FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU KENNEDY, AC SMITH, KL STUBBS, TL AF KENNEDY, AC SMITH, KL STUBBS, TL TI INVESTIGATING SOIL-MICROORGANISMS FOR BIOLOGICAL WEED-CONTROL SO AMERICAN BIOLOGY TEACHER LA English DT Note RP KENNEDY, AC (reprint author), USDA ARS,215 JOHNSON HALL,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL ASSOC BIOLOGY TEACHERS INC PI RESTON PA 11250 ROGER BACON DR #19, RESTON, VA 22090 SN 0002-7685 J9 AM BIOL TEACH JI Am. Biol. Teach. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 57 IS 8 BP 526 EP 530 PG 5 WC Biology; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Education & Educational Research GA TC523 UT WOS:A1995TC52300007 ER PT J AU KING, MJ BUCHMANN, SL AF KING, MJ BUCHMANN, SL TI BUMBLE BEE-INITIATED VIBRATION RELEASE MECHANISM OF RHODODENDRON POLLEN SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article AB Although Rhododendron spp. anthers have apical pores and should be expected to be buzz pollinated, bees do not normally sonicate them to release pollen. Stamens were examined to determine their pollen release mechanism; the filaments were shown to have natural vibration modes that cause pollen to be forcibly ejected by vibration, providing the pollen is mature. The first natural vibration mode of the stamens was found to generate centrifugal force sufficient to throw the pollen toward the apical pore and out of the anther, so that it adheres to the anther tip and hangs in the bee's path to the nectaries. These vibrations may be triggered by bees brushing past the long stamens when foraging for nectar, so that the flowers retain their pollen until insect vectors begin foraging on them. The low frequency vibration modes of the viscin threads, which hold the pollen together, may contribute towards the pollen ejection by low frequency stamen vibration. Vibration transmission of dehiscent anthers containing pollen was good from 50 Hz to 850 Hz, suggesting that sonication should be an efficient method of pollen collection, although this rarely occurs. Vibratory ejection occurs at a constant energy level, rather than the constant force levels found in previous research on Actinidia. C1 USDA ARS,CARL HAYDEN BEE RES CTR,TUCSON,AZ 85719. RP KING, MJ (reprint author), IND RES LTD,POB 20028,CHRISTCHURCH,NEW ZEALAND. NR 9 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 10 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 82 IS 11 BP 1407 EP 1411 DI 10.2307/2445867 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TF108 UT WOS:A1995TF10800008 ER PT J AU BRADEEN, JM HAVEY, MJ AF BRADEEN, JM HAVEY, MJ TI RESTRICTION-FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS REVEAL CONSIDERABLE NUCLEAR DIVERGENCE WITHIN A WELL-SUPPORTED MATERNAL CLADE IN ALLIUM SECTION CEPA (ALLIACEAE) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article ID PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; ENZYME ANALYSIS; RFLPS; DNA; CHLOROPLAST; GENOME; ORIGIN; WILD AB Maternal phylogenies estimated by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) delineated a well-supported clade containing Allium altaicum, A. cepa (bulb onion), A. fistulosum (Japanese bunching onion), A. galanthum, and A. vavilovii. Few polymorphic restriction-enzyme sites were detected among the wild and cultivated species within this clade, and relationships could not be confidently estimated. Random nuclear RFLPs revealed considerable Variation among these species and three distinct groups were identified (Altaicum, Cepa, and Galanthum). Relationships were estimated using principal components and cluster analyses of the Jaccard's similarity matrix. For five out of six analyses, nuclear phylogenies estimated by UPGMA and neighbor joining of the Jaccard's similarity matrix produced a weakly supported monophyletic lineage for A. altaicum, A. fistulosum, and A. galanthum, disagreeing with maternal phylogenies that produced a weakly supported monophyletic lineage for A. altaicum, A. fistulosum, A. cepa, and A. vavilovii. Allium oschaninii was closely related to A. galanthum and these two species may represent the progenitor types. Overall, restriction-enzyme analyses of the nuclear and cpDNA produced few synapomorphies among closely related species in Allium section Cepa. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT HORT,USDA ARS,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 34 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 82 IS 11 BP 1455 EP 1462 DI 10.2307/2445873 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TF108 UT WOS:A1995TF10800014 ER PT J AU SHULMAN, RJ GANNON, N REEDS, PJ AF SHULMAN, RJ GANNON, N REEDS, PJ TI CEREAL FEEDING AND ITS IMPACT ON THE NITROGEN ECONOMY OF THE INFANT SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE INFANTS; CEREAL; STARCH; NITROGEN; FECAL BACTERIA; COLONIC FERMENTATION ID DIETARY CEREAL; METABOLISM AB To quantify the effect of rice cereal on nitrogen balance and fecal nitrogen excretion, and the contribution of endogenous nitrogen sources to fecal nitrogen output; nine infants aged 3-5 mo received [N-15]glycine in all feedings. Samples of urine and feces were obtained daily and analyzed for nitrogen and N-15. On days 1-7 the infants received only formula, and a complete urine and fecal collection was made on days 6-7. From days 8 to 12 the formula was supplemented with rice cereal (133.3 g/L, or 4 g/30 mL formula) and a second complete urine and fecal collection was made on days 11-12. Cereal did not alter fecal nitrogen output or the calculated contribution (45%) of endogenous nitrogen to fecal nitrogen. Cereal did increase nitrogen retention and lower the urinary excretion of the N-15 dose (24% of dose). The calculated true digestibility of the rice cereal protein was > 95%. Our results indicate that infants aged 4 mo, in contrast with younger infants, are able to digest and absorb cereal. The addition of cereal to the diet does not lead to increased fecal protein losses. C1 TEXAS CHILDRENS HOSP,HOUSTON,TX 77030. RP SHULMAN, RJ (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,USDA,AGR RES SERV,1100 BATES ST,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. RI Gannon, Neil/C-7997-2009 NR 10 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 62 IS 5 BP 969 EP 972 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TC135 UT WOS:A1995TC13500012 PM 7572743 ER PT J AU CONWAY, JM AF CONWAY, JM TI ADVANCES IN HUMAN ENERGY-METABOLISM - BALANCING ENERGY-REQUIREMENTS AND ENERGY-INTAKE - PROCEEDINGS OF A SYMPOSIUM HELD IN BELTSVILLE, MD - MAY 8-11, 1994 - INTRODUCTION SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material RP CONWAY, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, BHNRC, DIET & HUMAN PERFORMANCE LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0002-9165 EI 1938-3207 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 62 IS 5 SU S BP 1033 EP 1033 PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TD184 UT WOS:A1995TD18400001 ER PT J AU SEALE, JL AF SEALE, JL TI ENERGY-EXPENDITURE MEASUREMENTS IN RELATION TO ENERGY-REQUIREMENTS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE FOOD INTAKE; CALORIMETRY; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; DOUBLY LABELED WATER ID DOUBLY LABELED WATER; INDIRECT-CALORIMETRY; VALIDATION; EXCHANGE; RECORDS; DIET AB Long-term good health for weight-stable adults requires balance between energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE). Both Ei and EE measurements can be used to estimate energy requirement. Results from studies conducted at Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center in which two or more methods were used to measure EE are compared to determine relative differences in measurement techniques. Comparison of EI estimated from dietary intake records (7 d minimum) with EI measured in 12 controlled feeding studies (45 d minimum) in 266 subjects indicated that diet records underestimate energy requirement by 18%. Comparison of EE measured in a room calorimeter and by doubly labeled water ((H2O)-H-2-O-18) in nine subjects showed no significant difference between methods within the calorimeter environment (1.6 +/- 2.6%) but free-living EE measured by (H2O)-H-2-O-18 was greater (13.2 +/- 7.1%) due to physical activity. Comparison of metabolizable energy (ME) intake, (H2O)-H-2-O-18, and direct or indirect calorimetry in four subjects indicated no difference between ME and EE measured by (2H2O)-O-18 (-1.0 +/- 1.3%) or between direct and indirect calorimetry (0.6 +/- 0.9%); however, free-living EE measured by (2H2O)-O-18 was greater than the value calculated by calorimetry (15.3 +/- 5.0%). Each method has associated limitations that include availability, accuracy, precision, and cost. Appropriate application and interpretation of results for all methods are essential. RP SEALE, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC E,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR, DIET & HUMAN PERFORMANCE LAB,BLDG 308, ROOM 212, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0002-9165 EI 1938-3207 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 62 IS 5 SU S BP 1042 EP 1046 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TD184 UT WOS:A1995TD18400003 ER PT J AU BUTTE, NF MOON, JK WONG, WW HOPKINSON, JM SMITH, EO AF BUTTE, NF MOON, JK WONG, WW HOPKINSON, JM SMITH, EO TI ENERGY-REQUIREMENTS FROM INFANCY TO ADULTHOOD SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE SEDENTARY DAILY EXPENDITURE; BASAL METABOLIC RATE; INFANTS; CHILDREN; ADULTS; ENERGY REQUIREMENTS ID RESTING METABOLIC-RATE; FAT-FREE MASS; EXPENDITURE; CHILDREN; CALORIMETERS; OBESE AB To investigate how age and body composition affect energy requirements, the sedentary daily expenditure (SDE) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) of 101 infants, 82 girls, and 27 adults were measured. Energy expenditure was scaled for differences in body size to test the effects of age and body fatness. A power function was superior to linear models. For all subjects, WT0.63 (where WT is weight) or FFM(0.63) (where FFM is fat-free mass) explained 94% of the variability in BMR, and WT0.70 Or FFM(0.70) explained 97% of the variability in SDE. The effects of height and fat mass (kg or % body wt) on BMR and SDE scaled for weight or fat-free mass were age dependent. Best-fitted exponents relating BMR or SDE to body size differed between children (0.40-0.52) and infants (1.04-1.30) (P = 0.001). Human energy requirements from infancy to adulthood appear to be a power, not a linear, function of body weight and composition. RP BUTTE, NF (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED, CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR, USDA, DEPT PEDIAT, 1100 BATES ST, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. NR 28 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0002-9165 EI 1938-3207 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 62 IS 5 SU S BP 1047 EP 1052 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TD184 UT WOS:A1995TD18400004 ER PT J AU ROBERTS, SB FUSS, P HEYMAN, MB YOUNG, VR AF ROBERTS, SB FUSS, P HEYMAN, MB YOUNG, VR TI INFLUENCE OF AGE ON ENERGY-REQUIREMENTS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE ENERGY METABOLISM; BODY COMPOSITION; AGING; EXERCISE ID DOUBLY LABELED WATER; BODY-COMPOSITION; METABOLIC-RATE; YOUNG MEN; EXPENDITURE; EXERCISE; HUMANS; WEIGHT; DIET AB The effects of aging on energy requirements and energy expenditure were investigated in 35 healthy young men (x +/- SE age, 22.7 +/- 0.6 y) and elderly men (68.0 +/- 1.5 y). Over a 10-d metabolic balance study, measurements were made of metabolizable energy intake for weight maintenance, total energy expenditure, resting energy expenditure, and thermic effect of feeding. Values for both metabolizable energy intake and total energy expenditure were significantly higher than the current recommended dietary allowance for energy in both age groups (P < 0.01). Total energy expenditures were 14.48 +/- 0.65 and 11.26 +/- 5.40 MJ/d in young and elderly men, respectively. The difference in total energy expenditure between the groups was accounted for by a significant decrease in all the major components of expenditure. These results suggest that the current recommended dietary allowances for energy may underestimate the usual energy needs of healthy adult men. C1 MIT, HUMAN NUTR LAB, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA. RP ROBERTS, SB (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV, USDA, HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING, ENERGY METAB LAB, 711 WASHINGTON ST, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. NR 32 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0002-9165 EI 1938-3207 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 62 IS 5 SU S BP 1053 EP 1058 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TD184 UT WOS:A1995TD18400005 ER PT J AU CONWAY, JM AF CONWAY, JM TI ETHNICITY AND ENERGY STORES SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE ADIPOSE TISSUE STORES; BODY COMPOSITION ID FAT DISTRIBUTION; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; BODY-COMPOSITION; SERUM-LIPIDS; HEALTH RISKS; OBESITY; WOMEN; BLACKS; WHITES; WEIGHT AB The primary storage form of energy within humans is fat, which accumulates in adipose tissue including the subcutaneous, omental, mesenteric, retroperitoneal, and mammary depots. Although it has been known for some time that the size of these depots varies with sex, age, and physiologic state, it has only recently been suggested that adipose tissue partitioning, and therefore energy storage, may vary among ethnic groups. Indicators Of ethnicity include race, place of birth, and culture and traditions. The literature describing energy storage id North American Indians, African Americans, Asian Americans, Mexican Americans, and Pacific Islanders is summarized and data are presented from studies comparing African American and Caucasian (Americans Of Northern European descent) obese women. It is proposed that, for the purpose of research, physiologic characteristics rind not ethnicity should be the basic factors used to recruit human study volunteers until we obtain mechanisms to discriminate genotype and to relate phenotype to energy storage. RP CONWAY, JM (reprint author), USDA, BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,DHPL,BLDG 308, ROOM 101, 10300 BALTIMORE AVE, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 35 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0002-9165 EI 1938-3207 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 62 IS 5 SU S BP 1067 EP 1071 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TD184 UT WOS:A1995TD18400007 ER PT J AU MATTHEWS, RH AF MATTHEWS, RH TI NUTRIENT DATA-BANK PERSPECTIVES ON ENERGY SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE FOOD ENERGY VALUES; ATWATER SYSTEM; NUTRIENT DATA-BANK; ENERGY FACTORS AB The Atwater system of food-specific factors continues to be used for calculating energy in the Nutrient Databank. In 1983 the US Department of Agriculture requested that the Life Sciences Research Office (LSRO) of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology reassess the system's accuracy and utility. An LSRO panel of experts reported that there was no evidence that a substantial problem exists. Advances in food technology and changes in analytical methods in the past decade, however, are causing some concern for the reporting of energy in the databank. Some perspectives on these and other issues are discussed. RP MATTHEWS, RH (reprint author), USDA, NDL, 4700 RIVER RD, RIVERDALE, MD 20737 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0002-9165 EI 1938-3207 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 62 IS 5 SU S BP 1147 EP 1150 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TD184 UT WOS:A1995TD18400018 ER PT J AU HOLDEN, JM AF HOLDEN, JM TI FOOD SAMPLING STRATEGIES FOR ENERGY-INTAKE ESTIMATES SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE DIETARY ENERGY ESTIMATES; FOOD SAMPLING; FOOD COMPOSITION; ENERGY INTAKE; ENERGY VALUES ID BEEF AB Current interest in the relation of diet to the maintenance of good health has stimulated the demand for food composition data. Values for energy, nutrients, and other food based components are required to calculate intake, to provide an adequate food supply, to formulate and label new products, and to facilitate trade. The US Department of Agriculture National Nutrient Databank serves as the foundation for food composition databases used by the food industry, government agencies, and academia for these activities. To be accurate, a specific estimate in a database must be statistically representative of the universe of all values for a component in a food. Statistically based sampling strategies must be developed to identify and select appropriate units of specific foods for analysis. The determination of energy values for foods is a unique challenge for food sampling because energy values are calculated from values for total fat, protein, and carbohydrate fractions. To establish priorities for sampling, food consumption data can be used to rank the primary contributors of energy for the population of interest. Demographic and marketing data for foods can be used to identify specific products and locations for sampling. Users of food composition data should question the quality and representativeness of estimates for energy, including estimates for total fat, protein, and carbohydrate to be used for their applications. RP HOLDEN, JM (reprint author), USDA, BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BARC E, FOOD COMPOSIT LAB,BLDG 161, 10300 BALTIMORE BLVD, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0002-9165 EI 1938-3207 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 62 IS 5 SU S BP 1151 EP 1157 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TD184 UT WOS:A1995TD18400019 ER PT J AU BEHALL, KM HOWE, JC AF BEHALL, KM HOWE, JC TI CONTRIBUTION OF FIBER AND RESISTANT STARCH TO METABOLIZABLE ENERGY SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE FIBER; AMYLOSE; RESISTANT STARCH; METABOLIZABLE ENERGY ID DIETARY FIBER; LARGE-INTESTINE; HUMANS; CARBOHYDRATE; FERMENTATION; ABSORPTION; DIGESTION; COLON AB Recommendations made to increase complex carbohydrate and fiber intake in the United States may result in energy loss from increased fecal losses of starch, protein, and fat. The type of fiber or starch and the amount consumed affect digestion of the carbohydrate and interactions with other nutrients. On average, 8.4 kJ (2 kcal) digestible energy/g is available from up to 70 g poorly digested carbohydrate/d. Undigested fiber and starch are important substrates for colon bacteria and are fermented to short-chain fatty acids, hydrogen, and methane. Hydrogen and methane excreted through the lungs have been used as indicators of colonic fermentation. Fermentation appears to contribute significant digestible energy when > 20 g poorly digested carbohydrate/d is consumed. RP BEHALL, KM (reprint author), USDA, BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR, DIET & HUMAN PERFORMANCE LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 35 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0002-9165 EI 1938-3207 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 62 IS 5 SU S BP 1158 EP 1160 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TD184 UT WOS:A1995TD18400020 ER PT J AU FOCKS, DA DANIELS, E HAILE, DG KEESLING, JE AF FOCKS, DA DANIELS, E HAILE, DG KEESLING, JE TI A SIMULATION-MODEL OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF URBAN DENGUE FEVER - LITERATURE ANALYSIS, MODEL DEVELOPMENT, PRELIMINARY VALIDATION, AND SAMPLES OF SIMULATION RESULTS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID AEDES-AEGYPTI DIPTERA; LIFE TABLE MODEL; SURVIVAL RATES; CULICIDAE; MOSQUITOS; VIRUSES; VECTOR; TRANSMISSION; INFECTION; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB We have developed a pair of stochastic simulation models that describe the daily dynamics of dengue virus transmission in the urban environment. Our goal has been to construct comprehensive models that take into account the majority of factors known to influence dengue epidemiology. The models have an orientation toward site-specific data and are designed to be used by operational programs as well as researchers. The first model, the container-inhabiting mosquito simulation model (CIMSiM), a weather-driven dynamic Life-table model of container-inhabiting mosquitoes such as Aedes aegypti, provides inputs to the transmission model, the dengue simulation model (DENSiM); a description and validation of the entomology model was published previously. The basis of the transmission model is the simulation of a human population growing in response to country- and age-specific birth and death rates. An accounting of individual serologies is maintained by type of dengue virus, reflecting infection and birth to seropositive mothers. Daily estimates of adult mosquito survival, gonotrophic development, and the weight and number of emerging females from the CIMSiM are used to create the biting mosquito population in the DENSiM. The survival and emergence values determine the size of the population while the rate of gonotrophic development and female weight estimates influence biting frequency. Temperature and titer of virus in the human influences the extrinsic incubation period; titer may also influence the probability of transfer of virus from human to mosquito. The infection model within the DENSiM accounts for the development of virus within individuals and its passage between both populations. As in the case of the CIMSiM, the specific values used for any particular phenomenon are on menus where they can be readily changed. It is possible to simulate concurrent epidemics involving different serotypes. To provide a modicum of validation and to demonstrate the parameterization process for a specific location, we compare simulation results with reports on the nature of epidemics and seroprevalence of antibody in Honduras in low-lying coastal urbanizations and Tegucigalpa following the initial introduction of dengue-1 in 1978 into Central America. We conclude with some additional examples of simulation results to give an indication of the types of questions that can be investigated with the models. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT MATH,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. RP FOCKS, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,MODELING & BIOENGN RES UNIT,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 76 TC 253 Z9 267 U1 5 U2 39 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 53 IS 5 BP 489 EP 506 PG 18 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA TH289 UT WOS:A1995TH28900008 PM 7485707 ER PT J AU SOUTHWICK, EE BUCHMANN, SL AF SOUTHWICK, EE BUCHMANN, SL TI EFFECTS OF HORIZON LANDMARKS ON HOMING SUCCESS IN HONEY-BEES SO AMERICAN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID SOLITARY WASPS CERCERIS; COGNITIVE MAPS; ORIENTATION FLIGHTS; HYMENOPTERA; INSECTS; FORMICIDAE; SPHECIDAE; COLONIES; SYSTEMS; RETURN AB A hypothesis is proposed and field data presented indicating that in long-distance navigation, honey bee foragers use horizon landmarks to determine the direction of their home site. Metal tags were recaptured from marked foragers released at various distances and directions from their nests located in mountainous or flat terrain. The proportion of tagged foragers returning to their nests decreased as distances of the release points from the natal colony increased. However, the fraction of returns versus distance differed according to site horizon features. Twice as many foragers returned to their home nests located in mountainous terrain as compared to returns in flat terrain. Maximum distances from which honey bee foragers found their nests were about 5 km in flat terrain with no skyline features and about 9 km in a mountainous region. The data support the hypothesis that orientation cues relied on by foragers for distance navigation include deformations in the landscape horizon when available. A searching flight pattern is used when no such key physiographic features are conspicuous in the region. C1 USDA,CARL HAYDEN BEE RES CTR,TUCSON,AZ 85719. RP SOUTHWICK, EE (reprint author), SUNY COLL BROCKPORT,DEPT BIOL,BROCKPORT,NY 14420, USA. NR 60 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0003-0147 J9 AM NAT JI Am. Nat. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 146 IS 5 BP 748 EP 764 DI 10.1086/285823 PG 17 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA TC108 UT WOS:A1995TC10800005 ER PT J AU ROSENBERG, IH ROUBENOFF, R AF ROSENBERG, IH ROUBENOFF, R TI STALKING SARCOPENIA SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID SKELETAL; MUSCLE RP ROSENBERG, IH (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 12 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD NOV 1 PY 1995 VL 123 IS 9 BP 727 EP 728 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TA696 UT WOS:A1995TA69600014 PM 7574231 ER PT J AU BOUSH, RT HOPPER, KR AF BOUSH, RT HOPPER, KR TI USE OF SINGLE-FAMILY LINES TO PRESERVE GENETIC-VARIATION IN LABORATORY COLONIES SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; ENDANGERED SPECIES; LABORATORY REARING; GENETIC VARIATION ID INBREEDING DEPRESSION; HYMENOPTERA AB Two genetic processes, drift and selection, can lead to losses of genetic traits in laboratory colonies and subsequent poor performance in the field. Genetic drift can be detected from changes in frequencies of selectively neutral alleles, especially allozymes, and can be avoided by maintenance of large population sizes. In contrast, selection may not be detected or avoided easily in large colonies, potentially resulting in the loss of traits essential for performance or adaptation to the field. This loss can be minimized if important alleles are made homozygous by mildly inbreeding independent family lines. The number of lines needed to prevent confidently the loss of alleles was calculated for a range of initial frequencies. For arrhenotokous or diploid species, only 25 or 50 single family lines, respectively, are needed to preserve common alleles, which are the alleles that seem most likely to be important to field performance. The relevance of these results to laboratory rearing, especially for classical biological control and conservation of endangered species, is discussed. C1 CORNELL UNIV, DEPT ENTOMOL, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, BENEFICIAL INSECTS INTRODUCT RES LAB, NEWARK, DE 19713 USA. NR 19 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 88 IS 6 BP 713 EP 717 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TH782 UT WOS:A1995TH78200001 ER PT J AU COLL, M RIDGWAY, RL AF COLL, M RIDGWAY, RL TI FUNCTIONAL AND NUMERICAL RESPONSES OF ORIUS-INSIDIOSUS (HETEROPTERA, ANTHOCORIDAE) TO ITS PREY IN DIFFERENT VEGETABLE CROPS SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE ORIUS INSIDIOSUS; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTIONS; FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE; NUMERICAL RESPONSE; TRITROPHIC INTERACTION ID NATURAL ENEMIES; HEMIPTERA; TETRANYCHIDAE; PHYTOSEIIDAE; THYSANOPTERA; LEPIDOPTERA; PREDATORS; THRIPIDAE; DENSITY; ACARINA AB The functional response of Orius insidiosus (Say) to one of its primary prey, the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), was measured on bean, tomato, and pepper plants in the greenhouse. Fewer thrips were taken by the predator on tomato than on bean plants, and a lower attack coefficient was calculated on tomato than on bean and pepper plants. Differences in the searching behavior of the predator on the 3 plants affected the shape of the functional response of O. insidiosus to its prey. To assess the relationship between populations of O. insidiosus and its prey (thrips, aphids, leafhoppers, and whiteflies), bean, tomato, pepper, and corn plots were monitored at 2 field sites. At both sites, O. insidiosus density was significantly higher on bean and corn than on pepper (densities in tomato were intermediate). Although the phenology of the predator differed among crops, its population dynamics generally followed that of its prey. A direct (behavioral) density-dependent response was found to prey in pepper and tomato, whereas a delayed (reproductive) response was detected in bean and corn. Further, the ratio between the densities of O. insidiosus nymphs and adults (an indication of population growth) was higher in bean and corn than in tomato and pepper. The importance of plant characteristics to predator-prey interactions is discussed, and particular attention is given to the influence of the plant-feeding habits of O. insidiosus. C1 USDA ARS, INSECT BIOCONTROL LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 32 TC 91 Z9 104 U1 3 U2 20 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0013-8746 EI 1938-2901 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 88 IS 6 BP 732 EP 738 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TH782 UT WOS:A1995TH78200004 ER PT J AU WARD, KE LANDOLT, PJ AF WARD, KE LANDOLT, PJ TI INFLUENCE OF MULTIPLE MATINGS ON FECUNDITY AND LONGEVITY OF FEMALE CABBAGE-LOOPER MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE TRICHOPLUSIA NI; MATING FREQUENCY; FECUNDITY; SPERMATOPHORES; FERTILITY; NUTRIENTS ID SEX-PHEROMONE; BUTTERFLIES; INVESTMENT; STRATEGIES; INSECTS AB Comparisons of numbers of eggs laid and longevity of singly and multiply mated females of ale cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), revealed a positive relationship between the number of spermatophores received by a female and her oviposition rate in eggs laid per day and her fecundity. Comparisons of numbers of eggs laid and longevity of females either once-mated to virgin males or once-mated to previously mated males revealed no relationship between male mating history and female oviposition rate, female lifetime fecundity, or female longevity, indicating that multiple mating by males does not result in a decline in the quality of their contributions to females during mating. The possible benefits derived by females from multiple mating are discussed. RP WARD, KE (reprint author), USDA ARS, INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB, GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 USA. NR 30 TC 44 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 5 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 88 IS 6 BP 768 EP 772 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TH782 UT WOS:A1995TH78200009 ER PT J AU JACKSON, JJ LEW, AC WOODSON, WD AF JACKSON, JJ LEW, AC WOODSON, WD TI EFFECT OF EGG AGE, STORAGE-TEMPERATURE, AND STORAGE DURATION OIL EGG HATCH OF DIABROTICA-UNDECIMPUNCTATA-HOWARDI (COLEOPTERA, CHRYSOMELIDAE) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE DIABROTICA; CORN ROOTWORM; HATCH; TEMPERATURE AB The effect of egg age and storage temperature and duration on the percentage of hatch and time to 50% hatch for eggs of Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, southern corn rootworm, was determined by exposing 1-, 3-, and 5-d-old eggs at 6 temperatures from 0 to 15 degrees C for durations of 1-6 wk. Egg age, storage temperature, storage duration, and their interactions had a significant influence on percentage of egg hatch and time to 50% hatch. Regression models were developed to allow prediction of percentage of hatch and time to 50% hatch. Eighteen treatment combinations maintained egg viability > 94%. Percentage of hatch and time to 50% hatch were optimized with 1-d-old eggs incubated at 15 degrees C for 3 wk. RP JACKSON, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO GRAIN INSECTS RES LAB,RR 3,BROOKINGS,SD 57006, USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 88 IS 6 BP 781 EP 784 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TH782 UT WOS:A1995TH78200011 ER PT J AU MORALESRAMOS, JA ROJAS, MG KING, EG AF MORALESRAMOS, JA ROJAS, MG KING, EG TI VENOM OF CATOLACCUS-GRANDIS (HYMENOPTERA, PTEROMALIDAE) AND ITS ROLE IN PARASITOID DEVELOPMENT AND HOST REGULATION SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE BELL WEEVIL; ANTHONOMUS GRANDIS; PARASITOID; VENOM; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL ID BOLL-WEEVIL COLEOPTERA; AMINO-ACIDS; BURKS HYMENOPTERA; CURCULIONIDAE AB The effect of the venom of the ectoparasitoid Catolaccus grandis (Burks) on boil weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman growth, development, and survival, and parasitoid development were investigated. Microscopic observations showed that 81.4% of parasitized weevils were not paralyzed. The percentage of unparalyzed hosts correlated positively with the age of the parasitoid females and negatively with the degree of superparasitism The growth of envenomed hosts was reduced and envenomed hosts did not complete development. However, parasitoid development was not affected in the absence of venom. The concentration and ratios of free amino acids in the boil weevil haemolymph were significantly affected by C. grandis venom. Similar changes in free amino acids in bell weevil haemolymph were observed in prepupae not exposed to parasitism, but artificially parasitized by Ist instar C. grandis. The presence of a similar envenomizing agent in die Ist instar parasitoids is discussed. RP MORALESRAMOS, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,BIOL PEST CONTROL RES UNIT,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. OI Morales-Ramos, Juan/0000-0002-3506-3859 NR 18 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 88 IS 6 BP 800 EP 808 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TH782 UT WOS:A1995TH78200014 ER PT J AU YOUNG, RF SHIELDS, KS BERLYN, GP AF YOUNG, RF SHIELDS, KS BERLYN, GP TI HEMLOCK WOOLLY ADELGID (HOMOPTERA, ADELGIDAE) - STYLET BUNDLE INSERTION AND FEEDING SITES SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE ADELGES TSUGAE; HEMLOCK WOOLLY ADELGID; STYLET BUNDLE ID TSUGAE HOMOPTERA; PENETRATION; APHIDIDAE AB Stylet bundle insertion site, path traveled, and feeding site were examined for the hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, on needles from current and previous years of eastern hemlock Tsuga canadensis Carriere. The stylet bundle is composed of 4 individual stylets-2 outer mandibular stylets and 2 inner maxillary stylets. A. tsugae inserts its stylet bundle on the adaxial side of eastern hemlock needles, proximal to the twig with respect to the leaf abscission layer. Insertions are primarily intracellular through epidermal cells. Once inserted, the stylet bundle then follows a mixed intracellular and intercellular pathway, the latter predominating, when penetrating the plant tissue to the feeding site, the xylem ray parenchyma cells. We observed evidence of salivary secretions, tracks, and sheaths produced by A. tsugae in the plant similar to those produced by aphids and other adelgids in their host plants. Unlike other adelgids studied, which feed on cortical parenchyma cells and on solutes from phloem of their spruce hosts, A. tsugae appears to feed only on storage cells, the parenchyma cells which comprise the xylem rays. This suggests that the intense effect of A. tsugae on eastern hemlock may be caused by factors other than its food consumption, that is, a possible toxin effect, or altered host plant response to environmental conditions. RP YOUNG, RF (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NE CTR FOREST HLTH RES,NE FOREST EXPT STN,51 MILL POND RD,HAMDEN,CT 06514, USA. NR 24 TC 102 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 13 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 88 IS 6 BP 827 EP 835 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TH782 UT WOS:A1995TH78200018 ER PT J AU PERERA, OP MITCHELL, SE COCKBURN, AF SEAWRIGHT, JA AF PERERA, OP MITCHELL, SE COCKBURN, AF SEAWRIGHT, JA TI VARIATION IN MITOCHONDRIAL AND RIBOSOMAL DNA OF ANOPHELES-QUADRIMACULATUS SPECIES-A (DIPTERA, CULICIDAE) ACROSS A WIDE GEOGRAPHIC RANGE SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE ANOPHELES QUADRIMACULATUS; MTDNA; RDNA QUADRIMACULATUS; SIBLING SPECIES; SPECIES COMPLEX ID NUCLEOTIDE SUBSTITUTIONS; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; LABORATORY STRAINS; COMPLEX DIPTERA; IDENTIFICATION; SEQUENCE; NUMBER; HYBRIDIZATION; EVOLUTION; MOSQUITO AB The amount of intra- and interpopulational variation in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear ribosomal RNA (rDNA) gene restriction sites was determined for 28 geographically diverse natural populations of Anopheles quadrimaculatus species A. Neither the mtDNA nor the rDNA of A, quadrimaculatus species A were significantly polymorphic throughout a broad geographic range. Although 25 mtDNA genotypes were observed, most of them occurred at low frequencies and differed from the widespread major haplotype by only 1 restriction site change. Consequently, estimates of within-population mtDNA sequence variability were small and between-population variability was negligible. The rDNA of A. quadrimaculatus species A was even less polymorphic than the mtDNA, The usefulness of DNA restriction analysis for identification of A, quadrimaculatus sibling species is discussed and compared with results obtained by allozyme analysis. C1 USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. RI Cockburn, Andrew/B-1354-2009 OI Cockburn, Andrew/0000-0002-1636-9019 NR 35 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 88 IS 6 BP 836 EP 845 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TH782 UT WOS:A1995TH78200019 ER PT J AU DIETRICH, D HICKEY, WJ LAMAR, R AF DIETRICH, D HICKEY, WJ LAMAR, R TI DEGRADATION OF 4,4'-DICHLOROBIPHENYL, 3,3',4,4'-TETRACHLOROBIPHENYL, AND 2,2',4,4',5,5'-HEXACHLOROBIPHENYL BY THE WHITE-ROT FUNGUS PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AROMATIC RING CLEAVAGE; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; CHLORINE SUBSTITUTION; METABOLISM; TRANSFORMATION; MINERALIZATION; PCBS AB The white rot fungus Phanerochaete chlysosporium has demonstrated abilities to degrade many xenobiotic chemicals. In this study, the degradation of three model polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners (4,4'-dichlorobiphenyl [DCB], 3,3',4,4'-tetraehlorobiphenyl, and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl) by P. chrysosporium in liquid culture was examined. After 28 days of incubation, C-14 partitioning analysis indicated extensive degradation of DCB, including 11% mineralization. In contrast, there was negligible mineralization of the tetrachloro- or hexachlorobiphenyl and little evidence for any significant metabolism. With all of the model PCBs, a large fraction of the C-14 was determined to be biomass bound. Results from a time course study done with 4,4'-[C-14]DCB to examine C-14 partitioning dynamics indicated that the biomass-bound C-14 was likely attributable to nonspecific adsorption of the PCBs to the fungal hyphae. In a subsequent isotope trapping experiment, 4-chlorobenzoic acid and 4-chlorobenzyl alcohol were identified as metabolites produced from 4,4'-[C-14]DCB. To the best of our knowledge, this the first report describing intermediates formed by P. chrysosporium during PCB degradation. Results from these experiments suggested similarities between P. chrysosporium and bacterial systems in terms of effects of congener chlorination degree and pattern on PCB metabolism and intermediates characteristic of the PCB degradation process. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT SOIL SCI,MADISON,WI 53706. RP DIETRICH, D (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,INST MICROBIAL & BIOCHEM TECHNOL,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 23 TC 56 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 61 IS 11 BP 3904 EP 3909 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA TC811 UT WOS:A1995TC81100022 PM 8526503 ER PT J AU SHA, YH MELCHER, U DAVIS, RE FLETCHER, J AF SHA, YH MELCHER, U DAVIS, RE FLETCHER, J TI RESISTANCE OF SPIROPLASMA-CITRI LINES TO THE VIRUS SVTS2 IS ASSOCIATED WITH INTEGRATION OF VIRAL-DNA SEQUENCES INTO HOST CHROMOSOMAL AND EXTRACHROMOSOMAL DNA SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; SURFACE-PROTEINS; GENOME; CLONING; GENE AB Spiroplasmavirus SVTS2, isolated from Spiroplasma melliferum TS2, produces plaques when inoculated onto lawns of Spiroplasma citri M200H, a derivative of the type strain Maroc R8A2. S. citri strains MR2 and MR3, originally selected as colonies growing within plaques on a lawn of M200H inoculated with SVTS2, were resistant to SVTS2. Genomic DNA fingerprints and electrophoretic protein profiles of M200H, MR2, and MR3 were similar, but three proteins present in M200H were missing or significantly reduced in both resistant lines, None of these three polypeptides reacted with antiserum against S. citri membrane proteins, indicating that they probably are not surface-located virus receptors. Electroporation with SVTS2 DNA produced 1.5 x 10(5) transfectants per mu g of DNA in M200H but none in MR2 or MR3, suggesting that resistance may result from inhibition of viral replication. The digestion patterns of the extrachromosomal double-stranded (ds) DNA of these lines were similar. Three TaqI fragments of MR2 extrachromosomal DNA that were not present in M200H extrachromosomal DNA hybridized strongly to an SVTS2 probe, and two of these fragments plus an additional one hybridized with the MR3 extrachromosomal DNA, indicating that a fragment of SVTS2 DNA was present in the extrachromosomal ds DNA of MR2 and MR3 but not of M200H. When the restricted genomes of ail three lines were probed with SVTS2 DNA, strong hybridization to two EcoRI fragments of chromosomal MR2 and MR3 DNA but not M200H DNA indicated that SVTS2 DNA had integrated into the genomes of MR2 and MR3 but not of M200H. When MR3 extrachromosomal ds DNA containing a 2.1-kb SVTS2 DNA fragment was transfected into M200H, the transformed spiroplasmas were resistant to SVTS2. These results suggest that SVTS2 DNA fragments, possibly integrated into the chromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA of a previously susceptible spiroplasma, may function as viral incompatibility elements, providing resistance to superinfection by SVTS2. C1 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,STILLWATER,OK 74078. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,STILLWATER,OK 74078. USDA ARS,MOLEC PLANT PATHOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RI Melcher, Ulrich/E-7160-2010 NR 40 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 61 IS 11 BP 3950 EP 3959 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA TC811 UT WOS:A1995TC81100029 PM 16535161 ER PT J AU BAILEY, DW AF BAILEY, DW TI DAILY SELECTION OF FEEDING AREAS BY CATTLE IN HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS ENVIRONMENTS SO APPLIED ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CATTLE; DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS; GRAZING; PATCH; SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY ID PATTERNS; BEHAVIOR; RANGE AB Yearling steers were observed in a two-part study to evaluate movement patterns in homogeneous and heterogeneous areas. Previous grazing and fertilization were used to create three heterogeneous patches that varied in forage quality and quantity. Three homogeneous patches were also established, Two groups of steers were released daily from a holding pen and allowed to choose within either the homogeneous area or the heterogeneous area, During the first trial, steers selected patches from a central decision area, and fences divided the patches. During the second trial, division fences were removed. No patch preferences developed in the homogeneous area if data were pooled within a day. However, time spent in patches was not consistent throughout the day, Steers grazed patches nearest to water during midday, but avoided those patches during the morning and evening. Animals developed preferences for the most nutritious patches, as indexed by crude protein concentration, in the heterogeneous area, They avoided a patch with lower forage quality for 21 consecutive days, Cattle tended to return to a particular patch more often in the heterogeneous area, but in both the heterogeneous and homogeneous areas, animals returned to the same patch on consecutive mornings less than 48% of the time. Cattle moved among patches more frequently in the homogeneous area during Trial 2 after fences were dismantled, One or two individuals may have influenced the initial patch selection for the remainder of the group. Uneven grazing distribution patterns associated with cattle grazing heterogeneous environments may occur because they select feeding areas with higher forage quality more frequently than feeding areas with lower forage quality. RP BAILEY, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO PLAINS RANGE RES STN,2000 18TH ST,WOODWARD,OK 73801, USA. NR 16 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1591 J9 APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI JI Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 45 IS 3-4 BP 183 EP 200 DI 10.1016/0168-1591(95)00586-H PG 18 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Behavioral Sciences; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Behavioral Sciences; Veterinary Sciences GA TJ873 UT WOS:A1995TJ87300001 ER PT J AU PEDERSON, JR MASSMAN, WJ MAHRT, L DELANY, A ONCLEY, S DENHARTOG, G NEUMANN, HH MICKLE, RE SHAW, RH PAW, KT GRANTZ, DA MACPHERSON, JI DESJARDINS, R SCHUEPP, PH PEARSON, R ARCADO, TE AF PEDERSON, JR MASSMAN, WJ MAHRT, L DELANY, A ONCLEY, S DENHARTOG, G NEUMANN, HH MICKLE, RE SHAW, RH PAW, KT GRANTZ, DA MACPHERSON, JI DESJARDINS, R SCHUEPP, PH PEARSON, R ARCADO, TE TI CALIFORNIA OZONE DEPOSITION EXPERIMENT - METHODS, RESULTS, AND OPPORTUNITIES SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Specialty Conference on Regional Photochemical Measurement and Modeling Studies CY NOV 08-12, 1993 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, Amer Meteorol Soc, Amer Geophys Union, Amer Chem Soc, Div Environm Chem, Amer Assoc Aerosol Res DE OZONE DEPOSITION; AIRCRAFT REMOTE SENSING; EDDY COVARIANCE ID FLUX; FLUCTUATIONS; FIFE AB The California Ozone Deposition Experiment (CODE) is a program of observations and modeling to improve estimates of the rate of removal of tropospheric ozone at the earth's surface used in grid-based photochemical models of ozone production, transport, and removal. The purpose of CODE is to test, diagnose and improve treatment of dry deposition of ozone and other gaseous species. CODE supports a larger air quality measurement and modeling effort comprised of the San Joaquin Valley Air Quality Study (SJVAQS) and Atmospheric-Utilities Signatures: Predictions and Experiments (AUSPEX) joined as SJVAQS/AUSPEX Regional Model Adaptation Project (SARMAP). However, the CODE data are also applicable to a variety of boundary layer and turbulence problems. This paper describes the field methods and data collected during summer (10 July through 6 August) of 1991 in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) of California and introduces several related papers. General comparisons and conclusions from all the participants are summarized. The core elements of the CODE field effort consisted of a research aircraft for spatial coverage and three ground sites located in a cotton field, grape vineyard, and very dry (senescent) annual grassland. A major portion of the SJV is represented by these three vegetation types. The eddy covariance method is used to compute the vertical fluxes of ozone, carbon dioxide, water vapor, sensible heat and momentum. For the first half of the study period, flights were made mainly for comparison with tower-based fluxes. Subsequent flights were over other vegetation types and to conduct special studies. In addition to the vertical fluxes, the ground-site data include individual leaf measurements of stomatal conductance, radiative leaf temperature, wetness of surrogate leaves, soil temperature profiles and heat flux, soil composition and water content, mean nitrogen oxide and ozone concentrations, solar and net radiation, photosynthetically active radiation, and vertical profiles of wind, temperature, ozone and water vapor. Aircraft data also include reflected short-wave radiation, surface greenness index and radiative surface temperature. Several factors simplify analyses: a nearly constant synoptic situation, lack of cloud cover, low-level (30 m) flights and land use characterized by extensive homogeneous areas with well defined interfaces. Repeated five-km aircraft runs, necessary for a representative flux calculation, were commonly made over a single crop type. In addition, a partial (60%) solar eclipse on 11 July provides an opportunity to examine the influence of light intensity upon the plant-atmosphere exchange of carbon dioxide and ozone via stomatal activity. C1 US FOREST SERV,FT COLLINS,CO 80526. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT ATMOSPHER SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES,BOULDER,CO 80307. ATMOSPHER ENVIRONM SERV,DOWNSVIEW,ON M3H 5T4,CANADA. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT LAND AIR & WATER RESOURCES,DAVIS,CA 95616. UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,KEARNEY AGR CTR,PARLIER,CA 93648. NATL RES COUNCIL CANADA,FLIGHT RES LAB,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0R6,CANADA. AGR CANADA,LAND RESOURCE RES CTR,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0C6,CANADA. MCGILL UNIV,DEPT RENEWABLE RESOURCES,ST ANNE BELLEVUE,PQ H9X 3V9,CANADA. NASA,AMES RES CTR,MOFFETT FIELD,CA 94035. PACIFIC GAS & ELECT CO,TECH SERV,SAN RAMON,CA 94583. PACIFIC GAS & ELECT CO,ECOL SERV,SAN RAMON,CA 94583. RP PEDERSON, JR (reprint author), CALIF AIR RESOURCES BOARD,DIV TECH SUPPORT,MODELING SUPPORT SECT,POB 2815,SACRAMENTO,CA 95812, USA. NR 55 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 29 IS 21 BP 3115 EP 3132 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00136-M PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA TE894 UT WOS:A1995TE89400018 ER PT J AU MASSMAN, WJ MACPHERSON, JI DELANY, A DENHARTOG, G NEUMANN, HH ONCLEY, SP PEARSON, R PEDERSON, J SHAW, RH AF MASSMAN, WJ MACPHERSON, JI DELANY, A DENHARTOG, G NEUMANN, HH ONCLEY, SP PEARSON, R PEDERSON, J SHAW, RH TI SURFACE CONDUCTANCES FOR OZONE UPTAKE DERIVED FROM AIRCRAFT EDDY-CORRELATION DATA SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Specialty Conference on Regional Photochemical Measurement and Modeling Studies CY NOV 08-12, 1993 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, Amer Meteorol Soc, Amer Geophys Union, Amer Chem Soc, Div Environm Chem, Amer Assoc Aerosol Res DE OZONE DRY DEPOSITION; SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY; AIRCRAFT AND TOWER EDDY COVARIANCE FLUXES; OZONE SURFACE CONDUCTANCES ID FLUX MEASUREMENTS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; VERTICAL FLUX; CHEMISTRY; NO2; DEPOSITION; DYNAMICS; FOREST; BUDGET; HEAT AB Plants and soils act as major sinks for tropospheric ozone, especially during daylight hours when plant stomata are thought to provide the dominant pathway for ozone uptake. The present study, as part of the larger California Ozone Deposition Experiment, uses aircraft eddy covariance measurements taken during the summer of 1991 in the San Joaquin Valley of California to estimate the surface conductance for ozone uptake. To explore for possible sources of discrepancies between the aircraft-derived and tower-based surface conductances a comparison is first made between tower-based fluxes and aircraft fluxes at three tower-based sites. On the average the momentum and surface energy fluxes (sensible and latent heat) observed between 30 and 33 m altitude with an aircraft agreed to within +/- 10% with simultaneously measured tower-based fluxes (observed between 4 and 10 m at a vineyard, a cotton and a grassland site). However, comparisons of the aircraft- and tower-based ozone fluxes indicate that between about 4 and 33 m there is an average loss of ozone flux with height of about 18%. It is suggested that either (or both) soil NO emissions or entrainment of ozone free air at the top of the mixed layer may be responsible for this relatively larger discrepancy in the ozone fluxes. Nevertheless, in spite of any relatively larger uncertainties associated with the ozone flux, the tower-based and aircraft-based conductances are in good agreement. The aircraft-derived conductances display a similar magnitude and range of variation as the tower-based conductances and the regression coefficient between the two sets of conductances is 0.9 +/- 0.08. Therefore, results from this study suggest that the aircraft can be used to estimate surface conductances of ozone deposition; however, these conductances are subject to large uncertainties. C1 NATL RES COUNCIL CANADA,INST AEROSP RES,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0R6,CANADA. NATL CTR ATMOSPHER RES,BOULDER,CO 80307. ATMOSPHER ENVIRONM SERV,DOWNSVIEW,ON M3H 5T4,CANADA. NASA,AMES RES CTR,MOFFETT FIELD,CA 94035. CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD,SACRAMENTO,CA 95812. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT LAND AIR & WATER RESOURCES,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP MASSMAN, WJ (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,240 W PROSPECT,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. NR 35 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 29 IS 21 BP 3181 EP 3188 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(94)00330-N PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA TE894 UT WOS:A1995TE89400023 ER PT J AU GRANTZ, DA ZHANG, XJ MASSMAN, WJ DENHARTOG, G NEUMANN, HH PEDERSON, JR AF GRANTZ, DA ZHANG, XJ MASSMAN, WJ DENHARTOG, G NEUMANN, HH PEDERSON, JR TI EFFECTS OF STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE AND SURFACE WETNESS ON OZONE DEPOSITION IN FIELD-GROWN SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Specialty Conference on Regional Photochemical Measurement and Modeling Studies CY NOV 08-12, 1993 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Air & Waste Management Assoc, Amer Meteorol Soc, Amer Geophys Union, Amer Chem Soc, Div Environm Chem, Amer Assoc Aerosol Res DE CANOPY; CONDUCTANCE; DEW; DEPOSITION; OZONE ID NET CO2 ASSIMILATION; VITIS-VINIFERA L; DRY DEPOSITION; DECIDUOUS FOREST; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; GAS-EXCHANGE; CANOPY; LEAF; RESISTANCE; FLUX AB Surface deposition is an important sink that removes ozone from polluted air basins, and leads to crop damage and ecosystem decline. Physiological and physical processes controlling deposition to vegetated surfaces are incompletely understood. We investigate the relationship between ozone flux to trellised grape, F, and canopy stomatal conductance to ozone, g(c), under dew-wetted and dry conditions. Empirically measured stomatal conductance was scaled to g(c) using empirical measurements of leaf area index, L, single leaf stomatal response to photon flux density, I, and bulk canopy radiation extinction coefficient, K. Leaf wetness was determined with surrogate leaves covered with electrical impedance grids. Deposition velocity, V-d, and surface conductance, g(surf), were positively and highly significantly related to g(c). Surface wetness substantially increased V-d and g(surf). Under all conditions, g(c) < g(surf), suggesting a significant non-stomatal (residual) pathway for ozone deposition, g(r). This residual term, g(r), was increased under wet conditions by a constant amount over the full range of g(c). Expected errors of +/- 20% in the single leaf model, in L, or in K, did not influence these conclusions. We conclude that V-d and g(surf) were dominated by g(c), which may be used effectively to predict ozone deposition to physiologically active vegetated surfaces. Dew formation enhanced ozone deposition to the hypostomatous leaves of this grape canopy by a nonstomatal pathway. C1 UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,KEARNEY AGR CTR,STATEWIDE AIR POLLUT RES CTR,PARLIER,CA 93648. US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FT COLLINS,CO 80526. NATL RES COUNCIL CANADA,OTTAWA,ON,CANADA. CALIFORNIA AIR RESOURCES BOARD,DIV TECH SUPPORT,SACRAMENTO,CA 95812. RP GRANTZ, DA (reprint author), UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,KEARNEY AGR CTR,DEPT BOT & PLANT SCI,9240 S RIVERBEND AVE,PARLIER,CA 93648, USA. NR 46 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 29 IS 21 BP 3189 EP 3198 DI 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00129-M PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA TE894 UT WOS:A1995TE89400024 ER PT J AU OLDROYD, BP SMOLENSKI, AJ CORNUET, JM WONGSIRI, S ESTOUP, A RINDERER, TE CROZIER, RH AF OLDROYD, BP SMOLENSKI, AJ CORNUET, JM WONGSIRI, S ESTOUP, A RINDERER, TE CROZIER, RH TI LEVELS OF POLYANDRY AND INTRACOLONIAL GENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS IN APIS-FLOREA SO BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY AND SOCIOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE POLYANDRY; MICROSATELLITE; MULTIPLE MATING; RELATEDNESS; APIS ID MELLIFERA L; SOCIAL HYMENOPTERA; SPERM COMPETITION; MATING-BEHAVIOR; EVOLUTION; HONEYBEE; COLONIES; APIDAE; INSECT; MICROSATELLITES AB DNA was extracted from worker and drone pupae of each of five colonies of the dwarf honey bee Apis florea. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were conducted on DNA extracts using five sets of primers known to amplify microsatellite loci in A. mellifera. Based on microsatellite allele distributions, queens of the five colonies mated with at least 5-14 drones. This is up to 3 times previous maximum estimates obtained from sperm counts. The discrepancy between sperm count and microsatellite estimates of the number of matings in A. florea suggests that despite direct injection of semen into the spermatheacal duct, either A. florea drones inject only a small proportion of their semen, or queens are able to rapidly expel excess semen after mating. A model of sexual selection (first proposed by Koeniger and Koeniger) is discussed in which males attempt to gain reproductive dominance by increasing ejaculate volume and direct injection of spermatozoa into the spermatheca, while queens attempt to maintain polyandry by retaining only a small fraction of each male's ejaculate. It is shown, at least in this limited sample, that the effective number of matings is lower in A. florea than in A. mellifera. C1 CHULALONGKORN UNIV,FAC SCI,BEE BIOL RES UNIT,BANGKOK 10330,THAILAND. LAB POPULAT GENET & EVOLUT,CNRS,F-91198 GIF SUR YVETTE,FRANCE. USDA ARS,HONEY BEE BREEDING GENET & PHYSIOL RES LAB,BATON ROUGE,LA 70820. LA TROBE UNIV,SCH GENET & HUMAN VARIAT,BUNDOORA,VIC 3083,AUSTRALIA. INRA,NEUROBIOL COMPAREE INVERTEBRES LAB,CNRS,URA 1190,F-91440 BURES SUR YVETTE,FRANCE. RI Crozier, Ross/C-6773-2009 NR 51 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0340-5443 J9 BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL JI Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 37 IS 5 BP 329 EP 335 PG 7 WC Behavioral Sciences; Ecology; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA TH353 UT WOS:A1995TH35300006 ER PT J AU YOUNG, AL AF YOUNG, AL TI ABRAC OVERSIGHT SO BIO-TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter RP YOUNG, AL (reprint author), USDA,OFF AGR BIOTECHNOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING CO PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 SN 0733-222X J9 BIO-TECHNOL JI Bio-Technology PD NOV PY 1995 VL 13 IS 11 BP 1142 EP 1142 DI 10.1038/nbt1195-1142a PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA TD752 UT WOS:A1995TD75200002 ER PT J AU ANDERSON, RA POLANSKY, MM AF ANDERSON, RA POLANSKY, MM TI DIETARY AND METABOLITE EFFECTS ON TRIVALENT CHROMIUM RETENTION AND DISTRIBUTION IN RATS SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE CHROMIUM ABSORPTION; TISSUE CHROMIUM DISTRIBUTION; TRACE ELEMENTS; INSULIN ID TOTAL PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; ABSORPTION; DEFICIENCY; EXCRETION AB The purpose of this study was to determine if diet or various metabolites alter chromium (Cr) uptake and distribution in rats. Radioactively labeled Cr was detected within 15 min of oral administration to rats, and the total amount retained remained relatively constant from 1 to 24 h. Dietary Cr intake did not alter Cr retention or distribution. The majority of the Cr was retained in the carcass. However, when the amount of labeled Cr was expressed per gram of tissue, the highest amounts of Cr were found in the kidneys, spleen, and pancreas. Pharmacological doses of insulin, epinephrine, glucagon, and dibutyryladenosine-3' -5'cyclic monophosphate, prostaglandins A(1), A(2) B-1, B-2, E(1), E(2), F-1 alpha, and F-2 alpha did not significantly influence Cr retention. Glucose, sucrose, nicotinic acid, glutathione, and other metabolites administered orally in conjunction with labeled Cr also did not significantly alter Cr retention. These data indicate that most nutrients and metabolites do not alter Cr retention and distribution. The regulation of Cr homeostasis appears to be at the level of excretion. RP ANDERSON, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,VITAMIN & MINERAL NUTR LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 28 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07012 SN 0163-4984 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 50 IS 2 BP 97 EP 108 DI 10.1007/BF02789412 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA TG520 UT WOS:A1995TG52000001 PM 8605085 ER PT J AU MILLER, DR ROSSMAN, AY AF MILLER, DR ROSSMAN, AY TI SYSTEMATICS, BIODIVERSITY, AND AGRICULTURE - SYSTEMATIC ANALYSES OF SMALL BUT IMPORTANT ORGANISMS PROVIDE CRUCIAL INFORMATION FOR IMPROVEMENT OF AGRICULTURE SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NEMATODIRUS-BATTUS; CASSAVA; TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA; PSEUDOCOCCIDAE; HYMENOPTERA; AFRICA C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST PLANT SCI,SYSTEMAT BOT & MYCOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP MILLER, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST PLANT SCI,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 33 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST BIOL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 730 11TH STREET, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001-4521 SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD NOV PY 1995 VL 45 IS 10 BP 680 EP 686 DI 10.2307/1312673 PG 7 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA TB495 UT WOS:A1995TB49500007 ER PT J AU MCKENDREE, WL NAIRN, CJ BAUSHER, MG AF MCKENDREE, WL NAIRN, CJ BAUSHER, MG TI DIFFERENTIAL DISPLAY FROM PLANT-LEAVES USING OLIGO(DT) MAGNETIC BEAD MESSENGER-RNA ISOLATION AND HOT AIR PCR SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Note C1 USDA ARS,HORT RES LAB,ORLANDO,FL 32803. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU EATON PUBLISHING CO PI NATICK PA 154 E. CENTRAL ST, NATICK, MA 01760 SN 0736-6205 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD NOV PY 1995 VL 19 IS 5 BP 715 EP & PG 0 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA TD731 UT WOS:A1995TD73100008 PM 8588902 ER PT J AU WALDBIESER, GC AF WALDBIESER, GC TI PCR-BASED IDENTIFICATION OF AT-RICH TRINUCLEOTIDE AND TETRANUCLEOTIDE REPEAT LOCI IN AN ENRICHED PLASMID LIBRARY SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Note RP WALDBIESER, GC (reprint author), USDA ARS,CATFISH GENET RES UNIT,POB 38,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 2 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 2 PU EATON PUBLISHING CO PI NATICK PA 154 E. CENTRAL ST, NATICK, MA 01760 SN 0736-6205 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD NOV PY 1995 VL 19 IS 5 BP 742 EP & PG 0 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA TD731 UT WOS:A1995TD73100015 PM 8588909 ER PT J AU TAYLOR, F KURANTZ, MJ GOLDBERG, N CRAIG, JC AF TAYLOR, F KURANTZ, MJ GOLDBERG, N CRAIG, JC TI CONTINUOUS FERMENTATION AND STRIPPING OF ETHANOL SO BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS LA English DT Article ID ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION; MEMBRANE; PERVAPORATION; EXTRACTION; SEPARATION; REACTOR AB Recycling the contents of a continuous fermenter through a stripping column is proposed as a means of reducing product inhibition and lowering the cost of fuel ethanol production. A 2-L fermenter and 10-cm packed column were continuously operated for 150 days without contamination. Some fouling of the packing with attached yeast cells was observed which partially blocked the column. Cell yield was lower than in a simple continuous fermenter. Complete conversion of 200 g/L glucose feed and 90% conversion of 600 g/L glucose feed were achieved. Data were analyzed by computerized process simulation. Cost analysis indicated that, with heat recovery to reduce heating and cooling costs, the continuous fermentor/stripper is possibly a lower-cost alternative to conventional fermentation and distillation. RP TAYLOR, F (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 14 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 8756-7938 J9 BIOTECHNOL PROGR JI Biotechnol. Prog. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 11 IS 6 BP 693 EP 698 DI 10.1021/bp00036a014 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA TJ028 UT WOS:A1995TJ02800014 PM 8541019 ER PT J AU BUYANOVSKY, GA KREMER, RJ GAJDA, AM KAZEMI, HV AF BUYANOVSKY, GA KREMER, RJ GAJDA, AM KAZEMI, HV TI EFFECT OF CORN PLANTS AND RHIZOSPHERE POPULATIONS ON PESTICIDE DEGRADATION SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MICROORGANISMS; TURNOVER; MAIZE; SOILS C1 USDA ARS,CROPPING SYST & WATER QUAL UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO. RP BUYANOVSKY, GA (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT SOIL & ATMOSPH SCI,144 MUMFORD,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. NR 17 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 55 IS 5 BP 689 EP 696 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA RU629 UT WOS:A1995RU62900008 PM 8563201 ER PT J AU Ross, DW Daterman, GE AF Ross, DW Daterman, GE TI Efficacy of an antiaggregation pheromone for reducing Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), infestation in high risk stands SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB The Douglas-fir beetle (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae) antiaggregation pheromone, 3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one (MCH), was applied to stands at high risk for infestation. The MCH was applied in a bubble capsule formulation to plots ranging from 2.1 to 2.6 ha in size at rates of 45 -76 g/ha. Catches of Douglas-fir beetles in attractant-baited Lindgren funnel traps located at the plot centers were significantly lower on MCH-treated plots compared with untreated plots. In contrast, catches of the most abundant predator, Thanasimus undatulus (Say), were unaffected by the MCH treatment. The percentage of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France] trees greater than or equal to 20 cm dbh that were mass attacked was significantly lower on treated plots (0.2%) compared with untreated plots (8.5%), MCH alone was effective in reducing the probability of Douglas-fir beetle infestations occurring in high risk stands. C1 US FOREST SERV, PACIFIC NW RES STN, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. RP Ross, DW (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT FOREST SCI, PEAVY HALL 154, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. NR 29 TC 28 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 127 IS 6 BP 805 EP 811 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TN308 UT WOS:A1995TN30800002 ER PT J AU Glaze, D Schoney, R AF Glaze, D Schoney, R TI Comparison of costs of wheat production in Saskatchewan and the US northern plains SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS-REVUE CANADIENNE D ECONOMIE RURALE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; COMPETITIVENESS AB This paper compares 1989 average variable costs for U.S. northern plains and Saskatchewan spring wheat producers. Producers are divided into three cost groups. There are more statistically significant differences between cost groups within a country than between the two countries. Relative to other producers within the same country, low-cost producers in both countries had higher yields per bushel, most had lower variable inputs both per acre and per bushel, and most had lower debt loads. In terms of intercountry comparisons, low-cost producers in Saskatchewan and the U.S. northern plains had nearly identical average variable cash costs. While mid- and high-cost Saskatchewan producers had significantly lower average variable cash costs, they were almost entirely offset by higher fixed costs. C1 UNIV SASKATCHEWAN,SASKATOON,SK,CANADA. RP Glaze, D (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN AGR ECON & FARM MANAGEMENT SOC PI OTTAWA PA 151 SLATER ST SUITE 907, OTTAWA ON K1P 5H4, CANADA SN 0008-3976 J9 CAN J AGR ECON JI Can. J. Agric. Econ.-Rev. Can. Econ. Rural. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 43 IS 3 BP 367 EP 385 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7976.1995.tb00129.x PG 19 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA TT994 UT WOS:A1995TT99400003 ER PT J AU WATERMAN, JR GILLESPIE, AR VOSE, JM SWANK, WT AF WATERMAN, JR GILLESPIE, AR VOSE, JM SWANK, WT TI THE INFLUENCE OF MOUNTAIN LAUREL ON REGENERATION IN PITCH PINE CANOPY GAPS OF THE COWEETA BASIN, NORTH-CAROLINA, USA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article AB Because of its dense nature, mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.) understories may be retarding the regeneration of xeric pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) sites in the southern Appalachians and thereby influencing successional dynamics. This study examined the impact of the laurel understory on hardwood successional ecology in living pitch pine stands and pine gaps at their upper and lower elevational distribution. The laurel understory was physically removed from half the plots; the remaining plots served as a control. The plots were inventoried and all seedlings were tagged and measured to determine importance values, recruitment, survivorship, and biomass for 2 years following treatment. The results indicate that the presence or absence of the laurel understory does not affect initial seedling recruitment, survivorship, or their relative competitiveness. However, mountain laurel does suppress growth of smaller seedlings. Given the higher importance value, recruitment, and survivorship of red maple (Acer rubrum L.), the regeneration layer in these pitch pine sites is currently dominated by red maple, with scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea Muenchh.) and other xeric-site hardwoods as associates. With the adaptive ability of red maple to take advantage of openings, red maple will continue to dominate and ultimately regenerate these communities with other hardwoods as minor associates. C1 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT FORESTRY & NAT RESOURCES,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. US FOREST SERV,COWEETA HYDROL LAB,OTTO,NC 28763. NR 23 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 25 IS 11 BP 1756 EP 1762 DI 10.1139/x95-190 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TF935 UT WOS:A1995TF93500004 ER PT J AU LIU, CJ BRANTIGAN, RD AF LIU, CJ BRANTIGAN, RD TI USING DIFFERENTIAL CPS FOR FOREST TRAVERSE SURVEYS SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID MANAGEMENT; GPS AB This report documents the accuracy and efficiency of differential GPS (DGPS) when it is applied in forest environments. The report contains research results obtained from using DGPS for forest-stand boundary surveys conducted in hardwood forests in a mountainous region. Reported also is the result of a cost-effectiveness analysis that contrasts the satellite-based DGPS positioning and the conventional land-based compass-and-chain surveys. The study found that (1) both forest canopy and undulating terrain in mountainous regions would exert a definite effect on DGPS traverse surveys but neither would reduce stand area determination accuracy; (2) in general, static DGPS was more accurate but less productive than the kinematic DGPS when accuracy and cost were weighted equally; (3) inaccurate two-dimensional position determinations degraded positioning accuracy in either the kinematic or static positioning mode; and (4) kinematic DGPS traverse was a cost-effective survey technique capable of achieving closer forest stand area approximation than the compass-and-chain traverse. C1 US FOREST SERV,DANIEL BOONE NATL FOREST,WINCHESTER,KY 40391. RP LIU, CJ (reprint author), UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT FORESTRY,LEXINGTON,KY 40546, USA. NR 20 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 25 IS 11 BP 1795 EP 1805 DI 10.1139/x95-194 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TF935 UT WOS:A1995TF93500008 ER PT J AU GOELZ, JCG BURK, TE AF GOELZ, JCG BURK, TE TI DEVELOPMENT OF A WELL-BEHAVED SITE INDEX EQUATION - JACK PINE IN NORTH CENTRAL ONTARIO (VOL 22, PG 776, 1992) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Correction, Addition C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP GOELZ, JCG (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,SO HARDWOODS LAB,POB 227,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 25 IS 11 BP 1886 EP 1886 DI 10.1139/x95-204 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TF935 UT WOS:A1995TF93500018 ER PT J AU Buech, RR AF Buech, RR TI Sex differences in behavior of beavers living in near-boreal lake habitat SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID CASTOR-CANADENSIS; MONOGAMY AB Comparative studies of how female and male North American beavers (Castor canadensis) allocate time provide a basis for understanding their life history. I studied the behavior of beavers living in lake habitats of a near-boreal region to determine how animals of each sex allocated time during their active periods. Markov time-budget estimates revealed that over the open-water season, adult females and males spent 91 and 86%, respectively, of time during active periods feeding, traveling, and being in the lodge. Adult females spent most of their time feeding in late spring and summer. In late summer through fall, they spent more time provisioning, working on lodges, and constructing winter food caches. In contrast, adult males spent less time feeding and more time traveling, being in the lodge, and working on the lodge in late spring and early summer. As the season progressed, adult males traveled less and spent more time feeding and working on the lodge. Overall, the results suggest that there is a division of labor in this monogamous species. Adult females seemed to function primarily as providers of energy to kits. In contrast, adult males seemed to function primarily in protection and provisioning of kits, territory maintenance, and construction and maintenance of structures. RP Buech, RR (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,1992 FOLWELL AVE,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 41 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 22 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 73 IS 11 BP 2133 EP 2143 DI 10.1139/z95-250 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA TQ063 UT WOS:A1995TQ06300019 ER PT J AU SINHA, R ROTHMAN, N MARK, SD MURRAY, S BROWN, ED LEVANDER, OA DAVIES, DS LANG, NP KADLUBAR, FF HOOVER, RN AF SINHA, R ROTHMAN, N MARK, SD MURRAY, S BROWN, ED LEVANDER, OA DAVIES, DS LANG, NP KADLUBAR, FF HOOVER, RN TI LOWER LEVELS OF URINARY 2-AMINO-3,8-DIMETHYLIMIDAZO[4,5-F]QUINOXALINE (MEIQX) IN HUMANS WITH HIGHER CYP1A2 ACTIVITY SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Note ID HETEROCYCLIC AROMATIC-AMINES; METABOLIC-ACTIVATION; CARCINOGENS; 2-AMINO-1-METHYL-6-PHENYLIMIDAZO<4,5-B>PYRIDINE; 2-AMINO-3,4,8-TRIMETHYLIMIDAZO<4,5-F>QUINOXALINE; EXPOSURE; LIVER; BEEF; FOOD; RAT AB Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs), such as 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f] quinoxaline (MeIQx), are metabolically activated by cytochrome P4501A2 (CYP1A2) and N-acetyltransferase (NAT2), We examined the relationship between CYP1A2 and NAT2 activity and the excretion of total unconjugated MeIQx in 66 healthy subjects, The subjects ate a controlled diet for 7 days containing lean ground beef cooked at low temperature. On day 8, they were tested for CYP1A2, and NAT2 activity by caffeine phenotyping, On the evening of day 8, subjects consumed lean ground beef cooked at high temperature containing 9.0 ng of MeIQx/g of meat. The subjects ate 3.1-4.0 g meat/kg body wt. Twelve-hour urine samples were collected and MeIQx was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Using linear regression analyses, we found that higher CYP1A2 activity was associated with lower levels of total unconjugated MeIQx in the urine (P = 0.008) when adjusted for amount of meat eaten, while NAT2 activity showed no relationship with the latter, This suggests that a greater percentage of MeIQx is converted to metabolites such as the N-hydroxy derivative when CYP1A2 activity is higher, This finding supports the concept that interindividual variation in CYP1A2 activity may be relevant for cancers associated with exposure to HAAs. C1 ROYAL POSTGRAD MED SCH,DEPT CLIN PHARMACOL,LONDON W12 0NN,ENGLAND. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,NUTR REQUIREMENTS & FUNCT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV ARKANSAS MED SCI HOSP,ARKANSAS CANC RES CTR,LITTLE ROCK,AR 72205. NATL CTR TOXICOL RES,JEFFERSON,AR 72079. RP SINHA, R (reprint author), NCI,DIV CANC EPIDEMIOL & GENET,EXECUT PLAZA N,RM 443,6130 EXECUT BLVD,ROCKVILLE,MD 20892, USA. RI Sinha, Rashmi/G-7446-2015 OI Sinha, Rashmi/0000-0002-2466-7462 NR 17 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD NOV PY 1995 VL 16 IS 11 BP 2859 EP 2861 DI 10.1093/carcin/16.11.2859 PG 3 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA TG194 UT WOS:A1995TG19400037 PM 7586210 ER PT J AU LOOKHART, G BEAN, S AF LOOKHART, G BEAN, S TI SEPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF WHEAT-PROTEIN FRACTIONS BY HIGH-PERFORMANCE CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; GLIADIN; IDENTIFICATION; QUALITY; GLUTENIN; POLYACRYLAMIDE; CULTIVARS; 1BL/1RS; LINES AB Wheat protein fractions, separated by the Osborne Solvent Fractionation Procedure, were characterized by high-performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE). Each fraction was separated on a 27-cm fused-glass capillary (20 mu m, i.d.) using 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) containing hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, a polymer additive, at 45 degrees C and 22 kV constant voltage. Albumins and globulins migrated in the first 4 min, whereas gliadins and glutenins migrated after 4 min. Individual alpha, beta, gamma, and omega gliadin proteins, which were collected from reversed-phase highperformance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) separations, were also separated by HPCE. Combined results of this study and our previous studies provide a catalog of individual gliadin information from HPCE, HPLC, acid-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (A-PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-PAGE, relating class, relative molecular size, hydrophobicity, relative charge, and separation times of each gliadin subclass by HPLC and HPCE. The main advantages of HPCE are: 1) the complementing of other electrophoretic and chromatographic protein separation methods, and 2) safety because no toxic acrylamides and only minute amounts of organic solvents and buffers are used. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT GRAIN SCI & IND,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. RP LOOKHART, G (reprint author), USDA ARS,N CENT REG,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,1515 COLL AVE,MANHATTAN,KS 66502, USA. OI Bean, Scott/0000-0001-8678-8094 NR 27 TC 66 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 72 IS 6 BP 527 EP 532 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TG857 UT WOS:A1995TG85700003 ER PT J AU SIGUA, GC ISENSEE, AR SADEGHI, AM IM, GJ AF SIGUA, GC ISENSEE, AR SADEGHI, AM IM, GJ TI DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSPORT OF ATRAZINE AS INFLUENCED BY SURFACE CULTIVATION, EARTHWORM POPULATION RAINFALL PATTERN SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID NO-TILL SOIL; MACROPORES; WATER; INTENSITY; CHEMICALS; CORES AB Several laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of soil surface cultivation, earthworm (Allolophora caliginosa L) population, and rainfall pattern on C-14-atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) leaching through intact soil cores. Soil cores (16 cm dia x 20 cm deep) were collected from a seven year no-till (NT) corn field. Earthworms (0, 4, or 8 core(-1)) were introduced into the cores. Half of the cores were cultivated (2.5 cm depth) and the rest of the cores were left uncultivated prior to C-14-atrazine treatment (2.74 mg core(-1)). Cores were subjected to a rainfall pattern in which a low intensity rain (16 mm of rain in 2.5 h) was followed 48 h later by a high intensity rain (27 mm of rain in 1.5 h). The saturated hydraulic conductivities (Ksat) of cores with 0, 4, and 8 worms core(-1) were 0.8, 3.4, and 5.3 cm h(-1), respectively. Increasing the number of earthworms in each core from 0 to 8 worms, increases the amount of atrazine (% of applied) leached through untilled cores from 8.5 to 13.5% and for tilled cores from 1.0 to 5.0%. Much more atrazine was leached through untilled soil cores than tilled cores at both low and high rainfall intensities. The results of this study suggest that herbicide transport is dependent on a combination of rainfall parameters, soil macroporosity, and disruptive surface cultivation. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 10 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD NOV PY 1995 VL 31 IS 10 BP 4237 EP 4242 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(95)00289-K PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TF600 UT WOS:A1995TF60000003 ER PT J AU MEYDANI, SN HAYEK, MG AF MEYDANI, SN HAYEK, MG TI VITAMIN-E AND AGING IMMUNE-RESPONSE SO CLINICS IN GERIATRIC MEDICINE LA English DT Article AB Aging is associated with decline in immune response, which contributes to increased incidence of infectious and neoplastic diseases. This article summarizes animal and human studies demonstrating the immune-stimulatory effects of vitamin E for the immune response in aging. The mechanisms of the effect of vitamin E are discussed. RP MEYDANI, SN (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [5 R01 AG09140-03] NR 0 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0749-0690 J9 CLIN GERIATR MED JI Clin. Geriatr. Med. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 11 IS 4 BP 567 EP & PG 0 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA TE054 UT WOS:A1995TE05400003 PM 8556687 ER PT J AU Yamini, S Szepesi, B Michaelis, OE MoserVeillon, PB AF Yamini, S Szepesi, B Michaelis, OE MoserVeillon, PB TI Bone calcium content and biomechanics in a spontaneous hypertensive/NIH corpulent rat (SHR/N-cp) SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY A-PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE type II diabetes; calcium; magnesium; sucrose; starch; femur; obesity; SHR/N-cp rat ID DIABETIC BB-RATS; MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS; DIETARY-PROTEIN; METABOLISM; MELLITUS; YOUNG AB This study was undertaken to determine the calcium content and bone biomechanics in SHR/N-cp rat. Obese and lean male SHR/N-cp rats were given diets containing either 54% sucrose or starch or a combination of 18% sucrose pills 36% starch for a period of 8 months. Urinary calcium, magnesium and phosphorus levels were greater in obese rats than in lean rats and were exaggerated by the 54% sucrose diet, Obese rats had significantly shorter and smaller femurs, lower breaking strength, and lower bone calcium and magnesium concentrations than lean littermates. No significant diet effect was observed on any of the bone parameters. Obese SHR/N-cp rats appear to have disorders with bone growth, which may be useful for understanding of altered bone metabolism in the diabetic state. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT FOOD SCI & NUTR,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT INT HLTH,DIV HUMAN NUTR,BALTIMORE,MD. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,METAB NUTRIENT INTERACT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0300-9629 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS A JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A-Physiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 112 IS 3-4 BP 425 EP 431 DI 10.1016/0300-9629(95)02010-1 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Physiology; Zoology GA TP104 UT WOS:A1995TP10400010 ER PT J AU Ramesh, R Proudman, JA Kuenzel, WJ AF Ramesh, R Proudman, JA Kuenzel, WJ TI Changes in pituitary somatotrophs and lactotrophs associated with ovarian regression in the turkey hen (Meleagris gallopavo) SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-PHARMACOLOGY TOXICOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE growth hormone; immunocytochemistry; incubation behavior; prolactin; reproduction; tamoxifen ID GROWTH-HORMONE; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; PROLACTIN; EVOLUTION; PUBERTY AB Hyperprolactinemia has been associated with incubation behavior and ovarian regression in turkey hens, Preliminary data show that tamoxifen, a partial estradiol receptor antagonist, may effect ovarian regression, The objectives of the study were to induce ovarian regression in egg-laying turkey hens by administration of tamoxifen, to determine whether incubation behavior would be effected by tamoxifen treatment and to examine the distribution of lactotrophs and somatotrophs and their immunocytochemical changes in the adenohypophysis due to a change in reproductive state, Two commercial strains of turkey hens mere administered tamoxifen (experimentals) or vehicle (controls) intramuscularly (40 mg/hen/d). Equal numbers of experimental and control hens were killed for sample collection after 5, 9 and 14 days (n = 4 per strain) of treatment, Blood samples were collected for hormone assay and pituitaries prepared for immunocytochemistry. Tamoxifen treatment for 9 and 14 days induced ovarian regression but not incubation behavior, Plasma luteinizing hormone levels were significantly increased after 5 and 9 days of tamoxifen administration, whereas prolactin and growth hormone levels were unchanged, Somatotrophs were found predominantly in the caudal portion and lactotrophs occurred in the cephalic lobe of the pituitary. Relative to controls, the prolactin immunoreactive area was significantly greater in tamoxifen-treated hens, whereas the growth hormone immunoreactive area was reduced. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT POULTRY SCI,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. USDA ARS,GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 17 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0742-8413 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 112 IS 3 BP 327 EP 334 DI 10.1016/0742-8413(95)02028-4 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA TP105 UT WOS:A1995TP10500010 PM 8838686 ER PT J AU WUNDERLE, JM AF WUNDERLE, JM TI RESPONSES OF BIRD POPULATIONS IN A PUERTO-RICAN FOREST TO HURRICANE HUGO - THE FIRST 18 MONTHS SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE BIRD POPULATIONS; CARIBBEAN; HABITAT DISTURBANCE; HURRICANE HUGO ID LUQUILLO EXPERIMENTAL FOREST; STATES VIRGIN-ISLANDS; UNDERSTORY BIRDS; TROPICAL FOREST; TREEFALL GAPS; COSTA-RICA; HABITATS; GILBERT; WET AB Bird populations in a subtropical wet forest were monitored every two to three weeks with mist nets and paint counts beginning two weeks after the passage of Hurricane Hugo in September 1989. The results were compared with those of a pre-hurricane study in the same locations in which birds were sampled in forest understory and openings. Capture rates were initially higher than in the previous study, due to displaced canopy dwellers foraging in the understory. The shift of canopy dwellers may have obscured expected declines in nectarivores and fruit/seedeaters and contributed to increased detections of omnivores and insectivores. Bird captures and fruit production peaked 93-156 days after the storm in pre-existing gaps, where higher capture rates and a distinct assemblage of birds occurred in contrast to sites without fruit (forest understory and a powerline opening). Captures in preexisting gaps decreased as fruit production ceased, and overall captures declined to baseline levels after 198 days. After one year of recovery, new gaps and forest understory became distinguishable on the basis of their unique foliage profiles. Although different bird assemblages had been found in forest understory and in gaps prior to the hurricane, these assemblages lost their distinctiveness after the storm. It may take many years after a hurricane for forest understory and gaps to become sufficiently distinct in structure and resources before birds differentiate between the two habitats. RP WUNDERLE, JM (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,INT INST TROP FORESTRY,POB B,PALMER,PR 00721, USA. NR 32 TC 42 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 4 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 1995 VL 97 IS 4 BP 879 EP 896 DI 10.2307/1369528 PG 18 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA TJ719 UT WOS:A1995TJ71900002 ER PT J AU FORSMAN, ED GIESE, A MANSON, D SOVERN, S HERTER, DR AF FORSMAN, ED GIESE, A MANSON, D SOVERN, S HERTER, DR TI RENESTING BY SPOTTED OWLS SO CONDOR LA English DT Note DE RENESTING BEHAVIOR; SPOTTED OWL; STRIX OCCIDENTALIS; GREAT HORNED OWL; BUBO VIRGINIANUS; BARRED OWL; STRIX VARIA C1 RAEDEKE ASSOCIATES INC,SEATTLE,WA 98115. RP FORSMAN, ED (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FORESTRY SCI LAB,3200 JEFFERSON WAY,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD NOV PY 1995 VL 97 IS 4 BP 1078 EP 1080 DI 10.2307/1369551 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA TJ719 UT WOS:A1995TJ71900025 ER PT J AU HORNER, HT PALMER, RG AF HORNER, HT PALMER, RG TI MECHANISMS OF GENIC MALE-STERILITY SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GENETIC MALE-STERILITY; RECURRENT SELECTION; MALE-FERTILITY; REGISTRATION; SOYBEANS; CYTOLOGY; SEED; MICROSPOROGENESIS; SCHEMES; ANTHER AB For normal sexual reproductive development, coordination must occur between both male and female organ ontogeny. An abnormality at any point in this process may lead to sterility. Classification of sterilty can be divided into heritable and nonheritable sterility. Numerous schemes for mechanisms controlled by nuclear genes (genic male sterility) have been devised to identify the timing and location of the inception of sterility. These schemes are divided into structural (gross organ changes) and functional. The latter may be divided into abnormal changes occurring in the male cells or surrounding anther tissues during microsporogenesis. Even though sterility can be produced by chemicals, ionizing radiation, genetic engineering, etc., the primary examples presented here will be of naturally occurring systems. The objectives of this paper are to review heritable genic male sterility, give examples of naturally occurring genic male sterility systems, and identify their uses and proposed applications in plant breeding. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,USDA ARS,FCR,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGRON & ZOOL GENET,AMES,IA 50011. RP HORNER, HT (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT BOT,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 78 TC 63 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1527 EP 1535 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900002 ER PT J AU ABADIE, TE BUSCH, RH GUSTAFSON, JP AF ABADIE, TE BUSCH, RH GUSTAFSON, JP TI EFFECT OF A 1R(1D) CHROMOSOME SUBSTITUTION ON 2 SPRING WHEAT CULTIVARS SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID 1B/1R TRANSLOCATION; RYE; QUALITY AB The effect of a 1R(1D) chromosomal substitution on the spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Wheaton and Marshall was studied to determine if the yield advantage, found in preliminary trials with 'Anza' in California, would be expressed in different environments and genetic backgrounds. Three experiments were conducted at two locations in Minnesota, from 1989 through 1991, with populations with and without the rye chromosome substitution developed in each cultivar background: (i) F-2 derived F-6 bulks; (ii) F-4 derived F-6 random lines; and (iii) paired F-6 lines derived from the same F-3 plant. Although, frequently, test weight was the only trait significantly reduced by the presence of the substitution, the 1R(1D) bulks and lines also tended to have lower grain yield protein content. In Experiments 2 and 3, the 1R(1D) lines tended to have shorter vegetative cycle and tailer plants. Kernel weight was rarely affected by the substitution, but when there was an effect, it was increased. Considerable genetic variability among bulks and lines within the 1R(1D) and normal wheat groups in all the populations was observed. This allowed the identification of 1R(1D) lines that were similar to the parental check cultivars for grain yield. The random lines detected effects of the rye chromosome substitution with most resolution, probably because the lines were more homogeneous that the bulks and more random lines were tested than paired lines. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,PLANT SCI RES UNIT,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV REPUBLICA,FAC AGRON,MONTEVIDEO,URUGUAY. UNIV MISSOURI,USDA ARS,PLANT GENET RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1550 EP 1555 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900005 ER PT J AU MAY, OL BOWMAN, DT CALHOUN, DS AF MAY, OL BOWMAN, DT CALHOUN, DS TI GENETIC DIVERSITY OF US UPLAND COTTON CULTIVARS RELEASED BETWEEN 1980 AND 1990 SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PARENTAGE AB Sustained genetic advances requires that genetically diverse parents be mated to form segregating populations for selection. Genetic diversity of U.S. cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars has not been extensively quantified. We assessed diversity among 126 Upland cotton cultivars release between 1980 and 1990 by use of coefficient of parentage (CP). In computing CP, we utilized assumptions appropriate for self-pollinated crops. Mean CP among the 126 cultivars was 0.07, implying a genetically diverse group. However, cluster analysis revealed 12 distinct gene pools, with mean within-cluster CP = 0.25 and between-cluster origin. The CP analysis indicates that Acala-type cultivars are more diverse that those bred in the Mississippi Delta or southeastern USA. A trend in germplasm usage in the late 1980s was the repeated mating of genetically related material, or reselection within germplasm, to develop proprietary cultivars. To ensure continued progress in cotton improvement, we suggest that cotton breeders consider the pedigree of parents prior to population synthesis. C1 DEPT AGRON,FLORENCE,SC 29501. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. RP MAY, OL (reprint author), USDA ARS,500 POCKET RD,FLORENCE,SC 29501, USA. OI Bowman, Daryl T./0000-0001-6623-4035 NR 22 TC 39 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1570 EP 1574 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900009 ER PT J AU THOMPSON, JA NELSON, RL SCHWEITZER, LE AF THOMPSON, JA NELSON, RL SCHWEITZER, LE TI RELATIONSHIPS AMONG SPECIFIC LEAF WEIGHT, PHOTOSYNTHETIC RATE, AND SEED YIELD IN SOYBEAN SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CANOPY-APPARENT PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PHYSIOLOGICAL COMPARISONS; ADVANCED GENERATIONS; WATER DEFICITS; DRY-WEIGHT; CULTIVARS; VARIABILITY; NITROGEN; GROWTH AB Increasing leaf apparent photosynthesis (AP) may improve seed yield in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Selection for high specific leaf weight (SLW) may increase AP. The objectives of this study were to (i) incorporate extremes in SLW from exotic germplasm into adapted soybean lines with high agronomic potential, (ii) compare the time course of SLW in lines known to vary in SLW, and (iii) evaluate the relationships among SLW, AP, and seed yield. In 1991 and 1992, 16 genotypes representing extremes in SLW were grown at Urbana, IL, and West Lafayette, IN. The SLW and AP were measured at the R2, R4, and R5 growth stages. At the R5 growth stage in 1992, AP was also measured at approximately twice ambient CO2 concentrations. A subset of lines was sampled weekly for SLW from R1 until R7. High SLW lines displayed a greater rate of increase in SLW than low SLW Lines beginning after R2 and continuing until R6. Significant class mean differences (P < 0.01) in SLW were observed on all sample dates across locations. Class mean differences in AP at ambient and twice ambient CO2 concentrations were observed st Urbana, although ranking of SLW classes was inconsistent across years. Leaf rugosity was negatively correlated with AP and seed yield. A high SLW line with low rugosity, LG89-1917, expressed high AP and produced yields very similar to the adapted cultivars Chapman and Elgin 87. Lines with high SLW and low leaf rugosity may hold the greatest potential for high AP and yield improvement. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,USDA ARS,PLANT PHYSIOL & GENET RES UNIT,URBANA,IL 61801. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP THOMPSON, JA (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT AGRON,1101 W PEABODY DR,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 30 TC 8 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1575 EP 1581 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900010 ER PT J AU HOLTHAUS, JF LAMKEY, KR AF HOLTHAUS, JF LAMKEY, KR TI POPULATION MEANS AND GENETIC VARIANCES IN SELECTED AND UNSELECTED IOWA STIFF STALK SYNTHETIC MAIZE POPULATIONS SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RECIPROCAL RECURRENT SELECTION; BSCB1; BSSS; VARIABILITY AB Recurrent selection is a cyclical breeding procedure that focuses on improving the mean performance of a population by increasing the frequency of favorable alleles while maintaining adequate genetic variability for continued selection response. Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSS) is a maize (Zea mays L.) population that has undergone continuous recurrent selection for more than 50 yr as the base population for two independent selection programs (intra- and inter-population). This study was designed to estimate the mean performance and genetic variances in BSSS after seven cycles of half-sib (HS) progeny selection, six cycles of S-2-progeny selection, and 11 cycles of reciprocal recurrent selection(RRS). A Design II (factorial) mating design was constructed to give direct estimates of additive and dominance variance in the individual populations. Fourteen sets of four male x four female matings for each of the four populations were evaluated in a randomized incomplete block experiment grown in six environments. Half-sib progeny and RRS methods have produced the most effective mean performance responses for grain yield in the populations per se, 0.076 and 0.104 Mg ha(-1) cycle(-1), respectively. The a-progeny selection procedure in BSSS, with a response of 0.052 Mg ha(-1) cycle(-1), has not performed up to theoretical expectations. Genetic variance component estimates for grain yield supported the suggestion that dominance variance is important in BSSS germplasm. Although additive variance decreased slightly, high heritability estimates suggest that further improvement in population means should be achieved by each selection method. Mean performance and estimated genetic variability for other important agronomic traits (grain moisture, root and stalk Lodging, and ear height) generally showed favorable response to selection. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,USDA ARS,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. HOLDENS FDN SEEDS INC,WILLIAMSBURG,IA 52361. RI Lamkey, Kendall/D-7631-2013 OI Lamkey, Kendall/0000-0001-8510-8798 NR 21 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1581 EP 1589 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900011 ER PT J AU ZWER, PK SOMBRERO, A RICKMAN, RW KLEPPER, B AF ZWER, PK SOMBRERO, A RICKMAN, RW KLEPPER, B TI CLUB AND COMMON WHEAT YIELD COMPONENT AND SPIKE DEVELOPMENT IN THE PACIFIC-NORTHWEST SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SEED SIZE; CULTIVARS; GRAINS AB The superior end-use qualities and reputation for emergence in poor seed bed conditions has maintained club wheat (Triticum compactum Host) as an important, though small class, of a heat in the Pacific Northwest. Our objective were to determine yield component development in two agronomic zones representative of the fallow/wheat growing region of the pacific Northwest and to characterize and compare yield component and spike development in two club and two common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes. The experiments were conducted at Moro and Pendleton, OR, in 1988 and 1989, where data were collected on yield components and on spike and kernel characters of identified culms. Yields were significantly higher at Pendleton than Moro. Lower floret fertility at Pendleton resulted in fewer and heavier seeds, Kernel weight was apparently the yield component associated with the yield advantage at Pendleton, Early tiller development at Pendleton also favored the development of spike with greater capacity for yield component compensation. Differences were identified for yield component development in the cultivars Tres, OR8218, Hill 81, and Stephens; however, total grain yield was not significantly different. Although club spikes were one-half !he Length of common spikes, spikelet number was not different between classes. Moreover, the number of fertile spikelets and the percentage of fertile spikelets per spike was significantly greater in club genotypes compared with common genotypes. The club genotypes produced more kernels in 1989 than the common genotypes. Kernel weight was consistently less for club lines, These differences were found in the mainstem and tillers T1 to T4. Kernel weight may play an important role in the early seedling establishment in regions where soil moisture is inadequate at planting. C1 USDA ARS,COLUMBIA PLATEAU CONSERVAT RES CTR,PENDLETON,OR 97801. RP ZWER, PK (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,COLUMBIA BASIN AGR RES CTR,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,POB 370,PENDLETON,OR 97801, USA. NR 22 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1590 EP 1597 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900012 ER PT J AU OHM, HW SHARMA, HC PATTERSON, FL RATCLIFFE, RH OBANNI, M AF OHM, HW SHARMA, HC PATTERSON, FL RATCLIFFE, RH OBANNI, M TI LINKAGE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG GENES ON WHEAT CHROMOSOME 5A THAT CONDITION RESISTANCE TO HESSIAN FLY SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INHERITANCE; EXPRESSION; DIPTERA AB Hessian By [Mayetiola destructor (Say)] is a serious pest of wheat (Triticum ssp.) in many wheat growing areas of the world. A number of genes (H1-H26) that confer resistance to Hessian By have been described. The linkage relationships of many of these genes, which are useful in breeding wheat for resistance to Hessian By, are unknown. Testcross analyses were made in tetraploid durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) and tested to biotype D of Hessian fly to determine the linkage relationships among genes H9, H10, H12, H14, H15, H16 and H17, all conferring resistance to biotype D. Also, monosomic 5A plants of susceptible cultivar Chinese Spring were crossed as seed parents to Purdue wheat (T. aestivum L. em Thell.) lines carrying gene H10 or H12. Testcross analyses indicated that six of these genes appear to occupy a single Linkage block on wheat chromosome 5A in the order H9 to H15, H10, H17, H16, and H12. Gene H14 did not appear to be within the Linkage block H9 to H12. Additionally, F-2 plants derived from 41-chromosome F-1 plants and F-3 families derived from F-2 resistant plants were tested against biotype D. F-2 segregation deviated significantly from 3 resistant : 1 susceptible and h families from resistant F-2 plants deviated significantly from 1 resistant : 2 segregating for both crosses involving H10 and H12. Thus, monosomic analyses provided additional evidence that genes H10 and H12 are Likely on chromosome 5A. Linkage between these genes would not seriously Limit efforts to pyramid them in breeding for resistance to the Hessian By because the linkage values are more than 20 centimorgans. C1 PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP OHM, HW (reprint author), PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907, USA. NR 23 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1603 EP 1607 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900014 ER PT J AU MORENOSEVILLA, B BAENZIGER, PS SHELTON, DR GRAYBOSCH, RA PETERSON, CJ AF MORENOSEVILLA, B BAENZIGER, PS SHELTON, DR GRAYBOSCH, RA PETERSON, CJ TI AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE AND END-USE QUALITY OF 1B VS 1BL/1RS GENOTYPES DERIVED FROM WINTER-WHEAT RAWHIDE SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TRANSLOCATION AB The winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Rawhide is heterogenous for the 1BL/1RS translocation. The 1BL/1RS translocation has been proven to increase grain yield and decrease end-use quality in bread wheat. The objective of this research was to investigate if the excellent yield performance of Raw hide was due to higher yielding 1BL/1RS Lines compensating for lower yielding in lines and if the acceptable quality of Rawhide was produced by higher end-use quality in lines compensating for lower end-use quality 1BL/1RS lines. To do so, 19 homogeneous in genotypes and 18 homogeneous 1BL/1RS genotypes were selected from Rawhide. These genotypes, three composites (Composite In, Composite 1BL/1RS, and Composite Total), Rawhide, and three check cultivars, were evaluated in four Nebraska environments for grain yield, yield components, and end-use quality traits. No significant differences were found between chromosome classes for grain yield. The 1BL/1RS genotypes had a higher kernel weight (4%) than 1B genotypes; however, the in genotypes had a greater number of spikes per square meter (5%). Composites were no different from Rawhide and from each other for grain yield and yield components. For end-use quality traits, the 1BL/1RS genotypes had a higher protein content (137 mg g(-1)), similar mixing time (4.8 min), and lower mixing tolerance (3.5) than in genotypes (132 mg g(-1), 5.0 min, and 4.9, respectively). However, a mixing tolerance value of 3.5 is acceptable. In general, no differences were found among the composites and between the composites and Rawhide for quality traits. Hence, the 1BL/1RS translocation was not beneficial for yield nor was it detrimental for end-use quality in this genetic background. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68583. RP MORENOSEVILLA, B (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT AGRON,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. RI Baenziger, Peter/C-6490-2014 OI Baenziger, Peter/0000-0002-9109-6954 NR 29 TC 40 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1607 EP 1612 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900015 ER PT J AU TISCHLER, CR VOIGT, PW AF TISCHLER, CR VOIGT, PW TI MODIFYING SEEDLING PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS IN KLEINGRASS BY RECURRENT SELECTION SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RED-LIGHT; GROWTH AB In emerging Panicoid grass seedlings, elongation of the subcoleoptile internode (SCI) stops shortly after the coleoptile tip receives a red light stimulus. This results in final placement of the crown node (CN) near the soil surface. Because adventitious roots originate from the CN, excessive elongation of the SCI places the CN above the soil surface, adversely impacting seedling establishment. A recently described continuous low light system identifies species with excessive CN elevation. Our objectives were to use this system to determine if CN positioning could be modified by selection. Three cycles of recurrent selection were performed for elevated crown (EC) and low crown (LC) CN placement in kleingrass (Panicum coloratum L.) in a continuous low light (1.5 umol m(-1) s(-1)) environment from 1991 to 1994 in central Texas. Selection in both directions was successful. In the EC populations, a relatively linear increase in CN elevation was observed across the three cycles, while in the LC populations, most of the progress was made in the first cycle. Effects of selection for CN placement on shoot growth were minor. A small increase was observed with selection for higher CN placement. The Cycle 3 EC and LC germplasm should be useful for further characterizing seedling photo-morphological responses. In addition, the Cycle 3 LC germplasm should be less prone to excessive SCI elongation in held environments and may have superior establishment characteristics. C1 USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN SOIL & WATER CONSERVAT RES LAB,BECKLEY,WV 25802. RP TISCHLER, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRASSLAND SOIL & WATER RES LAB,808 E BLACKLAND RD,TEMPLE,TX 76502, USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1613 EP 1617 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900016 ER PT J AU ALBRECHT, SL DOUGLAS, CL KLEPPER, EL RASMUSSEN, PE RICKMAN, RW SMILEY, RW WILKINS, DE WYSOCKI, DJ AF ALBRECHT, SL DOUGLAS, CL KLEPPER, EL RASMUSSEN, PE RICKMAN, RW SMILEY, RW WILKINS, DE WYSOCKI, DJ TI EFFECTS OF FOLIAR METHANOL APPLICATIONS ON CROP YIELD SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ACCUMULATION; SUNFLOWER; CARBON; PATH AB Recent reports indicate that vegetative growth and yield of C-3 crops are enhanced by foliar methanol application and that overall crop water use was reduced by methanol sprays. It has been suggested that methanol may act as a C source for the plant and a photorespiration inhibitor. Field experiments were conducted near Pendleton, OR, during 1993 and 1994 to determine if foliar methanol applications would increase crop growth and yield in the dryland agroecosystems common to the Pacific Northwest. Methanol solutions (200 or 400 mL L(-1) with a surfactant) were applied to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), spring wheat, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.) at several plant growth stages. Phytotoxic symptoms were observed only with the highest concentration of methanol. No significant response, either beneficial or detrimental, to methanol application was found In any crop. No differences were found in stomatal conductance or leaf specific weight between any methanol treatment and the controls. Methanol applications did not significantly increase crop growth or yield. We concluded that methanol applications will not benefit grain and pea production in the northwestern USA. C1 COLUMBIA BASIN AGR RES CTR,PENDLETON,OR 97801. RP ALBRECHT, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS,COLUMBIA PLATEAU CONSERVAT RES CTR,PENDLETON,OR 97801, USA. NR 22 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1642 EP 1646 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900021 ER PT J AU THIES, JA PETERSEN, AD BARNES, DK AF THIES, JA PETERSEN, AD BARNES, DK TI HOST SUITABILITY OF FORAGE GRASSES AND LEGUMES FOR ROOT-LESION NEMATODE PRATYLENCHUS PENETRANS SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ALFALFA; RESISTANCE; ESTABLISHMENT; FIELD AB Pratylenchus penetrans reduces the productivity of many forage crops in northern USA and eastern Canada. Our objective was to determine the host suitability of forage grasses and legumes for P. penetrans in greenhouse, growth chamber, and field environments. In the greenhouse and growth chamber environments, P. penetrans reproduced on all forage grasses (17) and legumes (12). Both the legumes and grasses varied (P < 0.05) for numbers of nematodes and eggs in the roots. The most suitable hosts included kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.), alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), and rye (Secale cereale L.). The least suitable hosts included pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.], tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreber), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor CL.) Moench], sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense Pers.), sudex (Sorghum sudanense x S. bicolor), sweetclover (Melilotus alba Desr.), crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.), and MNGRN-16 alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Twelve legumes and 9 grasses were transplanted into a held infested with P. penetrans and one-half the plants were treated with carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranol methylcarbamate). Pratylenchus penetrans reproduced on all entries. Numbers of nematodes per gram fresh root of entries in the greenhouse-growth chamber and field tests were correlated for both the control (r = 0.60, P < 0.05) and carbofuran treatment (r = 0.48, P < 0.05). We concluded that many forage species are hosts for P. penetrans, but a few legumes and grasses are poor hosts and may be useful in forage rotations to reduce nematode populations. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP THIES, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,US VEGETABLE LAB,2875 SAVANNAH HIGHWAY,CHARLESTON,SC 29414, USA. NR 21 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 7 U2 10 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1647 EP 1651 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900022 ER PT J AU BENHAMMOUDA, M KREMER, RJ MINOR, HC AF BENHAMMOUDA, M KREMER, RJ MINOR, HC TI PHYTOTOXICITY OF EXTRACTS FROM SORGHUM PLANT-COMPONENTS ON WHEAT SEEDLINGS SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GERMINATION; STRAW; ALLELOPATHY; RESIDUES; WEEDS AB Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield Is depressed when the crop is grown after gain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], a known allelopathic species. Since little is known about the variability of allelopathic potential among sorghum hybrids on wheat, six sorghum hybrids were selected from a 1989-1990 sorghum-wheat sequence for further study. The range in yield depression observed was 16%. The sis hybrids were grown in 1991 and separated into plant parts at maturity. A bioassay using wheat seedlings to detect allelopathic potential was developed. Bioassays of water extracts From mature seeds, glumes, leaves, sterns, and roots of sorghum were conducted to (i) quantify the allelopathic potential of sorghum on wheat; (ii) compare allelopathic potential of individual sorghum hybrids; and (iii) identify the plant parts that are the most important sources of allelopathic substances. Wheat radicle growth response to water extracts revealed a highly allelopathic hybrid and two hybrids with low allelopathic potential, These were retained for study in 1992. All plant parts, regardless of hybrid, contained water-soluble materials inhibitory to wheat seedling growth. Stems, iea fes, and toots were the most inhibitory components of a sorghum plant, reducing wheat radicle elongation by 74.7, 68.5, 64.0%, respectively, Within a sorghum hybrid, an individual giant part was not consistently allelopathic at the same level across years, Bioassays can rapidly detect the differences In allelopathic potential that may occur within and among hybrids. These results have implications for using sorghum-wheat rotations where residues of certain sorghum hybrids might negatively influence growth and development of wheat, possibly resulting in decreased wheat yields. C1 USDA ARS,CROPPING SYST & WATER QUAL RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT AGRON,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. NR 25 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 8 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1652 EP 1656 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900023 ER PT J AU LAMBERT, L HEATHERLY, LG AF LAMBERT, L HEATHERLY, LG TI INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION ON SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SELECTED SOYBEAN GENOTYPES TO SOYBEAN LOOPER SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MEXICAN BEAN BEETLE; SOIL AB Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is usually grown under water deficit conditions in the southern USA and is often attacked by defoliating insects. Field studies were conducted during a 2-yr period with 'Centennial' (insect susceptible) and D75-10169 (insect resistant) soybean genotypes. Plants were grown either with or without irrigation to determine the influence of water-stressed plants on soybean looper [Pseudoplusia includens [(Walker)] oviposition, development, survival, and damage to plants. There were no significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) differences in egg deposition on the two plant genotypes, and effect of irrigation on egg deposition was not consistent. At 2 wk after insect release on plants, neither genotype nor irrigation treatment significantly affected number of larvae. Larvae developing on nonirrigated plants of both genotypes were significantly smaller than those developing on irrigated plants. All surviving larvae on Centennial pupated and all larvae on D75-10169 died by 18 d after the onset of oviposition. Defoliation by insects of irrigated plants of both genotypes was more than 50% greater than defoliation of nonirrigated plants. Without insects, seed yields of the two genotypes were similar and were greater from irrigated than from nonirrigated plants. Insect infestation significantly reduced yield of both genotypes, but the decrease in Centennial yield was greater. Yield reduction resulting from insect infestations was greater for irrigated than for nonirrigated plants. These findings show that soybean plants growing under water deficit conditions may allow a delay in initiation of soybean looper control measures, especially since yield potential and resulting profit potential are low. C1 USDA ARS,SOYBEAN RES UNIT,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. USDA ARS,SO INSECT MANAGEMENT LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1657 EP 1660 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900024 ER PT J AU STEINER, JJ LEFFEL, JA GINGRICH, G ALDRICHMARKHAM, S AF STEINER, JJ LEFFEL, JA GINGRICH, G ALDRICHMARKHAM, S TI RED-CLOVER SEED PRODUCTION .3. EFFECT OF FORAGE REMOVAL TIME UNDER VARIED ENVIRONMENTS SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) grown for seed in western Oregon must have the forage removed in spring so that flowering and seed maturation nili be more uniform. There is Little available information that describes the effects of time of forage removal on red clover seed production. This study was conducted to determine (i) the effects of time of forage removal on seed production of red clover grown under a range of common environmental conditions found in western Oregon and (ii) whether any crop phenological or environmental indicators can be used to describe optimal forage removal time. Twelve different experimental locations per year were established in 1990 and 1991 in commercial red clover seed production fields throughout a six-county area in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Forage was removed once per treatment and there were seven forage removal time treatments from early May to late June. Red clover seed yields are dependent on a relationship with the number of accumulated heat units (HUs) at the time of forage removal. The average HU optimum (199 HUs) is not exact for all sites, but can be adjusted for the estimated combined effects of factors that influence the relative productivity of each site. Relatively low yielding sites should have forage removal time advanced relative to the HU optimum, and high yielding sites should have forage removal time delayed. Also, named improved cultivars were not as sensitive to time of forage removal as are Oregon-adapted ecotypes. Forage removal time is a critical factor that needs to be considered to achieve maximal seed yields. RP STEINER, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL FORAGE SEED PROD RES CTR,3450 SW CAMPUS WAY,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1667 EP 1675 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900026 ER PT J AU FRITZ, AK COX, TS GILL, BS SEARS, RG AF FRITZ, AK COX, TS GILL, BS SEARS, RG TI MOLECULAR MARKER-FACILITATED ANALYSIS OF INTROGRESSION IN WINTER-WHEAT X TRITICUM-TAUSCHII POPULATIONS SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID D-GENOME; HEXAPLOID WHEAT; HESSIAN FLY; LEAF RUST; REGISTRATION; RESISTANCE; GERMPLASM AB Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmal., a wild, diploid ancestor of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has become an important genetic resource for wheat improvement. As this trend continues, a detailed understanding of the introgression process becomes increasingly important. This study utilized molecular markers to track introgression of T. tauschii DNA into common wheat. Genotypes of 147 BC2F1 lines derived from crosses between wheat and T. tauschii were determined for one protein, 25 restriction fragment length polymorphisms, and eight random amplified polymorphic DNA markers. MAPMAKER and GMENDEL computer programs were used to determine Linkage groups and genetic distances. Map orders and recombination distances of linked probes compared favorably with the existing T. tauschii map except for chromosome 4D, which was inherited as a unit. Certain chromosomal segments from either T. aestivum or T. tauschii were transferred more frequently than expected, and choice of recurrent parent played a role in the level of introgression that occurred. Recombination between the D genomes of T. aestivum and T. tauschii occurs at a level similar to that in an intraspecific cross; any abnormalities that exist should not hinder the ability to transfer genes of interest while eliminating Banking chromatin that may be responsible for deleterious effects. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI, USDA ARS, DEPT AGRON, MANHATTAN, KS 66506 USA. KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI, DEPT PLANT PATHOL, MANHATTAN, KS 66506 USA. TEXAS A&M UNIV, DEPT SOIL & CROP SCI, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843 USA. KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI, DEPT AGRON, MANHATTAN, KS 66506 USA. NR 24 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1691 EP 1695 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900030 ER PT J AU FRITZ, AK COX, TS GILL, BS SEARS, RG AF FRITZ, AK COX, TS GILL, BS SEARS, RG TI MARKER-BASED ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE TRAITS IN WINTER-WHEAT X TRITICUM-TAUSCHII POPULATIONS SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MENDELIAN FACTORS; AEGILOPS-SQUARROSA; HEXAPLOID WHEAT; RFLP ANALYSIS; LINKAGE MAP; LOCI; RESISTANCE; MAIZE AB Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmal. has become a commonly used genetic resource for wheat improvement. Although genes controlling qualitative traits such as disease and insect resistances are generally targeted in germplasm development programs, genes for quantitative traits may be introgressed along with the target genes. This study was designed to identify genomic regions associated with quantitative traits from hexaploid/diploid wheat crosses. One hundred forty-seven BC2F1-derived families from crosses between elite common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) lines and T. tauschii were evaluated for yield, kernel weight, protein concentration, and kernel hardness in held experiments at two locations during 2 yr. Genotypes of these families were determined by testing with one protein, 25 restriction fragment length polymorphism probes, and eight random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Two RAPD markers were associated with consistent effects on grain yield. Three markers were associated with kernel weight, accounting for 16% of the variance among families. In addition, two loci associated with protein concentration and one locus associated with kernel hardness were identified, accounting for 29 and 9% of the variance among families for the respective traits. In most instances, quantitative trait Loci had relatively small effects, and regression analysis of agronomic performance on proportion of marker alleles from T. tauschii showed that the majority of linked chromatin from the diploid species had no detectable effect on any trait. Based on these results and previous studies, T. tauschii can be considered a primary source of resistance genes for wheat improvement. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,USDA ARS,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,DEPT AGRON,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT SOIL & CROP SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. NR 22 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1695 EP 1699 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900031 ER PT J AU HOLBROOK, CC ANDERSON, WF AF HOLBROOK, CC ANDERSON, WF TI EVALUATION OF A CORE COLLECTION TO IDENTIFY RESISTANCE TO LATE LEAFSPOT PEANUT SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Core collections have many potential uses and could greatly increase the utilization of germplasm resources. A core collection was recently selected for the U.S. germplasm collection of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) by clustering accessions based on phenotypic similarities and then randomly sampling 10% from each cluster, During the period 1986 to 1991, held studies were conducted to screen the entire collection for resistance to late leafspot [Phaeoisariopsis personata (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Arx syn. Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & M.A. Curtis)]. The purpose of this study was to use information on leafspot resistance for the entire collection to test the core collection concept in peanut, Disease ratings fur the core collection accession(s) within each cluster were defined as the indicator value for that cluster. Data were examined to determine how many leafspot-resistant accessions would have beer. identified by examining the core collection and all accessions from clusters having a resistant indicator value. The use of this two-stage screening approach with the peanut core collection would have resulted in the identification of 61 leafspot resistant accessions, This approach would have required screening 27% of the entire collection and would have identified 54% of the resistant accessions in the entire collection. This approach would have resulted in the identification of the best four and eight of the best 10 sources of resistance in the entire collection. These results demonstrate that this core collection can be used to improve the efficiency of peanut germplasm evaluations. RP HOLBROOK, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 13 TC 28 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1700 EP 1702 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900032 ER PT J AU BOUTIN, SR YOUNG, ND LORENZEN, LL SHOEMAKER, RC AF BOUTIN, SR YOUNG, ND LORENZEN, LL SHOEMAKER, RC TI MARKER-BASED PEDIGREES AND GRAPHICAL GENOTYPES GENERATED BY SUPERGENE SOFTWARE SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Note ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS; MAIZE INBREDS; LINKAGE; MAPS AB Merging pedigree analysis with the use of genetic markers is Likely to have a major impact on the characterization and development of crop varieties. Here, we present a computerized method for drawing pedigrees in terms of color graphical genotypes. The software transforms numerical marker data into map-based images representing linkage groups. Different alleles as well as heterozygotes are represented at each marker locus via colors or patterns. Numerical data records (up to 200 markers and 335 individuals) are stored in a spreadsheet-like table, which consists of the cultivar name, the name of the cultivar's parents, and the score at each marker locus and corresponding map location. The software does not actually calculate linkage maps, which must be generated prior to use as a basis for constructing graphical representations. The software can draw a pedigree for a single Linkage group or the entire genome, as well as a graphical representation of the same Linkage group of selected individuals. The software, which is free upon request, runs on any Macintosh or Power PC computer with at least four megabytes of random access memory. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ZOOL & GENET,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,USDA ARS,FCR,AMES,IA 50011. NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1703 EP 1707 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900033 ER PT J AU HAUNOLD, A NICKERSON, GB GAMPERT, U KLING, DS AF HAUNOLD, A NICKERSON, GB GAMPERT, U KLING, DS TI REGISTRATION OF SUNBEAM ORNAMENTAL HOP SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Note C1 OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT AGR CHEM, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. RP HAUNOLD, A (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV, USDA ARS, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1708 EP 1708 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900034 ER PT J AU HAUNOLD, A NICKERSON, GB KLING, DS GAMPERT, U AF HAUNOLD, A NICKERSON, GB KLING, DS GAMPERT, U TI REGISTRATION OF BIANCA ORNAMENTAL HOP SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Note C1 OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT AGR CHEM, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. RP HAUNOLD, A (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV, USDA ARS, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1708 EP 1709 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900035 ER PT J AU KELLY, JD HOSFIELD, GL VARNER, GV UEBERSAX, MA AFANADOR, LK TAYLOR, J AF KELLY, JD HOSFIELD, GL VARNER, GV UEBERSAX, MA AFANADOR, LK TAYLOR, J TI REGISTRATION OF NEWPORT NAVY BEAN SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Note C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI & HUMAN NUTR,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICH DRY BEAN PROD RES ADVISORY BOARD,SAGINAW,MI 48603. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,E LANSING,MI 48824. RP KELLY, JD (reprint author), MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,E LANSING,MI 48824, USA. NR 1 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1710 EP 1711 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900038 ER PT J AU COOK, CG SCOTT, AW AF COOK, CG SCOTT, AW TI REGISTRATION OF SF459 KENAF SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Note C1 RIO FARMS INC,MONTE ALTO,TX 78538. RP COOK, CG (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,2413 E HWY 83,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 2 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1712 EP 1712 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900041 ER PT J AU CARTER, TE HUIE, EB BURTON, JW FARMER, FS GIZLICE, Z AF CARTER, TE HUIE, EB BURTON, JW FARMER, FS GIZLICE, Z TI REGISTRATION OF PEARL SOYBEAN SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Note RP CARTER, TE (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, USDA ARS, DEPT CROP SCI, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. NR 4 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X EI 1435-0653 J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1713 EP 1713 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900042 ER PT J AU WILCOX, JR ABNEY, TS AF WILCOX, JR ABNEY, TS TI REGISTRATION OF PROBST SOYBEAN SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Note C1 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP WILCOX, JR (reprint author), PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907, USA. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1713 EP 1713 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900043 ER PT J AU COFFELT, TA AF COFFELT, TA TI REGISTRATION OF VGS-1 AND VGS-2 PEANUT GENETIC STOCKS SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Note RP COFFELT, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS,US WATER CONSERVAT LAB,4331 E BROADWAY RD,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1714 EP 1714 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900044 ER PT J AU HALLAUER, AR LAMKEY, KR RUSSELL, WA WHITE, PR AF HALLAUER, AR LAMKEY, KR RUSSELL, WA WHITE, PR TI REGISTRATION OF B99 AND B100 INBRED LINES OF MAIZE SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Note C1 USDA ARS,FIELD CROPS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50011. RP HALLAUER, AR (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011, USA. RI Lamkey, Kendall/D-7631-2013 OI Lamkey, Kendall/0000-0001-8510-8798 NR 2 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1714 EP 1715 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900045 ER PT J AU PANELLA, LW HECKER, RJ AF PANELLA, LW HECKER, RJ TI REGISTRATION OF ANNUAL O-TYPE AND CMS SUGAR-BEET GERMPLASM LINES FC404 AND FC404CMS SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Note RP PANELLA, LW (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROPS RES LAB,1701 CTR AVE,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1721 EP 1721 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900053 ER PT J AU FERY, RL DUKES, PD AF FERY, RL DUKES, PD TI REGISTRATION OF US-566, US-567, AND US-568 ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE RESISTANT COWPEA GERMPLASM LINES SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Note RP FERY, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS,US VEGETABLE LAB,2875 SAVANNAH HWY,CHARLESTON,SC 29414, USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1722 EP 1722 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD279 UT WOS:A1995TD27900055 ER PT J AU NELMS, LF ODELSON, DA WHITEHEAD, TR HESPELL, RB AF NELMS, LF ODELSON, DA WHITEHEAD, TR HESPELL, RB TI DIFFERENTIATION OF RUMINAL AND HUMAN STREPTOCOCCUS-BOVIS STRAINS BY DNA HOMOLOGY AND 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA PROBES SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; BUTYRIVIBRIO-FIBRISOLVENS; DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC-ACID; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; BACTERIA; SEQUENCES; GENE AB Streptococcus bovis is commonly present in the rumen, but strains of S. bovis have also occasionally been isolated from human blood or fecal samples. Studies were undertaken with 16s rRNA gene sequences and DNA hybridizations to define the genetic relationships between these two groups of strains. Ruminal strains were found to yield genomic DNA restriction endonuclease digest patterns different from human strains when either the 16s rRNA gene amplified from ruminal S. bovis strain JB1 or a conserved universal 23s rRNA fragment was used as probes. A DNA probe based on the V1 region of the 16s rRNA of S. bovis JB1 was found to hybridize to DNAs of other ruminal S. bovis strains (K27FF4, 21-09-6C, five new ruminal isolates, and weak hybridization was found with DNAs from S. bovis 33317 (type strain), S. equinus 9812, and six other ruminal isolates. No hybridization occurred with strains representing different major human biotypes/homology groups (43143, 43144, 27960, V1387). All ruminal S. bovis strains had a guanosine plus cytosine DNA content of 37.4-38.8 mol% and, based on DNA-DNA genomic hybridizations, could be separated into two homology groups, one of which included S. equinus 9812 and S. bovis 33317. Both ruminal groups had less than 38% DNA homology to the human strains, indicating ruminal strains are clearly two separate species distinct from the human strains. C1 CENT MICHIGAN UNIV,DEPT BIOL,MT PLEASANT,MI 48859. USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FERMENTAT BIOCHEM RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. RI Whitehead, Terence/B-5235-2009 NR 26 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 31 IS 5 BP 294 EP 300 DI 10.1007/BF00314583 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA RX741 UT WOS:A1995RX74100006 PM 7580800 ER PT J AU STRAUS, DC PURDY, CW AF STRAUS, DC PURDY, CW TI EXTRACELLULAR NEURAMINIDASE PRODUCTION BY PASTEURELLA SPECIES ISOLATED FROM INFECTED ANIMALS SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HAEMOLYTICA AB A total of 721 field isolates of various Pasteurella species (haemolytica, multocida, and testudinis) from various regions of the United States were examined for extracellular neuraminidase production. All strains were grown and tested in the same way. Included were 372 P. haemolytica serotype 1 isolates, 181 P. haemolytica serotype 2 isolates, 63 P. haemolytica serotype 6 isolates, 101 Pasteurella multocida isolates, and 4 Pasteurella testudinis isolates. All Pasteurella species examined produced the enzyme. The data revealed the following: (1) Several transfers of P. haemolytica strains on blood agar medium did not cause a decrease in enzyme activity. (2) P. haemolytica serotypes 2 and 6 produce more neuraminidase than P. haemolytica serotype 1, P. multocida, and P. testudinis isolates. (3) There was no apparent change in neuraminidase production by P. haemolytica serotypes 1 and 2 obtained from the same animal taken on different days in the feedyard. (4) There was no significant change in neuraminidase production by P. haemolytica serotype 2 isolates taken from the same animal at the auction market and later at the feedyard. C1 USDA ARS,CONSERVAT & PROD RES LAB,BUSHLAND,TX 79012. RP STRAUS, DC (reprint author), TEXAS TECH UNIV,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,LUBBOCK,TX 79430, USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 31 IS 5 BP 312 EP 315 DI 10.1007/BF00314586 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA RX741 UT WOS:A1995RX74100009 PM 7580802 ER PT J AU HALPERN, CB SPIES, TA AF HALPERN, CB SPIES, TA TI PLANT-SPECIES DIVERSITY IN NATURAL AND MANAGED FORESTS OF THE PACIFIC-NORTHWEST SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review DE DISTURBANCE; DIVERSITY; FOREST MANAGEMENT; FOREST STRUCTURE; LOGGING; OLD GROWTH; OVERSTORY; PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII; SPECIES HETEROGENEITY; SPECIES RICHNESS; SUCCESSION; UNDERSTORY ID DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; WESTERN CASCADE RANGE; COARSE WOODY DEBRIS; OLD-GROWTH; SECONDARY SUCCESSION; PSEUDOTSUGA FORESTS; OREGON; COMMUNITIES; DYNAMICS; DISTURBANCE AB With the exception of the tropics, nowhere has the relationship between resource management and conservation of biological diversity been more controversial than in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Widespread loss and fragmentation of old-growth ecosystems have stimulated critical review and revision of existing forest management policies. However, studies of the consequences of forest management for plant species diversity are sorely lacking. We present data from permanent-plot and chronosequence studies in managed and unmanaged forests of western Oregon and Washington to describe the early responses of understory communities to forest harvest, and to suggest how post-harvest practices that alter natural successional processes may influence longterm patterns of diversity and species occurrence. Permanent-plot studies of early succession in old-growth Pseudotsuga forests suggest that changes in understory diversity are fairly short-lived following clear-cut logging and slash burning. Populations of most vascular plant species recover to original levels prior to canopy closure. However, diversity may remain depressed for more than two decades on severely burned sites, and some species may experience local extinction. Evidence of the effects of post-harvest practices on vascular plant diversity is limited by an absence of community-level studies in older, managed forests. Chronosequence studies of natural forest stands indicate that, following canopy closure, vascular plant species diversity tends to increase with time, peaking in old growth. Few understory species are restricted to, or absent from, any stage of stand development (i.e., young, mature, or old growth). However many species differ significantly in their abundance among stages. A majority of these showed greatest abundance in old growth. Changes in levels of resources (increased shade), changes in the spatial variability of resources and environments (increased horizontal and vertical heterogeneity), and species' sensitivity to fire and slow rates of reestablishment/growth may drive these trends during natural stand development. Silvicultural prescriptions that maintain or foster spatial and temporal diversity of resources and environments will be most effective in maintaining plant species diversity. Practices associated with intensive, short-rotation plantation forestry, that preclude or de:ay the development of old-growth attributes, may result in long-term loss of diversity. Ultimately, it may be necessary to manage some stands on long rotations (150-300 yr) Co maintain understory species that require long periods to recover from disturbance. C1 US FOREST SERV, PACIFIC NW RES STN, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. RP HALPERN, CB (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON, COLL FOREST RESOURCES, DIV ECOSYST SCI & CONSERVAT, BOX 352100, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA. NR 131 TC 363 Z9 398 U1 14 U2 139 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 5 IS 4 BP 913 EP 934 DI 10.2307/2269343 PG 22 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TF375 UT WOS:A1995TF37500008 ER PT J AU GILLIAM, FS TURRELL, NL ADAMS, MB AF GILLIAM, FS TURRELL, NL ADAMS, MB TI HERBACEOUS-LAYER AND OVERSTORY SPECIES IN CLEAR-CUT AND MATURE CENTRAL APPALACHIAN HARDWOOD FORESTS SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE CLEAR-CUTTING; EASTERN DECIDUOUS FOREST; FERNOW EXPERIMENTAL FOREST; WEST VIRGINIA; FOREST MANAGEMENT EFFECTS; HERBACEOUS LAYER; RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FOREST STRATA; SHADE TOLERANCE; SPECIES DIVERSITY; SUCCESSION ID LOWER MICHIGAN; SITE QUALITY; GROUND-FLORA; UPLAND; ECOSYSTEMS; SUCCESSION; VEGETATION; NUTRIENTS; DIVERSITY; DYNAMICS AB The current interest among resource managers in ecosystem management necessitates a better understanding of the response of plant species diversity to forest management practices. This study attempted to assess the effects of one forest management practice-clear-cutting-on plant biodiversity in a mid-Appalachian hardwood forest by comparing species composition and diversity between two young (approximate to 20 yr following clearcutting) and two ''mature'' (>70 yr following selective cutting) watersheds. Sampling was confined to the herbaceous layer (vascular plants less than or equal to 1-m in height) and woody overstory (stems greater than or equal to 2.5 cm diameter at 1.5-m height). The important tree species occurred on all watersheds, but the relative importance of these species varied greatly with stand age. Less shade-tolerant species, such as black cherry (Prunus serotina) and tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), are replaced by more-tolerant species, such as northern red oak (Quercus rubra) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum), as the stand matures. Analysis of tree species richness per plot suggests that the competitive thinning process decreases species evenness as the stand develops. Important herb-layer species included stinging nettle (Laportea canadensis), violets (Viola spp.), seedlings of striped maple (A. pensylvanicum), and several fern species. In sharp contrast with the trees, these species appeared to vary little with stand age. Species diversity (H') did not vary with stand age for either the overstory or the herbaceous layer. Detrended correspondence analysis showed a significant correlation between species composition of the two strata for the mature watersheds, but not the young, clear-cut watersheds. Thus, we suggest a temporal shift in processes influencing species composition following disturbance from allogenic factors (e.g., soil characteristics) to autogenic factors (e.g., stand characteristics), which lead to a linkage between forest strata later in succession. The degree to which forest management alters species composition in these central Appalachian forest ecosystems may be tied to the degree of alteration of the link between strata. C1 UNIV TENNESSEE,GRAD PROGRAM ECOL,KNOXVILLE,TN 37996. US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,PARSONS,WV 26287. RP GILLIAM, FS (reprint author), MARSHALL UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,HUNTINGTON,WV 25755, USA. RI Liu, Yi-Chun/H-5463-2012 NR 41 TC 149 Z9 165 U1 5 U2 51 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI TEMPE PA ARIZONA STATE UNIV CENTER ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, TEMPE, AZ 85287 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 5 IS 4 BP 947 EP 955 DI 10.2307/2269345 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TF375 UT WOS:A1995TF37500010 ER PT J AU LUGO, AE AF LUGO, AE TI MANAGEMENT OF TROPICAL BIODIVERSITY SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE BIODIVERSITY; FOREST RESILIENCY; MITIGATION; TROPICAL FORESTS; TROPICAL FOREST MANAGEMENT; TROPICS ID SECONDARY FORESTS; RAIN-FOREST; ECOSYSTEMS; DIVERSITY AB Increasing demands for products and services from tropical forests require solutions that conserve biodiversity while responding to human needs. I review various paradigms of tropical forest resiliency and fragility to focus attention on the management of biodiversity. The management of tropical biodiversity is possible within the context of land use programs that focus on ecosystem management. New ecological paradigms of tropical-forest resiliency underpin tropical-ecosystem management. They can and/or should replace paradigms that highlighted ecosystem fragility and led to the belief that tropical forests cannot be managed. To lead the way in tropical-ecosystem management, ecologists must also consider social, political, and economic factors that affect the way people relate to the biota. Ecosystem management will require use of modern technology to mitigate the negative consequences of poor development and land use practices. In spite of efforts to preserve ecosystems as they occur today, species composition of future tropical forest landscapes will be different than today's. RP LUGO, AE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, INT INST TROP FORESTRY, CALL BOX 25000, RIO PIEDRAS, PR 00928 USA. NR 56 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 4 U2 13 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 5 IS 4 BP 956 EP 961 DI 10.2307/2269346 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TF375 UT WOS:A1995TF37500011 ER PT J AU Sharpley, AN AF Sharpley, AN TI Soil phosphorus dynamics: Agronomic and environmental impacts SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Phosphorus Behavior in the Okeechobee Basin CY JUN, 1993 CL W PALM BEACH, FL SP S Florida Water Management Dist, Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci ID ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS; AGRICULTURAL SOILS; BIOAVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS; AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; LOSSES; RUNOFF; FORMS; EXTRACTION; PHOSPHATE AB Phosphorus (P) related eutrophication of surface water is of increasing concern in many areas of the U.S. This concern has arisen where inputs of P in fertilizer and manure to agricultural systems have exceeded output in harvested crops for several years. As the loss of P in surface (r(2) 0.85 to 0.96) and subsurface drainage (r(2) 0.86) have Seen shown to be related to soil P content, measures to minimize nonpoint source losses of agricultural P are most effective when implemented at the source. To achieve this, identification of soils and management systems vulnerable to P loss and an understanding of the main factors controlling soil P bioavailability is essential. Soil P bioavailability is determined by reaction with hydrous oxides, amorphous and crystalline complexes of Al, Fe and Ca, and organic matter. The rate and extent of these reactions is influenced by soil management and drainage. In wetlands for example, Fe redox dominates P solubility, while organic P mineralization can contribute up to 25 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1) in temperate mineral soils and up to 160 kg P ha(-1) yr(-1) in organic soils. However, it is critical that we are able to reliably determine threshold soil P values at which agronomic issues become environmental concerns. Agronomic soil P tests may target problem soils on which environmental soil tests will assess P bioavailability and P sorption capacity. Clearly, soil P dynamics are of agronomic and environmental importance, influencing both crop productivity and eutrophication and thus, must be considered in developing effective management plans. RP Sharpley, AN (reprint author), USDA ARS,PASTURE SYST & WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CURTIN RD,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA. NR 78 TC 79 Z9 83 U1 7 U2 36 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-8574 J9 ECOL ENG JI Ecol. Eng. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 5 IS 2-3 BP 261 EP 279 DI 10.1016/0925-8574(95)00027-5 PG 19 WC Ecology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Engineering GA TU396 UT WOS:A1995TU39600008 ER PT J AU WILDER, JW CHRISTIE, I COLBERT, JJ AF WILDER, JW CHRISTIE, I COLBERT, JJ TI MODELING OF 2-DIMENSIONAL SPATIAL EFFECTS ON THE SPREAD OF FOREST PESTS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; GYPSY MOTH; PEST MANAGEMENT AB This work reports the modelling of forest pests, using a recent model for gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)) populations in a two-dimensional, homogeneous stand of host trees. While the underlying dynamics of the model may be either periodic or chaotic, it was found that if spraying is done, the observed dynamics appear to be chaotic. In addition, it was found that in some cases, spraying with a strong pesticide can actually benefit the pest, increasing the amount of damage done to the foliage. Under some conditions it was found that a small land-owner may not be at a disadvantage if the area surrounding his/her land is not treated with a pesticide. C1 US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,MORGANTOWN,WV 26505. RP WILDER, JW (reprint author), W VIRGINIA UNIV,DEPT MATH,POB 6310,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506, USA. NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 82 IS 3 BP 287 EP 298 DI 10.1016/0304-3800(95)00097-F PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TA279 UT WOS:A1995TA27900008 ER PT J AU WILLIAMS, RN ELLIS, MS BARTELT, RJ AF WILLIAMS, RN ELLIS, MS BARTELT, RJ TI EFFICACY OF CARPOPHILUS AGGREGATION PHEROMONES ON 9 SPECIES IN NORTHEASTERN OHIO, AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE PHEROMONE OF CARPOPHILUS-BRACHYPTERUS SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE CARPOPHILUS; CARPOPHILUS BRACHYPTERUS; AGGREGATION PHEROMONE; CROSS-ATTRACTION; COMPOUNDS; RESPONSE; TRAPS ID TETRAENE HYDROCARBONS; NITIDULIDAE; COLEOPTERA; HEMIPTERUS; RESPONSES; LUGUBRIS; BEETLE AB Aggregation pheromones for seven Carpophilus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) species were field tested at a site with a rich nitidulid fauna in Ohio, USA, during the summers of 1992 and 1993. The pheromones used were blends identified for: Carpophilus antiquus (Melsheimer), C. brachypterus (Say), C. freemani Dobson, C. hemipterus (L.), C. lugubris Murray, C. mutilatus Erichson, and C. obsoletus Erichson. Each pheromone was used in conjunction with whole wheat bread dough, an effective co-attractant. The pheromone of C. brachypterus Say was identified during the course of this study and was also tested; males emitted a 100:6:11:4:3 blend of (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E)-3, 5, 7-trimethyl-2, 4, 6, 8-decatetraene, (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E)-3, 5, 7-trimethyl-2, 4, 6, 8-undecatetraene, (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E)-7-ethyl-3, 5-dimethyl-2, 4, 6, 8-decatetraene, (3E, 5E, 7E, 9E)-4, 6, 8-trimethyl-3, 5, 7, 9-undecatetraene and (2E, 4E, 6E, 8E)-7-ethyl-3, 5-dimethyl-2, 4, 6, 8-undecatetraene, respectively. All species responded favorably to their own pheromones with the exception of C. obsoletus, which was not present in this area. Strong mutual cross attraction was observed between C. brachypterus and C. hemipterus. In addition, C. lugubris responded to the pheromones of C. obsoletus and C. hemipterus and, more weakly, to those of C. freemani and C. brachypterus; C. freemani responded slightly to the pheromone of C. mutilatus; and C. antiquus responded to the pheromone of C. lugubris. In most cases, cross attraction was related to the species involved sharing pheromone components. For C antiquus, however, the response to the C. lugubris pheromone was apparently kairomonal. C. corticinus, C. marginatus, C. marginellus, and C. sayi, for which pheromones are not known, were attracted to the pheromone of C. lugubris and in some cases to other pheromones. Significant numbers of Colopterus spp. responded to the blends for C. lugubris, C. hemipterus, C. brachypterus, and probably, C. obsoletus. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOACT CONSTITUENTS GRP,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP WILLIAMS, RN (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,1680 MADISON AVE,WOOSTER,OH 44691, USA. NR 13 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 77 IS 2 BP 141 EP 147 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TA016 UT WOS:A1995TA01600003 ER PT J AU Smith, DR Barrows, EM AF Smith, DR Barrows, EM TI Rhadinoceraea n sp (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) from West Virginia, a second species on Zigadenus (Liliaceae) SO ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LA English DT Article AB Rhadinoceraea sodsensis, n. sp., is described from West Virginia. Its larvae feed on inflorescences of Zigadenus leimanthoides (Liliaceae). This species is separated from the closely related R. zigadenusae from coastal Mississippi by reproductive isolation, phenology, and wing morphology. Rhadinoceraea sodsensis is univoltine. Adults fly in mid-July, and larvae feed in late July through mid-August. RP Smith, DR (reprint author), NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,USDA ARS,PSI,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,MRC 168,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 3 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ENTOMOL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1900 BENJ FRANKLIN PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-1195 SN 0013-872X J9 ENTOMOL NEWS JI Entomol. News PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 106 IS 5 BP 237 EP 240 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TM424 UT WOS:A1995TM42400004 ER PT J AU Uri, ND Boyd, R AF Uri, ND Boyd, R TI Scarcity and growth revisited SO ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING A LA English DT Article ID NATURAL-RESOURCE SCARCITY; TIME-SERIES REGRESSION; COINTEGRATION TECHNIQUES; ASYMPTOTIC PROPERTIES; UNIT-ROOT; DEMAND; RATES; TESTS AB The analysis presented in this paper is concerned with the effect of resource scarcity on economic growth. After the notion of scarcity is defined and two measures of scarcity are introduced-unit cost and relative resource price-changes in the trend in resource scarcity for lead, zinc, nickel, aluminium, silver, iron, and copper in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s are investigated. Only for silver and iron is there any indication that such a change has occurred For silver, the change is transitory. It is believed that changes in resource scarcity have implications for future economic growth depending on the extent of the change and the degree to which resource scarcity and economic growth are interrelated. To see whether this is a relevant concern cointegration techniques are utilized to identify objectively a long-run equilibrium relationship between resource scarcity and economic growth. Only for the unit cost measure for lead and copper for one of the measures of cointegration is there a suggestion that resource scarcity has affected economic growth in the United States over the period 1889-1992. C1 OHIO UNIV,DEPT ECON,ATHENS,OH 45701. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,DIV NAT RESOURCES & ENVIRONM,WASHINGTON,DC 20005, USA. NR 63 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU PION LTD PI LONDON PA 207 BRONDESBURY PARK, LONDON, ENGLAND NW2 5JN SN 0308-518X J9 ENVIRON PLANN A JI Environ. Plan. A PD NOV PY 1995 VL 27 IS 11 BP 1815 EP 1832 DI 10.1068/a271815 PG 18 WC Environmental Studies; Geography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography GA TK486 UT WOS:A1995TK48600009 ER PT J AU LERCH, RN DONALD, WW LI, YX ALBERTS, EE AF LERCH, RN DONALD, WW LI, YX ALBERTS, EE TI HYDROXYLATED ATRAZINE DEGRADATION PRODUCTS IN A SMALL MISSOURI STREAM SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; BOUND RESIDUE FORMATION; WESTERN TENNESSEE SOIL; TRIAZINE HERBICIDES; C-14 ATRAZINE; MISSISSIPPI RIVER; ACID SOLUTION; S-TRIAZINES AB This research assessed the occurrence of hydroxylated atrazine degradation products (HADPs) in streamwater from Goodwater Creek watershed in the claypan soil region of northeastern Missouri. Streamwater was sampled weekly from June 1992 to December 1994 at a V-notch weir used to measure streamflow for this 7250-ha watershed. Filtered water samples were prepared by cation exchange solid-phase extraction and analyzed for hydroxyatrazine (HA), deethylhydroxyatrazine (DEHA), and deisopropylhydroxyatrazine (DIHA) by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. HADPs were confirmed by mass spectrometry and an alternative HPLC/UV method. Frequency of HADP detection was 100% for HA, 25% for DEHA, and 6% for DIHA. Concentrations ranged from 0.18 to 5.7 mu g L(-1) for HA, from < 0.12 to 1.9 mu g L(-1) for DEHA, and from < 0.12 to 0.72 mu g L(-1) for DIHA. These results establish that HADPs can contaminate surface water and that HA contamination of surface water is a significant fate pathway for atrazine in this watershed. C1 ANALYT BIOCHEM LABS INC, COLUMBIA, MO 65202 USA. RP LERCH, RN (reprint author), USDA ARS, CROPPING SYST & WATER QUAL RES UNIT, 269 AGR ENGN BLDG, COLUMBIA, MO 65211 USA. NR 54 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 29 IS 11 BP 2759 EP 2768 DI 10.1021/es00011a010 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TC856 UT WOS:A1995TC85600028 PM 22206522 ER PT J AU BOOTH, SL SOKOLL, LJ OBRIEN, ME TUCKER, K DAWSONHUGHES, B SADOWSKI, JA AF BOOTH, SL SOKOLL, LJ OBRIEN, ME TUCKER, K DAWSONHUGHES, B SADOWSKI, JA TI ASSESSMENT OF DIETARY PHYLLOQUINONE INTAKE AND VITAMIN-K STATUS IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE DIET RECORDS; DIETARY ASSESSMENT; PHYLLOQUINONE; VITAMIN-K STATUS ID PLASMA; BONE; DEFICIENCY; NUTRIENT; HUMANS; MILK AB Objective. To examine the relationship between dietary phylloquinone intake and vitamin K status of postmenopausal Caucasian women. Design. Cross-sectional study, in which dietary intake was estimated using weighed record techniques and vitamin K status was measured by a single plasma phylloquinone concentration and 24-h urinary gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) excretion. Setting: The metabolic research unit at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA. Subjects: 402 healthy postmenopausal Caucasian women who were participating in a randomized trial to determine the effect of calcium supplementation on bone loss. Of the original group, 362 had complete weighed diet records, 358 had corresponding plasma phylloquinone concentrations, and 346 had corresponding urinary Gla measurements. Results: There was a significant correlation (r = 0.13, P = 0.01) between total dietary intake of phylloquinone (geometric mean = 89 mu g/day) and plasma phylloquinone levels (mean = 1.12 nmol/l). Dietary intake was neither correlated with urinary Gla excretion (mean = 4.0 mu mol/mmol creatinine) nor did it vary by season. The ratio of intra- to interindividual variance in phylloquinone intake was 2.6, from which it was estimated that 5 days of independent recording is necessary to estimate true usual dietary intake, assuming a correlation of 0.8. Conclusions: A weighed record has the potential to be a reliable method for estimating dietary intakes of vitamin K which relate to plasma phylloquinone levels used as an indicator of vitamin K status in postmenopausal Caucasian women. RP BOOTH, SL (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,VITAMIN K LAB,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X NR 36 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 0 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HANTS, ENGLAND RG21 2XS SN 0954-3007 J9 EUR J CLIN NUTR JI Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 49 IS 11 BP 832 EP 841 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TD529 UT WOS:A1995TD52900005 PM 8557021 ER PT J AU KULIK, MM AF KULIK, MM TI THE POTENTIAL FOR USING CYANOBACTERIA (BLUE-GREEN-ALGAE) AND ALGAE IN THE BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL OF PLANT-PATHOGENIC BACTERIA AND FUNGI SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Review DE DAMPING-OFF FUNGI; FOLIAR AND SOILBORNE PLANT PATHOGENS; ANTIBIOTICS; ANTIBACTERIAL COMPOUNDS; ANTIFUNGAL COMPOUNDS; SEAWEEDS ID ANTIFUNGAL CYCLIC-PEPTIDES; LYNGBYA-MAJUSCULA GOMONT; HORMOTHAMNION-ENTEROMORPHOIDES; HAPALOSIPHON-FONTINALIS; MASS CULTIVATION; ANABAENA-LAXA; EXTRACTS; HAPALINDOLES; METABOLITES; DERMATITIS AB Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) and eukaryote algae occur in freshwater, marine, and terrestrial (soil) habitats. In fact, these microorganisms comprise most of the world's biomass. Although the cyanobacteria are mostly photoautotrophic, some are facultative heterotrophs, capable of growing on certain substrates in darkness. Also, some are non-phototrophic and hence, are obligate heterotrophs. A number of cyanobacteria and eukaryote algae, particularly macroalgae, produce various, biologically active compounds. These include antibiotics which in laboratory tests inhibited bacteria and fungi that incite diseases of humans. In addition, the following fungi which are of interest to plant pathologists, were inhibited in vitro by substances produced by various cyanobacteria: The saprophytes Chaetomium globosum, Cunninghamella blakesleeana, and Aspergillus oryzae, and the plant pathogens Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Extracts from seaweeds (macroalgae) sprayed on plants have been reported to reduce the incidence of Botrytis cinerea (gray mold) on strawberries, Erysiphe polygoni (powdery mildew) on turnips, and damping-off of tomato seedlings. Because many cyanobacteria and algae produce a large number of antibacterial and antifungal materials, are almost never a threat to the environment, and many can be grown in quantity in mass culture, they are suitable candidates for exploitation as biocontrol agents of plant pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Much additional work remains to be done however, to thoroughly evaluate cyanobacteria and algae and their products for this role. RP KULIK, MM (reprint author), USDA ARS,SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 102 TC 63 Z9 73 U1 3 U2 32 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1873 J9 EUR J PLANT PATHOL JI Eur. J. Plant Pathol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 101 IS 6 BP 585 EP 599 DI 10.1007/BF01874863 PG 15 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA TG622 UT WOS:A1995TG62200002 ER PT J AU Johnson, JA Beckman, MJ PansiniPorta, A Christakos, S Bruns, ME Beitz, DC Horst, RL Reinhardt, TA AF Johnson, JA Beckman, MJ PansiniPorta, A Christakos, S Bruns, ME Beitz, DC Horst, RL Reinhardt, TA TI Age and gender effects on 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3-regulated gene expression SO EXPERIMENTAL GERONTOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aging; 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3; vitamin D receptor; 1,25(OH)(2)D-3-24-hydroxylase; calbindin-D-28K; calbindin-D-9K; rats; female; PTH; gender differences ID CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEIN; PARATHYROID-HORMONE; DIETARY CALCIUM; MESSENGER-RNA; ADULT-RATS; KIDNEY; RECEPTORS; CELLS; 24-HYDROXYLASE; METABOLISM AB Several factors involved in regulation of bone mineral metabolism were compared in male and female Fischer 344 rats of different ages (1, 2.5, 6, and 18 months). Plasma 1,25-(OH)(2)D-3 concentrations decreased with age in rats of both genders. Abundance of calbindin-D-28K and its mRNA in kidney and calbindin-D-9K and its mRNA in duodenum also decreased with age in both male and female rats, Renal 24-hydroxylase activity and 24-hydroxylase mRNA content were elevated significantly in 18-month-old males and females, compared with younger ages. These data suggest that increased renal catabolism of 1,25-(OH)(2)D-3 may be responsible for low plasma 1,25-(OH)(2)D-3 concentrations observed in older animals. Plasma PTH and 1,25-(OH)(2)D-3 concentrations, renal 24-hydroxylase enzyme activity and 24-hydroxylase mRNA content, duodenal 24-hydroxylase mRNA abundance, and duodenal calbindin-D-9K and calbindin-D-9K mRNA content were greater in males than in females at 2.5 months of age. Lower plasma 1,25-(OH)(2)D-3 concentrations in females seem to explain observed gender differences in expression of 1,25-(OH)(2)D-3-stimulated genes. The combined effects of these gender differences at ages when peak bone density is being developed may contribute to the greater incidence of osteoporosis in females than in males. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. IOWA STATE UNIV,MOLEC CELLULAR & DEV BIOL PROGRAM,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,AMES,IA 50011. UNIV MED & DENT NEW JERSEY,DEPT BIOCHEM,NEWARK,NJ 07103. UNIV VIRGINIA,MED CTR,DEPT PATHOL,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22908. RI Reinhardt, Timothy/A-7536-2009 OI Reinhardt, Timothy/0000-0001-5552-2509 NR 47 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0531-5565 J9 EXP GERONTOL JI Exp. Gerontol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 30 IS 6 BP 631 EP 643 DI 10.1016/0531-5565(95)00014-3 PG 13 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA TL510 UT WOS:A1995TL51000006 PM 8867530 ER PT J AU ZHAO, SH MITCHELL, SE MENG, JH DOYLE, MP KRESOVICH, S AF ZHAO, SH MITCHELL, SE MENG, JH DOYLE, MP KRESOVICH, S TI CLONING AND NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE OF A GENE UPSTREAM OF THE EAEA GENE OF ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7 SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE ESCHERICHIA COLI O157-H7; HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC ESCHERICHIA COLI ID INTIMATE ATTACHMENT; O157-H7; CELLS; LOCUS AB A DNA segment located immediately upstream of the eaeA gene of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 strain HA1 was cloned and sequenced. This segment contained an open reading frame encoding a predicted protein of 156 amino acids. A database search identified similar open reading frames upstream of the eaeA gene in two other bacterial pathogens, i.e. enteropathogenic E. coli and Citrobacter freundii. The predicted amino acid sequence of the enterohemorrhagic E. coli protein shared 96.8% and 94.2% identity with the enteropathogenic E. coli and C. freundii sequences, respectively. Because the open reading frame is located within the locus of enterocyte effacement region of the E. coli chromosome, a 'hot spot' for insertion of virulence factor genes, and shares high sequence homology with attaching and effacing EPEC and C. freundii, this protein may be associated with pathogenicity of E. coli O157:H7. C1 UNIV GEORGIA, CTR FOOD SAFETY & QUAL ENHANCEMENT, GRIFFIN, GA 30223 USA. UNIV GEORGIA, DEPT FOOD SCI & TECHNOL, GRIFFIN, GA 30223 USA. UNIV GEORGIA, USDA ARS, GENET RESOURCES UNIT, GRIFFIN, GA 30223 USA. NR 17 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0378-1097 EI 1574-6968 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD NOV 1 PY 1995 VL 133 IS 1-2 BP 35 EP 39 DI 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1995.tb07856.x PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TE098 UT WOS:A1995TE09800006 PM 8566710 ER PT J AU BRYANT, MD AF BRYANT, MD TI PULSED MONITORING FOR WATERSHED AND STREAM RESTORATION SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article AB Long-term habitat degradation has increased public recognition of the need for watershed and stream habitat restoration. With such recognition is the demand for accountability, but the effects of restoration and recovery of watersheds are complex and long-term. A monitoring program that provides sufficient information to evaluate the effectiveness of these efforts will be expensive. A pulsed monitoring strategy that consists of a series of short-term (3-5 years), high-intensity studies separated by longer periods (10-15 years) of low-density data collection can provide an effective means of implementing a long-term monitoring program with a reasonable degree of success and cost. RP BRYANT, MD (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,2770 SHERWOOD LANE 2A,JUNEAU,AK 99801, USA. NR 0 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD NOV PY 1995 VL 20 IS 11 BP 6 EP 13 DI 10.1577/1548-8446(1995)020<0006:PMFWAS>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA TC011 UT WOS:A1995TC01100002 ER PT J AU Ross, RJ Fuller, JJ Dramm, JR AF Ross, RJ Fuller, JJ Dramm, JR TI Nondestructive evaluation of green defect-prone red oak lumber: A pilot study SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Note AB Honeycomb and surface checks are lumber drying defects that can go undetected and result in considerable losses during further processing of the lumber into products. This paper summarizes results of a pilot study designed to investigate use of ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques to identify sections of green lumber that would form honeycomb and surface checks during drying. A series of 1-1/4-inch-(31.75-mm-) thick, green red oak specimens were evaluated using ultrasonic through transmission NDE techniques. The specimens were then dried. A strong relationship was observed between excessively lengthy sound transmission times in the green lumber and the occurrence of honeycomb and surface checks after the lumber was dried. RP Ross, RJ (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 45 IS 11-12 BP 51 EP 52 PG 2 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA TK404 UT WOS:A1995TK40400008 ER PT J AU Mayer, P Sampson, G Gasbarro, A Allen, L AF Mayer, P Sampson, G Gasbarro, A Allen, L TI Service life of posts from Alaska tree species treated by non-pressure methods SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Fence posts were cut from four species of interior Alaska timber and subjected to one of six non-pressure preservative treating methods or one of two controls (either bark peeled or bark not peeled). A cold-soak in pentachlorophenol and a double-diffusion treatment using copper sulfate and sodium chromate gave nearly 100 percent serviceability after 32 years in place. The other treatments were ineffective. C1 AGR & FORESTRY EXPT STN,PALMER,AK 99687. US FOREST SERV,INST NO FORESTRY,PACIFIC NW RES STN,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775. UNIV ALASKA,ALASKA COOP EXT,FAIRBANKS,AK 99775. RP Mayer, P (reprint author), UNIV ALASKA,FAIRBANKS,AK 99701, USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 45 IS 11-12 BP 53 EP 56 PG 4 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA TK404 UT WOS:A1995TK40400009 ER PT J AU Pugel, AD Phelps, JE Stokke, DD AF Pugel, AD Phelps, JE Stokke, DD TI Improving visual color sorting of dimension stock SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Color matching of dimension stock that comprises edge-glued panels is growing in importance due to increased demand for lighter colored, more uniform panels. Such panels are typically matched by visual grading. In this paper, we report on the improvement in uniformity of lightness of white oak panels attained through the implementation of a light or dark visual pre-sort prior to actual matching of the panels. Lightness was measured with a portable color-sensing device (colorimeter) to provide a quantitative measure of color of the visually matched panels. The pre-sorting procedure resulted in panels that had approximately 56 percent of the variation of lightness in panels matched without a pre-sort, as measured by within-panel standard deviation. The pre-sorting procedure required greater time, but the final product could be sold for a higher price. Such changes in procedure may therefore improve product quality in lieu of investment in color measuring devices. C1 SO ILLINOIS UNIV,DEPT FORESTRY,CARBONDALE,IL 62901. US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,SIU C,CARBONDALE,IL 62901. RP Pugel, AD (reprint author), TRUS JOIST MACMILLAN,HWY 15 N PADS BRANCH RD,POB 7897,HAZARD,KY 41702, USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 45 IS 11-12 BP 57 EP 60 PG 4 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA TK404 UT WOS:A1995TK40400010 ER PT J AU FENN, ME LEININGER, TD AF FENN, ME LEININGER, TD TI UPTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION OF NITROGEN FROM ACIDIC FOG WITHIN A PONDEROSA PINE (PINUS-PONDEROSA LAWS) LITTER/SOIL SYSTEM SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE NITROGEN DEPOSITION; NITROGEN SATURATION; NUTRIENT CYCLING; WET DEPOSITION; AMMONIUM; NITRATE ID RED SPRUCE SEEDLINGS; ABIES L KARST; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; DRY DEPOSITION; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; WET DEPOSITION; AIR-POLLUTION; FOLIAR UPTAKE; HNO3 VAPOR AB The magnitude and importance of wet deposition of N in forests of the South Coast (Los Angeles) Air Basin have not been well. characterized. We exposed 3-yr-old ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) seedlings growing in native forest soil to acidic fog treatments (pH 3.1) simulating fog chemistry from a pine forest near Los Angeles, California. Fog solutions contained either (NH4+)-N-15, (NO3-)-N-15, or unlabeled N. The fog treatments were applied in open-top chambers in six 5-hr exposures. Soil treatments within each of the fog exposures were bare soil, soil overlain with L- and F-litter, and soil covered with plastic during the fog events to prevent fogwater from contacting soil. Seedlings were harvested and samples were collected 15 wk after the fog treatments. Uptake of N-15 by roots was by far the dominant pathway for plant assimilation of fog-deposited N-15. Deposition of N in fog supplied 9.4% and 8.7% of the total N in current-year crown biomass in the litter-overlay and bare-soil treatments, respectively. Total N concentrations in every plant fraction except current-year stems were significantly higher in the bare-soil treatment than in the plastic-covered soil treatment. Less than 5% of the N-15 deposited directly to the seedling crowns was retained by the plants in the covered-soil treatment, whereas 57% of the N-15 deposited to the seedling/litter/soil systems was incorporated into plant biomass. The litter layers retained (NH4+)-N-15 more effectively than (NO3)-N-15. Data from this study suggest that N deposited from fog may be an important source of N for plant growth in forests of the SCAB where fog occurrence and pollution exposure coincide. C1 US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. RP FENN, ME (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,4955 CANYON CREST DR,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507, USA. NR 70 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 41 IS 4 BP 645 EP 663 PG 19 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TF950 UT WOS:A1995TF95000001 ER PT J AU HAIGHT, RG SMITH, WD STRAKA, TJ AF HAIGHT, RG SMITH, WD STRAKA, TJ TI HURRICANES AND THE ECONOMICS OF LOBLOLLY-PINE PLANTATIONS SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE STAND MANAGEMENT; STAND DAMAGE; FINANCIAL RETURN; RISK ID OPTIMAL HARVEST; FOREST; RISK; FIRE; ROTATION; YIELD; HUGO AB Following a damaging storm, managers of small forest tracts often want to know when to harvest and reforest to maximize financial return. The assessment of financial return is complicated by the need to project the product value of damaged trees and to account for the risk of another damaging storm. Methods are demonstrated for handling both these complications. The effects of stem sweep on product value is projected by incorporating a sweep distribution into a simulator for stand growth and computing stumpage value using a residual value approach in which trees are optimally allocated to product classes based on their stem dimensions. A single-rotation formula for a stands expected present value (EPV) is derived assuming age-dependent damage risk and salvage proportion. Using information about damage following Hurricane Hugo in South Carolina and risks of storm damage in coastal areas of the southeastern United States, the stand-level economic impacts of several variables are estimated. Results show that age-dependent damage risk and stocking reduction caused by tree mortality have the greatest impact on the relationship between EPV and rotation age. The effects of salvage proportion and stand damage in the form of stem sweep are relatively small. These results highlight the variables that need careful specification in any assessment of the financial return of a damaged stand. C1 US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,CLEMSON,SC. RP HAIGHT, RG (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,1992 FOLWELL AVE,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 24 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 41 IS 4 BP 675 EP 688 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TF950 UT WOS:A1995TF95000003 ER PT J AU MEGAHAN, WF KING, JG SEYEDBAGHERI, KA AF MEGAHAN, WF KING, JG SEYEDBAGHERI, KA TI HYDROLOGIC AND EROSIONAL RESPONSES OF A GRANITIC WATERSHED TO HELICOPTER LOGGING AND BROADCAST BURNING SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE STREAMFLOW; SEDIMENTATION; SURFACE EROSION; MASS EROSION; SITE PRODUCTIVITY ID IDAHO BATHOLITH AB Forest land managers are concerned about the effects of logging and site preparation on erosion, site productivity, streamflow, and water quality. Effects of helicopter logging and prescribed burning on streamflow and sediment yields from headwater drainages in the Idaho Batholith were evaluated, using paired watersheds monitored from 1966 to 1986. In the fall of 1976, 23% of a 162 ha watershed was clearcut. All the cutting units were located on south-facing slopes. Helicopter logging was followed by broadcast burning on the cutting units. Streamflow parameters showed little change in response to the logging and burning. However, total annual sediment yields on the treated watershed increased an average of 97% in the 10 yr following logging, with the largest increases occurring in the years of highest sediment yields. Increased sediment yields did not appear to result from accelerated channel erosion; rather, about 94% was attributed to accelerated surface erosion on the cutting units, and 6% was contributed by a single mass erosion site. Accelerated erosion persisted on the cutting units throughout the study period. The accelerated surface erosion occurred primarily as a result of the prescribed burning (rather than the helicopter logging); surface erosion rates on the burned areas were about 66 times greater than those on undisturbed slopes. The accelerated rates of erosion and sedimentation have potentially serious implications for on-site productivity and downstream resources. C1 US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,BOISE,ID 83702. RP MEGAHAN, WF (reprint author), NATL COUNCIL PAPER IND AIR & STREAM IMPROVEMENT INC,615 W ST,PORT TOWNSEND,WA 98368, USA. NR 26 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 41 IS 4 BP 777 EP 795 PG 19 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TF950 UT WOS:A1995TF95000009 ER PT J AU TORGERSEN, TR POWELL, DC HOSMAN, KP SCHMIDT, FH AF TORGERSEN, TR POWELL, DC HOSMAN, KP SCHMIDT, FH TI NO LONG-TERM IMPACT OF CARBARYL TREATMENT ON WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM POPULATIONS AND HOST TREES IN THE MALHEUR-NATIONAL-FOREST, OREGON SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE TORTRICIDAE; CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS; DEFOLIATORS; INSECT CONTROL; RADIAL INCREMENT ID EGG MASSES; LEPIDOPTERA; TORTRICIDAE; DYNAMICS; PATTERNS; PUPAE AB The effects of a single application of carbaryl on western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman) populations on the Malheur National Forest in northeastern Oregon were examined for 7 consecutive years beginning in 1983. Budworm control was evident only in the treatment year, 1983, and the next, 1984. There was little difference in the pattern of budworm population behavior between treated and untreated sites during the 7 yr study. Defoliation of Douglas-fir and true firs was reduced slightly by the carbaryl treatment, but did not translate into increased radial growth. On the contrary, there was a general decline in annual radial increment among host trees in both treated and untreated areas from 1980 to 1987, presumably because of chronic defoliation. C1 US FOREST SERV,UMATILLA NATL FOREST,PENDLETON,OR 97801. RP TORGERSEN, TR (reprint author), PACIFIC NW RES STN,1401 GEKELER LANE,LA GRANDE,OR 97850, USA. NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 41 IS 4 BP 851 EP 863 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TF950 UT WOS:A1995TF95000013 ER PT J AU RIESEBERG, LH LINDER, CR SEILER, GJ AF RIESEBERG, LH LINDER, CR SEILER, GJ TI CHROMOSOMAL AND GENIC BARRIERS TO INTROGRESSION IN HELIANTHUS SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID CHLOROPLAST DNA; RFLP ANALYSIS; NATURAL HYBRIDIZATION; NUCLEAR INTROGRESSION; HYBRID ZONE; EVOLUTION; FLOW; GRASSHOPPER; SPECIATION; POPULUS AB The sexual transfer of genes between taxa possessing different structural karyotypes must involve the passage of genes through a chromosomal sterility barrier. Yet little is known about the effects of structural differences on gene introgression within or adjacent to the rearranged chromosomal fragments or about the patterns of introgression in collinear regions. Here, we employ 197 mapped molecular markers to study the effects of chromosomal structural differences on introgression in backcrossed progeny of the domesticated sunflower, Helianthus annuus, and its karyotypically divergent wild relative, H. petiolaris. Forty percent of the genome from the seven collinear linkages introgressed, whereas only 2.4% of the genome from the 10 rearranged linkages was transferred. Thus, chromosomal rearrangements appear to provide an effective mechanism for reducing or eliminating introgression in rearranged chromosomal segments. On the other hand, observations that 60% of the markers from within the collinear portion of the genome did not introgress suggests that genic factors also resist introgression in Helianthus. That is, selection against H. petiolaris genes in concert with linkage may have reduced or eliminated parts of the genome not protected by structural changes. Thus, barriers to introgression in Helianthus appear to include both chromosomal structural and genic factors. C1 USDA ARS,NO CROP SCI LAB,FARGO,ND 58105. RP RIESEBERG, LH (reprint author), INDIANA UNIV,DEPT BIOL,BLOOMINGTON,IN 47405, USA. RI Rieseberg, Loren/B-3591-2013 OI Rieseberg, Loren/0000-0002-2712-2417 NR 66 TC 92 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 5 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD NOV PY 1995 VL 141 IS 3 BP 1163 EP 1171 PG 9 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA TB629 UT WOS:A1995TB62900032 PM 8582621 ER PT J AU CHAKRABORTY, SK CHOWDHURY, A BHATTACHARYYA, A GHOSH, S PAN, S WATERS, R ADITYACHAUDHURY, N AF CHAKRABORTY, SK CHOWDHURY, A BHATTACHARYYA, A GHOSH, S PAN, S WATERS, R ADITYACHAUDHURY, N TI MICROBIAL-DEGRADATION OF OXADIAZON BY SOIL FUNGUS FUSARIUM-SOLANI SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE DEGRADATION; COMETABOLISM; METABOLIC PATHWAY; OXADIAZON; FUSARIUM SOLANI AB Degradation of oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4-(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl-Delta(2)-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one (1)], a preemergent soil-applied herbicide, by a soil fungus, Fusarium solani (Mortius) Sacc., has been investigated. F. solani, isolated from soil by enrichment culture technique, degraded the herbicide 1 by cometabolic process. Eleven metabolites have been isolated, out of which three metabolites (M(1), M(2), and M(3)) were characterized by spectroscopic evidence. Metabolites M(1) and M(3) are reported for the first time as metabolites of oxadiazon. The main metabolic pathways involve oxadiazoline ring cleavage without dechlorination reaction. C1 BIDHAN CHANDRA KRISHI VISWAVIDYALAYA,DEPT AGR CHEM & SOIL SCI,NADIA 741252,W BENGAL,INDIA. BIDHAN CHANDRA KRISHI VISWAVIDYALAYA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,NADIA 741252,W BENGAL,INDIA. USDA,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RI Chowdhury, Ashim/A-8755-2010 NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 43 IS 11 BP 2964 EP 2969 DI 10.1021/jf00059a035 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TF696 UT WOS:A1995TF69600035 ER PT J AU ASCHBACHER, PW STRUBLE, C FEIL, VJ AF ASCHBACHER, PW STRUBLE, C FEIL, VJ TI DISPOSITION OF ORAL [C-14] SULFATHIAZOLE IN SWINE SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE SULFATHIAZOLE; SWINE; METABOLISM ID SULFATHIAZOLE AB Disposition of oral sulfathiazole was studied in swine. Pigs were slaughtered 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after an oral dose of [C-14]sulfathiazole (two at each time period). Excretion of C-14 was rapid (>90% in 48 h), primarily via the urine. Metabolites isolated and characterized by H-1 NMR and FAB MS were N-4-acetylsulfathiazole from urine, kidney, liver, blood, and muscle; N-4-glucoside of sulfathiazole from muscle; and an apparent diconjugate from liver, a glucuronide of N-4-acetylsulfathiazole. Quantitation was accomplished by HPLC analysis of samples (extracts of tissue and urine) spiked with the reference compounds. Peaks corresponding to the retention time of the reference compounds were trapped and assayed for C-14. Sulfathiazole and N-4-acetylsulfathiazole were the principal C-14-labeled compounds in urine and kidney. If present, the glucoside or glucuronide represented <5% of the C-14 in urine. Liver and muscle contained significant amounts of sulfathiazole, N-4-acetylsulfathiazole, and N-4-glucoside of sulfathiazole. Quantitation of the diconjugate was not attempted. The amounts isolated suggest it was a minor metabolite; however, instability during isolation was apparent. On the basis of the results, liver, kidney, and urine are potential target tissues for a residue monitoring program and the nature of the metabolite present in the tissue must be considered when an assay procedure is selected. C1 USDA ARS,BIOSCI RES LAB,FARGO,ND 58105. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 43 IS 11 BP 2970 EP 2973 DI 10.1021/jf00059a036 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TF696 UT WOS:A1995TF69600036 ER PT J AU KOCHANSKY, J COHEN, CF LUSBY, WR AF KOCHANSKY, J COHEN, CF LUSBY, WR TI SUBSTITUENT EFFECTS ON CHEMOSTERILANT ACTIVITY OF 2,4-DI-TERT-BUTYL-6-(4'-SUBSTITUTED BENZYL)PHENOLS IN THE HOUSE-FLY (MUSCA-DOMESTICA L) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE REPRODUCTION; DELAYED TOXICITY; JURD 2644 ID INSECT CHEMOSTERILANTS; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; QUINONE METHIDES; FLIES DIPTERA; BENZYLPHENOLS; OXIDATION; BENZYL-1,3-BENZODIOXOLES; REPRODUCTION; MUSCIDAE AB A series of 2,4-di-tert-butyl-6-(4'-X-benzyl)phenols was prepared, analogous to the compound Jurd 2644 (X = OMe) in an attempt to establish a Hammett relationship between the 4'-substituent and the chemosterilant activity of the compounds after oral administration to adult Musca domestica. Fourteen compounds of this type were prepared, 12 of them new. Jurd 2419 (X = H) was found to be as active in our bioassay as Jurd 2644, as were four new compounds [X = N(CH3)(2), CH3, SCH3, Cl]. All prevented successful reproduction at 30 mg/kg of diet. There was no correlation between Hammett a and activity. Active compounds all had small substituents and molecular weights below 350. The activity seemed to be determined by the bulk of X rather than by its electronic properties. RP KOCHANSKY, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,INSECT NEUROBIOL & HORMONE LAB,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 35 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 43 IS 11 BP 2974 EP 2980 DI 10.1021/jf00059a037 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TF696 UT WOS:A1995TF69600037 ER PT J AU Ohlde, GW Akin, DE Becker, K AF Ohlde, GW Akin, DE Becker, K TI Fractionation of cereal straw tissue using pectinase mechanical disruption and relationship with rumen microbial degradation in vitro SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND ANIMAL NUTRITION-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR TIERPHYSIOLOGIE TIERERNAHRUNG UND FUTTERMITTELKUNDE LA English DT Article ID CELL-WALLS; BERMUDAGRASS; DIGESTION; BIODEGRADABILITY; BACTERIAL; STEMS AB Non-lignified (acid-phloroglucinol-negative) parts of the parenchyma in straw from four different cereals mere removed by 24-h incubation in a pectinase buffer solution (pH 4.2, 35 degrees C), followed by mechanical treatment and filtration. The losses were determined gravimetrically. Light micrographs of transverse sections of internodes showed the impact of the pectinase method on straw tissues, and scanning electron micrographs indicated that those portions of tissues removed by the pectinase method corresponded with those totally degraded by rumen microbes. Simple correlation coefficients between pectinase-degraded material and in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM) of winter and spring barley, spring wheat and teff straw ranged from r = 0.84 to 0.89. The weight losses determined by the pectinase method accounted for approximately 75% of the total variance in IVDDM. Transmission electron micrographs showed a partial degradation of the secondary walls of sclerenchyma cells by rumen micro-organisms in the straw of these cereals, but these walls were not degraded by the pectinase method. In general, treatment with pectinase, followed by mechanical disruption, can be an accurate, simple and low-cost tool in screening large sets of straw samples for determining their degradability in vitro. C1 USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30613. RP Ohlde, GW (reprint author), UNIV HOHENHEIM,FACHGEBIET TIERERNAHRUNG & AQUAKULTUR,INST TIERPROD TROPEN & SUBTROPEN,D-70593 STUTTGART,GERMANY. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-2439 J9 J ANIM PHYSIOL AN N JI J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr.-Z. Tierphysiol. Tierernahr. Futterm.kd. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 74 IS 4-5 BP 177 EP 184 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Veterinary Sciences GA TR050 UT WOS:A1995TR05000001 ER PT J AU LAMBERSON, WR SAFRANSKI, TJ BATES, RO KEISLER, DH MATTERI, RL AF LAMBERSON, WR SAFRANSKI, TJ BATES, RO KEISLER, DH MATTERI, RL TI RELATIONSHIPS OF SERUM INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH-FACTOR-I CONCENTRATIONS TO GROWTH, COMPOSITION, AND REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF SWINE SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE PIGS; INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR; GROWTH; COMPOSITION; REPRODUCTION ID PLASMA; MICE; SELECTION; TRENDS AB Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a peptide hormone that has been shown to be involved in metabolic regulation of growth and reproduction in Livestock species. The objectives of this study were to quantify concentrations of IGF-I in growing pigs and determine whether IGF-I concentration can be used as a predictor of growth, composition, and reproductive traits. Forty male and 60 female pigs, divided equally between two locations, were weighed and bled at 3-wk intervals from 6 to 21 wk of age. At each sampling, two blood samples were collected via jugular venipuncture at an interval. of at least 1 h. Serum was separated and IGF-I concentration determined via RIA. Rigs were weighed at each sampling date. Backfat and longissimus muscle area were measured with the use of B-mode ultrasound and adjusted to 100 kg. Age at puberty and first-parity litter size were measured on gilts. Effects of age, sex, location, and pig within sex x location on log-transformed IGF-I concentrations were determined by analyzing data as a split-plot. Performance traits were fitted to a model including the effects of IGF-I concentration, sex, location, and interactions. The IGF-I concentrations increased (P < .05) from 3 to 18 wk of age before dropping at 21 wk of age. Concentrations increased more rapidly in males than in females and differed significantly between sexes from 12 to 21 wk of age. Repeatability of IGF-I concentration was .29 +/- .02; IGF-I concentrations of samples collected at 6 wk were not correlated with those at later ages. Correlations between IGF-I concentrations of samples at later ages ranged from .27 to .51. Heritability of IGF-I concentration was .27 +/- .07. There was a tendency for weight to be affected by a sex x age interaction (P = .09). Weight of boars exceeded weight of gilts only at 21 wk (111.4 +/- 1.1 vs 107.1 +/- .8 kg). Regressions of weight on IGF-I concentrations were positive at all ages but greatest at 6 wk. The IGF-I concentration did not affect backfat thickness, longissimus area, percentage of lean, age at puberty, or litter size. C1 USDA ARS,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. RP LAMBERSON, WR (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT ANIM SCI,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. RI Keisler, Duane/C-2746-2011 OI Keisler, Duane/0000-0002-8792-7030 NR 18 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 73 IS 11 BP 3241 EP 3245 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TF715 UT WOS:A1995TF71500008 PM 8586579 ER PT J AU ELER, JP VANVLECK, LD FERRAZ, JBS LOBO, RB AF ELER, JP VANVLECK, LD FERRAZ, JBS LOBO, RB TI ESTIMATION OF VARIANCES DUE TO DIRECT AND MATERNAL EFFECTS FOR GROWTH TRAITS OF NELORE CATTLE SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE BEEF CATTLE; MATERNAL EFFECTS; GENETIC PARAMETERS; CORRELATION ID RESTRICTED MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; AUSTRALIAN BEEF-CATTLE; ANIMAL-MODELS; COMPONENTS; SELECTION; CALVES AB Estimates of(co)variance components and genetic parameters were obtained for birth, 205-d, and 365-d weight for Nelore cattle in Brazil, using single and multiple-trait animal models. Data were from the Brazilian Zebu Breeders Association (ABCZ). Records of 27,549 calves sired by 587 bulls and raised on pasture in 57 herds were analyzed by restricted maximum Likelihood fitting an animal model including direct and maternal genetic and permanent environmental effects. Single and multiple-trait analyses were carried out. Heritability estimates for direct effects were lower than previous values reported for the Nelore breed. The estimates for maternal genetic effects showed that the contribution of this component to the phenotypic variance of birth and weaning weight is not very high but is still present at yearling weight. Correlations between direct and maternal additive genetic effects were negative for all traits analyzed except for yearling weight in the single-trait analysis where the sign was positive but the magnitude was small (+ .09). Genetic correlations between weaning and yearling weights were .74 (direct effect) and .84 (maternal effect). Permanent environmental and residual correlations among traits were-also obtained. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV SAO PAULO,FAC MED RIBEIRAO PRETO,DEPT GENET,BR-14100 RIBEIRAO PRET,BRAZIL. RP ELER, JP (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT ANIM SCI,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. RI Eler, Joanir/C-6762-2013 OI Eler, Joanir/0000-0003-2939-4798 NR 30 TC 86 Z9 95 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 73 IS 11 BP 3253 EP 3258 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TF715 UT WOS:A1995TF71500010 PM 8586581 ER PT J AU GENGLER, N SEUTIN, C BOONEN, F VANVLECK, LD AF GENGLER, N SEUTIN, C BOONEN, F VANVLECK, LD TI ESTIMATION OF GENETIC-PARAMETERS FOR GROWTH, FEED CONSUMPTION, AND CONFORMATION TRAITS FOR DOUBLE-MUSCLED BELGIAN BLUE BULLS PERFORMANCE-TESTED IN BELGIUM SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE HERITABILITY; GENOTYPES; PHENOTYPES; CORRELATED TRAITS; PERFORMANCE TESTING; BELGIAN BLUE ID RESTRICTED MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; ANIMAL-MODELS; CATTLE AB For 1,442 Belgian Blue bulls performance-tested at the Centre de Selection de la Race Blanc-Bleue Belge, nine traits were observed: height at withers at 7 mo, height at withers at 13 mo, weight at 7 mo, weight at 13 mo, average feed consumption of concentrates, average daily gain, average feed consumption of concentrates per average daily gain, average feed consumption of concentrates per mean metabolic weight, and price per kilogram of live weight. This price is based on muscle conformation and is therefore used as muscle conformation score. Restricted maximum Likelihood with a derivative-free algorithm was used to estimate (co)variance components because there were different models and missing values per trait. Estimates of heritabilities were above .50 except for average feed consumption per average daily gain (.16) and average feed consumption per mean metabolic weight (.33). Estimates of genetic and phenotypic correlations between height at withers and weight traits were positive and moderate to high. Average daily gain showed a negative genetic correlation with weight at 7 mo (- .68) but had positive correlations with height at withers at 13 mo and weight at 13 mo (.22 and .43). Muscle conformation expressed as price per kilogram of live weight was related to low average feed consumption per average daily gain. Average feed consumption showed high correlations with weight at 7 mo and weight at 13 mo. Average feed consumption per average daily gain had a high negative genetic correlation with average daily gain (- .89). C1 CTR SELECT RACE BLANC BLEUE BELGE,B-5590 CINEY,BELGIUM. UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,LINCOLN,NE 68583. RP GENGLER, N (reprint author), FAC UNIV SCI AGRON GEMBLOUX,UER ZOOTECH,B-5030 GEMBLOUX,BELGIUM. OI Gengler, Nicolas/0000-0002-5981-5509 NR 16 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 73 IS 11 BP 3269 EP 3273 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TF715 UT WOS:A1995TF71500012 PM 8586583 ER PT J AU KLINDT, J BUONOMO, FC YEN, JT POND, WG MERSMANN, HJ AF KLINDT, J BUONOMO, FC YEN, JT POND, WG MERSMANN, HJ TI ADMINISTRATION OF PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN BY DAILY INJECTION - GROWTH AND ENDOCRINE RESPONSES IN GENETICALLY LEAN AND OBESE BARROWS AND GILTS SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE GENOTYPES; GROWTH; SEX; SOMATOTROPIN; PIGS ID BINDING-PROTEIN-LEVELS; I IGF-I; GROWING-PIGS; CIRCULATING LEVELS; ENERGY-METABOLISM; GLUCOSE KINETICS; HORMONE; INSULIN; SWINE; PITUITARY AB Influences of genotype and sex on responses to porcine somatotropin (pST) administered by daily injection were examined in genetically lean and obese gilts and barrows. Pigs (59 +/- 1.4 kg BW, eight per pST dose x line x sex) were injected daily with pST at doses of 0, 2, and 4 mg/d for 6 wk. Administration of pST induced dose-dependent decreases in feed intake and rate of backfat deposition, whereas rate and efficiency of gain were increased in a quadratic manner indicating that 4 mg of pST/d approached the optimal dose. These live measures of growth were also influenced (P < .05) by sex and line. Line, sex, and pST dose effects (P < .05) were noted for most offal components and carcass components. Quantity of lean and bone in the ham was increased (P < .01) and that of fat decreased (P < .01) with dose of pST. Throughout the trial pST induced increases (P < .05) in serum concentrations of IGF-I, IGF-II, insulin, and glucose and decreases in urea nitrogen. Concentrations of pST 24 h after injection were lower (P < .05) in pST-injected pigs than in buffer-injected pigs, indicating negative feedback on endogenous pST secretion. The pST-induced increases (P < .05) in insulin, IGF-I, and IGF-II and the decrease in urea nitrogen were evident at 24 h after the initial injection. Although pST administration improved the growth performance and composition of lean and obese barrows and gilts, the influences of line and sex were not expunged by administration of pST. C1 MONSANTO AGR CO,ST LOUIS,MO 63198. RP KLINDT, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 35 TC 12 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 73 IS 11 BP 3294 EP 3303 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TF715 UT WOS:A1995TF71500016 PM 8586587 ER PT J AU SHACKELFORD, SD KOOHMARAIE, M WHEELER, TL AF SHACKELFORD, SD KOOHMARAIE, M WHEELER, TL TI EFFECTS OF SLAUGHTER AGE ON MEAT TENDERNESS AND USDA CARCASS MATURITY SCORES OF BEEF FEMALES SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE BEEF; TENDERNESS; MATURITY; AGE ID BIOLOGICAL TYPES; PALATABILITY; QUALITY; CATTLE; TRAITS; ATTRIBUTES; HEIFERS; PUBERTY AB Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of carcass maturity on meat palatability using concentrate-fed cattle of known history and to determine the relationship of chronological age to carcass maturity scores. Yearling heifers (n = 28) and 2-yr-old cows (n = 25) of similar breed groups were fed a high-energy-density diet for 90 d before slaughter. Longissimus muscle Instron peak load (Warner-Bratzler shear force) did not differ between age groups; but, fail elongation was higher for the 2-yr-old cows (P < .05). Overall tenderness ratings were lower for the 2-yr-old cows; however, the magnitude of the tenderness difference between age groups was small (.4 units on an 8-point scale). There was 10-fold more variation in tenderness within each age group than there was between age groups. Carcass maturity scores and chronological age were compared for heifers and cows (n = 249) ranging in age from 1.7 to 13.9 yr. Carcass maturity scores increased with increasing chronological age at a much faster rate than indicated by USDA. The following chronological age groups most accurately reflected the chronological age associated with each USDA carcass maturity class: A, 9 to 24 mo; B, 24 to 36 mo; C, 36 to 48 mo; D, 48 to 60 mo; E, > 60 mo. These results indicate that efforts to control variation in tenderness would be more effective if they targeted factors that have a greater effect on meat tenderness than does maturity class. Moreover, our results indicate that cows may grade lower at a given age than what USDA standards imply. RP SHACKELFORD, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 21 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 73 IS 11 BP 3304 EP 3309 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TF715 UT WOS:A1995TF71500017 PM 8586588 ER PT J AU SHACKELFORD, SD WHEELER, TL KOOHMARAIE, M AF SHACKELFORD, SD WHEELER, TL KOOHMARAIE, M TI RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHEAR FORCE AND TRAINED SENSORY PANEL TENDERNESS RATINGS OF 10 MAJOR MUSCLES FROM BOS-INDICUS AND BOS-TAURUS CATTLE SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE BEEF; ZEBU; COOKING; CORRELATION; MUSCLES; TENDERNESS ID 3 BOVINE MUSCLES; ELECTRICAL-STIMULATION; BEEF; CARCASS; AGE; PALATABILITY; BREED; SEX AB The present experiments were conducted to determine 1) the relationship between shear force and overall tenderness of 10 major beef muscles, 2) the effect of Bos indicus inheritance on the tenderness of various beef muscles, 3) whether differences in tenderness between genotype are affected by method of cookery, and 4) the relationship between tenderness of the longissimus and tenderness of other muscles. To meet the first objective, shear force and trained sensory panel overall tenderness were determined for psoas major (PM), infraspinatus (IS), triceps brachii (TB), longissimus (LD), semitendinosus (ST), gluteus medius (GM), supraspinatus (SS), biceps femoris (BF), semimembranosus (SM), and quadriceps femoris (BF) steaks from grain-fed steer carcasses (n = 16). Shear force did not accurately reflect differences among muscles in overall tenderness. To accomplish the remaining objectives, muscles were removed from grain-fed Bos taurus x Bos taurus (n = 31) and Bos indicus x Bos taurus (n = 18) steer carcasses and aged until 14 d postmortem. Shear force of LD, TB, SS, BF, and QF steaks and QF, BF, TB, and LD roasts was higher(P <.05) for progeny of Bos indicus sires than for progeny of Bos taurus sires. Shear force differences among genotypes were reduced slightly by roasting. Shear force of LD was not highly related to shear force of other muscles. Thus, systems that accurately predict the tenderness of LD of a carcass will likely do Little to predict the tenderness of other muscles. RP SHACKELFORD, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS, ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR, POB 166, CLAY CTR, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 22 TC 157 Z9 168 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI CHAMPAIGN PA PO BOX 7410, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61826-7410 USA SN 0021-8812 EI 1525-3163 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 73 IS 11 BP 3333 EP 3340 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TF715 UT WOS:A1995TF71500021 PM 8586592 ER PT J AU HALL, JB STAIGMILLER, RB BELLOWS, RA SHORT, RE MOSELEY, WM BELLOWS, SE AF HALL, JB STAIGMILLER, RB BELLOWS, RA SHORT, RE MOSELEY, WM BELLOWS, SE TI BODY-COMPOSITION AND METABOLIC PROFILES ASSOCIATED WITH PUBERTY IN BEEF HEIFERS SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE HEIFERS; PUBERTY; NUTRITION; BODY COMPOSITION; METABOLISM ID LUTEINIZING-HORMONE SECRETION; DNA-DERIVED SOMATOTROPIN; DIETARY ENERGY-INTAKE; GROWTH-RATE; CARCASS COMPOSITION; BIOLOGICAL TYPES; OVARIAN ACTIVITY; DIFFERENT BREEDS; EMPTY BODY; WEIGHT AB Rapid growth large frame (RL, n = 61) or average growth medium frame (AM, n = 71) biotype heifers fed to achieve either moderate (MOD, .6 kg/d) or high ADG (HI, 1.0 kg/d) were used to determine whether puberty occurs at similar body composition or metabolic status. A heifer was considered pubertal after being detected in estrus and then forming a functional corpus luteum. Live animal estimates of body composition and blood samples for assessment of metabolic status were taken at 13 +/-.2 d after estrus for all heifers. Body composition and metabolic status were assessed every 56 d from 7 mo of age until puberty in a subset of 80 heifers representing all biotype-diet combinations. At puberty, 32 of these 80 heifers were slaughtered and physical and chemical composition of the empty body were determined. High-gain diet heifers were younger, heavier, taller, and more muscular (all P <.01) at puberty than MOD heifers. Slaughter measurements paralleled Live animal estimates; bodies of KI and RL heifers contained more (P <.01) carcass and noncarcass components than those of MOD and AM heifers, respectively. Carcasses of RL and HI heifers were more (P <.05) muscular and fatter than AM and MOD heifers. At puberty, HI heifers had a greater(P <.01) mass of moisture, fat, and fat-free organic matter (FFOM) than MOD, whereas RL heifers had more moisture, ash, and FFOM than AM. Percentage of fat was greater (22.1 +/- 1.0 vs 19.1 +/- 1.0; P <.05) and percentage of moisture was less (55.4 +/-.6 vs 58.1 +/-.6; P <.01) in bodies of KI than in those of NOD heifers. Concentrations of blood urea nitrogen and insulin were greater (P <.05) in HI than in MOD heifers. Diet did not influence concentration of IGF-I or glucose, and metabolic markers were unaffected by biotype. No dramatic changes in body composition or metabolic signals were detected before puberty. Puberty did not occur at similar body composition or metabolic status in all heifers. C1 USDA ARS,FT KEOGH LIVESTOCK & RANGE RES LAB,MILES CITY,MT 59301. UPJOHN CO,KALAMAZOO,MI 49001. NR 59 TC 42 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 73 IS 11 BP 3409 EP 3420 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TF715 UT WOS:A1995TF71500030 PM 8586601 ER PT J AU MCCLURE, KE SOLOMON, MB PARRETT, NA VANKEUREN, RW AF MCCLURE, KE SOLOMON, MB PARRETT, NA VANKEUREN, RW TI GROWTH AND TISSUE ACCRETION OF LAMBS FED CONCENTRATE IN DRYLOT, GRAZED ON ALFALFA OR RYEGRASS AT WEANING, OR AFTER BACKGROUNDING ON RYEGRASS SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE LAMBS; GRAZING; FORAGE; CONCENTRATE; GROWTH; CARCASS COMPOSITION ID CARCASS AB Weaned Targhee x Hampshire lambs (average BW 27.6 kg) were used to determine the effects of concentrate feeding, forage grazing, or finishing on concentrate after grazing upon growth and carcass tissue accretion. Lambs were assigned randomly and balanced by weight and sex to five replicated treatments (12 lambs/treatment): all-concentrate in drylot (DL); rotational grazing alfalfa (ALF); rotational grazing ryegrass (RG); RG for 62 d, then DL (RGDL); RG for 62 d, then ALF (RGALF). Lambs were slaughtered when fat thickness over the ribeye was estimated at 3.8 to 5.6 mm. Lamb growth and carcass measurements included ADG, accretion of bone, lean, and fat in the carcass, and final BW. Lambs on DL had the highest (P = .001) ADG, whereas lambs on RG treatments tended to have the lowest ADG and heaviest final BW. Compared with DL lambs, ALF lambs had lower(P <.O5) ADG but comparable final BW. Lambs that grazed RG had more (P =.001) carcass lean weight than lambs fed in DL, but carcass lean weight of lambs grazed on ALF did not differ (P >.05) from that of lambs on the DL or RG treatment. Carcass fat was less (P =.001) for ALF lambs than for the DL, RGDL, or RGALF treatment group. Daily accretion of bone, lean, and fat was highest(P =.001) for DL. Daily accretion of lean and fat for the RG group was less (P =.001) than for the ALF group but did not differ(P >.05) from that of RGALF lambs. Lean:fat ratio in weight gain for DL lambs was less (P <.01) than ratios for the ALF and RG groups, which were similar to those for RGDL and RGALF lambs. When slaughtered at the same level of fat over the ribeye, DL-fed lambs had higher ADG and fewer days on test than grazed lambs. However, lambs finished or backgrounded on forage had high lean:fat tissue gain and a higher percentage of lean in their carcasses than DL-fed lambs. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,DEPT HORT & CROP SCI,WOOSTER,OH 44691. USDA ARS,MEAT SCI RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP MCCLURE, KE (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,DEPT ANIM SCI,WOOSTER,OH 44691, USA. NR 15 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 73 IS 11 BP 3437 EP 3444 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TF715 UT WOS:A1995TF71500033 PM 8586604 ER PT J AU ESHITA, SM ROBERTO, NH BEALE, JM MAMIYA, BM WORKMAN, RF AF ESHITA, SM ROBERTO, NH BEALE, JM MAMIYA, BM WORKMAN, RF TI BACILLOMYCIN L(C), A NEW ANTIBIOTIC OF THE ITURIN GROUP - ISOLATIONS, STRUCTURES, AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES OF THE CONGENERS SO JOURNAL OF ANTIBIOTICS LA English DT Article ID BETA-AMINO ACIDS; BACILLUS-SUBTILIS; H-1-NMR SPECTRA; MYCOSUBTILIN; SPECTROSCOPY; BIOSYNTHESIS; DERIVATIVES; STRAINS AB Bacillomycin L(c), a new antifungal antibiotic of the iturin class, was isolated from a strain of Bacillus subtilis as a set of five five congeners. The structure as determined by chemical and spectrometric analyses has been shown to differ from that of bacillomycin L by sequence changes from aspartate-1 to asparagine-1 and from glutamine-5 to glutamate-5. The five congeners differ from each other only in the structure of the aliphatic side chain of the constituent beta-amino acid. The hydrophobicity of the beta-amino acid affects the antifungal activity of the congener, as activity increased in the order of increased congener retention on a reversed-phase HPLC column. C1 UNIV TEXAS,COLL PHARM,DIV MED CHEM,AUSTIN,TX 78712. US FOREST SERV,FORESTRY SCI LAB,DELAWARE,OH 43015. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47906. NR 25 TC 43 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 6 PU JAPAN ANTIBIOT RES ASSN PI TOKYO PA 2 20 8 KAMIOSAKI SHINAGAWA KU, TOKYO 141, JAPAN SN 0021-8820 J9 J ANTIBIOT JI J. Antibiot. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 48 IS 11 BP 1240 EP 1247 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA TF945 UT WOS:A1995TF94500006 PM 8557563 ER PT J AU Fiddler, W Pensabene, JW Doerr, RC Gates, RA AF Fiddler, W Pensabene, JW Doerr, RC Gates, RA TI Determination of extractable, apparent total N-nitroso compounds in cured-meat products SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID BACON; NITROSAMINES; FOODS; NONVOLATILE; VOLATILE AB The modification of a newly developed method for determination of apparent total N-nitroso compounds by chemical denitrosation and chemiluminescence detection of nitric oxide (thermal energy analysis) is described. The minimum level of reliable measurement was 0.1 ppm, and the repeatability of the method was 0.2 ppm, based on the response of N-nitrosoproline (NPro), Seventy-three samples of cured-meat products, including frankfurters, bacon, and ham, were examined; 50 samples contained less than 1 ppm, The largest amounts, up to 24.8 ppm, were detected in canned corned beef, This method has several advantages over other methods. RP Fiddler, W (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 78 IS 6 BP 1435 EP 1439 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TW173 UT WOS:A1995TW17300015 PM 8664578 ER PT J AU Li, BW AF Li, BW TI Determination of total dietary fiber in foods and food products by using a single-enzyme, enzymatic-gravimetric method: Interlaboratory study SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB A simplified enzymatic-gravimetric method for total dietary fiber (TDF) determination has been published and used in the Food Composition Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Agriculture since 1988, This method gives comparable results to AOAC Official Methods 985.29 and 991.43 but the AOAC methods use 100 degrees C (water bath) to gelatinize the sample and a combination of alpha-amylase and an amyloglucosidase to hydrolyze starches, whereas the simplified method incorporates an autoclaving step (121 degrees C) for gelatinization followed by incubation with only amyloglucosidase, The simplified method omits protease hydrolysis and does not require any pH adjustment, Overall, the simplified method cuts cost and is less labor intensive, An interlaboratory study was conducted to validate this method, Blind duplicates of six sample (baked beans, corn bran, roasted peanuts, cooked potatoes, white bread with reduced calories, and cooked white rice) were sent to 11 laboratories, The reproducibility relative standard deviations of the TDF values (without outliers) ranged from 3.46 to 27.6%, The repeatability standard deviations ranged from 0.91 to 14.6%. RP Li, BW (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD COMPOSIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 5 U2 7 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 78 IS 6 BP 1440 EP 1444 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TW173 UT WOS:A1995TW17300016 PM 8664579 ER PT J AU Gara, RI Werner, RA Whitmore, MC Holsten, EH AF Gara, RI Werner, RA Whitmore, MC Holsten, EH TI Arthropod associates of the spruce beetle Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) (Col, Scolytidae) in spruce stands of south-central and interior Alaska SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WHITE SPRUCE; COLEOPTERA; PARASITES; OUTBREAK; MORTALITY; IPS AB The impact of competitors, parasites and predators on spruce beetle Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) broods was studied at an endemic population site near Fairbanks, Alaska, as well as at an epidemic area near Summit Lake and Cooper Landing, Alaska. Logs of white spruce, Picea glauca (Bong.) Carr., at the endemic area and Lutz spruce, Picea lutzii Little, at the epidemic site, were infested by spruce beetles. As logs became infested, associated insects were identified and their impact on the development of D. rufipennis broods evaluated. Competing Dryocoetes affaber Mann. broods were the most important interspecific mortality factor of larval D. rufipennis. The impact of dipteran and coleopteran predators and hymenopteran parasites on spruce beetle survival was of less importance than this interspecific competition. C1 US FOREST SERV, PACIFIC NW RES STN, INST NO FORESTRY, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775 USA. US FOREST SERV, ANCHORAGE, AK 99503 USA. RP Gara, RI (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON, COLL FOREST RESOURCES, SEATTLE, WA 98125 USA. NR 38 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0931-2048 J9 J APPL ENTOMOL JI J. Appl. Entomol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 119 IS 9 BP 585 EP 590 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TM821 UT WOS:A1995TM82100003 ER PT J AU SICONOLFI, SF GRETEBECK, RJ WONG, WW AF SICONOLFI, SF GRETEBECK, RJ WONG, WW TI ASSESSING TOTAL-BODY PROTEIN, MINERAL, AND BONE-MINERAL CONTENT FROM TOTAL-BODY WATER AND BODY DENSITY SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Note DE BODY COMPOSITION; UNDERWATER WEIGHING; MULTICOMPONENT MODELS ID VOLUME; MEN AB We hypothesized that investigators could assess bone mineral content (BMC), total body mineral (M), and protein (P) from body water (W) and density (D-B) based on the theory of W. E. Siri (Advances in. Biological and Medical Physics, 1956, p. 239-280 and Techniques for Measuring Body Composition, 1961, p. 223-224) for body composition analysis. Siri used one or more of the body components and the densities of the body, fat (F), W, M, and P to estimate one of the remaining fractional masses. We compared M, BMC, P, F, and fat-free mass (FFM) in 31 subjects (15 women and 16 men) computed from measurements of W and D-B with [4-compartment (4C) model] and without [3-compartment (3C) model] BMC (from dual X-ray absorptiometry). 4C model P was calculated by difference (P = FFM - W - M). Mean difference (P > 0.05) ranged from 0.1 to 0.8%. Correlations [+/-standard error of estimate (%)] between 4C and 3C model values were significant (r = 0.907 +/- 8.8, 0.907 +/- 8.7, 0.969 +/- 6.6, 0.998 +/- 2.0, and 0.999 +/- 0.7% for M, BMC, P, F, and FFM, respectively). We concluded that investigators can assess M, BMC, and P from W and D-B. C1 UNIV HOUSTON,SPACE RES ASSOC,HOUSTON,TX 77058. BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,USDA ARS,STABLE ISOTOPE PROGRAM,HOUSTON,TX 77030. RP SICONOLFI, SF (reprint author), NASA,LYNDON B JOHNSON SPACE CTR,SPACE BIOMED RES INST SD5,EXERCISE PHYSIOL LAB,HOUSTON,TX 77058, USA. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 79 IS 5 BP 1837 EP 1843 PG 7 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA TD929 UT WOS:A1995TD92900056 PM 8594047 ER PT J AU KERSTEN, PJ WITEK, C VANDENWYMELENBERG, A CULLEN, D AF KERSTEN, PJ WITEK, C VANDENWYMELENBERG, A CULLEN, D TI PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM GLYOXAL OXIDASE IS ENCODED BY 2 ALLELIC VARIANTS - STRUCTURE, GENOMIC ORGANIZATION, AND HETEROLOGOUS EXPRESSION OF GLX1 AND GLX2 SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LIGNIN PEROXIDASE GENES; ASPERGILLUS-NIDULANS; SEQUENCES; MUTAGENESIS; CLONING; FAMILY; FUNGUS; ENZYME; NIGER; DNA AB A cDNA clone (glx-2c) encoding glyoxal oxidase (GLOX) was isolated from a Phanerochaete chrysosporium lambda gt11 library, and its nucleotide sequence was shown to be distinct from that of the previously described clone glx-1c (P. J. Kersten and D. Cullen, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:7411-7413, 1993). Genomic clones corresponding to both cDNAs were also isolated and sequenced. Overall nucleotide sequence identity was 98%, and the predicted proteins differed by a single residue: Lys-308 <----> Thr-308. Analyses of parental dikaryotic strain BKM-F-1767 and homokaryotic progeny firmly established allelism for these structural variants. Southern blots of pulsed-field gels localized the GLOX gene (glx) to a dimorphic chromosome separate from the peroxidase and cellobiohydrolase genes of P. chrysosporium. Controlled expression of active GLOX was obtained from Aspergillus nidulans transformants when glx-1c was fused to the promoter and secretion signal of the A. niger glucoamylase gene. The GLOX isozyme corresponding to glx-2c was also efficiently secreted by A. nidulans following site-specific mutagenesis of the expression vector at codon 308 of glx-1c. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BACTERIOL,MADISON,WI 53706. RP KERSTEN, PJ (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 37 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 177 IS 21 BP 6106 EP 6110 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TC114 UT WOS:A1995TC11400012 PM 7592374 ER PT J AU CORBELL, N LOPER, JE AF CORBELL, N LOPER, JE TI A GLOBAL REGULATOR OF SECONDARY METABOLITE PRODUCTION IN PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS PF-5 SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SYRINGAE PV SYRINGAE; SIDE-CHAIN OXIDASE; BLACK ROOT-ROT; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; COTTON SEEDLINGS; DAMPING-OFF; SUPPRESSION; BACTERIA; GENE; PATHOGENS AB Mutations in the apdA (for antibiotic production) gene of the plant root-colonizing bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5 pleiotropically abolish the production of an array of antibiotics, including pyrrolnitrin, pyoluteorin, and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, as well as the production of tryptophan side chain oxidase, hydrogen cyanide, and an extracellular protease. The lack of production of secondary metabolites by ApdA(-) mutants was correlated with the loss of inhibition of the phytopathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani in culture. Sequencing of the apdA region identified an open reading frame of 2,751 bp. The predicted amino acid sequence of the apdA gene contains conserved domains of the histidine kinases that serve as sensor components of prokaryotic two-component regulatory systems. The apdA nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences are strikingly similar to the sequences of lemA and repA, genes encoding putative sensor kinases that are required for the pathogenicity of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and Pseudomonas viridiflava, respectively. Introduction of the cloned apdA(+) gene restored the wild-type phenotype to both LemA(-) mutants of P. syringae and ApdA(-) mutants of Pf-5. The 101-kDa ApdA protein reacted with an anti-LemA antiserum, further demonstrating the similarity of ApdA to LemA. These results show that apd4 encodes a putative sensor kinase component of a classical two-component regulatory system that is required for secondary-metabolite production by P. fluorescens Pf-5. C1 USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97330. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. NR 46 TC 102 Z9 112 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 177 IS 21 BP 6230 EP 6236 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TC114 UT WOS:A1995TC11400027 PM 7592389 ER PT J AU SHOMER, I LOOKHART, G SALOMON, R VASILIVER, R BEAN, S AF SHOMER, I LOOKHART, G SALOMON, R VASILIVER, R BEAN, S TI HEAT COAGULATION OF WHEAT-FLOUR ALBUMINS AND GLOBULINS, THEIR STRUCTURE AND TEMPERATURE FRACTIONATION SO JOURNAL OF CEREAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CITRUS-FRUIT EXTRACT; GLUTENIN; PROTEIN; ULTRASTRUCTURE; SUBUNITS; QUALITY; BREAD; CLOUD AB Albumins and globulins were fractionated by coagulation at 70, 100, and 120 degrees C and were studied by microscopic and electrophoretic methods. The coagulated albumins of a U.S. commercial hard red winter (HRW) wheat blend sample included larger aggregates than those of an Israeli spring wheat (SW). Dialyzed globulins appeared as finger-like patterns with embedded oil droplets and heat-coagulated globulins appeared as aggregates with fibril-like patterns. An increase in size of coagulated aggregates was observed as temperatures increased (70, 100, and 120 degrees C). Differences in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) patterns between coagulates from samples of an Israeli SW and a U.S. commercial HRW wheat were seen at all the coagulation temperatures. SDS-PAGE patterns of coagulates obtained at lower temperatures exhibited relatively more intense bands of higher molecular weight components, and those obtained at higher temperatures exhibited relatively more intense bands of lower molecular weights. (C) 1995 Academic Press Limited C1 AGR RES ORG,VOLCANI CTR,DEPT VIROL,IL-50250 BET DAGAN,ISRAEL. USDA ARS,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,MANHATTAN,KS 66502. KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT GRAIN SCI & IND,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. RP SHOMER, I (reprint author), AGR RES ORG,VOLCANI CTR,DEPT FOOD SCI,POB 6,IL-50250 BET DAGAN,ISRAEL. NR 22 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS (LONDON) LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0733-5210 J9 J CEREAL SCI JI J. Cereal Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 22 IS 3 BP 237 EP 249 DI 10.1006/jcrs.1995.0060 PG 13 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA TG263 UT WOS:A1995TG26300004 ER PT J AU Doolittle, RE Proveaux, AT Alborn, HT Heath, RR AF Doolittle, RE Proveaux, AT Alborn, HT Heath, RR TI Quadrupole storage mass spectrometry of mono- and dimethylalkanes SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE insect hydrocarbons; monomethyl alkanes; dimethylalkanes; mass spectra ion trap; magnetic sector ID CUTICULAR HYDROCARBONS; INSECT HYDROCARBONS; TOBACCO HORNWORM; SPECTRA; EGGS AB Monomethyl and dimethylalkanes with one, two, three, four, five, and seven methylene groups separating the methyl branches were synthesized and analyzed by magnetic sector and quadrupole storage (ion trap) mass spectrometry. The spectra produced by the magnetic sector instrument were in good agreement with previously reported data, whereas the ion trap spectrometer produced ions resulting from cleavages adjacent to the branching points, markedly different than those from the magnetic sector instrument. Fragmentation patterns show that the ion trap mass spectrometer can be used to characterize branched alkanes in nanogram and subnanogram quantities. RP Doolittle, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 21 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 3 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 21 IS 11 BP 1677 EP 1695 DI 10.1007/BF02033669 PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TK521 UT WOS:A1995TK52100004 PM 24233822 ER PT J AU Alborn, HT Lewis, WJ Tumlinson, JH AF Alborn, HT Lewis, WJ Tumlinson, JH TI Host-specific recognition kairomone for the parasitoid Microplitis croceipes (Cresson) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE associative learning; recognition kairomone; host specific; Microplitis croceipes; corn earworm; Helicoverpa zea ID AIRBORNE SEMIOCHEMICALS; HYMENOPTERA-BRACONIDAE; LEPIDOPTERA-NOCTUIDAE; FLIGHT BEHAVIOR; VOLATILES; RESPONSES; LOCATION; DIET AB A water-extractable host recognition kairomone in frass of corn earworm. Helicoverpa Boddie (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). host larvae stimulates antennation by Females of the parasitoid Microplitis croceipes Cresson (Braconidae: Hymenoptera). In addition, when the wasps contact water extracts of host frass they will subsequently fly in a Right tunnel to odor associated with the extract. Contact with water extracts of cowpea leaves or with water extracts of frass from larvae of nonhost beet armyworm, fall armyworm, or cabbage looper that were fed cowpea leaves does not stimulate antennation, nor do wasps fly to associated odors after contact with these substances. However, contact with the water extract of host frass in association with hexane extract of cowpea-fed nonhost frass will induce the wasps to subsequently fly to the hexane extract of the nonhost frass when it is used as an odor source in a Right tunnel. Thus the host-specific kairomone by which M. croceipes recognizes the frass of its host is extractable with water. This substance plays a crucial role in the foraging behavior of this parasitoid by allowing it to recognize host frass and to learn to search for odors originating from plants on which the host is feeding. C1 USDA ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. USDA ARS,INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011 NR 15 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 21 IS 11 BP 1697 EP 1708 DI 10.1007/BF02033670 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TK521 UT WOS:A1995TK52100005 PM 24233823 ER PT J AU Bartelt, RJ Weaver, DK Arbogast, RT AF Bartelt, RJ Weaver, DK Arbogast, RT TI Aggregation pheromone of Carpophilus dimidiatus (F) (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) and responses to Carpophilus pheromones in South Carolina SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Carpophilus spp; C-dimidiatus; Coleoptera; Nitidulidae; pheromone; hydrocarbon; tetraene; trap; corn ID TETRAENE HYDROCARBONS; LUGUBRIS; BEETLE; IDENTIFICATION; HEMIPTERUS; VOLATILES AB The major component of the male-produced aggregation pheromone of Carpophilus dimidiatus (F.) is (3E, 5E, 7E, 9E)-6,8-diethyl-4-methyl-3,5,7,9- dodecatetraene. It attracts beetles of both sexes in the held and is synergized by odors from fermenting bread dough; mean trap catches for the tetraene alone, tetraene plus dough. dough alone, and control were 24.5, 48.3, 0.02, and 0.00, respectively. in the laboratory, individual males produced 0.58 mu g +/- 0.35 mu g (SD) of the tetraene per day, but males in groups of 10-50 produced < 2% as much per beetle. A second male-specific compound, (3E, 5E, 7E, 9E)-5,7-diethyl-9-methyl-3,5,7,9-trideca was also identified from C. dimidiatus and is about 5% as abundant as the major pheromone component. Carpophilus flight activity was monitored for one year in South Carolina corn fields with the pheromones for C. dimidiatus. C. freemani Dobson, C, mutilatus Erichson, C. hemipterus (L.), C. lugubris Murray, and C. obsoletus Erichson, all in combination with bread dough. The first four of these species accounted for 18, 70, 5.7, and 0.03%, respectively, of the total Carpophilus trapped, but no C. lugubris or C. obsoletus were captured. Captures of C. freemani were as high as 11,400/trap/week. Species specificity for the first four pheromones was high, except that a synthetic impurity in the C. dimidiatus pheromone was somewhat attractive to C. freemani and C. mutilatus. Three other species captured, C. antiquus Melsheimer, C. marginellus Motschulsky, and C, humeralis (F.), accounted for 0.005, 5.0, and 1.3% of the total catch, respectively. C. antiques was attracted primarily to the pheromone of C. dimidiatus, but C, marginellus and C. humeralis responded to most of the test pheromones. There were two major periods of Carpophilus Right activity: February through June and September through November. C1 USDA ARS,STORED PROD INSECTS RES & DEV LAB,SAVANNAH,GA 31405. RP Bartelt, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOACT CONSTITUENTS UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 26 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 3 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 21 IS 11 BP 1763 EP 1779 DI 10.1007/BF02033675 PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TK521 UT WOS:A1995TK52100010 PM 24233828 ER PT J AU Allan, SA Kline, DL AF Allan, SA Kline, DL TI Evaluation of organic infusions and synthetic compounds mediating oviposition in Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Insecta; Diptera; Culicidae; Aedes albopictus; Aedes aegypti; oviposition; attractants; behavior ID GRAVID CULEX MOSQUITOS; QUINQUEFASCIATUS; TRAP; SURVEILLANCE; TRISERIATUS; ATTRACTANTS; POPULATIONS; COLLECTION; BEHAVIOR; EGGS AB Oviposition responses of gravid Aedes albopictus and Ae. aegypti were evaluated to natural organic infusions (hay infusion, larva: rearing water, and field-collected larval water) as well as compounds isolated from hay infusion (3-methylindole, 4-methylphenol, 4-ethylphenol, indole, and phenol) known to elicit oviposition in Culex mosquitoes. In laboratory bioassays, significant oviposition responses were obtained from Ae. albopictus, but not from Ae. aegypti, to dilutions of hay infusion and field water. Oviposition responses of both species were moderate to the synthetic compounds tested in the laboratory (0.01-100 mu g/liter). Only 3-methylindole (0.1 mu g/liter) and 4-ethylphenol (1.0 mu g/liter) elicited significantly more oviposition by Ac. albopictus than did well water. Of the synthetic compounds rested with Ae. aegypti, only phenol (1.0 mu g/liter) and 4-ethylphenol (0.1 mu g/liter) elicited significantly more oviposition than did well water. Significant repellency or oviposition deterrence for both species occurred in response to at least one high concentration of most of the compounds tested. In field cage evaluations, oviposition responses by Ae. albopictus were strongest to larval water and field water, moderate to hay infusion and 3-methylindole (100 mu liter), and low to well water. A mixture of five synthetic compounds mimicking hay infusion was no more effective than 3-methylindole alone. For Ae. aegypti, oviposition responses were greatest to larval water and least to 3-methylindole. In an olfactometer, gravid females of both species oriented mon to field water than to well water and only Ae. albopictus oriented more to larval water or hay infusion than well water. In general, gravid Ac. albopictus responded more strongly to oviposition stimuli than did Ae. aegypti. RP Allan, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 31 TC 54 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 13 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 21 IS 11 BP 1847 EP 1860 DI 10.1007/BF02033681 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TK521 UT WOS:A1995TK52100016 PM 24233834 ER PT J AU Robacker, DC Flath, RA AF Robacker, DC Flath, RA TI Attractants from Staphylococcus aureus cultures for Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE attractants; Mexican fruit fly; Diptera; Tephritidae; Anastrepha ludens; bacteria; amines; solid-phase microextraction ID DACUS DIPTERA; TEPHRITIDAE; FLIES AB Volatile chemicals from tryptic soy broth cultures of Staphylococcus aureus that attract sugar-fed, protein-hungry adult Mexican fruit flies were identified. Chemicals identified from the headspace above the filtrate of the bacterial cultures were ammonia, trimethylamine, isoamylamine, 2-methylbutylamine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, and acetic acid. Each chemical attracted flies. A mixture of the chemicals in the same concentrations as were found in the bacterial filtrate was 89% as effective in attracting flies as the bacterial filtrate in laboratory bioassays. Additional chemicals were identified from various concentrated or pH altered preparations made from the filtrate. Many of these chemicals also attracted flies. One of these chemicals, dimethylamine, was the most effective chemical identified. The use of solid-phase microextraction for volatile collection and of thick-film (5-mu m) capillary GC columns was essential to the success of this work. C1 USDA ARS,ALBANY,CA 94710. RP Robacker, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS,2301 S INT BLVD,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 24 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 7 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 21 IS 11 BP 1861 EP 1874 DI 10.1007/BF02033682 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TK521 UT WOS:A1995TK52100017 PM 24233835 ER PT J AU Mayer, MS Doolittle, RE AF Mayer, MS Doolittle, RE TI Synergism of an insect sex pheromone specialist neuron: Implications for component identification and receptor interactions SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cabbage looper; electrophysiology; antenna; single cell responses; behavior ID MALE TRICHOPLUSIA-NI; CABBAGE-LOOPER MOTH; FLIGHT TUNNEL; NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES; BEHAVIORAL-RESPONSES; ANTENNAE; HUBNER; BLEND; ATTRACTION; NOCTUIDAE AB Extracellular recordings show that the response to the sex pheromone component, (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate (27-12:Ac) by the HS(a) antennal olfactory specialist neuron of the cabbage looper. Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), is synergized by two synthetic sex pheromone analogs and two components of the female sex pheromone. Complementary behavioral measures of upwind Right and copulatory responses to mixtures of Z7-12:Ac with the analogs and sex pheromone components in a wind tunnel produced behavioral evidence consistent with the neuron's electrophysiological responses. The phenomenon of receptor neuron synergism impacts several areas and provides a note of caution for common practices of identifying secondary sex pheromone components only from field traps and/or wind tunnel tests. RP Mayer, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 48 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 5 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 21 IS 11 BP 1875 EP 1891 DI 10.1007/BF02033683 PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TK521 UT WOS:A1995TK52100018 PM 24233836 ER PT J AU PARKS, OW LIGHTFIELD, AR MAXWELL, RJ AF PARKS, OW LIGHTFIELD, AR MAXWELL, RJ TI EFFECT OF SAMPLE MATRIX DEHYDRATION DURING SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION ON THE RECOVERIES OF DRUG RESIDUES FROM FORTIFIED CHICKEN LIVER SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID METABOLITES; ZOALENE RP PARKS, OW (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 6 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 33 IS 11 BP 654 EP 657 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA TC146 UT WOS:A1995TC14600008 ER PT J AU BRADFORD, SA LEIJ, FJ AF BRADFORD, SA LEIJ, FJ TI FRACTIONAL WETTABILITY EFFECTS ON 2-FLUID AND 3-FLUID CAPILLARY PRESSURE-SATURATION RELATIONS SO JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER; SOILS; AIR AB Studies of the relation between capillary pressure (P-c) and fluid saturation (S) for porous media containing oil-water or air-oil-water, often assume that the medium is strongly water-wet. Natural porous media, however, are composed of a variety of mineral constituents; such media are typically composed of water- and oil-wet fractions. This study reports on two- and three-fluid P-c-S data for media of different fractions of water- and oil-wet sands. The oil-water capillary pressure, defined as the oil minus the water pressure, was measured during drainage (primary and main curves) as well as imbibition (main curve only) of water. A decrease in oil-water pressure was observed as the oil-wet fraction increased in two-fluid media. The pressure became negative during imbibition of water for relatively oil-wet media. The P-c-S data could be adequately described by modifying the van Genuchten model for water retention. The observed differences between primary and main drainage curves were partly attributed to the effect of initial saturation. In three-fluid systems with fractional wettability, the observed dependency of capillary pressures on fluid saturations suggested that there was no continuous intermediate phase -even for a relatively low oil-wet fraction (25%). The oil-water and air-water capillary pressures decreased, at a particular water saturation, as the fraction of oil-wet sand increased. The water pressure is greater when water acts as the intermediate fluid than when it is the wetting fluid. The oil pressure, and hence the air-oil capillary pressure, was relatively insensitive to whether oil acted as wetting or intermediate fluid. There is a need to model three-fluid P-c-S curves that account for different wetting and intermediate fluids. C1 USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507. NR 34 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-7722 J9 J CONTAM HYDROL JI J. Contam. Hydrol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 20 IS 1-2 BP 89 EP 109 DI 10.1016/0169-7722(95)00027-S PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA TH275 UT WOS:A1995TH27500005 ER PT J AU Goff, JP Reinhardt, TA Horst, RL AF Goff, JP Reinhardt, TA Horst, RL TI Milk fever and dietary cation-anion balance effects on concentration of vitamin D receptor in tissue of periparturient dairy cows SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE milk fever; cation-anion balance; vitamin D receptor ID D METABOLISM; 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN-D; HYPOCALCEMIA; DEXAMETHASONE; BIORESPONSES; CALCIFEROL; MODE AB Milk fever is the clinical disease associated with severe hypocalcemia in dairy cows. In this experiment, we tested the hypothesis that calcium homeostasis is a result of a decreased concentration of receptors for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the tissues of cows that develop milk fever. Samples of colon mucosa were obtained for analysis of vitamin D receptor concentration in a longitudinal study of Jersey cows during the 2 wk before and after parturition. In the first study, 21 cows fed an alfalfa hay diet were biopsied every 3rd d from 2 wk before to 2 wk after calving. The concentration of vitamin D receptor in the colon during late gestation was three- to fourfold higher than the concentration of vitamin D receptor in the colon mucosa in nonpregnant cows (90 +/- 8 vs. 26 +/- 5 fmol/ mg of protein). At parturition, colon concentration of vitamin D receptor decreased to 66 +/- 7.5 fmol/mg of protein. During early lactation, concentrations of vitamin D receptor in the colon were similar to precalving concentrations. There was no significant difference of concentrations of vitamin D receptor in the colon prior to calving, at calving, or in early lactation between cows that did develop milk fever and those that did not. Results were similar in a second study, in which 7 cows were fed a high cation alfalfa diet, and 6 cows were fed the same diet with anionic salts added. Those data do not support the hypothesis that decreased concentrations of vitamin D receptor prior to calving is a causative factor of milk fever within the Jersey breed. However, a decline of concentrations of vitamin D receptor in tissue at calving may reduce the ability of all cows to respond to the calcium demands of lactation. RP Goff, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010, USA. RI Reinhardt, Timothy/A-7536-2009 OI Reinhardt, Timothy/0000-0001-5552-2509 NR 23 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 8 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 78 IS 11 BP 2388 EP 2394 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA TM276 UT WOS:A1995TM27600010 PM 8747330 ER PT J AU Wilkerson, VA Casper, DP Mertens, DR AF Wilkerson, VA Casper, DP Mertens, DR TI The prediction of methane production of Holstein cows by several equations SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE methane; cattle; environment; energy loss ID CONCORDANCE CORRELATION-COEFFICIENT; CATTLE AB Ruminants are one of many sources contributing to atmospheric methane. The accuracy of seven published equations for methane prediction was evaluated using a data file consisting of 16 experiments (602 observations). Methane energy emissions ranged from .89 to 7.21 Mcal/d for Holstein cows. The DMI ranged from 9.7 to 28.7 kg/d for lactating cows and 4.0 to 12.9 kg/d for nonlactating cows. Mean dietary concentrations of ADF, CP, and ether extract were similar for lactating and nonlactating cows (20.9, 16.5, and 3.0% for lactating cows versus 21.2, 15.7, and 2.9% for nonlactating cows, respectively). Milk production ranged from 2.7 to 55.9 kg/d. Prediction equations were ranked by correlation coefficients and error of prediction. Prediction of methane energy loss from lactating and nonlactating Holstein cows with equations based on the daily total intake or intake of digested cellulose, hemicellulose, and nonfiber carbohydrates (OM - NDF - CP - ether extract) provided the highest correlation coefficients for reproducibility and the lowest errors of prediction. Predictions were poor for lactating cows when a quadratic function of DMI was used. In general, equations estimated methane production more accurately and precisely for nonlactating than for lactating cows. C1 USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,NUTRIENT CONSERVAT & METAB LAB,ENERGY METAB UNIT,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 25 TC 67 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 19 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 78 IS 11 BP 2402 EP 2414 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA TM276 UT WOS:A1995TM27600012 PM 8747332 ER PT J AU Losinger, WC Wells, SJ Garber, LP Hurd, HS Thomas, LA AF Losinger, WC Wells, SJ Garber, LP Hurd, HS Thomas, LA TI Management factors related to Salmonella shedding by dairy heifers SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dairy calves; Salmonella sp; risk factors ID FOODBORNE DISEASE; INFECTION; CALVES; EPIDEMIOLOGY; OUTBREAKS; PATHOGENS; VEHICLES; COSTS; FARMS AB In a national survey of dairy operations with greater than or equal to 30 milking cows, fecal samples from 6861 preweaned dairy heifer calves on 1063 operations were tested for Salmonella. One hundred forty-five (2.1%) of the fecal samples from 79 (7.4%) of the farms tested positive for Salmonella. A multivariate logistic regression model revealed that medicated milk replacer and hay fed to dairy heifers from 24 h of age until weaning were associated with a reduced risk of Salmonella shedding, as was calving in an individual animal area within a building. C1 USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,CTR ANIM HLTH,FT COLLINS,CO 80521. USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,NATL VET SERV LABS,VET SERV,AMES,IA 50010. RP Losinger, WC (reprint author), USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,CTR EPIDEMIOL,NATL ANIM HLTH MONITORING SYST,VET SERV,FT COLLINS,CO 80521, USA. NR 26 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 78 IS 11 BP 2464 EP 2472 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA TM276 UT WOS:A1995TM27600017 PM 8747337 ER PT J AU SLOAN, JJ BASTA, NT AF SLOAN, JJ BASTA, NT TI REMEDIATION OF ACID SOILS BY USING ALKALINE BIOSOLIDS SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SEWAGE-SLUDGE; ALUMINUM; TOXICITY; AMENDMENTS; ELONGATION; SEEDLINGS; CARBON; GROWTH; LIME; ION AB Alkaline biosolids may be suitable as a liming amendment for acid soils, The efficacy of two alkaline biosolids, lime-stabilized sewage sludge (LS) and N-Viro Soil (NV), for remediating soil acidity and Al toxicity in strongly acid soils were evaluated, For comparison, soils were also treated with unlimed anaerobically digested sewage sludge (SS) and agricultural lime (L). Three acid soils were amended with LS, NV, SS, and L and incubated at 25 degrees C. Soil solution was extracted at 1, 30, 90, and 180 d incubation and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), Al, Mn, Ca, Mg, Na, K, F, Cl, PO4, NO3, and SO4, In general, soil pH increased linearly with amendment rate for all soils and all amendments, The magnitude of increase in soil pH after 6 mo for the four amendments followed the order L similar or equal to NV>LS>>SS. All amendments decreased soluble Al, but lime-containing amendments (LS, NV, and L) decreased soluble Al below detection limits (<0.4 mmol L(-1)). The largest decreases in exchangeable Al were associated with lime-containing amendments, Lime-containing amendments reduced soluble Mn but unlimed sewage sludge had no effect on soil solution Mn. Soluble Al speciation using MINTEQA2 showed that all rates of lime-containing amendments (LS, NV, and L) decreased Al3+ activity to nontoxic levels (<10 mmol L(-1)). Saturation indices indicated sewage sludge amendments may have resulted in precipitation of Al as alunite [KAl3(OH)(6)(SO4)(2) . H2O]. Although SS decreased phytoavailable Al, alkaline biosolids caused greater reductions in potentially phytotoxic Al than nonalkaline biosolids (SS). C1 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,STILLWATER,OK 74078. UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 35 TC 38 Z9 44 U1 5 U2 11 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 24 IS 6 BP 1097 EP 1103 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TF758 UT WOS:A1995TF75800007 ER PT J AU JOHNSON, DW SWANK, WT VOSE, JM AF JOHNSON, DW SWANK, WT VOSE, JM TI EFFECTS OF LIMING ON SOILS AND STREAMWATERS IN A DECIDUOUS FOREST - COMPARISON OF FIELD RESULTS AND SIMULATIONS SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS; SOLUTION CHEMISTRY; MIXED HARDWOOD; BLACK LOCUST; FERTILIZATION; WATERSHEDS; BUDGETS; STANDS; USA AB Soil and stream chemical responses to liming in a deciduous forest watershed at Coweeta, NC, are compared with simulation results using the Nutrient Cycling Model (NuCM). Field comparisons of limed and unlimed soils after 23 yr indicated substantial net retention of applied Ca2+ and Mg2+ in upper soil horizons, even in black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) sites where NO3- leaching was elevated, We hypothesized that NuCM simulations would also show that (i) retention of most applied Ca2+ and Mg2+ in the upper horizons and (ii) increased Ca2+ and Mg2+ retention with increased cation exchange capacity (CEC) and exchangeable H+ (simulating pH-dependent CEC), Both hypotheses were supported by simulation results for Ca2+, but not for Mg2+, Most applied Mg2+ in the simulations was retained in the BC horizon, where the largest pool of exchangeable Mg2+ was initially located. Increasing CEC and exchangeable H+ did result in increased retention of applied Ca2+ and Mg2+ in surface horizons. However, increasing CEC caused lower Mg2+ retention in the BC horizon, which offset the surface horizon increases and resulted in lower total retention of applied Mg2+, Simulated BC horizon soil solution concentrations mimicked the general patterns in streamwater NO3-, Mg2+, Na+, Cl-, SO42-, and K+ between 1971 (12 yr after liming) and 1979. NuCM simulations did not, nor was it possible to simulate the observed effects of an insect outbreak on streamwater NO3-. C1 UNIV NEVADA,RENO,NV 89512. US FOREST SERV,COWEETA HYDROL LAB,OTTO,NC 28763. RP JOHNSON, DW (reprint author), UNIV NEVADA,DESERT RES INST,CTR BIOL SCI,POB 60220,RENO,NV 89506, USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 24 IS 6 BP 1104 EP 1117 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TF758 UT WOS:A1995TF75800008 ER PT J AU GAN, J KOSKINEN, WC BECKER, RL BUHLER, DD AF GAN, J KOSKINEN, WC BECKER, RL BUHLER, DD TI SOIL PROCESSES AND CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID HERBICIDE METOLACHLOR; GROUND-WATER; ALACHLOR; DEGRADATION; METABOLISM; PROPACHLOR; ONTARIO; CANADA; FUNGUS; WASTE AB To determine the behavior of alachlor [2-chloro-N-(methoxymethyl)-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-acetamide] at concentrations common with spill and waste disposal sites, alachlor degradation was determined over a concentration range of 10 to 10 000 mg kg(-1) in a Webster clay loam (fine loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquoll) and an Estherville sandy loam (sandy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludoll) in laboratory incubation experiments. Effect of concentration on the overall behavior of alachlor was similar in both soils. Based on percent of applied chemical, persistence of alachlor increased with increasing concentration. Mineralization and formation of degradation products and bound residues decreased at higher concentrations. At 10 000 mg kg(-1), alachlor was extremely persistent, with estimated 50% dissipation times (DT50) of 12.6 and 13.5 yr in the Webster and Estherville soil, respectively. Although the DT50 increased with increasing concentration, significant amounts of alachlor, in absolute mass, degraded at higher concentration. However, mineralization at 1000 and 10 000 mg kg(-1) was similar to that at 100 mg kg(-1). Specific alachlor biodegradation mechanisms, limited water solubility, and kinetics of dissolution of precipitated alachlor and alachlor desorption are postulated as the rate-limiting Factors for the degradation of alachlor at elevated levels. A field experiment also indicated alachlor dissipation at high concentration was extremely slow over the first 6 mo after application. Degradation and leaching increased by the following spring. It would appear that an effective remediation means to detoxify alachlor-contaminated soil would be to land-spread the soil, thereby diluting the concentration of alachlor in the soil to <100 mg kg(-1). C1 USDA ARS,SOIL & WATER RES MANAGEMENT UNIT,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL SCI,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,AMES,IA 50011. NR 29 TC 23 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 24 IS 6 BP 1162 EP 1169 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TF758 UT WOS:A1995TF75800015 ER PT J AU DAO, TH AF DAO, TH TI SUBSURFACE MOBILITY OF METRIBUZIN AS AFFECTED BY CROP RESIDUE PLACEMENT AND TILLAGE METHOD SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID WHEAT TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; NO-TILL; WATER; ADSORPTION; SORPTION; HERBICIDES; STRAW AB The role of crop residues as a sorptive layer for herbicides applied in conservation tillage systems is not well understood. The organic mulch may retain herbicides and decrease chemical mobility and off-site transport. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of surface placement of crop residues on herbicide mobility in Norge silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Udic Paleustoll). In the field, four treatments were established that included no-till plots with all crop residues removed (NTRR), residues left standing (NTRS), residues cut and laid Bat on ground (NTRF), and plots that were moldboard plowed to incorporate residues (MT). An application of 1.15 kg ha(-1) of metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazine-5(4H)-one] and 50 kg ha(-1) of potassium bromide was made. Soil cores were taken to 1-m depth following an initial sprinkler irrigation and natural rainfalls. Wheat residues intercepted metribuzin and attenuated subsurface movement in NT soils. Standing crop residues or residues placed Bat on the soil surface resulted in more metribuzin in the near-surface zone; centers of mass of concentration distributions in NTRS and NTRF soils showed that metribuzin moved only 47 to 62% of the distance observed in MT soil after 45 and 175 mm of precipitation, respectively. Addition of straw matter to soil and elevated organic C concentrations in the near-surface zone of no-till soils resulted in two- to fivefold increase in metribuzin retention. Therefore, placement geometry of crop residues and the retention capacity of the near-surface zone could be managed to attenuate metribuzin mobility in the field to achieve optimal herbicidal functions and dissipation. RP DAO, TH (reprint author), USDA ARS,POB 1199,EL RENO,OK 73036, USA. NR 28 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 24 IS 6 BP 1193 EP 1198 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TF758 UT WOS:A1995TF75800019 ER PT J AU IBEKWE, AM ANGLE, JS CHANEY, RL VANBERKUM, P AF IBEKWE, AM ANGLE, JS CHANEY, RL VANBERKUM, P TI SEWAGE-SLUDGE AND HEAVY-METAL EFFECTS ON NODULATION AND NITROGEN-FIXATION OF LEGUMES SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID BRADYRHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM; TRIFOLIUM-REPENS; WHITE CLOVER; SOILS; SURVIVAL; ZINC AB Effects of sludge-borne heavy metals on plant growth, nodulation, and nitrogen (NZ) fixation of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) were examined. Plants were grown in the greenhouse in pots containing soil (Typic Paleudults) obtained from plots where heat-treated and Nu-Earth sludges were applied in 1976 and 1978, respectively. Two soil pH regimes (low and high) were examined for each of the treatments. Nitrogen fertilizer (NH4NO3) was applied to one-half the pots and each legume was inoculated with the appropriate Rhizobium culture. Soil pH and sludge type significantly affected uptake of metals with phytotoxicity observed in the Nu-Earth, low pH soil. Nodulation was reduced, but not always completely eliminated in all low pH treatments, including the controls. Symbioses were generally ineffective in low pH treatments. In soils where pH was above 6.0, there was a significant increase in shoot weight and total shoot N with sludge addition. Plants derived significant quantities of N from soil, where sludge was applied many years ago. When pH was maintained at 6.0 or higher the results show that heavy metals in soil, and the resulting concentration in plants, had no effect on any of the parameters examined. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT AGRON,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. USDA ARS,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 33 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 24 IS 6 BP 1199 EP 1204 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TF758 UT WOS:A1995TF75800020 ER PT J AU ALLEN, PS MEYER, SE BECKSTEAD, J AF ALLEN, PS MEYER, SE BECKSTEAD, J TI PATTERNS OF SEED AFTER-RIPENING IN BROMUS-TECTORUM L SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE SEED DORMANCY; GERMINATION TIMING ID SOIL-TEMPERATURE; GERMINATION; EMERGENCE; RICE AB For grass seeds that lose dormancy through after-ripening in dry storage, the probability of germination following a particular wetting event can be predicted only if the relationship between storage temperature and change in after-ripening status is known. This study examined patterns of seed dormancy loss in Bromus tectorum L., quantifying changes in germination percentage, speed, and uniformity through time. Seed collections from three semi-arid habitats were stored at temperatures from 10-40 degrees C. At monthly intervals, subsamples were incubated at 5/15, 10/20, 15/25, and 20/30 degrees C. For recently harvested seeds, germination percentage, mean germination time, and days between 10% and 90% of total germination (D90-D10) ranged from 1-75%, 10-24 d, and 10-20 d, respectively. Recently harvested seeds were generally most dormant, slowest to germinate and least uniform at high incubation temperatures. In contrast, after-ripened seeds for all collections had nearly 100% germination, mean germination times <5 d, and D90-D10 values <5 d. Three indices were used to characterize after-ripening rates for each seedlot at each incubation temperature. The mean dormancy period, the mean rate index, and the mean uniformity index defined the storage period required for seedlots to become half as dormant as at harvest, to progress half-way to the fastest speed, and to progress half-way to the greatest uniformity, respectively. Seeds required longer storage to germinate uniformly than to germinate completely or quickly, because germination time-course curves for incompletely after-ripened seeds were positively skewed rather than sigmoidal. Mathematically, the three indices were described as negative exponential functions of storage temperature, which suggests that after-ripening is likely completed in late summer or early autumn regardless of summer conditions. C1 US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,SHRUB SCI LAB,PROVO,UT 84606. BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV,DEPT BOT & RANGE SCI,PROVO,UT 84602. RP ALLEN, PS (reprint author), BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV,DEPT AGRON & HORT,PROVO,UT 84602, USA. NR 33 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 46 IS 292 BP 1737 EP 1744 DI 10.1093/jxb/46.11.1737 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TG182 UT WOS:A1995TG18200012 ER PT J AU SIRAGUSA, GR AF SIRAGUSA, GR TI THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CARCASS DECONTAMINATION SYSTEMS FOR CONTROLLING THE PRESENCE OF PATHOGENS ON THE SURFACES OF MEAT ANIMAL CARCASSES SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY LA English DT Article ID LACTIC-ACID; MICROBIAL DECONTAMINATION; SODIUM-HYPOCHLORITE; BEEF CARCASSES; PORK CARCASSES; SPRAY; NUMBERS; WATER; TEMPERATURE; BACTERIA AB The effectiveness of decontamination systems for controlling the presence of pathogens and spoilage organisms on carcasses is discussed. Research using organic acids and water (hot or cold) demonstrates the general effectiveness of such treatments in lowering the aerobic plate counts (APC) on carcasses by 1-3 log(10) cfu per unit area. Chlorine has been found to be relatively ineffective for use in animal carcass spray washers. An Example of direct application of the bacteriocin nisin to inoculated tissue in a spray washer is discussed. Reductions attributable to nisin were 2-2.5 log(10) cfu per unit area higher than those reported for various organic acids or water. Areas for further research are highlighted along with the potential use of newer technologies to elucidate attachment and detachment mechanisms of bacteria to meat animal carcasses. RP SIRAGUSA, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS,MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 30 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 4 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 SN 0149-6085 J9 J FOOD SAFETY JI J. Food Saf. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 15 IS 3 BP 229 EP 238 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1995.tb00135.x PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA TE394 UT WOS:A1995TE39400002 ER PT J AU Ohta, H Hasegawa, S AF Ohta, H Hasegawa, S TI Limonoids in pummelos [Citrus grandis (L) Osbeck] SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pummelos; citrus; limonin; limonoids; bitter principle ID LIMONIN 17-BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSIDE; FRUIT-GROWTH; MATURATION; GLUCOSIDES; ORANGE AB Juice and seeds from 16 cultivars of mature pummelo fruits were analyzed for limonoid content. Pummelo juice contained an average of 18 ppm limonin and 29 ppm total limonoid glucosides. Compared to other juices, pummelo contained very high concentrations of limonin and very low concentrations of limonoid glucosides. Limonin, nomilin, obacunone and trace amounts of deacetylnomilin were found in pummelo seeds. The 17-beta-D-glucopyranoside derivatives (glucosides) of nomilin, nomilinic acid and obacunone were also present. Total limonoid aglycone concentration in the seeds ranged from 773 ppm to 9,900 ppm and total limonoid glucosides ranged from 130 ppm to 1,912 ppm. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. RP Ohta, H (reprint author), GOVT JAPAN,CHUGOKU NATL AGR EXPT STN,MINIST AGR FORESTRY & FISHERIES,FUKUYAMA,HIROSHIMA,JAPAN. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 6 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 60 IS 6 BP 1284 EP 1285 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1995.tb04574.x PG 2 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA UC713 UT WOS:A1995UC71300030 ER PT J AU MANGOLD, RD AF MANGOLD, RD TI SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - THE FOREST SERVICES APPROACH SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article RP MANGOLD, RD (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,14TH ST & INDEPENDENCE AVE SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20090, USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 93 IS 11 BP 25 EP 28 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TC143 UT WOS:A1995TC14300010 ER PT J AU MARCIN, TC AF MARCIN, TC TI INTEGRATING SOCIAL-SCIENCES INTO FOREST ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT RESEARCH SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article RP MARCIN, TC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 93 IS 11 BP 29 EP 33 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TC143 UT WOS:A1995TC14300011 ER PT J AU LANDERS, JL VANLEAR, DH BOYER, WD AF LANDERS, JL VANLEAR, DH BOYER, WD TI THE LONGLEAF PINE FORESTS OF THE SOUTHEAST - REQUIEM OR RENAISSANCE SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article ID HISTORY C1 CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,CLEMSON,SC 29634. AUBURN UNIV,US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,AUBURN,AL 36849. RP LANDERS, JL (reprint author), JOSEPH W JONES ECOL RES CTR,NEWTON,GA, USA. NR 28 TC 123 Z9 124 U1 5 U2 39 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 93 IS 11 BP 39 EP 44 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TC143 UT WOS:A1995TC14300013 ER PT J AU Yang, VW Zhuang, Z Elegir, G Jeffries, TW AF Yang, VW Zhuang, Z Elegir, G Jeffries, TW TI Alkaline-active xylanase produced by an alkaliphilic Bacillus sp isolated from kraft pulp SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE enzymatic prebleaching; alkaliphilic Bacillus; xylanase; chromophore release ID ALKALOPHILIC THERMOPHILIC BACILLUS; STRAIN; MICROORGANISMS; PURIFICATION; STREPTOMYCES; CULTURE; ENZYMES AB A Bacillus sp (V1-4) was isolated from hardwood kraft pulp. It was capable of growing in diluted kraft black liquor at pH 11.5 and produced 49 IU (mu mol xylose min(-1) ml(-1)) of xylanase when cultivated in alkaline medium at pH 9. Maximal enzyme activity was obtained by cultivation in a defined alkaline medium with 2% birchwood xylan and 1% corn steep liquor at pH 9, but high enzyme production was also obtained on wheat bran. The apparent pH optimum of the enzyme varied with the pH used for cultivation and the buffer system employed for enzyme assay. With cultivation at pH 10 and assays performed in glycine buffer, maximal activity was observed at pH 8.5; with phosphate buffer, maximal activity was between pH 6 and 7. The xylanase temperature optimum (at pH 7.0) was 55 degrees C. In the absence of substrate, at pH 9.0, the enzyme was stable at 50 degrees C for at least 30 min. Elecrophoretic analysis of the crude preparation showed one predominant xylanase with an alkaline pI. Biobleaching studies showed that the enzyme would brighten both hardwood and softwood kraft pulp and release chromophores at pH 7 and 9. Because kraft pulps are alkaline, this enzyme could be used for prebleaching with minimal pH adjustment. C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,INST MICROBIAL & BIOCHEM TECHNOL,MADISON,WI 53705. RI Jeffries, Thomas/I-8576-2012 OI Jeffries, Thomas/0000-0001-7408-4065 NR 43 TC 61 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 4 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0169-4146 J9 J IND MICROBIOL JI J. Indust. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 15 IS 5 BP 434 EP 441 DI 10.1007/BF01569971 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA TP061 UT WOS:A1995TP06100009 ER PT J AU TAYFUR, G TANJI, KK HOUSE, B ROBINSON, F TEUBER, L KRUSE, G AF TAYFUR, G TANJI, KK HOUSE, B ROBINSON, F TEUBER, L KRUSE, G TI MODELING DEFICIT IRRIGATION IN ALFALFA PRODUCTION SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID WATER AB A conceptual agronomic model EPIC was extended to consider the effects of salinity in alfalfa production under optimal and water stress irrigation conditions. The extended model was calibrated and validated with observed lysimeter data. The model parameters that affected alfalfa yield and soil salinity the most were wilting point, field capacity, hydraulic conductivity, nitrate concentration, biomass energy ratio, seeding rate, average soil salinity EC(e) at which crop yield is reduced by 50% (EC(50)), and initial soil gypsum concentration. The calibrated and validated model was then applied to an alfalfa deficit irrigation study. The four irrigation treatments included optimum check, minimum stress, short stress, and long stress, each of which produced differential alfalfa yields. The purpose of summer deficit irrigation was to ascertain how much agricultural water at what cost could be made available for urban water uses during water shortfalls. The results of model simulation were found to be satisfactory under all irrigation treatments though the model slightly overestimated the yields and underestimated the soil EC(e) at the end of short and long stress treatments. An economic component is included to determine the appropriate compensation for farmers undergoing a range of deficit irrigations. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT AGR ECON,DAVIS,CA 95616. DESERT RES & EXTENS CTR,EL CENTRO,CA 92243. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT AGRON,DAVIS,CA 95616. USDA ARS,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. RP TAYFUR, G (reprint author), IZMIR INST TECHNOL,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,IZMIR 35230,TURKEY. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 7 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 121 IS 6 BP 442 EP 451 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1995)121:6(442) PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA TF098 UT WOS:A1995TF09800012 ER PT J AU LONGLAND, WS CLEMENTS, C AF LONGLAND, WS CLEMENTS, C TI USE OF FLUORESCENT PIGMENTS IN STUDIES OF SEED CACHING BY RODENTS SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE SEED CACHING; FLUORESCENT PIGMENTS; SCATTERHOARDING; LARDERHOARDING; RODENTS; HETEROMYIDAE ID FOX SQUIRRELS; MAMMALS; DISPERSERS; CACHES; MICE AB We describe a new technique for locating seeds cached by rodents that offers practical and logistical advantages over previous methods. The new technique uses ultraviolet illumination and seeds marked with powdered fluorescent pigments, which transfer readily between surfaces upon contact and have been applied successfully for other research on small mammals. We used the technique at a field site in the Great Basin Desert of western Nevada to test and verify the prediction that seed-caching, heteromyid rodents would transport a preferred seed type longer distances to make caches in a habitat where this seed is rare relative to an adjacent habitat. We also tested two variations of our seed-tracking technique. The first uses only marked seeds and allows an investigator to locate rodent scatterhoards by searching systematically for pigment spots on the ground surface. The second technique requires rodents to harvest pigmented seeds from a bait station that also is laced with pigments, so that the animals leave pigmented footprints when transporting the seeds. Significantly more seed caches were located, and the caches were located at significantly longer distances from the seed source by following footprints with the second technique. Moreover, the footprint trails provided a detailed record of paths traversed by rodents during seed transport, they revealed locations of rodent burrows where seeds are stored in larders, and they made it easier to find scatterboards. RP LONGLAND, WS (reprint author), UNIV NEVADA,USDA ARS,920 VALLEY RD,RENO,NV 89512, USA. NR 32 TC 31 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 76 IS 4 BP 1260 EP 1266 DI 10.2307/1382621 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA TJ248 UT WOS:A1995TJ24800030 ER PT J AU GUERRERO, FD AF GUERRERO, FD TI CLONING, SEQUENCING, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A COMPLEMENTARY-DNA FROM HAEMATOBIA-IRRITANS IRRITANS (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE) THAT SHARES SIGNIFICANT HOMOLOGY TO A YEAST ATPASE SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Note DE HAEMATOBIA IRRITANS IRRITANS; RESISTANCE; RECOMBINANT DNA; LIBRARY SCREENING; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; PYRETHROIDS ID PYRETHROID RESISTANCE; HORN FLY; DROSOPHILA; GENE AB A study of the molecular genetics of the horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.), has resulted in the isolation and sequencing of a 2316-bp complementary DNA (cDNA) clone, HFN2b. An open reading frame was found, the deduced 464 amino acid sequence of which encodes a protein with 40% identity to AFG1, a member of a yeast family of ATPases; it contains an ATP- or CTP-binding P-loop motif. Northern and Southern blot analyses do not reveal significant differences in the expression of the gene homologous to HFN2b when comparing laboratory-reared horn flies that are susceptible or resistant to pyrethroid insecticides. RP GUERRERO, FD (reprint author), USDA ARS, KNIPLING BUSHLAND US LIVESTOCK INSECTS RES LA, KERRVILLE, TX 78028 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 32 IS 6 BP 906 EP 910 PG 5 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA TC133 UT WOS:A1995TC13300022 PM 8551518 ER PT J AU RANDELL, JS AF RANDELL, JS TI SPECIAL ISSUE - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NUTRITION EDUCATION POLICY, PROGRAMS, AND RESEARCH - A REVIEW OF RESEARCH - INTRODUCTION SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION LA English DT Editorial Material RP RANDELL, JS (reprint author), USDA,FOOD & CONSUMER SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 9 PU DECKER PERIODICALS INC PI HAMILTON PA 4 HUGHSON ST, PO BOX 620, LCD 1, HAMILTON ON L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 0022-3182 J9 J NUTR EDUC JI J. Nutr. Educ. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 27 IS 6 BP 277 EP 278 PG 2 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Education & Educational Research; Nutrition & Dietetics GA TK411 UT WOS:A1995TK41100001 ER PT J AU HAAS, E AF HAAS, E TI SPECIAL ISSUE - THE EFFECTIVENESS OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND IMPLICATIONS FOR NUTRITION EDUCATION POLICY, PROGRAMS, AND RESEARCH - A REVIEW OF RESEARCH - FORWARD SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION LA English DT Editorial Material RP HAAS, E (reprint author), USDA,FOOD NUTR & CONSUMER SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU DECKER PERIODICALS INC PI HAMILTON PA 4 HUGHSON ST, PO BOX 620, LCD 1, HAMILTON ON L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 0022-3182 J9 J NUTR EDUC JI J. Nutr. Educ. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 27 IS 6 BP 278 EP 278 PG 1 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Education & Educational Research; Nutrition & Dietetics GA TK411 UT WOS:A1995TK41100002 ER PT J AU CHEN, Y SAARI, JT KANG, YJ AF CHEN, Y SAARI, JT KANG, YJ TI COPPER DEFICIENCY INCREASES METALLOTHIONEIN-I MESSENGER-RNA CONTENT SELECTIVELY IN RAT-LIVER SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE COPPER DEFICIENCY; METALLOTHIONEIN; MESSENGER-RNA; LIVER; HEART; KIDNEY ID MESSENGER-RNA; MOUSE; ZINC; METABOLISM; GENE AB A variety of inducers of metallothionein (MT) synthesis have been identified. Copper loading, in particular, has been shown to increase MT expression in the liver and other organs of rodents. In the present study, the effect of severe dietary copper deficiency on MT expression was determined. Weanling rats were fed a purified diet deficient in copper (0.4 mu g/g of diet) or containing adequate copper (5.7 mu g/g of diet) for 4 weeks. Mineral analysis revealed that copper concentrations were severely depressed in the liver, heart, and kidney of the animals fed the copper-deficient diet. The mRNA content for MT-I was markedly increased in the copper-deficient liver bur not in the heart or kidney. The metallothionein protein concentration, however, was not elevated in either liver or heart and was decreased in the kidney of copper-deficient rats. The results demonstrate that copper deficiency enhances MT-I transcription selectively in the liver of rats. It also suggests that copper is nor essential for MT transcription in rats. C1 UNIV N DAKOTA,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL & TOXICOL,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202. USDA ARS,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND. NR 30 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 6 IS 11 BP 572 EP 576 DI 10.1016/0955-2863(95)00129-N PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA TB268 UT WOS:A1995TB26800001 ER PT J AU BURRI, BJ AF BURRI, BJ TI SERUM THYROID-HORMONE CONCENTRATIONS MAY INCREASE DURING CAROTENOID DEPLETION OF HEALTHY ADULT WOMEN SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE THYROXINE; TRIIODOTHYRONINE; THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE; WOMEN; CAROTENOIDS ID A-DEFICIENT RATS; VITAMIN-A; BETA-CAROTENE; LIVER; PERFORMANCE; TRANSPORT; DISORDERS; HUMANS; ASSAY AB Vitamin A and thyroid hormone status are interrelated. Much of vitamin A is derived from dietary carotenoids, so we investigated whether carotenoid depletion might influence thyroid hormone status. Nine healthy adult women were fed a low carotenoid diet (58 mu g/day) far 68 days then repleted with the same diet supplemented with 15,000 mu g of carotenoid/day for 28 days. The women lived on a metabolic unit, where their dietary intakes, exercise, and activities were controlled. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) increased significantly after 39 days of carotenoid depletion (P < 0.02), followed by significant increases in serum thyroxine (total T4), then free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3; all p < 0.02). TSH and total T4 concentrations stabilized during carotenoid repletion but remained significantly elevated over baseline. Serum trudothyronine (total T3), transthyretin, and total protein concentrations were not influenced by carotenoid depletion. Thus, carotenoid depletion may induce increases in some serum thyroid hormone concentrations in healthy young adult women. RP BURRI, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,POB 29997,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94129, USA. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 6 IS 11 BP 613 EP 617 DI 10.1016/0955-2863(95)00121-F PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA TB268 UT WOS:A1995TB26800007 ER PT J AU KARN, JF AF KARN, JF TI PHOSPHORUS SUPPLEMENTATION OF REPLACEMENT HEIFERS IN THE NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE NATIVE RANGE; FORAGE PHOSPHORUS; EXTRUSA ID RANGE COWS AB Studies were initiated in 1980 and 1984 to compare animal performance, dietary P levels, and serum mineral levels of P supplemented and unsupplemented replacement beef heifers (Bos taurus). Phosphorus supplementation levels averaged 4 g day(-1) from 14 November 1980 and 24 January 1984, respectively, until 1 September 1980 and 15 October 1984, respectively, when supplemental P was raised to 6 g day(-1). Heifers in both studies received mixed hay, primarily smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), and rolled oats during their first winter and hay only the second winter. During the summer they grazed on native pastures which contained primarily western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Love), needleandthread (Stipa comata Trin. and Rupr.), green needlegrass (S, viridula Trin.), blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Griffiths), and upland sedges (Carer spp.). Hereford and Hereford-Angus cross heifers in the first study showed no weight gain or serum P response to supplemental P, but conception rate over the 2 studies was lower (P<0.05) for the unsupplemented heifers and 75% of the open heifers occurred in the first study. Hereford-Simmental heifers used in the second study demonstrated an immediate weight gain response (P<0.06) to supplemental P which persisted to the end of the study in 1985, but there was only 1 open heifer in the unsupplemented group in this study, compared to 3 in the first study. Serum P was higher (P<0.06) for P supplemented than control heifers only when they were removed from summer pasture in the second study. Diet P (2.10 g kg(-1)) for unsupplemented Hereford-Sinmental heifers during the winter of 1984 was marginal, but diet P (2.53 g kg(-1)) for unsupplemented Hereford and Hereford-Angus heifers during the winter of 1980-1981 was clearly above recommended levels. Modest weight gain differences in the second study, serum P data and differences in conception rate suggest that Northern Great Plains forages are marginal to deficient in P for replacement beef heifers, but P supplementation would be expected to produce small and variable benefits. RP KARN, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO GREAT PLAINS RES LAB,POB 459,MANDAN,ND 58554, USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 48 IS 6 BP 493 EP 497 DI 10.2307/4003058 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TD932 UT WOS:A1995TD93200003 ER PT J AU SAMUEL, MJ HART, RH AF SAMUEL, MJ HART, RH TI OBSERVATIONS ON SPREAD AND FRAGMENTATION OF BLUE GRAMA CLONES IN DISTURBED RANGELAND SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION; REVEGETATION; COMPETITION; BOUTELOUA GRACILIS ID GROWTH; SEEDLINGS AB Establishment of blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis [H.B.K.] Lag ex. Steud.) depends on adequate precipitation at critical times and on reduced competition from associated vegetation, These conditions rarely occur on Central Plains rangelands. Therefore, rapid vegetative spread of new seedlings is desirable for colonizing disturbed rangeland, Blue grama genotypes selected for rapid spread would also be desirable for rangeland seeding, For 6 years, we followed the rate of spread of 19 blue grama clones originating from seedlings which emerged in 1980 and grew under natural competition. We observed a 4.5-fold difference in basal area and a 16.3-fold difference in above-ground biomass of these clones, perhaps because of genetic differences among clones and varying levels of competition. Clones must be tested under uniform competition with clonal replication to obtain reliable estimates of their capacity to spread. C1 USDA ARS,HIGH PLAINS GRASSLANDS RES STN,CHEYENNE,WY 82009. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 48 IS 6 BP 508 EP 510 DI 10.2307/4003061 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TD932 UT WOS:A1995TD93200006 ER PT J AU PEARSON, HA WOLTERS, GL THILL, RE MARTIN, A BALDWIN, VC AF PEARSON, HA WOLTERS, GL THILL, RE MARTIN, A BALDWIN, VC TI PLANT-RESPONSE TO SOILS, SITE PREPARATION, AND INITIAL PINE PLANTING DENSITY SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE LOBLOLLY PINE; TREE SPACING; RUSTON; SAWYER; UNDER-PLANT-RELEASE; SHEAR-WINDROW-BURN AB This study described the effects of soils, site preparation, and initial pine regeneration spacings on tree growth and the associated understory woody and herbaceous plant succession, Although Sawyer soils appeared more productive than Ruston soils before the harvest and regeneration treatments, woody and herbaceous plant differences were not apparent between the soils after regeneration. During the first 3 years after treatment, the mechanical site preparation method (shear-windrow-burn) reduced woody plant heights more than the underplant-release method; however, these height differences disappeared by the 6th year of post-treatment, Woody plant densities decreased initially, increased by the 6th year after treatment, and decreased to pretreatment levels by the 10th year, Herbage yields increased significantly after site preparation and pine regeneration through the 3rd year, decreased by the 6th year, and declined to levels below pretreatment by the 10th year, Initial pine planting densities did not significantly influence the understory herbage yields during the first 10 years as a result of the confounding effects of the other woody plant growth. C1 US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87106. US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,NACOGDOCHES,TX 75962. US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,PINEVILLE,LA 71360. USDA ARS,S CENT FAMILY FARM RES CTR,BOONEVILLE,AR 72927. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 48 IS 6 BP 511 EP 516 DI 10.2307/4003062 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TD932 UT WOS:A1995TD93200007 ER PT J AU SAVABI, MR RAWLS, WJ KNIGHT, RW AF SAVABI, MR RAWLS, WJ KNIGHT, RW TI WATER EROSION PREDICTION PROJECT (WEPP) RANGELAND HYDROLOGY COMPONENT EVALUATION ON A TEXAS RANGE SITE SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE INFILTRATION; RUNOFF; MODELING; SIMULATION; SOIL WATER ID INFILTRATION; EVAPORATION; PARAMETERS; GREEN; SOILS; CROP AB The USDA-Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) is a new technology based on the fundamentals of hydrology, soil physics, plant science, hydraulics, and erosion mechanics, WEPP hydrology includes simulation of excess rainfall using the Green and Ampt infiltration equation, surface runoff routing, evapotranspiration, percolation, and surface drainage, Hydrometeorological, soil, topography, and vegetation data from a range in Texas were used to test the WEPP rangeland hydrology model. Measured surface runoff and root zone soil water content from the site were compared with the simulated results of the WEPP model, The results indicate that the WEPP model (version 93.0) is capable of simulating soil water content and storm runoff, The Nash and Sutcliffe coefficient, NSR, between measured and simulated root zone soil water content and storm runoff was .88 and .84, respectively, for the bare ground plots, However, for the plots with herbaceous vegetation the discrepancy between model simulated storm runoff and soil water content was more than expected (NSR = .46 and NSR = .53, respectively). C1 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGR ENGN,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. USDA ARS,HYDROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT RANGE SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. RP SAVABI, MR (reprint author), PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,NATL SOIL EROS RES LAB,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907, USA. NR 28 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 48 IS 6 BP 535 EP 541 DI 10.2307/4003066 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TD932 UT WOS:A1995TD93200011 ER PT J AU HARDEGREE, SP BURGESS, MD AF HARDEGREE, SP BURGESS, MD TI DATALOGGER CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHAMBERS FOR VARIABLE-TEMPERATURE GERMINATION EXPERIMENTS SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Note DE FIELD VARIABILITY; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL; SEED RESPONSE AB Environmental conditions in the seedbed are much more variable than have historically been simulated in laboratory germination experiments, This paper describes a laboratory control system for real-time simulation of seedbed temperature regimes, The system is composed of a set of small refrigerators that have been enhanced with incandescent and fluorescent lights, fans and electrical-resistance heaters. The germination chambers are regulated by an electronic data acquisition/control system that allows each chamber to vary internal temperature on a continuous basis, Field temperatures can be transmitted to the laboratory and the germination chambers programmed in near-real-time for simultaneous laboratory germination/field emergence studies. RP HARDEGREE, SP (reprint author), USDA ARS,NW WATERSHED RES CTR,800 PK BLVD,PLAZA IV,SUITE 105,BOISE,ID 83712, USA. NR 5 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 48 IS 6 BP 554 EP 556 DI 10.2307/4003069 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TD932 UT WOS:A1995TD93200014 ER PT J AU Donoghue, AM Bakst, MR Holsberger, DR Donoghue, DJ AF Donoghue, AM Bakst, MR Holsberger, DR Donoghue, DJ TI Effect of semen storage on the number of spermatozoa in the perivitelline layer of laid turkey eggs SO JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION AND FERTILITY LA English DT Article ID SPERM-STORAGE; ARTIFICIAL-INSEMINATION; DOMESTIC-FOWL; FERTILITY; HENS AB A progressive decline in fertility over the course of egg production may be observed when turkey hens are inseminated weekly with semen stored for 24 h. In vivo storage of spermatozoa before insemination results in lower fertilization, possibly because fewer spermatozoa survive selection and storage in the hen's sperm storage tubules in vivo; alternatively, stored spermatozoa may be as capable of reaching the egg as are fresh spermatozoa, but unable to penetrate and fertilize the egg normally. The objective of this study was to determine whether this decline in fertility is a result of fewer spermatozoa reaching the egg after insemination with spermatozoa stored in vitro. Hens were inseminated weekly over the first 12 weeks of egg production with either fresh semen (n = 30 hens) or semen stored for 24 h (n = 30 hens). A total of 301 eggs was evaluated by determining the density distribution of spermatozoa embedded in the outer perivitelline layer. For the 12 weeks of egg production, the fertility of hens inseminated with fresh semen remained greater than 94%. Conversely, the percentage fertility of eggs from hens inseminated with stored semen in weeks 1-3 was greater than 94% but thereafter fertility averaged 86%. There was no difference in hatchability of fertile eggs between the two treatments over all weeks combined, and weekly throughout the study (P> 0.05). The mean number of spermatozoa in the perivitelline layer was higher (P < 0.001) when hens were inseminated with fresh (12.1 +/- 1.3 spermatozoa per 5.5 mm(2) membrane) versus stored semen (2.5 +/- 0.3 spermatozoa per 5.5 mm(2) membrane) over all weeks combined, and weekly throughout the study (P<0.05). As a result of storage for 24h, fewer spermatozoa are stored in the sperm storage tubules and, consequently, fewer spermatozoa are present at the site of fertilization, thus contributing to the depressed fertility. RP Donoghue, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC REPRODUCTION FERTILITY PI CAMBRIDGE PA 22 NEWMARKET RD, CAMBRIDGE CB5 8DT, ENGLAND SN 0022-4251 J9 J REPROD FERTIL JI J. Reprod. Fertil. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 105 IS 2 BP 221 EP 225 PG 5 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA TM745 UT WOS:A1995TM74500007 PM 8568764 ER PT J AU DINTZIS, FR BAGLEY, EB FELKER, FC AF DINTZIS, FR BAGLEY, EB FELKER, FC TI SHEAR-THICKENING AND FLOW-INDUCED STRUCTURE IN A SYSTEM OF DMSO CONTAINING WAXY MAIZE STARCH SO JOURNAL OF RHEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUSPENSIONS AB Waxy maize starch in the solvent 90%DMSO-H2O exhibited the phenomena of shear-thickening, quasihysteresis loops of shear stress versus strain rate that were anticlockwise and flow-induced structure that was observed with phase contrast microscopy. These phenomena were not seen with normal maize starch and an enriched fraction of normal maize amylopectin. The ability of a waxy maize starch sample to have these properties could be destroyed by severe treatment. We consider the flow properties of shear-thickening and anticlockwise shear stress/strain rate loops to be indicative of a flow-induced structure that occurs with waxy maize starch amylopectin. Because these effects do not occur with normal maize starch we infer that there is a significant structural difference between the amylopectins of waxy maize starch versus normal maize starch. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PHYTOPROD RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP DINTZIS, FR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FOOD PHYS CHEM RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 15 TC 34 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0148-6055 J9 J RHEOL JI J. Rheol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1399 EP 1409 DI 10.1122/1.550643 PG 11 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA TE187 UT WOS:A1995TE18700017 ER PT J AU DINTZIS, FR BAGLEY, EB AF DINTZIS, FR BAGLEY, EB TI EFFECTS OF THERMOMECHANICAL PROCESSING ON VISCOSITY BEHAVIOR OF CORN STARCHES SO JOURNAL OF RHEOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Boston Symposium on Food Rheology CY OCT 17-21, 1993 CL BOSTON, MA ID CHAIN-LENGTH; AMYLOPECTIN; AMYLOSE; SYSTEMS; PASTES; WHEAT; GELS AB A waxy, a dent, and a high amylose starch were subjected to thermomechanical processing of varying degrees of severity. These treatments ran ed from gentle dissolution in 90%DMSO to autoclaving, at temperatures up to 180 degrees C, to jet-cooking. The treatments had major effects on viscosities of the starch dispersions and in particular on the intrinsic viscosities, which were determined to provide a relative measure of the molecular sizes of the processed starches. The intrinsic viscosities, from the least severe treatment to the most severe treatment, were 220 and 98; 181 and 104; 105-80 ml/g, respectively, for the waxy, dent, and high amylose starches. An unexpected characteristic of processed waxy maize was that the viscosity of 6% dispersions was extremely sensitive to intrinsic viscosity changes in the narrow range of 180-165 ml/g. In contrast, viscosities of waxy maize dispersions were relatively insensitive to changes in the lower intrinsic viscosity values ( < 160 ml/g) caused by more severe treatments. Dispersions of jet-cooked waxy maize exhibited Newtonian flow; jet-cooked dispersions of high amylose starch did not. RP DINTZIS, FR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 19 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 SN 0148-6055 J9 J RHEOL JI J. Rheol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 39 IS 6 BP 1483 EP 1495 DI 10.1122/1.550719 PG 13 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA TE187 UT WOS:A1995TE18700024 ER PT J AU FLOYD, MD AF FLOYD, MD TI VEGETATIVE RESPONSES TO IMPLEMENTATION OF CAMERON-CREOLE IN SOUTHWESTERN LOUISIANA - AN ECOSYSTEM-BASED WATERSHED PROJECT SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article RP FLOYD, MD (reprint author), USDA,NAT RESOURCES CONSERVAT SERV,WATER RESOURCES PLANNING STAFF,ALEXANDRIA,LA, USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 50 IS 6 BP 605 EP 607 PG 3 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA TH302 UT WOS:A1995TH30200009 ER PT J AU GLAZ, B AF GLAZ, B TI RESEARCH SEEKING AGRICULTURAL AND ECOLOGICAL BENEFITS IN THE EVERGLADES SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID SUGARCANE; AREA RP GLAZ, B (reprint author), USDA ARS,SURGARCANE FIELD STN,CANAL POINT,FL 33438, USA. NR 38 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 50 IS 6 BP 609 EP 612 PG 4 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA TH302 UT WOS:A1995TH30200010 ER PT J AU ELLIOTT, LF SAXTON, KE PAPENDICK, RI AF ELLIOTT, LF SAXTON, KE PAPENDICK, RI TI THE EFFECT OF RESIDUE MANAGEMENT AND PARATILLAGE ON SOIL-WATER CONSERVATION AND SPYING BARLEY YIELDS SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID TILLAGE; PARAPLOW AB Summer fallowing wastes water, energy, and soil. Summer fallowing is practiced because it often increases or stabilizes cereal grain yield in low-rainfall climates. The effect of crop reside management and paratillage (Paraplow tillage) on water storage was determined in a summer fallow 35 cm (13.8 in) precipitation zone to assess feasibility for annual cropping. Paratillage and crop residues significantly increased overwinter water storage. Averaged over the three residue treatments, four replications, and 3 years, paratillage increased the overwinter soil water storage by 8.2 +/- 4.3 cm (3.2 +/- 1.9 in) over that not paratilled. Similarly, averaged over the two tillages, the standing residue increased the overwinter soil water storage 1.0 +/- 3.7 cm (0.4 +/- 1.4 in) over the chopped stubble and 6.3 +/- 3.0 nn (2.5 +/- 1.2 in) over the burned stubble. The increased water storage did not result in significant increases in barley yields in these study plots. The increased water storage of these practices over an entire field may allow economic annual cropping in some cares. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP ELLIOTT, LF (reprint author), NATL FORAGE SEED PROD RES CTR,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 50 IS 6 BP 656 EP 658 PG 3 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA TH302 UT WOS:A1995TH30200018 ER PT J AU HOU, CT AF HOU, CT TI SPECIAL ISSUE - BIOTECHNOLOGY SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material RP HOU, CT (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 72 IS 11 BP 1245 EP 1245 DI 10.1007/BF02546195 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TE361 UT WOS:A1995TE36100001 ER PT J AU HOU, CT AF HOU, CT TI PRODUCTION OF HYDROXY FATTY-ACIDS FROM UNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS BY FLAVOBACTERIUM SP DS5 HYDRATASE, A C-10 POSITIONAL-SPECIFIC AND CIS UNSATURATION-SPECIFIC ENZYME SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 86th AOCS Annual Meeting and Expo CY MAY 08, 1995 CL SAN ANTONIO, TX SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc DE BIOCONVERSION; FLAVOBACTERIUM; HYDRATASE; HYDRATION; HYDROXY FATTY ACIDS; UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS ID OLEIC-ACID; 7,10-DIHYDROXY-8(E)-OCTADECENOIC ACID; MICROBIAL CONVERSION; BIOCONVERSION; COMPOUND AB A new microbial isolate, Flavobacterium sp. DS5, converted oleic and linoleic acids to their corresponding 10-keto- and 10-hydroxy fatty acids. The hydration enzyme seems to be specific to the C-10 position. Conversion products from alpha- and gamma-linolenic acids were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance as 10-hydroxy-12(Z),15(Z)-octadecadienoic and 10-hydroxy-6(Z),12(Z)-octadecadienoic acids, respectively. Products from other 9(Z)-unsaturated fatty acids also were identified as their corresponding 10-hydroxy- and 10-keto- fatty acids. Trans unsaturated fatty acid was not converted. From these results, it is concluded that strain DS5 hydratase is indeed a C-10 positional-specific and cis-specific enzyme. DS5 hydratase prefers an 18-carbon monounsaturated fatty acid. Among the C-18 unsaturated fatty acids, an additional double bond at either side of the 9,10-position lowers the enzyme hydration activity. Because hydratases from other microbes also convert 9(Z)-unsaturated fatty acids to 10-hydroxy fatty acids, the C-10 positional specificity of microbial hydratases may be universal. RP HOU, CT (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 25 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 72 IS 11 BP 1265 EP 1270 DI 10.1007/BF02546197 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TE361 UT WOS:A1995TE36100003 ER PT J AU FOGLIA, TA CONKERTON, EJ SONNET, PE AF FOGLIA, TA CONKERTON, EJ SONNET, PE TI REGIOSELECTIVE ANALYSIS OF TRIACYLGLYCEROLS BY LIPASE HYDROLYSIS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 86th AOCS Annual Meeting and Expo CY MAY 08, 1995 CL SAN ANTONIO, TX SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc DE DIACYLGLYCEROLS; FREE FATTY ACIDS; GLC; HPLC; HYDROLYSIS; MELON SEED OIL; MS; 1,3-SPECIFIC LIPASES; TUNG OIL ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; TRIACYL-SN-GLYCEROLS; STEREOSPECIFIC ANALYSIS; ORGANIC-SOLVENTS; MIXTURES AB A modified procedure for the regiospecific analysis of triacylglycerols (TAG) with a 1,3-specific lipase is described. After partial lipase hydrolysis of the triacylglycerol, th released free fatty acids (FFA) and 1,2(2,3)-diacylglycerols (DAC) were isolated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and converted to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). The FAME were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The 1,3-specific lipases used in this study included supported preparations from strains of Mucor miehei and Rhizopus oryzae. The method also was applied to the regiospecific analyses of tung nut and Chinese melon seed oil triacyglycerols, both of which contain high proportions of alpha-elaeostearic acid, The TAG composition of the oils was substantiated in parallel analysis of the oils by high-performance liquid chromatography with chemical ionization mass spectrometric detection of intact TAC. C1 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124. RP FOGLIA, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 21 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 72 IS 11 BP 1275 EP 1279 DI 10.1007/BF02546199 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TE361 UT WOS:A1995TE36100005 ER PT J AU MCNEILL, GP SONNET, PE AF MCNEILL, GP SONNET, PE TI LOW-CALORIE TRIGLYCERIDE SYNTHESIS BY LIPASE-CATALYZED ESTERIFICATION OF MONOGLYCERIDES SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 86th AOCS Annual Meeting and Expo CY MAY 08, 1995 CL SAN ANTONIO, TX SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc DE BEHENIC ACID; CAPRENIN; CAPRUCIN; ERUCIC ACID; LIPASE; MONOGLYCERIDE; SYNTHESIS; TRIGLYCERIDE ID GEOTRICHUM-CANDIDUM; FATTY-ACID; GLYCERIDES; ABSORPTION; CAPRENIN AB Monoglycerides of erucic acid (C-22:1, Delta 13), prepared by conventional methods were reacted with caprylic acid (octanoic acid, C-8:0) by using lipases as catalysts with the intention of synthesizing a triglyceride that contains two molecules of caprylic acid and one molecule of erucic acid (caprucin). The reaction was carried out by mixing lipase powder, a small quantity of water, and the reactants in a temperature-controlled stirred batch reactor. Organic solvents or emulsifying agents were not required. When the nonspecific lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia was used, a yield of approximately 37% caprucin was obtained, together with a complex mixture of di- and triglycerides that resulted from the random transesterification of the erucic acid. The fatty acid-specific lipase from Geotrichum candidum promoted minimal transesterification of erucic acid and resulted ina yield of 75% caprucin and approx approximately 10% interesterification products. Lipase from Candida rugosa exhibited a similar, although less pronounced, specificity to that from G. candidum and promoted more transesterification of erucic acid. Optimum conditions for G. candidum lipase were at 50 degrees C and an initial water content of 5.5%. After the reaction, erucic acid was converted to behenic acid by hydrogenation, thereby converting caprucin into caprenin, a commercially available low-calorie triglyceride. C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. NR 18 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 72 IS 11 BP 1301 EP 1307 DI 10.1007/BF02546203 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TE361 UT WOS:A1995TE36100009 ER PT J AU HAYES, DG KLEIMAN, R AF HAYES, DG KLEIMAN, R TI LIPASE-CATALYZED SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF ESTOLIDES AND THEIR ESTERS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 86th AOCS Annual Meeting and Expo CY MAY 08, 1995 CL SAN ANTONIO, TX SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc DE ESTERIFICATION; ESTOLIDES; HYDROXY FATTY ACID; LESQUEROLIC ACID; LIPASES; SUPERCRITICAL FLUID CHROMATOGRAPHY ID FATTY-ACIDS; POLYMER CHEMISTRY; MEADOWFOAM OIL; VEGETABLE-OILS; ESTERIFICATION; ENZYMES; HYDROLYSIS; OLIGOMERS AB Eight lipases were screened for their ability to synthesize estolides from a mixture that contained lesquerolic (14-hydroxy-11-eicosenoic) acid and octadecenoic acid. With the exception of Aspergillus niger lipase, all 1,3-specific enzymes (from Rhizopus arrhizus and Rhizomucor miehei lipases) were unable to synthesize estolides. Candida rugosa and Geotrichum lipases catalyzed estolide formation at >40% yield, with >80% of the estolide formed being monoestolide from one lesquerolic and one octadecenoic acyl group. Pseudomonas sp. lipase synthesized estolides at 62% yield, but the product mixture contained significant amounts of monoestolide with two lesquerolic acyl groups as well as diestolide. Immobilized R. miehei lipase was chosen to catalyze the esterification of mono- and polyestolide, derived synthetically from oleic acid, with fatty alcohols or alpha,omega-diols. Yields were >95% for fatty alcohol reactions and >60% for diol reactions. In addition, the estolide linkage remained intact through the course of the esterification process. Esterification of estolides improved the estolide's properties-for example, lower viscosity and higher viscosity index-but slightly raised the melting point. Estolides and, particularly, estolide esters may be suitable as lubricants or lubricant additives. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 33 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 72 IS 11 BP 1309 EP 1316 DI 10.1007/BF02546204 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TE361 UT WOS:A1995TE36100010 ER PT J AU KONISHI, H NEFF, WE MOUNTS, TL AF KONISHI, H NEFF, WE MOUNTS, TL TI OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF SOYBEAN OIL PRODUCTS OBTAINED BY REGIOSELECTIVE CHEMICAL INTERESTERIFICATION SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 86th AOCS Annual Meeting and Expo CY MAY 08, 1995 CL SAN ANTONIO, TX SP Amer Oil Chemists Soc DE FATTY ADD POSITION; INTERESTERIFICATION; METHYL STEARATE; OXIDATIVE STABILITY; PEROXIDE FORMATION; RANDOMIZATION; REGIOSELECTIVITY; SOYBEAN OIL; TRIACYLGLYCEROLS; VOLATILES ID CHLOROPHYLL-SENSITIZED PHOTOOXIDATION; POLYUNSATURATED TRIACYLGLYCEROLS; VEGETABLE-OILS; BETA-CAROTENE; FATTY-ACIDS; AUTOXIDATION; HYDROGENATION; ANTIOXIDANTS; PERFORMANCE; LINOLENATE AB Oxidative stability of products produced as potential margarine basestock from soybean oil and methyl stearate by a novel chemical regioselective interesterification was evaluated. The oxidative stability of the products was evaluated by peroxide formation and volatile analysis during storage in the dark with oxygen at 60 degrees C for 72 h. The product obtained by regioselective interesterification resulted in the lowest peroxide formation and volatile concentration sample in comparison with soybean oil and the randomized product of the regioselective interesterified product. Regioselective interesterification of soybean oil with methyl stearate produced a product with increased oxidative stability. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 45 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 72 IS 11 BP 1393 EP 1398 DI 10.1007/BF02546217 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TE361 UT WOS:A1995TE36100023 ER PT J AU HAAS, MJ ESPOSITO, D CICHOWICZ, DJ AF HAAS, MJ ESPOSITO, D CICHOWICZ, DJ TI A SOFTWARE PACKAGE TO STREAMLINE THE TITRIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF LIPASE ACTIVITY SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Note DE ENZYME ACTIVITY; LIPASE; LIPOLYSIS; MACRO AB A computer software method, the Lipase Titrimetric Analysis Program, has been developed which considerably improves the utility of the Radiometer TitraLab/pH Stat system for the determination of lipolytic activity. The program features increased user interaction in the calculation of maximal lipolytic activity, allows additional titrations to be performed while previously collected data are being analyzed, and permits the permanent storage of titration data. C1 LA SALLE UNIV,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19141. USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. NR 4 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 72 IS 11 BP 1405 EP 1406 DI 10.1007/BF02546219 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TE361 UT WOS:A1995TE36100025 ER PT J AU HEUSSLAROSA, K HAMMOND, R CROSSLIN, JM HAZEL, C HAMMERSCHLAG, FA AF HEUSSLAROSA, K HAMMOND, R CROSSLIN, JM HAZEL, C HAMMERSCHLAG, FA TI MONITORING PRUNUS NECROTIC RINGSPOT VIRUS-INFECTION BY HYBRIDIZATION WITH A CRNA PROBE AFTER IN-VITRO MICROGRAFTING SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE PRUNUS PERSICA; TISSUE CULTURE ID COAT PROTEIN; PLANTS; RNA AB In vitro micrografting was tested as a technique for inoculating peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] shoot cultures with Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV). Cultured 'Suncrest' shoots derived from a naturally infected tree (as indicated by ELISA testing) maintained virus in vitro, with virus concentrations in growing tips and folded leaves being several times those of fully expanded leaves, Infected shoots served as graft bases and source of the virus. Grafted tips were derived from 'Suncrest' trees that had tested negative for the virus, Leaf samples were collected from the tips following grafting and analyzed for the presence of virus by slot-blot hybridization with a (DIG)-labeled cRNA probe derived from PNRSV RNA 3. Rates of successful grafting ranged from 55% to 73% in three trials and PNRSV was found in all tips analyzed. Virus concentrations approximated those found in source shoots, suggesting that in vitro micrografting should be useful for screening transformed peach shoots for coat protein-mediated resistance to PNRSV. Chemical name used: digoxigenin (DIG). C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,PLANT MOLEC BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 120 IS 6 BP 928 EP 931 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA TC365 UT WOS:A1995TC36500010 ER PT J AU HASHMI, GP HAMMERSCHLAG, FA HUETTEL, RN KRUSBERG, LR AF HASHMI, GP HAMMERSCHLAG, FA HUETTEL, RN KRUSBERG, LR TI GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND RESPONSE OF PEACH SOMACLONES TO THE ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE, MELOIDOGYNE-INCOGNITA SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE IN VITRO SCREENING; MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA; NEMATODE RESISTANCE; PRUNUS PERSICA ID CAMPESTRIS PV PRUNI; TREE SHORT LIFE; TISSUE-CULTURE; DISEASE RESISTANCE; PLANTS; REGENERATION; PROTOPLASTS; CULTIVARS; IMPROVEMENT; SELECTION AB Somaclonal variation has been reported in many plant species, and several phenotypic and genetic changes, including pathogen and pest resistance, have been described. This study was designed to evaluate somaclonal variation in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] regenerants in response to the root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood, Regenerants SH-156-1, SH-156-7, SH-156-11, and SH-156-12, derived from 'Sunhigh' (susceptible) embryo no. 156, and regenerants RH-30-1, RH-30-2, RH-30-4, RH-30-6, RH-30-7, and RH-30-8, derived from 'Redhaven' (moderately resistant) embryo no, 30, were screened in vitro for resistance to the root-knot nematode, Under in vitro conditions, fewest nematodes developed on regenerants SH-156-1 and SH-156-11, 'Redhaven', and all 'Redhaven' embryo no. 30 regenerants. The most nematodes developed on 'Sunhigh','Sunhigh' seedlings (SHS), and regenerant SH-156-7. Nematodes did not develop on 'Nemaguard', In greenhouse tests, fewer nematodes developed and reproduced on the no, 156-series regenerants than on 'Sunhigh', Under in vitro conditions, significant differences among uninfected (control) regenerants, cultivars, and rootstock 'Nemaguard' were observed for shoot height and fresh root weights, Significant differences were also observed among infected regenerants, cultivars, and 'Nemaguard' for these characteristics, but differences were not observed between control and infected regenerants, Different concentrations of alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid in half-strength Murashige and Skoog salt medium induced rooting of two peach cultivars, one rootstock, and four regenerants. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT BOT,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. RP HASHMI, GP (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,PLANT MOLEC BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 42 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 120 IS 6 BP 932 EP 937 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA TC365 UT WOS:A1995TC36500011 ER PT J AU SCORZA, R LEVY, L DAMSTEEGT, V YEPES, LM CORDTS, J HADIDI, A SLIGHTOM, J GONSALVES, D AF SCORZA, R LEVY, L DAMSTEEGT, V YEPES, LM CORDTS, J HADIDI, A SLIGHTOM, J GONSALVES, D TI TRANSFORMATION OF PLUM WITH THE PAPAYA RINGSPOT VIRUS COAT PROTEIN GENE AND REACTION OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS TO PLUM POX VIRUS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CROSS-PROTECTION; POTYVIRUS; VIRUS RESISTANCE ID MOSAIC-VIRUS; RESISTANCE; INFECTION; REGENERATION; PROTECTION; EXPRESS; TREES AB Transgenic plum plants expressing the papaya ringspot virus (PRV) coat protein (CP) were produced by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of hypocotyl slices. Hypocotyl slices were cocultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58/Z707 containing the plasmid pGA482GG/CPPRV-4. This plasmid carries the PRVCP gene construct and chimeric NPTII and GUS genes. Shoots were regenerated on Murashige and Skoog salts, vitamins, 2% sucrose, 2.5 mu M indolebutyric acid, 7.5 mu M thidiazuron, and appropriate antibiotics for selection. Integration of the foreign genes was verified through kanamycin resistance, GUS assays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and Southern blot analyses. Four transgenic clones were identified. Three were vegetatively propagated and graft-inoculated with plum pox virus (PPV)-infected budwood in a quarantine, containment greenhouse. PPV infection was evaluated over a 2- to ii-year period through visual symptoms, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and reverse transcriptase PCR assays. While most plants showed signs of infection and systemic spread of PPV within la months, one plant appeared to delay the spread of virus and the appearance of disease symptoms. Virus spread was limited to basal portions of this plant up to 19 months postinoculation, but, after 32 months symptoms were evident and virus was detected throughout the plant. Our results suggest that heterologous protection with PRVCP, while having the potential to delay PPV symptoms and spread throughout plum plants, may not provide an adequate level of long-term resistance. C1 USDA ARS,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,PLANT PROTECT QUARANTINE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,FOREIGN DIS WEED SCI RES UNIT,FREDERICK,MD 21702. CORNELL UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,GENEVA,NY 14456. USDA ARS,NATL GERMPLASM RESOURCES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UPJOHN CO,MOLEC BIOL UNIT 7242,KALAMAZOO,MI 49007. CORNELL UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,GENEVA,NY 14456. RP SCORZA, R (reprint author), USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,45 WILTSHIRE RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 50 TC 35 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 120 IS 6 BP 943 EP 952 PG 10 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA TC365 UT WOS:A1995TC36500013 ER PT J AU MARTIN, CA STUTZ, JC KIMBALL, BA IDSO, SB AKEY, DH AF MARTIN, CA STUTZ, JC KIMBALL, BA IDSO, SB AKEY, DH TI GROWTH AND TOPOLOGICAL CHANGES OF CITRUS-LIMON (L) BURM F EUREKA IN RESPONSE TO HIGH-TEMPERATURES AND ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE LEMON; HEAT STRESS ID PLANT-ROOT SYSTEMS; CO2 CONCENTRATIONS; ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS; GAS-EXCHANGE; SEEDLINGS; ENRICHMENT; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PRODUCTIVITY; RESPIRATION; CARBOXYLASE AB Growth and topological indices of 'Eureka' lemon were measured after 6 months in well-watered and well-fertilized conditions and factorial combinations of moderate (29/21C day/night) or high (42/32C day/night) temperatures and ambient (350 to 380 mu mol . mol(-1)) or elevated (constant 680 mu mol . mol(-1)) CO2. In high temperatures, plants were smaller and had higher levels of leaf chlorophyll alpha than in moderate temperatures. Moreover, plants in high temperatures and elevated CO2 had about 15% higher levels of leaf chlorophyll alpha than those in high temperatures and ambient CO2. In high temperatures, plant growth in elevated CO2 was about 87% more than in ambient CO2. Thus, high CO2 reduced the negative effect of high temperature on shoot growth, In moderate temperatures, plant growth in elevated CO2 Was only about 21% more than in ambient CO2. Irrespective of temperature treatments, shoot branch architecture in elevated CO2 was more hierarchical than those in ambient CO2. Specific shoot extension, a topological measure of branch frequency, was not affected by elevated CO2 in moderate temperatures, but was increased by elevated CO2 enrichment in high temperatures-an indication of decreased branch frequency and increased apical dominance, In moderate temperatures, plants in elevated CO2 had fibrous root branch patterns that were less hierarchical than at ambient CO2. The lengths of exterior and interior fibrous roots between branch points and the length of second-degree adventitious lateral branches were increased >50% by high temperatures compared with moderate temperatures, Root length between branch points was not affected by CO2 levels. C1 US WATER CONSERVAT LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. RP MARTIN, CA (reprint author), ARIZONA STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT,BOX 871601,TEMPE,AZ 85287, USA. NR 49 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 120 IS 6 BP 1025 EP 1031 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA TC365 UT WOS:A1995TC36500025 ER PT J AU ANDERSON, ML PALMER, CW THURMOND, MC PICANSO, JP BLANCHARD, PC BREITMEYER, RE LAYTON, AW MCALLISTER, M DAFT, B KINDE, H READ, DH DUBEY, JP CONRAD, PA BARR, BC AF ANDERSON, ML PALMER, CW THURMOND, MC PICANSO, JP BLANCHARD, PC BREITMEYER, RE LAYTON, AW MCALLISTER, M DAFT, B KINDE, H READ, DH DUBEY, JP CONRAD, PA BARR, BC TI EVALUATION OF ABORTIONS IN CATTLE ATTRIBUTABLE TO NEOSPOROSIS IN SELECTED DAIRY HERDS IN CALIFORNIA SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID PROTOZOAL INFECTIONS; FETUSES AB Objective-To estimate the minimum rate of abortion attributable to infection with Neospora sp in selected California dairy herds. Design-Prospective study. Animals-Twenty-six dairy herds containing 19,708 cows were studied. Fourteen herds had a history of abortions attributable to neosporosis, and 12 were herds in which neosporosis had not been identified as a cause of abortions. Procedure-During a 1-year period, all available aborted fetuses were submitted to veterinary diagnostic laboratories to determine the cause of abortion. Reproductive records of cows that aborted were reviewed. Results-Neospora sp infection was the major cause of abortion identified (113/266 abortions, 42.5%). The majority (232/266, 87.2%) of the aborted fetuses were submitted from herds with a history of abortions attributable to neosporosis, and Neospora sp infection was identified as the causative agent in 101 of 232 (43.5%) of the abortions from these herds. Fewer aborted fetuses were submitted from the 12 herds that did not have a history of abortion attributable to Neospora sp; however, neosporosis was confirmed as a cause of abortion in 6 of these 12 herds and was identified as the causative agent in 12 of 34 (35.3%) abortions from these herds. The disease was widespread throughout the state (19/26 herds in our study). Available reproductive histories of cows that had abortions attributed to neosporosis were evaluated, and 4 cows were identified that twice aborted Neospora-infected fetuses. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,SCH VET MED,DEPT PATHOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,SCH VET MED,DEPT MICROBIOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,SCH VET MED,DEPT IMMUNOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,SCH VET MED,DEPT MED & EPIDEMIOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. CALIF DEPT FOOD & AGR,SACRAMENTO,CA 94271. USDA ARS,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP ANDERSON, ML (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,SCH VET MED,VET DIAGNOST LAB,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. RI McAllister, Milton/C-8146-2013 OI McAllister, Milton/0000-0001-5457-2678 NR 13 TC 157 Z9 165 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 1 PY 1995 VL 207 IS 9 BP 1206 EP & PG 0 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA TB378 UT WOS:A1995TB37800018 PM 7559072 ER PT J AU RENARD, KG GOODRICH, DC AF RENARD, KG GOODRICH, DC TI PREDICTING SEDIMENT YIELD IN STORM-WATER RUNOFF FROM URBAN AREAS SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Discussion RP RENARD, KG (reprint author), USDA ARS,SW WATERSHED RES CTR,2000 E ALLEN RD,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. RI Goodrich, David/B-1763-2009 OI Goodrich, David/0000-0001-7735-1448 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 121 IS 6 BP 510 EP 511 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1995)121:6(510) PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA TA123 UT WOS:A1995TA12300014 ER PT J AU ROBERTS, SB AF ROBERTS, SB TI EFFECTS OF AGING ON ENERGY-REQUIREMENTS AND THE CONTROL OF FOOD-INTAKE IN MEN SO JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Sarcopenia - Muscle Atrophy in Old Age CY SEP 19-21, 1994 CL AIRLIE, VA SP NIA ID DOUBLY LABELED WATER; NATIONAL COHORT; BODY-WEIGHT; EXPENDITURE; ADULTS; HUMANS AB Inadequate energy intake can be an important contributor to sarcopenia in older individuals, because negative energy balance induces negative nitrogen balance, independent of nitrogen intake. This review highlights recent studies from our laboratory on possible causes of negative energy balance in older individuals. Studies of energy requirements determined by measurement of total energy expenditure during weight maintenance, using the doubly labeled water technique, and the control of food intake following overeating and undereating indicate (a) that older individuals have higher energy requirements than anticipated, based on current Recommended Dietary Allowances for energy, and (b) that aging is associated with a significant impairment in the control of food intake, which inhibits appropriate compensation for prior changes in energy intake. The combination of unexpectedly high energy needs, and an inability to accurately control energy intake, increases the risk for negative energy balance and associated body fat and protein losses in older individuals. RP ROBERTS, SB (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,ENERGY METAB LAB,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG-07388] NR 29 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 1 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 SN 1079-5006 J9 J GERONTOL A-BIOL JI J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 50 SI SI BP 101 EP 106 PG 6 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA TE567 UT WOS:A1995TE56700020 PM 7493200 ER PT J AU GREGORY, R LICHTENSTEIN, S BROWN, TC PETERSON, GL SLOVIC, P AF GREGORY, R LICHTENSTEIN, S BROWN, TC PETERSON, GL SLOVIC, P TI HOW PRECISE ARE MONETARY REPRESENTATIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS SO LAND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID CONTINGENT; RELIABILITY; JUDGMENT; VALUES; CHOICE AB Subjects valued environmental goods using a response mode expressing willingness to pay as a multiplier or divider of a purported ''budgetary unit.'' Hypothetical willingness to pay was found to be highly dependent on the size of the budgetary unit. Rejecting two other interpretations, we believe the results suggest that people's contingent values are only vaguely represented in monetary terms; any dollar amount within a broad range is considered an acceptable expression of value. Although the procedures differ from those of a typical contingent valuation survey the results demonstrate some of the difficulties in discovering precise monetary values for environmental re sources. (JEL Q21) C1 US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FT COLLINS,CO. RP GREGORY, R (reprint author), DECIS RES,EUGENE,OR, USA. NR 23 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 5 PU UNIV WISCONSIN PI MADISON PA SOCIAL SCIENCE BLDG, MADISON, WI 53706 SN 0023-7639 J9 LAND ECON JI Land Econ. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 71 IS 4 BP 462 EP 473 DI 10.2307/3146711 PG 12 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TB752 UT WOS:A1995TB75200005 ER PT J AU LOOMIS, J GONZALEZCABAN, A GREGORY, R AF LOOMIS, J GONZALEZCABAN, A GREGORY, R TI DO REMINDERS OF SUBSTITUTES AND BUDGET CONSTRAINTS INFLUENCE CONTINGENT VALUATION ESTIMATES - REPLY SO LAND ECONOMICS LA English DT Note C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW STN,RIVERSIDE,CA. DECIS RES,EUGENE,OR. RP LOOMIS, J (reprint author), COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR & RESOURCE ECON,FT COLLINS,CO 80523, USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV WISCONSIN PI MADISON PA SOCIAL SCIENCE BLDG, MADISON, WI 53706 SN 0023-7639 J9 LAND ECON JI Land Econ. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 71 IS 4 BP 544 EP 545 DI 10.2307/3146720 PG 2 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TB752 UT WOS:A1995TB75200014 ER PT J AU NELSON, GJ SCHMIDT, PC KELLEY, DS AF NELSON, GJ SCHMIDT, PC KELLEY, DS TI LOW-FAT DIETS DO NOT LOWER PLASMA-CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN HEALTHY-MEN COMPARED TO HIGH-FAT DIETS WITH SIMILAR FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION AT CONSTANT CALORIC-INTAKE SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID LOW-DENSITY; HIGH-CARBOHYDRATE; VEGETABLE-OILS; SERUM-LIPIDS; RAT-LIVER; LIPOPROTEINS; TRIGLYCERIDES; METABOLISM; DISEASE; WOMEN AB In most studies reporting the effects of high-fat (HF) and low-fat (LF) diets on human plasma fatty acids (FA) and lipoprotein levels, the design involved adding to the diet an oil that had an FA composition (FAC) very different from the FAC of the control diet. Thus, it is difficult to determine if simply reducing the fat content of the diet without changing the dietary FAC changes the tissue FAC or alters plasma lipid levels. In this study, we fed diets that contained either 22 or 39% of calories from fat, but had no differences in their FAC, for 50 d to a group (n = 11) of healthy men (20-35 y). Thus, the polyunsaturated/saturated ratios (1.0) of the diets were identical as were the n-3/n-6 ratio and the monounsaturated-to-total fat ratios. The diets contained (wt% of total fat) approximately 28% saturated FA, 33% monounsaturated cis-FA, 6% monounsaturated trans-FA, 22% n-6 polyunsaturated FA, and 7% n-3 polyunsaturated FA, and 4% other minor FA. The diets consisted of natural foods and were formulated to contain 16 en% protein, either 45 or 62 en% carbohydrate (CHO) and at least the recommended daily allowance for all micronutrients. Both diets contained 360 mg of cholesterol per day. All subjects were given the HF diet for 20 d, and then six were placed on the LF and the other five remained on the HF diet for 50 d. The two groups were crossed over for the remaining 50 d of the study. The subjects' baseline total cholesterol level was 173 mg/dl, after 50 d on the HF diet it was 177 mg/dl and after 50 d on the LF diet, 173 mg/dl. The differences were not significant, and there were no significant changes in either the LDL or HDL cholesterol levels with either diet. Triglyceride levels, and consequently very low density lipoprotein levels, rose significantly on the LF, higher CHO diet compared to the levels found in the subjects on the HF diet (91.5 and 66.4 mg/dl respectively, P < 0.002). The linoleic acid content of the plasma, platelets, and red blood cells was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in the LF diet compared to HF diet, without any obvious physiological effects. Hence, many earlier observations indicating reductions in plasma lipid levels when people are on LF diets may be due to changes in the FAC of the diet, not the reduction in fat calories. RP NELSON, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,POB 29997,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94129, USA. NR 49 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD NOV PY 1995 VL 30 IS 11 BP 969 EP 976 DI 10.1007/BF02536280 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA TE229 UT WOS:A1995TE22900001 PM 8569436 ER PT J AU BROWN, ED MORRIS, VC RHODES, DG SINHA, R LEVANDER, OA AF BROWN, ED MORRIS, VC RHODES, DG SINHA, R LEVANDER, OA TI URINARY MALONDIALDEHYDE-EQUIVALENTS DURING INGESTION OF MEAT COOKED AT HIGH OR LOW-TEMPERATURES SO LIPIDS LA English DT Note ID LIPID-PEROXIDATION; MALONALDEHYDE; EXCRETION; CARCINOGENS; MUTAGENS; FOOD; RATS AB Excretion of malondialdehyde (MDA)-generating substances in the urine has been suggested as an indicator of in vivo lipid peroxidation. However, MDA in the urine also reflects the amount of lipid peroxidation products consumed in the diet. We determined MDA as the thiobarbituric acid (TBA)-MDA complex in urine of 19 healthy adults (10 male and 9 female) fed large quantities (3.6-4.1 g/kg body weight) of ground beef cooked at a low or a high temperature. Subjects ate a controlled diet with no alcohol or nutritional supplements. For 7 d they consumed ground beef cooked at 100 degrees C for 20 min (low-temperature meat) followed by 7 d with meat fried at 250 degrees C for 22 min (high-temperature meat). Prior to the study, subjects consumed their normal free choice diet with moderate amounts of meat. The concentration of MDA in urine at baseline was 2.1 +/- 0.3 mu mol TBA-MDA equivalents/day (mean +/- SEM). After 7 d of low-temperature meat, urinary TBA-MDA equivalents increased to 23.1 +/- 1.4 mu mol/d. Urinary TBA-MDA equivalents were consistently lower (6.9-8.0 mu mol/d) 1, 2, 3, and 7 d after subjects changed to high-temperature meat. After 7 d of treatment, 97% of the MDA-equivalents in the meat was recovered in 24-h urine samples. The low temperature meat had 3-4 times more MDA than did the high-temperature meat. These data indicate that the amount of meat eaten and the cooking procedures used can dramatically alter urinary MDA. Dietary sources of MDA must be controlled if urinary MDA is to be used as an indicator of oxidative stress. C1 NCI,DIV CANC ETIOL,ENVIRONM EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. RP BROWN, ED (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI Sinha, Rashmi/G-7446-2015 OI Sinha, Rashmi/0000-0002-2466-7462 FU NCI NIH HHS [Y01-CP-20521] NR 20 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD NOV PY 1995 VL 30 IS 11 BP 1053 EP 1056 DI 10.1007/BF02536291 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA TE229 UT WOS:A1995TE22900012 PM 8569434 ER PT J AU KRASZEWSKI, AW NELSON, SO AF KRASZEWSKI, AW NELSON, SO TI CONTACTLESS MASS DETERMINATION OF ARBITRARILY-SHAPED DIELECTRIC OBJECTS SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOISTURE-CONTENT DETERMINATION; MICROWAVE AB Microwave resonant cavities have been studied as possible sensors for rapid determination of the mass or weight of perturbing dielectric objects of given permittivity and density, but of arbitrary shape, inserted into the cavity. Tracking the coordinates of the peak of the resonant curve with and without the object, i.e. measuring shift of resonant frequency and change in the cavity Q-factor, provides information that together with a calibration equation is sufficient for the object mass or weight determination. During the calibration procedure, the parameters of the empty cavity, as well as the permittivity and the specific gravity of the object material must be known. The measurement technique does not, in principle, require any contact between the object and the measuring system, and measurements can be rapid and reasonably accurate. Basic principles of the shape-independent measurements are presented, and experimental results are given for common plastic objects of irregular shapes measured in resonant cavities operating at 640 MHz and 1.7, 2.5 and 3.2 GHz. RP USDA ARS, RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR, POB 5677, ATHENS, GA 30613 USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 6 IS 11 BP 1598 EP 1604 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/6/11/007 PG 7 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA TF211 UT WOS:A1995TF21100007 ER PT J AU HANNAH, JS YAMANE, K BERLIN, E HOWARD, BV AF HANNAH, JS YAMANE, K BERLIN, E HOWARD, BV TI IN-VITRO REGULATION OF LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR INTERACTION BY FATTY-ACIDS SO METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL LA English DT Article ID MESSENGER-RNA LEVELS; LDL RECEPTOR; DIETARY-FAT; APOLIPOPROTEIN-B; GUINEA-PIG; MEMBRANE FLUIDITY; INVIVO REGULATION; LIPID-COMPOSITION; UNSATURATED FAT; CEBUS MONKEYS AB Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor binding is the initial step in receptor-mediated clearance. Dietary fat composition is known to affect LDL clearance, but the mechanism of the effect is unknown. We have examined the effects of altered membrane fatty acid composition, as might occur when specific dietary fats are consumed, on LDL binding using a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) line that constitutively expresses the human LDL receptor. Binding of pooled human LDL to its receptor was compared in cells enriched with various fatty acids. Binding affinity was greater (lower K-d) for cells grown in 16:0-, 18:0-, or 18:1-enriched media than for those grown in 18:2 (P <.0001). The apparent receptor number (Bmax) was lower for cells enriched in saturated fatty acids and 18:1. Fluidity was assessed by measuring diphenylhexatriene (DPH) fluorescence anisotropy (r(s)). Cells enriched in 18:1 or 18:2 were the most fluid (P <.003). The correlation between binding and fluidity (r =.24, P =.27) was weak and did not appear to explain the effects of fatty acid modification on LDL receptor binding. Thus, it appears that cellular enrichment in 16:0, 18:0, and 18:1 increases binding affinity by affecting properties other than membrane fluidity. Changes in Bmax may also contribute to the observed differences in LDL binding. Copyright (C) 1995 by W.B. Saunders Company C1 USDA,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20010. RP HANNAH, JS (reprint author), MEDLANT RES INST,108 IRVING ST NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20010, USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL43660-03] NR 51 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0026-0495 J9 METABOLISM JI Metab.-Clin. Exp. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 44 IS 11 BP 1428 EP 1434 DI 10.1016/0026-0495(95)90142-6 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA TD891 UT WOS:A1995TD89100011 PM 7476330 ER PT J AU GOODRICHTANRIKULU, M MAHONEY, NE RODRIGUEZ, SB AF GOODRICHTANRIKULU, M MAHONEY, NE RODRIGUEZ, SB TI THE PLANT-GROWTH REGULATOR METHYL JASMONATE INHIBITS AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION BY ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS SO MICROBIOLOGY-UK LA English DT Article DE AFLATOXIN; ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS; ASPERGILLUS PARASITICUS; LIPOXYGENASE; METHYL JASMONATE ID ACID; BIOSYNTHESIS AB Aflatoxins are highly toxic and carcinogenic compounds produced by certain Aspergillus species on agricultural commodities. The presence of fatty acid hydroperoxides, which can form in plant material either preharvest under stress or postharvest under improper storage conditions, correlates with high levels of aflatoxin production. Effects on fungal growth and aflatoxin production are known for only a few of the numerous plant metabolites of fatty acid hydroperoxides. Jasmonic acid (JA), a plant growth regulator, is a metabolite of 13-hydroperoxylinolenic acid, derived from alpha-linolenic acid. The volatile methyl ester of JA, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), is also a plant growth regulator. In this study we report the effect of MeJA on aflatoxin production and growth of Aspergillus flavus. MeJA at concentrations of 10(-3)-10(-8) M in the growth medium inhibited aflatoxin production, by as much as 96%, Exposure of cultures to MeJA vapour similarly inhibited aflatoxin production. The amount of aflatoxin produced depended on the timing of the exposure. MeJA treatment also delayed spore germination and inhibited the production of a mycelial pigment. These fungal responses resemble plant jasmonate responses. RP GOODRICHTANRIKULU, M (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 30 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA HARVEST HOUSE 62 LONDON ROAD, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 5AS SN 1350-0872 J9 MICROBIOL-UK JI Microbiol.-UK PD NOV PY 1995 VL 141 BP 2831 EP 2837 PN 11 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TF217 UT WOS:A1995TF21700008 PM 8535511 ER PT J AU TALBOT, NC CAPERNA, TJ LEBOW, L MOSCIONI, D PURSEL, VG REXROAD, CE AF TALBOT, NC CAPERNA, TJ LEBOW, L MOSCIONI, D PURSEL, VG REXROAD, CE TI ULTRASTRUCTURE, ENZYMATIC, AND TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES OF THE PICM-19 PLURIPOTENT LIVER-CELL LINE SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,LPSI,GENE EVALUAT & MAPPING LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,LPSI,GROWTH BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. CEDARS SINAI MED CTR,DEPT SURG RES,LOS ANGELES,CA 90048. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CELL BIOL PI BETHESDA PA PUBL OFFICE 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 1059-1524 J9 MOL BIOL CELL JI Mol. Biol. Cell PD NOV PY 1995 VL 6 SU S BP 1944 EP 1944 PG 1 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA TF513 UT WOS:A1995TF51301943 ER PT J AU McMullen, MD Simcox, KD AF McMullen, MD Simcox, KD TI Genomic organization of disease and insect resistance genes in maize SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Editorial Material ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS; EUROPEAN CORN-BORER; LOCI; IDENTIFICATION; LINKAGE; MAP C1 UNIV MISSOURI,PLANT SCI UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. RP McMullen, MD (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,USDA ARS,PLANT GENET RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. NR 50 TC 102 Z9 116 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 8 IS 6 BP 811 EP 815 DI 10.1094/MPMI-8-0811 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA TL363 UT WOS:A1995TL36300002 ER PT J AU Joost, O Bianchini, G Bell, AA Benedict, CR Magill, CW AF Joost, O Bianchini, G Bell, AA Benedict, CR Magill, CW TI Differential induction of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase in two cotton species following inoculation with Verticillium SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE host defense ID COENZYME-A REDUCTASE; HEVEA-BRASILIENSIS; PHYTOALEXIN; SEQUENCE; DAHLIAE; POTATO; GENES AB Gossypium barbadense cottons are typically more resistant to wilt pathogens than are Gossypium hirsutum cultivars, Both species make terpenoid phytoalexins in response to infection, implicating isoprenoid biosynthesis as a factor in resistance, Conserved regions in plant 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), the first enzyme in the terpene biosynthesis pathway, were used to design polymerase chain reaction primers for cloning a fragment of a cotton HMGR gene, The clone was used as a probe on Northern blots to show that induction of HMGR mRNA following introduction of Verticillium dahliae spores into the vascular system is much more rapid in Seabrook Sea Island, a resistant G. barbadense cotton, than it is in Rowden, a susceptible G. hirsutum. The amount of HMGR mRNA returned to near control levels in 4 days in the former variety but continued to accumulate in the latter, Specific enzyme activity of HMGR also increased more rapidly in stele extracts of Seabrook Sea Island than in Rowden. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV, DEPT PLANT PATHOL & MICROBIOL, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843 USA. TEXAS A&M UNIV, DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, SO CROPS RES LAB, COLLEGE STN, TX 77845 USA. NR 22 TC 29 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 8 IS 6 BP 880 EP 885 DI 10.1094/MPMI-8-0880 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA TL363 UT WOS:A1995TL36300010 PM 8664497 ER PT J AU Edwards, MC AF Edwards, MC TI Mapping of the seed transmission determinants of barley stripe mosaic virus SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE hordeivirus; Hordeum vulgare; nucleotide sequence ID COMPLETE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; VIRAL-RNA REPLICATION; SECONDARY STRUCTURE; GLOBULAR-PROTEINS; SYSTEMIC MOVEMENT; ACCURACY; POLLEN; GENOME; BETA; CDNA AB The specific mechanism(s) by which some plant viruses are transmitted through seed, while others are excluded, is not known, Using infectious barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) RNAs transcribed in vitro from full-length cDNA clones, the viral genetic determinants of seed transmission have been mapped. Both pseudorecombinant and chimeric viruses were constructed from BSMV strains ND18 (seed transmitted) and CV17 (not seed transmitted). The markedly different seed transmissibility of these two strains facilitated the identification of RNA gamma as the location of the primary determinants of seed transmission phenotype. RNA beta also played a role in seed transmission, but to a lesser extent than RNA gamma. Major genetic determinants of seed transmission on RNA gamma included the 5 ' untranslated leader, a 369-nt repeat in the gamma a gene, and the yb gene. Important determinants of symptom phenotype mapped to the RNA gamma leader and the gamma b gene as well. Some heterologous combinations of the RNA gamma leader and the gamma b gene resulted in dramatic changes in symptomatology and seed transmission, depending on the parental source of RNAs alpha and beta. These results suggest that a complex interaction of the RNA gamma leader, the gamma b gene, and RNAs alpha and beta are involved in BSMV pathogenesis. Considering the putative regulatory role of the gamma b gene (Donald and Jackson 1994, Plant Cell 6:1593-1606) and the trans effects that alterations in the gamma b gene have on RNA beta gene expression (Petty et al., 1990, EMBO J. 9:3453-3457), phenotypic effects attributed to elements of RNA gamma could result from cis or trans interactions involving the RNA gamma leader, the gamma b gene, and RNAs alpha and beta. Clearly, virus replication and movement play pivotal roles in the seed transmission of BSMV. RP Edwards, MC (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO CROP SCI LAB,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 39 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 8 IS 6 BP 906 EP 915 DI 10.1094/MPMI-8-0906 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA TL363 UT WOS:A1995TL36300014 PM 8664501 ER PT J AU Wilson, AD Kaiser, WJ AF Wilson, AD Kaiser, WJ TI Cytology and genetics of sexual incompatibility in Didymella rabiei SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Ascochyta blight; chickpea; mating system; nuclear cytology; population genetics ID ASCOCHYTA-RABIEI; CHICKPEA; BLIGHT; FUNGI AB Mating crosses in all possible combinations between 15 monoascosporic isolates of Didymella rabiei (Ascomycotina, Dothideales), derived from diseased chickpea stems collected at a single location in Genesee, Idaho, were prepared on sterile chickpea stem pieces incubated on moist sterile filter papers in glass petri dishes for 5-6 weeks at 10 C or in nylon mesh bags placed on the soil surface outdoors to overwinter for 6 months. The discharge of large numbers of viable ascospores from mature pseudothecia forming on the chickpea stems was indication of successful matings. Pairings between sympatric isolates demonstrated that the fungus is heterothallic with a unifactorial (bipolar) homogenic mating incompatibility system. Papazian test pairings between tester strains and mating types from three locations in Idaho and Washington indicated the absence of complete interfertility between allopatric populations and provided strong evidence that the fungus is biallelic, lacking multiple alleles at the single mating locus. The nuclear content of somatic and reproductive cells at all phases of the life cycle was examined using Giemsa stain. Ascospores and conidia were commonly multinucleate and appeared to undergo multiple mitotic divisions prior to germination. Somatic hyphae derived from ascospores and conidia were predominately uninucleate. The importance of sexual reproduction, sexual incompatibility, and the teleomorph in the disease cycle is discussed relative to environmental factors required for their occurrence and implications for disease control. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,WESTERN REG PLANT INTRODUCT STN,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP Wilson, AD (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST INSECT & DIS RES,SO HARDWOODS LAB,SO RES STN,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. RI Wilson, Alphus/Q-2137-2015 OI Wilson, Alphus/0000-0003-2352-5232 NR 40 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 87 IS 6 BP 795 EP 804 DI 10.2307/3760856 PG 10 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA TQ758 UT WOS:A1995TQ75800006 ER PT J AU Rizzo, DM Rentmeester, RM Burdsall, HH AF Rizzo, DM Rentmeester, RM Burdsall, HH TI Sexuality and somatic incompatibility in Phellinus gilvus SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE heterothallism; mating systems; Phellinus gilvus; somatic incompatibility ID STEREUM-HIRSUTUM; HETEROBASIDION-ANNOSUM; COPRINUS-CINEREUS; NUCLEAR; INHERITANCE; BEHAVIOR AB Phellinus gilvus was found to have an outcrossing, bifactorial (tetrapolar) mating system. Two types of heterokaryon formation were evident in intrabasidiome homokaryon-homokaryon pairings: 1) bidirectional nuclear migration resulting in the formation of a single heterokaryotic thallus, and 2) restricted nuclear migration with a heterokaryon formed only in the interaction zone between the paired homokaryotic colonies. The mating system of P. gilvus is multiallelic; pairings between homokaryotic isolates from different basidiomes were always compatible with bidirectional nuclear migration. One heterozygous locus had major effects on somatic incompatibility reactions among progeny from two studied fruiting bodies. This was supported by the observation that pairings among sets of heterokaryons composed of one common nonsibling nucleus and the other sib-related resulted in two somatic incompatibility groups, while pairings among sibling heterokaryons resulted in three groups. The sexual compatibility loci were separate from the somatic incompatibility loci and no linkage was found between them. C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,CTR FOREST MYCOL RES,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 37 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 87 IS 6 BP 805 EP 820 DI 10.2307/3760857 PG 16 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA TQ758 UT WOS:A1995TQ75800007 ER PT J AU Berres, ME Szabo, LJ McLaughlin, DJ AF Berres, ME Szabo, LJ McLaughlin, DJ TI Phylogenetic relationships in auriculariaceous basidiomycetes based on 25S ribosomal DNA sequences SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Review DE basidiomycetes; maximum likelihood; molecular evolution; phylogeny; 25S rDNA ID RNA NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCES; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; EVOLUTIONARY RATES; MINIMUM-EVOLUTION; PACHNOCYBE-FERRUGINEA; RELATIVE EFFICIENCIES; RUST FUNGUS; TREES; ULTRASTRUCTURE; SUBSTITUTIONS AB The nucleotide sequences of the 5' end of the nuclear large subunit ribosomal RNA were obtained for 15 basidiomycetes representing a diversity of orders, including Agaricostilbales, Atractiellales, Auriculariales sensu late, Boletales, Septobasidiales, Tilletiales, Uredinales and Ustilaginales. These sequences were analyzed together with additional GenBank sequences for three basidiomycetes, five ascomycetes, and a zygomycete, using methods of maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and minimum-evolution. Using Mucor racemosus as an outgroup, the basidiomycetes analyzed under models of maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony formed nearly identical trees each composed of seven distinct clades: the smuts and bunts, a complex-septate group, two separate groups of auriculariaceous simple-septate species, the rusts and two unique branches each comprising a single taxon Agaricostilbum pulcherrimum and Cryptococcus neoformans. The minimum-evolution topology was different from the former two trees in the placement of the smuts and bunts with respect to the complex septate taxa, the position of Agaricostilbum pulcherrimum and the localized structure of the clade containing the taxa Eocronartium muscicola, Pachnocybe ferruginea and Septobasidium carestianum. Relative rate tests of nucleotide substitutions based on maximum likelihood estimations suggest significant evolutionary rate differences among the orders. To statistically differentiate among the different topologies, all trees were subjected to a likelihood variance test. Under assumptions of maximum likelihood, the test rejected the minimum-evolution tree but did not discriminate against any of the topologies generated by either maximum likelihood or maximum parsimony. These results suggest that the 5' end of the nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA is useful for intergeneric comparisons of basidiomycetous fungi. The sequence data clarify the relationships among the genera of the Auriculariales sensu late and support the hypothesis that the Uredinales are a derived group. C1 USDA ARS,CEREAL RUST LAB,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT PLANT BIOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 105 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 11 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 87 IS 6 BP 821 EP 840 DI 10.2307/3760858 PG 20 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA TQ758 UT WOS:A1995TQ75800008 ER PT J AU Adams, GC Klomparens, KL Hennon, PE AF Adams, GC Klomparens, KL Hennon, PE TI Unusual reticulated parenthosomes surround the dolipore of a hyphomycete with clamp connections, Ditangifibulae dikaryotae gen et sp nov SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE basidiomycete anamorph; basidiomycetous yeasts; Chamaecyparis nootkatensis; Craterocolla; Cryptococcus; Ditangium; gasteroid auricularioid Heterobasidiomycetes; septal pore; Tremellaceae; Tremelliineae ID SEPTAL PORE APPARATUS; CHAMAECYPARIS-NOOTKATENSIS; SOUTHEAST ALASKA; ULTRASTRUCTURE; CYSTOFILOBASIDIUM; TREMELLALES; FUNGI AB Ditangifibulae dikaryotae gen, et sp. nov. is described from culture and by electron microscopy. Median longitudinal sections through hyphal septa reveal a dolipore surrounded by an unusual parenthosome with a highly reticulated complex of interlocking membranes unlike previously described vesiculate parenthosomes. Other features of the dolipore are characteristic of the Tremellaceae and Filobasidiaceae. The hyphomycete is robust and unusual in the number of types of propagules formed. These include two size classes of blunt allantoid conidia, ovoid to pyriform conidia formed blastically, thallic terminal thick walled chlamydospores often with stalks, and a dikaryotic yeast phase. Conidia and yeast cells germinate on agar media to form hyphae with complete clamp connections. The morphology of the hyphomycete is dependent on clamp connections because conidiophore branches and conidiogenous cells arise from clamps. Multibranched conidiophores with prominant clamp connections terminate with digitate conidiogenous cells. The digitate arrangement originates through the frequent anastomosis of clamps. Aerial hyphae are clamped whereas submerged or subhymenial hyphae lack clamps and are much broader (astatocoenocytic). Rudimentary conidiomata with an organized tissue form rarely and are sporodochium-like. Recognizable basidia and ballistospores are absent. The dikaryotic yeast phase is similar to Cryptococcus spp. Growth ceases above 36 C or with greater than 6 parts per million benzimidazole in culture medium. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,CTR ELECTR OPT,E LANSING,MI 48824. US FOREST SERV,FOREST HLTH MANAGEMENT & PACIFIC NW RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,JUNEAU,AK 99802. RP Adams, GC (reprint author), MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,E LANSING,MI 48824, USA. NR 48 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 87 IS 6 BP 909 EP 921 DI 10.2307/3760869 PG 13 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA TQ758 UT WOS:A1995TQ75800019 ER PT J AU PETERSON, SW AF PETERSON, SW TI PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF ASPERGILLUS SECTIONS CREMEI AND WENTII, BASED ON RIBOSOMAL DNA-SEQUENCES SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID RNA; MICROCOMPUTER; TAXONOMY AB Large subunit ribosomal DNA from Aspergillus species in sections Cremei, Wentii, and some morphologically related species in subgenus Circumdati, was amplified using PCR techniques. The nucleotide sequences were determined from the amplified DNA and phylogenetic species relationships were inferred from parsimony analysis of the data. On the basis of the analysis, section Wentii is abandoned. Ali species formerly assigned to section Wentii are phylogenetically related to species in other sections of subgenus Circumdati (e.g. sections Cremei, Flavi). Aspergillus gorakhpurensis (section Sparsi), A. dimorphicus (section Circumdati) and A. pulvinus (section Versicolores) are transferred to section Cremei. Genetic and morphological analysis support these changes in Aspergillus subgeneric classification. A key to the species in the modified section Cremei is provided. RP PETERSON, SW (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,MICROBIAL PROPERTIES RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 34 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 99 BP 1349 EP 1355 DI 10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81220-3 PN 11 PG 7 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA TH870 UT WOS:A1995TH87000013 ER PT J AU DOUDRICK, RL RAFFLE, VL NELSON, CD FURNIER, GR AF DOUDRICK, RL RAFFLE, VL NELSON, CD FURNIER, GR TI GENETIC-ANALYSIS OF HOMOKARYONS FROM A BASIDIOME OF LACCARIA BICOLOR USING RANDOM AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA (RAPD) MARKERS SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS; ECTOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; BLACK SPRUCE; NORTHERN MINNESOTA; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; AGARICALES; GERMINATION; SEEDLINGS; GROWTH AB Genetic linkages were identified between the two mating-type factors and 115 RAPD marker loci in a population of 96 homokaryons from a single basidiome of the ectomycorrhizal Laccaria bicolor. A genetic linkage map with 15 linkage groups and three linked pairs is presented. On this basis, the size of the nuclear genome of L. bicolor is estimated to be approximately 3667 recombination units. The RAPD markers provided approximately 57% coverage of the genome and may enable fingerprint identification of laboratory cultures and field isolates for ecological studies. The map will aid studies on the ectomycorrhizal interaction and population variation in L. bicolor. C1 UNIV GUELPH,DEPT ENVIRONM BIOL,GUELPH,ON N1G 2W1,CANADA. INT PAPER CO,SOUTHLANDS EXPTL FOREST,BAINBRIDGE,GA 31713. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP DOUDRICK, RL (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SO INST FOREST GENET,SAUCIER,MS 39574, USA. NR 35 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 99 BP 1361 EP 1366 DI 10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81222-7 PN 11 PG 6 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA TH870 UT WOS:A1995TH87000015 ER PT J AU Wu, WD Liu, TX Vesonder, RF AF Wu, WD Liu, TX Vesonder, RF TI Comparative cytotoxicity of fumonisin B-1 and moniliformin in chicken primary cell cultures SO MYCOPATHOLOGIA LA English DT Article ID FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; SPHINGOLIPID BIOSYNTHESIS; MYCOTOXINS; INHIBITION; TOXICITY; METABOLITE; TOXIN; LEUKOENCEPHALOMALACIA; NEURONS; INVITRO AB Two water-soluble Fusarium metabolites, fumonisin B-1 (FB1) and moniliformin (MN) were compared for their cytotoxicity in a variety of chicken primary cell cultures. Cardiac and skeletal myocytes and hepatocytes derived from embryos, and splenocytes, macrophages, and chondrocytes derived from 3- to 4-week old chickens were cultured in media containing either FB1 or MN (0 to 1 mM) for 48 hr. The colorimetric tetrazolium cleavage assay was then used for measuring cell survival. FB1 was not toxic to macrophages, hepatocytes, cardiac and skeletal myocytes but toxic to splenocytes and chondrocytes. MN was not toxic to chondrocytes and macrophages, but toxic to splenocytes, cardiac and skeletal myocytes. Median effective concentration (EC(50)) of MN in skeletal myocytes was 42 mu M (fiducial limits: 33 to 50 mu M) and in cardiac myocytes was 95 mu M (fiducial limits: 84 to 122 mu M). Estimated EC(50) of FB1 in chondrocytes and splenocytes and EC(50) of MN in splenocytes were all greater than 200 mu M. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP Wu, WD (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT POULTRY SCI,1675 OBSERV DR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 38 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-486X J9 MYCOPATHOLOGIA JI Mycopathologia PD NOV PY 1995 VL 132 IS 2 BP 111 EP 116 DI 10.1007/BF01103783 PG 6 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA TY788 UT WOS:A1995TY78800008 PM 8819833 ER PT J AU Hennon, PE AF Hennon, PE TI Are heart rot fungi major factors of disturbance in gap-dynamic forests? SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Heart rot fungi cause substantial economic loss in many forests, but their ecological roles in altering the speed or direction of succession are frequently overlooked. As heart rot induces trees to die standing or, more commonly, by bole breakage, the fungi that cause heart rot can be viewed as both pathogens and agents of disturbance. Many forests that do not experience frequent, large-scale disturbance, such as those where fire is rare, are composed of old trees. Heart rot fungi are abundant in these old forests and are important ecologically as disturbance agents by initiating and sustaining canopy gaps. Heart rot fungi also have profound influence on numerous structures and processes such as nutrient cycling, vegetation composition, and wildlife habitat. This paper uses the temperate rainforest of southeast Alaska to explore ecological consequences of heart rot, including the role of heart rot fungi in canopy gap formation. A thorough understanding of disturbance ecology in such forests must involve closely integrated research among ecologists, mycologists, and pathologists. RP Hennon, PE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW FOREST RES STN,2770 SHERWOOD LANE,SUITE 2A,JUNEAU,AK 99801, USA. NR 0 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 14 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645910, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 69 IS 4 BP 284 EP 293 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TL621 UT WOS:A1995TL62100004 ER PT J AU Torgersen, TR Bull, EL AF Torgersen, TR Bull, EL TI Down logs as habitat for forest-dwelling ants - The primary prey of pileated woodpeckers in northeastern Oregon SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Logs on the forest floor in 240 sample plots in the Blue Mountains of northeastern Oregon were counted and their physical characteristics described in relation to ant colonization. The plots were located in 12 home ranges of pileated woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus (L.)), a Management Indicator Species in USDA Forest Service management guidelines. One or more species of ants were found in 62% of 1,385 sectioned logs. Of 13 species of ants found, the most common were Lasius alienus (Foerster), Formica neorufibarbis Emery, and Camponotus modoc (Wheeler). Wood-dwelling ants that colonize down logs and snags are the primary prey for pileated woodpecker. Relationships between physical characteristics and species of down logs, their colonies of ants, and foraging pileated woodpeckers are discussed. Differential occurrences among genera and species of ants suggest a complex picture of species, sizes, and stages of decay of logs chosen for colonization. The relationships of logs and ants to management of pileated woodpecker and to western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis (Freeman)), a major forest-defoliating insect, are also explored. RP Torgersen, TR (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,FORESTRY & RANGE SCI LAB,1401 GEKELER LANE,LA GRANDE,OR 97850, USA. NR 0 TC 35 Z9 42 U1 3 U2 20 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645910, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 69 IS 4 BP 294 EP 303 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TL621 UT WOS:A1995TL62100005 ER PT J AU DWYER, JT AF DWYER, JT TI DIETARY FIBER FOR CHILDREN - HOW MUCH SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Role of Dietary Fiber in Childhood Conference CY MAY 24, 1994 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Hlth Fdn, Kellogg Co DE DIETARY FIBER; CHILDREN; NUTRITION ID ISABGOL HUSK SUPPLEMENTATION; OMNIVOROUS CONTROL INFANTS; VEGETARIAN CHILDREN; NUTRITIONAL-STATUS; MACROBIOTIC DIETS; PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN; ADOLESCENT GIRLS; AGED 4; GROWTH AB Background. Dietary fiber intakes of most American children are lower than current American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations. Intakes of vegetarian children come closer to these levels. Results. We summarize dietary fiber recommendations for children based on existing evidence. The general public needs guidance on appropriate fiber intake levels for children and adolescents. It is important to ensure that energy intakes are adequate by monitoring child weight, growth, and size, especially when fiber intakes are very high. At levels of ''age plus 5 g'' there seem to be few problems. Conclusions. Age plus 5 g is a reasonable recommendation and is easier to remember than others by weight or energy level, although it never exceeds them. Age plus 15 g is clearly excessive; there is less evidence about ill effects arising with age plus 10 g. Delivery of dietary fiber in food rather than by supplements is suggested to ensure intakes of other nutrients and to avoid medicalizing dietary intake. In addition to dietary fiber recommendations for the general population of healthy children, individualized recommendations may be necessary for some high-risk groups. Practical steps to increase child fiber intakes from food sources are provided. The article concludes with suggestions for further research. Age plus 5 g is a reasonable minimum recommendation for dietary fiber intakes for children older than 3 years of age. C1 TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER USDA HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,SCH NUTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,FRANCES STERN NUTR CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP DWYER, JT (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,DEPT MED NUTR & COMMUNITY HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. OI Dwyer, Johanna/0000-0002-0783-1769 NR 47 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD NOV PY 1995 VL 96 IS 5 SU S BP 1019 EP 1022 PG 4 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TE557 UT WOS:A1995TE55700010 PM 7494674 ER PT J AU WILLIAMS, CL DWYER, J AGOSTONI, C HILLEMEIER, C KIMM, SYS KWITEROVICH, PO MCCLUNG, JL NICKLAS, TA SALDANHA, L AF WILLIAMS, CL DWYER, J AGOSTONI, C HILLEMEIER, C KIMM, SYS KWITEROVICH, PO MCCLUNG, JL NICKLAS, TA SALDANHA, L TI A SUMMARY OF CONFERENCE RECOMMENDATIONS ON DIETARY FIBER IN CHILDHOOD SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Editorial Material ID DISEASE PREVENTION; CHILDREN C1 TUFTS UNIV,DEPT MED NUTR & COMMUNITY HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER USDA HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,SCH NUTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,FRANCES STERN NUTR CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. UNIV MILAN,SAN PAULO BIOMED INST,DEPT PEDIAT,MILAN,ITALY. UNIV MICHIGAN,CS MOTT CHILDRENS HOSP,MED CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. UNIV PITTSBURGH,SCH MED,DEPT FAMILY MED & CLIN EPIDEMIOL,PITTSBURGH,PA. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,LIPID RES ATHEROSCLEROSIS UNIT,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. OHIO STATE UNIV,COLUMBUS CHILDRENS HOSP,COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. TULANE UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH & TROP MED,TULANE CTR CARDIOVASC HLTH,DEPT APPL HLTH SCI,NEW ORLEANS,LA. TULANE UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH & TROP MED,TULANE CTR CARDIOVASC HLTH,DEPT BIOSTAT & EPIDEMIOL,NEW ORLEANS,LA. KELLOGG CO,BATTLE CREEK,MI. RP WILLIAMS, CL (reprint author), AMER HLTH FDN,CTR CHILD HLTH,VALHALLA,NY 10595, USA. RI Agostoni, Carlo/A-9303-2012; Agostoni, Carlo/B-3470-2015; OI Agostoni, Carlo/0000-0002-5006-0832; Dwyer, Johanna/0000-0002-0783-1769 NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD NOV PY 1995 VL 96 IS 5 SU S BP 1023 EP 1028 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TE557 UT WOS:A1995TE55700011 ER PT J AU Mace, ME Stipanovic, RD AF Mace, ME Stipanovic, RD TI Mode of action of the phytoalexin desoxyhemigossypol against the wilt pathogen, Verticillium dahliae SO PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GOSSYPOL; COTTON; IDENTIFICATION; HEMIGOSSYPOL; RESISTANCE; ALDEHYDES; TOXICITY; CELLS AB The phytoalexin desoxyhemigossypol (dHG) is formed in cotton roots and stems in response to infection by the wilt pathogen Verticillium dahliae. At 6.1 mu g/ml, desoxyhemigossypol reduces growth of V. dahliae by approximately 75%. Desoxyhemigossypol appears to decompose by an H2O2-mediated Free radical process. We now report that catalase at 500 U/ml significantly reduces the toxicity of dHG, further implicating H2O2 as a required intermediate for the expression of dHG toxicity. Glutathione (0.1 mM) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (1700 U/ml) also reduce the toxicity of dHG with SOD having the smallest effect. A proposed decomposition scheme of dHG provides a rational for the involvement of H2O2, free radicals such as HO, or free radicals of dHG in the toxicity of this phytoalexin. RP Mace, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO CROPS RES LAB,2765 F&B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0048-3575 J9 PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYS JI Pest. Biochem. Physiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 53 IS 3 BP 205 EP 209 DI 10.1006/pest.1995.1068 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA TR511 UT WOS:A1995TR51100007 ER PT J AU Lamoureux, GL Rusness, DG AF Lamoureux, GL Rusness, DG TI Quinclorac absorption, translocation, metabolism, and toxicity in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) SO PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY; PICLORAM; IDENTIFICATION AB Quinclorac is a herbicide registered in the United States for use in rice. In this study, the uptake, metabolism, translocation, and toxicity of quinclorac were evaluated for the suitability of this herbicide for use in the control of leafy spurge. [C-14]Quinclorac in the presence of a surfactant was readily absorbed through the leaves of leafy spurge. Alter foliar application, ca. 20% of the quinclorac became sequestered in the treated leaves. The remainder of the quinclorac was translocated basipetally and acropetally. The young leaves and apex were the strongest sinks for quinclorac. Although quinclorac was translocated to the roots, it was effluxed rapidly from the roots into the soil. Quinclorac was also taken up by the roots and translocated acropetally. It was metabolized to a C-1 glucose ester that was converted subsequently to a pentosylglucose ester (major product) or a malonylglucose ester (minor product). Quinclorac was metabolized at a rate of 1 nmol/g tissue/hr in the young leaves. Quinclorac was toxic to leafy spurge when applied to the leaves (LD(50) 2.0 kg/ha), the soil (LD(50) 1.7 kg/ha), or to both the leaves and the soil (LD(50) 1.0 kg/ha). The activity of soil-applied quinclorac was increased 24-fold when the shoots were cut off at the soil level prior to treatment (LD(50) 0.07 kg/ha). Symptoms were typical of an auxenic herbicide. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc. RP Lamoureux, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS, BIOSCI RES LAB, FARGO, ND 58105 USA. NR 29 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0048-3575 J9 PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYS JI Pest. Biochem. Physiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 53 IS 3 BP 210 EP 226 DI 10.1006/pest.1995.1069 PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA TR511 UT WOS:A1995TR51100008 ER PT J AU KASPERBAUER, MJ WILKINSON, RE AF KASPERBAUER, MJ WILKINSON, RE TI MULCH SURFACE COLOR AFFECTS ACCUMULATION OF EPICUTICULAR WAX ON DEVELOPING LEAVES SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FAR-RED-LIGHT; LEAF OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; UV-B RADIATION; FIELD CONDITIONS; TOBACCO; GREEN; END; RESPONSES; GROWTH; PLANTS AB Leaf waxes are important to plant growth because they impede water loss and may influence entry of light. Leaf wax quantity and composition were studied in Capsicum annuum plants in trickle-irrigated field plots covered with white, black or red plastic mulches. The quantity of reflected blue light (BL) was greatest over white and about the same over black versus red surfaces; and reflected far-red to red ratios (FR/R) were about the same over white versus black and higher over red. The greatest quantity of total epicuticular wax developed on leaves of plants grown over white mulch (443 mu g/cm(2)) while plants grown over black and red mulches had 229 and 227 mu g/cm(2), respectively. When individual Lipid classes were expressed as percentages of the totals, esters constituted the highest percentages over white and black surfaces while secondary free fatty alcohols dominated over red. The higher ester content of epicuticular wax on plants grown over black (versus red) was almost exactly equalled by increased contents of free fatty alcohols and free fatty acids in the epicuticular wax of plants grown over red mulch. We conclude that the total wax concentration on leaves of field-grown plants was influenced by quantity of BL, and the percentage of individual components was influenced by the FR/R ratio. C1 GEORGIA AGR EXPT STN,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,GRIFFIN,GA 30223. RP KASPERBAUER, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,COASTAL PLAINS SOIL WATER & PLANT RES CTR,2611 W LUCAS ST,FLORENCE,SC 29501, USA. NR 32 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 62 IS 5 BP 940 EP 944 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA TF814 UT WOS:A1995TF81400021 ER PT J AU Ziska, LH Sicher, RC Kremer, DF AF Ziska, LH Sicher, RC Kremer, DF TI Reversibility of photosynthetic acclimation of Swiss chard and sugarbeet grown at elevated concentrations of CO2 SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE acclimation; Beta vulgaris; CO2 enrichment; photosynthate partitioning; photosynthesis; starch; sucrose ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; LEAVES; LIGHT; TEMPERATURE; EXCHANGE; PLANTS AB Although leaf photosynthesis and plant growth are initially stimulated by elevated CO2 concentrations, increasing insensitivity to CO2 (acclimation) is a frequent occurrence. In order to examine the acclimation process, we studied photosynthesis and whole plant development in swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L. Koch ssp. ciela) and sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris) grown at either ambient or twice ambient concentrations of CO2. In an initial controlled environment study, photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2 levels was observed in both subspecies 24 days after sowing (DAS) but was not observed at 42 and 49 DAS for sugarbeet or at 49 DAS for swiss chard. Although sugarbeet and swiss chard differed in root size and morphology, this was not a factor in the onset of photosynthetic acclimation. The reversal of photosynthetic acclimation that was observed in older plants grown at elevated CO2 concentrations was associated with a rapid increase in root development (i.e. increased root: shoot [R/S] ratio), increased sucrose levels in sinks (roots) and no differences in total soluble leaf protein of either subspecies relative to the ambient CO2 condition. In a second set of experiments, swiss chard and sugarbeet were grown in outdoor Plexiglass chambers at different times of the year (i.e. summer and early fall). Average 24-h temperature was 30.7 and 19.4 degrees C for the summer and fall plantings, respectively. In agreement with the controlled environment study, lack of photosynthetic acclimation, determined from the response of photosynthesic rate to internal CO2 concentration, was correlated with increased root biomass and sucrose concentration relative to the ambient condition. However, photosynthetic acclimation was observed depending on the season, i.e. summer (swiss chard) or fall (sugarbeet), suggesting that acclimation was affected by environmental factors, such as temperature. Data from both experiments suggest that continued long-term photosynthetic stimulation may be dependent upon the ability of increased CO2 to stimulate new sink development which would allow full utilization of the additional carbon made available in a high CO2 environment. RP Ziska, LH (reprint author), USDA ARS,CLIMATE STRESS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 26 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 8 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 95 IS 3 BP 355 EP 364 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TL376 UT WOS:A1995TL37600004 ER PT J AU GOSPE, SM GIETZEN, DW SUMMERS, PJ LUNETTA, JM MILLER, JW SELHUB, J ELLIS, WG CLIFFORD, AJ AF GOSPE, SM GIETZEN, DW SUMMERS, PJ LUNETTA, JM MILLER, JW SELHUB, J ELLIS, WG CLIFFORD, AJ TI BEHAVIORAL AND NEUROCHEMICAL CHANGES IN FOLATE-DEFICIENT MICE SO PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE FOLATE DEFICIENCY; FOOD SPILLING BEHAVIOR; SEROTONIN; DOPAMINE; MICE ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FOLIC-ACID; CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID; AMINO-ACIDS; TRANSGENIC MICE; BRAIN; RAT; DYSFUNCTION; DEPRESSION; METABOLISM AB Weanling mice were fed an amino acid-based diet supplemented with 0 or 11.3 mu mol folic acid/kg diet for similar to 38 days to study behavior and neurochemistry in folate deficiency. After similar to 5 wk, mice fed the unsupplemented diet weighed similar to 70% as much those fed the supplemented diet. After 2 wk, mice fed the unsupplemented diet consistently discarded (spilled) more food, and after similar to 5 wk, they had spilled 3 times more than mice fed the supplemented diet. Serum folate, brain folate and brain S-adenosylmethionine of mice fed the unsupplemented diet were 4, 53, and 60% as high, respectively, as those of mice fed the supplemented diet. Pathologic changes were not evident in brain, spinal cord, or skeletal muscle of folate-deficient mice. The hypothalamic 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid/serotonin ratio and caudate dopamine, homovanillic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid concentrations were lower in deficient than control mice. Folate-deficient mice develop a behavioral activity, food spilling, which may have a neurochemical basis in the serotonin and dopamine systems. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT NEUROL,DAVIS,CA 95616. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT PEDIAT,DAVIS,CA 95616. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT ANAT PHYSIOL & CELL BIOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT ANIM SCI,DAVIS,CA 95616. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT NUTR,DAVIS,CA 95616. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT PATHOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. RI Lunetta, Jennine/A-9819-2008; Gospe, Sidney/G-6080-2010; OI Lunetta, Jennine/0000-0002-7821-0257; Gospe Jr, Sidney/0000-0002-0099-109X FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK-38637] NR 35 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0031-9384 J9 PHYSIOL BEHAV JI Physiol. Behav. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 58 IS 5 BP 935 EP 941 DI 10.1016/0031-9384(95)00156-D PG 7 WC Psychology, Biological; Behavioral Sciences SC Psychology; Behavioral Sciences GA TC917 UT WOS:A1995TC91700016 PM 8577891 ER PT J AU GRABBER, JH HATFIELD, RD RALPH, J ZON, J AMRHEIN, N AF GRABBER, JH HATFIELD, RD RALPH, J ZON, J AMRHEIN, N TI FERULATE CROSS-LINKING IN CELL-WALLS ISOLATED FROM MAIZE CELL-SUSPENSIONS SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ZEA MAYS; GRAMINEAE; CELL SUSPENSION CULTURE; FERULIC ACID; DEHYDRODIFERULIC ACIDS; LIGNIN; ARABINOXYLAN; PEROXIDASE; CROSS-LINKING; PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE; 2-AMINOINDAN-2-PHOSPHONIC ACID ID PHENOLIC-ACIDS; ZEA-MAYS; LIGNIN; WHEAT; LIGNIFICATION; CONSTITUENTS; COLEOPTILES; ELONGATION; CONIFERYL; PHALARIS AB Cross-linking of arabinoxylans by ferulate dehydrodimers and incorporation of feruloylated arabinoxylans into lignin were modelled with maize walls (Zea mays cv Black Mexican) containing 5.3-18.0 mg g(-1) of total ferulates. The proportion of dehydrodimers to total ferulates increased from ca 20 to 45% when dilute hydrogen peroxide was added to walls containing bound peroxidase. About 45% of the dehydrodimers were coupled by 8-5 linkages, with 8-8, 8-0-4 and 5-5 coupled dehydrodimers each comprising 10-25% of the total. The quantity of ferulates released by saponification were reduced by 83-95% when exogenously supplied hydroxycinnamyl alcohols were polymerized into walls by wall-bound peroxidase and in situ generated hydrogen peroxide. Only 40% of the ferulates incorporated into lignin were recovered following hydrolysis of ether linkages. These results indicate that primary walls in grasses become extensively cross-linked by ferulic and dehydrodiferulic acids during lignification, and that only a portion of ferulates in lignified tissues are measurable by current solvolytic methods. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT FORESTRY, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. WROCLAW TECH UNIV, INST ORGAN CHEM BIOCHEM & BIOTECHNOL, WROCLAW, POLAND. ETH ZENTRUM, INST PFLANZENWISSENSCH, ZURICH, SWITZERLAND. RP USDA ARS, US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. NR 31 TC 162 Z9 168 U1 1 U2 20 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD NOV PY 1995 VL 40 IS 4 BP 1077 EP 1082 DI 10.1016/0031-9422(95)00413-2 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA TB788 UT WOS:A1995TB78800009 ER PT J AU CHEN, XM LINE, RF LEUNG, H AF CHEN, XM LINE, RF LEUNG, H TI VIRULENCE AND POLYMORPHIC DNA RELATIONSHIPS OF PUCCINIA-STRIIFORMIS F-SP HORDEI TO OTHER RUSTS SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HORDEUM VULGARE; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTION; POA PRATENSIS; SPECIALIZATION; TRITICUM AESTIVUM; YELLOW RUST ID BARLEY STRIPE RUST; AMERICA AB The relationships of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. hordei (stripe rust of barley) to P. striiformis f. sp. tritici (stripe rust of wheat) and P. striiformis f. sp. pone (stripe rust of bluegrass) in North America were determined by virulence and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses. Their relationships to P. hordei (leaf rust of barley), P. recondita f. sp. tritici (leaf rust of wheat), and P. graminis f. sp. tritici (stem rust of wheat) were determined by RAPD assay. All isolates of P. striiformis f. sp. hordei were virulent on some cultivars of wheat, and some isolates of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici were virulent on some cultivars of barley. Isolates of P. striiformis f. sp. hordei and P. striiformis f. sp. tritici did not infect bluegrass, and isolates of P. striiformis f. sp. poae did not infect barley and wheat cultivars. Of 31 barley genotypes tested, were susceptible and 8 were resistant to all isolates of P. striiformis f. sp. hordei. The remaining 14 genotypes showed differential reactions. Fourteen races (pathotypes) of P. striiformis f. sp. hordei were identified using eleven selected barley genotypes based on avirulence/virulence patterns. A system for naming and designating races of P. striiformis f. sp. hordei was presented to distinguish races of P. striiformis f. sp. hordei from races of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici. RAPD analyses separated the isolates of P. striiformis f. sp. hordei, P. striiformis f. sp. tritici, and P. striiformis f. sp. poae. P. striiformis f. sp. hordei and P. striiformis f. sp. tritici were more closely related to each other than they were to P. striiformis f. sp. pone. Based on molecular variation, none of the three formae speciales of P. striiformis were more closely related to P. hordei, P. recondita f. sp. tritici, or P. graminis f. sp. tritici. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. USDA ARS,PULLMAN,WA 99164. NR 48 TC 68 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 1995 VL 85 IS 11 BP 1335 EP 1342 DI 10.1094/Phyto-85-1335 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TF415 UT WOS:A1995TF41500002 ER PT J AU CHEN, XM LINE, RF JONES, SS AF CHEN, XM LINE, RF JONES, SS TI CHROMOSOMAL LOCATION OF GENES FOR RESISTANCE TO PUCCINIA-STRIIFORMIS IN WINTER-WHEAT CULTIVARS HEINES-VII, CLEMENT, MORO, TYEE, IKES, AND DAWS SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CYTOGENETICS; GENE INTERACTION; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTION; MONOSOMIC ANALYSIS; YELLOW RUST ID STRIPE RUST RESISTANCE; INHERITANCE; RACES AB The winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars Heines VII, Clement, Moro, See, Tres, and Daws have been reported to have stripe rust resistant genes Yr2 and YrHVII, Yr9 and YrCle, Yr10 and YrMor, YrTye, YrTr1 and YrTr2, and YrDa1 and YrDa2, respectively. To confirm the existence of the genes and determine their chromosomal location, the cultivars were crossed with the seedling susceptible cultivar Chinese Spring and a set of 21 Chinese Spring aneuploids. Monosomic F-1 plants were allowed to self-pollinate to produce F-2 seed. Seedlings of F-2 plants and their parents were inoculated with selected North American races of Puccinia striiformis. The results confirmed that Yr2 is on chromosome 7B and Yr9 and Yr10 are on chromosome 1B, and showed the tentative location of the following genes: YrHVII on chromosome 4A, YrCle and YrMor on chromosome 4B, YrTye and YrTr1 on chromosome 6D, YrTr2 on chromosome 3A, YrDa1 on chromosome 1A, and YrDa2 on chromosome 5D. C1 USDA ARS,PULLMAN,WA 99164. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,PULLMAN,WA 99164. NR 28 TC 45 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 1995 VL 85 IS 11 BP 1362 EP 1367 DI 10.1094/Phyto-85-1362 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TF415 UT WOS:A1995TF41500006 ER PT J AU YAO, CL CONWAY, WS SAMS, CE AF YAO, CL CONWAY, WS SAMS, CE TI PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A POLYGALACTURONASE-INHIBITING PROTEIN FROM APPLE FRUIT SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYSACCHARIDE-DEGRADING ENZYMES; HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; FUNGAL ROT DEVELOPMENT; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS L; PLANT CELL WALLS; BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; PECTIC ENZYMES; ENDOPOLYGALACTURONASE; NITROCELLULOSE; BARTLETT AB A polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) was purified from mature 'Golden Delicious' apple fruit. The protein was cell wall bound and had a molecular mass of 44 to 54 kDa as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Chemical deglycosylation of purified apple PGIP released a 34-kDa polypeptide, suggesting that differential glycosylation accounted for the heterogeneity in molecular mass. Apple PGIP showed differential inhibitory activity against five polygalacturonase isozymes purified from Botrytis cinerea grown in liquid culture. However, inhibition was not detected against polygalacturonase extracted from apple fruit inoculated with the same fungus. Kinetic studies suggested a mixed-type inhibition. N-terminal amino acid sequence of apple PGIP shared 96%, 68%, and 60% identity with those from pear, tomato, and bean, respectively. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV TENNESSEE,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,KNOXVILLE,TN 37901. NR 38 TC 47 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 1995 VL 85 IS 11 BP 1373 EP 1377 DI 10.1094/Phyto-85-1373 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TF415 UT WOS:A1995TF41500008 ER PT J AU AVILA, FJ YUEN, GY KLOPFENSTEIN, NB AF AVILA, FJ YUEN, GY KLOPFENSTEIN, NB TI CHARACTERIZATION OF A PYTHIUM ULTIMUM-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN AND FACTORS THAT AFFECT ITS DETECTION USING A MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CELL WALL; IMMUNOASSAY; OOMYCETE; PYTHIACEAE; SEROLOGY ID FUNGAL PLANT PATHOGEN; PHYTOPHTHORA-CINNAMOMI; APHANIDERMATUM ZOOSPORES; TRICHODERMA-HARZIANUM; PERIPHERAL VESICLES; CELL-SURFACE; COMPONENTS; ENCYSTMENT; GLYCINEA; CYSTS AB A Phythium ultimum-specific monoclonal antibody (MAb E5) recognized a 46-kDa protein band from P. ultimum in Wester blots, but did not react with any protein from five other Pythium spp. Loss of MAb E5 reactivity to the antigen following treatment of the antigen with trifluoromethane sulfonic acid, periodate, or laminarinase indicated that the antigen was a glycoprotein with a carbohydrate epitope containing beta-1,3 linkages. The antigen was thermostable. MAb E5 reactivity to mycelia and specific structures was affected by fungal age. The E5 antigen content in P. ultimum mycelia cultured in Czapek-Dox broth increased during the first 3 days, but subsequently declined despite continuing fungal growth. The antigen was detected in all young P. ultimum structures by immunofluorescence, but fluorescence decreased or disappeared as the structures matured or became dormant. Fluorescence reappeared upon transferring aged structures to fresh nutrient solution. Reactivity of MAb E5 to the fungus also was influenced by culture nutrients. P. ultimum cultured in media containing different seed exudates or different sugars varied in E5 antigen content. P. ultimum could not be detected in infected sugar beet and common bean hypocotyls using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The fungus was detected in infected sugar beet hypocotyls by Western blot, but not in infected bean tissue. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV NEBRASKA,US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT STN,NATL AGROFORESTRY CTR,LINCOLN,NE 68583. NR 39 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 1995 VL 85 IS 11 BP 1378 EP 1387 DI 10.1094/Phyto-85-1378 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TF415 UT WOS:A1995TF41500009 ER PT J AU WALTER, MH WYATT, SD KAISER, WJ AF WALTER, MH WYATT, SD KAISER, WJ TI COMPARISON OF THE RNAS AND SOME PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE SEED-TRANSMITTED TOBACCO STREAK VIRUS ISOLATE MEL-40 AND THE INFREQUENTLY SEED-TRANSMITTED ISOLATE MEL-F SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ALFALFA MOSAIC-VIRUS; EASTERN WASHINGTON; RINGSPOT VIRUS; COAT PROTEIN; TRANSMISSION; COMPONENTS AB The viral genetic basis of symptom severity and seed transmission was investigated with tobacco streak virus (TSV) pathotype I isolate Mel 40 and pathotype II isolate Mel F. These isolates differ in physicochemical properties and RNA secondary structure. Electrophoresis of RNA from the mild, infrequently seed-transmitted TSV isolate Mel F revealed many minor RNA species not detected in the severe, seed-transmitted isolate Mel 40. Inoculations with gel-purified Mel F genomic RNAs 1, 2, and 3 produced atypically severe symptoms on Chenopodium quinoa and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Severe symptoms were correlated with the absence of minor RNAs in the inoculum. Subisolate Mel FS arose as a rare seed transmission event of Mel F in bean. It was transmitted to approximately 30% of progeny seedlings but appeared otherwise indistinguishable from Mel F. Non-seed-transmitted Mel F encapsidated one minor RNA, designated RNA F5, which was not detected in seed-transmitted Mel FS viral RNA. Six heterologous RNA combinations from Mel F and Mel 40 were inoculated on C. quinoa by using gel-purified genomic RNAs. Only one pseudorecombinant isolate was sufficiently infectious for transfer and characterization, causing a slow-spreading infection that was not seed transmitted. Infectivity of TSV Mel 40 and Mel F appears to be dependent on homologous RNAs. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,W REG PLANT INTRODUCT STN,PULLMAN,WA 99164. NR 33 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD NOV PY 1995 VL 85 IS 11 BP 1394 EP 1399 DI 10.1094/Phyto-85-1394 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TF415 UT WOS:A1995TF41500011 ER PT J AU JONES, DL KOCHIAN, LV AF JONES, DL KOCHIAN, LV TI ALUMINUM INHIBITION OF THE INOSITOL 1,4,5-TRISPHOSPHATE SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY IN WHEAT ROOTS - A ROLE IN ALUMINUM TOXICITY SO PLANT CELL LA English DT Article ID POLYPHOSPHOINOSITIDE PHOSPHOLIPASE-C; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; CAROTA L CELLS; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; ACTIVATION; BINDING; TRISPHOSPHATE; METABOLISM; REDUCTASE; MG2+ AB In crop plants, aluminum (Al) rhizotoxicity is a major problem worldwide; however, the cause of Al toxicity remains elusive. The effects of Al on the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins[1,4,5]P-3)-mediated signal transduction pathway were investigated in wheat roots. Exogenously applied Al (50 mu M) rapidly inhibited root growth (<2 hr) but did not affect general root metabolism. An Ins(1,4,5)P-3 transient was generated in root tips, either before or after exposure to Al for 1 hr, by treating the roots with H2O2 (10 mM). Background (unstimulated) levels of Ins(1,4,5)P-3 were similar in both Al-treated and Al-untreated root apices, However, H2O2-stimulated levels of Ins(1,4,5)P-3 in root apices showed a significant (>50%) reduction after Al exposure in comparison with untreated controls, indicating that Al may be interfering with the phosphoinositide signaling pathway, When phospholipase C (PLC) was assayed directly in the presence of Al or other metal cations in microsomal membranes, AlCl3 and Al-citrate specifically inhibited PLC action in a dose-dependent manner and at physiologically relevant Al levels. Al exposure had no effect on inositol trisphosphate dephosphorylation or on a range of enzymes isolated from wheat roots, suggesting that Al exposure may specifically target PLC. Possible mechanisms of PLC inhibition by Al and the role of Ins(1,4,5)P-3 in Al toxicity and growth are discussed. This study provides compelling evidence that the phytotoxic metal cation Al has an intracellular target site that may be integrally involved in root growth. RP JONES, DL (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,USDA ARS,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,TOWER RD,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. RI Jones, Davey/C-7411-2011; OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 47 TC 144 Z9 160 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 1040-4651 J9 PLANT CELL JI Plant Cell PD NOV PY 1995 VL 7 IS 11 BP 1913 EP 1922 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA TH800 UT WOS:A1995TH80000017 ER PT J AU HIRANO, SS ROUSE, DI CLAYTON, MK UPPER, CD AF HIRANO, SS ROUSE, DI CLAYTON, MK UPPER, CD TI PSEUDOMONAS-SYRINGAE PV SYRINGAE AND BACTERIAL BROWN SPOT OF SNAP BEAN - A STUDY OF EPIPHYTIC PHYTOPATHOGENIC BACTERIA AND ASSOCIATED DISEASE SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID ICE NUCLEATION; PLANT-PATHOGENS; FROST INJURY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; POPULATIONS; PATTERNS; DISPERSAL C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT STAT,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,USDA ARS,MADISON,WI 53706. RP HIRANO, SS (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,1630 LINDEN DR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 45 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 79 IS 11 BP 1085 EP 1093 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TB844 UT WOS:A1995TB84400001 ER PT J AU BRITTON, KO ANDERSON, RA REDLIN, SC AF BRITTON, KO ANDERSON, RA REDLIN, SC TI COLLETOTRICHUM-ACUTATUM CAUSES ANTHRACNOSE OF BLACK GUM (NYSSA-SYLVATICA) SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Note C1 US FOREST SERV,ASHEVILLE,NC 28802. USDA,APHIS,PPQ BATS,RIVERDALE,MD 20737. RP BRITTON, KO (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,320 GREEN ST,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 79 IS 11 BP 1187 EP 1187 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TB844 UT WOS:A1995TB84400029 ER PT J AU BRITTON, KO REDLIN, SC AF BRITTON, KO REDLIN, SC TI DAMPING-OFF OF FLOWERING DOGWOOD SEEDLINGS CAUSED BY COLLETOTRICHUM-ACUTATUM AND FUSARIUM-OXYSPORUM SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Note C1 USDA,APHIS,PPQ BATS,RIVERDALE,MD 20737. RP BRITTON, KO (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,320 GREEN ST,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 2 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 79 IS 11 BP 1188 EP 1188 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TB844 UT WOS:A1995TB84400033 ER PT J AU Wu, SC Lu, Q Kriz, AL Harper, JE AF Wu, SC Lu, Q Kriz, AL Harper, JE TI Identification of cDNA clones corresponding to two inducible nitrate reductase genes in soybean: Analysis in wild-type and nr(1) mutant SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Glycine max; RT-PCR; cDNA and amino acid sequences; nitrate reductase (NR); nitrite reductase (NIR); NR deficiency; chlorate resistance ID COMPLETE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; NITRITE REDUCTASE; EXPRESSION; CLONING; MAIZE; LIGHT; RNA; ASSIMILATION; INDUCTION; PLANTS AB Among higher plants, soybean is unique in that biochemically it has been characterized as having two constitutive nitrate reductase (cNR) isoforms and one substrate-inducible nitrate reductase (iNR) isoform in leaves. All three NR isoforms are expressed in cv. Williams 82 while the nr(1) mutant expresses only the iNR isoform. The genetic and molecular mechanisms for regulation of these isoforms have not been elucidated. We describe here the isolation, by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), of two cDNA clones encoding soybean NR. They were designated as iNR1 and iNR2, respectively, since both were inducible by nitrate. The iNR1 and iNR2 cDNAs cover total encoding regions of 2661 and 2673 nucleotides, respectively. The iNR1 clone shows a 12 bp deletion at the 5' end, relative to iNR2. They show overall similarity of 89% at the nucleotide level, and 87% at the amino acid level. Like all plant NRs cloned so far, deduced amino acid sequences between iNR1 and iNR2 show greatest variation at the N-terminal region while no difference was observed at the C-terminus. Soybean iNR mRNAs were found to be different from those of maize and tobacco in response to tungsten inhibitor treatment, since the inhibitor decreased the steady-state levels of mRNA for soybean INR and for NiR. Using the same 5' regions of both cDNAs as the probes, Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA revealed differences in organization between iNR1 and iNR2. The genomic DNA from wild-type Williams 82 soybean was shown to have three Eco RI fragments while the nr(1) mutant lacked an 8 kb fragment when probed with iNR1 cDNA. Likewise, the nr(1) mutant lacked three Hae III restriction fragments when probed with iNR1 cDNA. When probed with iNR2, both wildtype and nr(1) mutant showed one identical Eco RI band and two identical Hae III bands. In northern blots, the steady-state level of iNR1 mRNA was similar for the nr, mutant and the wild-type parent after 20 to 48 h induction by nitrate. Based on the Eco RI and Hae III restriction enzyme digestion patterns observed in Southern blot analysis of soybean DNA, it is concluded that in soybean iNR1 is encoded by a small multiple gene family and iNR2 is a single gene. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT AGRON,URBANA,IL 61801. USDA ARS,GENET RES UNIT,URBANA,IL 61801. OHIO STATE UNIV,CTR BIOTECHNOL,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. DEKALB PLANT GENET,MYSTIC,CT 06355. NR 34 TC 11 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 29 IS 3 BP 491 EP 506 DI 10.1007/BF00020980 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA TL298 UT WOS:A1995TL29800007 PM 8534848 ER PT J AU MARTIN, MN COHEN, JD SAFTNER, RA AF MARTIN, MN COHEN, JD SAFTNER, RA TI A NEW 1-AMINOCYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLIC ACID-CONJUGATING ACTIVITY IN TOMATO FRUIT SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GAMMA-GLUTAMYL-TRANSPEPTIDASE; GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASES; MUNG-BEAN HYPOCOTYLS; XENOBIOTIC CONJUGATION; HIGHER-PLANTS; 1-(MALONYLAMINO)CYCLOPROPANE-1-CARBOXYLIC ACID; ETHYLENE PRECURSOR; AMINO-ACIDS; IDENTIFICATION; METABOLISM AB A new conjugate, 1-(gamma-L-glutamylamino)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (GACC), of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is identified. The only previously identified conjugate of ACC is 1-(malonylamino)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (MACC). GACC, not MACC, was the major conjugate formed by crude protein extracts of tomato (Lycopersicon escolentum Mill cv Ailsa Craig) fruit pericarp and seeds incubated with [C-14]ACC. GACC was resolved from [C-14]ACC and [C-14]MACC by reversed-phase C-18 thin-layer chromatography and subsequently detected and quantified using a radioisotope-imaging system. Proteins precipitated from crude extracts failed to catalyze formation of GACC unless the supernatant was added back. Reduced glutathione, but not other reducing agents, replaced the crude supernatant. When [S-35-cysteine]glutathione and [H-3-2-glycine]glutathione were used as substrates, neither radiolabeled glycine nor cysteine from the glutathione tripeptide was incorporated into GACC. Oxidized glutathione, S-substituted glutathione, and di- and tripeptides having an N-terminal gamma-L-glutamic acid, but lacking cysteine and glycine, also served as substrates for GACC formation. Peptides lacking the N-terminal gamma-L-glutamic acid did not serve as substrates. Acid hydrolysis of GACC yielded ACC, suggesting that GACC is an amide-linked conjugate of ACC. Taken together, these results indicate that GACC is 1-(gamma-glutamylamino)cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid and that its formation is catalyzed by a gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. Cas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the N-acetyl dimethyl ester of GACC confirmed this structure. RP MARTIN, MN (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. OI Cohen, Jerry/0000-0003-2816-8676 NR 40 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 109 IS 3 BP 917 EP 926 DI 10.1104/pp.109.3.917 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TE793 UT WOS:A1995TE79300024 PM 8552720 ER PT J AU JONES, DL SHAFF, JE KOCHIAN, LV AF JONES, DL SHAFF, JE KOCHIAN, LV TI ROLE OF CALCIUM AND OTHER IONS IN DIRECTING ROOT HAIR TIP GROWTH IN LIMNOBIUM-STOLONIFERUM .1. INHIBITION OF TIP GROWTH BY ALUMINUM SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE ALUMINUM; GROWTH; TIP GROWTH; ION TRANSPORT; LIMNOBIUM; ROOT HAIR ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; MEMBRANE-FUSION; PARAMECIUM-CELLS; POLLEN TUBES; EXOCYTOSIS; TOXICITY; INFLUX; SENSITIVITY; TOLERANCE; BINDING AB The magnitude and spatial localization of Ca2(+), K+ and H+ fluxes in growing and non-growing Limnobium stoloniferum root hairs was determined using non-invasive, ion-selective vibrating microelectrodes. Both the spatial pattern and magnitude of the ionic flux was dependent on the particular ion in question. Both H+ and Ca2+ influx was localized almost exclusively to the tips of growing root hairs, suggesting that these fluxes may be involved in directing growth. Influx of K+ showed no distinct localization and uptake appeared uniform along the length of the root hair. Competitive inhibition of Ca2+ influx using a range of Mg2+ concentrations indicated that the magnitude of the Ca2+ flux entering the root hair tip did not determine growth rate; however, the presence of Ca2+ on the external face of the membrane was implicit for root hair integrity. Aluminum proved to be a potent inhibitor of root hair growth. At an exogenous Al concentration of 20 mu M a complete blockage of Ca2+ influx into root hair tips was observed, suggesting that Al blockage of Ca2 + influx could be involved in Al toxicity. However, at a lower Al concentration (2 mu M), Ca2+ fluxes were unaffected while inhibition of growth was still observed along with a distinct swelling of the root hair tip. The swelling at the root hair tips was identical in appearance to that seen in the presence of microtubule inhibitors, suggesting that Al could influence a number of different sites at the plasma-membrane surface and within the cell. The possible role(s) of Ca2+ and H+ fluxes in directing tip growth are discussed. RP JONES, DL (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,USDA ARS,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. RI Jones, Davey/C-7411-2011 NR 48 TC 71 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD NOV PY 1995 VL 197 IS 4 BP 672 EP 680 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TJ713 UT WOS:A1995TJ71300015 ER PT J AU MARKS, HL AF MARKS, HL TI HETEROSIS AND OVERDOMINANCE FOLLOWING LONG-TERM SELECTION FOR BODY-WEIGHT IN JAPANESE-QUAIL SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE JAPANESE QUAIL; BODY WEIGHT; SELECTION; HETEROSIS; OVERDOMINANCE ID COMPLETE NUTRITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS; DIVERGENT SELECTION; GROWTH; GENETICS; SPLIT; REPRODUCTION; CROSSES; TURKEY; FEED AB Although nonadditive genetic variation is more important in crosses among laying stocks than among meat stocks, development of special sire and dam lines to control the release of primary lines results in broilers being the product of three- or four-way crosses. Therefore, nonadditive genetic effects are important in meat stocks because of opportunities to combine stocks that complement each other. Four experiments were conducted to investigate heterosis and overdominance arising from crossing Japanese quail lines originating from the same base population and selected long-term (> 85 generations) for high 4-wk BW under different selection environments. The different selection environments were established by feeding different levels of CP (28 and 20%) and different levels of thiouracil (0 and .2%). Estimates of heterosis were high for hatch of total eggs (>25%) and liveability (12 to 47%), and low for hatch weight (2 to 4%). Overdominance estimates followed similar patterns but were of lower magnitude. Percentage heterosis estimates for BW were high at 1 wk (20 to 30%) and declined linearly to 5 to 10% at 4 wk when quail were fed 28 and 24% CP diets. Contrariwise, when fed low-CP (20%) diets, heterosis values were low initially and remained stable or increased across age. Data obtained from measuring feed intake and feed efficiency indicated that heterosis for BW was closely related to changes in feed intake. Heterosis values for feed intake closely followed those for BW, including the decline across age. Conversely, heterosis appeared to be absent for feed efficiency, except at 1 wk. Similar to heterosis estimates, overdominance estimates were high initially and declined across age and were more clearly demonstrated under the 24 and 28% diets. It was concluded that considerable heterosis is present for BW in Japanese quail following the crossing of lines selected long-term for high BW, but that it is dependent on both environment (diet) and age. RP MARKS, HL (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,USDA ARS,SE POULTRY RES LAB,107 LIVESTOCK POULTRY BLDG,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 34 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 74 IS 11 BP 1730 EP 1744 PG 15 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TJ124 UT WOS:A1995TJ12400002 PM 8614682 ER PT J AU BAYYARI, GR HUFF, WE BALOG, JM RATH, NC BEASLEY, JN AF BAYYARI, GR HUFF, WE BALOG, JM RATH, NC BEASLEY, JN TI EXPERIMENTAL REPRODUCTION OF PROVENTRICULITIS USING HOMOGENATES OF PROVENTRICULAR TISSUE SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE PROVENTRICULITIS; INFECTION; BROILER; STUNTING SYNDROME; POULTRY PROCESSING ID BROILER-CHICKENS; MEGABACTERIOSIS; BUDGERIGARS; LESIONS AB Proventriculitis is a problem affecting the processing of broiler carcasses, particularly those processed at 4 to 5 wk of age. The proventriculus and the gastric isthmus connecting the proventriculus to the gizzard are enlarged and swollen and often rupture during processing, causing carcass contamination. This study suggested that a filterable agent found in homogenated proventriculi can cause lesions similar to those seen in field cases. Proventriculitis was produced independently of an effect on growth, and only unfiltered homogenate caused stunting. Field birds with severe proventriculitis were shown to have increased body weights compared with birds without proventriculitis or with milder lesions. Intestinal weakness was not associated with proventriculitis and field birds with the most severe proventriculitis had stronger intestines. Although infectious proventriculitis has generally been reported as one of the lesions associated with stunting syndrome, these data suggest that it may have an independent etiology. C1 UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT POULTRY SCI,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. RP BAYYARI, GR (reprint author), UNIV ARKANSAS,USDA ARS,POULTRY PROD & PROD SAFETY RES UNIT,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701, USA. NR 31 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 74 IS 11 BP 1799 EP 1809 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TJ124 UT WOS:A1995TJ12400009 PM 8614689 ER PT J AU CHENG, HH LEVIN, I VALLEJO, RL KHATIB, H DODGSON, JB CRITTENDEN, LB HILLEL, J AF CHENG, HH LEVIN, I VALLEJO, RL KHATIB, H DODGSON, JB CRITTENDEN, LB HILLEL, J TI DEVELOPMENT OF A GENETIC-MAP OF THE CHICKEN WITH MARKERS OF HIGH UTILITY SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CHICKEN; MICROSATELLITES; GENETIC MARKERS; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID ID TAGGED MICROSATELLITE SITES; LINKAGE MAP; GENOMES AB Microsatellites are tandem duplications with a simple motif of one to six bases as the repeat unit. Microsatellites provide an excellent opportunity for developing genetic markers of high utility because the number of repeats is highly polymorphic, and the assay to score microsatellite polymorphisms is quick and reliable because the procedure is based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We have identified 404 microsatellite-containing clones of which 219 were suitable as microsatellite markers. Primers for 151 of these microsatellites were developed and used to detect polymorphisms in DNA samples extracted from the parents of two reference populations and three resource populations. Sixty, 39, 46, 49, and 61% of the microsatellites exhibited length polymorphisms in the East Lansing reference population, the Compton reference population, resource population No. 1 (developed to identify resistance genes to Marek's disease), resource population No. 2 (developed to identify genes involved in abdominal fat), and resource population No. 3 (developed to identify genes involved in production traits), respectively. The 91 microsatellites that were polymorphic in the East Lansing reference population were genotyped and 86 genetic markers were eventually mapped. In addition, 11 new random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and 24 new markers based on the chicken CR1 element were mapped. The addition of these markers increases the total number of markers on the East Lansing genetic map to 273, of which 243 markers are resolved into 32 linkage groups. The map coverage within linkage groups is 1,402 cM with an average spacing of 6.7 ch between loci. The utility of the genetic map is greatly enhanced by adding 86 microsatellite markers. Based on our current map, -2,550 cM of the chicken genome is within 20 cM of at least one microsatellite marker. C1 HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM,FAC AGR,DEPT GENET,IL-76100 REHOVOT,ISRAEL. HEBREW UNIV JERUSALEM,DEPT GENET,IL-91904 JERUSALEM,ISRAEL. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL,E LANSING,MI 48824. RP CHENG, HH (reprint author), USDA ARS,AVIAN DIS & ONCOL LAB,3606 E MT HOPE RD,E LANSING,MI 48823, USA. NR 27 TC 131 Z9 142 U1 0 U2 3 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 74 IS 11 BP 1855 EP 1874 PG 20 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TJ124 UT WOS:A1995TJ12400014 PM 8614694 ER PT J AU BRAMWELL, RK MARKS, HL HOWARTH, B AF BRAMWELL, RK MARKS, HL HOWARTH, B TI QUANTITATIVE-DETERMINATION OF SPERMATOZOA PENETRATION OF THE PERIVITELLINE LAYER OF THE HENS OVUM AS ASSESSED ON OVIPOSITED EGGS SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE SPERM PENETRATION; FERTILITY; ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION; BROILER BREEDER ID FOWL GALLUS-DOMESTICUS; VITELLINE MEMBRANE; COCK SPERMATOZOA; ACROSOMAL ENZYME; NUCLEAR EVENTS; SPERM; FERTILIZATION; HYDROLYSIS; INVITRO; NUMBERS AB A technique was developed to assess the number of cock spermatozoa penetrating the perivitelline layer (PL) in oviposited eggs in vivo. Two trials were conducted to test this technique and to establish correlation values between fertility and sperm penetration (SP). First, three Athens Canadian Randombred males, previously tested as having high fertility (100%), were each housed with seven hens. Sperm penetration was determined from eggs laid over a 3-d period (n = 41) with the mean number of spermatozoa penetrating the PL overlying the germinal disc (GD; 1.35 mm(2) area) and nongerminal disc (NGD) areas being 162.8 and 8.4, respectively. Following removal of the males, SP was monitored to establish its duration with an average of 4.6 eggs analyzed per male per day. Mean sperm penetration during this period declined from 167.0 to .2 and from 9.2 to 0 for the GD and NGD regions, respectively. The mean duration of SP was 15.7 and 11.3 d for the GD and NGD FL, respectively. The duration of fertility was also established to be 14.0 d. There was a positive correlation between sperm penetration of the GD PL and fertility from eggs laid by naturally mated hens (r = .89, P < .0001). In the second trial, three groups (1, 2, or 3) of 16 hens (35 wk of age) each were artificially inseminated weekly for 4 consecutive wk with either 100, 50, or 25 million sperm/50 mu L, respectively. Inseminations were repeated weekly for 12 consecutive wk. Mean values were obtained from each of three 4-wk periods and used as replicates. Mean SP values from the GD PL for Groups 1, 2, and 3 were 40.2, 19.5, and 14.1, with fertility values of 95.8, 92.4, and 83.3%, respectively. Each replicate mean was obtained from similar to 24 eggs per group per day postinsemination. A significant correlation between SP of the GD PL and fertility (r = .90, P < .0001) was established using artificial insemination of hens. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT POULTRY SCI,ATHENS,GA 30602. UNIV GEORGIA,USDA ARS,SE POULTRY RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30602. NR 25 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 74 IS 11 BP 1875 EP 1883 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TJ124 UT WOS:A1995TJ12400015 PM 8614695 ER PT J AU LYON, CE CASON, JA AF LYON, CE CASON, JA TI EFFECT OF WATER CHILLING ON OBJECTIVE COLOR OF BRUISED AND UNBRUISED BROILER TISSUE SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE BRUISES; COLOR; BREAST; LEG; CHILLING AB Changes in the color of skin due to the presence of bruises and chilling were investigated. Broiler chicken carcasses were obtained from a local processing plant after exiting the last picker, individually bagged, and transported to the lab for color evaluation. Selection of carcasses was based on the presence of bruised breast or leg tissue on one side, with the same general location on the other side evaluated as unbruised tissue. The procedure was replicated seven times. Objective color values (L*, a*, and b*) were recorded for both the bruised and unbruised tissue before and after chilling. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with a random block design. Chilling resulted in significant increases in L* values (lightness) for both breast and leg, bruised and unbruised. The only significant change in a* values (redness) due to chilling was observed on unbruised breast tissue, which increased from .65 to 2.07 after chilling. The a* value of bruised breast and leg and unbruised leg tissue was not affected by chilling. Likewise, immersion chilling did not affect b* values. Under the conditions of this study, immersion-chilled carcasses were lighter in color than unchilled carcasses. Based on a* values, the appearance of bruised tissue did not change due to chilling. RP LYON, CE (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POULTRY PROC & MEAT QUAL RES UNIT,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 74 IS 11 BP 1894 EP 1899 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TJ124 UT WOS:A1995TJ12400017 ER PT J AU MAY, JD AF MAY, JD TI ABILITY OF BROILERS TO RESIST HEAT FOLLOWING NEONATAL EXPOSURE TO HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL-TEMPERATURE SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Note DE BROILER; HEAT STRESS; TEMPERATURE; ENVIRONMENT; MORTALITY AB Two trials were conducted to determine whether heat exposure of neonatal broilers had any effect on their growout performance or on their mortality during heat exposure later in life. Broiler chicks, 5 or 6 d old, were exposed to 36.1 C for 24 h in environmental chambers. At 47 d in Trial 1 and at 42 d in Trial 2, the broilers were exposed to 37.8 C for 6.5 h in Trial 1 and 8 h in Trial 2. Early heat exposure did not influence resistance to later heat exposure as measured by mortality. Also, early heat exposure did not affect body weight gain, feed efficiency, or growout mortality. RP MAY, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS,S CENT POULTRY RES LAB,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 74 IS 11 BP 1905 EP 1907 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TJ124 UT WOS:A1995TJ12400019 PM 8614698 ER PT J AU AUGUSTINE, PC AF AUGUSTINE, PC TI ENRICHMENT OF CECAL SPECIES OF AVIAN EIMERIA IN A MIXED CULTURE BY TRANSFER OF SPOROZOITES FROM FOREIGN HOST TO NATURAL HOST BIRDS SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Note DE EIMERIA; CULTURE PURIFICATION; SPOROZOITE TRANSFER; SITE SPECIFICITY; FOREIGN HOST ID IMMUNITY AB An effective method for the enrichment of two cecal species of the avian Eimeria in mixed cultures has been developed. The method involves the transfer of sporozoites of Eimeria tenella and Eimeria adenoeides from their specific site of invasion in a foreign host bird to the natural host, and markedly increases the numbers of the cecal species in relation to the other species in the mixture. Donor turkeys and chickens were inoculated with mixed cultures containing equal numbers of oocysts of the chicken coccidia, E. tenella + Eimeria acervulina, or the turkey coccidia, E. adenoeides + Eimeria meleagrimitis, respectively. After 8 to 24 h, the cecal tissues of the donor birds were scraped into phosphate-buffered saline and transferred, per os, to the natural host. On Day 6 to 7 posttransfer, numerous oocysts of E. tenella and E. adenoeides were found in the ceca of the recipient chickens and turkeys, respectively. In contrast, only occasional oocysts were found in a few birds in other areas of the intestine. RP AUGUSTINE, PC (reprint author), USDA ARS,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 74 IS 11 BP 1908 EP 1910 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TJ124 UT WOS:A1995TJ12400020 PM 8614699 ER PT J AU Fielding, RA AF Fielding, RA TI Effects of exercise training in the elderly: Impact of progressive-resistance training on skeletal muscle and whole-body protein metabolism SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NUTRITION SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Winter Meeting of the Nutrition-Society CY FEB 17, 1995 CL LONDON, ENGLAND SP Nutr Soc ID OLDER MEN; STRENGTH; WOMEN; AGE; MORPHOLOGY; HYPERTROPHY; HUMANS; REQUIREMENTS; 70-YEAR-OLD; ADAPTATIONS C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,HUMAN PHYSIOL LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP Fielding, RA (reprint author), BOSTON UNIV,SARGENT COLL ALLIED HLTH PROFESS,DEPT HLTH SCI,BOSTON,MA 02215, USA. NR 58 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0029-6651 J9 P NUTR SOC JI Proc. Nutr. Soc. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 54 IS 3 BP 665 EP 675 DI 10.1079/PNS19950066 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TT919 UT WOS:A1995TT91900006 PM 8643704 ER PT J AU CHEN, Y SAARI, JT KANG, YJ AF CHEN, Y SAARI, JT KANG, YJ TI EXPRESSION OF GAMMA-GLUTAMYLCYSTEINE SYNTHETASE IN THE LIVER OF COPPER-DEFICIENT RATS SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID LIPID-PEROXIDATION; GLUTATHIONE; ERYTHROCYTES AB Copper deficiency in rats increases hepatic glutathione concentration. The present study was undertaken to determine the biochemical and molecular basis for the glutathione elevation. Weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a purified diet deficient in copper (0.4 mu g/g diet) or one containing adequate copper (5.7 mu g/g diet) for 4 weeks. Hepatic glutathione concentration, the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione biosynthesis, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS), and the relative amount of mRNA for the enzyme were determined. Hepatic glutathione concentration in copper deficient rats was significantly elevated (6.6 vs 5.6 mu mol/g). The activity of hepatic gamma-GCS was 1.6 times higher in the copper deficient than in the copper-adequate rats (58.0 vs 35.9 nmol NADH/min . mg protein). The steady-state amount of mRNA for gamma-GCS was increased B-fold in the copper-deficient rat liver. The findings demonstrate that the elevated hepatic glutathione concentration in copper-deficient rats results from upregulation of gamma-GCS activity. This study provides further understanding of changes in hepatic glutathione metabolism induced by copper deficiency. C1 UNIV N DAKOTA,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL & TOXICOL,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202. USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202. NR 26 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL INC CAMBRIDGE PI CAMBRIDGE PA 238 MAIN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 SN 0037-9727 J9 P SOC EXP BIOL MED JI Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 210 IS 2 BP 102 EP 106 PG 5 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA TA348 UT WOS:A1995TA34800002 PM 7568279 ER PT J AU SHUSTER, DE KEHRLI, ME BAUMRUCKER, CR AF SHUSTER, DE KEHRLI, ME BAUMRUCKER, CR TI RELATIONSHIP OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, GROWTH-HORMONE, AND INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH-FACTOR-I TO REDUCED PERFORMANCE DURING INFECTIOUS-DISEASE SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI MASTITIS; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; ENDOTOXIN-INDUCED MASTITIS; RECOMBINANT BOVINE CYTOKINES; DAIRY-COWS; MILK-PRODUCTION; FACTOR-ALPHA; DWARF GOATS; ACUTE PHASE; PROLIFERATION AB Production of inflammatory cytokines and concentrations of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) were studied during experimental Escherichia coli mastitis to determine their potential involvement in reduced animal performance during infectious disease. During the first 10 to 14 hr after intramammary infusion of E, coli, bacteria multiplied to maximum levels of 10(4)-10(9) cfu/ml of milk with no clinical signs of mastitis, A rapid and intense inflammatory response, characterized by udder swelling, increased bovine serum albumin (BSA) and somatic cell count (SCC) in milk of infected glands, and elevated rectal temperature and serum cortisol concentration, began at approximately 12 hr after challenge, Lactational performance was reduced greatly at 24 hr, and the maximal decrease averaged 76% and 63% among infected and uninfected glands, respectively, of challenged cows; three cows became temporarily agalactic in all glands, By 6 days, all cows had nearly or completely eliminated the E, coli, and milk production had partially recovered, Milk composition showed an initial decrease in fat percentage followed by an increase thereafter, Protein percentage was increased and lactose content was reduced during most of the mastitic episode, High concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-l (IL-l) were detected in milk of infected glands, and their appearance preceded or coincided with development of the mammary inflammation, systemic reaction, and hypogalactia. Serum growth hormone concentration was higher among challenged cows, whereas serum IGF-I concentrations changed little during the mastitic episode. Concentrations of IGF-I in milk whey increased from 5.0 to 12.2 ng/ml among infected glands and from 4.4 to 8.5 ng/ml among contralateral, uninfected glands; IGF binding proteins also increased in the milk of infected glands, These data demonstrate that (i) reduced lactational performance is not caused by reduced concentrations of growth hormone or IGF-I and (ii) inflammatory cytokines are produced at a time consistent with a possible role in the inhibition of milk synthesis. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,DEPT METAB DIS & IMMUNOL,AMES,IA 50010. PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT DAIRY & ANIM SCI,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. NR 31 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL INC CAMBRIDGE PI CAMBRIDGE PA 238 MAIN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 SN 0037-9727 J9 P SOC EXP BIOL MED JI Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 210 IS 2 BP 140 EP 149 PG 10 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA TA348 UT WOS:A1995TA34800007 PM 7568284 ER PT J AU Sutton, SM Balch, GI Lefebvre, RC AF Sutton, SM Balch, GI Lefebvre, RC TI Strategic questions for consumer-based health communications SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID PUBLIC-HEALTH AB USING THE CONSUMER-oriented approach of social and commercial marketers, this article presents;a process for crafting messages designed to improve people's health behaviors. The process, termed consumer-based health communications (CHC), transforms scientific recommendations into message strategies that are relevant to the consumer. The core of CHC is consumer research conducted to understand the consumer's reality, and thereby allowing six strategic questions to be answered. The immediate result of the CHC process is a strategy statement-a few pages that lay out who the target consumer is, what action should be taken, what to promise and how to make the promise credible, how and when to reach him or her, and what image-to convey. The strategy statement then guides the execution of all communication efforts, be they public relations, mass media, direct marketing, media advocacy, or interpersonal influence. It identifies the most important ''levers'' for contact with the consumer. Everyone from creative specialists through management and program personnel can use the strategy statement as a touchstone to guide and judge the effectiveness of their efforts. The article provides a step by step illustration of the CHC process using the 5 A Day campaign as an example. RP Sutton, SM (reprint author), USDA,CTR NUTR POLICY & PROMOT,FOOD & CONSUMER SERV,1120 20TH ST NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20036, USA. NR 25 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 5 U2 7 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 110 IS 6 BP 725 EP 733 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TR305 UT WOS:A1995TR30500026 PM 8570827 ER PT J AU KULIKAUSKAS, R HOU, A MUSCHIETTI, J MCCORMICK, S AF KULIKAUSKAS, R HOU, A MUSCHIETTI, J MCCORMICK, S TI COMPARISONS OF DIVERSE PLANT-SPECIES REVEAL THAT ONLY GRASSES SHOW DRASTICALLY REDUCED LEVELS OF UBIQUITIN MONOMER IN MATURE POLLEN SO SEXUAL PLANT REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE UBIQUITIN; TOMATO; MAIZE; HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS; PROTEIN DEGRADATION ID HEAT-SHOCK; MALE GAMETOPHYTE; EXPRESSION; PROTEINS; CELLS; MAIZE; CDNA AB Ubiquitin is a ubiquitous protein involved in targeting proteins for degradation. Maize pollen was previously reported (Callis and Bedinger 1994) to show extremely low levels of ubiquitin monomer, and developmental significance was attributed to this surprising feature of maize pollen. However, we had previously shown (Muschietti et al. 1994) that tomato pollen had high levels of ubiquitin monomer. Here we show that pollen from most plant families has high levels of ubiquitin monomer. Most grasses tested show reduced levels of ubiquitin monomer, but some maize inbred lines have higher levels of ubiquitin monomer than other inbreds. There was no correlation between the level of ubiquitin monomer and either the monocotyledonous or tri-cellular condition of grass pollen or the dehydrated condition of mature pollen. Since many aspects of pollen development (i.e., wall formation, microspore mitosis, synthesis and storage of mRNAs and proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, dehydration at maturity) are stereotypical among all plant families, the reduced level of ubiquitin monomer in pollen of many grasses cannot be crucial for any feature of normal pollen development. C1 USDA ARS,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,ALBANY,CA 94710. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,ALBANY,CA 94710. OI Muschietti, Jorge/0000-0002-5719-4833 NR 28 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0934-0882 J9 SEX PLANT REPROD JI Sex. Plant Reprod. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 8 IS 6 BP 326 EP 332 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences; Reproductive Biology SC Plant Sciences; Reproductive Biology GA TJ123 UT WOS:A1995TJ12300002 ER PT J AU NARJISSE, H ELHONSALI, MA OLSEN, JD AF NARJISSE, H ELHONSALI, MA OLSEN, JD TI EFFECTS OF OAK (QUERCUS-ILEX) TANNINS ON DIGESTION AND NITROGEN-BALANCE IN SHEEP AND GOATS SO SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE TANNIN; SHEEP; GOATS; QUERCUS; FEED INTAKE; DIGESTIBILITY AB Sheep and goats exhibited different levels of tolerance to the effects of tannins extracted from oak leaves (Quercus ilex). Feed intake, N balance, and rumen ammonia concentrations decreased by 8%, 159% and 50%, respectively, in sheep infused intraruminally with tannins (P < 0.05). Similar measurements were not depressed (P > 0.05) in goats although mean rumen ammonia content was 39% less. In vivo DM digestibility was not significantly different for either sheep or goats. Averaged in vitro fermentation capacity was depressed 10% by tannin (8-12% concentration) in the rumen fluid from non-infused sheep given the same diet, but was improved by 9% for goats. Finally, tannin-infused goats lost in urine only 17% of the N ingested, while tannin-infused sheep excreted as much as 44%. The superiority of oats in dealing with tannin might result from the greater ability of their microbial population to degrade tannins, and/or their higher urea recycling and salivary secretion capabilities. Results derived from this study indicate that goats may be more suitable for grazing in oak woodland, especially during the season when alternative forage availability is scarce. C1 INST AGRON & VET MED HASSAN II,RABAT,MOROCCO. RP NARJISSE, H (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT RANGELAND RESOURCES,USDA ARS,POISONOUS PLANT RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 0 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4488 J9 SMALL RUMINANT RES JI Small Ruminant Res. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 18 IS 3 BP 201 EP 206 DI 10.1016/0921-4488(95)00700-0 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TK131 UT WOS:A1995TK13100002 ER PT J AU CARPENTERBOGGS, L LOYNACHAN, TE STAHL, PD AF CARPENTERBOGGS, L LOYNACHAN, TE STAHL, PD TI SPORE GERMINATION OF GIGASPORA-MARGARITA STIMULATED BY VOLATILES OF SOIL-ISOLATED ACTINOMYCETES SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; HYPHAL GROWTH; RHIZOSPHERE BACTERIA; GLOMUS-MOSSEAE; GERM TUBES; INVITRO; GEOSMIN; IDENTIFICATION; FLAVONOIDS; MEDIA AB Nineteen field isolates of actinomycetes and Streptomyces orientalis were evaluated for their production of volatile compounds that stimulate spore germination of Gigaspora margarita, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Some actinomycetes enhanced spore germination, whereas others did not. When placed in a common headspace with actinomycetes, but physically separated in a divided Petri dish, spores showed germination rates up to 73%. In control treatments lacking actinomycetes, spores showed 23% germination by the final day of observation, day 11. Actinomycetes having straight spore-bearing hyphae stimulated germination more than did actinomycetes having spiral spore-bearing hyphae (P less than or equal to 0.01 on day 11). Other traits of the actinomycetes that related (P less than or equal to 0.05) to increased spore germination included late sporulation and possession of dark vegetative hyphae but lacking melanin or other water-soluble pigments. Amounts of the volatile 2-methylisoborneol produced by actinomycetes were well-correlated with spore germination. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,AMES,IA 50011. NR 35 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 27 IS 11 BP 1445 EP 1451 DI 10.1016/0038-0717(95)00075-P PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA RZ283 UT WOS:A1995RZ28300010 ER PT J AU VIGIL, MF KISSEL, DE AF VIGIL, MF KISSEL, DE TI RATE OF NITROGEN MINERALIZED FROM INCORPORATED CROP RESIDUES AS INFLUENCED BY TEMPERATURE SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL DECOMPOSITION; SOILS; WATER; KINETICS; MOISTURE AB Methods are needed to predict seasonal mineralization of N when crop residues are added to soils in order to assess N availability to crops, The objective of this investigation was to evaluate and develop methods for predicting the effect of temperature on the rate of N mineralization (N-min) from crop-residue-amended soils maintained at near-optimum soil water content, Unamended and crop-residue-amended soils were incubated at temperatures between 5 and 35 degrees C to obtain N-min, rates for calculation of Q(10) values, defined as the ratio of reaction rates at a temperature interval of 10 degrees C. Measured Q(10) depended on the C/N ratio of the residue and incubation time, indicating that for predictive purposes a single Q(10) value is inadequate for describing the effect of temperature on crop-residue N-min. Temperature functions were developed from N-min data collected from unamended soils incubated at four temperatures under laboratory conditions, These functions were then tested in the MINIMO model (a subroutine of CERES-MAIZE) for residue-amended soils at four temperatures for up to 160 d. Model-predicted mineralizations was close to measured N-min for most crop-residue-soil mixtures tested. The use of the new temperature equations improved the precision of the model, reducing the residual sum of squares (RSS) from 9797 to 5286, However, the modified model was not able to accurately predict N-min for crop residues with a C/N ratio of 10 and 28. Inadequate prediction at these C/N ratios may be related to how the model allocates the pool sizes for soluble and insoluble plant N and the cellulose-hemicellulose pool size of the crop residues. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT SOIL & CROP SCI,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP VIGIL, MF (reprint author), USDA ARS,CENT GREAT PLAINS RES STN,POB 400,AKRON,CO 80720, USA. NR 27 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 11 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 59 IS 6 BP 1636 EP 1644 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA TF740 UT WOS:A1995TF74000019 ER PT J AU ZDRULI, P ESWARAN, H KIMBLE, J AF ZDRULI, P ESWARAN, H KIMBLE, J TI ORGANIC-CARBON CONTENT AND RATES OF SEQUESTRATION IN SOILS OF ALBANIA SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RADIOCARBON AB Soil organic carbon (SOC) was measured in 17 pedons, representing major agricultural soils in Albania, The soils studied were Inceptisols, Vertisols, Mollisols, and Alfisols. Within each order, the wet members (aquic suborders) had 10 times or more SOC than their well-drained counterparts. Radiocarbon dates were determined on wood fragments found in a few of the soils. The steady-state rates of accumulation range from 20 to 60 g m(-1) m(-2) yr(-1) in the wet soils. Only one well-drained soil was available for comparison and this had an accumulation rate of SOC of <1 g m(-1) m(-2) yr(-1). Drainage of the wet soils results in a marked decrease in SOC. The rate of decrease is much smaller (26 g m(-1) m(-2) yr(-1) during a 38-yr period) than the accumulation rate,,which was about 210 g m(-1) m(-2) yr(-1) (during 2000 yr) in the one pedon studied. In the same climatic environment, the well-drained soils accumulate SOC at significantly lower rates than their poorly drained counterparts, making the Former inefficient sinks of SOC. Thus, from the point of view of sinks of atmospheric CO2, emphasis must be given to the wetland soils. C1 USDA,NAT CONSERVAT SERV,WORLD SOIL RESOURCES,WASHINGTON,DC 20013. NR 12 TC 11 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 59 IS 6 BP 1684 EP 1687 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA TF740 UT WOS:A1995TF74000025 ER PT J AU WIENHOLD, BJ TROOIEN, TP AF WIENHOLD, BJ TROOIEN, TP TI SALINITY AND SODICITY CHANGES UNDER IRRIGATED ALFALFA IN THE NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID INTERNAL DRAINAGE; SUBSOILS; DAKOTA; SOILS AB Insufficient water is the greatest Limitation to crop production and choice of crops grown in the Northern Great Plains. Supplemental irrigation can overcome this limitation. Uncertainties about the drainage capacity of fine-textured subsoils and the effect of irrigation on soil properties has impeded irrigation development. In this study we quantified salinity changes in soils with fine-textured subsoils receiving a range of irrigation treatments. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was planted in 18 nonweighing lysimeters at two sites having fine-textured subsoils. Irrigation was applied at three levels so that irrigation plus precipitation equaled either one, two, or three times the calculated evapotranspiration rate using two water qualities (electrical conductivity of irrigation water [EC(i)] 0.1 S m(-1), sodium adsorption ratio of irrigation water [SAR(i)] 4; or EC(i) 0.34 S m(-1), SAR(i) 16). Changes in the electrical conductivity of saturated soil extracts (EC(e)) and the sodium adsorption ratio of saturated soil extracts (SAR(e)) were determined from soil cores collected to a depth of 1.5 m nine times between the years of 1984 and 1993. Averaged across irrigation levels, the profile-averaged EC(e) increased from 0.03 to 0.12 S m(-1) and the SAR(e) increased from 1 to 6 in lysimeters receiving the 0.1 S m(-1) water. In lysimeters receiving the 0.34 S m(-1) water, the profile-averaged EC(e) increased from 0.03 to 0.23 S m(-1) and the SAR(e) increased from 1 to 11. Salinity exhibited seasonal fluctuations. Changes in sodicity were persistent, exhibiting little seasonal variation. Supplemental irrigation of alfalfa is a viable management option in the Northern Great Plains when irrigation water quality is not a problem. RP WIENHOLD, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO GREAT PLAINS RES LAB,POB 459,MANDAN,ND 58554, USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 59 IS 6 BP 1709 EP 1714 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA TF740 UT WOS:A1995TF74000029 ER PT J AU GRESSEL, N MCGRATH, AE MCCOLL, JG POWERS, RF AF GRESSEL, N MCGRATH, AE MCCOLL, JG POWERS, RF TI SPECTROSCOPY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF FOREST LITTER .1. SUITABILITY OF METHODS SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE; DRIFT SPECTROSCOPY; HUMIC SUBSTANCES; SOLUBLE ORGANICS; FULVIC-ACID; SOIL; LEAF; CHEMISTRY; ALUMINUM AB Structural characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) have not been closely examined until recent analytical techniques became available. We examined the applicability of ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopies using aqueous extracts of pine and broadleaf understory leaf litter. The ratio of UV-VIS absorbances at 465 nm and 665 mm (E(4)/E(6)) were 7.8 to 8.5 for extracts of pine and 6.3 to 7.7 for the understory between pH 3.0 and 6.0. Using the standard method for humic substances (in 0.05 M NaHCO3 solution, pH 8.0), E(4)/E(6) measurement produced varying results, and is not recommended for DOM. Well-resolved FTIR spectra had features similar to those of humic substances; peak-height ratios were used for semiquantitative analysis of DOM functional groups. Two FTIR sample-preparation procedures were also compared: dried extracts on AgCl disks, and freeze-dried DOM in KBr pressed pellets. The first allowed better analysis of COOH functional group deprotonation; the second preparation procedure produced spectra with identical absorbance ranges as those of AgCl disks, with similar peak-height ratio trends as a function of pH, except for those associated with COOH/COO-. Contact between DOM and the salt in pressed pellets may have aided deprotonation of COOH, even at low pH. Interference from water occurred with KBr pressed pellets. Free radicals identified by ESR increased with pH, and shifts from 2.0036 to 2.0050 in ESR g values indicated that oxidation also increased with pH. We conclude that these spectroscopic techniques, modified from those developed for analysis of humic substances, are complementary and together provide useful information about the structure of the DOM of forest litter. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI POLICY & MANAGEMENT,DIV ECOSYST SCI,BERKELEY,CA 94720. US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,REDDING,CA 96001. NR 33 TC 31 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 9 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 59 IS 6 BP 1715 EP 1723 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA TF740 UT WOS:A1995TF74000030 ER PT J AU GRESSEL, N MCCOLL, JG POWERS, RF MCGRATH, AE AF GRESSEL, N MCCOLL, JG POWERS, RF MCGRATH, AE TI SPECTROSCOPY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF FOREST LITTER .2. EFFECTS OF MANAGEMENT-PRACTICES SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID C-13 NMR; SOIL; CARBON; NITROGEN AB Characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in aqueous extracts of litter may provide early indications of alteration of soil organic matter due to disturbances. Aqueous extracts of litter (pine and understory components) were prepared from two young ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dong. ex Laws.) plantations in California. Treatments were vegetation control (understory removal by herbicides), full nutrient fertilization, and control (untreated). Early changes due to management practices shown by spectroscopic techniques were not revealed by standard chemical analysis of DOM concentrations, pH or C/N ratios, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that DOM from both treatments at the warmer site (Whitmore) had relatively more COOH, phenolics, and aliphatics compared with controls, for both pine and understory components. At the tooler site (Chester) similar trends were observed only for understory DOM. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-VIS) showed that the ratio of absorptions at 465 vs. 665 mn (E(4)/E(6) ratio) was higher for vegetation-control DOM at both sites (6.7), compared with controls (5.9). Fertilization increased E(4)/E(6) ratios at Whitmore only. The E(4)/E(6) ratio was higher at Whitmore (6.7) than at Chester (5.1). The DOM from treated plots had smaller or less condensed chromophores, and relatively higher COOH, phenolics, and aliphatics, compared with the control. These effects were not as pronounced at Chester. At Whitmore warmer temperatures and increased water availability resulting from understory removal, and increased nutrient supply resulting from fertilization, may enhance the activity of decomposers. Total nutrients in Litter increased with fertilization and decreased with understory removal. However, at Whitmore, understory removal increased the nutrients stored specifically in pine litter. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI POLICY & MANAGEMENT,DIV ECOSYST SCI,BERKELEY,CA 94720. US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,REDDING,CA 96001. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 5 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 59 IS 6 BP 1723 EP 1731 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA TF740 UT WOS:A1995TF74000031 ER PT J AU GRAHAM, RC ERVIN, JO WOOD, HB AF GRAHAM, RC ERVIN, JO WOOD, HB TI AGGREGATE STABILITY UNDER OAK AND PINE AFTER 4 DECADES OF SOIL DEVELOPMENT SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID EARTHWORM CASTS; CLAY; STABILIZATION AB The development of water-stable aggregates is an important soil genesis process because it strongly influences important soil characteristics, including infiltration, aeration, and erodibility. We studied a 41-yr-old biosequence of lysimeter soils at the San Dimas Experimental Forest in southern California to assess water-stable aggregates as a function of the imposed scrub oak (Quercus dumosa Nutt.) and Coulter pine (Pinus coulteri B. Don) communities. Significantly different aggregate stabilities developed in these initially identical and homogeneous soils. Earthworms under the oak produced a 7-cm-thick A horizon composed almost entirely of worm casts. Casts were also deposited within the litter of the Oi horizon. The A horizon and the Oi horizon worm casts had aggregate stabilities near 90%, approximate to 35 g kg(-1) organic C, and abundant fungal hyphae, as observed by scanning electron microscopy. The I-cm-thick A horizon under pine contained no worm casts and had 78% water-stable aggregates, 12.9 g kg(-1) organic C, and abundant very fine roots and fungal hyphae. Subsoils under both oak and pine had 43 to 51% water-stable aggregates, attributable to inorganic binding mechanisms since organic C contents were less than or equal to 4 g kg(-1), roots were relatively few, and no fungal hyphae were observed. After 41 yr of soil formation, aggregate stability was approximate to 15% greater and the volume of stable aggregates was seven times larger under scrub oak than under Coulter pine. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW EXPT STN,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507. RP GRAHAM, RC (reprint author), UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT SOIL & ENVIRONM SCI,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521, USA. NR 29 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 5 U2 12 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 59 IS 6 BP 1740 EP 1744 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA TF740 UT WOS:A1995TF74000033 ER PT J AU KNOEPP, JD SWANK, WT AF KNOEPP, JD SWANK, WT TI COMPARISON OF AVAILABLE SOIL-NITROGEN ASSAYS IN CONTROL AND BURNED FORESTED SITES SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NITRIFICATION POTENTIALS; LABORATORY INCUBATIONS; N-MINERALIZATION; INSITU; METHODOLOGY; STANDS; BAGS AB The existence of several different methods for measuring net N mineralization and nitrification rates and indexing N availability has raised questions about the comparability of these methods. We compared in situ covered cores, in situ buried bags, aerobic laboratory incubations, and tension lysimetry on control and treated plots of a prescribed burn experiment in the southern Appalachians. Environmental influences were examined with soil moisture and temperature measurements. All methods detected significant differences in net N mineralization rates between treated and control plots; P = 0.04, 0.007, 0.001, and 0.07 for covered cores, buried bags, lab incubations, and lysimeters, respectively. Mean rates of N mineralization during the growing season were similar for the three soil incubation methods. The laboratory incubation of soil from treated plots produced significantly greater potential nitrification rates than the in situ methods. The four methods were not well correlated; this indicates the need for caution when comparing N transformation data derived from different methods. We conclude that the in situ covered core method is superior because it best incorporates site-specific soil temperature and moisture changes into N transformation measurements. RP KNOEPP, JD (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,COWEETA HYDROL LAB,999 COWEETA LAB RD,OTTO,NC 28763, USA. NR 27 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 59 IS 6 BP 1750 EP 1754 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA TF740 UT WOS:A1995TF74000035 ER PT J AU BROWN, MJ CARTER, DL LEHRSCH, GA SOJKA, RE AF BROWN, MJ CARTER, DL LEHRSCH, GA SOJKA, RE TI SEASONAL TRENDS IN FURROW IRRIGATION EROSION IN SOUTHERN IDAHO SO SOIL TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AGGREGATE STABILITY; CROP RESIDUE; HEADCUTS; INFILTRATION; RUNOFF; SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION; SEDIMENT LOSS AB A study was conducted to measure the seasonal irrigation furrow erosion pattern in the absence of cultivation and a growing crop. This erosion pattern was compared to those of previous measured plot experiments for different years in the presence of cultivation and a growing crop. Erosion for su,garbeets, corn and beans was low early in the season and increased to a maximum during the same 3-week period, from 24 June to 10 July over several years. Erosion decreased as the irrigation season progressed after the erosion peak. The erosion pattern from the uncultivated, non-cropped plots resembled the pattern from previous studies on cropped soil with the maximum erosion occurring about the same time of season. The pattern trends differed only after peak erosion. For the cropped plots, there was a sudden erosion decline after peak erosion, followed by a continual gradual decrease. In contrast, for the uncultivated, non-cropped plots, there was a sudden erosion decline after peak erosion, followed by a gradual increase in erosion. Although the seasonal erosion pattern cannot be completely explained, it is important to report it because of the implication for erosion modeling. Sediment loss rates measured from these soils in southern Idaho in late June or early July would significantly overestimate seasonal erosion, whereas sediment loss rates measured in May or early June or after mid-July would underestimate seasonal erosion. These results show that researchers cannot rely upon a one-time measurement for model validation if attempting to predict irrigation furrow erosion over an entire irrigating season. RP BROWN, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,3793 N 3600 E,KIMBERLY,ID 83341, USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0933-3630 J9 SOIL TECHNOL JI Soil Technol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 8 IS 2 BP 119 EP 126 DI 10.1016/0933-3630(95)00013-4 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Geology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA TJ008 UT WOS:A1995TJ00800004 ER PT J AU Boekhout, T Fell, JW ODonnell, K AF Boekhout, T Fell, JW ODonnell, K TI Molecular systematics of some yeast-like anamorphs belonging to the Ustilaginales and Tilletiales SO STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Systematics of Heterobasidiomycetous Yeasts and Filamentous Fungi, at the 5th International Mycological Congress CY AUG 14-21, 1994 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA DE Itersonilia; phylogeny; ribosomal DNA; Tilletiales; Tilletiaria; Tilletiopsis; Ustilaginales; yeast ID COENZYME-Q; FUNGI; DNA; GENUS AB Partial nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA sequences were analysed from species of Entyloma, Itersonilia, Melanotaenium, Microbotryum, Tilletiopsis, Tilletiaria, Tilletia, Ustilago and a number of ustilaginaceous anamorphs in order to assess phylogenetic relationships. The results indicate that Tilletiopsis is polyphyletic, comprising four independently derived groups of species. The teleomorphic species Tilletiaria anomala forms a monophyletic group with Tilletiopsis fulvescens, T. flava and T. minor. Cryptococcus tsukubaensis, Trichosporon oryzae, Sporobolomyces antarcticus, Candida fusiformata, Sterigmatomyces aphidis, Pseudozyma prolifica, Stephanoascus flocculosus and S. rugulosus form a monophyletic group with Ustilago maydis. All these species, and probably T. pallescens as well, belong to the Ustilaginomycetes. However, phylogenetic relationships of Microbotryum violaceum, Itersonilia perplexans and Tilletiopsis pallescens are unresolved by the present data. The position of M. violaceum and I. perplexans is not in conflict with their placement in the Urediniomycetes (sensu Swann) and Hymenomycetes, respectively. C1 ROSENSTIEL SCH MARINE & ATMOSPHER SCI,DEPT FISHERIES & MARINE BIOL,KEY BISCAYNE,FL 33149. USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP Boekhout, T (reprint author), CENT BUR SCHIMMELCULTURES,YEAST DIV,JULIANALAAN 67,2628 BC DELFT,NETHERLANDS. RI Boekhout, Teun/F-1552-2010 OI Boekhout, Teun/0000-0002-0476-3609 NR 26 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU CENTRAALBUREAU SCHIMMELCULTURE PI BAARN PA PO BOX 273, 3740 BAARN, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0616 J9 STUD MYCOL JI Stud. Mycol. PD NOV PY 1995 IS 38 BP 175 EP 183 PG 9 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA TM393 UT WOS:A1995TM39300015 ER PT J AU KATSIOTIS, A HANNEMAN, RE FORSBERG, RA AF KATSIOTIS, A HANNEMAN, RE FORSBERG, RA TI ENDOSPERM BALANCE NUMBER AND THE POLAR-NUCLEI ACTIVATION HYPOTHESES FOR ENDOSPERM DEVELOPMENT IN INTERSPECIFIC CROSSES OF SOLANACEAE AND GRAMINEAE, RESPECTIVELY SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE ENDOSPERM DEVELOPMENT; EVOLUTION; IMPRINTING; INCOMPATIBILITY; RECIPROCAL CROSSES ID POTATO; AVENA; EBN; INCOMPATIBILITY; FERTILIZATION; GERMPLASM; SYSTEM; MAIZE AB The Endosperm Balance Number (EBN) and the polar-nuclei activation (PNA) hypotheses have been developed to interpret, explain and predict interspecific and interploidy crossabilities in the Solanums and the Gramineae, respectively. Although these two hypotheses evolved independently, they share a number of common features. Assignment of EBNs and 'activation/response values' (AVs/RVs) depend on plumpness, size, and germinability of hybrid seeds. Also, both hypotheses emphasize the importance of a balanced parental genic contribution for the normal development of endosperm. However, in the EBN hypothesis a 2 maternal:1 paternal EBN ratio is a prerequisite for successful interspecific crossability, while the PNA hypothesis is based on the stimulative strength of the male nuclei to initiate mitotic divisions in the primary endosperm nucleus and is idependent on a 2:1 ratio between the RV of the polar nuclei and the AV of the male gamete. Differences and similarities between the EBN and PNA hypotheses are summarized and contrasted. It is proposed that EBN and PNA be considered as the same concept. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT HORT,USDA ARS,VEGETABLE CROPS RES UNIT,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT AGRON,MADISON,WI 53706. RP KATSIOTIS, A (reprint author), JOHN INNES CTR,DEPT CELL BIOL,COLNEY LANE,NORWICH NR4 7UJ,NORFOLK,ENGLAND. NR 44 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 91 IS 6-7 BP 848 EP 855 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA TH319 UT WOS:A1995TH31900005 PM 24169968 ER PT J AU HAN, F ULLRICH, SE CHIRAT, S MENTEUR, S JESTIN, L SARRAFI, A HAYES, PM JONES, BL BLAKE, TK WESENBERG, DM KLEINHOFS, A KILIAN, A AF HAN, F ULLRICH, SE CHIRAT, S MENTEUR, S JESTIN, L SARRAFI, A HAYES, PM JONES, BL BLAKE, TK WESENBERG, DM KLEINHOFS, A KILIAN, A TI MAPPING OF BETA-GLUCAN CONTENT AND BETA-GLUCANASE ACTIVITY LOCI IN BARLEY-GRAIN AND MALT SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE QTL MAPPING; BETA-GLUCAN; BETA-GLUCANASE; MALT BARLEY; HORDEUM VULGARE ID GERMINATING BARLEY; HORDEUM-VULGARE; ENDOHYDROLASES; SOLUBILASE AB Genetic study of beta-glucan content and beta-glucanase activity has been facilitated by recent developments in quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis. QTL for barley and malt beta-glucan content and for green and finished malt beta-glucanase activity were mapped using a 123-point molecular marker linkage map from the cross of Steptoe/Morex. Three QTL for barley beta-glucan, 6 QTL for malt beta-glucan, 3 QTL for beta-glucanase in green malt and 5 QTL for beta-glucanase in finished malt were detected by interval mapping procedures. The QTL with the largest effects on barley beta-glucan, malt beta-glucan, green malt beta-glucanase and finished malt beta-glucanase were identified on chromosomes 2, 1, 4 and 7, respectively. A genome map-based approach allows for dissection of relationships among barley and malt beta-glucan content, green and finished malt beta-glucanase activity, and other malting quality parameters. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,PULLMAN,WA 99164. ENSAT,INP,DEPT BIOTECHNOL & PLANT BREEDING,F-31076 TOULOUSE,FRANCE. INRA,DEPT PLANT BREEDING,F-63039 CLERMONT FERRAND,FRANCE. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. USDA ARS,CEREAL CROPS RES UNIT,MADISON,WI 53705. MONTANA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. USDA ARS,NATL SMALL GRAINS GERMPLASM RES FACIL,ABERDEEN,ID 83210. NR 26 TC 96 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 91 IS 6-7 BP 921 EP 927 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA TH319 UT WOS:A1995TH31900015 PM 24169978 ER PT J AU LEHNER, A CAMPBELL, MA WHEELER, NC POYKKO, T GLOSSL, J KREIKE, J NEALE, DB AF LEHNER, A CAMPBELL, MA WHEELER, NC POYKKO, T GLOSSL, J KREIKE, J NEALE, DB TI IDENTIFICATION OF A RAPD MARKER LINKED TO THE PENDULA GENE IN NORWAY SPRUCE (PICEA-ABIES (L) KARST F PENDULA) SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE NORWAY SPRUCE; PENDULA PHENOTYPE; BULKED SEGREGANT ANALYSIS; RAPD MARKERS ID BULKED SEGREGANT ANALYSIS; DNA AB The pendula phenotype of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst f. pendula] is characterized by narrow crowns and strong apical dominance and is controlled by a single dominant gene (P). This defined genetic control presents one of the few opportunities to map a single gene controlling a morphological trait in a forest tree. We used random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and bulked segregant analysis to identify one locus OPH10_720, linked to the pendula gene. The estimated recombination frequency (r) between OPH10_720 and P was 0.046 (SE(r) = 0.032). Mapping of the pendula gene is an important first step towards the ultimate identification and cloning of this gene. C1 US FOREST SERV,INST FOREST GENET,BERKELEY,CA 94701. INST FORENS MED,A-1090 VIENNA,AUSTRIA. PENN STATE UNIV,BEHREND COLL,DIV SCI,ERIE,PA 16563. WEYERHAEUSER CO,CENTRALIA,WA 98531. FDN FOREST TREE BREEDING,SF-00700 HELSINKI,FINLAND. AGR UNIV VIENNA,ZENTRUM ANGEW GENET,A-1180 VIENNA,AUSTRIA. RI Glossl, Josef/H-8208-2013 OI Glossl, Josef/0000-0002-5042-8828 NR 14 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 91 IS 6-7 BP 1092 EP 1094 PG 3 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA TH319 UT WOS:A1995TH31900038 PM 24170001 ER PT J AU KING, JW AF KING, JW TI ANALYTICAL-PROCESS SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION - A SYNERGESTIC COMBINATION FOR SOLVING ANALYTICAL AND LABORATORY-SCALE PROBLEMS SO TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE EXTRACTION; OIL; CO2 AB Identical principles govern the theory and application of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) whether they are applied in the field of chemical engineering or analytical chemistry, We have used these principles to develop instrumentation and methodology that can be used to solve a wide range of analytical and laboratory problems, The development of larger scale extractors for analytical use will be presented, including modules which allow the extraction of larger samples, multiple samples simultaneously, and highly viscous materials. Key components in the design of these extractors, such as fluid delivery systems, collection devices, and cosolvent addition schemes, will also be described. This equipment and the components have been integrated into a laboratory-wide extraction and processing system. RP KING, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FOOD QUAL & SAFETY RES UNIT,SUPERCRIT FLUID TECHNOL GRP,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 24 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-9936 J9 TRAC-TREND ANAL CHEM JI Trac-Trends Anal. Chem. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 14 IS 10 BP 474 EP 481 DI 10.1016/0165-9936(95)90808-Z PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA TB556 UT WOS:A1995TB55600004 ER PT J AU Rotz, CA AF Rotz, CA TI Loss models for forage harvest SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE models; forage harvest; alfalfa; grass; losses; quality ID ALFALFA HAY; QUALITY; CONSERVATION; YIELD; HAYMAKING; LEGUME; RAIN AB Information gathered through a comprehensive literature review was used to develop models which predict forage dry matter losses and the resulting changes in nutritive characteristics for each of the major phases or operations of harvest Models include plant respiration, rain damage, mowing, swath manipulation, baling, and chopping losses. Models were developed from the best data sets available and then validated by comparing model predictions with other available data or models. Dry matter losses were predicted from physical characteristics of the crop to provide models for application across legume and grass species. Changes in nutrient concentrations were modeled as functions of leaf fraction and the relative rates of depletion of plant constituents. These models were developed for use in forage enterprise models to predict typical losses and nutritive changes during harvest over a range of crop and climatic conditions. RP Rotz, CA (reprint author), MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,206 FARRALL HALL,E LANSING,MI 48824, USA. NR 50 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1621 EP 1631 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA TM693 UT WOS:A1995TM69300002 ER PT J AU Pitt, RE Muck, RE AF Pitt, RE Muck, RE TI Enumeration of lactic acid bacteria on harvested alfalfa at long and short wilting times SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE lactic acid bacteria; alfalfa; silage; inoculants ID NUMBERS; LUCERNE; GRASS; QUALITY; SILAGES; MAIZE; FARMS; CORN AB Preservation of alfalfa as silage relies on the presence and activity of lactic acid producing bacteria (LAB) at ensiling. Counts of LAB were determined on standing, mowed, and harvested alfalfa for two growing seasons under Northeast conditions, and were used to test prediction equations based on Wisconsin data (Muck, 1989b, 1990, 1991). Wilting times, rainfall quantities, and wilting temperatures were outside the range of the Wisconsin data in 60 of 70 trials. The equations performed well when conditions were in the range of the original data. For short wilting times, the inoculation associated with chopping was assumed to be affected by rainfall and wilting time only up to 4 mm and 72 h, respectively, and to be unaffected beyond that. LAB counts at wilting times greater than 72 h were predicted best by average ambient temperature and rainfall during wilting. The equation for long wilting times was independently verified with separate data from Wisconsin not used in previous regressions. Use of inoculants is projected to be cost effective on direct cut material when the average temperature in the 24 h prior to harvest is less than 23 degrees C with no rainfall. For long wilting times, average wilting temperature must be less than 20 degrees C for inoculants to be cost effective, but the temperature must be lower as rainfall increases. C1 USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,NJ. RP Pitt, RE (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,DEPT AGR & BIOL ENGN,318 RILEY ROBB HALL,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1633 EP 1639 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA TM693 UT WOS:A1995TM69300003 ER PT J AU Carlton, JB Bouse, LF Kirk, IW AF Carlton, JB Bouse, LF Kirk, IW TI Electrostatic charging of aerial spray over cotton SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE cotton; aerial spray; electrostatic charge; pesticide AB Electrostatically charged aerial spray studies were carried out over cotton fields. The study was planned and structured to obtain needed engineering information regarding the role and domain of applicability of this technology/methodology for aerial application. Spray deposition measured directly and separately from the top and bottom surface of cotton leaves was used to quantitatively evaluate three charging protocols: (1) bipolar, (2) alternating polarity, and (3) no-charge. The bipolar spray charging protocol gave significantly higher deposits on the cotton leaves than the no-charge or alternating polarity protocol. Mean deposit levels were 4.3 times higher with bipolar charged spray (Q/M = +/- 2.64 mC/kg) compared to no-charge spray (Q/M = 0 mC/kg). Bipolar charging also showed a 3.0-fold increase in deposit over the alternating polarity protocol (Q/M = 2.64 mC/kg @ 0.29 Hz). Bipolar charging was also demonstrated to be effective in increasing plant canopy penetration and exhibiting a leaf wrap-around effect. As expected, deposit means were greater on the tops as opposed to the bottoms of the leaves, and upper canopy deposits were greater than lower canopy deposits. The experiments also showed a significant replication effect. The reason for it was not apparent. The large scale electric field effects associated with bipolar charging present information for much further thought and study. C1 USDA ARS,SO CROPS RES LAB,AERIAL APPLICAT RES UNIT,COLLEGE STN,TX 77840. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1641 EP 1645 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA TM693 UT WOS:A1995TM69300004 ER PT J AU Chaubey, I Edwards, DR Daniel, TC Moore, PA Nichols, DJ AF Chaubey, I Edwards, DR Daniel, TC Moore, PA Nichols, DJ TI Effectiveness of vegetative filter strips in controlling losses of surface-applied poultry litter constituents SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE runoff; water quality; animal manure; poultry litter ID RUNOFF WATER-QUALITY; WASTE-WATER; FEEDLOT AB Vegetative filter strips (VFS) have been shown to have high potential for reducing nonpoint source pollution from cultivated agricultural source areas, but information from uncultivated source areas amended with poultry litter is limited Simulated rainfall was used in analyzing effects of VFS length (0, 3.1, 6.1, 9.2, 15.2, and 21.4 m) on quality of runoff from fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) plots (1.5 x 24.4 m) amended with poultry litter (5 Mg/ha). The VFS reduced mass transport of ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N), total KjeEdahl nitrogen (TKN), ortho-phosphorus (PO4-P), total phosphorus (TP), chemical oxygen demand (GOD), and total suspended solids (TSS). Mass transport of TKN, NH3-N, TP, and PO4-P were reduced by averages of 39, 47, 40, and 39%, respectively, by 3.1 m VFS and by 81, 98, 91, and 90%, respectively, by 21.4 m VFS. Effectiveness of VFS in terms of mass transport reduction was unchanged, however, beyond 3.1 m length for TSS and COD and averaged 35 and 51%, respectively. The VFS were ineffective in removing nitrate-nitrogen from the incoming runoff. Removal of litter constituents was described very well (r(2) = 0.70 to 0.94) by a first-order relationship between constituent removal and VFS length. C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT BIOSYST & AGR ENGN,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOSYST & AGR ENGN,STILLWATER,OK. UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT AGRON,USDA ARS,FAYETTEVILLE,AR. NR 33 TC 54 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1687 EP 1692 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA TM693 UT WOS:A1995TM69300011 ER PT J AU Schneider, AD Howell, TA AF Schneider, AD Howell, TA TI Grain sorghum response to sprinkler application methods and system capacity SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE grain sorghum; LEPA; sprinkler; spray; irrigation; deficit ID LEPA IRRIGATION SