,WESLACO,TX 78596. RP WESTBROOK, JK (reprint author), USDA ARS,AREAWIDE PESTS MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,2771 F&B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 23 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 73 IS 1-2 BP 67 EP 87 DI 10.1016/0168-1923(94)02171-F PG 21 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA QD005 UT WOS:A1995QD00500005 ER PT J AU DOUDS, DD GALVEZ, L JANKE, RR WAGONER, P AF DOUDS, DD GALVEZ, L JANKE, RR WAGONER, P TI EFFECT OF TILLAGE AND FARMING SYSTEM UPON POPULATIONS AND DISTRIBUTION OF VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE GLOMUS SPP; SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE; VAM FUNGI ID SOIL DISTURBANCE; PHOSPHORUS ABSORPTION; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; COLONIZATION; MAIZE; INFECTION; ROOTS AB Conventional and low-input Zea mays L./Glycine max (L.) Merr./Triticum aestivum L. rotations were established in 1988 with tillage treatments ranging from no-till to moldboard plowing. Sampling for vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi was conducted in October, 1992, after a soybean crop, and in May, 1993 during winter wheat reproductive development. Soil cores were removed to a depth of 27 cm and divided into 9 cm sections. Spores were isolated from this soil, characterized, and quantified. Field soil was used for an infectivity assay in the greenhouse using Paspalum notatum Flugge as host plant. Farming system significantly affected populations of VAM fungi. Soil in low-input agriculture had greater populations of Glomus occultum type group spores and other Glomus spp., whereas the conventionally farmed soil had greater populations of Glomus etunicatum type group spores. Tillage regime affected populations. The G. occultum group was more numerous under no-till, while the Glomus spp. and G. etunicatum groups were more numerous in soils under cultivation. The G. occultum group also was more numerous in the deepest soil section, whereas other groups were more numerous in the top and middle sections. Soil from low input plots produced greater colonization in the greenhouse assay than soil from conventionally farmed plots. C1 RODALE RES CTR,KUTZTOWN,PA 19530. RP DOUDS, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 24 TC 63 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8809 J9 AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON JI Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 52 IS 2-3 BP 111 EP 118 DI 10.1016/0167-8809(94)00550-X PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QJ621 UT WOS:A1995QJ62100004 ER PT J AU BEHALL, KM HOWE, JC AF BEHALL, KM HOWE, JC TI EFFECT OF LONG-TERM CONSUMPTION OF AMYLOSE VS AMYLOPECTIN STARCH ON METABOLIC VARIABLES IN HUMAN-SUBJECTS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE AMYLOSE; STARCH; GLUCOSE; INSULIN; TRIGLYCERIDES; CHOLESTEROL; HYPERINSULINEMIA ID GLYCEMIC-INDEX DIET; INSULIN RESPONSES; GLUCOSE RESPONSES; PLASMA-GLUCOSE; MIXED MEALS; FOODS; CARBOHYDRATE; TOLERANCE; RICE AB Long-term consumption of high-amylose starch on insulin and glucose response was investigated in 24 men: 10 control and 14 hyperinsulinemic (HI) subjects. Subjects consumed products made with standard (70% amylopectin, 30% amylose) or high-amylose (70% amylose, 30% amylopectin) cornstarch for two 14-wk periods in a crossover pattern. Starch products replaced usual starches in the self-selected diet for 10 wk followed by 4 wk of a controlled diet. After a starch-tolerance test with bread made from the starch consumed during that period, the insulin response curve area was significantly lower in all subjects after amylose consumption (P <0.002). Glucose responses in HI and control subjects were similar and did not vary with the type of starch. Pasting triglyceride concentrations were significantly lower in subjects who consumed the high-amylose compared with the standard-starch diet throughout the study. Chronic consumption of high-amylose foods normalized the insulin response of hyperinsulinemic subjects and showed a potential benefit for diabetic subjects. RP BEHALL, KM (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,CARBOHYDRATE NUTR & ENERGY & PROT NUTR LABS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 39 TC 93 Z9 95 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 61 IS 2 BP 334 EP 340 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA QD951 UT WOS:A1995QD95100013 PM 7840071 ER PT J AU PEDROSA, MC GOLNER, BB GOLDIN, BR BARAKAT, S DALLAL, GE RUSSELL, RM AF PEDROSA, MC GOLNER, BB GOLDIN, BR BARAKAT, S DALLAL, GE RUSSELL, RM TI SURVIVAL OF YOGURT-CONTAINING ORGANISMS AND LACTOBACILLUS-GASSERI (ADH) AND THEIR EFFECT ON BACTERIAL ENZYME-ACTIVITY IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL-TRACT OF HEALTHY AND HYPOCHLORHYDRIC ELDERLY SUBJECTS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE ATROPHIC GASTRITIS; HYPOCHLORHYDRIA; ELDERLY SUBJECTS; YOGURT; STREPTOCOCCUS THERMOPHILUS; LACTOBACILLUS BULGARICUS; FECAL BACTERIAL ENZYMES; BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; NITROREDUCTASE; AZOREDUCTASE ID FERMENTED MILK; ATROPHIC GASTRITIS; SERUM; DIET; FATE AB The effect of the live bacterial yogurt cultures, namely Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, and a mucosal adhering strain of Lactobacillus gasseri (ADH) on small intestinal and fecal bacterial characteristics was examined in 10 elderly subjects with atrophic gastritis and 23 elderly normal volunteers (11 received yogurt and 12 received ADH). Neither S thermophilus nor L bulgaricus was recovered from the stomach or small intestine of subjects fed yogurt or pasteurized yogurt. ADH was recovered from gastric or small intestinal aspirates in three of four subjects and in the stools of four of five subjects diagnosed with atrophic gastritis. In 11 of 12 normal subjects, ADH was isolated from stools. There was a significant reduction in fecal bacterial enzyme activity in both normal volunteers and subjects with atrophic gastritis after being fed with viable ADH. Adherent strains of bacteria such as ADH are likely to survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract and thus have greater metabolic effects. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. DEPT VET AFFAIRS,GASTROENTEROL HEPATOL & NUTR SECT,BOSTON,MA. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT COMMUNITY HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02111. BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT COMMUNITY HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 23 TC 77 Z9 79 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 61 IS 2 BP 353 EP 359 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA QD951 UT WOS:A1995QD95100016 PM 7840074 ER PT J AU HALLFRISCH, J SCHOLFIELD, DJ BEHALL, KM AF HALLFRISCH, J SCHOLFIELD, DJ BEHALL, KM TI DIETS CONTAINING SOLUBLE OAT EXTRACTS IMPROVE GLUCOSE AND INSULIN RESPONSES OF MODERATELY HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC MEN AND WOMEN SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE OATS; BETA-GLUCANS; GLUCOSE; INSULIN; FIBER; OATRIM ID PLASMA-CHOLESTEROL; BLOOD-PRESSURE; SERUM-LIPIDS; BETA-GLUCAN; BRAN; FIBER; TOLERANCE; WHEAT; MEALS AB The high amount of soluble beta-glucans in oats may be responsible for beneficial effects on glucose tolerance and blood lipids. We studied 16 women and 7 men (aged 38-61 y) with moderately high cholesterol concentrations who consumed normal diets to which oat extracts with either 1% or 10% soluble beta-glucans were added. Oat extracts comprised 10% of energy and were consumed in a 5-wk crossover design after a 1-wk equilibration period. At the end of the equilibration period and each 5-wk period, a carbohydrate tolerance test was conducted and responses to glucose, glucose plus oat extract containing 1% glucan, or glucose plus oat extract containing 10% glucan were determined. Glucose responses were reduced by both extracts in both men and women; however, in women, responses to the 10% extract were lowest. Insulin responses did not differ between men and women, but were lower after oat extracts. Glucagon responses were higher initially in men and were lowered after oat extracts in men but not in women. Modest amounts of oat extracts can be incorporated into normal diets with beneficial effects on glucose tolerance factors. RP HALLFRISCH, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,METAB & NUTRIENT INTERACT LAB,BLDG 307,ROOM 323,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 38 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 61 IS 2 BP 379 EP 384 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA QD951 UT WOS:A1995QD95100020 PM 7840078 ER PT J AU ROUBENOFF, R KEHAYIAS, JJ DAWSONHUGHES, B HEYMSFIELD, SB AF ROUBENOFF, R KEHAYIAS, JJ DAWSONHUGHES, B HEYMSFIELD, SB TI LIMITATIONS OF DUAL-ENERGY X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY - REPLY SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Letter RP ROUBENOFF, R (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,CTR AGING,USDA HUMAN NUTR RES,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 61 IS 2 BP 399 EP 400 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA QD951 UT WOS:A1995QD95100026 ER PT J AU STEGELMEIER, BL JAMES, LF PANTER, KE MOLYNEUX, RJ AF STEGELMEIER, BL JAMES, LF PANTER, KE MOLYNEUX, RJ TI SERUM SWAINSONINE CONCENTRATION AND ALPHA-MANNOSIDASE ACTIVITY IN CATTLE AND SHEEP INGESTING OXYTROPIS-SERICEA AND ASTRAGALUS-LENTIGINOSUS (LOCOWEEDS) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SUBSTRATE-SPECIFICITY; OLIGOSACCHARIDES; CASTANOSPERMINE; INHIBITORS; BOVINE; PLASMA AB Serum alpha-mannosidase activity and swainsonine concentration were determined in 4 cattle and 15 sheep (3 groups of 5 each) that were administered ground locoweed (Oxytropis sericea or Astragalus lentiginosus) containing swainsonine at dosages of approximately 0.8 mg/kg of body weight/d (cows, 30 days each) and 0, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/kg/d (sheep, 11 days each). The cattle developed mild clinical signs of locoism, including signs of depression, lethargy, and slight intention tremors. Clinical signs of toxicosis were not observed in the sheep. Within 24 hours of initial treatment, serum alpha-mannosidase activity in cows and sheep, measured by the release of 4-methylumbelliferone from an artificial substrate, was markedly decreased to 28 and 40 mu mol of 4-methylumbelliferone/L, respectively. Mean serum alpha-mannosidase activity of control cows and sheep was 400 +/- 94 and 422 +/- 42 (mean +/- SD), respectively. In the treated animals, decreased serum alpha-mannosidase activities returned to normal or higher activities within 6 days after treatment was discontinued. Using a jack bean alpha-mannosidase assay, increased swainsonine activity (153, 209, and 381 ng/ml, respectively) was detected in the serum of cattle and of sheep in the high- and low-dose groups within 24 hours after treatment with locoweed. Swainsonine concentration remained high, with mean concentrations of 204, 435 and 395 ng/ml (cows and 2 sheep groups, respectively) during the treatment period. After treatment, swainsonine was rapidly cleared, with estimated serum half-life of 16.4, 17.6, and 20.3 hours (cows, and high- and low-dose sheep groups, respectively). Significant differences in either alpha-mannosidase activity or swainsonine concentration were not detected between the 2 groups of treated sheep. These results suggest that serum alpha-mannosidase and swainsonine values are sensitive indicators of locoweed intoxication in cattle and sheep. Furthermore, it suggests that swainsonine is rapidly absorbed, resulting in rapid inhibition of senun alpha-mannosidase activity, leading to high serum swainsonine concentration. After exposure is eliminated, swainsonine is rapidly cleared from the serum, with serum alpha-mannosidase activity returning to normal values shortly thereafter. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94706. RP STEGELMEIER, BL (reprint author), USDA ARS,POISONOUS PLANT RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84321, USA. NR 27 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 56 IS 2 BP 149 EP 154 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA QD555 UT WOS:A1995QD55500001 PM 7717575 ER PT J AU HUMPHREYS, JG STEWART, RL DUBEY, JP AF HUMPHREYS, JG STEWART, RL DUBEY, JP TI PREVALENCE OF TOXOPLASMA-GONDII ANTIBODIES IN SERA OF HUNTER-KILLED WHITE-TAILED DEER IN PENNSYLVANIA SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID INFECTION AB Serum samples from 593 white-tailed deer in Pennsylvania that were killed by hunters in 1991 were examined for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies, by use of the modified agglutination test. Sixty percent (357/593) of the deer had T gondii antibodies; 10% had titer of 25, 23% had titer of 50, and 27% had titer greater than or equal to 500. Sex-specific differences in prevalence were not detected. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR E,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP HUMPHREYS, JG (reprint author), INDIANA UNIV PENN,DEPT BIOL,INDIANA,PA 15705, USA. FU PHS HHS [200-90-0825] NR 10 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 56 IS 2 BP 172 EP 173 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA QD555 UT WOS:A1995QD55500006 PM 7717580 ER PT J AU HALBERT, SE CASTLE, SJ MOWRY, TM AF HALBERT, SE CASTLE, SJ MOWRY, TM TI DO MYZUS (NECTAROSIPHON) SPECIES OTHER THAN M-PERSICAE POSE A THREAT TO THE IDAHO POTATO CROP SO AMERICAN POTATO JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE PLRV; MYZUS NICOTIANAE BLACKMAN; HOST RANGE; HOLOCYCLE ID TOBACCO APHID; SULZER; RESISTANCE; HOMOPTERA; VIRUS; FORM AB Green peach aphids (Myzus persicae (Sulzer)) pose a threat to the Idaho potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crop primarily because they transmit potato leafroll virus (PLRV). Only colonizing vectors are epidemiologically significant because PLRV is persistently transmitted. Additionally, Idaho winters are severe enough that most permanently anholocyclic aphid species do not establish. It is now accepted that the taxon that has been known as Myzus (Nectarosiphon) persicae (Sulzer) is in fact at least three species (M. persicae, Myzus nicotianae Blackman and Myzus antirrhinii (Macchiati)). It was not known whether the newly designated species had the potential to damage the Idaho potato crop, The objectives of our research were to determine whether Myzus (Nectarasiphon) spp. other than M. persicae occurred naturally in Idaho, whether they could colonize potato and transmit PLRV, and whether they were potentially holocyclic. No Myzus (Nectarosiphon) spp. other than M. persicae were found in Idaho in trap nurseries; however Myzus ascalonicus Doncaster recently has been found on stored bulbs and in suction trap collections in north Idaho. Laboratory bioassays for PLRV vector potential using Physalis floridana Rydb. indicator plants show that M., nicotianae can transmit PLRV as efficiently as M. persicae. Similarly, M. nicotianae colonized potato as well as M. persicae in a replicated laboratory experiment comparing two clones of M. nicotianae and one clone of M. persicae. Our observations indicate that North American M. nicotianae may be capable of a limited facultative holocycle. Thus, in laboratory experiments, M. nicotianae is as damaging as M. persicae with respect to PLRV vector potential; however, M. nicotianae may not occur naturally in areas like Idaho that have no tobacco production. A summary of all Myzus (Nectarosiphon) SPP with respect to PLRV epidemiology is provided. C1 USDA ARS,IRRIGATED DESERT RES STN,BRAWLEY,CA 92227. UNIV IDAHO,PARMA RES & EXTENS CTR,PARMA,ID 83660. RP HALBERT, SE (reprint author), UNIV IDAHO,ABERDEEN RES & EXTENS CTR,POB AA,ABERDEEN,ID 83210, USA. NR 32 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU POTATO ASSN AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE 114 DEERING HALL, ORONO, ME 04469 SN 0003-0589 J9 AM POTATO J JI Am. Potato J. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 72 IS 2 BP 85 EP 97 DI 10.1007/BF02987282 PG 13 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA QL281 UT WOS:A1995QL28100002 ER PT J AU DALLAL, GE AF DALLAL, GE TI STATISTICAL VALUES, QUALITY, AND CERTIFICATION - COMMENTS SO AMERICAN STATISTICIAN LA English DT Letter RP DALLAL, GE (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER STATIST ASSN PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 SN 0003-1305 J9 AM STAT JI Am. Stat. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 49 IS 1 BP 116 EP 116 PG 1 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA QW180 UT WOS:A1995QW18000034 ER PT J AU FETT, WF WELLS, JM CESCUTTI, P WIJEY, C AF FETT, WF WELLS, JM CESCUTTI, P WIJEY, C TI IDENTIFICATION OF EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES PRODUCED BY FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONADS ASSOCIATED WITH COMMERCIAL MUSHROOM (AGARICUS-BISPORUS) PRODUCTION SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID P-TOLAASII AFFECTS; ACIDIC EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE; PHENOTYPIC VARIATION; ALGINATE PRODUCTION; MARGINALIS STRAINS; WHITE LINE; PUTIDA; BACTERIA; AERUGINOSA; ATTACHMENT AB The acidic exopolysaccharides (EPSs) from 63 strains of mushroom production-associated fluorescent pseudomonads which were mucoid on Pseudomonas agar F medium (PAF) were isolated, partially purified, and characterized. The strains were originally isolated from discolored lesions which developed postharvest on mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) caps or from commercial lots of mushroom casing medium. An acidic galactoglucan, previously named marginalan, was produced by mucoid strains of the saprophyte Pseudomonas putida and the majority of mucoid strains of saprophytic P. fluorescens (biovars III and V) isolated from casing medium. One biovar II strain (J1) of P. fluorescens produced alginate, a copolymer of mannuronic and guluronic acids, and one strain (H13) produced an apparently unique EPS containing neutral and amino sugars. Of 10 strains of the pathogen ''P. gingeri,'' the causal agent of mushroom ginger blotch, 8 gave mucoid growth on PAF. The ''P. gingeri'' EPS also was unique in containing both neutral sugar and glucuronic acid. Mucoid, weakly virulent strains of ''P. reactans'' produced either alginate or marginalan. All 10 strains of the pathogen P. tolaasii, the causal agent of brown blotch of mushrooms, were nonmucoid on PAF. Production of EPS by these 10 strains plus the 2 nonmucoid strains of ''P. gingeri'' also was negative on several additional solid media as well as in two broth media tested. The results support our previous studies indicating that fluorescent pseudomonads are a rich source of novel EPSs. C1 UNIV TRIESTE,DEPT BIOCHEM BIOPHYS & MACROMOLEC CHEM,I-34127 TRIESTE,ITALY. RP FETT, WF (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 49 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 61 IS 2 BP 513 EP 517 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA QF428 UT WOS:A1995QF42800018 PM 7574589 ER PT J AU SKORY, CD FREER, SN AF SKORY, CD FREER, SN TI CLONING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A GENE ENCODING A CELL-BOUND, EXTRACELLULAR BETA-GLUCOSIDASE IN THE YEAST CANDIDA-WICKERHAMII SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; ACTIVE-SITE NUCLEOPHILE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CELLODEXTRINS; CLASSIFICATION; GALACTOSIDASE; FERMENTATION; SIMILARITIES; LUSITANIAE AB The ability of yeasts to ferment cellodextrins is rare. Candida wickerhamii is able to use these sugars for alcohol production because of a cell-bound, extracellular, beta-glucosidase that is unusual by not being inhibited by glucose. A cDNA expression library in lambda phage was prepared with mRNA isolated from cellobiose grown C. wickerhamii. Immunological screening of the library with polyclonal antibodies against purified C. wickerhamii cell-bound, extracellular beta-glucosidase yielded 12 positive clones. Restriction endonuclease analysis and sequence data revealed that the clones could be divided into two groups, bglA and bglB, which were shown to be genetically distinct by Southern hybridization analyses. Efforts were directed at the study of bglB since it appeared to code for the cell-bound beta-glucosidase. Sequence data from both cDNA and genomic clones showed the absence of introns in bglB. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting of cell lysates from Escherichia coli bglB clones confirmed the presence of an expressed protein with an apparent molecular mass of 72 kDa, which is consistent with that expected for an unglycosylated form of the enzyme, Amino acid comparisons of BglB with other beta-glucosidase sequences suggest that it is a member of family 1 glycosyl hydrolases but is unusual in that it contains an additional 100 to 130 amino acids at the N terminus. This sequence did not have homologies to other known protein sequences and may impart unique properties to this beta-glucosidase. RP USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, FERMENTAT BIOCHEM RES UNIT, 1815 N UNIV ST, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. NR 38 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 EI 1098-5336 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 61 IS 2 BP 518 EP 525 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA QF428 UT WOS:A1995QF42800019 PM 7574590 ER PT J AU BIDOCHKA, MJ WALSH, SRA RAMOS, ME STLEGER, RJ SILVER, JC ROBERTS, DW AF BIDOCHKA, MJ WALSH, SRA RAMOS, ME STLEGER, RJ SILVER, JC ROBERTS, DW TI PATHOTYPES IN THE ENTOMOPHAGA-GRYLLI SPECIES COMPLEX OF GRASSHOPPER PATHOGENS DIFFERENTIATED WITH RANDOM AMPLIFICATION OF POLYMORPHIC DNA AND CLONED-DNA PROBES SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IDENTIFICATION; ENTOMOPHTHORALES; BEAUVERIA; SOLANI; GROWTH AB The zygomycetous fungus Entomophaga grylli is a pathogen that shows host-specific variance to grasshopper subfamilies. Three pathotypes of the E. grylli species complex were differentiated by three molecular techniques. In the first method, the three pathotypes showed different fragment patterns generated by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). There was little or no interisolate variability in RAPD fragment patterns within each pathotype. Passage of an isolate of pathotype 3, originally from an Australian grasshopper (Praxibulus sp.), through a North American grasshopper resulted in no differences in the resultant RAPD fragment patterns. In the second method, polymorphic RAPD fragments were used to probe the genomic DNA from the three pathotypes, and pathotype-specific fragments were found. In the third method, restriction fragments from genomic DNA of the three pathotypes were cloned and screened for pathotype specificity. A genomic probe specific for each pathotype was isolated. These probes did not hybridize to DNA from Entomophaga aulicae or from grasshoppers. To facilitate the use of RAPD analysis and other molecular tools to identify pathotypes, a method for extracting DNA from resting spores from infected grasshoppers was developed. The DNA from the fractured resting spores was of sufficient integrity to be blotted and probed with the pathotype-specific DNA probes, thus validating the use of these probes for pathotype identification in field-collected grasshoppers. C1 USDA ARS,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853. UNIV TORONTO,DEPT MICROBIOL,DIV LIFE SCI,SCARBOROUGH,ON M1C 1A4,CANADA. RP BIDOCHKA, MJ (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,BOYCE THOMPSON INST PLANT RES,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. RI St. Leger, Raymond /N-3219-2013; Roberts, Donald/B-6649-2014 NR 25 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 61 IS 2 BP 556 EP 560 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA QF428 UT WOS:A1995QF42800025 PM 7574596 ER PT J AU VANBERKUM, P TULLY, RE KEISTER, DL AF VANBERKUM, P TULLY, RE KEISTER, DL TI NONPIGMENTED AND BACTERIOCHLOROPHYLL-CONTAINING BRADYRHIZOBIA ISOLATED FROM AESCHYNOMENE INDICA SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RHODOPSEUDOMONAS-CAPSULATA; RHIZOBIUM; STEM; JAPONICUM; REGION AB The legume genus Aeschynomene is unusual, since many species develop stem nodules and the bradyrhizobia isolated from these nodules produce bacteriochlorophyll (Bchl). Evidence is presented that the bradyrhizobia of Aeschynomene indica have wide distribution throughout the world, since A. indica was nodulated when grown in 58 soils collected in 14 different countries. Only 38 of 79 isolates tested synthesized Bchl and carotenoids during heterotrophic growth. Nine isolates produced Bchl constitutively, and cultures were pigmented after growth in the dark. The other isolates required light for Bchl production. The DNA from seven pigmented and three nonpigmented bradyrhizobia hybridized,vith a DNA probe containing the genes for the photosynthetic apparatus of Rhodobacter capsulatus, but DNA from two other nonpigmented isolates did not hybridize with this probe. A relationship between pigmentation in culture and symbiotic phenotype was not evident, since bradyrhizobia of both Bchl phenotypes nodulated stems of A. indica and formed nitrogen fixing symbioses. Several isolates, which were ineffective on A. indica, probably do belong to the proposed cross inoculation group 3 (D. Alazard, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50:732-734, 1985), since they did not nodulate Aeschynomene americana or Macroptilium atropurpureum. Since it has been suggested that extant rhizobia arose from photosynthetic ancestors (J. I. Sprent, p. 45-54, in P. M. Gresshoff, L. E. Roth, G. Stacey, and W. E. Newton, ed., Nitrogen Fixation: Achievements and Objectives, 1990), we propose that the nonpigmented isolates may represent an extant lineage of an intermediate evolutionary stage. RP VANBERKUM, P (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB,HH-19,BLDG 011,BARC-W,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 34 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 61 IS 2 BP 623 EP 629 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA QF428 UT WOS:A1995QF42800034 PM 16534933 ER PT J AU BAEZ, LA JUNEJA, VK AF BAEZ, LA JUNEJA, VK TI NONRADIOACTIVE COLONY HYBRIDIZATION ASSAY FOR DETECTION AND ENUMERATION OF ENTEROLOXIGENIC CLOSTRIDIUM-PERFRINGENS IN RAW BEEF SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Note ID ENTERO-TOXIN; A ENTEROTOXIN; SPORULATION; GENE AB A DNA probe endolabeled with digoxigenin by PCR was developed to detect and enumerate enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens in raw beef. After 2 h of hybridization, membranes were developed by using an anti digoxigenin-alkaline phosphatase conjugated antibody. The resulting chromogenic reaction allowed us to detect and enumerate less than or equal to 10 CFU of C. perfringens per g. C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. NR 25 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 61 IS 2 BP 807 EP 810 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA QF428 UT WOS:A1995QF42800063 PM 7574619 ER PT J AU SADOWSKY, MJ KOSSLAK, RM MADRZAK, CJ GOLINSKA, B CREGAN, PB AF SADOWSKY, MJ KOSSLAK, RM MADRZAK, CJ GOLINSKA, B CREGAN, PB TI RESTRICTION OF NODULATION BY BRADYRHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM IS MEDIATED BY FACTORS PRESENT IN THE ROOTS OF GLYCINE-MAX SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Note ID GENOTYPE-SPECIFIC NODULATION; RHIZOBIUM-MELILOTI; L MERR; STRAINS; SEROCLUSTER-123; SEROGROUP-123; COMPETITION; INFECTION; GENETICS; SOYBEANS AB Reciprocal grafting experiments done using soybean plant introduction genotypes indicated that restriction of nodulation by Bradyrhizobium japonicum is determined by the genotype of the root and is dependent on plant growth temperature. Microscopic analyses indicated that the soybean plant introduction genotypes restrict nodulation of B. japonicum at symbiotic stages which occur both before and after the formation of nodule primordia. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT MICROBIOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ZOOL & GENET,AMES,IA 50011. UNIV AGR POZNAN,INST BIOCHEM & BIOTECHNOL,POZNAN,POLAND. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP SADOWSKY, MJ (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL SCI,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. RI Sadowsky, Michael/J-2507-2016 OI Sadowsky, Michael/0000-0001-8779-2781 NR 23 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 61 IS 2 BP 832 EP 836 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA QF428 UT WOS:A1995QF42800070 PM 16534946 ER PT J AU FAYER, R AF FAYER, R TI EFFECT OF SODIUM-HYPOCHLORITE EXPOSURE ON INFECTIVITY OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM OOCYSTS FOR NEONATAL BALB/C MICE SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Note ID CHLORINE DIOXIDE; VIABILITY; SURVIVAL; EXCYSTATION; OZONE AB Oocysts of Cryptosporidium parvum suspended in 5.25, 2.63, or 1.31% aqueous sodium hypochlorite (Clorox laundry bleach) for 10, 30, 60, or 120 min at 21 degrees C were administered by gastric intubation to neonatal BALB/c mice. Microscopic examination of intestinal tissue sections revealed developmental stages of C. parvum in all of the mice. RP FAYER, R (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE IMMUNOBIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 18 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 61 IS 2 BP 844 EP 846 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA QF428 UT WOS:A1995QF42800073 PM 7574626 ER PT J AU QUIROGA, R FERNANDEZCORNEJO, J VASAVADA, U AF QUIROGA, R FERNANDEZCORNEJO, J VASAVADA, U TI THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF REDUCED FERTILIZER USE - A VIRTUAL PRICING APPROACH SO APPLIED ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID MONTE-CARLO; AGRICULTURE; INTEGRATION; SYSTEM AB The virtual pricing approach is applied to perform an ex ante analysis of reduced chemical use on agricultural output, input demand and profitability. Aggregate data on Indiana agriculture spanning the 1950-86 period are used to estimate parameters of a normalized quadratic profit function using Bayesian techniques. Empirical results on the response of substitute and complementary inputs to a 15% and a 30% fertilizer restriction are obtained and the ad valorem taxes required to accomplish such restriction are calculated. C1 USDA,ECON RES SERV,DIV RESOURCES & TECHNOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. RP QUIROGA, R (reprint author), INTER AMER DEV BANK,WASHINGTON,DC, USA. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 0003-6846 J9 APPL ECON JI Appl. Econ. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 27 IS 2 BP 211 EP 217 DI 10.1080/00036849500000026 PG 7 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA QH936 UT WOS:A1995QH93600011 ER PT J AU REEVES, JB AF REEVES, JB TI EFFORTS TO QUANTIFY CHANGES IN NEAR-INFRARED SPECTRA CAUSED BY THE INFLUENCE OF WATER, PH, IONIC-STRENGTH, AND DIFFERENCES IN PHYSICAL STATE SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE NEAR-INFRARED SPECTRA; WATER; PH; PHYSICAL STATE; IONIC STRENGTH ID REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; SILAGE AB The application of near-infrared spectroscopy to high-moisture samples has shown that the accuracy does not match that found for dried materials. The objective of this work was to attempt to quantify the effects of water, pH, ionic strength, and differences in physical state on near-infrared spectra with the use of model compounds. Spectra were compared by regression analysis of second derivatives after spectral subtraction of water. Spectra from 4900 to 4100 cm(-1) at a resolution of 4 cm(-1) were examined. Regression results showed spectra to be more similar among amorphous sugars and among dissolved sugars than among crystalline sugars. Also, spectra of amorphous sugars were statistically more similar to spectra of dissolved sugars than to spectra of crystalline sugars. While the spectra of one dissolved or amorphous sugar were statistically similar, this was not true for amino acids. Spectra of amorphous amino acids were similar to those of crystalline forms and neither were similar to those of dissolved forms. Spectrally, polymeric carbohydrates appeared very similar to one another when dry and behaved like amino acids when wet. Finally, efforts to directly relate these findings to near-IR spectroscopy calibration problems will require further research. RP REEVES, JB (reprint author), USDA ARS,NUTR CONSERVAT & METAB LAB,BLDG 200,ROOM 124,BARC E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA PO BOX 1438, FREDERICK, MD 21701 SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 49 IS 2 BP 181 EP 187 DI 10.1366/0003702953963788 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA QG757 UT WOS:A1995QG75700007 ER PT J AU CLEVIDENCE, BA REICHMAN, ME JUDD, JT MUESING, RA SCHATZKIN, A SCHAEFER, EJ LI, ZL JENNER, J BROWN, CC SUNKIN, M CAMPBELL, WS TAYLOR, PR AF CLEVIDENCE, BA REICHMAN, ME JUDD, JT MUESING, RA SCHATZKIN, A SCHAEFER, EJ LI, ZL JENNER, J BROWN, CC SUNKIN, M CAMPBELL, WS TAYLOR, PR TI EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL-CONSUMPTION ON LIPOPROTEINS OF PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN - A CONTROLLED DIET STUDY SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ALCOHOL; PLASMA LIPIDS; WOMEN; LIPOPROTEINS; APOLIPOPROTEINS ID HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; APOLIPOPROTEIN-A-I; CHOLESTEROL EFFLUX; BLOOD-PRESSURE; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; TRIGLYCERIDE LEVELS; SERUM-LIPOPROTEINS; MENSTRUAL-CYCLE; BREAST-CANCER AB A substantial portion of American women consume alcohol, but controlled studies of alcohol-induced changes in lipoproteins of women are rare. In this study, the effects of alcohol consumption (equivalent to two drinks per day) on the lipoprotein profiles of 34 premenopausal women were measured while controlling subjects' diet and various other potentially confounding variables including phase of the menstrual cycle. Alcohol and no-alcohol treatments were administered in a crossover design, and blood samples were obtained during the early follicular phase of the third month of treatment. With alcohol, HDL cholesterol levels increased 10%, LDL levels decreased 8%, and levels of lipoprotein(a) were unchanged. The increase in HDL cholesterol was due to an increase in both HDL(2) and HDL(3), and the overall size of HDL particles was increased. HDL particles containing apolipoprotein (ape) A-I and apoA-II as well as those containing apoA-I but no apoA-II were elevated in response to alcohol. Although these observations are limited to a single phase of the menstrual cycle, the alcohol-induced changes in lipoproteins are consistent with changes that are thought to confer protection against coronary heart disease. C1 NCI, DIV CANC PREVENT & CONTROL, CANC PREVENT STUDIES BRANCH, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA. GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIV, DEPT MED, LIPID RES CLIN, WASHINGTON, DC USA. TUFTS UNIV, USDA, HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. RP CLEVIDENCE, BA (reprint author), USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR, BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR, DIET & HUMAN PERFORMANCE LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 60 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1079-5642 EI 1524-4636 J9 ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS JI Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 15 IS 2 BP 179 EP 184 PG 6 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA QJ017 UT WOS:A1995QJ01700002 PM 7749823 ER PT J AU BOSTOM, AG SHEMIN, D NADEAU, MR SHIH, V STABLER, SP ALLEN, RH SELHUB, J AF BOSTOM, AG SHEMIN, D NADEAU, MR SHIH, V STABLER, SP ALLEN, RH SELHUB, J TI SHORT-TERM BETAINE THERAPY FAILS TO LOWER ELEVATED FASTING TOTAL PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE CONCENTRATIONS IN HEMODIALYSIS-PATIENTS MAINTAINED ON CHRONIC FOLIC-ACID SUPPLEMENTATION SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Letter DE HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE; BETAINE ID HOMOCYST(E)INE; DEFICIENCY C1 RHODE ISL HOSP,PROVIDENCE,RI 02902. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,BOSTON,MA 02114. UNIV COLORADO,HLTH SCI CTR,DENVER,CO. RP BOSTOM, AG (reprint author), FRAMINGHAM HEART DIS EPIDEMIOL STUDY,5 THURBER ST,FRAMINGHAM,MA 01701, USA. NR 18 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI PUBL IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD FEB PY 1995 VL 113 IS 1 BP 129 EP 132 DI 10.1016/0021-9150(94)05466-V PG 4 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA QL575 UT WOS:A1995QL57500016 PM 7755649 ER PT J AU FERRERO, EA FITCH, MMM MOORE, PH WU, KK AF FERRERO, EA FITCH, MMM MOORE, PH WU, KK TI RESIN-PURIFIED DIGOXIGENIN-LABELED DNA PROBES - AN EFFICIENT PROTOCOL FOR MAPPING AND FINGERPRINTING SUGARCANE SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Note ID HYBRIDIZATION; FRAGMENTS; LINKAGE AB Nonradioactive Southern blotting using digoxigenin (DIG) has become routinely applied to the analysis of single-copy genes for genetic mapping because it is fast and safe. Previous studies indicate that DIG-labeled probes are suitable for single-gene detection in less complex genomes, but their efficient application to mapping a large octoploid genome has not been discussed. We developed a streamlined procedure for nonradioactive restriction fragment length polymorphism mapping and DNA fingerprinting of sugarcane that combines DIG-11-dUTP and anion-exchange chromatography. In this report, we show that anion-exchange chromatography provides a reliable and simple techniques for the resin-purification of large numbers of DIG-labeled DNA fragments 0.3-3.0 kb in size, and it is essential in minimizing contaminants and nonspecific signal. C1 HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTERS ASSOC,EXPTL STN,AIEA,HI. USDA,AIEA,HI. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EATON PUBLISHING CO PI NATICK PA 154 E. CENTRAL ST, NATICK, MA 01760 SN 0736-6205 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD FEB PY 1995 VL 18 IS 2 BP 266 EP & PG 0 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA QF438 UT WOS:A1995QF43800021 PM 7727129 ER PT J AU KUSTAS, WP HIPPS, LE HUMES, KS AF KUSTAS, WP HIPPS, LE HUMES, KS TI CALCULATION OF BASIN-SCALE SURFACE FLUXES BY COMBINING REMOTELY-SENSED DATA AND ATMOSPHERIC PROPERTIES IN A SEMIARID LANDSCAPE SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID UNSTABLE BOUNDARY-LAYER; SENSIBLE HEAT-FLUX; SKIN TEMPERATURE; NET-RADIATION; REGIONAL EVAPORATION; LONGWAVE RADIATION; LAND-SURFACE; CLEAR SKIES; ROUGHNESS AB Optical remote sensing data collected during the Monsoon '90 experiment in the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed in southern Arizona were used to estimate basin-scale surface temperature, net radiation (R(n)) and soil heat flux (G). These were combined with several atmospheric boundary-layer (ABL) models to allow computation of basin-scale surface fluxes of sensible (H) and latent heat (LE). The calculated fluxes were compared to averages from a network of surface flux stations. One ABL model calculated H using a bulk similarity approach for wind and temperature with remotely sensed surface temperature as the lower bo undary condition. With basin-scale estimates of R(n) and G, LE was solved as a residual. The other ABL model applied atmospheric profiles from a series of soundings in the conservation equations of temperature and humidity in the mixed layer to compute H and LE directly. By combining these H values with R(n) and G, calculation of LE by residual also was performed, The ABL-derived H values differed from the averages from the surface network by roughly 20 and 30% for the bulk similarity and conservation approaches, respectively. For LE, these same differences were around 10 and 70%. The disparity was reduced to nearly 30% for the conservation approach when LE was solved as a residual. Days with significant spatial variation in surface soil moisture and/or cloud cover were associated with most of the disagreement between the ABL-derived and surface-based values. This was particularly true for conservation estimates of LE. The bulk similarity method appeared less sensitive non-ideal environmental conditions. This may in part be due to the use of remotely sensed information, which provided a lower boundary value of surface temperature and estimates of R(n) and G over the study area, thereby allowing for residual calculations of LE. Such information clearly has utility for assessing the surface energy and water balance at basin scale. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,SCH PLANTS SOILS & BIOMETEOROL,LOGAN,UT 84322. RP KUSTAS, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HYDROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. OI Hipps, Lawrence/0000-0002-7658-8571 NR 38 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 73 IS 1-2 BP 105 EP 124 DI 10.1007/BF00708932 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA QW564 UT WOS:A1995QW56400006 ER PT J AU SPAETH, SC CORTES, PM AF SPAETH, SC CORTES, PM TI ROOT CORTEX DEATH AND SUBSEQUENT INITIATION AND GROWTH OF LATERAL ROOTS FROM BARE STELES OF CHICKPEAS SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE CHICKPEA; CICER ARIETINUM L; DROUGHT; LATERAL ROOTS; REWATERING ID HYPODERMAL CASPARIAN BANDS; EARLY SENESCENCE; ZEA-MAYS; DROUGHT; REHYDRATION; EPIDERMIS; VITALITY; WHEAT AB The anatomical responses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) roots to aging and severe water deficits and their capacity for subsequent initiation and growth of new lateral roots after rewatering are only partially known. This study was conducted to characterize the degeneration of epidermal and cortical cells of chickpea roots and the subsequent initiation and growth of new roots from bare steles, i.e., steles surrounded by an endodermis but lacking other parts of the cortex. Chickpea plants were grown in pots in a greenhouse under standard culture conditions (potting mix and daily watering) or drought treatments. For drought treatments, plants were grown in sand and exposed to repeated 10-d treatments of water deficits and rewatering. In standard culture conditions, older cortices collapsed and deteriorated but not simply as a function of chronological age. After one 10-d drought treatment, the epidermis and outer cortex of primary and some secondary and tertiary roots collapsed and after a subsequent rewatering treatment, the epidermis and cortex deteriorated and sloughed from steles. In both standard and drought conditions, bare steles were able to sustain growing root tips, indicating that the endodermis was effective in preserving stelar functions. In droughted plants, bare steles were able to initiate new lateral roots from the pericycle after rewatering, indicating that cortical tissue other than the endodermis was not necessary for secondary and tertiary chickpea roots to initiate new lateral roots. In a given root system exposed to the drought treatments, although the cortex collapsed on some roots, the cortices of other secondary roots did not collapse or deteriorate under similar severe conditions. The reason for cortical survival is unclear, but the response of these roots was similar to roots that have a suberized hypodermal layer which protects underlying cortical tissues from excessive drying. RP SPAETH, SC (reprint author), USDA,ARS,GRAIN LEGUME GENET & PHYSIOL RES UNIT,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 18 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 73 IS 2 BP 253 EP 261 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QU979 UT WOS:A1995QU97900012 ER PT J AU WOLF, AT BURK, TE ISEBRANDS, JC AF WOLF, AT BURK, TE ISEBRANDS, JC TI ESTIMATION OF DAILY AND SEASONAL WHOLE-TREE PHOTOSYNTHESIS USING MONTE-CARLO INTEGRATION TECHNIQUES SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID VOLUME AB Monte Carlo estimation is explored as an alternative to traditional survey sampling techniques to estimate both daily and seasonal whole-tree photosynthesis of first-year Populus clones. Several methods, known in the literature as variance-reduction techniques, are applied to the problem of estimation and compared on the basis of relative root mean squared error. Also of interest is gain in precision over the simple expansion estimator (Monte Carlo estimation in its simplest form). Variance reduction is achieved by approximating the photosynthesis curve by some known, easily integrated function. The estimators retain their unbiasedness regardless of the appropriateness of this function. The authors show how these variance reduction techniques can be used to achieve greater precision when estimating both daily and seasonal whole-tree photosynthesis. These methods may be useful alternatives to current purposive sampling methods that have the potential for bias and high error. C1 US FOREST SERV,FORESTRY SCI LAB,RHINELANDER,WI 54501. RP WOLF, AT (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 25 IS 2 BP 253 EP 260 DI 10.1139/x95-030 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA QT774 UT WOS:A1995QT77400010 ER PT J AU NELSON, LE SHELTON, MG SWITZER, GL AF NELSON, LE SHELTON, MG SWITZER, GL TI THE INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN APPLICATIONS ON THE RESORPTION OF FOLIAR NUTRIENTS IN SWEETGUM SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID USE EFFICIENCY; RETRANSLOCATION; FOREST; AVAILABILITY; ABSCISSION; NUTRITION; PLANTS; TREES; PINE AB Resorption of foliar nutrients during senescence is one of the principal ways by which plants enhance nutrient efficiency, particularly of N and P. The objectives of this study were to determine (i) changes in foliar characteristics attributable to N applications and (ii) resorption of nutrients during foliar senescence. Rates of 0, 100, 200, and 400 kg N/ha were applied to a 9-year-old sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) plantation in 1981, and resorption was determined the following three growing seasons. Preceding senescence, concentrations of foliar N were doubled, P concentrations declined, and K, Ca, and Mg concentrations were relatively unaffected by N application. Losses from foliage (resorption and (or) leaching) of N, P, K, and Mg, but not Ca, were positively related to the quantity present in the presenescent foliage. Resorption of foliar N, P, K, Ca, and Mg averaged 62, 50, 48, -19, and 12%, respectively; values significantly differed among years for all nutrients. Relative resorption was unaffected by N application rates for all nutrients except K. Results indicate that resorption is an important mechanism for nutrient conservation and efficiency, and under the conditions evaluated in this study, it was influenced more by environmental conditions (i.e., weather) than by nutrient levels. C1 MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV,DEPT FORESTRY,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,MONTICELLO,AR 71656. RP NELSON, LE (reprint author), MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,POB 9555,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 33 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 25 IS 2 BP 298 EP 306 DI 10.1139/x95-034 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA QT774 UT WOS:A1995QT77400014 ER PT J AU FREER, SN AF FREER, SN TI UTILIZATION OF GLUCOSE AND CELLOBIOSE BY CANDIDA-MOLISCHIANA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BETA-GLUCOSIDASE; GLUCOSE REPRESSION; FERMENTATION; YEAST ID BETA-GLUCOSIDASE; WICKERHAMII; PURIFICATION; FERMENTATION; YEAST; CELLODEXTRINS; CELLULOSE; HYDROLYSIS; ETHANOL; SACCHARIFICATION AB Some of the factors that influence the biosynthesis of the Candida molischiana P-glucosidase were investigated. The yeast produced maximal enzyme activity when grown at 28 degrees C in a carbohydrate-containing complex medium (YM) in which the initial pH was adjusted to 6.0. The enzyme appeared to be produced constitutively, as activity was detected when either ethanol, glycerol, xylose, glucitol, mannitol, maltose, trehalose, cellobiose, cellodextrins, or soluble starch was used as the carbohydrate source. The presence of either glucose, mannose, or fructose (> 25 g/L) repressed beta-glucosidase expression; however, C. molischiana did produce beta-glucosidase when the initial glucose concentration was <25 g/L. When the yeast was grown in YM medium containing glucose plus cellobiose, diauxic utilization of the carbon sources was observed, and beta-glucosidase activity was not detected until the glucose was depleted from the medium. RP FREER, SN (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FERMENTAT BIOCHEM RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 35 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 41 IS 2 BP 177 EP 185 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA QM346 UT WOS:A1995QM34600010 ER PT J AU RANHOTRA, GS KEAGY, PM AF RANHOTRA, GS KEAGY, PM TI ADDING FOLIC-ACID TO CEREAL GRAIN PRODUCTS SO CEREAL FOODS WORLD LA English DT Article C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. RP RANHOTRA, GS (reprint author), AMER INST BAKING,MANHATTAN,KS, USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0146-6283 J9 CEREAL FOOD WORLD JI Cereal Foods World PD FEB PY 1995 VL 40 IS 2 BP 73 EP & PG 0 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA QK533 UT WOS:A1995QK53300009 ER PT J AU ISENSEE, AR SADEGHI, AM AF ISENSEE, AR SADEGHI, AM TI LONG-TERM EFFECT OF TILLAGE AND RAINFALL ON HERBICIDE LEACHING TO SHALLOW GROUNDWATER SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID NO-TILLAGE; PESTICIDE TRANSPORT; WATER; SOIL; ATRAZINE; CYANAZINE; MACROPORES; ALACHLOR; INTENSITY; CHEMICALS AB The interaction of conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) crop production practices with rainfall on the movement of three herbicides into shallow groundwater was evaluated over 4 yr. Groundwater was sampled from unconfined (<1.5m deep) and confined (<3 m and 4.5 to 11 m deep) monitoring wells in 1989-1992 and analyzed for atrazine, alachlor, and cyanazine. Pesticide concentrations were cyclical: residues were highest soon after application, declined during the growing season, then increased during winter recharge. Alachlor and cyanazine were at nondetectable levels within 3 mo after application. Atrazine residues, present in confined groundwater all year, ranged in concentration between 0.03 to 1.9 and 0.16 to 3.7 ug L(-1) for the CT and NT plots, respectively. Herbicide residues were higher in unconfined (<1.5 m deep) than confined (<3 m deep) groundwater. Atrazine was sporadically detected in groundwater to 4.6 m, but not deeper. Lateral transport in confined groundwater to untreated areas was evident. The rapid movement of herbicides to groundwater with the first major rain after application suggest that preferential transport may be common. Results of this study also indicate that timing, amount and intensity of rainfall relative to pesticide application may be the primary factors governing pesticide leaching. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,NAT RESOURCES INST,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 26 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD FEB PY 1995 VL 30 IS 4 BP 671 EP 685 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(94)00433-U PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QK016 UT WOS:A1995QK01600007 ER PT J AU SHANG, C THOMPSON, ML LAIRD, DA AF SHANG, C THOMPSON, ML LAIRD, DA TI TRANSMISSION-X-RAY DIFFRACTION TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING CRYSTALLINE SWELLING OF SMECTITES IN ELECTROLYTE-SOLUTIONS SO CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS LA English DT Note DE CRYSTALLINE SWELLING; ELECTROLYTES; SMECTITES; XRD C1 USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,AMES,IA 50011. RP SHANG, C (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011, USA. RI Laird, David/E-8598-2014 NR 6 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU CLAY MINERALS SOCIETY PI BOULDER PA PO BOX 4416, BOULDER, CO 80306 SN 0009-8604 J9 CLAY CLAY MINER JI Clay Clay Min. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 43 IS 1 BP 128 EP 130 DI 10.1346/CCMN.1995.0430115 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mineralogy; Soil Science SC Chemistry; Geology; Mineralogy; Agriculture GA QW305 UT WOS:A1995QW30500015 ER PT J AU MCNAMARA, JR COLE, TG CONTOIS, JH FERGUSON, CA ORDOVAS, JM SCHAEFER, EJ AF MCNAMARA, JR COLE, TG CONTOIS, JH FERGUSON, CA ORDOVAS, JM SCHAEFER, EJ TI IMMUNOSEPARATION METHOD FOR MEASURING LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL DIRECTLY FROM SERUM EVALUATED SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ULTRACENTRIFUGATION COMPARED; CORONARY DISEASE RISK ASSESSMENT; APOLIPOPROTEINS; TRIGLYCERIDES ID PLASMA; PRECIPITATION; LDL AB Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol can not be calculated from other lipid measurements when samples are obtained from nonfasting individuals or when triglycerides are greater than or equal to 4.0 g/L. We have evaluated a direct LDL cholesterol assay for analyzing 115 fresh serum samples obtained from fasting and nonfasting dyslipidemic patients with triglycerides less than or equal to 35.85 g/L, who were receiving diet and (or) drug treatments. Results were highly correlated with those by ultracentrifugation (r = 0.97), with a mean/median bias of -2.9%/0.7% (-0.001/0.010 g/L) and an absolute bias of 9.5%/6.4% (0.119/0.090 g/L). The assay correctly classified LDL cholesterol concentrations <1.30 g/L 81% of the time, 1.30-1.60 g/L 76% of the time, and greater than or equal to 1.60 g/L 94% of the time. Precision studies provided within- and between-run CVs in the range of 1.2-3.8% and 2.0-5.1%, respectively. Our data indicate that this assay is an accurate method for measuring LDLC directly from fresh serum obtained from fasting or nonfasting subjects with a wide range of triglyceride values. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,LIPID RES CTR,ST LOUIS,MO. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 26 TC 77 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 41 IS 2 BP 232 EP 240 PG 9 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA QG652 UT WOS:A1995QG65200013 PM 7874777 ER PT J AU MADENJIAN, CP GABREY, SW AF MADENJIAN, CP GABREY, SW TI WATERBIRD PREDATION ON FISH IN WESTERN LAKE ERIE - A BIOENERGETICS MODEL APPLICATION SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE BIOENERGETICS; ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; FISH CONSUMPTION; LAKE ERIE; LARGE LAKES; MODELING; PREDATION; WATERBIRDS ID HERRING-GULLS; STIZOSTEDION-VITREUM; YELLOW PERCH; GREAT-LAKES; WALLEYE; GROWTH; POPULATIONS; PERIOD; PREY AB To better understand the role of piscivorous waterbirds in the food web of western Lake Erie, we applied a bioenergetics model to determine their total fish consumption, The important nesting species included the Herring Gull (Larus argentatus), Ring-billed Gull (L. delawarensis), Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus), Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias), Black-crowned Night-Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), and Great Egret (Casmerodius albus). The impact of migrant waterbirds, including the Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator), on western Lake Erie fish biomass was also considered in the analysis. According to the modeling results, during the early 1990s, piscivorous waterbirds consumed 13,368 tonnes of fish from western Lake Erie each year. This tonnage was equivalent to 15.2% of the prey fish biomass needed to support the walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) population in western Lake Erie during a single growing season. The model application was useful in quantifying energy flow between birds and fish in a large lake ecosystem. C1 USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,SANDUSKY,OH 44870. RP MADENJIAN, CP (reprint author), NATL BIOL SURVEY,GREAT LAKES SCI CTR,LAKE ERIE BIOL STN,6100 COLUMBUS AVE,SANDUSKY,OH 44870, USA. NR 67 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 22 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 1995 VL 97 IS 1 BP 141 EP 153 DI 10.2307/1368992 PG 13 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA QK938 UT WOS:A1995QK93800015 ER PT J AU POPRAWSKI, TJ MAJCHROWICZ, I AF POPRAWSKI, TJ MAJCHROWICZ, I TI EFFECTS OF HERBICIDES ON IN-VITRO VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND SPORULATION OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE HERBICIDE COMPATIBILITY; ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI; VEGETATIVE GROWTH ID BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; SOIL; PESTICIDES AB Four commonly used herbicides were evaluated at two different temperatures and three concentrations (10X, 1X and 0.1X, where X = recommended field rate) for compatibility in vitro with the entomopathogenic fungi Conidiobolus thromboides, C. coronatus, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, Paecilomyces farinosus and Verticillium lecanii. The effects of the herbicides on radial growth during the whole test period (14 days at 25-degrees-C and 24 days at 15-degrees-C), and intensity of sporulation were quantified. Generally, phenmedipham plus desmedipham (1:1), metolachlor, and chloridazon had pronounced adverse effects on all fungi. The 1X rate of these three herbicides either totally impaired the development of the fungi at both temperatures or strongly inhibited the growth at 25-degrees-C, as in B. bassiana, M. anisopliae and V. lecanii. The 0.1X rate of these herbicides usually resulted in fungistasis, which was not expressed in subcultures of the fungi on herbicide-free agar. The fourth herbicide, lenacil, killed C. thromboides when tested at 25-degrees-C at the 1X and 10X rates. At the 0.1X rate, lenacil had a temporary stimulatory effect on the development of the test fungi. In all other fungus-herbicide concentration-temperature combinations, lenacil had a temporary, reversible inhibitory effect. Of the herbicides tested, lenacil, which showed a less adverse effect in the tests, is probably compatible with most entomopathogenic fungi in the field. This is not the case, however, with phenmedipham plus desmedipham, metolachlor, and chloridazon, which are strongly antagonistic. C1 TEXAS AGR EXPTL STN,WESLACO,TX 78596. AKAD ROLNICZA,KATEDRA ENTOMOL,PL-71434 SZCZECIN,POLAND. RP POPRAWSKI, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOL CONTROL PESTS RES UNIT,2413 EAST HIGHWAY 83,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 29 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA LINACRE HOUSE JORDAN HILL, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 8DP SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 14 IS 1 BP 81 EP 87 DI 10.1016/0261-2194(95)91116-W PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA QC640 UT WOS:A1995QC64000011 ER PT J AU HIGHTOWER, RC CALLAHAN, TM UPCHURCH, RG AF HIGHTOWER, RC CALLAHAN, TM UPCHURCH, RG TI ELECTROPHORETIC KARYOTYPE OF CERCOSPORA-KIKUCHII SO CURRENT GENETICS LA English DT Note DE CERCOSPORA KIKUCHII; ELECTROPHORETIC KARYOTYPE; GENOME SIZE; PULSED-FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; CERCOSPORIN BIOSYNTHESIS AB Classical genetic analyses are not possible with the phytopathogenic fungus Cercospora kikuchii since no sexual stage has been identified. To facilitate gene mapping and to develop an understanding of the genome organization of C. kikuchii, an electrophoretic karyotype has been obtained using contour-clamped homogeneous electric field gel electrophoresis (CHEF). Eight chromosomes, two of which migrate as a doublet, have been separated into seven bands ranging from 2.0 to 5.5 Mb. Using this determination of chromosome number and size, the total genome size of C. kikuchii is estimated to be 28.4 Mb. In addition, genes encoding tubulin, ribosomal DNA, and four previously isolated light-enhanced cDNAs from C. kikuchii were assigned to chromosomes by Southern-hybridization analysis of CHEF blots. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0172-8083 J9 CURR GENET JI Curr. Genet. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 27 IS 3 BP 290 EP 292 DI 10.1007/BF00326163 PG 3 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA QC155 UT WOS:A1995QC15500016 PM 7736616 ER PT J AU DUNNING, JB STEWART, DJ DANIELSON, BJ NOON, BR ROOT, TL LAMBERSON, RH STEVENS, EE AF DUNNING, JB STEWART, DJ DANIELSON, BJ NOON, BR ROOT, TL LAMBERSON, RH STEVENS, EE TI SPATIALLY EXPLICIT POPULATION-MODELS - CURRENT FORMS AND FUTURE USES SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE DISPERSAL; LAND MANAGEMENT; LANDSCAPE; MOBILE ANIMAL POPULATIONS; POPULATION DYNAMICS; POPULATION SIMULATION MODELS; SPATIALLY EXPLICIT POPULATION MODELS ID GENE FLOW; COMPLEX LANDSCAPES; FRACTAL LANDSCAPES; DYNAMICS; ECOLOGY; CONSERVATION; COMMUNITIES; DIVERSITY; PATTERNS; SINKS AB Spatially explicit population models are becoming increasingly useful tools for population ecologists, conservation biologists, and land managers. Models are spatially explicit when they combine a population simulator with a landscape map that describes the spatial distribution of landscape features. With this map, the locations of habitat patches, individuals, and other items of interest are explicitly incorporated into the model, and the effect of changing landscape features on population dynamics can be studied. In this paper we describe the structure of some spatially explicit models under development and provide examples of current and future research using these models. Spatially explicit models are important tools for investigating scale-related questions in population ecology, especially the response of organisms to habitat change occurring at a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Simulation models that incorporate real-world landscapes, as portrayed by landscape maps created with geographic information systems, are also proving to be crucial in the development of management strategies in response to regional land-use and other global change processes. Spatially explicit population models will increase our ability to accurately model complex landscapes, and therefore should improve both basic ecological knowledge of landscape phenomena and applications of landscape ecology to conservation and management. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,INST ECOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ANIM ECOL,AMES,IA 50011. US FOREST SERV,REDWOOD SCI LAB,ARCATA,CA 95521. UNIV MICHIGAN,SCH NAT RESOURCES & ENVIRONM,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. HUMBOLDT STATE UNIV,DEPT MATH,ARCATA,CA 95521. CLEMSON UNIV,US FOREST SERV,SE FOREST EXPT STN,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,CLEMSON,SC 29634. NR 58 TC 295 Z9 311 U1 9 U2 86 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI TEMPE PA ARIZONA STATE UNIV CENTER ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, TEMPE, AZ 85287 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 5 IS 1 BP 3 EP 11 DI 10.2307/1942045 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QK276 UT WOS:A1995QK27600003 ER PT J AU TURNER, MG ARTHAUD, GJ ENGSTROM, RT HEJL, SJ LIU, JG LOEB, S MCKELVEY, K AF TURNER, MG ARTHAUD, GJ ENGSTROM, RT HEJL, SJ LIU, JG LOEB, S MCKELVEY, K TI USEFULNESS OF SPATIALLY EXPLICIT POPULATION-MODELS IN LAND MANAGEMENT SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE HABITAT MODEL; LAND MANAGEMENT; LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY; RESOURCE MANAGEMENT; SCALE; SPATIAL MODEL ID LANDSCAPE; DIVERSITY AB Land managers need new tools, such as spatial models, to aid them in their decision-making processes because managing for biodiversity, water quality, or natural disturbance is challenging, and landscapes are complex and dynamic. Spatially explicit population models are helpful to managers because these models consider both species-habitat relationships and the arrangement of habitats in space and time. The visualizations that typically accompany spatially explicit models also permit managers to ''see'' the effects of alternative management strategies on populations of interest. However, the expense entailed in developing the data bases required for spatially explicit models may limit widespread implementation. In addition, many of the models are developed for one or a few species, and dealing with multiple species in a landscape remains a significant challenge. To be most useful to land managers, spatially explicit population models should be user friendly, easily portable, operate on spatial and temporal scales appropriate to management decisions, and use input and output variables that can be measured affordably. C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV ENVIRONM SCI,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. UNIV GEORGIA,SCH FOREST RESOURCES,ATHENS,GA 30602. TALL TIMBERS RES INC,TALLAHASSEE,FL 32312. US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,MISSOULA,MT 59807. HARVARD UNIV,INST INT DEV,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138. CLEMSON UNIV,US FOREST SERV,SE FOREST EXPT STN,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,CLEMSON,SC 29634. US FOREST SERV,REDWOOD SCI LAB,ARCATA,CA 95521. RI Turner, Monica/B-2099-2010 NR 20 TC 124 Z9 134 U1 0 U2 22 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI TEMPE PA ARIZONA STATE UNIV CENTER ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, TEMPE, AZ 85287 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 5 IS 1 BP 12 EP 16 DI 10.2307/1942046 PG 5 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QK276 UT WOS:A1995QK27600004 ER PT J AU ODEA, ME ZASADA, JC TAPPEINER, JC AF ODEA, ME ZASADA, JC TAPPEINER, JC TI VINE MAPLE CLONE GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION IN MANAGED AND UNMANAGED COASTAL OREGON DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE BASAL SPROUTING; CLONAL ARCHITECTURE; CLONAL POPULATIONS; CLONES; DISTURBANCE; COASTAL DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; FOREST SUCCESSION; LAYERING; PACIFIC NORTHWEST; RAMETS; SILVICULTURE; UNDERSTORY; VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION; VINE MAPLE ID CONIFEROUS FORESTS; SALMONBERRY; VEGETATION AB Vine maple (Acer circinatum Pursh.) clone development, expansion, and regeneration by seedling establishment were studied in 5-240 yr old managed and unmanaged Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France) stands in coastal Oregon. Stem length, number of stems, and crown area were all significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) related to stand age, and clone development was most rapid during the first 50 yr of stand development. Following clear-cutting, clones were clumps of 1-3 m long upright stems. Fifty years after disturbance, clones consisted of 5-15 drooping aerial stems > 10 m long and basal sprouts 1-2 m long; some stems had been pinned to the forest floor by fallen trees or branches and had layered. In stands > 120 yr in age, clones were often quite complex, composed of several decumbent stems each of which connected the ramets of 1-10 new aerial stems. Vine maple clone expansion occurs by the layering of long aerial stems. Over 95% of the layered stems we observed had been pinned to the forest floor by fallen debris. Unsevered stems that we artificially pinned to the forest floor initiated roots within 1 yr Thinning may favor clonal expansion because fallen slash from thinning often causes entire clones to layer, not just individual stems. Clonal vine maple seed production and seedling establishment occurred in all stages of stand development except dense, young stands following crown closure. There were more seedlings in thinned stands than in unthinned stands and in unburned clearcuts than in burned clearcuts. C1 US FOREST SERV,FORESTRY SCI LAB,RHINELANDER,WI 54501. NATL BIOL SURVEY,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP ODEA, ME (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST SCI,PEAVY HALL 154,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 17 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 2 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI TEMPE PA ARIZONA STATE UNIV CENTER ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, TEMPE, AZ 85287 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 5 IS 1 BP 63 EP 73 DI 10.2307/1942052 PG 11 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QK276 UT WOS:A1995QK27600010 ER PT J AU CHEN, JQ FRANKLIN, JF SPIES, TA AF CHEN, JQ FRANKLIN, JF SPIES, TA TI GROWING-SEASON MICROCLIMATIC GRADIENTS FROM CLEAR-CUT EDGES INTO OLD-GROWTH DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE CLEAR-CUT; DOUGLAS-FIR; EDGE; EDGE EFFECTS; EDGE EXPOSURE; LANDSCAPE; MICROCLIMATE; OLD GROWTH ID VEGETATION; CONSERVATION; RESPONSES; PATTERNS; FIELD; CUT AB Edge is an important landscape feature of fragmented forest landscapes in the Pacific Northwest, USA. Our primary objective of this study is to characterize the changes in microclimatic variables from recent clearcut edges into the old-growth Douglas-fir forests as influenced by edge exposures and local weather conditions. Microclimatic gradients are described along transects extending from recently clearcut edges 240 m into stands of old-growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France) forest west of the Cascade Range in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Data for air temperature, soil temperature, relative humidity, short-wave radiation, and wind speed were collected over the course of the day from 16 different edges representing a range of edge orientations and local weather conditions over two growing seasons (1989-1990). Data for soil moisture were collected over three consecutive days in September 1990. Two indices, significance of edge influence (SEI) and depth of edge influence (DEI), were used to evaluate the effects of edges on microclimatic variables. Edge effects typically extended 30 to > 240 m into the forest. From the edge into the forest, air temperatures decreased during the day and increased at night; the reversal produced mid-morning and late-afternoon periods when a gradient was absent. Changes in soil temperature from the edge into the forest were comparable to those for air temperature, except that edge effects did not extend as deeply into the forest. The gradient for relative humidity increased from the edge and was steepest in mid-afternoon. Humidity effects sometimes extended > 240 m into the forest. Short-wave radiation decreased rapidly with distance from the edge, reaching interior forest levels by 30-60 m. Wind speed decreased exponentially from the edge into the forest, depending on the relationship of edge orientation to wind direction; stronger winds influenced conditions deeper inside the forest, sometimes > 240 m from the edge. Edge orientation played a critical role for all variables; for air and soil temperature and humidity, it affected the times of day at which maximum and minimum values peaked. Influence of local weather conditions on gradients was highly variable. Overall, however, gradients generally were longest and steepest on partially clear, warm, dry days, at southwest-facing edges, and for air temperature, soil temperature, and relative humidity. SEI and DEI were found to be necessary measurements for evaluating edge effects on microclimatic variables, which responded differently depending on time of day, edge orientation, and local weather. No single value could be calculated for DEI. Because many ecological features near edges, such as tree stocking and regeneration, dispersal of flying insects, and decomposition of woody debris, seem related to microclimatic gradients, forest management to protect interior conditions should shift from the traditional charge (''create as much edge as possible'') to a new charge in which the amount of edge is reduced at both the stand and landscape levels. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,COLL FOREST RESOURCES,SEATTLE,WA 98195. US FOREST SERV,FORESTRY SCI LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP CHEN, JQ (reprint author), MICHIGAN TECHNOL UNIV,SCH FORESTRY & WOOD PROD,HOUGHTON,MI 49931, USA. RI Chen, Jiquan/D-1955-2009 NR 75 TC 404 Z9 433 U1 17 U2 95 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI TEMPE PA ARIZONA STATE UNIV CENTER ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, TEMPE, AZ 85287 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 5 IS 1 BP 74 EP 86 DI 10.2307/1942053 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QK276 UT WOS:A1995QK27600011 ER PT J AU BURKE, IC ELLIOTT, ET COLE, CV AF BURKE, IC ELLIOTT, ET COLE, CV TI INFLUENCE OF MACROCLIMATE, LANDSCAPE POSITION, AND MANAGEMENT ON SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER IN AGROECOSYSTEMS SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE AGROECOSYSTEMS; C MINERALIZATION; CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE; LANDSCAPE POSITION; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; N MINERALIZATION; NO-TILLAGE; PHOSPHORUS; SLOPE; SOIL ORGANIC MATTER ID SAGEBRUSH STEPPE LANDSCAPE; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; GREAT-PLAINS; GRASSLAND SOILS; TILLAGE SYSTEMS; NO-TILLAGE; LAND-USE; CARBON; CULTIVATION; ECOSYSTEMS AB We investigated patterns of soil organic matter, microbial biomass, and potential C and N mineralization in soils across landscape, regional, and management treatments in eastern Colorado. Total soil C, N, and P, microbial biomass, and C and N mineralization were highest at a northern site and on toeslope landscape positions. No-tillage and perennial grass treatments had significantly higher microbial biomass and C mineralization rates than conventional tillage treatments after only 5 yr of treatment, but only at the sites and landscape positions with high production and organic matter contents. Potential N mineralization was not different among management treatments. We suggest that a simple relationship between total soil organic matter and nutrient supply rates holds for relatively static systems represented by spatial gradients, but that transient systems undergoing losses or gains in soil organic matter may have a lag in nutrient supply responses due to immobilization dynamics. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV,NAT RESOURCE ECOL LAB,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. USDA ARS,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. RP BURKE, IC (reprint author), COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST SCI,FT COLLINS,CO 80523, USA. RI Burke, Ingrid/A-1420-2009 OI Burke, Ingrid/0000-0003-4717-6399 NR 58 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 9 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI TEMPE PA ARIZONA STATE UNIV CENTER ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, TEMPE, AZ 85287 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 5 IS 1 BP 124 EP 131 DI 10.2307/1942057 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QK276 UT WOS:A1995QK27600015 ER PT J AU LARKIN, TS SWEENEY, AW CARRUTHERS, RI AF LARKIN, TS SWEENEY, AW CARRUTHERS, RI TI SIMULATION OF THE DYNAMICS OF A MICROSPORIDIAN PATHOGEN OF MOSQUITOS SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; PATHOGEN HOST INTERACTIONS ID ANNULIROSTRIS SKUSE DIPTERA; CULEX-ANNULIROSTRIS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; OSTRINIA-NUBILALIS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; INSECT; MODELS; CULICIDAE; SYSTEMS; MYCOSIS AB A biological system involving a microsporidian pathogen (Amblyospora dyxenoides) and two obligate hosts, a mosquito (Culex annulirostris) and a copepod (Mesocyclops spp.) is described. Due to the complexity of the infection cycle of the pathogen, its ability to cause benign infections, and the requirement of multiple host species to complete a life cycle, heuristic evaluation of the dynamics of this system was not adequate to evaluate proposed management strategies. Therefore, in order to assess the effects of differing environmental conditions and potential control strategies used to reduce mosquito populations, a detailed mechanistic simulation model was developed and evaluated using the Hierarchical Environment for Research Modeling of Ecological Systems (HERMES). HERMES is a hierarchical, object-oriented modeling system that facilitates interactive model construction and evaluation. We discuss the model structure, parameter estimation, sensitivity analysis, and critical processes in model verification, validation and evaluation. Comparisons of model results with actual field data reveal that the model reasonably mimicked natural mosquito and pathogen dynamics, allowing it to be used as a tool for evaluating proposed management strategies. Example augmentation releases of the biological control agent were simulated and results are discussed in respect to the C. annulirostris and A. dyxenoides life system and to other mosquito and pathogen life systems that may be considered for biological control manipulation in the future. C1 USDA ARS,FED PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,PLANT PROTECT RES UNIT,ITHACA,NY 14853. ARMY MALARIA RES UNIT,INGLEBURN,NSW 2174,AUSTRALIA. USDA ARS,BIOL PEST CONTROL RES,WESLACO,TX 78596. NR 41 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 77 IS 2-3 BP 143 EP 165 DI 10.1016/0304-3800(93)E0076-F PG 23 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QC233 UT WOS:A1995QC23300006 ER PT J AU FELLAND, CM HULL, LA BARRETT, BA KNIGHT, AL JENKINS, JW KIRSCH, PA THOMSON, DR AF FELLAND, CM HULL, LA BARRETT, BA KNIGHT, AL JENKINS, JW KIRSCH, PA THOMSON, DR TI SMALL PLOT MATING DISRUPTION TRIALS FOR TUFTED APPLE BUD MOTH, PLATYNOTA-IDAEUSALIS, IN PENNSYLVANIA APPLE ORCHARDS SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE LEPIDOPTERA; TORTRICIDAE; PLATYNOTA IDAEUSALIS; MATING DISRUPTION; LEAFROLLER; APPLE ID CODLING MOTH; LEPIDOPTERA; TORTRICIDAE; PHEROMONE; RESISTANCE; MANAGEMENT; DAMAGE AB Mating disruption treatments for the tufted apple bud moth (TABM), Platynota idaeusalis (Walker), were tested in small plot trials in apple orchards in Pennsylvania Treatments were evaluated by fruit injury and by capture of male TABM in traps baited with synthetic pheromone sources or virgin females. The TABM pheromone is a two component isomeric blend of E-11-tetradecen-1-ol (E11-14:OH) and E-11-tetradecenyl acetate (E11-14:Ac). A 50:50 ratio of these two components was used in standard monitoring septa and in mating disruption treatments released from either hollow fibers ('fiber') or PVC tubes ('PVC'). Other pheromone blends tested included a 90:10 ratio of E11-14:Ac and E11-14:OH ('EAc') and its reverse ('EOH'), mixture 'EAc' with 30% of the Z-isomers ('low EAc'), and a blend similar to the preceding with 2% Z9-12:Ac ('generic'). These other blends were released from multi tube tape ('tape') or Shin-Etsu type rope ('rope') dispensers. Seasonal dispenser release rate in mg ha(-1) h(-1) was ca. 30 for the 'rope' dispensers, 14 for 'PVC' and 6 for 'fiber'. 'EAc-tape' and 'EOH-tape' were equally effective in reducing catches of males in traps baited with synthetic lures and in traps baited with virgin females. Both treatments also reduced fruit injury. 'EAc-rope', 'fiber' and 'PVC' also were generally effective; whereas, the 'low EAc' and 'generic' treatments reduced trap capture less than 90% and did not reduce fruit injury. Dispenser density was positively correlated with reduction in trap capture for the 'low EAc-rope' and 'genericrope' treatments. Traps loaded with 'fiber' dispensers captured more male TABM than the other treatments in non-pheromone permeated environments. Trap capture of other tortricids was reduced in pheromone treatments. 'EAc-rope' and the 'TABM' treatments provided mean (s.e.) percent reduction in trap catch of 99.5 (0.4) and 42.9 (10.1), respectively, for the redbanded leafroller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Walker), and 90.4 (6.8) and 90.4 (1.3), respectively, for the obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris). C1 UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT ENTOMOL,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. USDA ARS,YAKIMA,WA 98902. ECOGEN INC,GOODYEAR,AZ 85338. PACIFIC BIOCONTROL CORP,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP FELLAND, CM (reprint author), PENN STATE UNIV,FRUIT RES LAB,BIGLERVILLE,PA 17307, USA. RI Kirsch, Philipp/F-5740-2011 OI Kirsch, Philipp/0000-0002-9188-5697 NR 23 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 74 IS 2 BP 105 EP 114 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QM670 UT WOS:A1995QM67000002 ER PT J AU HANKS, LM PAINE, TD MILLAR, JG HOM, JL AF HANKS, LM PAINE, TD MILLAR, JG HOM, JL TI VARIATION AMONG EUCALYPTUS SPECIES IN RESISTANCE TO EUCALYPTUS LONGHORNED BORER IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE EUCALYPTUS LONGHORNED BORER; PHORACANTHA SEMIPUNCTATA; CERAMBYCIDAE; WOOD-BORING INSECTS; HERBIVOROUS INSECTS; EUCALYPTUS; PLANT DEFENSE; WATER STRESS; DROUGHT STRESS AB Eucalyptus L'Heritier (Myrtaceae: Leptospermoideae) species are native to the Austro-Malaysian region, but have been widely planted in temperate and subtropical regions around the world. In most regions where Eucalyptus have been imported, the Eucalyptus Longhorned Borer (Phoracantha semipunctata F.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) has been accidently introduced. Larvae of the beetle bore through the bark and mine along the cambium of stressed trees, usually killing their host. We report here the relative susceptibilities of 12 Eucalyptus species in two mixed-species plantations in California, USA. These trees were stressed by water deficit resulting from a prolonged drought. Eucalyptus species that appeared resistant to the borer included E. camaldulensis Dehnhardt, E. cladocalyx F. Muller, E. sideroxylon A. Cunn. ex Woolls, and E. trabutii (an E. camaldulensis hybrid). Species that were more susceptible to attack were E. diversicolor E Mueller, E. globulus LaBillardiere, E. grandis Hill ex Maiden, E. nitens (Deane and Maiden), E. saligna Sm., and E. viminalis LaBillardiere. Survival of trees was influenced by fine-scale moisture variation resulting from slope and irrigation effects. Resistance characteristics of these Eucalyptus species did not correlate with taxonomic relatedness or bark characteristics, but did correspond to drought tolerance traits in their native habitat. Eucalyptus species that were resistant to attack by P. semipunctata were those that are most tolerant of drought in Australia. C1 US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,RADNOR,PA 19087. RP HANKS, LM (reprint author), UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT ENTOMOL,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521, USA. NR 24 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 15 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 74 IS 2 BP 185 EP 194 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QM670 UT WOS:A1995QM67000011 ER PT J AU WILLIAMS, DW LIEBHOLD, AM AF WILLIAMS, DW LIEBHOLD, AM TI FOREST DEFOLIATORS AND CLIMATIC-CHANGE - POTENTIAL CHANGES IN SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION OF OUTBREAKS OF WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE) AND GYPSY-MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, LYMANTRIIDAE) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CHORISTONEURA-OCCIDENTALIS; LYMANTRIA-DISPAR; CLIMATIC CHANGE ID MOUNTAINOUS TERRAIN; PRECIPITATION; PESTS AB Changes in geographical ranges and spatial extent of outbreaks of pest species are likely consequences of climatic change. We investigated potential changes in spatial distribution of outbreaks of western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, and gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), in Oregon and Pennsylvania, respectively, using maps of historical defoliation, climate, and forest type in a geographic information system. Maps of defoliation frequency at a resolution of 2 x 2 km were assembled from historical aerial survey data. Weather maps for mean monthly temperature maxima and minima and precipitation over 30 yr were developed by interpolation. Relationships between defoliation status and environmental variables were estimated using linear discriminant analysis. Five climatic change scenarios were investigated: an increase of 2-degrees-C, a 2-degrees-C increase with a small increase and a small decrease in precipitation, and projections of two general circulation models (GCMs) after 100 yr at doubled carbon dioxide. With an increase in temperature alone, the projected defoliated area decreased relative to ambient conditions for budworm and increased slightly for gypsy moth. With an increase in temperature and precipitation, defoliated area increased for both species. Conversely, defoliated area decreased for both when temperature increased and precipitation decreased. Results for the GCM scenarios contrasted sharply. For one GCM, defoliation by budworm was projected to cover Oregon completely, whereas no defoliation was projected by gypsy moth in Pennsylvania. For the other, defoliation disappeared completely for budworm and slightly exceeded that under ambient conditions for gypsy moth. The results are discussed in terms of current forest composition and its potential changes. RP WILLIAMS, DW (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,5 RADNOR CORP CTR,SUITE 200,POB 6775,RADNOR,PA 19087, USA. RI Liebhold, Andrew/C-1423-2008 OI Liebhold, Andrew/0000-0001-7427-6534 NR 36 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 16 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 24 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QG516 UT WOS:A1995QG51600002 ER PT J AU BAILEY, SM IRWIN, ME KAMPMEIER, GE EASTMAN, CE HEWINGS, AD AF BAILEY, SM IRWIN, ME KAMPMEIER, GE EASTMAN, CE HEWINGS, AD TI PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PERTURBATIONS - THEIR EFFECT ON THE MOVEMENT OF APTEROUS RHOPALOSIPHUM-PADI (HOMOPTERA, APHIDIDAE) AND LOCALIZED SPREAD OF BARLEY YELLOW DWARF VIRUS SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE RHOPALOSIPHUM-PADI; EPIDEMIOLOGY; BARLEY YELLOW DWARF VIRUS ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; MYZUS-PERSICAE; SMALL GRAINS; PLANTS; REPRODUCTION; POPULATIONS AB Apterous adult and nymphal Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), previously reared on plants infected with barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), were subjected to eight perturbations (wind, rain, herbicide, coccinellid predators, crowding, mechanical disturbance, drought, and virus-infected plants) to determine effects on aphid dispersal and pattern of local spread of BYDV to oats in greenhouse experiments. Viruliferous aphids, caged overnight on oat plants in a 25-plant area (infection focus) in the center of each 625-plant plot, were subjected to a given perturbation after cages were removed and then allowed to move freely within the plot for 2 d. Presence of virus-infected plants outside the infection focus provided indirect evidence of aphid movement and direct evidence of virus spread. All types of disturbances except rain caused movement of apterous aphids and spread of BYDV. For all except the rain perturbation, controls were pooled and compared by paired t-tests with means of three indices of infection pattern (incidence, total distance, and average distance) for each experimental treatment. Incidence of infection (number of infected plants located outside the infection focus) in treated plots was significantly greater than pooled controls for the crowding, predator, wind, and herbicide perturbations. Total distance of infection (the sum of distances from the central plant in the infection focus to each infected plant outside the focus) was significantly greater in mechanical disturbance, crowding, predator, drought, wind, and herbicide perturbations than in controls. Average distance of infection (total distance divided by incidence) in treated plots was significantly greater than in the pooled controls for the drought, wind, and virus-infected oat treatments. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT ENTOMOL,URBANA,IL 61801. ILLINOIS NAT HIST SURVEY,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. UNIV ILLINOIS,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. USDA,ARS,CROP PROTECT RES UNIT,URBANA,IL 61801. NR 50 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 24 IS 1 BP 24 EP 33 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QG516 UT WOS:A1995QG51600005 ER PT J AU BENTZ, JA REEVES, J BARBOSA, P FRANCIS, B AF BENTZ, JA REEVES, J BARBOSA, P FRANCIS, B TI NITROGEN-FERTILIZER EFFECT ON SELECTION, ACCEPTANCE, AND SUITABILITY OF EUPHORBIA-PULCHERRIMA (EUPHORBIACEAE) AS A HOST-PLANT TO BEMISIA-TABACI (HOMOPTERA, ALEYRODIDAE) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE SWEET-POTATO WHITEFLY; NITROGEN; POINSETTIA ID TRIALEURODES-VAPORARIORUM; PERFORMANCE; PREFERENCE; POINSETTIA; OVIPOSITION; AMMONIUM; GROWTH AB Changes in nitrogen content of poinsettia, Euphorbia pulcherrima Willdenow (Euphorbiaceae), is an important factor influencing its acceptability and suitability to the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (biotype B) (Gennadius). More whiteflies were found on fertilized plants than on nonfertilized plants. Higher oviposition on ammonium nitrate treated plants than on nonfertilized or calcium nitrate treated plants suggests that acceptability of a plant by the whitefly is in response to plant cues. These cues reflect changes in nitrogen content and are perceived during probing of the leaf surface by female whiteflies. Although more crawlers were produced from eggs laid on nonfertilized or calcium nitrate treated plants than on ammonium nitrate-treated plants, more adults were produced from fertilized plants than from nonfertilized plants. High mortality during the crawler and young nymphal stages on nonfertilized plants could be caused by nutritional limitations of unfertilized plants. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ENTOMOL,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,RUMINANT NUTR LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 45 TC 40 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 24 IS 1 BP 40 EP 45 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QG516 UT WOS:A1995QG51600007 ER PT J AU SPURGEON, DW LINGREN, PD RAULSTON, JR SHAVER, TN AF SPURGEON, DW LINGREN, PD RAULSTON, JR SHAVER, TN TI PUPAL DEVELOPMENT AND ADULT EMERGENCE PATTERNS OF THE MEXICAN RICE BORER (LEPIDOPTERA, PYRALIDAE) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE EOREUMA-LOFTINI; EMERGENCE; DEVELOPMENT ID NOCTUIDAE AB Pupal development times and thermal unit requirements, daily adult eclosion patterns, and the durations of phases of emergence of the Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), adult sexes were observed under reversed photoperiodic and thermoperiodic conditions. Female pupae required fewer days and thermal units for development than did males. Both sexes eclosed early in the scotophase; eclosion of adult males females was complete within almost-equal-to 1.7 and 4.5 h of last light, respectively. Newly emerged males required less time than females to inflate and dry their wings and less time for the entire emergence process (eclosion to wings dried and folded in a normal resting position). The temporal patterns of emergence suggest that efforts to observe emergence in sugarcane fields should be concentrated in the early scotophase. The short duration of the emergence process will limit the time during which newly emerged moths can be identified. Therefore, cage studies of emergence may offer a greater likelihood of success than studies relying on direct observation, especially under the usual conditions of low E. loftini population intensity and high crop biomass. C1 US ARS,CROP INSECT PESTS MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 24 IS 1 BP 76 EP 79 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QG516 UT WOS:A1995QG51600012 ER PT J AU LEYVA, KJ CLANCY, KM PRICE, PW AF LEYVA, KJ CLANCY, KM PRICE, PW TI PERFORMANCE OF WILD VERSUS LABORATORY POPULATIONS OF WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE) FEEDING ON DOUGLAS-FIR FOLIAGE SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CHORISTONEURA-OCCIDENTALIS; POPULATION GROWTH; SURVIVAL ID ARTIFICIAL DIETS; NUTRITIONAL ECOLOGY; NOCTUIDAE; TERPENES; STRAINS AB Late-instar western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis (Freeman), larvae from wild and laboratory populations were reared on Douglas-fir, Psuedotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, foliage in the field to determine if the two populations differed in terms of survival and reproduction (wild versus laboratory treatments). We also examined the effect of phenological age of Douglas-fir foliage (early season versus late season) on laboratory-reared budworm performance (laboratory versus late laboratory treatments). There was no evidence that survival from the late larval to pupal stage varied between the wild versus laboratory treatments nor between the laboratory versus late laboratory treatments. Survival from the pupal to adult stage was significantly higher for the wild population compared with the laboratory population but was equivalent for the laboratory and late laboratory treatments. The percentage of F1 egg masses with viable eggs was equivalent for the wild versus laboratory treatments, and for the laboratory versus late laboratory treatments. Likewise, there were no detectable effects from populations or foliar phenology on size of the F1 egg masses, number of eggs per mass, or the number of F1 larvae hatching from each egg mass. Budworm population growth, estimated from the experimental data, did not vary dramatically between the wild versus laboratory treatments nor between the laboratory versus late laboratory treatments. Our results indicate it is valid to use laboratory-reared western spruce budworms to predict responses of wild populations. The absence of strong effects related to foliar phenology may imply that the budworm can survive and reproduce well on a broad range of foliage qualities. C1 USDA,FOREST SERV RES,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001. RP LEYVA, KJ (reprint author), NO ARIZONA UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,POB 5640,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86011, USA. NR 27 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 24 IS 1 BP 80 EP 87 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QG516 UT WOS:A1995QG51600013 ER PT J AU SPURGEON, DW LINGREN, PD SHAVER, TN RAULSTON, JR AF SPURGEON, DW LINGREN, PD SHAVER, TN RAULSTON, JR TI REALIZED AND POTENTIAL FECUNDITY OF THE MEXICAN RICE BORER (LEPIDOPTERA, PYRALIDAE) AS A FUNCTION OF PUPAL WEIGHT SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE EOREUMA-LOFTINI; FECUNDITY; REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY ID EOREUMA-LOFTINI LEPIDOPTERA; BUDWORM LEPIDOPTERA; SPRUCE BUDWORM; SUGARCANE; TORTRICIDAE AB An oviposition profile of the first 4 d after mating was constructed for the Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar). Effects of pupal weight on potential and realized fecundity were examined by comparing the numbers of oocytes contained in newly emerged females to numbers of oviposited eggs and retained oocytes of females allowed to oviposit for 4 d. Oviposition was greatest on the second night after mating and least on the fourth night. Pupal weight did not influence the percentage of the egg complement that was oviposited in 4 d, but accounted for 81 and 74% of the variation in the size of eggs complements among newly emerged moths and moths that oviposited for 4 d, respectively. Slopes of these regression equations were not different and indicated that E. loftini females contain a full egg complement at eclosion. Realized fecundity was also related to pupal weight at 1-4 d after mating. Pupal weight explained an increasing proportion of observed variation in fecundity with increasing oviposition time, from 17% after 1 d to 61% after 4 d. Implications of these findings to future studies are discussed. C1 US ARS,CROP INSECT PESTS MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. NR 19 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 24 IS 1 BP 94 EP 98 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QG516 UT WOS:A1995QG51600015 ER PT J AU WATSON, DW SCHMIDTMANN, ET MARTIN, PAW AF WATSON, DW SCHMIDTMANN, ET MARTIN, PAW TI ASSOCIATION OF BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS AND OTHER SPORE-FORMING BACTERIA WITH CALF-HUTCH BEDDING SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE MUSCA-DOMESTICA; HOUSE FLY; MICROBIAL CONTROL ID MUSCA-DOMESTICA; IMMATURE HOUSE; ISRAELENSIS; LEPIDOPTERA; TOXICITY; LARVAE; FLIES; SOIL AB Acetate selection and biochemical tests were used to characterize the gram positive, spore-forming bacteria associated with samples of straw and sawdust used as bedding in outdoor calf hutches. Bedding samples were collected from 25 calf-occupied hutches during 6-wk periods. More than 7,100 isolates representing Bacillus thuringiensis (4,616), Bacillus sphaericus (1,390), and Bacillus megaterium (1,182) were recovered. Fourteen biochemical types of B. thuringiensis were identified; these included galleriae, kurstaki, thuringiensis, israelensis, sotto, darmstadiensis, tenebrionis/morrisoni, dendrolimus, and indiana. Of these, tenebrionis/morrisoni and israelensis were associated most often with tulip poplar and maple sawdusts, respectively. Tulip poplar sawdust supported more diverse B. thuringiensis biochemical types than other types of sawdust or straw. B. thuringiensis were prevalent in calf-hutch bedding throughout 6-wk periods. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,LIVESTOCK INSECTS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 24 IS 1 BP 99 EP 104 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QG516 UT WOS:A1995QG51600016 ER PT J AU SPURGEON, DW LINGREN, PD RAULSTON, JR SHAVER, TN AF SPURGEON, DW LINGREN, PD RAULSTON, JR SHAVER, TN TI AGE-SPECIFIC MATING ACTIVITIES OF MEXICAN RICE BORERS (LEPIDOPTERA, PYRALIDAE) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE EOREUMA-LOFTINI; MATING BEHAVIOR; REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY ID EOREUMA-LOFTINI LEPIDOPTERA; PHEROMONE AB Occurrence, timing within the scotophase, and duration of mating, as well as timing within the scotophase of calling by females, were observed in the laboratory for pairs of all age combinations of 0- to 5-d- old male and female Eoreuma loftini (Dyar). Also, occurrence of mating of 1- to 5-d-old E. loftini females was examined on mating stations in commercial sugarcane (Saccharum spp.). Percentage of mating moths in the laboratory ranged from 67.3 (4 d old) to 78.7% (1 d old) for females and from 56 (0 d old) to 81.3% (5 d old) for males. Occurrence of mating generally increased with male age. Mating was least likely to occur when one sex was very old and the other very young. Females called earlier, and both sexes mated earlier as age increased. Duration of mating also was influenced by age of either sex, but these differences were small relative to the mean total duration of mating. Differences in female age seldom resulted in large differences in occurrence of mating on mating stations, but when differences occurred, younger females were more often mated than older females. Changes in temporal patterns of sexual response and receptivity of males and females, respectively, probably caused the observed effects of age on mating occurrence. C1 USDA ARS,CROP INSECT PESTS MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. NR 14 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 24 IS 1 BP 105 EP 109 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QG516 UT WOS:A1995QG51600017 ER PT J AU SU, CM SUAREZ, DL AF SU, CM SUAREZ, DL TI COORDINATION OF ADSORBED BORON - A FTIR SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ADSORPTION; TEMPERATURE; MINERALS; SOILS; GOETHITE; ALUMINUM; CLAY AB We studied B adsorption on amorphous aluminum and iron hydroxides, allophane, and kaolinite as a function of pH and initial B concentration. Boron adsorption lowered the point of zero charge of all four adsorbents, implying specific adsorption (inner-sphere complexation) of B. We provided novel information on the coordination of B adsorbed at mineral-water interfaces by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The ATR-FTIR spectra of interfacial B species were influenced by pH and mineral type. Strong trigonal B and weak tetrahedral B bands of the asymmetric stretching mode were observed on the difference spectra at pH approximate to 7 for amorphous iron hydroxide, whereas both strong trigonal and tetrahedral B bands were found at pH approximate to 10. A strong IR band of asymmetric stretching of tetrahedral B shifted to higher frequencies in am-Fe(OH)(3) paste at both pH's relative to that of boric acid solution at pH 11. Trigonal B asymmetric stretching bands shifted to higher frequencies on the difference spectra for am-AI(OH)(3) and allophane at both pH's compared to that of boric acid solution at pH 7. Polymerization of B on mineral surfaces is shown to be possible. The results provide spectroscopic evidence that both B(OH)(3) and B(OH)(4)- are adsorbed via a ligand exchange mechanism. RP SU, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,4500 GLENWOOD DR,RIVERSIDE,CA 92501, USA. NR 37 TC 117 Z9 120 U1 1 U2 36 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 29 IS 2 BP 302 EP 311 DI 10.1021/es00002a005 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QE089 UT WOS:A1995QE08900017 PM 22201375 ER PT J AU JACKSON, MA LABEDA, DP BECKER, LA AF JACKSON, MA LABEDA, DP BECKER, LA TI ENANTIOSELECTIVE HYDROLYSIS OF ETHYL 2-HYDROXYALKANOATES BY AN EXTRACELLULAR ESTERASE FROM A BACILLUS-SPHAERICUS STRAIN SO ENZYME AND MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ENANTIOSELECTIVE HYDROLYSIS; ESTERASE; 2-SUBSTITUTED ESTERS; BACILLUS SPHAERICUS ID ASYMMETRIC HYDROLYSIS; MANDELIC-ACID; RESOLUTION; LIPASE; OXIDATION AB An assay regimen for the detection of enantioselective esterase activity in bacteria and yeasts is described. This program was used to screen 167 culture collection strains and soil isolates for activity toward 2-substituted esters and yielded a Bacillus sphaericus strain that selectively hydrolyzes the R ester of ethyl mandelate, ethyl 2-hydroxypentanoate, and ethyl 2-hydroxyhexanoate. The latter substrate was resolved to the S ester in >99% enantiomeric excess after 56% hydrolysis. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0141-0229 J9 ENZYME MICROB TECH JI Enzyme Microb. Technol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 17 IS 2 BP 175 EP 179 DI 10.1016/0141-0229(94)00020-R PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA QN203 UT WOS:A1995QN20300014 ER PT J AU KOHL, M SCOTT, CT ZINGG, A AF KOHL, M SCOTT, CT ZINGG, A TI EVALUATION OF PERMANENT SAMPLE-SURVEYS FOR GROWTH AND YIELD STUDIES - A SWISS EXAMPLE SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IUFRO conference on Growth and Yield Estimation from Successive Forest Inventories CY JUN 14-17, 1993 CL COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SP IUFRO DE FOREST INVENTORY; CONTINUOUS FOREST INVENTORY; SAMPLING WITH PARTIAL REPLACEMENT; FOREST MONITORING; PERMANENT PLOT AB This paper compares experimental growth and yield study plots with sample plots from forest inventories. The difference in research objectives leads to a situation where sample plots are available that are representative of the total population, but give only limited information on site conditions and management history. However, detailed information on site condition and management history is available for growth and yield plots, but does not represent the total population. As an example, Swiss growth and yield plots are compared with survey plots in terms of species distribution, stem form, slope class and elevation. A critical review is given of the two most common samping designs for regional forest surveys. Continuous forest inventory is recommended over the more efficient but more complex sampling with partial replacement design for use in conjunction with growth and yield studies. The limitations of both growth and yield plots and sample plots are discussed. Recommendations for linking both types of plots to close information gaps are given to improve both forest surveys and growth and yield studies. C1 US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,DELAWARE,OH 43015. RP KOHL, M (reprint author), SWISS FED INST FOREST SNOW & LANDSCAPE RES,ZURCHERSTR 111,CH-8903 BIRMENSDORF,SWITZERLAND. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 71 IS 3 BP 187 EP 194 DI 10.1016/0378-1127(94)06098-4 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA QH630 UT WOS:A1995QH63000004 ER PT J AU WINANDY, JE SCHMIDT, EL AF WINANDY, JE SCHMIDT, EL TI PRELIMINARY DEVELOPMENT OF REMEDIAL TREATMENTS FOR THERMALLY DEGRADED FIRE-RETARDANT-TREATED WOOD SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Note AB Thermal degrade of fire-retardant-(FR-)treated plywood roof sheathing and rooftruss lumber is a complex function of wood and treatment chemistry and field exposure conditions. Because borate-based treatments inhibit or reduce the rate of thermal degradation in wood exposed to elevated temperatures, they may also be effective as a remedial treatment for FR-treated plywood if sufficient penetration and retention of the borate chemical can be obtained. To increase the penetration of a borate remedial treatment (without using excess water that might leach the FR chemicals), we applied the borates in a glycol/water mixture. Our preliminary results indicate that borate/glycol remedial treatments can partially mediate thermal degrade of FR-treated plywood. Further work is now underway. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT FOREST PROD,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP WINANDY, JE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 45 IS 2 BP 51 EP 52 PG 2 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA QJ305 UT WOS:A1995QJ30500006 ER PT J AU WOLCOTT, MP RIALS, TG AF WOLCOTT, MP RIALS, TG TI IN-SITU CURE MONITORING OF ISOCYANATE ADHESIVES USING MICRODIELECTRIC ANALYSIS SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WOOD AB Recent advances in microelectronics have produced small electrodes that can be used for remote dielectric measurements. These miniature sensors are small enough to be embedded in a composite panel during manufacture with little disturbance to the manufacturing process. Small particleboard panels (5 by 4.5 by 0.25 in.) were manufactured with 6 percent polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate resin in a laboratory hot-press. A dielectric sensor was embedded in the core of each panel to measure both temperature and dielectric responses. The curing behavior of the particleboard furnish was also examined using dielectric analysis in a controlled oven and differential scanning calorimetry. Close agreement was found between the curing response detected by both these techniques. In addition, the curing response of particleboard furnish in a controlled oven was remarkably similar to that seen in situ during particleboard manufacture using four different platen temperatures. The contribution of moisture changes during pressing to the dielectric signal was evaluated. Finally, two different sensor designs were evaluated on a limited basis. C1 US FOREST SERV, SO FOREST EXPT STN, PINEVILLE, LA 71360 USA. RP WOLCOTT, MP (reprint author), W VIRGINIA UNIV, DIV FORESTRY, MORGANTOWN, WV 26506 USA. NR 12 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 45 IS 2 BP 72 EP 77 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA QJ305 UT WOS:A1995QJ30500011 ER PT J AU WINANDY, JE AF WINANDY, JE TI INFLUENCE OF TIME-TO-FAILURE ON STRENGTH OF CCA-TREATED LUMBER SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Recent studies on the effects of chromated copper arsenate (CCA) treatment on lumber design properties have primarily evaluated the effects of such treatment at times to failure of 1 to 10 minutes and at 12 percent moisture content (MC). The influence of faster loading rates and different MCs on treated lumber is unknown. This report discusses the influence of time-to-failure under ramp loading conditions and at various MC levels on the bending strength of CCA-treated (6.4 kg/m3 (0.4 lb./in.3)) lumber. The factors studied were failure times in bending of 3 to 6, 30 to 60, and 300 to 600 seconds and MC levels of 10, 15, and 23 percent (green lumber). Results show important differences in bending strength related to time-to-failure between untreated and CCA-treated southern pine lumber. The bending strength of CCA-treated lumber did not increase at faster loading rates compared to untreated lumber. Most importantly, specimens in the lower quarter of the CCA-treated strength distribution did not show any time-dependent strength increases compared with matched untreated material. These results imply that existing North American design guidelines for short-term duration-of-load adjustments for CCA-treated lumber, which are based on untreated lumber, should not be applied. Accordingly, this paper offers a revised adjustment model. RP WINANDY, JE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 45 IS 2 BP 82 EP 85 PG 4 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA QJ305 UT WOS:A1995QJ30500013 ER PT J AU BATZER, HO MARTIN, MP MATTSON, WJ MILLER, WE AF BATZER, HO MARTIN, MP MATTSON, WJ MILLER, WE TI THE FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR IN ASPEN STANDS - DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY-ESTIMATION OF 4 LIFE STAGES IN 4 VEGETATION STRATA SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA; POPULUS TREMULOIDES; SAMPLING ID LASIOCAMPIDAE; LEPIDOPTERA; MORTALITY AB The forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hbn.) exemplifies the mobile defoliator that expands in vertical distribution during development from tree canopy to ground. For such insects the problem of estimating absolute numbers of each life stage is complex and has seldom been addressed. We investigated distribution of eggs, small larvae, large larvae, and cocoons (pupae) in overstory-tree, high-shrub, low-shrub, and ground strata in stands of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) in which defoliation ranged from virtually none to complete. The study took place in 11 stands in northern Minnesota during 5 yr, and in 5 stands in Upper Michigan during 1 yr. Trees were divided for insect counting into vertical crown-thirds, horizontal crown-halves, branches, branch parts, and bole. Insects were also counted on entire high shrubs, and in several sizes of low-shrub and ground plots. Eggs and small larvae occurred in the tree stratum regardless of population density. Vertical and horizontal distribution in overstory trees shifted through successive life stages and with different population densities. Density and defoliation intensity affected proportions of large larval and cocoon populations occurring in the three lower strata. Cocoons were maximally dispersed, with up to 97% occurring in high-shrub, low-shrub, and ground strata. Egg-mass numbers were satisfactorily estimated in trees from a sample of branches and tree dbh. Abundance of all life stages on trees was related to a power of tree dbh which at moderate to high population densities averaged 2.72 for egg masses, 4.23 for small larvae, 2.99 for large larvae, and, when defoliation did not exceed 60%, 2.33 for cocoons. These relations form the core of models devised for indirectly estimating absolute density of insects in the tree stratum from dbh and stand tables. At moderate to high densities, absolute density estimation in the four combined strata produced overall standard errors whose midrange percentages of estimates were 31 for eggs, 56 for small larvae, 40 for large larvae, and 38 for cocoons. Forest tent caterpillar distribution in aspen stands appears determined to a high degree by stand foliar area. RP BATZER, HO (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 33 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 41 IS 1 BP 99 EP 121 PG 23 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA QH482 UT WOS:A1995QH48200006 ER PT J AU LYNCH, TB MURPHY, PA AF LYNCH, TB MURPHY, PA TI A COMPATIBLE HEIGHT PREDICTION AND PROJECTION SYSTEM FOR INDIVIDUAL TREES IN NATURAL, EVEN-AGED SHORTLEAF PINE STANDS SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE SEEMINGLY UNRELATED REGRESSIONS; PINUS ECHINATA ID MODELS AB Methods for predicting the future total heights of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) trees given current total height, age, site index, current and future dbh are developed. The height projection equation is compatible with an equation that predicts total height given dbh, age, and site index which can be used to estimate total heights if values of previous total height are not known. However, the system predicts future total heights more precisely if previous values of total height are known. Parameter estimates for the system of two equations were obtained by applying seemingly unrelated nonlinear regressions to the system of two equations, which had unequal sample sizes and restrictions on equation parameters. The data were from remeasured plots located in natural, even-aged shortleaf pine stands, These equations can be used to predict the heights of individual trees in an individual tree growth and yield simulator or to predict the average heights associated with dbh classes in diameter distribution growth and yield systems or stand table projections. C1 UNIV ARKANSAS,SO FOREST EXPT STN,MONTICELLO,AR 71655. RP LYNCH, TB (reprint author), OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT FORESTRY,STILLWATER,OK 74078, USA. NR 36 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 41 IS 1 BP 194 EP 209 PG 16 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA QH482 UT WOS:A1995QH48200012 ER PT J AU POLLEY, HW JOHNSON, HB MAYEUX, HS AF POLLEY, HW JOHNSON, HB MAYEUX, HS TI NITROGEN AND WATER REQUIREMENTS OF C3 PLANTS GROWN AT GLACIAL TO PRESENT CARBON-DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS SO FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BROMUS-TECTORUM; NITROGEN-USE EFFICIENCY; PROSOPIS-GLANDULOSA; STABLE CARBON ISOTOPES; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; WATER-USE EFFICIENCY ID NUTRIENT USE EFFICIENCY; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION; ELEVATED CO2; MARSH PLANTS; GAS-EXCHANGE; RESPONSES; ECOSYSTEMS; SUBAMBIENT; AVAILABILITY AB 1. Nitrogen- and water-use efficiencies in biomass production were determined for three C3 plant species at carbon dioxide concentrations ([CO2]) that spanned glacial to present atmospheric levels [200-350 mumol CO2 (mol air)-1]. The species were annual grasses Bromus tectorum and Triticum aestivum (two cultivars) and a woody perennial Prosopis glandulosa (alone and in mixtures with the C4 grass, Schizachyrium scoparium). 2. Changes in nitrogen- and water-use efficiencies were used to investigate effects of increasing [CO2] on the relative requirements of C3 plants for these frequently limiting resources. 3. Water-use efficiency (biomass produced/evapotranspiration; WUE) increased at higher [CO2] in all species but relative responses to [CO2] varied among species, cultivars and watering regimes. 4. Intrinsic WUE (net assimilation/stomatal conductance to water), calculated from stable carbon isotopes in plants, increased by about the same relative amount as did [CO2] in all species. 5. Nitrogen-use efficiency (biomass produced/plant N; NUE) rose at higher [CO2] only in well-watered B. tectorum and in P. glandulosa grown alone. 6. The more consistent increase in WUE than NUE in these species at higher [CO2] implies that rising [CO2] may have reduced the amount of water relative to nitrogen that some C3 plants require and thereby altered the composition and function of terrestrial ecosystems. RP POLLEY, HW (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRASSLAND SOIL & WATER RES LAB,808 E BLACKLAND RD,TEMPLE,TX 76502, USA. NR 50 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0269-8463 J9 FUNCT ECOL JI Funct. Ecol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 9 IS 1 BP 86 EP 96 DI 10.2307/2390094 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QU470 UT WOS:A1995QU47000011 ER PT J AU JOHNSTON, SA HANNEMAN, RE AF JOHNSTON, SA HANNEMAN, RE TI THE GENETICS OF TRIPLOID FORMATION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ENDOSPERM BALANCE NUMBER IN POTATO SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE SOLANUM; ENDOSPERM; TRIPLOID BLOCK; FERTILIZATION ID MAIZE; CROSSES AB The ability of Solanum tuberosum Group Andigena clones to produce triploids (2n = 3x = 36) in 4x(4 endosperm balance number (EBN)) X 2x(2EBN) crosses was investigated. The difference in triploid production among the clones tested, though large, appears to be the result of low heritability. The triploids produced in the 4x X 2x crosses did not seem to bear heritable factors that improved triploid production in 2x and 4x populations derived from them. Yet, the seeds/fruit data from a similar 4x X 2x cross fit a Poisson distribution. It was argued that the low probability nonheritable random events responsible for the triploids from 4x X 2x and 2x X 4x crosses were misfertilzations, mitotic abnormalities in the gametophyte, and (or) mitotic misdivisions in the endosperm. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,USDA ARS,DEPT HORT,VEGETABLE CROPS RES UNIT,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT BIOCHEM,DALLAS,TX 75235. UNIV TEXAS,SW MED CTR,DEPT INTERNAL MED,DALLAS,TX 75235. NR 24 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD FEB PY 1995 VL 38 IS 1 BP 60 EP 67 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA QN560 UT WOS:A1995QN56000007 PM 18470152 ER PT J AU JELLEN, EN PHILLIPS, RL RINES, HW ROONEY, WL AF JELLEN, EN PHILLIPS, RL RINES, HW ROONEY, WL TI MOLECULAR-GENETIC IDENTIFICATION OF AVENA CHROMOSOMES RELATED TO THE GROUP-1 CHROMOSOMES OF THE TRITICEAE SO GENOME LA English DT Note DE OAT; RFLPS; ANEUPLOIDS; WHEAT; HOMOEOLOGOUS GROUPS ID CV KANOTA; MAIZE; WHEAT; GENOMES; SORGHUM; PROBES; RICE AB A collection of 19 wheat (Triticum aestivum) probes, detecting sequences in the seven homoeologous groups of chromosomes, were hybridized to DNA from the 'Kanota' series of oat monosomic lines (Avena byzantina) to investigate their use for identifying groups of homoeologous oat chromosomes. Three probes from homoeologous group 1 of wheat, psr161, psr162, and psr121, mapped among the set of oat chromosomes 1C, 14, and 17. One homoeologous group 6 probe, psr167, mapped to oat chromosomes 1C and 17. Two oat probes that had previously been shown to map to oat chromosomes 1C, 14, and 17 were then hybridized to DNA from the 'Chinese Spring' wheat ditelosomics. They localized to homoeologous group 1 wheat chromosomes, one to the short arm and one to the long arm. These results reveal that in hexaploid oat there is a group of three chromosomes that correspond at least in part to homoeologous group 1 of wheat. The remaining wheat probes identifying other wheat homoeologous sets did not detect a complete series of homoeologous chromosomes in oat. This was presumably due to the incomplete status of the 'Kanota' monosomic series, chromosomal rearrangement in Avena, weak hybridization signals owing to low probe-target sequence homology, and (or) detection of only two hybridization bands by the wheat probe. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. USDA ARS,PLANT SCI RES UNIT,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 23 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD FEB PY 1995 VL 38 IS 1 BP 185 EP 189 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA QN560 UT WOS:A1995QN56000023 PM 18470162 ER PT J AU ULERY, AL GRAHAM, RC CHADWICK, OA WOOD, HB AF ULERY, AL GRAHAM, RC CHADWICK, OA WOOD, HB TI DECADE-SCALE CHANGES OF SOIL CARBON, NITROGEN AND EXCHANGEABLE CATIONS UNDER CHAPARRAL AND PINE SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article ID SAN-GABRIEL MOUNTAINS; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; FIRE; PEDOGENESIS; DEPOSITION; NUTRIENTS; ECOSYSTEM AB Four large lysimeters on the San Dimas Experimental Forest, each filled with similar parent material and planted with monocultures of native species in 1946, provide a unique opportunity to quantify short-term effects of plant species on soil properties. The four species under which soils were investigated are scrub oak (Quercus dumosa Nutt.), chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook. and Am.), ceanothus (Ceanothus crassifolia Ton.), and Coulter pine (Pinus coulteri B. Don). A mass-balance approach was used to measure changes in C, N, exchangeable base cations, and exchangeable acidity to a depth of 1 m in the mineral soils over a 41-year period, The C content increased in all of the soils, but the greatest change was in the soil under oak (3.7 kg m(-3)), more than doubling the original amount. Since the source of C in these soils is the photosynthetic fixation of atmospheric CO2, the mass of C accumulated reflects the magnitude of the CO2 sink provided by chaparral soils in their initial stages of formation. The calculated rate of soil C accumulation is as much as 0.09 kg m(-3) yr(-1). The increase in N was highest in the soil under ceanothus (0.12 kg m(-3)), the only N-2-fixing species in this study. Exchangeable Ca increased by 25.7 mol m(-3) in the soil under oak, while the maximum increase in exchangeable Mg was 5.5 mol m(-3) also under oak. Exchangeable Na was leached from all of the soils (a maximum of 2.4 mol m(-3) lost from under chamise and ceanothus) and K was slightly depleted. C1 UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT SOIL & ENVIRONM SCI,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521. CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109. US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507. RP ULERY, AL (reprint author), USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,4500 GLENWOOD DR,RIVERSIDE,CA 92501, USA. NR 36 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD FEB PY 1995 VL 65 IS 1-2 BP 121 EP 134 DI 10.1016/0016-7061(94)00034-8 PG 14 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA QL227 UT WOS:A1995QL22700007 ER PT J AU BERDANIER, CR ROSS, SJ GROSSMAN, RB AF BERDANIER, CR ROSS, SJ GROSSMAN, RB TI SOIL-WATER CAPACITY PREDICTION (VOL 49, PG 77, 1991) SO GEODERMA LA English DT Correction, Addition C1 USDA,SOIL CONSERVAT SERV,S NATL TECH CTR,FT WORTH,TX. USDA,SOIL CONSERVAT SERV,NATL SOIL SURVEY LAB,LINCOLN,NE. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD FEB PY 1995 VL 65 IS 1-2 BP 171 EP 171 DI 10.1016/0016-7061(94)00074-K PG 1 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA QL227 UT WOS:A1995QL22700010 ER PT J AU BALDWIN, EA NISPEROSCARRIEDO, MO BAKER, RA AF BALDWIN, EA NISPEROSCARRIEDO, MO BAKER, RA TI EDIBLE COATINGS FOR LIGHTLY PROCESSED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Colloquium on Lightly Processed Fruits and Vegetables, at the 90th ASHS Annual Meeting CY JUL 27, 1993 CL NASHVILLE, TN SP AMER SOC HORT SCI, POSTHARVEST WORKING GRP ID MOISTURE FOOD SURFACES; MICROBIAL STABILIZATION; PRESERVATIVE CONCENTRATION; LIPID FILMS; FATTY-ACID; PERMEABILITY; CHITOSAN; WATER; PH; GROWTH C1 FOOD RES INST,DEPT AGR,WERRIBEE,VIC,AUSTRALIA. RP BALDWIN, EA (reprint author), USDA,ARS,CITRUS & SUBTROP PROD LAB,S ATLANTIC AREA,WINTER HAVEN,FL 33883, USA. NR 56 TC 89 Z9 102 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1995 VL 30 IS 1 BP 35 EP 38 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA QG561 UT WOS:A1995QG56100009 ER PT J AU WUTSCHER, HK HILL, LL AF WUTSCHER, HK HILL, LL TI PERFORMANCE OF HAMLIN ORANGE ON 16 ROOTSTOCKS IN EAST-CENTRAL FLORIDA SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE TREE GROWTH; FRUIT PRODUCTION; FRUIT QUALITY ID CITRUS BLIGHT; WATER AB 'Hamlin' orange (Citrus sinensis L, Osbeck) was grown on 15 rootstocks: four citrumelos [C. paradisi Macf. je Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], five mandarin x trifoliate orange hybrids (C. reticulata Blanco x P. trifoliata), two pummelo x trifoliate orange hybrids [C. grandis (L.)x P. trifoliata], Vangasay lemon (C. limon Burm. f,), Norton citrange (C. sinensis xP, trifoliata), and two Smooth Flat Seville (C, aurantium L, hybrid?) hybrids, These scion-rootstock combinations were compared to trees oh Swingle citrumelo, the most widely used citrus rootstock in Florida, One Smooth Flat Seville hybrid was eliminated early because of poor growth and variability in size, and the Vangasay lemon rootstock was eliminated because of severe freeze damage, At age 5, the trees on Norton citrange developed citrus blight and we're eliminated, Remaining in the experiment for 7 years, 'Hamlin' trees on six of the 13 rootstocks produced more fruit than trees on Swingle citrumelo, Of these six, HRS 852 (Changsha mandarin x English large-flowered trifoliate orange) was the best overall rootstock, with trees on it producing large quantities of high-quality fruit bn medium-sized canopies, C1 CITRUS GROWER,ST CLOUD,FL 34771. RP WUTSCHER, HK (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT RES LAB,2120 CAMDEN RD,ORLANDO,FL 32803, USA. NR 13 TC 13 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1995 VL 30 IS 1 BP 41 EP 43 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA QG561 UT WOS:A1995QG56100011 ER PT J AU RUSSO, VM AF RUSSO, VM TI BEDDING, PLANT-POPULATION, AND SPRAY - ON MULCH TESTED TO INCREASE DRY BEAN YIELD SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE PHASEOLUS VULGARIS; CULTURE; DEGRADABLE MULCH AB This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of bed type (single or parallel raised bed vs, nonbedded); plant density (1991: approximate to 148,300 or 269,500 plants/ha; 1993: approximate to 48,300, 269,500, or 432,400 plants/ha); and use of blacker white degradable mulch vs, nontreated soil on total and marketable yields and number of marketable seed per kilogram (seed count) of 'Fleetwood', an erect bush, white-seeded navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L,), Spray-on mulch degraded before canopy closure, but a residue was present at harvest. In 1991, treatments did not affect yield or seed count. In 1993, bedding did not affect yield over nonbedded seedbeds, Black spray-on mulch increased marketable yield over plants grown with white spray-on mulch, Total and marketable yields were significantly higher at 269,500 than at 148,300 plants/ha, Bed type and plant density did not affect seed count, but seed count increased with black spray-on mulch. Dry beans should not be grown on beds under soil conditions such as those in our experiment, White spray-on mulch had no beneficial effect, but using black mulch needs additional evaluation,Planting at 269,500 plants/ha likely will yield approximate to 2 Mg seeds/ha in most years. RP RUSSO, VM (reprint author), USDA,ARS,S CENT AGR RES LAB,POB 159,LANE,OK 74555, USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1995 VL 30 IS 1 BP 53 EP 54 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA QG561 UT WOS:A1995QG56100015 ER PT J AU MAKUS, DJ AF MAKUS, DJ TI RESPONSE IN GREEN AND WHITE ASPARAGUS TO SUPPLEMENTAL NITROGEN AND HARVEST DATE SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ASPARAGUS OFFICINALIS; SOLUBLE SOLIDS CONCENTRATION; PIGMENTS ID TIME AB 'Jersey Giant' asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.), grown in an Enders silt loam mineral soil, was given 80 kg supplemental N/ha either before or after the harvest season. Neither N application timing affected spear yield, objective color, or pigment concentration, Early supplemental N application decreased K concentration in white spears and Ca concentration in green spears. Green asparagus contained higher total-N, K, P, S, Ca, Mg, Pe, Zn, Al, Mn, and Cu concentrations but a lower soluble solids concentration (SSC) and NO3 than did white asparagus, As the cutting season progressed, spear SSC and S, Ca, NO3 (NO3 in white spears only), Zn, Mn, and Cu (Cu in white spears only) concentrations decreased, but spear K and Al (Al in white spears only) increased on a dry-weight basis. Fall residual soil NO3 levels were not affected by N application timing, but organic matter (percent) was lower in soil that received early supplemental N. C1 USDA ARS,BOONEVILLE,AR 72927. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1995 VL 30 IS 1 BP 55 EP 58 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA QG561 UT WOS:A1995QG56100016 ER PT J AU FRANCOIS, LE AF FRANCOIS, LE TI SALINITY EFFECTS ON BUD YIELD AND VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF ARTICHOKE (CYNARA-SCOLYMUS L) SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE SALT TOLERANCE; SOIL SALINITY; ION ACCUMULATION ID GLOBE ARTICHOKE AB Globe artichokes recently have been planted in the irrigated desert area of southern California. Soils in this area are, or have the potential to become, highly saline from the application of saline irrigation water, Thus, a 2-year field plot study was conducted. A control and five saline treatments were imposed by irrigation with waters that contained equal weights of NaCl and CaCl2. Bud yield and vegetative growth were measured, For the two years, relative bud yield was unaffected up to a soil salinity of 6.1 dS.m(-1) [electrical conductivity of the saturated soil extract (EC)]. Each unit increase in salinity above 6.1 dS.m(-1) reduced yield by 11.5%. These results place artichoke in the moderately salt-tolerant category, Yield reduction was attributed primarily to reduced bud weight rather than bud count, Vegetative growth was more tolerant to salt stress than was bud production, Chloride concentration in midrib and blade tissue increased as salinity increased. RP FRANCOIS, LE (reprint author), USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,4500 GLENWOOD DR,RIVERSIDE,CA 92501, USA. NR 8 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1995 VL 30 IS 1 BP 69 EP 71 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA QG561 UT WOS:A1995QG56100020 ER PT J AU WOOD, BW REILLY, CC TEDDERS, WL AF WOOD, BW REILLY, CC TEDDERS, WL TI RELATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF PECAN CULTIVARS TO FUNGAL LEAF SCORCH AND TS INTERACTION WITH IRRIGATION SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE WATER STRESS; SUGARS; NITROGEN; ANTHRACNOSE; YIELD; ALTERNATE BEARING; CARYA ILLINOINENSIS ID FALL DEFOLIATION AB Fungal leaf scorch, a potentially devastating disease in pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh,) K, Koch] orchards, was influenced substantially by irrigation and genotype. Three years of evaluating 76 pecan cultivars revealed that all cultivars exhibited scorch symptoms and that at least three classes of scorch susceptibility existed. Severity of symptoms was also much greater in nonirrigated than irrigated trees, and there were substantial differences in the concentrations of free nitrogenous compounds and free sugars in leaves between irrigated and nonirrigated trees. RP WOOD, BW (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE FRUIT & TREE NUT RES LAB,BYRON,GA 31008, USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1995 VL 30 IS 1 BP 83 EP 85 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA QG561 UT WOS:A1995QG56100025 ER PT J AU FAN, X MATTHEIS, JP PATTERSON, ME FELLMAN, JK AF FAN, X MATTHEIS, JP PATTERSON, ME FELLMAN, JK TI CHANGES IN AMYLOSE AND TOTAL STARCH CONTENT IN FUJI APPLES DURING MATURATION SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE MALUS DOMESTICA; STARCH INDEX AB Total starch and amylose (AM) concentration and a starch index (SI) were determined in 'Fuji' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruit from weekly harvests in 1990 and 1991. As apples matured, SI scores increased and total starch and amylose content decreased, The percentage of AM in the total starch decreased as the apples matured. Because KI solutions interact efficiently only with AM, the SI is less reliable in representing total starch during later stages of 'Fuji' apple maturation. C1 USDA ARS,TREE FRUIT RES LAB,WENATCHEE,WA 98801. UNIV IDAHO,DEPT PLANT SOIL & ENTOMOL SCI,MOSCOW,ID 83843. RP FAN, X (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT & LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 10 TC 26 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1995 VL 30 IS 1 BP 104 EP 105 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA QG561 UT WOS:A1995QG56100031 ER PT J AU STAHLER, MM LAWRENCE, FJ MARTIN, RR AF STAHLER, MM LAWRENCE, FJ MARTIN, RR TI INCIDENCE OF RASPBERRY BUSHY DWARF VIRUS IN BREEDING PLOTS OF RED RASPBERRY SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE RUBUS IDAEUS; HYBRIDS; GENOTYPE RESISTANCE; GENOTYPE SUSCEPTIBILITY; TOBACCO STREAK VIRUS; TOMATO RINGSPOT VIRUS; ENZYME-LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY AB More than 300 red raspberry cultivars and selections were screened for raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) bushy dwarf virus (RBDV), tobacco streak virus (TSV), and tomato ringspot virus (TomRSV) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in three naturally infected breeding program selection plots at Corvallis, Ore. All genotypes tested negative for TSV and TomRSV, The RBDV incidence in primocane-fruiting cultivars and selections was 67%; in floricane-fruiting genotypes, it was 34%. The pattern of RBDV infection in the field showed no discernible trend. The high incidence may have been due to use of infected parents, propagation of infected genotypes, and pollen transmission, 'Willamette', considered to be immune to the common strain of RBDV, along with 14 clones that had been in the field 10 years or longer, tested negative. The high incidence of RBDV in the breeding plots may provide an opportunity to identify resistant parents for breeding programs. An early seedling screening method for RBDV susceptibility is desirable to eliminate highly susceptible genotypes from the program and maintain a lower incidence of RBDV within the breeding plots. C1 USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97330. USDA ARS,NATL CLONAL GERMPLASM REPOSITORY,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. AGR CANADA,RES STN,VANCOUVER,BC VGT 1X2,CANADA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1995 VL 30 IS 1 BP 113 EP 114 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA QG561 UT WOS:A1995QG56100034 ER PT J AU ABDULBAKI, AA STOMMEL, JR AF ABDULBAKI, AA STOMMEL, JR TI POLLEN VIABILITY AND FRUIT-SET OF TOMATO GENOTYPES UNDER OPTIMUM-TEMPERATURE AND HIGH-TEMPERATURE REGIMES SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM; LYCOPERSICON PIMPINELLIFOLIUM; HEAT STRESS; POLLEN GERMINATION; POLLEN TUBE GROWTH ID HEAT-STRESS; TOLERANCE; QUALITY; YIELD AB Heat-tolerant and -sensitive Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. and L.pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill. genotypes were grown in the greenhouse under optimum- (27/23C, day/night) and high-temperature (35/23C) stress regimes, Heat tolerance levels in the genotypes were established by determining percent fruit set at high and optimum temperatures. Under optimum temperature, fruit set ranged from 41% to 84% and from 45% to 91% in the heat-sensitive and heat-tolerant genotypes, respectively. Under high temperature, no fruit set in the most heat-sensitive genotypes. Fruit set in the heat-tolerant genotypes ranged from 45% to 65%. In vitro germination and tube growth of pollen taken from genotypes grown under optimum temperature conditions were determined before and after subjecting the pollen to 45C for 1, 2, and 4 hours. The response of pollen to heat treatments was genotype dependent and not a general predictor of fruit set under high-temperature stress. RP ABDULBAKI, AA (reprint author), USDA ARS,INST PLANT SCI,VEGETABLE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 16 TC 33 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1995 VL 30 IS 1 BP 115 EP 117 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA QG561 UT WOS:A1995QG56100035 ER PT J AU KNERR, LD MEGLIC, V STAUB, JE AF KNERR, LD MEGLIC, V STAUB, JE TI A 4TH MALATE-DEHYDROGENASE (MDH) LOCUS IN CUCUMBER SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CUCUMIS SATIVUS; ISOZYME; ELECTROPHORESIS ID SATIVUS L AB A new malate dehydrogenase (MDH) locus (Mdh) was identified in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) by using an extraction buffer containing sucrose and 2-mercaptoethanol. This fourth locus localizes on starch gels between the previously described Mdh-2 and Mdh-3 loci, necessitating the renaming of existing loci. Given previous MDH nomenclature in cucumber, this locus should be Mdh-3, and the former Mdh-3 is more correctly labeled Mdh-4. Mdh-x designates the interlocus heteromer formed between Mdh-2 and Mdh-4. Interpreting our data in terms of previous work, we hypothesize that Mdh-1 codes for a microbody isozyme; Mdh-2, Mdh-4, and Mdh-x code for cytosolic isozymes; and Mdh-3 codes for a mitochondrial isozyme. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,USDA ARS,DEPT HORT,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1995 VL 30 IS 1 BP 118 EP 119 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA QG561 UT WOS:A1995QG56100036 ER PT J AU YU, ZL REED, BM AF YU, ZL REED, BM TI A MICROPROPAGATION SYSTEM FOR HAZELNUTS (CORYLUS SPECIES) SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE IN VITRO CULTURE; CULTURE ESTABLISHMENT; EX VITRO ROOTING; ROOTSTOCKS; CULTIVARS; CORYLUS AVELLANA; CORYLUS COLURNA ID AVELLANA L; ESTABLISHMENT AB A micropropagation system was developed for hazelnut cultivars. Grafted greenhouse-grown plants produced many more viable explants than upper branches of mature field-grown trees. Shoots from grafted greenhouse-grown plants collected March through July and suckers of mature field-grown trees collected in July produced the most growing explants (46% to 80%). Three- to five-fold multiplication was obtained after 4 weeks of culture on NCGR-COR medium supplemented with 6.7 mu m BA and 0.04 mu M IBA. Roots were produced on 64% to 100% of shoots grown on half-strength NCGR-COR mineral salts and 4.9 mu M IBA for 4 weeks. Ex vitro rooting by a brief dip in 1 or 5 mM IBA was equally successful. Transplant survival was 78% to 100%. Chemical names used: N-6-benzyladenine (BA); indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). C1 USDA,ARS,NATL CLONAL GERMPLASM REPOSITORY,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. OI Reed, Barbara/0000-0003-0079-8473 NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1995 VL 30 IS 1 BP 120 EP 123 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA QG561 UT WOS:A1995QG56100037 ER PT J AU TISSERAT, B GALLETTA, PD AF TISSERAT, B GALLETTA, PD TI IN-VITRO FLOWERING AND FRUITING OF CAPSICUM-FRUITESCENS L SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE AIR REFRESHMENT; AUTOMATED TECHNIQUES; ISOLATED FRUIT CULTURE; PEPPER; SOLANACEAE; TISSUE CULTURE ID INVITRO AB Flowering and fruit production were obtained from cultured shoot tips of 'California Wonder', 'Super Cayenne', and 'Zippy' peppers grown in a liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium without growth regulators. Thirty-day-old pepper shoot tips, derived from seedlings germinated sterilely, were cultured in a 6-liter polycarbonate container coupled to an automated plant culture system (APCS). Plants were given ten daily, 30-minute, compressed-air applications at 300 ml/minute. These shoots began flowering after an additional 60 to 90 days in culture and flowered continuously thereafter. About 5% to 10% of the flowers set fruit. Maximum fruit size obtained was approximate to 25% to 75% of the size of fruit produced on plants grown in vivo. In contrast, no flowering occurred from shoot tips grown in 25 x 150-mm culture tubes containing agar medium and subcultured every 8 weeks to fresh medium. Immature fruit excised from plantlets grown in the APCS were cultured separately on agar medium containing 0.0, 0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 mg BA/liter with and without 0.1 mg NAA/liter. Isolated fruit grew best on MS medium with BA only and poorest on medium without growth regulators. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine (BA); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). RP TISSERAT, B (reprint author), USDA ARS,FRUIT & VEGETABLE CHEM LAB,263 S CHESTER AVE,PASADENA,CA 91106, USA. NR 8 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1995 VL 30 IS 1 BP 130 EP 132 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA QG561 UT WOS:A1995QG56100040 ER PT J AU DOUDS, DD BECARD, G PFEFFER, PE DONER, LW DYMANT, TJ KAYSER, WM AF DOUDS, DD BECARD, G PFEFFER, PE DONER, LW DYMANT, TJ KAYSER, WM TI EFFECT OF VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI ON ROOTING OF SCIADIPITYS VERTICILLATA SIEB AND ZUCC CUTTINGS SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE UMBRELLA PINE; GLOMUS INTRARADIX; SURVIVAL AB A vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in a peat-based medium significantly increased survival, callus development, and rooting percentage of Sciadopitys verticillata cuttings over noninoculated cuttings. The presence of a nurse host plant for the mycorrhizal fungi to colonize in the absence of S. verticillata roots decreased survival and rooting percentage, but not callus development, relative to the fungus without the nurse host. Among plants that did produce roots, however, there were no significant differences among treatments for root number, weight, or length per cutting. C1 MICROBIOLOGICS,DOYLESTOWN,PA 18901. RP DOUDS, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 7 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1995 VL 30 IS 1 BP 133 EP 134 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA QG561 UT WOS:A1995QG56100041 ER PT J AU RAMMING, DW TARAILO, R AF RAMMING, DW TARAILO, R TI FANTASY SEEDLESS - A NEW BLACK SEEDLESS GRAPE SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Note DE VITIS VINIFERA; FRESH-MARKET GRAPE; FRUIT BREEDING RP RAMMING, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,2021 S PEACH AVE,FRESNO,CA 93727, USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1995 VL 30 IS 1 BP 152 EP 153 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA QG561 UT WOS:A1995QG56100051 ER PT J AU THOMPSON, TE GRAUKE, LJ STOREY, JB AF THOMPSON, TE GRAUKE, LJ STOREY, JB TI NAVAJO PECAN SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Note DE CARYA ILLINOINENSIS; CULTIVAR; VARIETY; BREEDING C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT HORT SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. RP THOMPSON, TE (reprint author), USDA ARS,PECAN GENET & BREEDING STN,ROUTE 2,BOX 133,SOMERVILLE,TX 77879, USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1995 VL 30 IS 1 BP 156 EP 157 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA QG561 UT WOS:A1995QG56100054 ER PT J AU THOMPSON, AE ROATH, WW WIDRLECHNER, MP AF THOMPSON, AE ROATH, WW WIDRLECHNER, MP TI STARFIRE CUPHEA HYBRID SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Note DE CUPHEA; POT PLANT C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,NO CENT REG PLANT INTRODUCT STN,AMES,IA 50011. RP THOMPSON, AE (reprint author), USDA ARS,US WATER CONSERVAT LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1995 VL 30 IS 1 BP 166 EP 167 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA QG561 UT WOS:A1995QG56100062 ER PT J AU ADLOF, RO AF ADLOF, RO TI ANALYSIS OF TRIACYLGLYCEROL POSITIONAL ISOMERS BY SILVER ION HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY SO HRC-JOURNAL OF HIGH RESOLUTION CHROMATOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY; POSITIONAL ISOMERS; SILVER AND SILVER COMPOUNDS; TRIGLYCEROLS; LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY ID FATTY ACYL RESIDUES; CONFIGURATIONAL ISOMERS; WINTER BUTTERFAT; FRACTIONATION; ARGENTATION; COLUMN; OIL; TRIGLYCERIDES; SPECTROMETRY; SEPARATION AB Silver ion chromatography, utilizing two commercially available HPLC columns connected in series, was used to separate a variety of triacylglycerol positional isomers. The isomers had a fatty acid composition of ABA and AAB, where A and B were fatty acids containing zero to three double bonds. Isocratic solvent systems of 0.5% to 1.0% acetonitrile in hexane were used to separate the triacylglycerol isomers. This methodology can be used to rapidly determine the isomeric purity of synthesized or isolated triacylglycerols and to isolate specific positional isomers. RP ADLOF, RO (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 32 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU DR ALFRED HUTHIG VERLAG GMBH PI HEIDELBERG 1 PA POSTFACH 102869, W-69018 HEIDELBERG 1, GERMANY SN 0935-6304 J9 HRC-J HIGH RES CHROM JI HRC-J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 18 IS 2 BP 105 EP 107 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA QP783 UT WOS:A1995QP78300006 ER PT J AU PHARR, T OLAH, I BRICKER, J OLSON, WC EWERT, D MARSH, J GLICK, B AF PHARR, T OLAH, I BRICKER, J OLSON, WC EWERT, D MARSH, J GLICK, B TI CHARACTERIZATION OF A NOVEL MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY, EIV-E12, RAISED AGAINST ENRICHED SPLENIC ELLIPSOID-ASSOCIATED CELLS SO HYBRIDOMA LA English DT Article ID CHICKEN SPLEEN; ANTIGEN; EXPRESSION AB A monoclonal antibody, EIV-E12, was produced against splenic ellipsoid-associated cells. In postnatal chicks, the antigen defined by EIV-E12 associated with about 90% of bursal cells and accumulated in B cell-rich areas of lymphoid organs, The antigen was expressed by many splenic cells on day 9 of embryogenesis and about 1 day later in the bursal anlage, where the cells positive for the antigen localized in close proximity to the plical epithelium. In the bursa, these early EIV-E12 cells appeared before Bu-1-positive cells and may represent a dendritic cell precursor. B cells within the developing bud acquired the EIV-E12 antigen, Immunoprecipitation studies revealed a molecular weight of 233 (nonreduced) and 205 (reduced) for the EIV-E12 antigen, These values were markedly different from the molecular weight of the antigen identified by Bu-l but similar to that of a CB10 antigen, The CB10 and EIV-E12 MAbs exhibited some differences in cellular staining, Taken together these data suggest that EIV-E12 MAb recognizes a unique cellular population during embryogenesis. C1 CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT POULTRY SCI,CLEMSON,SC 29634. USDA ARS,AVIAN DIS & ONCOL LAB,WASHINGTON,DC. SEMMELWEIS UNIV MED,SCH MED,DEPT ANAT 2,BUDAPEST,HUNGARY. INTERVET AMER INC,MILLSBORO,DE 19966. WISTAR INST ANAT & BIOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. EMPORIA STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,EMPORIA,KS 66801. NR 17 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 SN 0272-457X J9 HYBRIDOMA JI Hybridoma PD FEB PY 1995 VL 14 IS 1 BP 51 EP 57 DI 10.1089/hyb.1995.14.51 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology GA QK340 UT WOS:A1995QK34000007 PM 7768532 ER PT J AU LYNN, DE AF LYNN, DE TI A NEW INSECT-CELL LINE FROM THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-ANIMAL LA English DT Letter ID ESTABLISHMENT RP LYNN, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR W,INSECT BIOCONTROL LAB,BLDG 011A,RM 214,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 10 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC IN VITRO BIOLOGY PI COLUMBIA PA 8815 CENTRE PARK DRIVE SUITE 210, COLUMBIA, MD 21045 SN 1071-2690 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-AN JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Anim. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 31 IS 2 BP 91 EP 93 PG 3 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA QF478 UT WOS:A1995QF47800005 ER PT J AU SWAYNE, DE EATON, KA STOUTENBURG, J TROTT, DJ HAMPSON, DJ JENSEN, NS AF SWAYNE, DE EATON, KA STOUTENBURG, J TROTT, DJ HAMPSON, DJ JENSEN, NS TI IDENTIFICATION OF A NEW INTESTINAL SPIROCHETE WITH PATHOGENICITY FOR CHICKENS SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID GENE RESTRICTION PATTERNS; SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS INFECTION; YOUNG BROILER CHICKS; TREPONEMA-HYODYSENTERIAE; SWINE-DYSENTERY; COMPETITIVE-EXCLUSION; TURKEY POULTS; COLONIZATION; STRAINS; ENTEROPATHOGENICITY AB Two intestinal spirochete isolates obtained from chickens with diarrhea were examined by electron microscopy, biochemical tests, rRNA gene restriction pattern analysis, and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. One isolate (strain 91-1207/C1) was pathogenicity tested in vivo in chickens. The chicken spirochetes were morphologically indistinguishable from Serpulina innocens and Serpulina hyodysenteriae and phenotypically similar to S. innocens. However, the chicken spirochetes could be distinguished from S. innocens, S. hyodysenteriae, and other swine intestinal spirochetes by rRNA gene restriction pattern analysis and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. In pathogenicity tests in 1-day-old chicks and 14-month-old hens, chicken spirochete 91-1207/C1 produced pale-yellow, watery cecal contents and mild lymphocytic typhlitis. These findings support the conclusion that avian intestinal spirochetes can be pathogenic to commercial poultry and that the microorganisms are different from intestinal spirochetes that infect pigs. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT VET PATHOBIOL,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT POULTRY SCI,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. MURDOCH UNIV,SCH VET STUDIES,MURDOCH,WA 6150,AUSTRALIA. USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,PHYSIOPATHOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. RI Hampson, David/A-9464-2008 OI Hampson, David/0000-0002-7729-0427 NR 58 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 63 IS 2 BP 430 EP 436 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA QC603 UT WOS:A1995QC60300009 PM 7822007 ER PT J AU GOPALAKRISHNAN, B MUTHUKRISHNAN, S KRAMER, KJ AF GOPALAKRISHNAN, B MUTHUKRISHNAN, S KRAMER, KJ TI BACULOVIRUS-MEDIATED EXPRESSION OF A MANDUCA-SEXTA CHITINASE GENE - PROPERTIES OF THE RECOMBINANT PROTEIN SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CHITINASE; BACULOVIRUS; MANDUCA SEXTA; SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA; INSECT CELL LINES; TOXICITY; GLYCOPROTEIN; HEMOLYMPH ID GENETICALLY-ENGINEERED BACULOVIRUSES; POLYACRYLAMIDE-GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; GAS-LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; INSECT-SPECIFIC TOXIN; GLYCOPROTEINS; SEQUENCE AB We constructed a recombinant nonoccluded baculovirus, Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV), containing a 1.8 kb DNA fragment from a Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm) chitinase cDNA under the control of the polyhedrin gene promoter. When Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) cells (SF9) were infected with this recombinant virus, a protein with an apparent molecular weight of 85 kDa was secreted into the culture medium. This protein hydrolyzed chitin and cross-reacted with a polyclonal antibody to M. sexta molting fluid chitinase. Tunicamycin treatment of infected SF9 cells and subsequent western blot analysis indicated that the secreted enzyme was a glycoprotein. GC-MS analysis revealed that carbohydrate accounted for approximately 25% of the mass of glycoprotein. The recombinant chitinase and the molting fluid enzyme were indistinguishable by N-terminal sequencing, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and carbohydrate analysis, indicating that the recombinant protein was similar, if not identical, to the molting fluid enzyme. Analysis of the expression level of recombinant chitinase in SF9, SF21 and Trichoplusia al (Hi-5) cell lines showed that the yields were in the order Hi-5 > SF21 > SF9. Chitinase accumulated in hemolymph after injection of fourth instar M. sexta and S. frugiperda larvae with recombinant virus. The median time for mortality of S. frugiperda fourth instar larvae infected with the recombinant virus was approximately 20 h shorter than that for insects infected with a wild type virus. The results support the hypothesis that insect chitinase has potential to enhance the insecticidal activity of entomopathogens. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,DEPT BIOCHEM,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. USDA ARS,N CENT REG,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,MANHATTAN,KS 66502. NR 38 TC 60 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 25 IS 2 BP 255 EP 265 DI 10.1016/0965-1748(94)00070-X PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA QM923 UT WOS:A1995QM92300012 ER PT J AU NEUCERE, JN BROWN, RL CLEVELAND, TE AF NEUCERE, JN BROWN, RL CLEVELAND, TE TI CORRELATION OF ANTIFUNGAL PROPERTIES AND BETA-1,3-GLUCANASES IN AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF KERNELS FROM SEVERAL VARIETIES OF CORN SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Note DE AFLATOXINS; ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS; ENZYME INHIBITORS; HYDROLASES ID ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS RP NEUCERE, JN (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 6 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 43 IS 2 BP 275 EP 276 DI 10.1021/jf00050a001 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA QH797 UT WOS:A1995QH79700001 ER PT J AU MARAGOS, CM AF MARAGOS, CM TI CAPILLARY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS AND HPLC FOR THE ANALYSIS OF FLUORESCEIN ISOTHIOCYANATE-LABELED FUMONISIN B-1 SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS; FUMONISINS; FLUORESCEIN ISOTHIOCYANATE; SERUM ID FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; PULMONARY-EDEMA; MYCOTOXINS; SWINE AB Because of the presence of charged tricarballylic acid groups, the fumonisins can be separated by electrophoretic techniques. Fluorescein isothiocyanate derivatives of fumonisins B-1 (FB1) and B-2 (FB2) and hydrolyzed fumonisin B-1 were prepared and analyzed by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The limit of detection for FB1 was 2.5 x 10(-14)g (0.025 pg) by CZE and 8 x 10(-10) g (0.8 ng) by HPLC. As little as 4 ng and as much as 20 mu g of FB1 were derivatized for analysis by CZE. Derivatization of amounts of FB1 between 0.2 and 20 mu g yielded excellent agreement when measured by both HPLC and CZE (r(2) = 0.9996). FB1 added to equine serum at a level of 25 ng/mL could be detected after cleanup with an affinity column and analysis by CZE. This first reported application of capillary electrophoresis to the analysis of fumonisins. RP MARAGOS, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 11 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 43 IS 2 BP 390 EP 394 DI 10.1021/jf00050a025 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA QH797 UT WOS:A1995QH79700025 ER PT J AU MERVOSH, TL SIMS, GK STOLLER, EW AF MERVOSH, TL SIMS, GK STOLLER, EW TI CLOMAZONE FATE IN SOIL AS AFFECTED BY MICROBIAL ACTIVITY, TEMPERATURE, AND SOIL-MOISTURE SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE CLOMAZONE; BIODEGRADATION; VOLATILIZATION; SORPTION ID GLYCINE-MAX; DEGRADATION; SORPTION; PERSISTENCE; IMAZETHAPYR; IMAZAQUIN; HERBICIDE; KINETICS; TILLAGE; ACID AB Laboratory studies were conducted to investigate the fate of the herbicide clomazone [2-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone] in soil. Effects of soil microbial activity, incubation temperature, and soil moisture on clomazone fate were determined up to 84 days following surface application of [C-14]clomazone uniformly labeled in aromatic rings ([AR-C-14]clomazone) to a Flanagan silty clay loam soil. On the basis of a comparison of clomazone fate in sterilized soil and reinoculated soil, clomazone degradation was biologically dependent. The greatest clomazone mineralization rate occurred at a lower temperature than did the greatest microbial respiration rate; respiration and clomazone mineralization increased with increasing soil moisture content. Clomazone volatilization increased with increasing temperature but was not significantly affected by soil moisture treatment. In all studies, 59% or more of applied clomazone was extracted from soil as parent clomazone 84 days after application. Unextractable radioactivity accounted for 12% or less of that applied. A single detectable metabolite, persistent only under conditions of low temperature or low soil moisture content, accounted for less than 5% of applied radioactivity at any sampling time. The metabolite did not contain the carbonyl carbon of clomazone. These data suggest the carbonyl carbon is converted to CO2 during formation of the clomazone metabolite. C1 USDA ARS,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT AGRON,URBANA,IL 61801. RI Sims, Gerald/A-2500-2008 NR 27 TC 52 Z9 58 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 43 IS 2 BP 537 EP 543 DI 10.1021/jf00050a052 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA QH797 UT WOS:A1995QH79700052 ER PT J AU MAIORANO, G MCCORMICK, RJ FIELD, RA SNOWDER, GD AF MAIORANO, G MCCORMICK, RJ FIELD, RA SNOWDER, GD TI COLLAGEN CHARACTERISTICS OF SKIN, FELL, AND EPIMYSIUM FROM RAMS, WETHERS, AND ZERANOL-IMPLANTED RAM LAMBS SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE LAMBS; PELTS; COLLAGEN; SKIN ID 4 SLAUGHTER AGES; INTRAMUSCULAR COLLAGEN; SERUM HYDROXYPROLINE; THERMAL-STABILITY; III COLLAGEN; YOUNG BULLS; MUSCLES; TESTOSTERONE; DIFFICULTY; CASTRATION AB Eighteen spring-born Columbia ram, wether, and zeranol-implanted ram lambs were examined to determine the influence of castration or zeranol implantation on collagen characteristics of skin, fell, and epimysium and possible relationships between collagen properties of each tissue and difficulty of pelt removal. Pelt removal force was lower in wethers than in rams (P < .05) and intermediate for zeranol-implanted rams. Collagen concentration in skin of rams was greater (P < .05) than that in wethers or implanted rams, but percentage of heat-soluble collagen in skin was higher in implanted rams. Percentage of type III collagen in skin was highest in rams and lowest in wethers (P < .05); that in the skin of implanted rams was intermediate. The fell of wethers contained a higher (P < .05) collagen concentration, higher insoluble collagen amount, and lower percentage of soluble collagen than that of rams or implanted rams. The fell had a lower percentage of type III collagen than that of rams (P < Epimysium collagen concentration of rams wethers was higher (P < .05) than that of implanted rams; however, percentage of soluble collagen was higher for the implanted rams than for the other classes. Type III collagen percentage in the epimysium did not differ by animal class (P < .05). Zeranol-implanted ram lambs had a higher percentage of soluble collagen in all tissues examined than did nonimplanted rams and force required for pelt removal was reduced in implanted rams. Overall, however, there seem to be few clear relationships between the characteristics of collagen evaluated and force required to remove the pelt when rams and wethers are compared. The composition of the fell is different from that of skin and epimysium and a more complete description of its characteristics as well as elucidation of putative interactions between the fell and skin or epimysium may serve to explain differences in difficulty of pelt removal. C1 UNIV WYOMING,LARAMIE,WY 82071. USDA ARS,US SHEEP EXPT STN,DUBOIS,ID 83423. OI MAIORANO, Giuseppe/0000-0001-5195-5470 NR 35 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 73 IS 2 BP 393 EP 398 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA QF442 UT WOS:A1995QF44200010 PM 7601770 ER PT J AU SHACKELFORD, SD CUNDIFF, LV GREGORY, KE KOOHMARAIE, M AF SHACKELFORD, SD CUNDIFF, LV GREGORY, KE KOOHMARAIE, M TI PREDICTING BEEF CARCASS CUTABILITY SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE BEEF; CARCASS YIELD; PREDICTION ID BIOLOGICAL TYPES; PALATABILITY; QUALITY; CATTLE AB Analyses were conducted to develop and test the efficacy of beef carcass cutability prediction equations. Data from 1,602 calf-fed steer carcasses (Germplasm Utilization Project; GPU) were used to develop the equations and an additional 1,160 calf-fed steer carcasses (Germplasm Evaluation Project; GPE) were used to validate the equations. In both experimental groups, USDA yield grade ranged from < 1 to > 5 and the SD of yield grade was > .8 indicating a relatively large amount of variation in carcass cutability. Models were developed to predict boneless, totally trimmed retail product yield (RPYD), fat trim yield (FATYD), and bone yield (BONEYD) using 1) carcass traits, 2) carcass traits and wholesale rib dissection traits, 3) carcass traits and 9-10-11 rib dissection traits, and 4) carcass traits and 9-10-11 rib dissection and chemical traits. For each dependent variable, the best single predictor was a wholesale rib dissection trait, and the best higher order model contained at least one wholesale rib dissection trait. Equations developed explained 87, 88, and 77% of the variation in RPYD, FATYD, and BONEYD, respectively. When validated against GPE carcasses, models developed from GPU carcasses explained 74, 78, and 69% of the phenotypic variation and 96, 94, and 84% of the genetic variation in RPYD, FATYD, and BONEYD, respectively. Prediction of carcass cutability using carcass and wholesale rib dissection traits should allow for rapid, precise, and cost-effective assessment of variation in cutability. RP SHACKELFORD, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 20 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 73 IS 2 BP 406 EP 413 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA QF442 UT WOS:A1995QF44200012 PM 7601772 ER PT J AU EDRINGTON, TS KAMPSHOLTZAPPLE, CA HARVEY, RB KUBENA, LF ELISSALDE, MH ROTTINGHAUS, GE AF EDRINGTON, TS KAMPSHOLTZAPPLE, CA HARVEY, RB KUBENA, LF ELISSALDE, MH ROTTINGHAUS, GE TI ACUTE HEPATIC AND RENAL TOXICITY IN LAMBS DOSED WITH FUMONISIN-CONTAINING CULTURE MATERIAL SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE FUMONISIN; LAMBS; TOXICITY; MYCOTOXINS; GIBBERELLA FUJIKUROI; FUSARIUM PROLIFERATUM ID FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; CORN; LEUKOENCEPHALOMALACIA; HORSES; CANCER; SWINE; PIGS; RATS AB To examine the effects of acute exposure to fumonisin-containing culture material (FCCM), 15 crossbred wether lambs were dosed intraruminally with FCCM containing 0 (CONTROL, n = 3), 11.1 (LOW, n = 4), 22.2 (MED, n = 4), or 45.5 (HIGH, n = 4) mg of total fumonisins (B-1, B-2, and B-3)/kg BW daily for 4 d. Blood samples were collected daily, and on d 11 lambs were killed and necropsied. Changes in serum constituents in fumonisin-treated lambs indicative of liver damage, included increased (P < .05) activities of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase. Serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, urea nitrogen, and creatinine were also increased (P < .05) in lambs dosed with FCCM. Hemoglobin tended to increase (P = .07) and white blood cell count tended to decrease (P = .08) in HIGH lambs and activated partial thromboplastin time tended to decrease (P < .10) in lambs dosed with LOW and MED treatments. Mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis was not different(P = .14) among treatments. Feed intake markedly decreased (P < .01) following the first dosing of FCCM and continued to decline throughout the study. Ruminal VFA concentrations and pH tended to decrease (P < .10) at d 11 in treated lambs. Relative liver and kidney weights (g/100 g of BW) increased (P < .05) in fumonisin-treated lambs. Histological examination revealed tubular nephrosis and mild hepatopathy in dosed lambs. Lambs receiving the HIGH treatment died on d 3, 4, 5, and 7 of the study and on d 9 one lamb on the MED treatment died. Diarrhea and lethargy were observed in fumonisin-treated lambs. Fumonisin-containing culture material dosed orally is acutely toxic to sheep, affecting primarily liver and kidney function. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,VET MED DIAGNOST LAB,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. RP EDRINGTON, TS (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,ROUTE 5,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 31 TC 50 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 73 IS 2 BP 508 EP 515 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA QF442 UT WOS:A1995QF44200025 PM 7601785 ER PT J AU VAREL, VH KREIKEMEIER, KK AF VAREL, VH KREIKEMEIER, KK TI TECHNICAL NOTE - COMPARISON OF IN-VITRO AND IN-SITU DIGESTIBILITY METHODS SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE DIGESTIBILITY; IN VITRO; IN SITU; FIBER; RUMEN ID NEUTRAL DETERGENT FIBER; INVITRO; FERMENTATION; DIGESTION; KINETICS; INSITU; SACCO AB Relative comparisons were made between the in vitro and in situ methods for determining NDF digestion kinetics. In a split-split-plot design, eight cows and six heifers (whole plot) with ruminal cannulas were fed either alfalfa hay (20% CP) or bromegrass hay (8% CP; subplot) to determine differences between the methods (sub-subplot). Cattle were fed the diets for 28 d; d 1 to 20 were used for adaptation, and on d 21 to 28 the in situ experiment was conducted. On d 24 ruminal fluid samples were obtained for in vitro estimation of forage NDF digestion kinetics. In vitro incubation vessels contained a 1:4 (vol:vol) dilution of ruminal inoculum to buffer and .5 g of NDF substrate. Dacron bags containing .5 g of NDF substrate from alfalfa or bromegrass were incubated ruminally for 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, and 192 h to determine lag time, rate, and extent of digestion. In vitro samples were incubated for the same times and computations. Results from the four treatments (cows and heifers fed alfalfa and bromegrass) indicate that on average the lag time was 3.5 +/- .3 h less (P < .01), rate was .03 +/- .002/h faster (P < .01), and extent was 6.0 +/- .5% greater (P < .01) for the in situ than for the in vitro method for determining NDF digestion kinetics. These results should be useful when one is interested in making relative comparisons in the digestibility of forages among studies that used the in situ or in vitro method. RP VAREL, VH (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 17 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 73 IS 2 BP 578 EP 582 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA QF442 UT WOS:A1995QF44200034 PM 7601793 ER PT J AU COLE, DN AF COLE, DN TI EXPERIMENTAL TRAMPLING OF VEGETATION .1. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRAMPLING INTENSITY AND VEGETATION RESPONSE SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE RECREATION IMPACT; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; VEGETATION IMPACT ID FOREST; COMMUNITIES AB 1. Experimental trampling was conducted in 18 vegetation types in five separate mountain regions in the United States. Each type was trampled 0-500 times. Response to trampling was assessed by determining vegetation cover 2 weeks after trampling and 1 year after trampling. 2. Response varied significantly with trampling intensity and vegetation type. Trampling intensity and vegetation type explained more of the variation in vegetation cover 2 weeks after trampling than they did 1 year after trampling. 3. For most vegetation types, the relationship between vegetation cover after trampling and trampling intensity was best approximated by a second order polynomial of the form Y = A - BX + CX(2). The relationship was linear in a few vegetation types. 4. The curvilinearity of the relationship between trampling intensity and surviving vegetation cover decreased with increases in resistance, tolerance and species diversity of the vegetation type. RP COLE, DN (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ALDO LEOPOLD WILDERNESS RES INST,POB 8089,MISSOULA,MT 59807, USA. NR 18 TC 81 Z9 95 U1 2 U2 26 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0021-8901 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 32 IS 1 BP 203 EP 214 DI 10.2307/2404429 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QL817 UT WOS:A1995QL81700020 ER PT J AU COLE, DN AF COLE, DN TI EXPERIMENTAL TRAMPLING OF VEGETATION .2. PREDICTORS OF RESISTANCE AND RESILIENCE SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PLANT MORPHOLOGY; RECREATION IMPACT; TOLERANCE; VEGETATION IMPACT ID COMMUNITIES AB 1. Experimental trampling was conducted in 18 vegetation types in five separate mountain regions in the United States. Each type was trampled 0-500 times and vegetation response was assessed 2 weeks and 1 year after trampling. 2. The response of vegetation to trampling is expressed in terms of three indices: resistance, tolerance and resilience. Resistance and tolerance are determined from the vegetation surviving 2 weeks and 1 year after trampling, respectively. Resilience compares the change over the remainder of the year with that during the first 2 weeks after trampling. 3. Plant morphological characteristics explained more of the variation in response to trampling than the site characteristics that were assessed: altitude, overstorey canopy cover or total groundlayer vegetation cover. 4. Resistance was primarily a function of vegetation stature, erectness and whether plants were graminoids, forbs or shrubs. The most resistant plants were caespitose or matted graminoids; the least resistant plants were erect forbs. 5. Resilience was primarily a function of whether plants were chamaephytes, with perennating buds located above the ground surface. Chamaephytes were much less resilient than other plants. 6. Tolerance, which measures the ability of vegetation to withstand a cycle of disturbance and recovery, was correlated more with resilience than resistance. Consequently, the least tolerant plants were the chamaephytes. The most tolerant plants were caespitose, matted and rosette hemicryptophytes, and geophytes. 7. The resistance and resilience of individual species were negatively correlated, particularly for chamaephytes and graminoids. For herbaceous species with perennating tissues located at or below ground level, tolerance was more highly correlated with resilience than with resistance. For chamaephytes, tolerance was more highly correlated with resistance. RP COLE, DN (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ALDO LEOPOLD WILDERNESS RES INST,POB 8089,MISSOULA,MT 59807, USA. NR 25 TC 107 Z9 124 U1 2 U2 20 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0021-8901 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 32 IS 1 BP 215 EP 224 DI 10.2307/2404430 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QL817 UT WOS:A1995QL81700021 ER PT J AU MILLER, MC KINN, DN PARRESOL, BR AF MILLER, MC KINN, DN PARRESOL, BR TI EFFECT OF SODIUM N-METHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE WITH DIMETHYLSULFOXIDE ON SOUTHERN PINE-BEETLE (COL, SCOLYTIDAE) DEVELOPMENT - RESULTS OF INITIAL FIELD-TESTS SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE ENTOMOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID COLEOPTERA; ATTACK AB Initial held tests on the effects of an aqueous formulation of sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate (Vapam((R)2)) and dimethyl-sulfoxide treated trees on southern pine beetle (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) brood production reveal that beetle emergence and ratios of increase are reduced in trees receiving 5.0 ml or more of the material per treatment site. Doses of 3.0 ml or less appear to increase brood production. Lesions produced in treated trees persist for several years and appear to have detrimental effects on beetle brood production even when colonization takes place up to 28 months after treatment. Although southern pine beetle brood is adversely affected by the treatment, there is little or no detrimental effect on total numbers of predators, parasitoids and other xylophilus insects. C1 US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,PINEVILLE,LA 71360. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-2048 J9 J APPL ENTOMOL JI J. Appl. Entomol.-Z. Angew. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 119 IS 1 BP 55 EP 61 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QT921 UT WOS:A1995QT92100009 ER PT J AU VAUGHN, SF AF VAUGHN, SF TI PHYTOTOXIC AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF 5,7-DIHYDROXYCHROMONE FROM PEANUT SHELLS SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PEANUT; ARACHIS HYPOGAEA; RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI; SCLEROTIUM ROLFSII; BRADYRHIZOBIUM; 5,7-DIHYDROXYCHROMONE; CHRYSIN; LUTEOLIN; FLAVONOIDS; ALLELOPATHY; GROWTH INHIBITION ID INDUCE NOD GENES; RHIZOBIUM-MELILOTI; IDENTIFICATION; HYPOGOEA; ROOT AB A flavonoid decomposition product that is present in peanut (Arachis hypogaea) shells, 5,7-dihydroxychromone (DHC), was found to inhibit the radial growth of cultures of the soil pathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii with I-50 (the concentrations of DHC required to inhibit growth 50%) values of 18 and 26 mu M, respectively. Radicle elongation of velvetleaf, corn, peanut, and wheat was inhibited by DHC with I-50 values of 30, 50, 65 and 200 mu M, respectively. DHC had no effect on the growth of Bradyrhizobium sp. at 10 mu M in medium containing low (1.0 g/liter) mannitol as the carbon source, although the related flavones luteolin and chrysin each promoted bacterial growth at 10 mu M 48 hr after inoculation. When tested in high (10.0 g/liter) mannitol medium, DHC initially inhibited growth of Bradyrhizobium sp., but 120 hr after inoculation the growth of all treatments were similar. These results suggest a role for DHC released from peanut shells in suppressing pathogenic fungal infection and competing plant growth but not for Bradyrhizobium growth promotion. RP VAUGHN, SF (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 21 IS 2 BP 107 EP 115 DI 10.1007/BF02036645 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QR035 UT WOS:A1995QR03500001 PM 24234013 ER PT J AU WEAVER, DK PHILLIPS, TW DUNKEL, FV WEAVER, T GRUBB, RT NANCE, EL AF WEAVER, DK PHILLIPS, TW DUNKEL, FV WEAVER, T GRUBB, RT NANCE, EL TI DRIED LEAVES FROM ROCKY-MOUNTAIN PLANTS DECREASE INFESTATION BY STORED-PRODUCT BEETLES SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INSECTICIDE; FUMIGANT; TERPENOIDS; COLEOPTERA; BRUCHIDAE; CURCULIONIDAE; CAMPHOR; CARVACROL; MONARDA FISTULOSA; ARTEMISIA TRIDENTATA; ZABROTES SUBFASCIATUS; SITOPHILUS ORYZAE ID COLEOPTERA; BALSAMORHIZA; BRUCHIDAE; LAMIACEAE AB Leaves of two highly aromatic plants, Arte,misia tridentata (Nutt.) and Monarda fistulosa L., prepared according to a patented process, inhibited oviposition by the Mexican bean weevil, Zabrotes subfasciatus (Boheman), in beans at concentrations less than 1% w/w. Both plant species were less effective against the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L., in wheat, with only M. fistulosa exhibiting any concentration-dependent activity. The maximal control achieved against this species was less than 50% at 3% w/w. Two less aromatic plant species, Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh.) Nutt, and Geranium viscosissimum Fisch. and Mey., caused only low levels of inhibition against both insect species. Volatiles probably caused the response to A. tridentata and M. fistulosa, while the asymptotic concentration dependence for the less volatile plant material was likely caused by behavioral factors related to the physical presence of foreign particulate matter in the foodstuff. Chemical analysis indicated that most of the volatile components from the dried leaf material from all species were terpenoids, with camphor (9.7 mg/g) and 1,8-cineole (4.0 mg/g) being most abundant in A. tridentata and carvacrol (26.3 mg/g) being most abundant in M. fistulosa. C1 MONTANA STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT ENTOMOL,USDA ARS,STORED PROD INSECTS RES UNIT,MADISON,WI 53706. MONTANA STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. NR 19 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 6 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 21 IS 2 BP 127 EP 142 DI 10.1007/BF02036647 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QR035 UT WOS:A1995QR03500003 PM 24234015 ER PT J AU BIRGERSSON, G DEBARR, GL DEGROOT, P DALUSKY, MJ PIERCE, HD BORDEN, JH MEYER, H FRANCKE, W ESPELIE, KE BERISFORD, CW AF BIRGERSSON, G DEBARR, GL DEGROOT, P DALUSKY, MJ PIERCE, HD BORDEN, JH MEYER, H FRANCKE, W ESPELIE, KE BERISFORD, CW TI PHEROMONES IN WHITE-PINE CONE BEETLE, CONOPHTHORUS-CONIPERDA (SCHWARZ) (COLEOPTERA, SCOLYTIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CONOPHTHORUS CONIPERDA; WHITE PINE CONE BEETLE; SCOLYTIDAE; PHEROMONE; PITYOL; 2-(1-HYDROXY-1-METHYLETHYL)-5-METHYLTETRAHYDROFURAN; (E)7-METHYL-1,6-DIOXASPIRO[4.5]DECANE; SPIROACETAL; CHIRAL ANALYSIS; WALKING BIOASSAY; TRAPS ID BARK BEETLE; PITYOPHTHORUS-PITYOGRAPHUS; AGGREGATION PHEROMONE; COMPONENTS; SEMIOCHEMICALS; ENANTIOMERS; PITYOL; COL AB Female white pine cone beetles, Conophthorus coniperda, attacking second-year cones of eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L., produced a sex-specific pheromone that attracted conspecific males in laboratory bioassays and to field traps. Beetle response was enhanced by host monoterpenes. The female-produced compound was identified in volatiles collected on Porapak Q and in hindgut extracts as (+)-trans-pityol, (2R,5S)-(f)-2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-5-methyltetrahydrofuran. Males and females produced and released the (E)-(-)-spiroacetal, (5S,7S)-(-)-7-methyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane, which was not an attractant for either sex, but acted as a repellent for males. Porapak Q-trapped volatiles from both sexes contained (+)-trans-pinocarveol and (-)-myrtenol. In addition, hindgut extracts of females contained trans-verbenol, while males had pinocarvone and verbenone. Work in Georgia and Canada confirmed that the same isomers of pityol and spiroacetal are present in two distinct and widely separated populations of C. coniperda. C1 US FOREST SERV,SE FOREST EXPT STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,ATHENS,GA 30602. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT ENTOMOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. FORESTRY CANADA,INST FOREST PEST MANAGEMENT,SAULT ST MARIE,ON P6A 5M7,CANADA. SIMON FRASER UNIV,DEPT CHEM,BURNABY,BC V5A 1S6,CANADA. UNIV HAMBURG,DEPT ORGAN CHEM,D-20146 HAMBURG,GERMANY. SIMON FRASER UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,CTR PEST MANAGEMENT,BURNABY,BC V5A 1S6,CANADA. NR 44 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 3 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 21 IS 2 BP 143 EP 167 DI 10.1007/BF02036648 PG 25 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QR035 UT WOS:A1995QR03500004 PM 24234016 ER PT J AU OLIVER, JE WATERS, RM AF OLIVER, JE WATERS, RM TI DETERMINING ENANTIOMERIC COMPOSITION OF DISPARLURE SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DISPARLURE; GYPSY MOTH; ENANTIOMER; DIASTEREOMER ID GYPSY-MOTH; AMINOLYSIS; MILD AB A method has been developed to convert disparlure (2-methyl-7,8-epoxyoctadecane) to the corresponding N-(alpha-methylbenzyl)aziridine with inversion of configuration at both the 7 and 8 positions. The diastereomeric aziridines can be separated on an efficient gas chromatography column, permitting determination of the enantiomeric constitution of the starting disparlure. As little as ca. 0.1% of the minor enantiomer can be detected. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP OLIVER, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT CHEM ECOL LAB,B-007,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 14 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 21 IS 2 BP 199 EP 211 DI 10.1007/BF02036651 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QR035 UT WOS:A1995QR03500007 PM 24234019 ER PT J AU KENNEDY, BS NIELSEN, MT SEVERSON, RF AF KENNEDY, BS NIELSEN, MT SEVERSON, RF TI BIORATIONALS FROM NICOTIANA PROTECT CUCUMBERS AGAINST COLLETOTRICHUM-LAGENARIUM (PASS) ELL AND HALST-DISEASE DEVELOPMENT SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE NICOTIANA; COLLETOTRICHUM LAGENARIUM; BIORATIONALS; TRICHOME EXUDATES; LEAF SURFACE CHEMISTRY; DITERPENES; SUGAR ESTERS ID TABACINA ADAM SPORANGIA; LEAF SURFACE CHEMICALS; TOBACCO; GERMINATION; COMPONENTS AB Trichome exudate compounds isolated from leaves of Nicotiana tabacum, N. glutinosa (accessions 24 and 24a), and 21 other Nicotiana species were evaluated for biorational activity against C. lagenarium, the anthracnose pathogen of cucumber. Exudate compounds tested were the cembrane diterpenes alpha- and beta-4,8,13-duvatriene-1,3-diols (DVT diols); the labdane diterpenes (13-E)-labda-13-ene-8 alpha, 15-diol (labdenediol) and (13-R)-labda-14-ene-8 alpha,13-diol (sclareol); extracts from N. gossei; and various sugar ester isolates. In dose-response experiments test compounds were applied to a water agar surface that was then inoculated with a conidial suspension. Low levels of most test compounds reduced or completely inhibited germination of C. lagenarium conidia. IC50 values, concentrations (micrograms per square centimeter) at which conidium germination was reduced 50%, were 6.3 for DVT diols, 19.3 for sclareol, 1.0 for labdenediol, 2.8 for a mixture of sclareol and labdenediol, 1.2 for an N. gossei sucrose ester and 4.1 for the N. gossei crude extract. Higher levels of DVT diols and the sclareol-labdenediol mixture were required to reduce lesion size and number on inoculated cucumber leaves. At the highest concentration tested, 100 mu g/cm(2), the DVT diets and sclareol-labdenediol mixtures protected cucumbers against lesion development by 93 and 98%, respectively. Sugar ester mixtures from 20 Nicotiana species and three different sugar ester fractions from N. bideglovii had in vitro antifungal activity at a concentration of 48 mu g/cm(2). Sugar esters from nine of the species including N. acuminata, N, attenuata, N. clevelandii, N. maritima, N. miersii, N. noctiflora, N. occidentalis, N. rustica, and fractions 10, 12, and 13 from N. bideglovii completely inhibited C. lagenarium conidium from germinating. Sugar ester mixtures from only four species, N. plumbaginifolia, N. bonariensis, N. simulans, and N. palmerii, had no significant effect on C. lagenarium conidium germination. These results suggest the potential of Nicotiana exudates as biorationals in reducing disease development. C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT AGRON,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30613. NR 13 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 21 IS 2 BP 221 EP 231 DI 10.1007/BF02036653 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QR035 UT WOS:A1995QR03500009 PM 24234021 ER PT J AU HOLLAR, CM PARRIS, N HSIEH, A COCKLEY, KD AF HOLLAR, CM PARRIS, N HSIEH, A COCKLEY, KD TI FACTORS AFFECTING THE DENATURATION AND AGGREGATION OF WHEY PROTEINS IN HEATED WHEY-PROTEIN CONCENTRATE MIXTURES SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE DENATURATION; WHEY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE; NONFAT DRY MILK ID BETA-LACTOGLOBULIN; ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN; THERMAL-DENATURATION; IONIC ENVIRONMENT; BOVINE MILK; CHEESE WHEY; SKIM MILK; STABILITY; HYDROPHOBICITY; FUNCTIONALITY AB Whey protein concentrate (65% protein) mixtures, alone or in the presence of NDM, were heated at 66 and 71 degrees C for up to 120 min to yield 16, 25, and 35% TS to simulate the formulation of a nutritional product. Addition of low heat NDM to a whey protein concentrate mixture to yield 35% TS resulted in 6 and 20% denaturation after 120 min and 27 and 83% in the whey protein concentrate mixture (16% TS) at 66 and 71 degrees C, respectively. The effects of Ca and pH on whey protein denaturation and aggregation (66 degrees C) were also studied. A whey protein concentrate mixture (16% TS) dialyzed against simulated milk ultrafiltrate containing 0 to 9 mM Ca and heated (66 degrees C); the mixture was progressively more denatured and formed less soluble aggregate and more insoluble precipitate as the Ca increased. When the whey protein concentrate mixture (16% TS) was heated (66 degrees C) at increasing pH (5.8 to 7.0), whey protein denaturation and insoluble precipitate increased. The alpha-LA denatured more extensively than beta-LG at 66 and 71 degrees C. C1 WYETH NUTRIT INC,MILTON,VT 05468. WYETH AYERST INT INC,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19101. RP HOLLAR, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 33 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 4 U2 25 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci PD FEB PY 1995 VL 78 IS 2 BP 260 EP 267 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA QH367 UT WOS:A1995QH36700002 ER PT J AU BRODERICK, GA AF BRODERICK, GA TI PERFORMANCE OF LACTATING DAIRY-COWS FED EITHER ALFALFA SILAGE OR ALFALFA HAY AS THE SOLE FORAGE SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ALFALFA SILAGE; ALFALFA HAY; MILK YIELD; PROTEIN UTILIZATION ID EXPELLER SOYBEAN-MEAL; ENERGY SUPPLEMENTATION; PROTEIN-DEGRADATION; RELATIVE VALUE; DIGESTION; SOLVENT; RUMEN; DIETS; DIGESTIBILITY; PRESERVATION AB Alfalfa was harvested from alternate windrows as 40% DM silage or hay in small rectangular bales and fed in two 12-wk 4 x 4 Latin square trials, each with 20 multiparous lactating cows (4 with ruminal cannulas). Diets contained (DM basis) 69 (trial 1) or 66% (trial 2) alfalfa, 26 to 33% high moisture corn, 1.3% minerals and vitamins, and about 1.6 Meal of NE(L)/kg of DM. In trial 1, second-cutting silage (21.2% CP) and hay (19.7% CP) containing 35% NDF were fed in diets: 1) silage (17.3% CP), 2) hay (16.3% CP), 3) silage with 3% fish meal (19.1% CP), and 4) hay with 3% fish meal (18.1% CP). Cows had lower DMI and lost BW on diet 1. Yields of milk and milk components were similar on diets 1 and 2 and greater on diet 3 than on the other three diets, except that fat yield was greater on diets 1 and 3 than on diets 2 and 4. In trial 2, first-cutting silage and hay containing 19.9 and 16.5% CP and 40 and 41% NDF were fed in diets: 1) silage (16.8% CP), 2) hay (14.6% CP), 3) silage with 3% fish meal (18.2% CP), and 4) hay with 3% fish meal (16.0% CP). Cows had lower DMI and lost BW on diets 1 and 3. Generally, yields of milk and milk components were lower on diet 1 than on diets 2, 3, and 4; only protein yield was greater on diet 4 than on diet 2. In both trials, fish meal increased mean protein yield 100 g/d on silage and 30 g/d on hay. Apparent digestibilities of DM, NDF, and ADF; concentrations of NH3 and total AA in the rumen; and urea in milk and blood were greater when cows were fed silage. The energy value of alfalfa silage exceeded that of hay, but absorbed protein was more limiting for alfalfa silage than for hay when fed to lactating cows as the sole forage. RP BRODERICK, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,1925 LINDEN DR W,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 29 TC 49 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci PD FEB PY 1995 VL 78 IS 2 BP 320 EP 329 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA QH367 UT WOS:A1995QH36700009 PM 7745152 ER PT J AU DHIMAN, TR KLEINMANS, J TESSMANN, NJ RADLOFF, HD SATTER, LD AF DHIMAN, TR KLEINMANS, J TESSMANN, NJ RADLOFF, HD SATTER, LD TI DIGESTION AND ENERGY-BALANCE IN LACTATING DAIRY-COWS FED VARYING RATIOS OF ALFALFA SILAGE AND GRAIN SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ALFALFA; DIGESTIBILITY; LACTATION; NET ENERGY ID MILK-PRODUCTION; DIETARY FORAGE; PHYSICAL FORM; FEED-INTAKE; NET ENERGY; FIBER; PASSAGE; DIGESTIBILITY; PERFORMANCE; IMPACT AB Forty-four multiparous and 43 primiparous Holstein cows were used to study the effect of dietary alfalfa silage: grain ratio on digestion, passage of digesta, and energy balance in a complete lactation experiment. Cows were placed on one of five treatments with forage contents from 38.2 to 98.2% (DM basis) during the first 12 wk of lactation. Forage content was increased during wk 13 to 26 of lactation to give diets containing 48.2 to 98.2% forage and again during wk 27 to 44 to give diets containing 68.2 to 98.2% forage. Both DMI and DM digestibilities decreased as proportion of dietary forage increased. The DM digestibilities for multiparous and primiparous cows ranged between 69.3 and 57.3% during early lactation and 64.9 and 55.5% during late lactation. Increased percentage of forage in the diet decreased and then increased (quadratic relationship) the ruminal retention time of La, a marker applied to the alfalfa silage in early and late lactation. Time cows spent eating and ruminating per kilogram of DMI increased as proportion of forage in the diet increased. Cows fed diets with a high proportion of alfalfa silage remained in negative energy balance longer than cows fed high grain diets. Intake of NE(L) (calculated by either of two methods) minus NE(L) output (milk, maintenance, and BW change) resulted in net balances of NE(L) after 36 wk of lactation within 5% of NE(L) intake and indicated that estimates of the NE(L) value of feedstuffs used in this experiment were reasonably accurate. C1 USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT DAIRY SCI,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 28 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci PD FEB PY 1995 VL 78 IS 2 BP 330 EP 341 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA QH367 UT WOS:A1995QH36700010 PM 7745153 ER PT J AU BUSING, RT AF BUSING, RT TI DISTURBANCE AND THE POPULATION-DYNAMICS OF LIRIODENDRON-TULIPIFERA - SIMULATIONS WITH A SPATIAL MODEL OF FOREST SUCCESSION SO JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CANOPY GAP; FOREST DYNAMICS; PATCH DYNAMICS; REGENERATION NICHE; TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST ID CANOPY GAPS; HARDWOOD FOREST; COVE FOREST; MOUNTAINS; COMMUNITIES; COEXISTENCE AB 1 Population dynamics of Liriodendron tulipifera throughout the successional sere were investigated with a spatial simulator of forest community dynamics. The simulations were complemented by data from Appalachian cove forests at different stages of development. Gap size was a key consideration in simulation of Liriodendron recruitment; seed regeneration of this shade-intolerant species was unlikely except in large gaps (> 0.04 ha). 2 In simulations of long-term forest development (800 years) without exogenous disturbance, Liriodendron was a dominant species in early succession (50-150 years), but it was absent or present at low levels in stands > 500 years of age. The simulated basal area levels of Liriodendron approximated actual levels in cove forests having a disturbance regime characterized by a very low frequency of severe, large-scale events. 3 The idea that canopy gap size distributions change over the course of forest development was supported by the simulations. Given that intolerant species require large gaps for successful establishment, it was clear that temporal patterns of large gap formation affected the dynamics of such species. Intolerants were unstable to regenerate during the stem exclusion phase, but theyr could regenerate during the subsequent undestroy reinitiation and old-growth phases having large gaps. 4 Certain simulated disturbances imposed on old forests elevated Liriodendron basal area. Components of the disturbance regime included patch size, return interval, severity and spatial dispersion. The largest increases in Liriodendron basal area resulted from disturbance patches > 0.04 ha. Gaps, 0.1 ha in size, formed at intervals < 100 years by the mortality of c. 25% of the canopy trees in a stand, were sufficient to maintain the high levels of Liriodendron observed in some primeval forests of eastern North America. RP BUSING, RT (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 42 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 4 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0022-0477 J9 J ECOL JI J. Ecol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 83 IS 1 BP 45 EP 53 DI 10.2307/2261149 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QG774 UT WOS:A1995QG77400005 ER PT J AU ABRAMS, MD ORWIG, DA DEMEO, TE AF ABRAMS, MD ORWIG, DA DEMEO, TE TI DENDROECOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SUCCESSIONAL DYNAMICS FOR A PRESETTLEMENT-ORIGIN WHITE-PINE MIXED-OAK FOREST IN THE SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS, USA SO JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AGE STRUCTURE; RADIAL GROWTH ANALYSIS; DISTURBANCE; QUERCUS-ALBA; WEST VIRGINIA ID CENTRAL PENNSYLVANIA; DISTURBANCE HISTORY; SELF-REPLACEMENT; COMMUNITY; FIRE AB 1 Prior to European settlement, Quercus alba, Castanea dentata, Carya spp. and Pinus strobus dominated Ridge and Valley forests in southern West Virginia. Dendroecological techniques were used to study the disturbance history and successional dynamics of one of the few remaining valley-floor remnants of this primary forest type. 2 The uneven-aged forest is presently dominated by P. strobus, Acer rubrum, Q. alba, Q. rubra and Q. velutina. Quercus alba and P. strobus represented most of the oldest and largest trees in the forest, while Acer, Fagus and Tsuga were the youngest and smallest. Maximum age was 295 years for Q. alba and 231 years for P. strobus. 3 There was continuous recruitment of Q. alba trees from 1700 to 1990. The abundance of P. strobus increased between 1830 and 1900, with a peak in the 1870s associated with releases in radial growth. The subsequent peak recruitment of Q. rubra and Q. velutina from 1880 to 1900 is suggestive of possible facilitation of these species by P. strobus. Following the cessation of Pinus and Quercus recruitment in 1900, Acer, Fagus and Tsuga abundance increased, particularly A. rubrum. 4 Radial growth chronologies across all species and age classes exhibited a series of major or moderate releases at regular intervals (typically every 20-30 years). However, the asynchronous nature of these releases suggests that they were caused by a series of small-scale disturbances, such as fire and wind-throw, each of which had localized impacts within the stand. 5 We believe that Pinus and Quercus were maintained in this stand during the 18th and 19th centuries by periodic disturbance, in particular fire, which would have eliminated later successional species. The lack of Pinus and Quercus recruitment after 1900 and the subsequent increase in Acer, Fagus and Tsuga indicates the transitional nature of this forest in the absence of fire. 6 Coupling of tree-ring chronologies and species establishment dates greatly increased our understanding of the disturbance history and dynamics of this old-growth forest, and we believe this represents an important approach to the study of species life-history attributes and ecological history in general. C1 US FOREST SERV,MONONGAHELA NATL FOREST,ELKINS,WV 26241. RP ABRAMS, MD (reprint author), PENN STATE UNIV,SCH FOREST RESOURCES,4 FERGUSON BLDG,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA. NR 51 TC 92 Z9 95 U1 1 U2 15 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0022-0477 J9 J ECOL JI J. Ecol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 83 IS 1 BP 123 EP 133 DI 10.2307/2261156 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QG774 UT WOS:A1995QG77400012 ER PT J AU ROBERTSON, JL PREISLER, HK NG, SS HICKLE, LA GELERNTER, WD AF ROBERTSON, JL PREISLER, HK NG, SS HICKLE, LA GELERNTER, WD TI NATURAL VARIATION - A COMPLICATING FACTOR IN BIOASSAYS WITH CHEMICAL AND MICROBIAL PESTICIDES SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE NATURAL VARIATION; RESISTANCE; QUALITY CONTROL ID DIAMONDBACK MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; POTATO BEETLE COLEOPTERA; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; FLY DIPTERA; RESISTANCE; CHRYSOMELIDAE; PLUTELLIDAE; PERMETHRIN; SYNERGISM; GENETICS AB Our investigation of responses of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis over 83 wk; diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), to B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (cloned into Pseudomonas florescens) over 37 wk; and western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, to pyrethrins and DDT over 91 generations indicated that ratios at LC(50), LC(90) and LC(99) varied among pesticides tested on the same species and among insect species tested with the same pesticide. Frequencies with which LCs were significantly different (based on bracketing of the value 1.0 by 95% CI of each ratio) compared with the standard (the lowest LC in the data set) were extremely high (>95%) in all tests except those with pyrethrins on western spruce budworm. For example, toxicity ratios for Colorado potato beetle larvae fed B. thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis were as high as 12.8 at LC(50). 37.0 at LC(90), and 155 at LC(99) over 83 wk; the maximum upper 95% CL for a ratio were 18.6, 168, and 1,000, respectively, at these LCs. We conclude that the extent of natural variation must be investigated before biologically important changes can be identified with any certainty. The conventional practice of using ratios of one LC to another in studies to detect resistance and other biological changes may lead to erroneous conclusions if natural variation in cohorts of a population and subsequent generations of the same genetic strain are unknown. C1 MYCOGEN CORP, SAN DIEGO, CA 92121 USA. RP ROBERTSON, JL (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, PACIFIC SW FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN, POB 245, BERKELEY, CA 94701 USA. NR 26 TC 90 Z9 93 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 88 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QF564 UT WOS:A1995QF56400001 ER PT J AU BULL, DL XU, G AF BULL, DL XU, G TI CHARACTERISTICS OF METHYL PARATHION RESISTANCE IN-HOUSE FLY LARVAE SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE MUSCA DOMESTICA; METHYL PARATHION; RESISTANCE ID ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE; PERMETHRIN; SELECTION AB A comparative study of two aboratory strains of the house fly, Musca domestica L., one that is generally susceptible (S) to all insecticides and the other selected for high levels of resistance to methyl parathion (Rmp), indicated that resistance to this compound in third instars of the Rmp strain was attributed to enhanced metabolic detoxification and decreased target site sensitivity. Susceptibility to topical applications of methyl parathion was 44.1-fold greater in S strain larvae (LC(50) = 0.23 mu g per insect) than in those of the Rmp strain (LC(50) = 10.14 mu g per insect). In vitro studies of the interaction of methyl paraoxon (the toxic principle of methyl parathion poisoning) with solubilized preparations of membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase (AChE) from whole body homogenates of larvae indicated the AChE of S larvae was about three times more sensitive than that of the Rmp larvae. This difference in sensitivity resulted from a higher affinity of S AChE for methyl paraoxon and a slower rate of phosphorylation of the AChE of the Rmp larvae. In vivo studies of the fate of topically applied [C-14]methyl parathion in third instars demonstrated that the rate of cuticular penetration was rapid and was about the same for both strains. Concentrations of methyl paraoxon were found to be about two times higher at all sample times in S strain larvae after treatment. RP BULL, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,2881 F&B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 88 IS 1 BP 27 EP 32 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QF564 UT WOS:A1995QF56400004 ER PT J AU CABANILLAS, HE RAULSTON, JR AF CABANILLAS, HE RAULSTON, JR TI IMPACT OF STEINERNEMA-RIOBRAVIS (RHABDITIDA, STEINERNEMATIDAE) ON THE CONTROL OF HELICOVERPA-ZEA (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) IN CORN SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE STEINERNEMA RIOBRAVIS; CORN EARWORM; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL ID SPODOPTERA-FRUGIPERDA AB The efficacy of using an endemic entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema riobravis Cabanillas, Poinar and Raulston, to suppress prepupal and pupal populations of corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), in the soil was evaluated. The optimum timing of nematode soil application in relation to larval exit from the corn ear, the effects of nematode concentration, introduction method, and persistence on control of corn earworm were determined. Better parasitism resulted when S. riobravis infective juveniles were applied on the subsurface + surface (81%) than when they were applied on the soil surface alone (45%), in the greenhouse. Striking results were obtained with 2 billion nematodes per ha applied when 10% of the corn earworms had exited the ear to pupate or when 50% of the corn earworms had developed to large larvae. This resulted in 95 and 100% parasitism, respectively. A low rate of parasitism (22%) was observed in plots that received nematodes when 40% of the corn earworm had developed to medium size larvae. Parasitism in all plots that received nematodes was higher than the 11% natural parasitism observed in control plots. S. riobravis persisted (22%) in this sandy clay loam soil during the 75-d period field evaluations. These findings show the potential of using S. riobravis for soil application in source areas where the corn acts as nursery crop to suppress the build-up of corn earworm adult populations. RP CABANILLAS, HE (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,CROP INSECTS RES UNIT,2413 E HIGHWAY 83,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 20 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 88 IS 1 BP 58 EP 64 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QF564 UT WOS:A1995QF56400009 ER PT J AU LASTER, ML HARDEE, DD AF LASTER, ML HARDEE, DD TI INTERMATING COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN NORTH-AMERICAN HELICOVERPA-ZEA AND HELIOTHIS-ARMIGERA (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) FROM RUSSIA SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HELICOVERPA ZEA; HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA; MATING AB Inbred crosses through three generations and reciprocal backcrosses through five generations using Helicoverpa tea (Boddie) from Stoneville, MS, and H. armigera (Boddie) from Tashkent, Russia, were studied for backcross sterility. A high percentage of mated females reproducing indicated a high degree of genetic compatibility between the two species. No indication of backcross sterility was detected in these studies. RP LASTER, ML (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO INSECT MANAGEMENT LAB,POB 346,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 9 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 88 IS 1 BP 77 EP 80 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QF564 UT WOS:A1995QF56400012 ER PT J AU LIQUIDO, NJ CHAN, HT MCQUATE, GT AF LIQUIDO, NJ CHAN, HT MCQUATE, GT TI HAWAIIAN TEPHRITID FRUIT-FLIES (DIPTERA) - INTEGRITY OF THE INFESTATION-FREE QUARANTINE PROCEDURE FOR SHARWIL AVOCADO SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BACTROCERA DORSALIS; INFESTATION-FREE QUARANTINE PROCEDURE; AVOCADO ID FLY DIPTERA; FUMIGATION AB In 1900, the infestation-free quarantine procedure for 'Sharwil' avocados grown tephritid fruit flies. In February 1992, the infestation-free quarantine procedure was suspended because of discovery of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), larval infestation in fruits on trees in certified orchards. Subsequently, an intensive field study was conducted to determine the lever of tephritid fruit fly infestations in 'Sharwil' fruits. Results gathered negated two assumptions of the infestation-free quarantine procedure. First, the procedure assumed that only immature and mature green fruits are attached on trees; our data showed that, although most fruits on trees were either immature or mature green, a few ripe fruits occurred during the fruiting season. Second, the procedure assumed that mature green fruits have absolute resistance to tephritid fruit flies occurring in Hawaii; our field data showed that mature green 'Sharwil' avocados are suitable hosts of oriental fruit By albeit poor hosts. We present several hypotheses that may explain the failure of the infestation-free quarantine procedure for 'Sharwil' avocados. Morphological, physical, and chemical attributes of maturing 'Sharwil' fruits that may be useful in developing indices of fruit maturity and quality are also presented. RP LIQUIDO, NJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE RES LAB,GENET REARING & COMMOD QUARANTINE TREATMENT RES UNIT,HILO,HI 96720, USA. NR 25 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 88 IS 1 BP 85 EP 96 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QF564 UT WOS:A1995QF56400014 PM 7884079 ER PT J AU BROWN, MW SCHMITT, JJ RANGER, S HOGMIRE, HW AF BROWN, MW SCHMITT, JJ RANGER, S HOGMIRE, HW TI YIELD REDUCTION IN APPLE BY EDAPHIC WOOLLY APPLE APHID (HOMOPTERA, APHIDIDAE) POPULATIONS SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ERIOSOMA LANIGERUM; ECONOMIC INJURY; APPLE ID FRUIT SIZE; GROWTH; TREES; ROOTS AB An apple orchard, planted ill 1986, was studied to evaluate the effect of root-feeding (edaphic) woolly apple aphids, Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann), on tree growth and productivity. Tree trunk diameter and branch linear growth were measured yearly from 1989 to 1992; fruit weight, number of fruit, fruit drop, and fruit set for 1991 and 1992 were regressed against the number of aphid colonies on roots and a root infestation rating. Linear growth was significantly reduced by edaphic woolly apple aphids in 1989 and 1991. In 1991, with low fruit production, yield was unaffected by edaphic woolly apple aphids. In 1992, with high fruit production, there was a significant reduction in the number of fruit and weight of fruit per tree by the number of root colonies, partly because of increased fruit drop and reduced fruit set. Average yield loss was 2.4 kg (5.28 pounds) or 13 apples per tree. Based on a typical packout and actual prices for 1992, the gross loss was $465.18/ha ($188.25/acre). Wooly apple aphids were on only 11.5% of terminals and wounds in this orchard. Reduction in amount of storage carbohydrates in galled roots is a partial explanation of how this aphid reduces tree growth and production. RP BROWN, MW (reprint author), USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,45 WILTSHIRE RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 20 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 88 IS 1 BP 127 EP 133 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QF564 UT WOS:A1995QF56400019 ER PT J AU SHAPIRO, JP GOTTWALD, TR AF SHAPIRO, JP GOTTWALD, TR TI RESISTANCE OF 8 CULTIVARS OF CITRUS ROOTSTOCK TO A LARVAL ROOT WEEVIL, DIAPREPES-ABBREVIATUS L (COLEOPTERA, CURCULIONIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HOST-PLANT RESISTANCE; CITRUS; WEEVIL ID INSECT AB To determine the potential for resistance (tolerance or antibiosis) to root weevil attack on citrus rootstocks, seedlings of eight citrus rootstock cultivars were challenged with young larvae of a root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus L. After 6 wk of feeding and development on root systems of potted plants in a greenhouse, soil and larvae were separated from roots. Larval survival and weight, and the weight and volume of root systems, were measured and compared between infested and uninfested plants and among cultivars. For morphometric comparison of root damage, photographs of root systems were digitally imaged and integrated, and relative imaged areas were compared. Imaging by subsoil stratum indicated that most damage occurred 4-12 cm below the surface. Larvae survived equally well on all cultivars, but larval weight showed significant variation among cultivars. Nonetheless, mean weight gain ranged from 7-fold (on Cleopatra rootstock) to 13-fold (on sour orange). Damage indexes and statistical comparison of damage indicated a wide range of tolerance among rootstock cultivars to larval feeding. Cleopatra, Carrizo, Citrus macrophylla, and a Flying Dragon x Nakon hybrid showed significant damage by larvae. Sour orange, Pummelo x Poncirus trifoliata (2N and 4N), and Swingle had insignificant damage. At least in reference to young ungrafted rootstocks, results indicated little antibiosis in seven of the eight rootstock cultivars studied. The exception was Swingle rootstock, on which larvae gained significantly less weight than on sour orange or Pummelo x P. trifoliata (4N). Because the damage index of Swingle was very low and differences between infested and uninfested seedlings were insignificant regarding root mass, volume, and area, a degree of both antibiosis and tolerance was indicated. Tolerance alone was indicated in rootstocks showing insignificant differences between infested and uninfested seedlings, although lack of significance was also the result of variability within cultivars. RP SHAPIRO, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT RES LAB,2120 CAMDEN RD,ORLANDO,FL 32803, USA. NR 23 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 88 IS 1 BP 148 EP 154 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA QF564 UT WOS:A1995QF56400022 ER PT J AU ONWULATA, CI HOLSINGER, VH AF ONWULATA, CI HOLSINGER, VH TI THERMAL-PROPERTIES AND MOISTURE SORPTION ISOTHERMS OF SPRAY-DRIED ENCAPSULATED MILKFAT SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION LA English DT Article AB Stable emulsions containing 40 or 60% anhydrous butter oil and carbohydrate encapsulants (sucrose, modified starch or all-purpose flour) were spray dried to produce free-flowing shelf-stable powders, according to a 2 x 3 factorial design, replicated three times, Differential scanning calorimetry profiles showed well-defined melting ranges that were related to encapsulant used. Butter oil was almost completely encapsulated when fat content was 40% and sucrose was used as the wall material. Moisture sorption isotherms of powders with sucrose showed characteristic breaks caused by sugar crystallization followed by moisture desorption, whereas powders with modified starch or all-purpose flour continuously absorbed moisture with increasing relative humidity. The solvent-extractable fat fraction increased with increasing relative humidity in all cases. Scanning electron microscopy showed that sucrose-containing powder particles partially dissolved and fused together as a result of moisture uptake, whereas powders with modified starch or all-purpose flour maintained particle identity, even at 80% relative humidity. C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. NR 0 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 SN 0145-8892 J9 J FOOD PROCESS PRES JI J. Food Process Preserv. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 19 IS 1 BP 33 EP 51 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4549.1995.tb00276.x PG 19 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA RH888 UT WOS:A1995RH88800004 ER PT J AU BAEZ, LA JUNEJA, VK AF BAEZ, LA JUNEJA, VK TI DETECTION OF ENTEROTOXIGENIC CLOSTRIDIUM-PERFRINGENS IN RAW BEEF BY POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGENS; ENTEROTOXIN GENE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ID LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; ENTERO-TOXIN; IMMUNOMAGNETIC SEPARATION; REACTION AMPLIFICATION; A ENTEROTOXIN; FOOD SAMPLES; GENE; SPORULATION; PROTEIN; CHEESE AB A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure was developed for direct detection of Clostridium perfringens strains with potential for food poisoning in raw beef samples. An oligonucleotide primer pair was used to amplify a 364 base pair sequence internal to the C. perfingens enterotoxin gene. One milliliter portions of the meat homogenates Were inoculated into cooked meat medium (CMM) or reduced Fluid Thioglycollate (FTG) medium and incubated at 37 degrees C. Portions sampled at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 h of enrichment were assayed for detection of the enterotoxin sequence by PCR. Amplification of the 364 bp sequence could be detected in 6 h by agarose gel electrophoresis and as early as ? h by hybridization to a 150 bp digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled probe. To increase the sensitivity of the detection assay a commercial chromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction assay was Compared with a nested PCR approach. Both methods allowed detection of less than 1 log(10) colony forming units (CFU)/g of C. perfringens strains harboring the enterotoxin gene, with no interference with the background microflora present in the raw ground beef. C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. NR 37 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 58 IS 2 BP 154 EP 159 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA QP353 UT WOS:A1995QP35300005 ER PT J AU FRATAMICO, PM WHITING, RC AF FRATAMICO, PM WHITING, RC TI ABILITY OF BDELLOVIBRIO-BACTERIOVORUS 109J TO LYSE GRAM-NEGATIVE FOOD-BORNE PATHOGENIC AND SPOILAGE BACTERIA SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE BDELLOVIBRIOS BACTERIOVORUS 109J; LYSE GRAM-NEGATIVE; ESCHERICHIA COLI AB Bdellovibrios are a group of aerobic, predatory bacteria which attack, penetrate and grow in many species of gram-negative bacteria, causing the lysis of the invaded prey organism, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus strain 109J varied in its ability to lyse 32 bacterial strains comprising six genera of food-borne pathogens and spoilage organisms. The reduction in the levels of the prey bacteria ranged from 0.1 to 7.7 log-values after 7 h of incubation at 30 degrees C. Escherichia coli strain 2239-69 (pathogenic serotype 026:H11) was lysed most effectively at temperatures between 30 and 37 degrees C, however, lysis also occurred at 12 and 19 degrees C when the incubation period was extended to 24 h. Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus was effective in reducing the level of E. coli 2239-69 at pH 5.6 to 8.6. Increasing the Bdellovibrio: E. coli ratio resulted in a more rapid E. coli reduction, This study demonstrated the potential usefulness of bdellovibrios for the biological control of pathogenic and spoilage organisms in foods. RP FRATAMICO, PM (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,MICROBIAL FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 18 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 7 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 58 IS 2 BP 160 EP 164 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA QP353 UT WOS:A1995QP35300006 ER PT J AU GOBSTER, PH AF GOBSTER, PH TI LEOPOLD,ALDO ECOLOGICAL AESTHETIC - INTEGRATING AESTHETIC AND BIODIVERSITY VALUES SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article ID SCENIC-BEAUTY AB Public demands of the 1960s and 1970s opened the door to a new era of managing public forests for non-commodity values. Esthetics was an important concern, and although the fit has not always been a smooth one, active planning efforts and research programs have greatly increased our ability to include esthetic values in multiple-use management. More recent public demands have led to expanded noncommodity values, and new forestry and ecosystem management strategies have arisen to address such concerns as biodiversity. Attention has focused on integrating biodiversity concerns with timber production and other commodity outputs, but little has been said about potential conflicts in managing for diverse noncommodity values such as biodiversity and esthetics. This paper demonstrates that such conflicts can occur and suggests how we can better integrate seemingly disparate values. These ideas stem in large part from the philosophy of Aldo Leopold, who saw an intimate link between the beauty of the land and its ecological integrity. RP GOBSTER, PH (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,5801 N PULASKI RD,CHICAGO,IL 60646, USA. RI Gobster, Paul/A-2826-2013 OI Gobster, Paul/0000-0002-8576-0310 NR 19 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 6 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 93 IS 2 BP 6 EP 10 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA QE008 UT WOS:A1995QE00800007 ER PT J AU BACON, W AF BACON, W TI CREATING AN ATTRACTIVE LANDSCAPE THROUGH VIEWSHED MANAGEMENT SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB Creative silvicultural prescriptions and timber harvest can achieve attractive scenic character throughout a travel corridor. Viewsheds-the view of a landscape from a single point such as an overlook, camp, or picnic grounds-can display the cumulative effects of timber harvest and management activities and provide attractive landscapes for human enjoyment. Viewsheds and corridor viewsheds-a series of views along a road, trail, or waterway-are special places for visitors and residents. People know and relate to them by name and through memories of previous visits. Viewsheds are unique and important because they can be managed as a sequence of interrelated spaces-the way visitors experience them. RP BACON, W (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,POB 3623,PORTLAND,OR 97208, USA. NR 3 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 93 IS 2 BP 26 EP 28 PG 3 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA QE008 UT WOS:A1995QE00800012 ER PT J AU ETSCHEID, M TOUSIGNANT, ME KAPER, JM AF ETSCHEID, M TOUSIGNANT, ME KAPER, JM TI SMALL SATELLITE OF ARABIS MOSAIC-VIRUS - AUTOLYTIC PROCESSING OF IN-VITRO TRANSCRIPTS OF (+) AND (-) POLARITY AND INFECTIVITY OF (+) STRAND TRANSCRIPTS SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID YELLOW MOTTLE VIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; PHOSPHODIESTER BOND; INFECTED TISSUE; PLANT-VIRUSES; RNA MOLECULES; SELF-CLEAVAGE AB In vitro RNA transcripts of both (+) and (-) polarities were obtained from a circularly permuted dimer clone of the small satellite of arabis mosaic virus (sArMV). The transcripts show efficient self-cleavage at the two specific sites in the sequence where the monomers were joined. Autolytic processing of the full-length transcript in both orientations releases promoter-proximate fragments (+) or (-) P, promoter-distal fragments(+) or (-) D, and the monomer fragments (+) or (-) M. The presence of an OH group at their 5' ends and a 2',3' cyclophosphate at their 3' ends suggests that (+) and (-) M originated via two self-cleavage reactions within the full-length transcript of corresponding polarity. Infectivity assays showed that the (+) M fragment but not the (-) M fragment initiates replication as efficiently as the natural linear sArMV in Chenopodium quinoa. Two (-) fragments were identified which are the result of religation activity: a P-D fragment formed by religation of P and D, and c-M, which is the result of efficient self-ligation of (-) M. In contrast, linear (+) M self-ligates in vitro to a very limited extent but could be circularized enzymically in a wheat germ extract. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST PLANT SCI,MOLEC PLANT PATHOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 39 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA HARVEST HOUSE 62 LONDON ROAD, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 5AS SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 76 BP 271 EP 282 DI 10.1099/0022-1317-76-2-271 PN 2 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA QG433 UT WOS:A1995QG43300004 PM 7531215 ER PT J AU ARNOLD, JG WILLIAMS, JR MAIDMENT, DR AF ARNOLD, JG WILLIAMS, JR MAIDMENT, DR TI CONTINUOUS-TIME WATER AND SEDIMENT ROUTING MODEL FOR LARGE BASINS SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB Simulation models are needed to evaluate the impact of changes in land use and agricultural management on streamflow and sediment yields from watersheds and river basins. Current agricultural-management models are limited by spatial scale, and river-basin models do not simulate land use and management adequately to evaluate management strategies. A model called ROTO (routing outputs to the outlet) was developed to estimate water and sediment yield on large basins (several thousand square miles). ROTO is a continuous model operating on a daily time step that accepts inputs from continuous-time soil-water balance models. Components for water and sediment movement in channels and reservoirs are developed within a comprehensive basin-scale agricultural management model. The model is validated on three different spatial scales: the small watershed, watershed, and river basin. At the small watershed scale, ARS station G (17.7 kg(2)) at Riesel, Texas, is used for validation of water and sediment yields. White Rock Lake watershed (257 km(2)) near Dallas was simulated and model output was compared to USGS streamflow and reservoir sedimentation data. The Lower Colorado River basin was simulated and compared to measured USGS streamflow data to test the model on a relatively large river basin (9,000 km(2)). C1 UNIV TEXAS,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,AUSTIN,TX 78712. RP ARNOLD, JG (reprint author), USDA ARS,808 E BLACKLAND RD,TEMPLE,TX 76502, USA. NR 18 TC 113 Z9 138 U1 5 U2 21 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD FEB PY 1995 VL 121 IS 2 BP 171 EP 183 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1995)121:2(171) PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA QD422 UT WOS:A1995QD42200007 ER PT J AU SIDLE, RC KITAHARA, H TERAJIMA, T NAKAI, Y AF SIDLE, RC KITAHARA, H TERAJIMA, T NAKAI, Y TI EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF PIPEFLOW ON THROUGHFLOW PARTITIONING SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER; FLOW; SOIL AB Recent research has revealed that natural soil pipes provide important pathways for subsurface movement of water and solutes, as well as contributing to landslide initiation. A bench-scale experiment (in a sloping box 1 m in length) was conducted with a uniform sand to evaluate the effect of pipeflow on the overall hydrologic regime. A single drainage pipe (13 mm inside diameter (ID)) composed of five 20 cm segments, each with a different roughness coefficient (Manning's n), was placed 5 cm above the base of the 12.8 degrees sloping box. Roughness elements were arranged in four different spatial combinations during hydraulic experiments. Piezometric levels were highest and pipeflow was lowest when the high-roughness (n = 0.325) portion of the pipe was located at the downslope end of the box. Measured values of pipeflow for different hydraulic gradients in each experiment were related to piezometric head above the pipe raised to the 0.32-0.42 power. Pipeflow was proportional to matrix flow in the soil above the pipe raised to the power of 0.4-0.6. These findings may be useful in estimating pipeflow in uniform soils and in validating two-domain models involving preferential flow in soils. C1 FORESTRY & FOREST PROD RES INST,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN. HOKKAIDO RES CTR,FFPRI,TOYOHIRA KU,SAPPORO,HOKKAIDO 062,JAPAN. RP SIDLE, RC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,860 N 1200 E,LOGAN,UT 84321, USA. NR 28 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 165 IS 1-4 BP 207 EP 219 DI 10.1016/0022-1694(94)02563-Q PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA QE038 UT WOS:A1995QE03800011 ER PT J AU BURTON, JL KEHRLI, ME KAPIL, S HORST, RL AF BURTON, JL KEHRLI, ME KAPIL, S HORST, RL TI REGULATION OF L-SELECTIN AND CD18 ON BOVINE NEUTROPHILS BY GLUCOCORTICOIDS - EFFECTS OF CORTISOL AND DEXAMETHASONE SO JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INFLAMMATION; MASTITIS; INTEGRIN; CD11/CD18; SELECTIN ID LEUKOCYTE ADHESION DEFICIENCY; PLATELET-ACTIVATING-FACTOR; ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; PERIPARTURIENT HYPOCALCEMIA; HOLSTEIN CATTLE; IMMUNE-SYSTEM; MIGRATION; INVIVO; COWS; CORTICOSTEROIDS AB The responsiveness of bovine neutrophil L-selectin and CD18 to in vivo glucocorticoid administration was characterized by flow cytometric analysis. Blood was sampled intensively from dairy cows treated for 3 days with placebo, cortisol, or dexamethasone. Immunostaining was performed on whole blood (100 mu l) that was left unstimulated or was stimulated with platelet-activating factor (PAF; 1 mu g/ml blood) prior to incubation with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated monoclonal antibodies against L-selectin and CD18. Results were expressed as the percentage of positive-staining cells and as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of those cells. Total leukocyte count and leukocyte differentials were also performed on all blood samples. Dexamethasone caused nearly complete down-regulation of L-selectin (P <.01) on the surface of gated cells and reduced to half the MFI of CD18 (P <.01). Compared with values for the placebo group, dexamethasone began to cause L-selectin downregulation within 8 h after the first injection and these effects persisted until 48 h after the third injection. This was correlated in time with an acute reduction in the proportion of cells that stained positive for L-selectin (from 98% before dexamethasone injections to a low of 17% by 40 h after the first injection). Dexamethasone also caused leukocytosis and neutrophilia during this time interval. In contrast, CD18 down-regulation was delayed until 16 h after the second dexamethasone injection and persisted for roughly 8 days. However, at no time during the experiment did dexamethasone influence the proportion of gated cells staining positive for CD18 (always 100%). Effects of cortisol were generally similar in pattern to those of dexamethasone but were more subtle and more readily detected when PAF was added to blood prior to immunostaining. These results strongly suggest that one mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids is to induce dramatic down-regulation of L-selectin and CD18 adhesion molecules on blood neutrophils. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ANIM SCI,AMES,IA 50011. RP BURTON, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,POB 70,2300 DAYTON AVE,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 37 TC 194 Z9 198 U1 0 U2 12 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0741-5400 J9 J LEUKOCYTE BIOL JI J. Leukoc. Biol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 57 IS 2 BP 317 EP 325 PG 9 WC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology SC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology GA QF778 UT WOS:A1995QF77800019 PM 7531748 ER PT J AU MOON, JK VOHRA, FA JIMENEZ, OSV PUYAU, MR BUTTE, NF AF MOON, JK VOHRA, FA JIMENEZ, OSV PUYAU, MR BUTTE, NF TI CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL OF CARBON-DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION AND PRESSURE IMPROVES RESPONSE OF ROOM RESPIRATION CALORIMETERS SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE INDIRECT CALORIMETER; OXYGEN CONSUMPTION; CARBON DIOXIDE PRODUCTION; HUMANS ID ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; TROPICS AB Large room calorimeters are capable of rapid measurements that are usually made in hoods or small rooms. We evaluated the performance gains of four calorimeters constructed with modern control systems, sample gas preparation and data processing. Calibration of the calorimeters and instruments was performed in place, with traceability to international standards. Performance was evaluated by infusion of N-2-CO2 gas and 243 24-h studies of individuals. Our subjects included children weighing 20 kg and adults engaged in heavy exercise. Errors for 24-h infusion measurements (n = 23) were -0.34 +/- 1.24% for oxygen consumption rate and 0.11 +/- 0.98% for carbon dioxide production rate. Calorimeter 90% response times were 2 to 6 min over a range of oxygen consumption rates from 100 to >4000 mL/min. Closed-loop control of supply and exhaust air flows provided consistent 24-h mean CO2 levels (0.39 +/- 0.015%) and pressures (13.2 +/- 4.4 Pa). Room calorimeters operated with closed-loop control can be used for accurate measurement of energy expenditure rate dynamics for a wide range of individuals. RP MOON, JK (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. NR 19 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 125 IS 2 BP 220 EP 228 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA QE851 UT WOS:A1995QE85100009 PM 7861249 ER PT J AU PRIOR, RL GROSS, KL AF PRIOR, RL GROSS, KL TI DIETARY ARGININE DEFICIENCY AND GUT AMMONIUM INFUSION ALTER FLUX OF UREA CYCLE INTERMEDIATES ACROSS THE PORTAL-DRAINED VISCERA OF PIGS SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE ORNITHINE; AMMONIA; PIGS; CITRULLINE; INTERORGAN FLUX ID AMINO-ACID; NITRIC-OXIDE; PYRROLINE-5-CARBOXYLATE SYNTHASE; ENZYMOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; INTESTINAL-MUCOSA; OROTIC ACIDURIA; PROTEIN INTAKE; LIVER; GLUTAMINE; ORNITHINE AB The objective of these experiments in pigs were to test the hypotheses that 1) gut synthetic processes could adapt to additional dietary glutamate or ornithine to meet tissue needs for arginine with feeding arginine-deficient diets and 2) acute elevation of ammonium in the hepatic-portal blood leads to increased glutamine production. Arterial [117 +/- 5.3 (arginine-deficient) vs. 78 +/- 5 (arginine-adequate) mu mol/L] and portal ammonium concentrations were elevated in pigs fed arginine-deficient diets. Dietary ornithine, which elevated portal-drained visceral flux of ornithine, corrected the urinary erotic aciduria, but not the hyperammonemia seen with feeding arginine-deficient diets. Concentrations or portal drained viscera fluxes of arginine, ornithine, glutamate and glutamine were not altered even though portal and arterial ammonium concentrations were increased 8- and 3.5-fold with mesenteric infusion of ammonium. It was concluded that 1) substitution of glutamate for glycine or alanine does not alter gut production of ornithine, citrulline or arginine; 2) gut citrulline production is not altered by levels of dietary arginine, ornithine or glutamate; 3) increased ammonium challenge does not lead to increased glutamine production even though peripheral ammonium levels increased over threefold; and 4) provision of arginine for tissue needs will have to be met from dietary sources, as adaptations in gut synthetic processes seem to be refractory to dietary arginine status. RP PRIOR, RL (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,USDA ARS,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 37 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 125 IS 2 BP 251 EP 263 PG 13 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA QE851 UT WOS:A1995QE85100012 PM 7861252 ER PT J AU DUBEY, JP THULLIEZ, P POWELL, EC AF DUBEY, JP THULLIEZ, P POWELL, EC TI TOXOPLASMA-GONDII IN IOWA SOWS - COMPARISON OF ANTIBODY-TITERS TO ISOLATION OF TOXOPLASMA-GONDII BY BIOASSAYS IN MICE AND CATS SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AGGLUTINATION-TEST; INFECTION; DIAGNOSIS; STRAINS AB Hearts of 1,000 pigs killed at an abattoir in Iowa were bioassayed for the prevalence of tissue cysts of Toxoplasma gondii. One hundred grams of cardiac muscle from each pig was homogenized, digested in pepsin solution, and bioassayed in 10 mice. Five hundred grams of heart tissue from each of a subset of 183 pigs was also bioassayed in cats. Serum collected from the heart from each pig was assayed for anti-T. gondii antibodies in the modified agglutination test using formalin-fixed whole tachyzoites. Anti-T. gondii antibodies were found in 22.2% of pigs. Viable T. gondii was isolated from a total of 170 pigs; from 50 hearts by bioassay in mice, from 58 hearts by bioassay in both mice and cats, and from 62 pigs by bioassay in cats only. The success of isolation in cats (65.6%) was approximately twice that in mice (31.7%). Percentage of isolations of T. gondii with respect to reciprocal antibody liters (in parentheses) in pigs was: 3.7% (<20), 37.1% (20), 38.1% (40), 60% (80), 75% (200), 77% (400), 83% (800), and 75.8% (greater than or equal to 2,000 to 16,000). RP DUBEY, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,LPSI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 20 TC 104 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 81 IS 1 BP 48 EP 53 DI 10.2307/3284004 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA QH938 UT WOS:A1995QH93800008 PM 7876977 ER PT J AU HARP, JA GOFF, JP AF HARP, JA GOFF, JP TI PROTECTION OF CALVES WITH A VACCINE AGAINST CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENT MICE; GAMMA-INTERFERON; INFECTION; TRANSMISSION; RESISTANCE; MODEL AB Cryptosporidium parvum causes enteric infection and diarrhea in calves, other species of economically important livestock, and humans. There are no effective treatments currently licensed for this parasite, and preventive measures are difficult. In addition to direct economic losses to the cattle industry, infected calves may contaminate water supplies with oocysts and contribute to human cryptosporidiosis. We have developed a vaccine offering partial protection against C. parvum infection in calves. Nine calves received an oral preparation of lyophilized C. parvum oocysts shortly after birth, and 10 calves served as nonvaccinated controls. All calves received colostrum. At 1 wk of age, all calves were administered 10(4) viable C. parvum oocysts orally. Clinical disease and oocyst shedding were monitored daily. Mean duration of diarrhea was 4 days for control calves and 1.7 days for vaccinated calves. Mean duration of oocyst shedding was 5.3 days for control calves and 2 days for vaccinated calves. These differences were statistically significant and suggest that this vaccine has the potential to reduce diarrhea and oocyst shedding caused by C. parvum. RP HARP, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 29 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 81 IS 1 BP 54 EP 57 DI 10.2307/3284005 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA QH938 UT WOS:A1995QH93800009 PM 7876978 ER PT J AU HOBERG, EP LLOYD, S OMAR, H AF HOBERG, EP LLOYD, S OMAR, H TI LIBYOSTRONGYLUS DENTATUS N-SP (NEMATODA, TRICHOSTRONGYLIDAE) FROM OSTRICHES IN NORTH-AMERICA, WITH COMMENTS ON THE GENERA LIBYOSTRONGYLUS AND PARALIBYOSTRONGYLUS SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOUGLASSI AB Libyostrongylus dentatus sp. n. is described from ostriches on farms from North Carolina and Texas. Nematodes were recovered from the posterior proventriculus and under the koilon lining of the gizzard; the parasites occurred in mixed infections with Libyostrongylus douglassii. The species is distinguished from congeners by the presence of a prominent, dorsal, esophageal tooth; in males by the structure of the dorsal ray and spicules; and in females by small eggs (52-62 mu m in length), a sublateral vulva situated at 93% of the body length from the anterior, and a strongly curled, digitate, tail with cuticular inflations at the anus. Conflicts in the generic diagnoses of Libyostrongylus and Paralibyostrongylus were apparent, based on the structure of the dorsal ray or position of rays 3-5 of the copulatory bursa. These can only be resolved based on phylogenetic analyses of the 11 nominal species referred to these genera. RP HOBERG, EP (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BIOSYST & NATL PARASITE COLLECT UNIT,BLDG 1180,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 21 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 81 IS 1 BP 85 EP 93 DI 10.2307/3284011 PG 9 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA QH938 UT WOS:A1995QH93800015 PM 7876985 ER PT J AU LEVANDER, OA FONTELA, R MORRIS, VC AGER, AL AF LEVANDER, OA FONTELA, R MORRIS, VC AGER, AL TI PROTECTION AGAINST MURINE CEREBRAL MALARIA BY DIETARY-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; E-DEFICIENT DIET; VITAMIN-E; FISH-OIL; INFECTED ERYTHROCYTES; PLASMODIUM-YOELII; MICE; SUPPLEMENTATION; TOCOPHEROL; QINGHAOSU AB Feeding 20% (w/w) menhaden-fish oil in a standard laboratory chow diet for 4 wk partially protected CBA/CaJ mice from the central nervous system consequences of infection with Plasmodium berghei (ANKA). Full protection (complete survival for 14 days postinfection) could be obtained by feeding a purified pro-oxidant vitamin E-deficient diet containing 4% (w/w) menhaden oil (MO - VE diet). The purified pro-oxidant MO - VE diet also exerted a pronounced suppressive effect against the parasite (depressed 6-day parasitemias). The antimalarial effect of the MO - VE diet could be prevented by supplementing the diet with vitamin E or with either of 2 synthetic antioxidants, N,N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine or probucol. These results suggest that the fish oil exerts its antimalarial effect by imposing a dietary-induced oxidative stress on the infected host erythrocyte, the parasite, or both. Nutritional manipulation of host oxidative stress status may be a useful adjunct therapy in patients undergoing treatment with pro-oxidant antimalarials such as drugs of the qinghaosu family. RP LEVANDER, OA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS & FUNCT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 27 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 81 IS 1 BP 99 EP 103 DI 10.2307/3284013 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA QH938 UT WOS:A1995QH93800017 PM 7876987 ER PT J AU DUBEY, JP HUMPHREYS, JG THULLIEZ, P AF DUBEY, JP HUMPHREYS, JG THULLIEZ, P TI PREVALENCE OF VIABLE TOXOPLASMA-GONDII TISSUE CYSTS AND ANTIBODIES TO TOXOPLASMA-GONDII BY VARIOUS SEROLOGIC TESTS IN BLACK BEARS (URSUS-AMERICANUS) FROM PENNSYLVANIA SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Note ID INFECTIVITY; PORK AB During the hunting season of 1993, hearts from 28 black bears (Ursus americanus) from Pennsylvania were examined for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Serum samples from heart blood were examined for T. gondii antibodies by the use of the modified agglutination test (MAT), the Sabin-Feldman dye test (DT), the latex agglutination test (LAT), and the indirect hemagglutination test (IHA). One-hundred grams of myocardium from each bear were bioassayed in mice. Approximately 500 g of myocardium from 11 bears were fed to 11 cats, and feces from those cats were examined for T. gondii oocysts. Toxoplasma gondii MAT antibodies (greater than or equal to 1:40) were found in 22 bears in titers of 1:40 (4 bears), 1:80 (3 bears), 1:160 (7 bears), 1:320 (4 bears), and greater than or equal to 1:2,000 (4 bears). Antibodies to T. gondii by DT (greater than or equal to 1:10), LAT (greater than or equal to 1: 32), and IHA (greater than or equal to 1:64) tests were found in 21, 9, and 6 bears, respectively. All 6 bears that did not have T. gondii antibodies in MAT were also negative in DT, IHA, and LAT. Viable T.gondii was isolated from 3 bears by bioassays in mice and from an additional 7 bears by bioassays in cats. All 10 bears that had viable T. gondii had MAT and DT antibodies but only 6 and 5 of them had antibodies by LAT and IHA, respectively. C1 INDIANA UNIV PENN,DEPT BIOL,INDIANA,PA 15705. INST PUERICULTURE,TOXOPLASMOSE LAB,F-75014 PARIS,FRANCE. RP DUBEY, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 9 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 81 IS 1 BP 109 EP 112 DI 10.2307/3284018 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA QH938 UT WOS:A1995QH93800020 PM 7876963 ER PT J AU STEWART, RL HUMPHREYS, JG DUBEY, JP AF STEWART, RL HUMPHREYS, JG DUBEY, JP TI TOXOPLASMA-GONDII ANTIBODIES IN WOODCHUCKS (MARMOTA-MONAX) FROM PENNSYLVANIA SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Note AB Serum samples from 545 woodchucks Marmota monax from 22 counties in Pennsylvania were examined for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by the modified direct agglutination test. Fifty-one woodchucks (9.4%) had antibodies to T. gondii, with 10% at dilutions of 1:25, 2% at dilutions of 1:50, and 4% at dilutions of 1:500. This is the first report of T. gondii antibodies in woodchucks. C1 USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP STEWART, RL (reprint author), INDIANA UNIV PENN,DEPT BIOL,INDIANA,PA 15705, USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 81 IS 1 BP 126 EP 127 DI 10.2307/3284025 PG 2 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA QH938 UT WOS:A1995QH93800027 PM 7876971 ER PT J AU ZHOU, XH MINOCHA, R MINOCHA, SC AF ZHOU, XH MINOCHA, R MINOCHA, SC TI PHYSIOLOGICAL-RESPONSES OF SUSPENSION-CULTURES OF CATHARANTHUS-ROSEUS TO ALUMINUM - CHANGES IN POLYAMINES AND INORGANIC-IONS SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ARGININE DECARBOXYLASE; CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS; DNA SYNTHESIS; INORGANIC IONS; POLYAMINES; PUTRESCINE; SPERMIDINE; SPERMINE ID ABIES L KARST; CELL-CYCLE; SPRUCE SEEDLINGS; HELIANTHUS-TUBEROSUS; WHEAT-VARIETIES; FOREST DECLINE; DNA-SYNTHESIS; AMINO-ACID; GROWTH; ACCUMULATION AB The effects of aluminum (Al) treatment on polyamines were studied using suspension cultures of Madagascar periwinkle [Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don]. The addition of Al (0.2, 0.5, 1.0 mM) to the suspension cultures caused a significant increase in putrescine within 24h only in freshly transferred cells. By contrast, Al treatment reduced putrescine content at all other times (days 2-7). Further analysis showed that the largest increase in putrescine occurred at 6 h when Al was added at the time of transfer of cells to fresh medium. If Al treatment was delayed to as little as 3 h after transfer to fresh medium, the cellular level of putrescine decreased. While spermidine remained unchanged, spermine was significantly higher in the presence of Al in all cases. The inhibitory effect of Al on DNA synthesis also depended upon the time of its addition. Cellular Ca, Mg, and Mn decreased in response to Al given at the time of transfer to fresh media while Fe increased, and Na, K and P remained unchanged. The results indicate a critical physiological change in the response of cells to Al within a short time (about 3 h) after transfer to fresh medium. C1 UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,DEPT PLANT BIOL,DURHAM,NH 03824. US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,DURHAM,NH 03824. NR 41 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 1 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI STUTTGART PA WOLLGRASWEG 49 POSTFACH 72 01 43, D-70577 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 145 IS 3 BP 277 EP 284 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QG015 UT WOS:A1995QG01500013 ER PT J AU MTENGA, PV CRAMER, SM PEYROT, AH WOLFE, RW AF MTENGA, PV CRAMER, SM PEYROT, AH WOLFE, RW TI SYSTEM FACTORS FOR LIGHT-FRAME WOOD TRUSS ASSEMBLIES SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID LOAD-DISTRIBUTION MODEL; ROOF ASSEMBLIES; DESIGN; RELIABILITY AB Light-frame wood roof assemblies may be stronger than what the current single member design approach suggests because of repetitive member load sharing and partial composite action. These strengthening effects are partially addressed in the National Design Specification for Wood Construction through a repetitive use factor of 1.15, applied to the allowable bending stress for repetitive wood members. This paper examines the effect of load sharing and composite action on wood pitched-roof assemblies through a new analysis model. Individual truss and roof assembly strength distributions were computed using the new model. The results show that slope, span, and other truss characteristics cause significant changes in the system factor for a given roof structure configuration. Computed system factors are presented in terms suitable for working stress and reliability-based design methodologies. Computed working stress design system factors vary from 1.15 to over 1.50 for the roof structures studied, suggesting that the current 1.15 factor may be conservative for many roof structures. This conservatism must be retained until more sophisticated analysis models, such as the one proposed herein, are fully verified and accepted for design. C1 FLORIDA STATE UNIV,COLL ENGN,TALLAHASSEE,FL 32316. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,MADISON,WI 53706. FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI. RP MTENGA, PV (reprint author), FLORIDA A&M UNIV,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,TALLAHASSEE,FL 32316, USA. NR 27 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD FEB PY 1995 VL 121 IS 2 BP 290 EP 300 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1995)121:2(290) PG 11 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA QC849 UT WOS:A1995QC84900012 ER PT J AU CRESS, ME SCHECHTMAN, KB MULROW, CD FIATARONE, MA GERETY, MB BUCHNER, DM AF CRESS, ME SCHECHTMAN, KB MULROW, CD FIATARONE, MA GERETY, MB BUCHNER, DM TI RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE AND SELF-PERCEIVED PHYSICAL FUNCTION SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HEALTH-STATUS; FICSIT TRIALS; VALIDITY; SCALES; AIMS AB OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare two methods of measuring physical function in subjects with a broad range of abilities and to evaluate the effects of cognitive, social, educational, and age factors on the relationship between the two methods. DESIGN: Multiple regression analysis was used to compare self-perceived (dependent variables) with performance measures (independent variables). Covariates included age, gender, Mini-Mental State Exam score, education, living status, and depression score. SETTING: Five community-dwelling and two nursing home sites. PARTICIPANTS: 417 community-dwelling subjects and 200 nursing home residents aged 62-98 years. MEASUREMENTS: Self-perceived physical function was assessed with the physical dimension summary score of the Sickness Impact Profile, which comprises three subscales: ambulation, mobility, and body care and movement. Physical performance was evaluated by self-selected gait speed, chair-stand time, maximal grip strength, and a balance score. RESULTS: Nursing home residents and community-dwellers were significantly different (P < .0001) in all variables except age and gender. Self-perceived and performance-based measures were moderately correlated, with a range from r = -.194 to r = -.625 (P < .05). Gait speed was the strongest independent predictor of self-perceived physical function in both groups. Symptoms of depression were also an independent predictor of self-perceived function in nursing home residents; subjects who had such symptoms report more self-perceived dysfunction than would be predicted based on performance tests. CONCLUSIONS: Self-selected gait speed is a global indicator of self-perceived physical function over a broad range of abilities. External determinants (depressive symptoms, cognitive function, marital status, etc.) affect self-perceived function in both groups, but gait speed is the greatest single predictor of self-perceived function. In nursing home residents depressive symptomatology is related to self-perceived C1 WASHINGTON UNIV,ST LOUIS,MO. AUDIE L MURPHY MEM VET ADM MED CTR,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78284. HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP CRESS, ME (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON,HARBORVIEW MED CTR ZA87,325 9TH AVE,SEATTLE,WA 98104, USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [U-01AG09089] NR 27 TC 168 Z9 171 U1 4 U2 15 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0002-8614 J9 J AM GERIATR SOC JI J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 43 IS 2 BP 93 EP 101 PG 9 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA QF230 UT WOS:A1995QF23000001 PM 7836655 ER PT J AU SALTZMAN, JR KOWDLEY, KV PERRONE, G RUSSELL, RM AF SALTZMAN, JR KOWDLEY, KV PERRONE, G RUSSELL, RM TI CHANGES IN SMALL-INTESTINE PERMEABILITY WITH AGING SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 46th Annual Conference of the Gerontological-Society-of-America CY NOV 19-23, 1993 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Gerontol Soc Amer ID LACTULOSE MANNITOL TEST; CROHNS-DISEASE; ABSORPTIVE-CAPACITY; CELIAC-DISEASE; CARBOHYDRATE; RELATIVES; AGE AB OBJECTIVE: To evaluate small-intestine mucosal integrity and permeability with advancing age as measured by the lactulose/mannitol absorption test in healthy subjects. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Clinical research unit of the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging. STUDY PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-six subjects were recruited in three age groups: 20 to 39 years (n = 20), 40 to 59 years (n = 19), and greater than or equal to 60 years (n = 17). Subjects were healthy, community-dwelling volunteers. INTERVENTION: After an 8-hour fast, all subjects ingested 10 g of lactulose and 5 g of mannitol. Urine was collected for 6 hours and analyzed for lactulose and mannitol by high performance liquid chromatography. Twenty-four-hour urinary creatinine clearances were determined. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Percentages of lactulose and mannitol excreted, the lactulose/mannitol ratio (x100), and the 24-hour creatinine clearance. RESULTS: With increasing age, both the percentage of lactulose excreted (P = 0.09) and the percentage of mannitol excreted (P = 0.05) tended to decrease progressively. The lactulose/mannitol ratio (x100) did not change with increasing age (P = 0.65) because both the percentages of lactulose and mannitol excreted declined. The creatinine clearance decreased markedly with advancing age (P < .001) and accounted for the decline in percentages of lactulose and mannitol excreted (P < .02). CONCLUSIONS: There is a progressive decline in the ability to excrete lactulose and mannitol with increasing age. This is probably attributable to a decline in renal function with advancing age. However, because of parallel decreases in lactulose and mannitol excretion, the lactulose/mannitol ratio does not change. Thus small-intestine ''leakiness'' does not increase with aging as measured by the lactulose/mannitol absorption test. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 27 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0002-8614 J9 J AM GERIATR SOC JI J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 43 IS 2 BP 160 EP 164 PG 5 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA QF230 UT WOS:A1995QF23000011 PM 7836641 ER PT J AU SONNET, PE LANKIN, ME MCNEILL, GP AF SONNET, PE LANKIN, ME MCNEILL, GP TI REACTIONS OF DIOXIRANES WITH SELECTED OLEOCHEMICALS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE CHAIN FUNCTIONALIZATION; DIOXIRANE; EPOXIDATION; OLEIC ACID; RICINOLEIC ACID; TALLOW ID HYDROXY FATTY-ACIDS; MICROBIAL CONVERSION; CHEMISTRY; DIMETHYLDIOXIRANE; EPOXIDATION; LIPASES; OIL AB Reaction of fatty acids with dimethyldioxirane in acetone produces ketoacids in 9-12% yields in which the ketone carbonyl is distributed along the fatty chain. The n-1 position appears to be preferred. Lactones oi hydroxy fatty acids are oxidized by this reagent, but in low yields, to the corresponding ketoacids. Biphasic epoxidations with methylethyldioxirane in 2-butanone were conducted with methyl oleate and methyl ricinoleate to give the corresponding epoxides in high yield, and olive oil and tallow were cleanly epoxidized by this procedure as well. RP SONNET, PE (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 23 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 72 IS 2 BP 199 EP 204 DI 10.1007/BF02638900 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA QH314 UT WOS:A1995QH31400007 ER PT J AU MCNEILL, GP SONNET, PE AF MCNEILL, GP SONNET, PE TI ISOLATION OF ERUCIC-ACID FROM RAPESEED OIL BY LIPASE-CATALYZED HYDROLYSIS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE CANDIDA RUGOSA; ERUCIC ACID; GEOTRICHUM CANDIDUM; LIPASE; RAPESEED OIL ID FATTY-ACIDS; GEOTRICHUM-CANDIDUM; SELECTIVITY; SPECIFICITY AB Three lipases were compared for their ability to hydrolyze high erucic acid rapeseed oil, with the objective of concentrating the erucic acid in a single glyceride fraction. Lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia released all fatty acids rapidly and did not result in selective distribution of erucic acid. Geotrichum candidum lipase released C20 and C22 fatty acids extremely slowly, resulting in their accumulation in the di- and triglyceride fractions. Less than 2% of the total erucic acid was found in the free fatty acid (FFA) fraction. Lipase from Candida rugosa released erucic acid more slowly than C20 and C18 fatty acids at 35 degrees C but only resulted in a limited accumulation of the erucic acid in the di- and triglyceride fractions. However, when hydrolysis catalyzed by C, rugosa lipase was carried out below 20 degrees C, the reaction mixture solidified and was composed solely of FFAs and diglycerides. The diglyceride fraction contained approximately 95% erucic acid while about 20% of the total erucic acid was found in the FFA fraction. It is concluded that hydrolysis at low temperature with C. rugosa lipase results in a higher purity of erucic acid in the glyceride fraction than can be obtained with C. candidum lipase, but with considerable loss of erucic acid to the FFA fraction. RP MCNEILL, GP (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 12 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 72 IS 2 BP 213 EP 218 DI 10.1007/BF02638902 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA QH314 UT WOS:A1995QH31400009 ER PT J AU DEAN, HJ CHEUNG, AK AF DEAN, HJ CHEUNG, AK TI A DELETION AT THE U-L I-R JUNCTION REDUCES PSEUDORABIES VIRUS NEUROVIRULENCE SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Note ID TRIGEMINAL GANGLIA; GLYCOPROTEIN-GI; VIRULENCE; GENE; PIGS; IMMUNOGENICITY; NEUROTROPISM; TRANSCRIPTS; REPLICATION; SEARCH AB A recombinant pseudorabies virus (PRV), designated LLT beta Delta 2, which contains a 3-kbp deletion spanning the junction of the unique long and internal repeat sequences was constructed. Compared,vith the parental strain and a virus rescued for the deleted sequences, LLT beta Delta 2 exhibited similar replication characteristics in tissue culture. When inoculated intranasally in s,vine, LLT beta Delta 2 was significantly reduced in virulence and did not produce neurological signs characteristic of PRV infection. LLT beta Delta 2 replicated efficiently at the site of inoculation and in peripheral nervous tissues, but replication was restricted in the central nervous system. These results indicate the presence of a PRV neurovirulence determinant in the vicinity of the junction. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,VIROL SWINE RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 69 IS 2 BP 1334 EP 1338 PG 5 WC Virology SC Virology GA QB860 UT WOS:A1995QB86000095 PM 7815517 ER PT J AU NUNEZ, A PIAZZA, GJ AF NUNEZ, A PIAZZA, GJ TI ANALYSIS OF LIPOXYGENASE KINETICS BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH A POLYMER COLUMN SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID SOYBEAN LIPOXYGENASE-1; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; OXYGENATION; SEPARATION AB Soybean lipoxygenase (LOX; EC 1.12.11.12)catalyzes the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, acylglycerols and phosphoglycerols, producing a regio- and enantiospecific hydroperoxide product. The goal of this work was to measure the relative rate of LOX-catalyzed oxidation of mixtures of lipids containing linoleate, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and a light-scattering detector (LSD). Previous literature suggested that reversed-phase HPLC with silica-based columns could be used for the separation of individual fatty acids, acylglycerols, phosphoglycerides and their oxidation products. However, these columns produced ineffective separations of phosphoglycerides unless choline chloride and a strong base, such as KOH, are present in the mobile phase. Such modifiers precluded the use of the LSD. It was found that a reversed-phase column based upon an organic polymer support, rather than on silica, was able to separate these mixtures with a ternary solvent gradient of methanol/water/acetonitrile without the need for the addition of modifiers. The oxidation time course of a mixture of linoleic acid, trilinolein and 1-linoleoyl-2-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine was followed using the developed HPLC method. The results showed that trilinolein and phosphatidylcholine reacted at one-tenth the rate of linoleic acid. The diacylglycerol, 1,3-dilinolein, was oxidized at a rate that was approximately 40% that of linoleic acid, with the formation of mono- and dihydroperoxides as well as other unidentified products. RP NUNEZ, A (reprint author), USDA ARS,ERRC,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19118, USA. OI Piazza, George/0000-0003-4896-4928 NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD FEB PY 1995 VL 30 IS 2 BP 129 EP 133 DI 10.1007/BF02538265 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA QH524 UT WOS:A1995QH52400004 PM 7769968 ER PT J AU BYRDWELL, WC EMKEN, EA AF BYRDWELL, WC EMKEN, EA TI ANALYSIS OF TRIGLYCERIDES USING ATMOSPHERIC-PRESSURE CHEMICAL LONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY SO LIPIDS LA English DT Note ID CAPILLARY GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; TRIACYLGLYCEROLS; QUANTITATION; MIXTURES; LIPIDS AB Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCl) mass spectrometry was investigated as a new method for analysis of a mixture of triglycerides separated by reverse-phase highperformance liquid chromatography. A mixture of homogeneous (monoacid) triglyceride standards containing fatty acids with zero to three double bonds was analyzed to demonstrate the quality of mass spectra obtained by using the APCl interface. The mass spectra showed that minimal fragmentation occurs, resulting primarily in diglyceride [M - RCOO](+) ions and [M + 1](+) protonated molecular ions. The degree of unsaturation within the acyl chains had a marked effect on the proportion of diglyceride ions vs. the [M + 1](+) ions formed in the APCl source. The mass spectra of triglycerides containing fatty acids with two or three double bonds showed predominantly protonated triglyceride ions, with diglyceride peaks representing 13 to 25% of the base peak. The triglycerides containing singly unsaturated fatty acids gave diglyceride ions as the base peak, and [M + 1](+) ions with an intensity 20 to 28% that of the base peak. Only diglyceride ions were observable in the spectra of triglycerides containing saturated fatty acids. RP BYRDWELL, WC (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FQS,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. OI Byrdwell, William/0000-0001-8241-428X NR 21 TC 87 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD FEB PY 1995 VL 30 IS 2 BP 173 EP 175 DI 10.1007/BF02538272 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA QH524 UT WOS:A1995QH52400011 PM 7769975 ER PT J AU XIE, H ALEXANDER, LJ ROHRER, GA BEATTIE, CW TROYER, DL AF XIE, H ALEXANDER, LJ ROHRER, GA BEATTIE, CW TROYER, DL TI USE OF DISC-PCR AND FISH TO ASSIGN A LINKAGE GROUP TO PIG CHROMOSOME-10 SO MAMMALIAN GENOME LA English DT Note ID INSITU HYBRIDIZATION C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,COLL VET MED,DEPT ANAT & PHYSIOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0938-8990 J9 MAMM GENOME JI Mamm. Genome PD FEB PY 1995 VL 6 IS 2 BP 139 EP 141 DI 10.1007/BF00303261 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA QG121 UT WOS:A1995QG12100016 PM 7766999 ER PT J AU NEILL, JD SEAL, BS AF NEILL, JD SEAL, BS TI DEVELOPMENT OF PCR PRIMERS FOR SPECIFIC AMPLIFICATION OF 2 DISTINCT REGIONS OF THE GENOMES OF SAN-MIGUEL SEA-LION AND VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE VIRUSES SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PROBES LA English DT Article DE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; CALICIVIRUS; SMSV; VESV ID FELINE CALICIVIRUS GENOME; CAPSID PROTEIN GENE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE AB The San Miguel sea-lion viruses (SMSV) and vesicular exanthema of swine viruses (VESV) are members of the calicivirus family and aetiologic agents of vesicular disease in susceptible hosts. These two virus groups have been shown by several serological methods to be closely related antigenically. To further examine their relatedness, two sets of non-degenerate oligonucleotide primers were designed for the specific amplification of two distinct regions of the SMSV and VESV genomes using a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) protocol. The sequence of the primers were based on the nucleotide sequence of SMSV serotypes 1 and 4. The RNAs from a number of SMSV serotypes and a single VESV isolate were used as template in this study. These included SMSV serotypes 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13 and 14 and VESV serotype A,. Also included in this study were Tillamook calicivirus (Bos-1 calicivirus, BCV) and a recently isolated skunk calicivirus (SCV). The first primer set amplified a 357-bp fragment from the 2C-like or RNA-helicase-encoding region (11 of 11 viruses) and the second set amplified a fragment from the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase region (520 bp, 9 of 11 viruses). These primer sets did not amplify product from either feline calicivirus or mink calicivirus. The results of this study demonstrate the genetic relatedness of SMSV and VESV and the potential usefulness of RT-PCR to detect and identify these viruses in diagnostic and routine screening applications. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,VIROL SWINE RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. RP NEILL, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,VIROL CATTLE RES UNIT,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS (LONDON) LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0890-8508 J9 MOL CELL PROBE JI Mol. Cell. Probes PD FEB PY 1995 VL 9 IS 1 BP 33 EP 37 DI 10.1016/S0890-8508(95)90962-1 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology GA QJ528 UT WOS:A1995QJ52800005 PM 7760857 ER PT J AU VANDERMEER, RK MOREL, L AF VANDERMEER, RK MOREL, L TI ANT QUEENS DEPOSIT PHEROMONES AND ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS ON EGGS SO NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN LA English DT Note ID MONOMORIUM-PHARAONIS; SOCIAL INSECTS; FIRE ANTS; HYMENOPTERA; FORMICIDAE; SOLENOPSIS; MORPHOLOGY; BEHAVIOR; GLANDS C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT PATHOL & LAB MED,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610. RP VANDERMEER, RK (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 25 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0028-1042 J9 NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN JI Naturwissenschaften PD FEB PY 1995 VL 82 IS 2 BP 93 EP 95 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA QJ515 UT WOS:A1995QJ51500008 ER PT J AU TUCKER, K SPIRO, A WEISS, ST AF TUCKER, K SPIRO, A WEISS, ST TI VARIATION IN FOOD AND NUTRIENT INTAKES AMONG OLDER MEN - AGE, AND OTHER SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ELDERLY; DIET; AGING; SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS; MARITAL STATUS ID SUPPLEMENTS; POPULATION; PATTERNS; ENERGY AB Year 2000 Nutrition Objectives for the U.S. population include increased intake of fruits and vegetables and calcium, and decreased intakes of fat, saturated fat and alcohol. This study describes variation in intake of fats, fruits and vegetables, antioxidant vitamins, complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber, calcium and alcohol among 1161 male participants of the Normative Aging Study (NAS) in relation to age and socio-demographic factors. These subjects, aged 43-85 years in 1987-1992, are a subset of initially healthy men who enrolled in the NAS between 1961 and 1968. Dietary data were collected by food frequency questionnaire from 1987 through 1992. Intake measures were regressed on age, income, education, employment status, presence of a spouse in the home and self rated health status, and compared among sub-groups. Higher intakes of fruits, vegetables, and energy adjusted intakes of antioxidant vitamins and dietary fiber were generally associated with older age, higher education level and presence of a wife. Lower intakes of fat and cholesterol were seen among those with post-college level educations and among those not currently employed. These results suggest that messages and interventions aimed toward the Year 2000 nutrition objectives should be targeted particularly toward men in their 40s and 50s, to those without college education and to those living alone. C1 VET ADM NORMAT AGING STUDY,BOSTON,MA. HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,CHANNING LAB,BOSTON,MA 02115. RP TUCKER, K (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 15 IS 2 BP 161 EP 176 DI 10.1016/0271-5317(95)92582-5 PG 16 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA QF629 UT WOS:A1995QF62900002 ER PT J AU RYAN, MG GOWER, ST HUBBARD, RM WARING, RH GHOLZ, HL CROPPER, WP RUNNING, SW AF RYAN, MG GOWER, ST HUBBARD, RM WARING, RH GHOLZ, HL CROPPER, WP RUNNING, SW TI WOODY TISSUE MAINTENANCE RESPIRATION OF 4 CONIFERS IN CONTRASTING CLIMATES SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE MAINTENANCE RESPIRATION; WOODY-TISSUE RESPIRATION; CARBON BUDGETS; TEMPERATURE RESPONSE ID FOREST; DYNAMICS; MODEL; FLORIDA; BALANCE; STANDS; GROWTH; TREE; CO2 AB We estimate maintenance respiration for boles of four temperate conifers (ponderosa pine, western hemlock, red pine, and slash pine) from CO2, efflux measurements in autumn, when construction respiration is low or negligible. Maintenance respiration of stems was linearly related to sapwood volume for all species; at 10 degrees C, respiration per unit sapwood volume ranged from 4.8 to 8.3 mu mol CO2 m(-3) s(-1). For all sites combined, respiration increased exponentially with temperature (Q(10) = 1.7, r(2) = 0.78). We estimate that maintenance respiration of aboveground woody tissues of these conifers consumes 52-162 g C m(-2) y(-1), or 5-13% of net daytime carbon assimilation annually. The fraction of annual net daytime carbon fixation used for stem maintenance respiration increased linearly with the average annual temperature of the site. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT FORESTRY, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT FOREST SCI, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. UNIV FLORIDA, DEPT FORESTRY, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA. UNIV MONTANA, SCH FORESTRY, MISSOULA, MT 59812 USA. RP RYAN, MG (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN, 240 W PROSPECT ST, FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA. RI Ryan, Michael/A-9805-2008; Cropper, Jr., Wendell/E-5952-2010; Hubbard, Robert/J-6059-2012; Waring, Richared/C-4796-2014 OI Ryan, Michael/0000-0002-2500-6738; Cropper, Jr., Wendell/0000-0001-7851-7382; Waring, Richared/0000-0003-2533-3664 NR 46 TC 152 Z9 171 U1 4 U2 22 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD FEB PY 1995 VL 101 IS 2 BP 133 EP 140 DI 10.1007/BF00317276 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QH848 UT WOS:A1995QH84800001 PM 28306783 ER PT J AU DIEHL, KE STOLLER, EW BARRETT, M AF DIEHL, KE STOLLER, EW BARRETT, M TI IN-VIVO AND IN-VITRO INHIBITION OF NICOSULFURON METABOLISM BY TERBUFOS METABOLITES IN MAIZE SO PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CORN ZEA-MAYS; GLYCINE-MAX; INSECTICIDE; DPX-V9360; FIELD AB Reduced maize tolerance to nicosulfuron [2-(((((4,6-dimethyoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino)carbonyl)amino)sulfonyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide], a sulfonylurea herbicide, occurred when the herbicide was applied following terbufos (S-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)thio]methyl]O,O-diethyl phosphorodithioate) insecticide. To determine the mechanism of this interaction, the effect of terbufos on the metabolism of nicosulfuron was studied in whole plants and in an in vitro microsomal system from maize. Terbufos applied in the nutrient solution of hydroponically grown maize 36 hr prior to herbicide application increased nicosulfuron uptake 4% 48 hr after treatment. Nicosulfuron metabolism decreased by 10 and 15%, respectively, for the 0.45 and 4.5 mu M terbufos treatments 24 hr after application. Plants grown in the presence of the terbufos oxidative metabolites, terbufos-sulfoxide (phosphorodithioic acid S-[(tert-butylsulfinyl)methyl]O,O-diethyl ester) and terbufos-sulfone (phosphorodithioic acid S-[[(1,1-dimethylethyl)sulfonyl]methyl]O,O-diethyl ester), had 22 and 55% reductions in nicosulfuron metabolism, respectively, at 24 hr after herbicide application. In microsomal preparations, terbufos-SO and terbufos-SF severely inhibited cytochrome P450 mediated hydroxylation of nicosulfuron while terbufos had a lesser effect. Terbufos-SF was more inhibitory in vitro than terbufos-SO. Terbufos-SO and terbufos-SF reduced nicosulfuron tolerance in maize by inhibiting the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases involved in nicosulfuron hydroxylation. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc. C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,LEXINGTON,KY. RP DIEHL, KE (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,USDA ARS,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 29 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0048-3575 J9 PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYS JI Pest. Biochem. Physiol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 51 IS 2 BP 137 EP 149 DI 10.1006/pest.1995.1014 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA QT406 UT WOS:A1995QT40600006 ER PT J AU FISCUS, EL BOOKER, FL AF FISCUS, EL BOOKER, FL TI IS INCREASED UV-B A THREAT TO CROP PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND PRODUCTIVITY SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE DOSIMETRY; PHOTOREACTIVATION; PHOTOPROTECTION; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; PS II; UV-B PROTOCOLS ID CULTURED PARSLEY CELLS; RADIATION 280-320 NM; PHOTON FLUX-DENSITY; ULTRAVIOLET-B; NET PHOTOSYNTHESIS; FIELD CONDITIONS; PISUM-SATIVUM; STRATOSPHERIC OZONE; ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; PLANT-SENSITIVITY AB It has been suggested that increases in ground-level UV-B, as a result of stratospheric ozone depletion, may have major deleterious effects on crop photosynthesis and productivity. The direct consequences of such effects have been projected by some as a world-wide decrease in crop yields of 20-25%. Further losses, or unrealized gains, have also been suggested as a result of increased UV-B counteracting the beneficial effects of elevated atmospheric CO2. Deleterious W-B effects may be largely partitioned between damage to the plant genome and damage to the photosynthetic machinery. Direct damage to DNA is a common result of absorption of high energy UV-B photons. However, most plants possess repair mechanisms adequate to deal with the levels of damage expected from projected increases in ground-level UV-B. In addition, most plants have the ability to increase production of UV-absorbing compounds in their leaves as a result of exposure to UV-B, UV-A and visible radiation. These compounds contribute substantially to reducing UV-B damage in situ. It has also been shown that in some plants, under the proper conditions, almost every facet of the photosynthetic machinery can be damaged directly by very high UV-B exposures. However, electron transport, mediated by Photosystem II (PS II) appears to be the most sensitive part of the system. Various laboratories have reported damage to virtually all parts of the PS II complex from the Mn binding site to the plastoquinone acceptor sites on the opposite surface of the thylakoid membrane. However, a critical review of the literature with emphasis on exposure protocols and characterization of the radiation environment, revealed that most growth chamber and greenhouse experiments and very many field experiments have been conducted at unrealistic or indeterminate UV-B exposure levels, especially with regard to the spectral balance of their normal radiation environment. Thus, these experiments have led directly to large overestimates of the potential for damage to crop photosynthesis and yield within the context of 100 year projections for stratospheric ozone depletion. Indeed, given the massive UVB exposures necessary to produce many of these effects, we suggest it is unlikely that they would occur in a natural setting and urge reconsideration of the purported impacts of projected increases of UV-B on crop productivity. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, DEPT CROP SCI, RALEIGH, NC 27606 USA. RP FISCUS, EL (reprint author), USDA ARS, AIR QUAL RES UNIT, 1509 VARS DR, RALEIGH, NC 27606 USA. RI Strid, Ake/E-5309-2012 OI Strid, Ake/0000-0003-3315-8835 NR 77 TC 159 Z9 174 U1 0 U2 20 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 EI 1573-5079 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 43 IS 2 BP 81 EP 92 DI 10.1007/BF00042965 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA RD408 UT WOS:A1995RD40800002 PM 24306741 ER PT J AU OXBOROUGH, K ORT, DR AF OXBOROUGH, K ORT, DR TI IN-SITU EVIDENCE THAT CHILLING IN THE LIGHT DOES NOT CAUSE UNCOUPLING OF PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION OR DETACHMENT OF COUPLING FACTOR IN CHILLING-SENSITIVE PLANTS SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ATP SYNTHESIS; CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; CUCUMBER; ELECTROCHROMIC CHANGE ID CUCUMIS-SATIVUS L; CHLOROPLAST ATP SYNTHASE; HIGH-ENERGY STATE; CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; PHOTOSYSTEM-II; REDOX STATE; MEMBRANE ENERGIZATION; SPINACH THYLAKOIDS; LOW-TEMPERATURES; PROTON CHANNEL AB The potential involvement of impaired photophosphorylation in the chilling sensitivity of photosynthesis in warm climate plant species has been a topic of investigation for more than two decades. With recent advances in the analysis of photosynthetic energy transduction in intact leaves, experiments are now possible that either address or avoid important uncertainties in the significance and interpretation of earlier in vitro work. Nevertheless, different laboratories using different techniques to analyze the effects of chilling in the light on photophosphorylation in intact cucumber (Cucumis sativus) leaves have come to very different conclusions regarding the role of impaired ATP formation capacity in the inhibition of net photosynthesis. In order to evaluate these discrepancies and bring this issue to a final resolution, in this investigation, we have made a detailed analysis of the decay of the flash-induced electrochromic shift and changes in chlorophyll fluorescence yield in cucumber leaves before, during and after a 5 h light-chill at chill temperatures of between 4 and 10 degrees C. We feel that our findings address the major discrepancies in both data and interpretation as well as provide convincing evidence that photophosphorylation is not disrupted in cucumber leaves during or after light and chilling exposure. It follows that impaired photophosphorylation is not a contributing element to the inhibition of net photosynthesis that is widely observed in warm climate plants as a result of chilling in the light. C1 USDA ARS, PHOTOSYNTH RES UNIT, URBANA, IL 61801 USA. UNIV ILLINOIS, DEPT PLANT BIOL, URBANA, IL 61801 USA. UNIV ILLINOIS, DEPT AGRON, URBANA, IL 61801 USA. NR 44 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 43 IS 2 BP 93 EP 105 DI 10.1007/BF00042966 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA RD408 UT WOS:A1995RD40800003 PM 24306742 ER PT J AU MARTTILA, S JONES, BL MIKKONEN, A AF MARTTILA, S JONES, BL MIKKONEN, A TI DIFFERENTIAL LOCALIZATION OF 2 ACID PROTEINASES IN GERMINATING BARLEY (HORDEUM-VULGARE) SEED SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE ASPARTIC PROTEINASE; BARLEY; CYSTEINE PROTEINASE; HORDEUM VULGARE; IMMUNOLOCALIZATION ID GRAIN ASPARTIC PROTEINASE; CYSTEINE ENDOPEPTIDASE; ALEURONE LAYERS; THIOL PROTEASE; CATHEPSIN-D; RICE SEEDS; EXPRESSION; PURIFICATION; ENDOPROTEINASE; MOBILIZATION AB A cathepsin D-like aspartic proteinase (EC 3.4.23) is abundant in ungerminated barley (Hordeum vulgare) seed while a 30 kDa cysteine endoproteinase (EC 3.4.22) is one of the proteinases synthesized de novo in the germinating seed. In this work, the localization of these two acid proteinases was studied at both the tissue and subcellular levels by immunomicroscopy. The results confirm that they have completely different functions. The aspartic proteinase was present in the ungerminated seed and, during germination, it appeared in all the living tissues of the grain, including the shoot and root. Contrary to previous suggestions, it was not observed in the starchy endosperm. By immunoblotting, the high molecular mass form of the enzyme (32+16 kDa) was found in all the living tissues, whereas the low molecular mass form (29+11 kDa) was not present in the shoot or root, indicating that the two enzyme forms have different physiological roles. The aspartic proteinase was localized first in the scutellar protein bodies of germinating seed, and later in the vacuoles which are formed by fusion of the protein bodies. In contrast to the aspartic proteinase, the expression of the 30 kDa cysteine proteinase began during the first germination day, and it was secreted into the starchy endosperm; first from the scutellum and later from the aleurone layer. It was not found in either shoots or roots. The 30 kDa cysteine proteinase was detected in the Golgi apparatus and in the putative secretory vesicles of the scutellar epithelium. These results suggest that the aspartic proteinase functions only in the living tissues of the grain, as opposed to the 30 kDa cysteine proteinase which is apparently one of the proteases initiating the hydrolysis of storage proteins in the starchy endosperm. C1 USDA ARS,CEREAL CROPS RES UNIT,MADISON,WI 53705. RP MARTTILA, S (reprint author), UNIV JYVASKYLA,DEPT BIOL & ENVIRONM SCI,POB 35,SF-40351 JYVASKYLA,FINLAND. NR 34 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 93 IS 2 BP 317 EP 327 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1995.930217.x PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QH296 UT WOS:A1995QH29600017 ER PT J AU PENNYPACKER, BW KNIEVEL, DP RISIUS, ML LEATH, KT AF PENNYPACKER, BW KNIEVEL, DP RISIUS, ML LEATH, KT TI IMPACT OF VERTICILLIUM-ALBO-ATRUM AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHOTON FLUX-DENSITY ON RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE OXYGENASE IN RESISTANT ALFALFA SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE LUCERNE; MEDICAGO SATIVA; RESISTANCE MECHANISMS; VERTICILLIUM WILT ID GAS-EXCHANGE; LEAVES; PLANTS; ACTIVATION; RUBISCO; ASSIMILATION; DAHLIAE; POTATO AB Resistance of an alfalfa clone to Verticillium albo-atrum was attenuated by manipulating photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD). Effects of PPFD and V. albo-atrum on dark respiration, in vivo ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activity, in vitro total Rubisco activity, quantity of Rubisco, molar activity of Rubisco, and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration rate were examined in a factorial experiment with pathogen (inoculated or noninoculated) and PPFD (40, 70, and 100% PPFD) as the treatments. Pathogen X PPFD interactions were detected in dark respiration, total protein, and amount of Rubisco. Dark respiration was suppressed by V. albo-atrum under 40% PPFD, increased under 70% PPFD, and unaffected by the pathogen under 100% PPFD. Total protein and Rubisco were reduced in inoculated plants only under 40% PPFD. In vitro total Rubisco activity was increased and regeneration rate of RuBP was reduced in all inoculated plants. The photosynthetic properties of the inoculated, resistant plants under 40% PPFD mimicked those reported for susceptible plants, but only dark respiration and amount of Rubisco were reduced by the presence of V. albo-atrum; the other properties were reduced by the PPFD treatment. The increase in in vitro total Rubisco activity and decrease in RuBP regeneration rate in inoculated, resistant alfalfa suggest that photosynthetic acclimation may be optimizing carbon assimilation in alfalfa resistant to V. albo-atrum. C1 USDA ARS,PASTURE SYST & WATERSHED MANAGEMENT UNIT,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. RP PENNYPACKER, BW (reprint author), PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA. NR 31 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD FEB PY 1995 VL 85 IS 2 BP 132 EP 138 DI 10.1094/Phyto-85-132 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QL713 UT WOS:A1995QL71300001 ER PT J AU LOUIE, R AF LOUIE, R TI VASCULAR PUNCTURE OF MAIZE KERNELS FOR THE MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION OF MAIZE WHITE LINE MOSAIC-VIRUS AND OTHER VIRUSES OF MAIZE SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Maize white line mosaic virus (MWLMV) was efficiently transmitted (>90%) by a vascular puncture method with insect pins to maize kernels without causing teratogenic or lethal injuries to the developing seedlings. The pins, soldered to a 10-gauge copper wire, were used to puncture vascular tissues of maize kernels. The copper wire and pins were mounted in an engraving tool for machine-assisted inoculation. Effects of preinoculation soaking of kernels in water; postinoculation moisture regimes; the size, number, and configuration of pins; and the site and frequency of inoculation on rates of transmission were evaluated. Transmission rates of MWLMV were highest (average 32%) when the preinoculation soaking of kernels was done at 4 C. In contrast, transmission rates were significantly reduced when the preinoculation soaking of kernels was done at 30 C. The average rates of transmission to inoculated kernels incubated at 30 C on paper towels moistened with either 50 or 150 mi of water in a 2-L Pyrex dish for 24 h or directly planted into soil were 42, 20, and 11% (P > 0.003; LSD = 14.5%), respectively. Inoculations near the side of the embryo averaged 58% transmission whereas inoculations near the tip of the plumule averaged 33% transmission (P > 0.0001). Subjecting kernels to one, two, or three preinoculation soak (24-h) and dry (20- to 24-h) cycles or a 4- or 20-h preinoculation soak period resulted in transmission rates of 95, 90, 87, 80, and 14% (P > 0.0001), respectively. The optimum conditions for MWLMV transmission were 1) the use of a machine-assisted inoculator with minuten pins positioned like the tines of a fork, 2) preinoculation soaking of the kernels at 21 C for 4 h, 3) inoculation of kernels near the side of an embryo, and 4) incubation of kernels at 30 C postinoculation for 24 h on paper towels moistened with 50 mi of water. The ranges of transmission rates with this protocol for the following maize viruses were maize chlorotic dwarf waikavirus, 1-34%; maize dwarf mosaic potyvirus (strain A), 41-82%; maize mosaic rhabdovirus, 1-19%; maize rayado fine marafivirus, 1-25%; maize rough dwarf fijivirus (maize Rio Cuarto disease), 1%; maize streak geminivirus, 1-5%; maize subtle mosaic virus, 12-48%; and wheat streak mosaic potyvirus, 3-55%. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,WOOSTER,OH 44691. OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,WOOSTER,OH 44691. RP LOUIE, R (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,CORN & SOYBEAN RES UNIT,WOOSTER,OH 44691, USA. NR 26 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 4 U2 11 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD FEB PY 1995 VL 85 IS 2 BP 139 EP 143 DI 10.1094/Phyto-85-139 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QL713 UT WOS:A1995QL71300002 ER PT J AU EVERSMEYER, MG KRAMER, CL AF EVERSMEYER, MG KRAMER, CL TI SURVIVAL OF PUCCINIA-RECONDITA AND P-GRAMINIS UREDINIOSPORES EXPOSED TO TEMPERATURES FROM SUBFREEZING TO 35-C SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DISPERSAL; MODELS; PREDICTION; TRITICUM AESTIVUM ID WHEAT LEAF RUST; F SP TRITICI; EQUATIONS; WINTER AB Viable urediniospores and dormant mycelial infections are the principal inoculum sources that contribute to the establishment and development of destructive wheat rust epidemics in the central Great Plains. Viability of urediniospores of Puccinia recondita and P. graminis was measured by exposure in environmental chambers set at constant temperatures ranging from -6 to 35 C. Exposure of P. recondita and P. graminis urediniospores for up to 120 h to constant temperatures of 5-35 C did not significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) affect spore viability among isolates. However, P. recondita and P. graminis urediniospore viability as measured by germination observed after exposure to constant temperatures of -6, -4, -2, 0, 5, 10, 20, 25, 30, or 35 C for 24, 48, 72, 96, or 120 h indicated significant differences in viability among temperature treatment means (P less than or equal to 0.05). Urediniospores remained viable up to 864 h at constant temperatures between 10 and 30 C and up to 504 h at constant temperatures of 5 and 35 C. Viability of urediniospores exposed at temperatures ranging from -2 to 0 C decreased rapidly after the first 4 h of exposure. At below-freezing temperatures, viability of spores declined rapidly after 1-2 h of exposure. Viability of urediniospores exposed to freezing or below-freezing temperatures was not restored by heat shocking at temperatures typically encountered in the field during an epidemic. Infectivity of P. recondita and P. graminis urediniospores exposed at 5-35 C for 120 h was not significantly different from infectivity of unexposed urediniospores; an average of 58% of the viable urediniospores produced appressoria. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,DIV BIOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. RP EVERSMEYER, MG (reprint author), KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,USDA ARS,MANHATTAN,KS 66506, USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD FEB PY 1995 VL 85 IS 2 BP 161 EP 164 DI 10.1094/Phyto-85-161 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QL713 UT WOS:A1995QL71300006 ER PT J AU FRAVEL, DR LEWIS, JA CHITTAMS, JL AF FRAVEL, DR LEWIS, JA CHITTAMS, JL TI ALGINATE PRILL FORMULATIONS OF TALAROMYCES-FLAVUS WITH ORGANIC CARRIERS FOR BIOCONTROL OF VERTICILLIUM-DAHLIAE SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; DAMPING-OFF; GLIOCLADIUM; PELLETS; SOIL; PROLIFERATION; TRICHODERMA AB Pyrophyllite clay (Pyrax), milled chitin, corn cobs, fish meal, neem cake, peanut hulls, soy fiber, and wheat bran were used to make alginate prill with or without ascospores of Talaromyces flavus. The formulations were compared for their ability to induce T. flavus to control Verticillium wilt of eggplant in the greenhouse in field soil and to increase populations of T. flavus in three field soils (two loamy sands, one silty clay). Survival of T. flavus in prill at 5 C or ambient temperature (22-24 C), as well as the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) contents of the prill, were also determined. Two formulations (corn cobs and pyrophyllite) consistently enhanced biocontrol activity. In treatments without T. flavus, half of all plants were wilted 59 days after transplanting whereas more than half of the plants treated with T. flavus in either pyrophyllite or corn cob prill remained symptomless 90 days after transplanting. In some experiments, T. flavus in soy fiber prill delayed the median time for symptom development by about 10 days. Experiments on survival and proliferation in soils indicated that there were highly significant interactions among carrier, soil, and sampling time. These interactions indicate that the formulations performed differently in different soils. Populations of T. flavus from some prill X soil X combinations increased during the 18-wk experiment while populations from other combinations remained constant or decreased. Populations of T. flavus in two soils (Hatboro loamy sand, silty clay) amended with wheat-bran prill were greater than those with other formulations in the first 2 wk of assay in these two soils. Populations of T. flavus in the loamy sand amended with peanut hull prill were greater than those from other prill at the 8- and 12-wk samplings in this soil. Prill with pyrophyllite and corn cobs had significantly greater C/N ratios than prill with other carriers. Carriers significantly affected survival of T. flavus at 5 C and at ambient temperature. Survival at both temperatures was best in prill formulated with corn cobs, soy fiber and peanut hulls. Temperature did not alter the survival pattern during the 18-wk sampling period. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,USDA,STAT CONSULTING SERV,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP FRAVEL, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BIOCONTROL PLANT DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 18 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD FEB PY 1995 VL 85 IS 2 BP 165 EP 168 DI 10.1094/Phyto-85-165 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QL713 UT WOS:A1995QL71300007 ER PT J AU SCHAAD, NW CHEONG, SS TAMAKI, S HATZILOUKAS, E PANOPOULOS, NJ AF SCHAAD, NW CHEONG, SS TAMAKI, S HATZILOUKAS, E PANOPOULOS, NJ TI A COMBINED BIOLOGICAL AND ENZYMATIC AMPLIFICATION (BIO-PCR) TECHNIQUE TO DETECT PSEUDOMONAS-SYRINGAE PV PHASEOLICOLA IN BEAN SEED EXTRACTS SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BACTERIA; HALO BLIGHT OF BEANS ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; HALO-BLIGHT; DNA; PHASEOLOTOXIN; IDENTIFICATION; PRIMERS; ASSAY; VIRUS AB A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, hereafter referred to as BIO-PCR, that combines biological and enzymatic amplification of PCR targets and simplified procedures for sample processing is described for the detection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola in bean seed extracts. Seeds are soaked overnight following standard protocols and aliquots of the extracts are plated onto a general agar medium. After 45-48 hr of incubation, the plates are washed with water to remove bacterial cells and aliquots of a pooled washing are subjected to two consecutive rounds of PCR, without prior DNA extraction, using ''nested'' pairs of primers designed to amplify a segment of the organism's tox (phaseolotoxin) gene region. Positive detection was reproducibly obtained at near-limit concentrations of the pathogen in the seed wash. Advantages of BIO-PCR over existing PCR techniques include the elimination of false positives resulting from the presence of dead cells that may be present in the seed, elimination of false negatives due to potential PCR inhibitors in seed extracts, increased sensitivity of detection, and no need for DNA extraction prior to amplification. Accordingly, BIO-PCR should prove useful for routine detection of other bacterial pathogens of quarantine importance. The primers detected some nontoxigenic strains of the pathogen, which evidently contain part of or the entire tox gene cluster. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP SCHAAD, NW (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOREIGN DIS WEED SCI RES,FT DETRICK,FREDERICK,MD 21702, USA. NR 37 TC 140 Z9 150 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD FEB PY 1995 VL 85 IS 2 BP 243 EP 248 DI 10.1094/Phyto-85-243 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QL713 UT WOS:A1995QL71300021 ER PT J AU PURCELL, LC SINCLAIR, TR AF PURCELL, LC SINCLAIR, TR TI NODULE GAS-EXCHANGE AND WATER POTENTIAL RESPONSE TO RAPID IMPOSITION OF WATER-DEFICIT SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE DROUGHT STRESS; NODULE OXYGEN PERMEABILITY; SOYBEAN (GLYCINE MAX MERR); SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXATION; WATER CAPACITANCE; WATER DEFICIT ID NITROGEN-FIXATION; SOYBEAN NODULES; ROOT-NODULES; OXYGEN; PERMEABILITY; RESPIRATION; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; DIFFUSION; REDUCTION; STRESS AB The permeability (P) of the gaseous diffusion barrier in the nodules of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] decreases when water deficits are extended over a 7 to 10 d period, The mechanism controlling P changes is unclear, but may result from the release of water to intercellular pathways, and an associated change in the nodule water potential, The purpose of these experiments was to impose water deficit treatments rapidly in order to determine the early sequence of the responses of nodule water potential and nodule gas exchange without the complications that arise from long-term water deficit treatments, A vertical, splitroot system was used to separate nodule drying effects from plant water deficits by replacing humidified air that was passed over upper root nodules in well-watered plants with dry air, or by replacing the nutrient solution that surrounded lower roots with -1.0 MPa polyethylene glycol (PEG) solution, or by a combination of the dry air and PEG treatments, The PEG treatment caused large decreases in both the components of nodule water potential and nodule relative water content, but there was no indication that these factors had immediate, direct effects on either nitrogenase activity or P. After 7 h of the PEG treatment a significant decrease in nitrogenase activity was found but no decrease in P was detected, These results indicate that changes in nitrogenase activity in response to water deficits precede decreases in P. Exposure of nodules to dry air in well-watered plants had no significant effect on either nitrogenase activity or P during the 7 h treatment. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,USDA ARS,AGRON PHYSIOL LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. NR 25 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 18 IS 2 BP 179 EP 187 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00351.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QG756 UT WOS:A1995QG75600009 ER PT J AU GRAYBURN, WS VICK, BA AF GRAYBURN, WS VICK, BA TI TRANSFORMATION OF SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS-ANNUUS L) FOLLOWING WOUNDING WITH GLASS-BEADS SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article ID AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS; SHOOT REGENERATION; PLANT-TISSUES; DNA; GENE; EXPRESSION AB A procedure was developed for transformation of Helianthus annuus (sunflower) using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Cotyledons were removed from young seedlings, and the remaining tissue was uniformly wounded by shaking with glass beads. The wounded tissue was then co-cultivated with hypervirulent strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring the binary plasmid pCNL56. Minimal use of defined medium was required, and no callus was observed. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by DNA hybridization demonstrated the presence of gusA DNA from pCNL56 in total leaf DNA of 6 primary transformants and 2 progeny plants. No Agrobacterium DNA was detected in total DNA from transformed sunflower leaves that was amplified with primers specific to the miaA chromosomal gene of Agrobacterium. Foreign DNA was also detected in the next generation. beta-Glucuronidase (GUS) activity was demonstrated for 5 of the T-2 transgenic plants. Grafting was used to increase the number of seeds present on plants that had undergone tissue culture manipulations. RP GRAYBURN, WS (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO CROP SCI LAB,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 20 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD FEB PY 1995 VL 14 IS 5 BP 285 EP 289 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QG300 UT WOS:A1995QG30000004 PM 24186761 ER PT J AU QUERCI, M OWENS, RA VARGAS, C SALAZAR, LF AF QUERCI, M OWENS, RA VARGAS, C SALAZAR, LF TI DETECTION OF POTATO SPINDLE TUBER VIROID IN AVOCADO GROWING IN PERU SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID ACID SPOT HYBRIDIZATION; VIRUS; PATHOGENICITY; CONSTRUCTION; TRANSMISSION; POLLEN; PLANTS AB Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) was detected in avocado trees growing at several locations in Peru by using nucleic acid spot hybridization assays. A viroidlike nucleic acid with a mobility similar to that of PSTVd was also found by return polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of RNA extracted from several trees, and a mild strain of PSTVd was recovered from Nicandra physalodes inoculated with leaf sap from affected avocados. Sequence analysis of cDNAs obtained using the polymerase chain reaction with primers to PSTVd indicated the presence of three different sequence variants of PSTVd in the avocado trees. The PSTVd infections were often latent, but some trees coinfected with avocado sunblotch viroid showed symptoms that included bunchiness of the inflorescence, decrease in both fruit size and number, and eventual decline and death. This is the first report of the isolation of PSTVd from a natural host other than potato. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST PLANT SCI,MOLEC PLANT PATHOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. ESTAC EXP AGR INST NAC INV AGROP LA MOLINA,LIMA,PERU. RP QUERCI, M (reprint author), INT POTATO CTR,POB 1558,LIMA,PERU. NR 29 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 79 IS 2 BP 196 EP 202 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QJ183 UT WOS:A1995QJ18300020 ER PT J AU NEWCOMBE, G CHASTAGNER, GA CALLAN, BE OSTRY, ME AF NEWCOMBE, G CHASTAGNER, GA CALLAN, BE OSTRY, ME TI AN EPIDEMIC OF SEPTORIA LEAF-SPOT ON POPULUS-TRICHOCARPA IN THE PACIFIC-NORTHWEST IN 1993 SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Note C1 FORESTRY CANADA,PACIFIC FORESTRY CTR,VICTORIA,BC V8Z 1M5,CANADA. US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP NEWCOMBE, G (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,PUYALLUP RES & EXTENS CTR,PUYALLUP,WA 98371, USA. NR 1 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 79 IS 2 BP 212 EP 212 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QJ183 UT WOS:A1995QJ18300027 ER PT J AU VANDERZWET, T STAVELY, JR AF VANDERZWET, T STAVELY, JR TI HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE POTOMAC DIVISION OF APS (1943-1993) SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,MICROBIOL & PLANT PATHOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP VANDERZWET, T (reprint author), USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,45 WILTSHIRE RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 79 IS 2 BP 213 EP 216 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QJ183 UT WOS:A1995QJ18300028 ER PT J AU NORMANLY, J SLOVIN, JP COHEN, JD AF NORMANLY, J SLOVIN, JP COHEN, JD TI RETHINKING AUXIN BIOSYNTHESIS AND METABOLISM SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID L-TRYPTOPHAN; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; MOLECULAR-CLONING; PINUS-SYLVESTRIS; CHINESE-CABBAGE; IDENTIFICATION; DECARBOXYLASE; SEEDS; INDOLE-3-ACETALDOXIME; TRYPTAMINE C1 USDA ARS,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,CLIMATE STRESS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,AMHERST,MA 01003. OI Cohen, Jerry/0000-0003-2816-8676 NR 38 TC 134 Z9 142 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 107 IS 2 BP 323 EP 329 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QH872 UT WOS:A1995QH87200002 ER PT J AU ZINSELMEIER, C WESTGATE, ME SCHUSSLER, JR JONES, RJ AF ZINSELMEIER, C WESTGATE, ME SCHUSSLER, JR JONES, RJ TI LOW WATER POTENTIAL DISRUPTS CARBOHYDRATE-METABOLISM IN MAIZE (ZEA-MAYS L) OVARIES SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INVERTASE ACTIVITY; SUCROSE SYNTHASE; KERNEL ABORTION; GLYCINE-MAX; STEM; SILK; 6-BENZYLAMINOPURINE; TRANSPORT; ENDOSPERM; INVITRO AB Water deficit during pollination increases the frequency of kernel abortion in maize (Zea mays L.). Much of the kernel loss is attributable to lack of current photosynthate, but a large number of kernels fail to develop on water-deficient plants even when assimilate supply is increased. We examined the possibility that assimilate utilization by developing ovaries might be impaired at low water potential (psi(w)). Plants were grown in the greenhouse in 20-L pots containing 22 kg of amended soil. Water was withheld on the first day silks emerged, and plants were hand-pollinated 4 d later when leaf psi(w), decreased to approximately -1.8 MPa and silk psi(w) was approximately -1.0 MPa. Plants were rehydrated 2 d after pollination. The brief water deficit inhibited ovary growth (dry matter accumulation) and decreased kernel number per ear by 60%, compared to controls. Inhibition of ovary growth was associated with a decrease in the level of reducing sugars, depletion of starch, a 75-fold increase in sucrose concentration (dry weight basis), and inhibition of acid invertase (EC 3.2.1.26) activity. These results indicate that water deficits during pollination disrupt carbohydrate metabolism in maize ovaries. They suggest that acid invertase activity is important for establishing and maintaining reproductive sink strength during pollination and early kernel development. C1 USDA ARS,N CENT SOIL CONSERVAT RES LAB,MORRIS,MN 56267. RECIRCA,PAINESVILLE,OH. UNIV MINNESOTA,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 34 TC 90 Z9 103 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 107 IS 2 BP 385 EP 391 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QH872 UT WOS:A1995QH87200008 ER PT J AU OLIVER, MJ FERGUSON, DL BURKE, JJ AF OLIVER, MJ FERGUSON, DL BURKE, JJ TI INTERSPECIFIC GENE-TRANSFER - IMPLICATIONS FOR BROADENING TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANT METABOLIC PROCESSES SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYDROXYPYRUVATE REDUCTASE; CUCUMBER; TRANSFORMATION; PROTEINS; WHEAT; S-35 AB We report here an approach to metabolic engineering to alter the temperature characteristics of an enzyme pool based on the concept of thermal kinetics windows (TKWs), a useful indicator of enzyme performance. A chimeric cucumber NADH-hydroxypyruvate reductase (HPR) gene under the control of a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter was constructed and introduced into the genome of tobacco (Tobacum tobacum). The root system of the R(1) generation of the resultant transgenic plants expresses only the cucumber enzyme (the native tobacco HPR gene is light regulated and only found in the aerial portions of the plant). Enzyme isolated from the transgenic root tissues exhibits a TKW centered at 32.5 degrees C, characteristic of cucumber. The pool of HPR in the shoots, containing both tobacco and cucumber enzymes, exhibits a broad TKW consistent with an equal mix of the two forms. These data do not simply demonstrate that an introduced gene can be expressed in a transgenic plant but that the kinetics properties of the resultant enzyme are unaltered and when sufficient enzyme is produced the temperature characteristics of the total pool are altered. This suggests that the temperature characteristics of plant biochemical pathways can be broadened to suit changing thermal environments. C1 USDA ARS,COTTON PHYSIOL & GENET RES LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. RP OLIVER, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROPPING SYST RES LAB,BOX 215,ROUTE 3,LUBBOCK,TX 79401, USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 107 IS 2 BP 429 EP 434 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QH872 UT WOS:A1995QH87200014 ER PT J AU SOMERS, DE QUAIL, PH AF SOMERS, DE QUAIL, PH TI PHYTOCHROME-MEDIATED LIGHT REGULATION OF PHYA-GUS AND PHYB-GUS TRANSGENES IN ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA SEEDLINGS SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AVENA-SATIVA L; GENE-EXPRESSION; HIGHER-PLANTS; 3 PHYTOCHROMES; PISUM-SATIVUM; DEFICIENT; PROTEIN; BINDING; MUTANTS; PHOTORECEPTOR AB Phytochrome wild-type gene-beta-glucuronidase (PHY-GUS) gene fusions were used in transgenic Arabidopsis to compare the activity levels and light regulation of the PHYA and PHYB promoters and to identify the photoreceptors mediating this regulation. In dark-grown seedlings, both promoters are 4-fold more active in shoots than in roots, but the PHYA promoter is nearly 20-fold more active than that of PHYB in both organs. In shoots, white light represses the activities of the PHYA and PHYB promoters 10- and 2-fold, respectively, whereas in roots light has no effect on the PHYA promoter but increases PHYB promoter activity 2-fold. Consequently, PHYA promoter activity remains higher than that of PHYB in light in both shoots (5-fold) and roots (11-fold). Experiments with narrow-waveband light and photomorphogenic mutants suggest that no single photoreceptor is necessary for full white-light-directed PHYA repression in shoots, but that multiple, independent photoreceptor pathways are sufficient alone or in combination. In contrast, phytochrome B appears both necessary and sufficient for a light-mediated decrease in PHYB activity in shoots, and phytochrome A mediates a far-red-light-stimulated increase in PHYB promoter activity. Together, the data indicate that the PHYA and PHYB genes are regulated in divergent fashion at the transcriptional level, both developmentally and by the spectral distribution of the prevailing light, and that this regulation may be important to the photosensory function of the two photoreceptors. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PLANT BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720. USDA ARS,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,ALBANY,CA 94710. RI Somers, David/A-9209-2010 NR 48 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 107 IS 2 BP 523 EP 534 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QH872 UT WOS:A1995QH87200026 ER PT J AU BYRD, GT ORT, DR OGREN, WL AF BYRD, GT ORT, DR OGREN, WL TI THE EFFECTS OF CHILLING IN THE LIGHT ON RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE OXYGENASE ACTIVATION IN TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON-ESCULENTUM MILL) SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIBULOSE BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; REVERSIBLE COLD INACTIVATION; RUBISCO ACTIVASE; LOW-TEMPERATURE; CARBON METABOLISM; LEAVES; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PROTEIN; EXPOSURE; PLANTS AB Photosynthesis rate, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activation state, and ribulose bisphosphate concentration were reduced after exposing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants to light at 4 degrees C for 6 h. Analysis of lysed and reconstituted chloroplasts showed that activity of the thylakoid membrane was inhibited and that Rubisco, Rubisco activase, and other soluble factors were not affected. Leaf photosynthesis rates and the ability of chilled thylakoid membranes to promote Rubisco activation recovered after 24 h at 25 degrees C. Thylakoid membranes from control tomato plants were as effective as spinach thylakoids in activating spinach Rubisco in the presence of spinach Rubisco activase. This observation is in sharp contrast to the poor ability of spinach Rubisco activase to activate tomato Rubisco (Z.-Y. Wang, G.W. Snyder, B.D. Esau, A.R. Portis, and W.L. Ogren [1992] Plant Physiol 100: 1858-1862). The ability of thylakoids from chilled tomato plants to activate Rubisco in the assay system was greatly inhibited compared to control plants. These experiments indicate that chilling tomato plants at 4 degrees C interferes with photosynthetic carbon metabolism at two sites, thioredoxin/ferredoxin reduction (G.F. Sassenrath, D.R. Ort, and A.R. Portis, jr. [1990] Arch Biochem Biophys 282: 302-308), which limits bisphosphatase activity, and Rubisco activase, which reduces Rubisco activation state. C1 USDA ARS,PHOTOSYNTH RES UNIT,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PLANT BIOL,URBANA,IL 61801. NR 27 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 107 IS 2 BP 585 EP 591 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QH872 UT WOS:A1995QH87200032 ER PT J AU KALINSKI, A ROWLEY, DL LOER, DS FOLEY, C BUTA, G HERMAN, EM AF KALINSKI, A ROWLEY, DL LOER, DS FOLEY, C BUTA, G HERMAN, EM TI BINDING-PROTEIN EXPRESSION IS SUBJECT TO TEMPORAL, DEVELOPMENTAL AND STRESS-INDUCED REGULATION IN TERMINALLY DIFFERENTIATED SOYBEAN ORGANS SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE BINDING PROTEIN; DEVELOPMENT (LEAF, POD, SEED); ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM; GENE EXPRESSION; GLYCINE (BINDING PROTEIN) ID LUMINAL ER PROTEINS; MAIZE ENDOSPERM DEVELOPMENT; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; SECRETORY PROTEINS; STORAGE PROTEINS; THIOL PROTEASES; BIP; GENE; TRANSLOCATION; GLUCOSE AB Binding protein (BiP) is a widely distributed and highly conserved endoplasmic-reticulum luminal protein that has been implicated in cotranslational folding of nascent polypeptides, and in the recognition and disposal of misfolded polypeptides. Analysis of cDNA sequences and genomic blots indicates that soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) possess a small gene family encoding BiP. The deduced sequence of BiP is very similar to that of other plant BiPs. We have examined the expression of BiP in several different terminally differentiated soybean organs including leaves, pods and seed cotyledons. Expression of BiP mRNA increases during leaf expansion while levels of BiP protein decrease. Leaf BiP mRNA is subject to temporal control, exhibiting a large difference in expression in a few hours between dusk and night. The expression of BiP mRNA varies in direct correlation with accumulation of seed storage proteins. The hybridization suggests that maturing-seed BiP is likely to be a different isoform from vegetative BiPs. Levels of BiP protein in maturing seeds vary with BiP mRNA. High levels of BiP mRNA are detected after 3 d of seedling growth, Little change in either BiP mRNA or protein levels was detected in maturing soybean pods, although BiP-protein levels decrease in fully mature pods. Persistent wounding of leaves by whiteflies induces massive overexpression of BiP mRNA while only slightly increasing BiP-protein levels. In contrast single-event puncture wounding only slightly induces additional BiP expression above the temporal variations. These observations indicate that BiP is not constitutively expressed in terminally differentiated plant organs. Expression of BiP is highest during the developmental stages of leaves, pods and seeds when their constituent cells are producing seed or vegetative storage proteins, and appears to be subject to complex regulation, including developmental, temporal and wounding. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,PLANT MOLEC BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 59 TC 61 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD FEB PY 1995 VL 195 IS 4 BP 611 EP 621 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QK113 UT WOS:A1995QK11300020 PM 7766051 ER PT J AU MARKS, HL AF MARKS, HL TI DIVERGENT SELECTION FOR GROWTH IN JAPANESE-QUAIL UNDER SPLIT AND COMPLETE NUTRITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS .8. PROGRESS FROM GENERATIONS 18 THROUGH 30 FOLLOWING CHANGE OF SELECTION CRITERION SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE JAPANESE QUAIL; GROWTH; NUTRITION; ENVIRONMENT; SELECTION PARAMETERS ID LONG-TERM SELECTION; 4-WEEK BODY-WEIGHT; CORRELATED RESPONSES; FEED RESTRICTION; PERFORMANCE; BROILERS; AGE AB Following 17 generations of divergent selection for 4-wk BW under split- (SD) and complete- (CD) diet environments, two sublines were established from high (H-SD and H-CD) BW lines. Sublines H-SDG derived from the H-SD line was selected for BW gain from 2 to 4 wk under the SD environment, whereas Subline H-CDG derived from the H-CD line was similarly selected under the CD environment. These two sublines were maintained and reproduced simultaneously with H-SD, L-SD, H-CD, L-CD lines from Generation 18 through 30. The purpose of changing the selection criterion was to investigate genetic variation in BW gain independent of changes that occur immediately following hatch. Selection progress and heritabilities (almost-equal-to .3) in BW lines (H-SD, H-CD, and L-SD) were similar from Generation 18 through 30. However, progress and heritability (almost-equal-to .1) was not as great in the L-CD line. These responses indicate that considerable additive genetic variation for 4-wk BW remains in these lines. Selection for increased BW gain from 2 to 4 wk in both sublines (H-SDG and H-CDG) resulted in smaller BW at 2 wk of age than did selection for 4-wk BW. Under the SD environment, H-SDG quail were smaller at 4 wk than H-SD quail following 12 generations of selection, whereas under the CD environment, H-CDG quail were larger than H-CD quail. Results indicate that selection for BW gain was more effective under the CD than SD environment and that the lack of improvement in 2-wk BW accompanying the increase in BW gain may adversely influence the potential benefits obtainable from selection for gain. RP MARKS, HL (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,USDA ARS,107 LIVESTOCK POULTRY BLDG,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 74 IS 2 BP 237 EP 246 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA QF154 UT WOS:A1995QF15400003 PM 7724447 ER PT J AU LEDOUX, DR BERMUDEZ, AJ ROTTINGHAUS, GE BROOMHEAD, J BENNETT, GA AF LEDOUX, DR BERMUDEZ, AJ ROTTINGHAUS, GE BROOMHEAD, J BENNETT, GA TI EFFECTS OF FEEDING FUSARIUM-FUJIKUROI CULTURE MATERIAL, CONTAINING KNOWN LEVELS OF MONILIFORMIN, IN YOUNG BROILER CHICKS SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE MONILIFORMIN; BROILER; FUSARIUM-FUJIKUROI; PERFORMANCE; CARDIOMEGALY ID FUMONISIN TOXICITY; NATURAL OCCURRENCE; VAR-SUBGLUTINANS; TURKEY POULTS; CORN AB An experiment was conducted with 270 male broiler chicks to evaluate the effects of a Fusarium fujkuroi M-1214 culture material containing moniliformin (M) on broiler chicks. Day-old chicks were allotted randomly to dietry treatments containing 0, .24, .48, .72, .96, 1.44, 1.92, 2.40, and 2.88% M culture material (MCM). These levels of MCM supplied 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200, 250, or 300 mg M/kg of feed. Each dietary treatment was fed to six pen replicates of five chicks per pen for 21 d. Significant mortality (P < .05) occurred in chicks fed 200 (8 out of 30), 250 (17 out of 30), and 300 (25 out of 30) mg M/kg feed. Chicks fed > 100 mg M/kg had lower (P < .05) feed intakes and smaller BW gains (P < .05) than controls. Increased heart weights (P < .05) feed intakes and smaller BW gains (P < .05) than controls. Increased heart weights (P < .05) were observed in chicks fed > 50 mg M/kg, and increased liver weights (P < .05) in chicks fed > 100 mg M/kg. Gross lesions of M toxicity included generalized cardiomegaly with dilation of the right ventricle. Histopathology revealed a high incidence of large and variably shaped cardiomyocyte nuclei and a generalized loss of cardiomyocyte cross striations in chicks fed > 75 and 200 mg M/kg, respectively. Results indicated that F. fujikuroi culture material containing M is toxic to young broiler chicks. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,FUSARIUM POULTRY RES LAB,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. USDA,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 25 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 74 IS 2 BP 297 EP 305 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA QF154 UT WOS:A1995QF15400009 PM 7724452 ER PT J AU KUBENA, LF EDRINGTON, TS KAMPSHOLTZAPPLE, C HARVEY, RB ELISSALDE, MH ROTTINGHAUS, GE AF KUBENA, LF EDRINGTON, TS KAMPSHOLTZAPPLE, C HARVEY, RB ELISSALDE, MH ROTTINGHAUS, GE TI INFLUENCE OF FUMONISIN-B(1), PRESENT IN FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME CULTURE MATERIAL, AND T-2 TOXIN ON TURKEY POULTS SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE FUMONISIN-B(1); T-2 TOXIN; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; TOXICITY; TURKEY POULT ID SODIUM CALCIUM ALUMINOSILICATE; BROILER-CHICKENS; OCHRATOXIN-A; ORAL LESIONS; TOXICITY; DIACETOXYSCIRPENOL; AFLATOXIN; MYCOTOXICOSIS; LEUKOENCEPHALOMALACIA; DEOXYNIVALENOL AB Diets containing 300 mg fumonisin B1 (FB1)/kg of feed and 5 mg T-2 toxin/kg of feed singly or in combination were fed to female turkey poults (Nicholas Large White) from day of hatch to 21 d of age. When compared with controls, 21-d body weight gains were reduced 21% by FB1, 26% by T-2, and 47% by the combination. The efficiency of feed utilization was adversely affected by FB1 and the combination of FB1 and T-2. Relative weights (grams/100 g BW) of the liver and gizzard were increased in poults fed the FB1 and the combination diets; whereas, the relative weight of the pancreas was increased in all treated groups. All poults were scored for oral lesions using a scale of 1 to 4 (1 = no visible lesions, 4 = severe lesions). Oral lesions were present in all poults fed the T-2 diet (average score of 3.29) or the combination diet (average score of 3.54). Serum concentration of cholesterol was decreased and lactate dehydrogenase activity was increased in poults fed the FB1 and combination diets. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase and the values for red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit were increased only in poults fed the combination diet. Inorganic phosphorus concentration was decreased only in poults fed the combination diet. The increased toxicity in poults fed the combination diet for most variables can best be described as additive, although some variables not altered by FB1 or T-2 singly were significantly affected by the combination, indicating that the combination may pose a potentially greater problem to the turkey industry than either of the mycotoxins individually. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,COLL VET MED,VET MED DIAGNOST LAB,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. RP KUBENA, LF (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,2881 F & B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 45 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 74 IS 2 BP 306 EP 313 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA QF154 UT WOS:A1995QF15400010 PM 7724453 ER PT J AU GEBHARDTHENRICH, SG MARKS, HL AF GEBHARDTHENRICH, SG MARKS, HL TI EFFECTS OF FEED RESTRICTION ON GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION IN RANDOM-BRED AND SELECTED LINES OF JAPANESE-QUAIL SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Note DE JAPANESE QUAIL; FEED RESTRICTION; GROWTH; MORTALITY; EGG PRODUCTION ID BODY-WEIGHT; SEXUAL MATURITY; BROILER; PERFORMANCE; CHICKENS; FEMALES; PULLETS; AGE AB Feed restriction (70% of ad libitum consumption) was carried out from 1 d after hatching until 44 d in a randombred quail line and until 28 d in a quail line selected for high 4-wk BW. Body weights of restricted quail were significantly lower than ad libitum controls during restriction. Two weeks after restriction ended, however, BW were no longer different. Mortalities were twice as high under restriction. Hatchability of eggs was not affected by restriction, but restricted quail of the selected line laid fewer double-yolk eggs than ad libitum controls. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,USDA ARS,SE POULTRY RES LAB,107 LIVESTOCK POULTRY BLDG,ATHENS,GA 30602. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 74 IS 2 BP 402 EP 406 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA QF154 UT WOS:A1995QF15400023 PM 7724465 ER PT J AU BECHNIELSEN, S BOWMAN, GL MILLER, GY ORLOSKISNIDER, KA BURKHOLDER, RH DODARO, SJ AF BECHNIELSEN, S BOWMAN, GL MILLER, GY ORLOSKISNIDER, KA BURKHOLDER, RH DODARO, SJ TI PSEUDORABIES (AUJESZKYS-DISEASE) ERADICATION PROGRESS AND PROGRAM COSTS IN OHIO, USA SO PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE PIG; PSEUDORABIES; AUJESZKYS DISEASE; DISEASE CONTROL ID SWINE HERDS; QUARANTINED HERDS; BREEDING SWINE; VIRUS; SEROPREVALENCE; ILLINOIS AB The purpose of this study was to document how the Ohio pseudorabies (PRV) (Aujeszky's disease) eradication program has progressed to its current status from its initiation in 1977 to the present, as well as to project the year and program costs of eradication of PRV from Ohio, based on a retrospective study of data retrieved from records available on swine herds quarantined in Ohio. All swine herds newly quarantined for PRV from January 1985 to 31 December 1992 (n = 446) were eligible for the study, 374 (84%) of which had useable data available. Projected year of PRV eradication from Ohio was 1996. Information on detection methods of newly infected herds were only available for 52 of the 374 (14%) data files reviewed from 1985 through 1992, with laboratory diagnosis accounting for 30 of 52 (58%). 'Area spread' was identified as the most likely source of PRV infection of newly quarantined herds in 140 of 194 (72%) for which data files were available from the time period 1985 to 1992. Information on herd plans used in the same time interval were available for 285 of the 374 data files (76%). The median number of months under quarantine per herd from 1986 to 1992 were 7.7 months, 6.2 months, 5.9 months, 5.1 months, 17.3 months, 18.9 months and 12.3 months, respectively. Finally the average year-specific cost per herd-month under quarantine representing 54% of herds released from quarantine for each of the years 1986 through 1992 ranged from $795 in 1990 to $2999 in 1992 and were based on the total amounts of money available and spent in the Ohio PRV eradication program. According to the cost analysis of the period 1993-1998, eradication of PRV can be achieved in Ohio, as projected, by 1996 at a minimum public cost of about $3.7 million discounted to 1992 dollars. C1 USDA,ANIM & HLTH INSPECT SERV,VET SERV,PICKERINGTON,OH 43147. OHIO DEPT AGR,DIV ANIM IND,REYNOLDSBURG,OH 43068. RP BECHNIELSEN, S (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET PREVENT MED,COLUMBUS,OH 43210, USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-5877 J9 PREV VET MED JI Prev. Vet. Med. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 22 IS 1-2 BP 41 EP 53 DI 10.1016/0167-5877(94)00403-6 PG 13 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA QP241 UT WOS:A1995QP24100004 ER PT J AU SAYADA, C ANDERSEN, AA STOREY, C MILON, A EB, F HASHIMOTO, N HIRAI, K ELION, J DENAMUR, E AF SAYADA, C ANDERSEN, AA STOREY, C MILON, A EB, F HASHIMOTO, N HIRAI, K ELION, J DENAMUR, E TI USEFULNESS OF OMP1 RESTRICTION MAPPING FOR AVIAN CHLAMYDIA-PSITTACI ISOLATE DIFFERENTIATION SO RESEARCH IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE MOMP; CHLAMYDIA PSITTACI; AVIAN STRAINS; RESTRICTION MAPPING; OMP1 GENE; TAXONOMY; EPIDEMIOLOGY ID OUTER-MEMBRANE PROTEIN; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; ENDONUCLEASE ANALYSIS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; DNA; GENE; TRACHOMATIS; ORIGIN AB Sixty-five avian Chlamydia psittaci isolates collected worldwide, including 27 previously characterized reference strains, were analysed by restriction mapping of the major outer membrane protein gene (omp1) obtained after DNA amplification by PCR. They were compared to 2 ruminant isolates, a feline pneumonitis and a guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) isolate. According to their omp1 restriction patterns, avian strains were heterogeneous in that they exhibited 6 and 4 distinct patterns using AluI and MboII restriction enzymes, respectively, thus defining 7 groups. However, 84% of the studied strains belonged to groups 1 to 4, which share a specific fragment triplet of 411, 282 and 102 base pairs in their Alul digestion patterns. Comparisons with serological classifications showed a strict correlation and allowed further intraserovar differentiation. Furthermore, this classification based upon a single gene (omp1) roughly correlated with the data obtained by RFLP of native DNA and DNA/DNA hybridization studies. There was no host or geographic specificity in the pattern exhibited by these strains. The ruminant, feline pneumonitis and GPIC G.psittaci isolates were clearly distinguished from each other and the avian strains. Moreover, this method was clearly able to identify dubiously designated strains as well as mixtures of isolates within a single sample. In conclusion, this PCR approach based upon omp1 restriction mapping enables the differentiation of avian C. psittaci isolates and can be proposed as a taxonomic and epidemiologic tool. C1 HOP ROBERT DEBRE,INSERM,U120,F-75935 PARIS 19,FRANCE. USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010. UNIV MANCHESTER,DEPT PATHOL SCI,DIV VIROL,MANCHESTER M13 9PT,LANCS,ENGLAND. ECOLE NATL VET TOULOUSE,DEPT MOLEC BIOL,F-31076 TOULOUSE,FRANCE. FAC MED AMIENS,MICROBIOL LAB,F-80036 AMIENS,FRANCE. HOKKAIDO UNIV,FAC VET MED,DEPT VET PUBL HLTH,SAPPORO,HOKKAIDO 060,JAPAN. GIFU UNIV,FAC AGR,DEPT VET MICROBIOL,GIFU 50111,JAPAN. RP SAYADA, C (reprint author), HOP ROBERT DEBRE,BIOCHIM GENET LAB,48 BLVD SERURIER,F-75935 PARIS 19,FRANCE. RI Elion, Jacques/A-1048-2014 NR 48 TC 52 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 1 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 141 RUE JAVEL, 75747 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0923-2508 J9 RES MICROBIOL JI Res. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 146 IS 2 BP 155 EP 165 DI 10.1016/0923-2508(96)80893-X PG 11 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA QU190 UT WOS:A1995QU19000005 PM 7652209 ER PT J AU PACHEPSKY, YA SHCHERBAKOV, RA KORSUNSKAYA, LP AF PACHEPSKY, YA SHCHERBAKOV, RA KORSUNSKAYA, LP TI SCALING OF SOIL-WATER RETENTION USING A FRACTAL MODEL SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB A quantitative description of the spatial variability of soil hydraulic properties is increasingly important, especially in simulations of soil water regimes. The objective of this study was to use a fractal concept to quantify and simulate the spatial variability of water retention of fine textured soils over a wide range of soil matric potentials. To scale water retention data, we assumed fractal self-similarity of pore volume and derived an equation of the water retention curve in the form of the probability integral. Experimental data on water retention were obtained on sand-kaoline plates and above saturated salt solutions in the ranges of the soil matric potential from -50 to -1 kJ m(-3) and from -140 to -20 MJ m(-3), respectively, for chernozem soil (Typic Haploboroll, clay loam) sampled over a 12,000 m(2) area and for dark chestnut soil (Ustolic Orthid, loam) sampled over a 1500 m(2) area. The resulting formulae gave a good fit of water retention data. The spatial variability of water retention could be described by the spatial variability of the single dimensionless parameter. Pore fractal dimension could be considered constant over the areas of sampling for both soils. C1 PUSHCHINO SOIL SCI & PHOTOSYNTH INST,PUSHCHINO 142292,RUSSIA. RP PACHEPSKY, YA (reprint author), USDA ARS,SYST RES LAB,BLDG 007,RM 008,BARC W,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 17 TC 32 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 159 IS 2 BP 99 EP 104 DI 10.1097/00010694-199502000-00003 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA QJ209 UT WOS:A1995QJ20900003 ER PT J AU LAWTON, JW AF LAWTON, JW TI SURFACE-ENERGY OF EXTRUDED AND JET COOKED STARCH SO STARCH-STARKE LA English DT Article ID ADHESION; POLARITY AB Contact angles of water and other liquids were measured on films and extruded ribbons of normal, high amylose and waxy cornstarch using a Chan dynamic contact angle analyzer. The contact angles were then used to calculate the critical surface energy of the starch via a Zisman plot. Attempts were also made to use the contact angles to calculate the surface energy of starch via the harmonic-mean method. No differences were found for the critical surface energy due to starch type. Using a composite of all contact angles for the three different starches, an average critical surface energy of 40 dynes/cm was calculated. This value was close to the literature value of 39 dynes/cm found for starch. The surface energy of starch, calculated from the harmonic-mean method, was more variable and ranged from 35-42 dynes/cm. The harmonic-mean method not only calculates the surface energy, but it also estimates the polar and non-polar components of surface energy. The estimate calculated for the polar portion for the surface energy of starch was too low for a polar solid like starch. Values for the polar component range from 0.3 to 10 dynes/cm. A theoretical argument is made for the surface energy of starch being greater than the 39 dynes/cm now reported in the literature. RP LAWTON, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 24 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU VCH PUBLISHERS INC PI DEERFIELD BEACH PA 303 NW 12TH AVE, DEERFIELD BEACH, FL 33442-1788 SN 0038-9056 J9 STARCH-STARKE JI Starch-Starke PD FEB PY 1995 VL 47 IS 2 BP 62 EP 67 DI 10.1002/star.19950470206 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA QK957 UT WOS:A1995QK95700004 ER PT J AU MOREAU, JP BELBERGER, P TAO, WY AF MOREAU, JP BELBERGER, P TAO, WY TI MECHANICAL PROCESSING OF KENAF FOR NONWOVENS SO TAPPI JOURNAL LA English DT Review DE ANALYSIS; BARK; CORES; KENAF; MECHANICAL TREATMENT; NONWOVENS; PROCESSING AB There is a renewed interest in the utilization of kenaf (Hibiscus cannibinus L.) as an agricultural commodity. A myriad of projects throughout the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) have been initiated to find new value-added uses for both the fiber and core materials of the kenaf plant. Our objective is to incorporate Kenaf fiber into nonwoven constructions. This research was designed to evaluate various methods of mechanical processing to obtain fibers acceptable for processing into nonwoven products. Cotton ginning equipment and a Rando cleaner were effective in reducing core material to less than 0.2% in two sources af kenaf. RP MOREAU, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 16 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 6 PU TECH ASSN PULP PAPER IND INC PI NORCROSS PA 15 TECHNOLOGY PARK SOUTH, NORCROSS, GA 30092 SN 0734-1415 J9 TAPPI J JI TAPPI J. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 78 IS 2 BP 96 EP 105 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA QF369 UT WOS:A1995QF36900010 ER PT J AU URI, ND BOYD, R BEACH, ED AF URI, ND BOYD, R BEACH, ED TI INCREASING BIODEGRADABLE POLYMER RESIN USE - THE IMPACT ON THE UNITED-STATES-ECONOMY SO TECHNOLOGICAL FORECASTING AND SOCIAL CHANGE LA English DT Article AB This article is concerned with the effects of the substitution of cornstarch-based biodegradable polymer resins for petroleum-based plastic materials and resins on the U.S. economy. The analytical approach used in the study consists of a computable general equilibrium model composed of 14 producing sectors, 14 consuming sectors, and 6 household categories classified by income and a government. The results suggest that, for example, for a $1.00 per pound of resin subsidy, the substitution of cornstarch-based biodegradable polymer resins for petroleum-based plastic materials and resins will result in an increase in output by all producing sectors of 0.067% or about $542 million and an expansion in output in the agricultural program crops sector (primarily corn) of about $431 million, a rise in the consumption of goods and services by about 0.003% or $110 million, a rise in total utility by 0.004% or $168 million and a net increase in government expenditures of 0.047% or $369 million. C1 OHIO UNIV,DEPT ECON,ATHENS,OH 45701. RP URI, ND (reprint author), USDA,ERS,NRED,1301 NEW YORK AVE NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20005, USA. NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBL CO INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-1625 J9 TECHNOL FORECAST SOC JI Technol. Forecast. Soc. Chang. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 48 IS 2 BP 161 EP 176 DI 10.1016/0040-1625(94)00046-Y PG 16 WC Business; Planning & Development SC Business & Economics; Public Administration GA QK230 UT WOS:A1995QK23000004 ER PT J AU HAVEY, MJ AF HAVEY, MJ TI IDENTIFICATION OF CYTOPLASMS USING THE POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION TO AID IN THE EXTRACTION OF MAINTAINER LINES FROM OPEN-POLLINATED POPULATIONS OF ONION SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE ALLIUM CEPA; ALLIUM X PROLIFERUM; CHLOROPLAST DNA; CYTOPLASMIC MALE STERILITY; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; ORGANELLAR TRANSMISSION ID OXIDASE SUBUNIT-I; MAIZE MITOCHONDRIA; DNA POLYMORPHISM; CHLOROPLAST DNA; GENE; SEQUENCE; REGIONS; PLANTS AB S-cytoplasm is the most common source of cytoplasmic-genic male sterility (CMS) used to produce hybrid-onion seed. Identification of the cytoplasm of a single plant takes from 4 to 8 years and is complicated by the segregation of a nuclear gene that restores fertility. Although CMS in onion may be due to an incompatibility between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes, Southern analyses of DNA from individual plants from crosses of S- and N-cytoplasmic plants supported maternal inheritance of the chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA and, therefore, polymorphisms in the chloroplast DNA may be used to classify cytoplasms. Amplification by the polymerase chain reaction of a fragment that carries an autapomorphic 100-bp insertion in the chloroplast DNA of N-cytoplasm offers a significantly quicker and cheaper alternative to crossing or Southern analysis. Molecular characterization of N- and S-cytoplasms and frequencies of the nuclear non-restoring allele allow onion breeders to determine the proportion of plants in open-pollinated populations that maintain CMS and can significantly reduce the investment required to identify individual maintainer plants. RP HAVEY, MJ (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,USDA ARS,DEPT HORT,VEGETABLE CROPS UNIT,1575 LINDEN DR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 27 TC 63 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 90 IS 2 BP 263 EP 268 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA QK526 UT WOS:A1995QK52600016 PM 24173901 ER PT J AU SCHNELL, RJ RONNING, CM KNIGHT, RJ AF SCHNELL, RJ RONNING, CM KNIGHT, RJ TI IDENTIFICATION OF CULTIVARS AND VALIDATION OF GENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS IN MANGIFERA-INDICA L USING RAPD MARKERS SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; MANGO; GENETIC DIVERSITY; CULTIVAR IDENTIFICATION ID AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; PCR; SEGREGATION; MANGO AB Twenty-five accessions of mango were examined for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) genetic markers with 80 10-mer random primers. Of the 80 primers screened, 33 did not amplify, 19 were monomorphic, and 28 gave reproducible, polymorphic DNA amplification patterns. Eleven primers were selected from the 28 for the study. The number of bands generated was primer- and genotype-dependent, and ranged from 1 to 10. No primer gave unique banding patterns for each of the 25 accessions; however, ten different combinations of 2 primer banding patterns produced unique fingerprints for each accession. A maternal half-sib (MHS) family was included among the 25 accessions to see if genetic relationships could be detected. RAPD data were used to generate simple matching coefficients, which were analyzed phenetically and by means of principal coordinate analysis (PCA). The MHS clustered together in both the phenetic and the PCA while the randomly selected accessions were scattered with no apparent pattern. The uses of RAPD analysis for Mangifera germ plasm classification and clonal identification are discussed. RP SCHNELL, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP HORT RES STN,NATL CLONAL GERMPLASM REPOSITORY,13601 OLD CUTLER RD,MIAMI,FL 33158, USA. NR 18 TC 95 Z9 117 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 90 IS 2 BP 269 EP 274 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA QK526 UT WOS:A1995QK52600017 PM 24173902 ER PT J AU WILLIAMS, WP BUCKLEY, PM DAVIS, EM AF WILLIAMS, WP BUCKLEY, PM DAVIS, EM TI COMBINING ABILITY IN MAIZE FOR FALL ARMYWORM AND SOUTHWESTERN CORN-BORER RESISTANCE BASED ON A LABORATORY BIOASSAY FOR LARVAL GROWTH SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE COMBINING ABILITY; HOST PLANT RESISTANCE; MAIZE; FALL ARMYWORM; SOUTHWESTERN CORN BORER ID GERMPLASM LINE; REGISTRATION; LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE AB The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), and southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella Dyar, are major insect pests of maize, Zen mays L., in the southern USA. Both insects feed extensively on leaves of plants in the whorl stage of growth. A diallel cross of seven inbred lines with different levels of susceptibility to leaf feeding damage in the field was evaluated in a laboratory bioassay for fall armyworm and southwestern corn borer larval growth. Diets were prepared from lyophilized leaf tis sue of field-grown plants of the inbred lines and their 21 F-1 hybrids. One inbred line, Tx601, exhibited heavy leaf damage in field tests but showed moderate resistance in the laboratory bioassay. Both general and specific combining ability were highly significant sources of variation in the inheritance of fall armyworm and southwestern corn borer larval growth in the laboratory bioassay. Tx601 showed excellent general combining ability for reduced larval growth of both species. RP WILLIAMS, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS,CORN HOST PLANT RESISTANCE RES UNIT,BOX 9555,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 90 IS 2 BP 275 EP 278 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA QK526 UT WOS:A1995QK52600018 PM 24173903 ER PT J AU STEIN, WI AF STEIN, WI TI 10-YEAR DEVELOPMENT OF DOUGLAS-FIR AND ASSOCIATED VEGETATION AFTER DIFFERENT SITE PREPARATION ON COAST RANGE CLEARCUTS SO USDA FOREST SERVICE PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE REFORESTATION; PACIFIC NORTHWEST; COAST RANGES; CLEARCUTTING; DOUGLAS-FIR; RED ALDER; SALMONBERRY; GROUNDSELS; SITE PREPARATION; BROADCAST BURNING; SLASH AND BURN; SPRAY AND BURN; MANUAL SPOT-CLEARING; TORDON 101; GLYPHOSATE; PLANTING; SEEDLING PROTECTION; SEEDLING SURVIVAL; SEEDLING GROWTH; PLASTIC MESH TUBES; VEGETATION SUCCESSION; SPECIES DIVERSITY; RELATIVE COSTS AB Side-by-side comparisons were made in an operational-sized, replicated experiment, installed in 1980-81 on four areas in the Coast Ranges of Oregon, to determine the effects of six methods of site preparation on the subsequent survival and growth of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France) and associated vegetation. A decade later, tree survival, total height, and stem caliper were significantly greater after site preparation by broadcast burning, slashing and burning, spraying Tordon 101 and burning, or aerial spraying of glyphosate than for manually spot-clearing vegetation at planting time, or no site preparation, and the differences were still increasing. Protecting seedlings from animals, primarily mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa), with plastic mesh tubing resulted in 13 percent higher survival; and protected trees averaged 6 percent taller, 9 percent larger in stem diameter, and 49 percent more in volume than unprotected trees at 10 years. Protection improved seedling performance in every site-preparation treatment. Site preparation by burning reduced total cover the most, from 50 to 5 percent or less. Vegetation recovery in all treatments was rapid; original levels were exceeded by midsummer 1981, the first posttreatment growing season. Total cover on spot-cleared areas almost equaled that on unprepared areas by 1982 but not until 1985 or later on burned or sprayed areas. Herbaceous vegetation was a much higher proportion of total cover for 5 years after burning or spraying than after spot-clearing or no site preparation, but eventually all areas were dominated by woody vegetation. Removal of the overstory by logging fostered diversity among dominant plant species and initiated successional trends in all areas. Site preparation caused large differences in the frequency of occurrence and surface area dominated by individual species but only minor increases in the total number of species. Dynamics of individual species or groups are shown by the frequency, cover, and average height of their dominance in each treatment over time. Site preparation by burning or spraying and protection from foraging animals were required to obtain more than minimum tree stocking and growth, even in moist coastal conditions. The study results are most specific to the salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis Pursh) brush type but certainly have wider applicability throughout the Coast Ranges and beyond wherever a heavy cover of competing vegetation develops rapidly and populations of foraging mammals are high. RP STEIN, WI (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,333 SW 1ST AVE,POB 3890,PORTLAND,OR 97208, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU USDA FOR SERV PNW RES STN PI PORTLAND PA 319 SW PINE STREET PO BOX 3890, PORTLAND, OR 97208 SN 0882-5165 J9 USDA FOR SERV PNW RE JI USDA For. Serv. Pac. Northwest Res. Stn. Res. Pap. PD FEB PY 1995 IS 473 BP U1 EP & PG 0 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA QU725 UT WOS:A1995QU72500001 ER PT J AU CAIN, MD AF CAIN, MD TI A 9-YEAR EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF HERBACEOUS COMPETITION ON UPLAND HARDWOODS THAT DEVELOPED FROM SPROUTS ON CUTOVER SITES SO USDA FOREST SERVICE SOUTHERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article AB Intensive control of herbaceous vegetation for 4 consecutive years on a cutover upland site resulted in substantial gains in height and diameter growth from hardwood sprouts compared to the growth of similar hardwood species on plots where herbaceous vegetation was left untreated. Growth of naturally regenerated loblolly and shortleaf pines surpassed that of the hardwood sprouts within 7 years after establishment. RP CAIN, MD (reprint author), USDA,FORESTRY SCI LAB,SO FOREST EXPT STN,MONTICELLO,AR 71656, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU USDA FOR SERV SO FOR EXP STA PI NEW ORLEANS PA 701 LOYOLA AVE ROOM T-10210, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70113 J9 USDA FOR SERV SO RES JI USDA For. Serv. South. For. Exp. Stn. Res. Pap. PD FEB PY 1995 IS 284 BP 1 EP 8 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA QQ352 UT WOS:A1995QQ35200001 ER PT J AU BROWN, F AF BROWN, F TI FORMALDEHYDE AS AN INACTIVANT SO VACCINE LA English DT Letter RP BROWN, F (reprint author), USDA ARS,PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR,GREENPORT,NY 11944, USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA LINACRE HOUSE JORDAN HILL, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 8DP SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD FEB PY 1995 VL 13 IS 2 BP 231 EP 231 PG 1 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA QK473 UT WOS:A1995QK47300017 PM 7625122 ER PT J AU PANTER, KE JAMES, LF MAYLAND, HF AF PANTER, KE JAMES, LF MAYLAND, HF TI REPRODUCTIVE RESPONSE OF EWES FED ALFALFA PELLETS CONTAINING SODIUM SELENATE OR ASTRAGALUS-BISULCATUS AS A SELENIUM SOURCE SO VETERINARY AND HUMAN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Selenium fed to open cycling ewes in the form of sodium selenate or Astragalus bisulcatus (a selenium accumulator plant) at 24 or 29 ppm selenium, respectively, in alfalfa hay pellets did not alter the estrous cycle length, estrus behavior, progesterone or estrogen profiles, pregnancy rate or outcome of parturition (P>0.05). There was wool loss in some ewes fed seleniferous pellets and the mean whole blood selenium levels were 0.45, 1.3 and 2.4 ppm, respectively, for control, A bisulcatus and sodium selenate; however, ewe condition and appearance remained good. All lambs appeared normal and the number of lambs born and the individual and total lamb weight averages were not significantly (P>0.05) different between treatment groups and control group. C1 USDA ARS,SNAKE RIVER CONSERVAT RES CTR,KIMBERLY,ID 83341. RP PANTER, KE (reprint author), USDA ARS,POISONOUS PLANT RES LAB,1150 E 1400 N,LOGAN,UT 84321, USA. NR 16 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMPARATIVE TOXICOLOGY LAB KANSAS STATE UNIV PI MANHATTAN PA MANHATTAN, KS 66506 SN 0145-6296 J9 VET HUM TOXICOL JI Vet. Human Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 37 IS 1 BP 30 EP 32 PG 3 WC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences SC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences GA QC596 UT WOS:A1995QC59600008 PM 7709586 ER PT J AU LEBEPEMAZUR, S WILSON, T HENDRICH, S AF LEBEPEMAZUR, S WILSON, T HENDRICH, S TI FUSARIUM PROLIFERATUM-FERMENTED CORN STIMULATES DEVELOPMENT OF PLACENTAL GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE-POSITIVE ALTERED HEPATIC FOCI IN FEMALE RATS SO VETERINARY AND HUMAN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LIVER; HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS; MONILIFORME; FUMONISIN-B1; PROMOTION; CANCER; DIETHYLNITROSAMINE; INITIATION; EXPRESSION; MARKERS AB Groups of 8 6-w-old female Sprague-Dawley rats were initiated with 30 mg diethylnitrosamine (DEN)/kg. Control and initiated groups were fed a semipurified diet or diets supplemented with Fusarium proliferatum-contaminated corn to contain 20 or 50 mg fumonisin B-1 (FB1)/kg. Histochemical staining for gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and immunochemical staining for placental glutathione S-transferase (PGST), markers of altered hepatic foci (AHF), were performed on serial frozen hepatic sections. Gamma-glutamyltransferase -(+) AHF were not found in any group. Dosing with DEN significantly increased the number of PGST-(+) hepatocytes compared to the uninitiated groups. Groups fed F prol iferatum-containing diets also had a significantly increased number of PGST-(+) AHF compared with those fed no F proliferatum. The volume percentage of liver occupied by PGST-(+) foci was significantly greater in the groups treated with DEN or F proliferatum. The number of PGST-(+) AHF/liver in the groups given DEN was also significantly greater than in the uninitiated groups. Fusarium proliferatum exposure also significantly increased the number of PGST-(+) AHF/liver. Feeding F proliferatum containing 20 mg FB1/kg promoted the development of DEN-initiated AHF in rats. Placental glutathione S-transferase was a more useful marker than GGT in detecting AHF produced by small amounts of F proliferatum mycotoxins fed after initiating dosing with DEN. C1 USDA,APHIS,NATL VET SERV,AMES,IA 50010. RP LEBEPEMAZUR, S (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT FOOD SCI & HUMAN NUTR,AMES,IA 50011, USA. OI Hendrich, Suzanne/0000-0001-8700-4765 NR 34 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPARATIVE TOXICOLOGY LAB KANSAS STATE UNIV PI MANHATTAN PA MANHATTAN, KS 66506 SN 0145-6296 J9 VET HUM TOXICOL JI Vet. Human Toxicol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 37 IS 1 BP 55 EP 59 PG 5 WC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences SC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences GA QC596 UT WOS:A1995QC59600015 PM 7709594 ER PT J AU STEVENS, MG OLSEN, SC CHEVILLE, NF AF STEVENS, MG OLSEN, SC CHEVILLE, NF TI COMPARATIVE-ANALYSIS OF IMMUNE-RESPONSES IN CATTLE VACCINATED WITH BRUCELLA-ABORTUS STRAIN-19 OR STRAIN RB51 SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OUTER-MEMBRANE PROTEINS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; MUTANT STRAINS; INFECTION; PROTECTION; MICE AB Immune responses were measured for 12 weeks following vaccination of cattle with either Brucella abortus strain (S) 19 or SRB51. Cattle vaccinated with S19, but not with SRB51, produced antibodies that agglutinated B. abortus S1119 in the standard tube agglutination test. Cattle vaccinated with S19 or SRB51 produced antibodies to the surface antigens of SRB51 when measured by a dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Superficial cervical lymph node (LN) cells obtained by biopsy at 10 and 12 weeks from cattle given the S19 or SRB51 vaccine exhibited similar proliferative responses when incubated in vitro with gamma-irradiated B. abortus S2308. At 10 and 12 weeks after vaccination, LN cells obtained from cattle given S19 or SRB51 proliferated to 22 protein fractions (106-18 kDa proteins) of B. abortus S2308 that were isolated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Twelve of the same 22 fractions, which contained 49-27 kDa proteins, produced a stimulation index of greater than 10 when incubated with LN cells taken from S19-vaccinated or SRB51-vaccinated cattle. Two factions, which contained 27 kDa proteins of S2308, induced the highest proliferative response (stimulation index 25 or greater) by LN cells in cattle given either S19 or SRB51. These results suggest that cattle vaccinated with S19 or SRB51 have similar LN immune responses to S2308, but unlike S19, SRB51 does not induce positive results in the standard tube agglutination test used to diagnose brucellosis in cattle. RP STEVENS, MG (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,BRUCELLOSIS RES UNIT,2300 DAYTON AVE,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 20 TC 62 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 44 IS 3-4 BP 223 EP 235 DI 10.1016/0165-2427(94)05311-F PG 13 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA QG954 UT WOS:A1995QG95400002 PM 7747403 ER PT J AU DETILLEUX, JC KEHRLI, ME STABEL, JR FREEMAN, AE KELLEY, DH AF DETILLEUX, JC KEHRLI, ME STABEL, JR FREEMAN, AE KELLEY, DH TI STUDY OF IMMUNOLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION IN PERIPARTURIENT HOLSTEIN CATTLE SELECTED FOR HIGH AND AVERAGE MILK-PRODUCTION SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTE FUNCTION; BLOOD NEUTROPHIL FUNCTIONS; BOVINE PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; LYMPHOCYTE BLASTOGENESIS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CONGLUTININ LEVELS; PERINATAL-PERIOD; SERUM COMPLEMENT; DAIRY-COWS; VITAMIN-E AB Data from twenty assays of traits associated with innate and adaptive immunity were evaluated from 137 periparturient Holstein cows. These cows had been selected through planned matings for four different levels of mirk production (high and average pounds of milk, and high and average pounds of milk fat plus protein). For up to seven generations, the genetic lines were produced by mating females of each line to sires of corresponding merit. With the exceptions of neutrophil ingestion of Staphylococcus aureus and directed migration, all assays measuring neutrophil functions were depressed beginning 2 to 3 weeks before calving through 3 weeks after calving. Serum concentrations of immunoglobulin G(1) decreased while those of immunoglobulin G(2) increased around calving time. Serum complement and conglutinin concentrations decreased before calving and reached a minimum around calving time. Cows selected for high milk production (pounds of milk and pounds of milk fat plus proteins) had significantly higher (P < 0.10) numbers of circulating neutrophils and mononuclear cells, had higher (P < 0.10) neutrophil resting chemiluminescence and higher (P < 0.10) neutrophil directed migration than cows with average production potentials. There were significant (P < 0.001) sire progeny group differences for most traits associated with the immune system that we tested. These results can be considered encouraging, in that selection for high milk yield did not produce unfavorable correlated responses in the functional capacity of immune function traits, and that there is sufficient genetic variation in these immunological traits among sires of high genetic merit for milk production to potentially improve the immunocompetence of periparturient cows through planned mating experiments. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ANIM SCI,AMES,IA 50011. USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,LEPTOSPIROSIS MYCOBACTERIOSIS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. NR 45 TC 107 Z9 111 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 44 IS 3-4 BP 251 EP 267 DI 10.1016/0165-2427(94)05302-9 PG 17 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA QG954 UT WOS:A1995QG95400004 PM 7747405 ER PT J AU GRAY, JT FEDORKACRAY, PJ ROGERS, DG AF GRAY, JT FEDORKACRAY, PJ ROGERS, DG TI PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A MORAXELLA-BOVIS CYTOLYSIN SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE MORAXELLA BOVIS; CYTOLYSIN; TOXIN; INFECTIOUS BOVINE KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI HEMOLYSIN; POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS; KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS; IMMUNOGENICITY; NEUTROPHILS; PROTEINS; EXTRACT; CALVES AB Maraxella bovis (M. bovis) is the etiologic agent of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis and M. bovis hemolysin is believed to be an important virulence factor. Two strains of M. bovis were compared, Epp 63(300) (Epp), a known virulent and hemolytic strain, and IBH 63 (IBH), a known avirulent and nonhemolytic strain. Sterile 10-fold (10x) supernatant concentrates were obtained from cultures grown in TSB broth with 10 mM CaCl2. Supernatant hemolysin titers for Epp, were 1:1024 and 1:8192 for unconcentrated (1x) and 10x, respectively. Supernatant cytotoxin titers to bovine mononuclear cells were 1:32 and 1:128 for 1x and 10x, respectively, for Epp. Cytolytic (hemolytic and cytotoxic) activities declined 10-fold but were still measurable for >1 wk at 4 degrees C. Both activities were inactivated by trypsin and by heating at 56 degrees C for 20 min. A cytotoxic effect was observed on cultured bovine and ovine corneal epithelial cells with Epp. All cytolytic effects were neutralized with antiserum to 10x Epp. No cytolytic activities were detected for 10x IBH. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and related immunoblots indicate a high molecular weight protein at 110 kDa for the 10x Epp preparation when stained with silver or probed with monoclonal antibodies to the E. coli alpha hemolysin. No 110 kDa band is observed for 10x IBH. These data suggest that hemolytic and cytotoxic activities are important in the pathogenesis of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis and identify the protein as a possible RTX related toxin of 110 kDa. Stability of the M. bovis cytolysin for >1 week should allow further characterization and purification of the protein. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010. UNIV NEBRASKA,INST AGR & NAT RESOURCES,DEPT VET SCI,LINCOLN,NE 68583. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR-07055] NR 33 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 43 IS 2-3 BP 183 EP 196 DI 10.1016/0378-1135(94)00084-A PG 14 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA QH472 UT WOS:A1995QH47200009 PM 7740757 ER PT J AU WANG, JY CHAY, C GILDOW, FE GRAY, SM AF WANG, JY CHAY, C GILDOW, FE GRAY, SM TI READTHROUGH PROTEIN ASSOCIATED WITH VIRIONS OF BARLEY YELLOW DWARF LUTEOVIRUS AND ITS POTENTIAL ROLE IN REGULATING THE EFFICIENCY OF APHID TRANSMISSION SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; POTATO LEAFROLL VIRUS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; GENES; RNA; IDENTIFICATION; ORGANIZATION; EXPRESSION; ISOLATE; DOMAIN AB Purified particles of barley yellow dwarf luteovirus (BYDV) contain a major 22-kDa protein and a minor protein of approximately 58 kDa. The 22-kDa capsid protein is encoded by open reading frame (ORF) 3. ORF 5 is immediately downstream and in frame with ORF 3 and a 72-kDa protein can be translated via a readthrough suppression of the ORF 3 termination codon. Antibodies were produced against two Escherichia coli expressed polypeptides that represent the amino- and carboxyl-terminal halves of a putative 50-kDa protein encoded by ORF 5. Immunological analyses indicated that the 58-kDa protein associated with purified virions contained sequences encoded by ORF 3 and ORF 5. The carboxyl terminal portion of the full-length (72 kDa) readthrough protein was absent from the 58-kDa protein. The full-length readthrough protein was detected in infected oat protoplasts and plant tissue, but was not associated with virus particles purified from plants. The carboxyl-terminal portion of the 72-kDa readthrough protein was not required for aphid transmission; however, virus was transmitted more efficiently from protoplast extracts containing virions and soluble 72-kDa readthrough protein than from mock-inoculated protoplast extracts to which plant purified virus was added. The full-length readthrough protein, although not required for transmission, may increase the transmission efficiency of BYDV by aphids. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc. C1 CORNELL UNIV,USDA ARS,ITHACA,NY 14853. CORNELL UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ITHACA,NY 14853. PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. NR 36 TC 64 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD FEB 1 PY 1995 VL 206 IS 2 BP 954 EP 962 DI 10.1006/viro.1995.1018 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA QH225 UT WOS:A1995QH22500018 PM 7856106 ER PT J AU Seal, BS AF Seal, BS TI Analysis of matrix protein gene nucleotide sequence diversity among Newcastle disease virus isolates demonstrates that recent disease outbreaks are caused by viruses of psittacine origin SO VIRUS GENES LA English DT Article DE avian paramyxovirus; reverse transcription; polymerase chain reaction; molecular cloning; phylogenetics; pathotype ID FUSION GLYCOPROTEIN; CLEAVAGE-ACTIVATION; PET BIRDS; STRAINS; VIRULENT; PATHOGENICITY; EVOLUTION; SITE AB Nucleotide sequence analysis was completed for isolates of Newcastle disease virus (NDV; avian paramyxovirus 1) from 1992 outbreaks in cormorants and turkeys. These isolates were of the neurotropic velogenic type. The cormorant and turkey NDV isolates had the fusion protein cleavage sequence (109)SRGRRQKR/FVG(119), as opposed to the consensus sequence (109)SGGRRQKR/FIG(119) of most known velogenic NDV isolates. The R for G substitution at position 110 may be unique for the cormorant and turkey isolates. For comparative purposes, nucleotide sequencing and analysis of the conserved matrix protein gene coding region were completed for isolates representing all pathotypes. Phylogenetic relationships demonstrated that there are two major groups of NDV isolates. One group includes viruses found in North America and worldwide, such as B1, LaSota, Texas/CB, and Beaudette/C. The second group contains isolates, such as Ulster/2C, Australia/Victoria, and Herts/33, considered exotic to North America. Within this second group are viruses of psittacine origin. The viruses from 1992 outbreaks of Newcastle disease in North America, and an isolate thought to have caused the major outbreak in southern California during the 1970s, are most closely related to an NDV isolate of psittacine origin. RP Seal, BS (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE POULTRY RES LAB,934 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 53 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-8569 J9 VIRUS GENES JI Virus Genes PD FEB PY 1995 VL 11 IS 2-3 BP 217 EP 224 DI 10.1007/BF01728661 PG 8 WC Genetics & Heredity; Virology SC Genetics & Heredity; Virology GA UW022 UT WOS:A1995UW02200013 PM 8828148 ER PT J AU RISSE, LM LIU, BY NEARING, MA AF RISSE, LM LIU, BY NEARING, MA TI USING CURVE NUMBERS TO DETERMINE BASE-LINE VALUES OF GREEN-AMPT EFFECTIVE HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITIES SO WATER RESOURCES BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE INFILTRATION; HYDROLOGIC MODELING; WEPP; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; GREEN-AMPT EQUATION; SCS CURVE NUMBER ID EROSION MODEL; INFILTRATION AB Since the trend in infiltration modeling is currently toward process-based approaches such as the Green-Ampt equation, more emphasis is being placed on methods of determining appropriate parameters for this approach. The SCS curve number method is an accepted and commonly used empirical approach for estimating surface runoff, and is based on numerous data from a variety of sources. The time and expense of calibrating process-based infiltration parameters to measured data are often prohibitive. This study uses curve number predictions of runoff to develop equations to estimate the ''baseline'' hydraulic conductivities (K-b) for use in the Green-Ampt equation. Curve number predictions of runoff were made for 43 soils. K-b values in the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model were then calibrated so that the annual runoff predicted by WEPP was equal to the curve number predictions. These calibrated values were used to derive an equation that estimated K-b based on the percent sand, percent clay, and cation exchange capacity of the soil. Estimated values of K-b from this equation compared favorably with measured values and values calibrated to measured natural runoff plot data. WEPP predictions of runoff using both optimized and estimated values of K-b were compared to curve number predictions of runoff and the measured values. The WEPP predictions using the optimized values of K-b were the best in terms of both average error and model efficiency. WEPP predictions using estimated values of K-b were shown to be superior to predictions obtained from the curve number method. The runoff predictions all tended to be biased high for small events and law for larger events when compared to the measured data. Confidence intervals for runoff predictions on both an annual and event basis were also developed for the WEPP model. C1 PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,NATL SOIL EROS RES LAB,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47905. RP RISSE, LM (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,203 BARROW HALL,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 24 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 22070-5528 SN 0043-1370 J9 WATER RESOUR BULL JI Water Resour. Bull. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 31 IS 1 BP 147 EP 158 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA QM597 UT WOS:A1995QM59700016 ER PT J AU EWING, RP JAYNES, DB AF EWING, RP JAYNES, DB TI ISSUES IN SINGLE-FRACTURE TRANSPORT MODELING - SCALES, ALGORITHMS, AND GRID TYPES SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID APERTURE CHANNEL MODEL; TRACER TRANSPORT; FIELD OBSERVATIONS; STOCHASTIC-MODEL; FLOW; SOIL; PERCOLATION; DISPERSION; MEDIA AB Transport in single fractures has recently been intensely examined, Potential applications of these studies include nuclear waste storage and infiltration of rainwater into soil desiccation cracks. We modeled hydrodynamic dispersion in single fractures, using a variable-aperture model and particle-tracking techniques. We examined issues of scale of heterogeneity, particle-tracking method, and grid topology. Hydrodynamic dispersion tends to zero as the scale of the transport path increases in relation to the scale of heterogeneity. Since this is not observed in nature, it implies either that fractures have fractal structure or that hydrodynamic dispersion alone does not account for all the dispersion that occurs in fractures. Dispersion and retardation as simulated using a node-to-node or mixing type algorithm are greater than when they are simulated using an interpolation algorithm, and the difference cannot be attributed to molecular diffusion. Differences in conductivity and dispersion between different grid types (serial, parallel, square, and random field) are related to the coordination number (degree of connectedness) of the grid, with lower coordination number grids having higher dispersion. RP EWING, RP (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,MIDW AREA,2150 PAMMEL DR,AMES,IA 50011, USA. RI Ewing, Robert/J-8968-2013 NR 30 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 31 IS 2 BP 303 EP 312 DI 10.1029/94WR02674 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA QH493 UT WOS:A1995QH49300006 ER PT J AU LESCH, SM STRAUSS, DJ RHOADES, JD AF LESCH, SM STRAUSS, DJ RHOADES, JD TI SPATIAL PREDICTION OF SOIL-SALINITY USING ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION TECHNIQUES .1. STATISTICAL PREDICTION MODELS - A COMPARISON OF MULTIPLE LINEAR-REGRESSION AND COKRIGING SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; STOCHASTIC INTERPOLATION; WATER-CONTENT; RAINFALL DATA; LIKELIHOOD; GAUGES AB We describe a regression-based statistical methodology suitable for predicting field scale spatial salinity (EC(e)) conditions from rapidly acquired electromagnetic induction (EC(a)) data. This technique uses multiple linear regression (MLR) models to estimate soil salinity from EC(a) survey data. The MLR models incorporate multiple EC(a) measurements and trend surface parameters to increase the prediction accuracy and can be fitted from limited amounts of EC(e) calibration data. This estimation technique is compared to some commonly recommended cokriging techniques, with respect to statistical modeling assumptions, calibration sample size requirements, and prediction capabilities. We show that MLR models are theoretically equivalent to, and cost-effective relative to cokriging for estimating a spatially distributed random variable when the residuals from the regression model are spatially uncorrelated. MLR modeling and prediction techniques are demonstrated with data from three salinity surveys. C1 UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT STAT,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521. RP LESCH, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,4500 GLENWOOD DR,RIVERSIDE,CA 92501, USA. NR 43 TC 129 Z9 141 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 31 IS 2 BP 373 EP 386 DI 10.1029/94WR02179 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA QH493 UT WOS:A1995QH49300012 ER PT J AU LESCH, SM STRAUSS, DJ RHOADES, JD AF LESCH, SM STRAUSS, DJ RHOADES, JD TI SPATIAL PREDICTION OF SOIL-SALINITY USING ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION TECHNIQUES .2. AN EFFICIENT SPATIAL SAMPLING ALGORITHM SUITABLE FOR MULTIPLE LINEAR-REGRESSION MODEL IDENTIFICATION AND ESTIMATION SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DESIGN AB In our companion paper we described a regression-based statistical methodology for predicting field scale salinity (EC(e)) patterns from rapidly acquired electromagnetic induction (EC(a)) measurements. This technique used multiple linear regression (MLR) models to construct both point and conditional probability estimates of soil salinity from EC(a) survey data. In this paper we introduce a spatial site selection algorithm designed to identify a minimal number of calibration sites for MLR model estimation. The algorithm selects sites that are spatially representative of the entire survey area and simultaneously facilitate the accurate estimation of model parameters. Additionally, we introduce two statistical criteria that are useful for selecting optimal MLR variable combinations, describe a technique for identifying faulty signal data, and explore some of the differences between our recommended model-based sampling plan are some more commonly used design-based sampling plans. Survey data from two of the fields analyzed in the previous paper are used to demonstrate these techniques. C1 UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT STAT,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521. RP LESCH, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,4500 GLENWOOD DR,RIVERSIDE,CA 92501, USA. NR 15 TC 112 Z9 115 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 31 IS 2 BP 387 EP 398 DI 10.1029/94WR02180 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA QH493 UT WOS:A1995QH49300013 ER PT J AU KULIK, MM DERY, PD DOUGLASS, LW AF KULIK, MM DERY, PD DOUGLASS, LW TI FREQUENCY OF PLANTS IN POPULATIONS OF ALFALFA (MEDICAGO-SATIVA L) RESISTANT TO PREEMERGENCE AND POSTEMERGENCE DAMPING-OFF INCITED BY AG-4 ISOLATES OF RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PFLANZENKRANKHEITEN UND PFLANZENSCHUTZ-JOURNAL OF PLANT DISEASES AND PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE THANATEPHORUS-CUCUMERIS; RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI; LUCERNE; SEEDLING DISEASE; RECURRENT PHENOTYPIC SELECTION AB Three cultivars and three germplasm pools of alfalfa (lucerne) (Medicago sativa) were tested in the greenhouse for resistance to pre- and post-emergence damping-off incited by 11 AG 4 isolates of Rhizoctonia solani. These isolates exhibited three levels of infectivity: mildly pathogenic, moderately pathogenic, or highly pathogenic. Although a relatively large amount of damping-off occurred, a ten to 13% survival frequency was observed for some of these entries in the presence of highly pathogenic isolates of R. solani. Preliminary tests using unnaturally high levels of inoculum had established that this level of survival frequency was not due to the mechanism of disease escape. In the tests in which moderately pathogenic isolates of R. solani were used, seedling survival frequencies of 50% or greater were observed. Six isolates of the pathogen demonstrated the same level of pathogenicity in the pre- and post-emergence damping-off tests, four others dropped one level in pathogenicity between the two tests, and one isolate rose one level. These results support the idea that a program of recurrent, phenotypic selection of alfalfa for resistance to damping-off incited by R. solani could lead to the development of germplasm having high levels of resistance to this disease. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ANIM SCI,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. RP KULIK, MM (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUGEN ULMER GMBH CO PI STUTTGART 70 PA POSTFACH 700561 WOLLGRASWEG 41, W-7000 STUTTGART 70, GERMANY SN 0340-8159 J9 Z PFLANZENK PFLANZEN JI Z. Pflanzenk. Pflanzens.-J. Plant Dis. Prot. PD FEB PY 1995 VL 102 IS 1 BP 51 EP 57 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA QN086 UT WOS:A1995QN08600008 ER PT J AU HORST, RL REINHARDT, TA GOFF, JP NONNECKE, BJ GAMBHIR, VK FIORELLA, PD NAPOLI, JL AF HORST, RL REINHARDT, TA GOFF, JP NONNECKE, BJ GAMBHIR, VK FIORELLA, PD NAPOLI, JL TI IDENTIFICATION OF 9-CIS, 13-CIS-RETINOIC ACID AS A MAJOR CIRCULATING RETINOID IN PLASMA SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN TYPE-I; BINDING-PROTEIN; BETA-GLUCURONIDE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; NUCLEAR RECEPTOR; RESPONSE ELEMENT; CARCINOMA-CELLS; HUMAN-BLOOD; RAT; DIFFERENTIATION AB In the course of measuring the concentrations of retinoic acids (RA) in bovine plasma, a major peak was observed which comigrated with 9-cis-RA on normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Rechromatography of this retinoic on reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography showed that it was distinct from 9-cis-, 13-cis-, and all-trans-RA, but comigrated with 9-cis,13-cis-retinoic acid (9,13-di-cis-RA). This retinoid was identified as 9,13-di-cis-RA based on its chemical, spectral, and chromatographic properties. Plasma concentrations of 9,13-di-cis-RA increased from less than or equal to 0.5 ng/mL at birth to 5-6 ng/mL by 48 h of age in the calf. The 9,13-di-cis-RA was also a major circulating product of 9-cis-RA dosed intramuscularly to rats; conversely, intravenous administration of 9,13-di-cis-RA produced circulating 9-cis-RA in the rat. 9,13-Di-cis-RA had little or no affinity for cellular retinoic acid binding proteins types I and II. This study establishes 9,13-di-cis-RA as a naturally-occurring retinoid under physiological conditions, shows that it undergoes interconversion with 9-cis-RA, and emphasizes a need for careful chromatography to resolve 9-cis-RA and 9,13-di-cis-RA. This is consistent with in vivo 13-cis isomerization operating to modify the concentration and perhaps the activity of 9-cis-RA in vivo. C1 SUNY BUFFALO,DEPT BIOCHEM,BUFFALO,NY 14214. RP HORST, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010, USA. RI Reinhardt, Timothy/A-7536-2009 OI Reinhardt, Timothy/0000-0001-5552-2509 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK47839] NR 44 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD JAN 31 PY 1995 VL 34 IS 4 BP 1203 EP 1209 DI 10.1021/bi00004a013 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA QE538 UT WOS:A1995QE53800013 PM 7827070 ER PT J AU MILLER, FN SAARI, JT ALSIP, NL SCHUSCHKE, DA AF MILLER, FN SAARI, JT ALSIP, NL SCHUSCHKE, DA TI THE MICROPHOTOHEMOLYTIC RESPONSE OF ERYTHROCYTES IS ALTERED BY STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETES AND COPPER DEFICIENCY IN RATS SO LIFE SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE PHOTOHEMOLYSIS; ERYTHROCYTES; DIABETES; COPPER DEFICIENCY; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA ID SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE ACTIVITY; RED BLOOD-CELLS; MICROVASCULAR RESPONSES; MEMBRANE FLUIDITY; SINGLET OXYGEN; CROSS-LINKING; INSULIN; ENHANCEMENT; MECHANISMS; RELAXATION AB Microphotohemolysis is a new technique that has been used to determine the presence of alterations in the erythrocyte membrane. The method involves light activation through a microscope of a fluorescent dye-erythrocyte-buffer solution in hemocytometer. The interaction of the light and dye result in the generation of toxic oxygen products which attack the membrane allowing water to enter the cell. As hemolysis occurs the optical density of the microscopic field decreases and this is recorded for later quantitation with an image analysis system. Maximal effect, time to half maximal effect and the slope of the hemolysis curve are determined. The goal of this study was to determine if microphotohemolysis could be used to detect differences in erythrocytes from animals with altered physiological states such as hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, and copper deficiency. These are conditions that alter the lipid or protein structure of the erythrocyte membrane and/or the antioxidative capacity of the erythrocyte. There were no effects of hypercholesterolemia on the microphotohemolytic response of the erythrocyte. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes resulted in a decreased maximum effect, a significant shift of the hemolysis curve to the right (increased T 1/2) and a significant decrease in the slope of the hemolysis curve. These results in diabetes and copper deficiency are consistent with an altered protein structure in the erythrocyte membrane that occurs in these conditions. The data demonstrate that this technique may be used to detect differences between normal and altered erythrocytes. As such, it could be useful in monitoring the course of a disease or its treatment. C1 UNIV LOUISVILLE,CTR APPL MICROCIRCULATORY RES,LOUISVILLE,KY 40292. USDA ARS,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202. RP MILLER, FN (reprint author), UNIV LOUISVILLE,DEPT PHYSIOL & BIOPHYS,LOUISVILLE,KY 40292, USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [1 R43 DK44057] NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0024-3205 J9 LIFE SCI JI Life Sci. PD JAN 27 PY 1995 VL 56 IS 10 BP 735 EP 745 DI 10.1016/0024-3205(95)00004-P PG 11 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA QD543 UT WOS:A1995QD54300004 PM 7885189 ER PT J AU MEYDANI, M AF MEYDANI, M TI VITAMIN-E SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; E SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTATION; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; OXIDATIVE MODIFICATION; PLATELET-FUNCTION; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; E CONSUMPTION RP MEYDANI, M (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,ANTIOXIDANT RES LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 44 TC 301 Z9 305 U1 0 U2 4 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0099-5355 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JAN 21 PY 1995 VL 345 IS 8943 BP 170 EP 175 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90172-8 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA QC550 UT WOS:A1995QC55000015 PM 7823675 ER PT J AU HARMELIN, A PERL, S NYSKA, A YAKOBSON, B SHPIGEL, N ORGAD, U DUBEY, JP AF HARMELIN, A PERL, S NYSKA, A YAKOBSON, B SHPIGEL, N ORGAD, U DUBEY, JP TI NEOSPOROSIS-ASSOCIATED BOVINE ABORTION IN ISRAEL SO VETERINARY RECORD LA English DT Letter C1 KIMRON VET INST,BET DAGAN,ISRAEL. USDA ARS,LPSI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP HARMELIN, A (reprint author), KORET SCH VET MED,BET DAGAN,ISRAEL. NR 2 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON, ENGLAND W1M 0AT SN 0042-4900 J9 VET REC JI Vet. Rec. PD JAN 21 PY 1995 VL 136 IS 3 BP 80 EP 80 PG 1 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA QE189 UT WOS:A1995QE18900019 PM 7725621 ER PT J AU VERDON, CP BURTON, BA PRIOR, RL AF VERDON, CP BURTON, BA PRIOR, RL TI SAMPLE PRETREATMENT WITH NITRATE REDUCTASE AND GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE-DEHYDROGENASE QUANTITATIVELY REDUCES NITRATE WHILE AVOIDING INTERFERENCE BY NADP(+) WHEN THE GRIESS REACTION IS USED TO ASSAY FOR NITRITE SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID L-ARGININE; OXIDE SYNTHASE; MOUSE MACROPHAGES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; OXIDATION; INTERMEDIATE; CELLS AB An assay for the simultaneous measurement of nitrite and nitrate, products of nitric oxide metabolism, is described. Others have reported pretreating sample by using nitrate reductase (NR) and NADPH to reduce endogenous NO3- before assaying the resultant NO2- using the Griess reaction. However, we found that the NADP(+) formed during pretreatment interfered with the Griess reaction when NADPH was used at concentrations necessary to drive the NR reaction. For instance, 500 mu M NADP(+) in 100 mu M NaNO3- (without NR) causes a 90% interference with the formation of Griess reaction product. To limit interference, we modified the method by decreasing the NADPH concentration to 1 mu M. NADPH was regenerated by coupling the NR reaction with that catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (GD). Using this method, NaNO3- standard curves were linear up to 100 mu M and coincided with control curves obtained using NaNO2- incubated in parallel. Addition of urine up to a strength of 20% did not interfere with the assay. Comparison with an alternative assay based on cadmium reduction resulted in the following linear regression: [Cd method] = 0.915*[NR-GD method] + 0.37, r(2) = 0.997. Coupling GD to NR to recycle NADPH allows this cofactor to be used at a low concentration so that interference with the Griess reaction is negligible. (C) 1995 academic Press, Inc. RP VERDON, CP (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 23 TC 275 Z9 281 U1 3 U2 17 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD JAN 20 PY 1995 VL 224 IS 2 BP 502 EP 508 DI 10.1006/abio.1995.1079 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA QD014 UT WOS:A1995QD01400005 PM 7733451 ER PT J AU GAZIANO, JM HATTA, A FLYNN, M JOHNSON, EJ KRINSKY, NI RIDKER, PM HENNEKENS, CH FREI, B AF GAZIANO, JM HATTA, A FLYNN, M JOHNSON, EJ KRINSKY, NI RIDKER, PM HENNEKENS, CH FREI, B TI SUPPLEMENTATION WITH BETA-CAROTENE IN-VIVO AND IN-VITRO DOES NOT INHIBIT LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN OXIDATION SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE ANTIOXIDANTS; BETA-CAROTENE; CAROTENOIDS; LDL; LIPID PEROXIDATION; ATHEROSCLEROSIS ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; VITAMIN-E; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS; LDL OXIDATION; HYDROPEROXIDES; CHOLESTEROL; INVITRO; INVIVO AB The inhibition of low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation has been postulated as one mechanism by which antioxidants may prevent the development of atherosclerosis. Available data on the ability of beta-carotene to inhibit LDL oxidation are conflicting, We examined the role of in vivo and in vitro supplementation with beta-carotene on metal ion-dependent (cupric ions, Cu2+) and metal ion-independent (2,2'-azobis[2-amidinopropane]dihydrochloride, AAPH) oxidation of LDL as measured by the formation of conjugated dienes (absorbance at 234 nm), Sixteen subjects were supplemented with 50-100 mg of beta-carotene on alternate days for 3 weeks following a week-long loading dose of 100 mg/day, Plasma beta-carotene levels rose 5.5-fold, while LDL beta-carotene levels rose 8.5-fold. Oxidation of LDL by Cu2+ or AAPH was not significantly delayed after in vivo supplementation with beta-carotene compared with baseline, For AAPH, the lag phase (in minutes) was 75 +/- 8 at baseline and 83 +/- 14 after supplementation (P = 0.07), For CU2+, the lag phase was 172 +/- 41 at baseline and decreased to 130 +/- 24 after supplementation (P < 0.01). Similarly, no protective effect against Cu2+-induced oxidation was observed when beta-carotene was added to LDL in vitro. Supplementation of plasma with beta-carotene in vitro prior to LDL isolation also did not enhance LDL's resistance to CU2+- or AAPH-induced oxidation, despite a 5-fold increase in LDL beta-carotene levers over vehicle control. These data indicate that supplementation with beta-carotene in vivo or in vitro does not enhance the protection of LDL against metal ion-dependent and -independent oxidation; rather, in vivo beta-carotene supplementation may lead to a shortening of the lag phase of Cu2+-induced lipid peroxidation in LDL. C1 BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,DEPT MED,DIV PREVENT MED,BOSTON,MA 02115. BRIGHAM & WOMENS HOSP,DEPT MED,DIV CARDIOVASC,BOSTON,MA 02115. VET ADM MED CTR,DEPT MED,BROCKTON,MA 02401. HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT NUTR,BOSTON,MA 02115. HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT MOLEC & CELLULAR TOXICOL,BOSTON,MA 02115. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,BOSTON,MA 02111. HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT AMBULATORY CARE & PREVENT,BOSTON,MA. NR 31 TC 93 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI PUBL IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD JAN 20 PY 1995 VL 112 IS 2 BP 187 EP 195 DI 10.1016/0021-9150(94)05414-E PG 9 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA QH020 UT WOS:A1995QH02000006 PM 7772078 ER PT J AU DEARELLANO, JVG DUYNKERKE, PG ZELLER, KF AF DEARELLANO, JVG DUYNKERKE, PG ZELLER, KF TI ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE-LAYER SIMILARITY THEORY APPLIED TO CHEMICALLY REACTIVE SPECIES SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY-LAYER; TURBULENCE CLOSURE; DRY DEPOSITION; MODEL; FLUX; COVARIANCE; CHEMISTRY; PROFILES; PROGRESS; STRESS AB The similarity theory proposed by Monin-Obukhov for the atmospheric surface layer is extended so that it can be used to study the flux-gradient relationships of chemically reactive species. A second-order model is developed in order to calculate the flux-gradient relationships and the (co-)variances of momentum, temperature, and concentration. The equations of the statistical quantities of the chemical species take chemical reactions into account. The closure constants are adjusted for a near-neutral surface layer using micrometeorological measurements. All model equations are made nondimensional and without chemistry can be solved as a function of a nondimensional parameter which accounts for the atmospheric stability z/L only. In the case of an irreversible second-order chemical reaction, three new dimensionless scaling parameters are introduced by the chemical processes: two Damkohler numbers (the ratio of the turbulent timescale to the chemical reaction timescale) and the ratio of the fluxes of the chemical species. Model calculations of the momentum and temperature (co-)variances are in good agreement with the observations over the whole range of the atmospheric stability. If the concentration of one chemical species (abundant) is much higher than the concentration of the other species (scarce), then one finds the largest deviations from the flux-gradient relationships and the other statistical quantities for the scarce chemical species with respect to the flux-gradient relationships and the statistical quantities of temperature. The magnitude of these deviations depends on the Damkohler numbers and on the direction of the transport of the two chemical species, i.e.,both deposited/emitted or one deposited and the other emitted. The abundant chemical species behaves as a passive scalar, i.e., temperature or moisture. Therefore in the case of scarce chemical species and Damkohler numbers close to unity (moderate chemistry), one cannot use the same flux-gradient relationship for temperature and for chemically reactive species. A similar behavior is found if one takes into account a backward chemical reaction (photodissociation) to the second-order chemical reaction: However, the deviations of the flux-gradient relationships of the scarce chemical species from the flux-gradient relationship of temperature are less severe if the photodissociation rate is increased. In summary, the model contains all the most important equations for solving the behavior of chemical species over the entire stability range of the atmospheric surface layer. Therefore it can be used to calculate the fluxes and (co-)variances equations of chemical species in atmospheric chemistry models. C1 US FOREST SERV, ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN, FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA. RP DEARELLANO, JVG (reprint author), UNIV UTRECHT, INST MARINE & ATMOSPHER RES, PRINCETON PLEIN 5, 3584 CC UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS. RI Vila, Jordi /B-4538-2010 NR 39 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 20 PY 1995 VL 100 IS D1 BP 1397 EP 1408 DI 10.1029/94JD02434 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA QF627 UT WOS:A1995QF62700027 ER PT J AU GARDNER, RG WELLS, JE RUSSELL, JB WILSON, DB AF GARDNER, RG WELLS, JE RUSSELL, JB WILSON, DB TI THE EFFECT OF CARBOHYDRATES ON THE EXPRESSION OF THE PREVOTELLA-RUMINICOLA 1,4-BETA-D-ENDOGLUCANASE SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE PREVOTELLA RUMINICOLA; RUMEN ENDOGLUCANASE; MANNOSE; CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE; XYLAN ID BACTEROIDES-RUMINICOLA; ENDOGLUCANASE GENE; ENZYMES; STRAINS; RUMEN AB The beta-1,4-endoglucanase of the ruminal bacterium, Prevotella ruminicola B(1)4, hydrolysed carboxymethylcellulose and barley glucan but not xylan or mannan. Endoglucanase activity was present in 88- and 82-kDa proteins, and there was at least a 20-fold variation in endoglucanase activity when P. ruminicola B(1)4 was grown on different sugars. The highest activities were observed with mannose, cellobiose or xylose and little activity was observed with sucrose, arabinose or rhamnose. P. ruminicola B(1)4 also had significant xylanase and mannanase activities, but these activities were present in proteins that had lower molecular masses than the endoglucanase and these proteins did not cross-react with antibody made against the endoglucanase. Mannanase activity has a similar pattern of expression to the endoglucanase, while the xylanase was not induced or repressed by the same sugars or combinations of sugars. The xylanase activity was greatest when xylan was the energy source for growth, but xylose was a very poor inducer of xylanase activity. C1 BIOCHEM MOLEC & CELL BIOL SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853. MICROBIOL SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853. CORNELL UNIV,ITHACA,NY 14853. USDA ARS,ITHACA,NY 14853. NR 14 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD JAN 15 PY 1995 VL 125 IS 2-3 BP 305 EP 310 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA QC245 UT WOS:A1995QC24500027 PM 7875579 ER PT J AU CHERNYAK, SM MCCONNELL, LL RICE, CP AF CHERNYAK, SM MCCONNELL, LL RICE, CP TI FATE OF SOME CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS IN ARCTIC AND FAR-EASTERN ECOSYSTEMS IN THE RUSSIAN-FEDERATION SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on the Ecological Effects of Arctic Airborne Contaminants CY OCT 04-08, 1993 CL REYKJAVIK, ICELAND SP US EPA, NORDIC COUNCIL MINISTERS, ICELAND MINST ENVIRONM, NORDIC AIR & OCEAN GRP, INDIAN & NO AFFAIRS CANADA ARCTIC ENVIRONM STRATEGY, US DEPT STATE, USA, COLD REG RES & ENGN LAB, NATL SCI FDN US, DIV POLAR PROGRAMS, MINIST ENVIRONM, FINLAND, SWEDISH MINIST ENVIRONM & NAT RESOURCES, BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIV, UNIV ALASKA, GEOPHYS INST, FAIRBANKS DE ARCTIC; CHLORINATED PESTICIDES; HCH; MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; SEAWATER CONTAMINATION; FAR EASTERN AB Since the 1970s, the Russian Federation has been carrying out a broad-based study of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the environment. As part of this study, a joint USSR/US investigation was begun in 1984 in the Bering and Chukchi Seas to investigate the transport of agricultural chemicals such as pesticides and other persistent pollutants. Since the impact of chlorinated hydrocarbons on the coastal environments of Russia has changed since the mid-1980s, forecasts of the behavior of these chemicals in the far eastern and arctic marine areas require clarification. Results from two integrated expeditions and several local investigations between 1988 and 1992 to far eastern and polar Russian seas demonstrated that during the last 5 years, the composition of chlorinated hydrocarbons in surface waters has shifted towards larger amounts of alpha-HCH and smaller amounts of highly chlorinated PCB congeners. Significant decreases in PCB concentrations (from 100-900 pg/l to 12-20 pg/l) were observed from 1988 to 1992 in the seas surrounded by far eastern countries. alpha-HCH concentrations increased from 800 pg/l in the South China Sea to 2500 pg/l in the Chukchi Sea. This trend in alpha-HCH concentration has been seen by other researchers and may reflect the effect of much colder surface water temperatures in the polar seas. The Henry's law constant of alpha-HCH decreases with decreasing water temperature, thus favoring deposition to the water phase. Higher than expected gamma-HCH levels were found near the coasts of Russia and Japan, indicating local sources. Composition of other chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDTs and chlordanes) has not changed considerably during the last 5 years. No significant changes in concentrations of global chlorinated hydrocarbons, including HCHs, were observed in the seas of the western part of the Russian Arctic, where usage patterns have not changed significantly. C1 USDA, ENVIRONM CHEM LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. RP CHERNYAK, SM (reprint author), MINIST ECOL RUSSIAN FEDERAT, B GRUZINSKAYA ST 4-6, MOSCOW 123815, RUSSIA. RI McConnell, Laura/H-1519-2011 NR 19 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD JAN 15 PY 1995 VL 160-61 BP 75 EP 85 DI 10.1016/0048-9697(95)04346-3 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QD143 UT WOS:A1995QD14300009 ER PT J AU BIDLEMAN, TF MCCONNELL, LL AF BIDLEMAN, TF MCCONNELL, LL TI A REVIEW OF FIELD EXPERIMENTS TO DETERMINE AIR-WATER GAS-EXCHANGE OF PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE GAS EXCHANGE; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; ARCTIC; GREAT LAKES; PCBS; PESTICIDES ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; HENRY LAW CONSTANTS; STRUCTURE PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS; WIND-SPEED RELATIONSHIP; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; LAKE-MICHIGAN; GREEN BAY; POLYCHLOROBIPHENYL CONGENERS; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; PARTICLE DISTRIBUTIONS AB Field experiments to determine air-water exchange of gas-phase persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in lakes and oceans are reviewed. Evidence for exchange comes from mass balancing total inputs and outputs of POPs in lakes, and experiments to determine air-water fugacity gradients. Several of these investigations in the Great Lakes demonstrate a net volatilization of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The annual cycle of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in the Great Lakes, predicted from average monthly air concentrations, shows invasion for most of the year, with short periods of evasion during summer. Volatilization of HCHs takes place in some estuarine regions. Gas-phase fluxes of organochlorine pesticides to oceans and large lakes are of equal or greater magnitude than those due to precipitation and dry particle deposition. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP BIDLEMAN, TF (reprint author), ATMOSPHER ENVIRONM SERV,4905 DUFFERIN ST,DOWNSVIEW,ON M3H 5T4,CANADA. RI McConnell, Laura/H-1519-2011; Bidleman, Terry/F-6287-2011 OI Bidleman, Terry/0000-0001-7469-0532 NR 96 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD JAN 10 PY 1995 VL 159 IS 2-3 BP 101 EP 117 DI 10.1016/0048-9697(95)04255-Y PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA QD602 UT WOS:A1995QD60200002 ER PT J AU TWOMEY, T FRANCE, LL HASSARD, S BURRAGE, TG NEWMAN, JFE BROWN, F AF TWOMEY, T FRANCE, LL HASSARD, S BURRAGE, TG NEWMAN, JFE BROWN, F TI CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ACID-RESISTANT MUTANT OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH-DISEASE VIRUS SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE; MENGO-VIRUS; RESOLUTION; POLIOVIRUS; PH; RHINOVIRUS; RECEPTOR AB A foot-and-mouth disease virus mutant which is stable at pH 6.4 has been isolated from a virus of serotype A. In contrast to the parent (P) virus, which gave a mixture of large and small plaques in BHK21 cells and in a bovine kidney cell line, the acid-resistant (AR) virus gave small plaques which did not increase markedly in size after 24 hr. The infectivity titer of the acid-resistant virus was about 100-fold lower in suckling mice than in BHK21 cells, whether the inoculation was made intraperitoneally or intracerebrally, whereas the parent virus gave similar titers in both systems. Furthermore, in mice the AR virus reached its end point two to three times more slowly. The diameter of the AR virus was almost 20% less than that of the P virus and it had a more distinct topography, but the two viruses cosedimented in sucrose gradients. However, the buoyant density in CsCl of the AR virus was slightly lower (1.42 compared with 1.43 g/cc) in coruns. The RNAs and capsid proteins of the two viruses gave similar profiles in sucrose gradients and by SDS-PAGE, respectively. However, isoelectric focusing of the capsid proteins revealed considerable differences between the two viruses. Whereas the P virus gave four protein bands, corresponding to VP1-VP4, the AR virus gave one band for VP4, two for VP3, two for VP2, and four for VP1. Sequence analysis of the genes coding for the capsid protein regions of the two viruses showed four changes (one silent), resulting in an Ala-3 --> Ser substitution in VP1 and Glu-131 --> Lys and Asp-133 --> Ser substitutions in VP2. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc. C1 USDA ARS,PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR,GREENPORT,NY 11944. NR 17 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD JAN 10 PY 1995 VL 206 IS 1 BP 69 EP 75 DI 10.1016/S0042-6822(95)80020-4 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA QD149 UT WOS:A1995QD14900008 PM 7831827 ER PT J AU LU, ZQ LI, Y ZHANG, YP KUTISH, GF ROCK, DL VANETTEN, JL AF LU, ZQ LI, Y ZHANG, YP KUTISH, GF ROCK, DL VANETTEN, JL TI ANALYSIS OF 45-KB OF DNA LOCATED AT THE LEFT END OF THE CHLORELLA-VIRUS PBCV-1 GENOME SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID D-LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE; GLYCEROPHOSPHORYL DIESTER PHOSPHODIESTERASE; T4 ENDONUCLEASE-V; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; PYRIMIDINE DIMER; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; ALGAL VIRUS; KINASE GENE; GREEN-ALGA AB Forty-five kilobases of DNA, including the previously sequenced 2.2-kb inverted repeat region, located al the left termini of the 330-kb Chlorella virus PBCV-1 genome were sequenced and analyzed. Eighty-five complete open reading frames (ORFs) larger than 195 nucleotides were identified. Thirty-seven of the 85 ORFs, which are densely packed on both strands of the DNA, were considered major ORFs. Fifteen of the major ORFs have similarity to genes in the databases, including bacterial glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase, bacteriophage T4 endonuclease V, D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases, and beta-alanine synthetase and bacterial nitrilases. Two major ORFs resemble the virus major capsid protein. Three major ORFs contain three or more ankyrin-like repeat elements and four ORFs encode proline-rich proteins. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA, DEPT PLANT PATHOL, LINCOLN, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR, NAA, GREENPORT, NY 11944 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM-32441] NR 66 TC 56 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD JAN 10 PY 1995 VL 206 IS 1 BP 339 EP 352 DI 10.1016/S0042-6822(95)80049-2 PG 14 WC Virology SC Virology GA QD149 UT WOS:A1995QD14900037 PM 7831789 ER PT J AU MEDINA, MB UNRUH, JJ AF MEDINA, MB UNRUH, JJ TI SOLID-PHASE CLEANUP AND THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETECTION OF VETERINARY AMINOGLYCOSIDES SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B-BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article ID ANTIBIOTICS; TISSUES; FLUIDS AB Chemical methods are needed to confirm the presence of antibiotics detected by microbial inhibition assays in fluids and tissues of farm animals. We have optimized the conditions for the isolation of hygromycin B with a copolymeric bonded solid-phase silica column followed by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) separation and detection of its fluorescence derivative after reaction with fluorescamine. The detection limit of the drug was 50 ng. Serum and plasma samples fortified with hygromycin B were acidified and passed through the copolymerized solid-phase columns previously conditioned with phosphate buffer. Hygromycin B was trapped in the columns and eluted with diethylamine-methanol and analyzed by TLC using acetone-ethanol-ammonium hydroxide as the developing solvent. Hygromycin B bands were derivatized at acidic pH with fluorescamine and visualized under ultraviolet light. Hygromycin B added to bovine plasma was detectable at 25, 50, 100, 250 and 500 ng/ml (ppb). Hygromycin B added to swine serum was detected at 50 ng/ml. However, the serum had to be deproteinized with trichloroacetic acid or acetonitrile prior to solid-phase extraction to gain accurate values. Neomycin and gentamicin (100 ng/ml aqueous solutions) could also be isolated with copolymeric solid-phase columns at a level of 50 ng. Gentamicin, neomycin, gentamicin, spectinomycin, hygromycin B and streptomycin could be separated by TLC, allowing multiresidue detection of these aminoglycosides. The respective R(F) values of 0.64, 0.56, 0.52, 0.33 and 0.20 indicate the separation of these five compounds. This procedure provides a rapid and sensitive method for the semi-quantitative estimation of aminoglycosides. RP MEDINA, MB (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4347 J9 J CHROMATOGR B JI J. Chromatogr. B-Biomed. Appl. PD JAN 6 PY 1995 VL 663 IS 1 BP 127 EP 135 DI 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00414-Z PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA QC227 UT WOS:A1995QC22700015 PM 7704199 ER PT J AU ZUERNER, RL TREUBA, GA AF ZUERNER, RL TREUBA, GA TI CHROMOSOMAL REARRANGEMENTS IN LEPTOSPIRA-INTERROGANS SO JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0730-2312 J9 J CELL BIOCHEM JI J. Cell. Biochem. PD JAN 5 PY 1995 SU 19A BP 122 EP 122 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA QQ997 UT WOS:A1995QQ99700454 ER PT J AU ANDERSLAND, JM TRIPLETT, BA AF ANDERSLAND, JM TRIPLETT, BA TI IDENTIFICATION OF MICROFILAMENT ASSOCIATED PROTEINS IN COTTON SO JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0730-2312 J9 J CELL BIOCHEM JI J. Cell. Biochem. PD JAN 5 PY 1995 SU 19A BP 138 EP 138 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA QQ997 UT WOS:A1995QQ99700497 ER PT J AU TRIPLETT, BA AF TRIPLETT, BA TI DO FIBRONECTIN ANALOGS EXIST IN HIGHER-PLANTS - ANOMALOUS RECOGNITION OF A COTTON FIBER PROTEIN BY ANTIFIBRONECTIN ANTIBODIES SO JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract ID VITRONECTIN-LIKE; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; CELL-WALL; ADHESION; MOLECULE C1 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0730-2312 J9 J CELL BIOCHEM JI J. Cell. Biochem. PD JAN 5 PY 1995 SU 19A BP 142 EP 142 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA QQ997 UT WOS:A1995QQ99700513 ER PT J AU SMITH, LG HAKE, SC SYLVESTER, AW AF SMITH, LG HAKE, SC SYLVESTER, AW TI THE ROLE OF THE MAIZE GENE, TANGLED, IN THE SPATIAL CONTROL OF CELL-DIVISION SO JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,USDA,ALBANY,CA 94710. UNIV IDAHO,DEPT BIOL SCI,MOSCOW,ID 83843. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0730-2312 J9 J CELL BIOCHEM JI J. Cell. Biochem. PD JAN 5 PY 1995 SU 19A BP 148 EP 148 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA QQ997 UT WOS:A1995QQ99700537 ER PT J AU LUTHE, DS JIANG, B SIREGAR, U WILLEFORD, KO WILLIAMS, WP AF LUTHE, DS JIANG, B SIREGAR, U WILLEFORD, KO WILLIAMS, WP TI RELATIONSHIP OF A 33KD PUTATIVE CYSTEINE PROTEINASE WITH FALL ARMYWORM (SPODOPTERA-FRUGIPERDA) RESISTANCE IN MAIZE SO JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,CROP SCI RES LAB,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0730-2312 J9 J CELL BIOCHEM JI J. Cell. Biochem. PD JAN 5 PY 1995 SU 19A BP 157 EP 157 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA QQ997 UT WOS:A1995QQ99700574 ER PT J AU MANSFIELD, LS HILL, DE URBAN, JF AF MANSFIELD, LS HILL, DE URBAN, JF TI WORM INDUCED SUPPRESSION OF IMMUNITY TO INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR COLONIC BACTERIA IN SWINE SO JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,E LANSING,MI 48824. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,LPSI,PARASITE IMMUNOBIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0730-2312 J9 J CELL BIOCHEM JI J. Cell. Biochem. PD JAN 5 PY 1995 SU 19A BP 259 EP 259 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA QQ997 UT WOS:A1995QQ99700903 ER PT J AU CHEUNG, AK DEAN, HJ MILLER, JM ACKERMANN, MR AF CHEUNG, AK DEAN, HJ MILLER, JM ACKERMANN, MR TI A PSEUDORABIES VIRUS WITH DELETION AT THE STANDARD RECOMBINATION JUNCTION IS DEFECTIVE IN REPLICATION IN THE CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM SO JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,VIROL CATTLE RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AVIAN DIS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. RP CHEUNG, AK (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,VIROL SWINE RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0730-2312 J9 J CELL BIOCHEM JI J. Cell. Biochem. PD JAN 5 PY 1995 SU 19A BP 306 EP 306 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA QQ997 UT WOS:A1995QQ99701059 ER PT J AU SEAL, BS AF SEAL, BS TI NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE DIVERSITY AMONG NEWCASTLE-DISEASE VIRUS DEMONSTRATES THAT ISOLATES FROM RECENT DISEASE OUTBREAKS ARE RELATED TO VIRUSES OF PSITTACINE ORIGIN SO JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,SE POULTRY RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0730-2312 J9 J CELL BIOCHEM JI J. Cell. Biochem. PD JAN 5 PY 1995 SU 19A BP 319 EP 319 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA QQ997 UT WOS:A1995QQ99701109 ER PT J AU HUNT, HD THACKER, EL FULTON, JE FADLY, AM BACON, LD SMITH, EJ AF HUNT, HD THACKER, EL FULTON, JE FADLY, AM BACON, LD SMITH, EJ TI ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUS (EV) ANTIGENS REDUCE THE CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE-RESPONSE TO AN EXOGENOUS RETROVIRUS SO JOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,AVIAN DIS & ONCOL LAB,E LANSING,MI 48823. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0730-2312 J9 J CELL BIOCHEM JI J. Cell. Biochem. PD JAN 5 PY 1995 SU 19A BP 321 EP 321 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA QQ997 UT WOS:A1995QQ99701115 ER PT J AU STOWE, MK TURLINGS, TCJ LOUGHRIN, JH LEWIS, WJ TUMLINSON, JH AF STOWE, MK TURLINGS, TCJ LOUGHRIN, JH LEWIS, WJ TUMLINSON, JH TI THE CHEMISTRY OF EAVESDROPPING, ALARM, AND DECEIT SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Colloquium on Chemical Ecology - The Chemistry of Biotic Interaction CY MAR 25-26, 1994 CL NATL ACAD SCI, WASHINGTON, DC SP NATL ACAD SCI HO NATL ACAD SCI DE SEMIOCHEMICALS; INSECTS; PARASITOIDS; SPIDERS; TRITROPHIC INTERACTIONS ID COTESIA-MARGINIVENTRIS; EASTERN YELLOWJACKET; CHEMICAL SIGNALS; PARASITIC WASPS; HELIOTHIS-ZEA; PLANT ODORS; PHEROMONE; HYMENOPTERA; HOSTS; KAIROMONES AB Arthropods that prey on or parasitize other arthropods frequently employ those chemical cues that reliably indicate the presence of their prey or hosts. Eavesdropping on the sex pheromone signals emitted to attract mates allows many predators and parasitoids to find and attack adult insects. The sex pheromones are also useful signals for egg parasitoids since eggs are frequently deposited on nearby plants soon after mating. When the larval stages of insects or other arthropods are the targets, a different foraging strategy is employed. The larvae are often chemically inconspicuous, but when they feed on plants the injured plants respond by producing and releasing defensive chemicals. These plant chemicals may also serve as ''alarm signals'' that are exploited by predators and parasitoids to locate their victims. There is considerable evidence that the volatile ''alarm signals'' are induced by interactions of substances from the herbivore with the damaged plant tissue. A very different strategy is employed by several groups of spiders that remain stationary and send out chemical signals that attract prey, Some of these spiders prey exclusively on male moths. They attract the males by emitting chemicals identical to the sex pheromones emitted by female moths. These few examples indicate the diversity of foraging strategies of arthropod predators and parasitoids. It is likely that many other interesting chemically mediated interactions between arthropod hunters and their victims remain to be discovered. Increased understanding of these systems will enable us to capitalize on natural interactions to develop more ecologically sound, environmentally safe methods for biological control of insect pests of agriculture. C1 USDA ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT ZOOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. USDA ARS,GEPRGOA COASTAL PLAINS EXPT STN,TIFTON,GA 31793. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011; Turlings, Ted/E-8671-2012 OI Turlings, Ted/0000-0002-8315-785X NR 52 TC 98 Z9 104 U1 3 U2 37 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JAN 3 PY 1995 VL 92 IS 1 BP 23 EP 28 DI 10.1073/pnas.92.1.23 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA QB238 UT WOS:A1995QB23800007 PM 7816823 ER PT J AU SCHMIDT, RA TAKLE, ES BRANDLE, JR LITVINA, IV AF SCHMIDT, RA TAKLE, ES BRANDLE, JR LITVINA, IV GP AMER METEOROL SOC TI Static pressure at the ground under atmospheric flow across a windbreak SO 11TH SYMPOSIUM ON BOUNDARY LAYERS AND TURBULENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th Symposium on Boundary Layers and Turbulence CY MAR 27-31, 1995 CL CHARLOTTE, NC SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 USDA,FOREST SERV,LARAMIE,WY. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 PY 1995 BP 517 EP 520 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BD28J UT WOS:A1995BD28J00143 ER PT B AU Griesemer, OC DeMulder, ML AF Griesemer, OC DeMulder, ML GP AMER CONGRESS SURVEYING & MAPPING TI A cooperative mapping program for national forest lands SO 1995 ACSM/ASPRS ANNUAL CONVENTION & EXPOSITION TECHNICAL PAPERS, VOL 1: ACSM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American-Congress-on-Surveying-and-Mapping 55th Annual Convention/American-Society-for-Photogrammetry-and-Remote-Sensing 61st Annual Convention CY FEB 27-MAR 02, 1995 CL CHARLOTTE, NC SP Amer Congress Surveying & Mapping, Amer Soc Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,GEOMETR SERV CTR,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84119. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CONGRESS SURVEYING & MAPPING PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2122 BN 1-57083-015-0 PY 1995 BP 272 EP 276 PG 5 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BF67D UT WOS:A1995BF67D00038 ER PT B AU Clerke, W Lachowski, H AF Clerke, W Lachowski, H GP AMER CONGRESS SURVEYING & MAPPING TI Integrating remote sensing and GIS to support ecosystem management in the using forest service SO 1995 ACSM/ASPRS ANNUAL CONVENTION & EXPOSITION TECHNICAL PAPERS, VOL 2: ASPRS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American-Congress-on-Surveying-and-Mapping 55th Annual Convention/American-Society-for-Photogrammetry-and-Remote-Sensing 61st Annual Convention CY FEB 27-MAR 02, 1995 CL CHARLOTTE, NC SP Amer Congress Surveying & Mapping, Amer Soc Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing C1 US FOREST SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30367. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CONGRESS SURVEYING & MAPPING PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2122 BN 1-57083-016-9 PY 1995 BP 411 EP 419 PG 9 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BF67E UT WOS:A1995BF67E00055 ER PT B AU Dulaney, WP Lengnick, LL Hart, GF AF Dulaney, WP Lengnick, LL Hart, GF GP AMER CONGRESS SURVEYING & MAPPING TI The use of aerial color infrared photography to improve the design of agricultural field experiments SO 1995 ACSM/ASPRS ANNUAL CONVENTION & EXPOSITION TECHNICAL PAPERS, VOL 3: ASPRS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American-Congress-on-Surveying-and-Mapping 55th Annual Convention/American-Society-for-Photogrammetry-and-Remote-Sensing 61st Annual Convention CY FEB 27-MAR 02, 1995 CL CHARLOTTE, NC SP Amer Congress Surveying & Mapping, Amer Soc Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing C1 USDA ARS,REMOTE SENSING RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CONGRESS SURVEYING & MAPPING PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2122 BN 1-57083-017-7 PY 1995 BP 562 EP 562 PG 1 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BF67F UT WOS:A1995BF67F00004 ER PT B AU Ritchie, JC AF Ritchie, JC GP AMER CONGRESS SURVEYING & MAPPING TI Airborne laser altimeter measurements of landscape surfaces: Applications to hydrology research SO 1995 ACSM/ASPRS ANNUAL CONVENTION & EXPOSITION TECHNICAL PAPERS, VOL 3: ASPRS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American-Congress-on-Surveying-and-Mapping 55th Annual Convention/American-Society-for-Photogrammetry-and-Remote-Sensing 61st Annual Convention CY FEB 27-MAR 02, 1995 CL CHARLOTTE, NC SP Amer Congress Surveying & Mapping, Amer Soc Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR W,HYDROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CONGRESS SURVEYING & MAPPING PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2122 BN 1-57083-017-7 PY 1995 BP 639 EP 648 PG 10 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA BF67F UT WOS:A1995BF67F00016 ER PT S AU BORMETT, DW LEBOW, PK ROSS, NJ KLUNGNESS, JH AF BORMETT, DW LEBOW, PK ROSS, NJ KLUNGNESS, JH GP TAPPI TI Removal of hot-melt adhesives with through-flow cleaners SO 1995 HOT MELT SYMPOSIUM SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1995 Hot Melt Symposium CY JUN 18-21, 1995 CL HILTON HEAD ISL, SC SP TAPPI C1 USDA,FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-938-7 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1995 BP 119 EP 124 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA BD59L UT WOS:A1995BD59L00012 ER PT S AU SCOTT, GM SMITH, A AF SCOTT, GM SMITH, A GP TECH ASSOC PULP & PAPER IND TI SLUDGE CHARACTERISTICS AND DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES FOR THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY SO 1995 INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCE, BOOKS 1 AND 2 SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1995 International Environmental Conference CY MAY 07-10, 1995 CL ATLANTA, GA SP USDA FOREST SERV, EU CE PA, TECH ASSOC PULP & PAPER IND C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 0 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-936-0 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1995 BP 269 EP 279 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Engineering GA BD08M UT WOS:A1995BD08M00028 ER PT S AU INCE, PJ MCKEEVER, DB HAYNES, RW AF INCE, PJ MCKEEVER, DB HAYNES, RW GP TECH ASSOC PULP & PAPER IND TI THE ROLE OF MARKETS AND TECHNOLOGY IN CONSERVATION OF TIMBER RESOURCES SO 1995 INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCE, BOOKS 1 AND 2 SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1995 International Environmental Conference CY MAY 07-10, 1995 CL ATLANTA, GA SP USDA FOREST SERV, EU CE PA, TECH ASSOC PULP & PAPER IND C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-936-0 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1995 BP 315 EP 325 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Engineering GA BD08M UT WOS:A1995BD08M00033 ER PT S AU SYKES, M KLUNGNESS, J TAN, F ABUBAKR, S AF SYKES, M KLUNGNESS, J TAN, F ABUBAKR, S GP TECH ASSOC PULP & PAPER IND TI ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND ALTERNATIVES FOR UPGRADING MIXED OFFICE WASTE SO 1995 INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCE, BOOKS 1 AND 2 SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1995 International Environmental Conference CY MAY 07-10, 1995 CL ATLANTA, GA SP USDA FOREST SERV, EU CE PA, TECH ASSOC PULP & PAPER IND C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-936-0 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1995 BP 445 EP 448 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Engineering GA BD08M UT WOS:A1995BD08M00045 ER PT S AU SNELLGROVE, TA AF SNELLGROVE, TA GP TECH ASSOC PULP & PAPER IND TI SUSTAINABILITY OF FORESTRY - WHY, WHAT, AND HOW SO 1995 INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCE, BOOKS 1 AND 2 SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1995 International Environmental Conference CY MAY 07-10, 1995 CL ATLANTA, GA SP USDA FOREST SERV, EU CE PA, TECH ASSOC PULP & PAPER IND C1 US FOREST SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-936-0 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1995 BP 833 EP 839 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Engineering GA BD08M UT WOS:A1995BD08M00085 ER PT S AU SCOTT, GM AKHTAR, M SYKES, M ABUBAKR, S LENTZ, M AF SCOTT, GM AKHTAR, M SYKES, M ABUBAKR, S LENTZ, M GP TECH ASSOC PULP & PAPER IND TI ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF BIOSULFITE PULPING SO 1995 INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCE, BOOKS 1 AND 2 SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1995 International Environmental Conference CY MAY 07-10, 1995 CL ATLANTA, GA SP USDA FOREST SERV, EU CE PA, TECH ASSOC PULP & PAPER IND C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-936-0 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1995 BP 1155 EP 1161 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Engineering GA BD08M UT WOS:A1995BD08M00124 ER PT S AU WEINSTOCK, IA ATALLA, RH REINER, RS HILL, CL HOUTMAN, CJ AF WEINSTOCK, IA ATALLA, RH REINER, RS HILL, CL HOUTMAN, CJ GP TECH ASSOC PULP & PAPER IND TI POLYOXOMETALATE BLEACHING - A HIGHLY SELECTIVE, CLOSED-MILL TECHNOLOGY SO 1995 INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONFERENCE, BOOKS 1 AND 2 SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1995 International Environmental Conference CY MAY 07-10, 1995 CL ATLANTA, GA SP USDA FOREST SERV, EU CE PA, TECH ASSOC PULP & PAPER IND C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-936-0 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1995 BP 1197 EP 1199 PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Engineering GA BD08M UT WOS:A1995BD08M00127 ER PT B AU GROOM, LH SHALER, SM MOTT, L AF GROOM, LH SHALER, SM MOTT, L GP TAPPI TI Characterizing micro- and macromechanical, properties of single wood fibers SO 1995 INTERNATIONAL PAPER PHYSICS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1995 International Paper Physics Conference CY SEP 11-14, 1995 CL NIAGARA ON THE LAKE, CANADA SP TAPPI, Tech Sect, CPPA, Tech Sect C1 US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,PINEVILLE,LA 71360. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 BN 1-895288-87-8 PY 1995 BP 13 EP 22 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA BE18C UT WOS:A1995BE18C00003 ER PT S AU RUTLEDGECROPSEY, KR ABUBAKR, S KLUNGNESS, JH AF RUTLEDGECROPSEY, KR ABUBAKR, S KLUNGNESS, JH GP TAPPI TI DRYING EFFECTS OF SECONDARY FIBER ON PAPERMACHINE RUNNABILITY SO 1995 PAPERMAKERS CONFERENCE SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1995 Papermakers Conference CY APR 23-26, 1995 CL CHICAGO, IL SP TAPPI C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-935-2 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1995 BP 311 EP 317 PG 7 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BD05E UT WOS:A1995BD05E00060 ER PT S AU KLUNGNESS, JH TAN, F EISENWASSER, JD AF KLUNGNESS, JH TAN, F EISENWASSER, JD GP TAPPI TI EFFECT OF FIBER LOADING ON PAPER PROPERTIES SO 1995 PAPERMAKERS CONFERENCE SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1995 Papermakers Conference CY APR 23-26, 1995 CL CHICAGO, IL SP TAPPI RP KLUNGNESS, JH (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-935-2 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1995 BP 533 EP 538 PG 6 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BD05E UT WOS:A1995BD05E00085 ER PT S AU BORMETT, DW LEBOW, PK ROSS, NJ KLUNGNESS, JH AF BORMETT, DW LEBOW, PK ROSS, NJ KLUNGNESS, JH GP TAPPI TI Removal of hot-melt adhesives with through-flow cleaners SO 1995 POLYMERS, LAMINATIONS & COATINGS CONFERENCE, BOOKS 1 AND 2 SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1995 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference CY AUG 27-31, 1995 CL CHICAGO, IL SP TAPPI C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-939-5 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1995 BP 257 EP 262 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BD82J UT WOS:A1995BD82J00028 ER PT B AU URI, ND AF URI, ND BE McCarl, HN TI A RECONSIDERATION OF EFFECT OF ENERGY SCARCITY ON ECONOMIC-GROWTH SO 1995 PROCEEDINGS OF THE MINERAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT SOCIETY - FOURTH ANNUAL MEMS PROFESSIONAL MEETING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Annual Mineral-Economics-and-Management-Society Professional Meeting CY MAR 09-11, 1995 CL BOULDER, CO SP Mineral Econ & Management Soc C1 USDA, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERAL ECONOMICS & MANAGEMENTSOC PI HOUGHTON PA PO BOX 721, HOUGHTON, MI 49931-0721 USA PY 1995 BP 180 EP 191 PG 12 WC Economics; Management SC Business & Economics GA BD59E UT WOS:A1995BD59E00017 ER PT B AU Uri, ND AF Uri, ND BE McCarl, HN Eggert, RG TI Reconsideration of effect of energy scarcity on economic growth SO 1995 PROCEEDINGS OF THE MINERAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT SOCIETY (MEMS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Annual MEMS Professional Meeting CY MAR 09-11, 1995 CL BOULDER, CO SP Mineral Econ & Management Soc C1 USDA, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERAL ECONOMICS & MANAGEMENTSOC PI HOUGHTON PA PO BOX 721, HOUGHTON, MI 49931-0721 USA PY 1995 BP 180 EP 191 PG 12 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA BF44E UT WOS:A1995BF44E00018 ER PT S AU Abubakr, S Bormett, DW Klungness, JH Fatah, AA Stagg, TV Moy, DS Scott, GM RossSutherland, N Kumar, R LaBrosse, PR AF Abubakr, S Bormett, DW Klungness, JH Fatah, AA Stagg, TV Moy, DS Scott, GM RossSutherland, N Kumar, R LaBrosse, PR GP TAPPI TI Recyclability of linerless PSA stamps SO 1995 PULPING CONFERENCE, BOOKS 1 AND 2 SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1995 Pulping Conference CY OCT 01-05, 1995 CL CHICAGO, IL SP TAPPI C1 USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-941-7 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1995 BP 109 EP 114 PG 6 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BE48R UT WOS:A1995BE48R00018 ER PT S AU Weinstock, IA Atalla, RH Reiner, RS Moen, MA Hammel, KE Hill, CL Houtman, CJ AF Weinstock, IA Atalla, RH Reiner, RS Moen, MA Hammel, KE Hill, CL Houtman, CJ GP TAPPI TI Polyoxometalate bleaching of kraft pulp: A highly selective closed mill technology. SO 1995 PULPING CONFERENCE, BOOKS 1 AND 2 SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1995 Pulping Conference CY OCT 01-05, 1995 CL CHICAGO, IL SP TAPPI C1 USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-941-7 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1995 BP 153 EP 156 PG 4 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BE48R UT WOS:A1995BE48R00023 ER PT S AU Scott, GM Akhtar, M Lentz, M AF Scott, GM Akhtar, M Lentz, M GP TAPPI TI Fungal pretreatment of wood chips for sulfite pulping SO 1995 PULPING CONFERENCE, BOOKS 1 AND 2 SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1995 Pulping Conference CY OCT 01-05, 1995 CL CHICAGO, IL SP TAPPI C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-941-7 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1995 BP 355 EP 361 PG 7 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BE48R UT WOS:A1995BE48R00052 ER PT S AU Scott, G Cann, W Wise, E Peters, J Nguyen, X AF Scott, G Cann, W Wise, E Peters, J Nguyen, X GP TAPPI TI Utilization of alternative recycled fiber source for the production of corrugated containers and boxboard SO 1995 PULPING CONFERENCE, BOOKS 1 AND 2 SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1995 Pulping Conference CY OCT 01-05, 1995 CL CHICAGO, IL SP TAPPI C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-941-7 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1995 BP 515 EP 519 PG 5 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BE48R UT WOS:A1995BE48R00068 ER PT S AU RutledgeCropsey, K Klungness, JH Abubakr, SM AF RutledgeCropsey, K Klungness, JH Abubakr, SM GP TAPPI TI Performance of enzymatically deinked wastepaper on paper machine runnability SO 1995 PULPING CONFERENCE, BOOKS 1 AND 2 SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1995 Pulping Conference CY OCT 01-05, 1995 CL CHICAGO, IL SP TAPPI C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-941-7 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1995 BP 639 EP 643 PG 5 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BE48R UT WOS:A1995BE48R00087 ER PT S AU SYKES, M JEFFRIES, T ABUBAKR, S KLUNGNESS, J CROPSEY, K AF SYKES, M JEFFRIES, T ABUBAKR, S KLUNGNESS, J CROPSEY, K GP TECH ASSOC PULP & PAPER IND TI ENZYMATIC DEINKING OF SORTED MIXED OFFICE WASTE - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SCALE-UP SO 1995 RECYCLING SYMPOSIUM SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1995 Recycling Symposium CY FEB 20-23, 1995 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP TECH ASSOC PULP & PAPER IND C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-932-8 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1995 BP 61 EP 64 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BD12V UT WOS:A1995BD12V00008 ER PT S AU SCOTT, GM SMITH, A AF SCOTT, GM SMITH, A GP TECH ASSOC PULP & PAPER IND TI SLUDGE CHARACTERISTICS AND DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES FOR RECYCLED FIBER PLANTS SO 1995 RECYCLING SYMPOSIUM SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1995 Recycling Symposium CY FEB 20-23, 1995 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP TECH ASSOC PULP & PAPER IND C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 0 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-932-8 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1995 BP 239 EP 249 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BD12V UT WOS:A1995BD12V00025 ER PT S AU SCOTT, GM AF SCOTT, GM GP TECH ASSOC PULP & PAPER IND TI DISTRIBUTION MODELLING OF STOCK PREPARATION SYSTEMS FOR RECYCLED FIBERS SO 1995 RECYCLING SYMPOSIUM SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1995 Recycling Symposium CY FEB 20-23, 1995 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP TECH ASSOC PULP & PAPER IND C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-932-8 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1995 BP 327 EP 334 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BD12V UT WOS:A1995BD12V00033 ER PT S AU SCOTT, CT HUNT, JF NEWBURN, T HERDT, J JESSOP, C AF SCOTT, CT HUNT, JF NEWBURN, T HERDT, J JESSOP, C GP TECH ASSOC PULP & PAPER IND TI MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GRIDCORE(TM) PANELS (FPL SPACEBOARD) MADE FROM COMPOSITIONS OF RECYCLED CORRUGATED, NEWSPRINT AND KENAF SO 1995 RECYCLING SYMPOSIUM SE TAPPI PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1995 Recycling Symposium CY FEB 20-23, 1995 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP TECH ASSOC PULP & PAPER IND C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAPPI PRESS PI ATLANTA PA TECHNOLOGY PARK, PO BOX 105113, ATLANTA, GA 30348 SN 1047-3033 BN 0-89852-932-8 J9 P TECH AS P PY 1995 BP 345 EP 351 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BD12V UT WOS:A1995BD12V00035 ER PT B AU Kraszewski, AW Nelson, SO AF Kraszewski, AW Nelson, SO GP IEEE TI Application of microwave techniques in agricultural research SO 1995 SBMO/IEEE MTT-S INTERNATIONAL MICROWAVE AND OPTOELECTRONICS CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1995 SBMO/IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and Optoelectronics Conference CY JUL 24-27, 1995 CL RIO JANEIRO, BRAZIL SP Soc Brasileira Microondas & Optoeletr, IEEE, Microwave Theory & Tech Soc C1 ARS,USDA,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30613. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU I E E E PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 BN 0-7803-2674-1 PY 1995 BP 117 EP 126 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Optics; Telecommunications GA BF98S UT WOS:A1995BF98S00020 ER PT J AU SKRINJAR, M STUBBLEFIELD, RD STOJANOVIC, E DIMIC, G AF SKRINJAR, M STUBBLEFIELD, RD STOJANOVIC, E DIMIC, G TI OCCURRENCE OF FUSARIUM SPECIES AND ZEARALENONE IN DAIRY-CATTLE FEEDS IN VOJVODINA SO ACTA VETERINARIA HUNGARICA LA English DT Article DE FUSARIUM SPECIES; ZEARALENONE; DAIRY CATTLE FEEDS; PREVALENCE AB The occurrence of Fusarium spp. and zearalenone (F-2 toxin) in dairy cattle feeds was studied during a period of three years (in all seasons) in Voj-vodina. Fusarium species were found to be very common in feeds. They were classified into 11 different species (F. chlamydosporum, F. equiseti, F. flocciferum, F. graminearum, F. lateritium, F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. semi-tectum, F. solani, F. tabacinum and F. tricinctum). Some of these species are known to produce mycotoxins. The highest distribution of Fusarium spp. was observed in the autumn and spring of the second research year, when 53 and 56% of the feed samples, respectively, were contaminated with them. F. oxysporum and F. moniliforme were the most prevalent species throughout the three-year study. Zearalenone was found in various feed samples at concentrations between 140.00 and 960.00 mu g/kg in all seasons, except in the summer of the first year, in the winter of the second year and in the autumn of the third research year. Pelleted sugar beet pulp and pelleted malt spent grains were the feeds most contaminated with this toxin. Thirty-five out of the 275 feed samples contained zearalenone and 11 of them were contaminated with zearalenone-producing moulds and zearalenone at the same time. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. DAIRY PLANT ODZACANKA,ODZACI,YUGOSLAVIA. RP SKRINJAR, M (reprint author), UNIV NOVI SAD,FAC TECHNOL,YU-21000 NOVI SAD,YUGOSLAVIA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AKADEMIAI KIADO PI BUDAPEST PA PO BOX 245, H-1519 BUDAPEST, HUNGARY SN 0236-6290 J9 ACTA VET HUNG JI Acta Vet. Hung. PY 1995 VL 43 IS 2-3 BP 259 EP 267 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA RJ627 UT WOS:A1995RJ62700004 PM 7491864 ER PT J AU DEANNYSTROM, EA AF DEANNYSTROM, EA TI IDENTIFICATION OF INTESTINAL RECEPTORS FOR ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA-COLI SO ADHESION OF MICROBIAL PATHOGENS SE METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY LA English DT Review ID EPITHELIAL-CELLS; 987P PILUS; POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS; ADHESION; PIGS; K99; COLONIZATION; K88; GLYCOPROTEINS; PURIFICATION RP DEANNYSTROM, EA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 36 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0076-6879 J9 METHOD ENZYMOL JI Methods Enzymol. PY 1995 VL 253 BP 315 EP 324 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA BE08D UT WOS:A1995BE08D00025 PM 7476396 ER EF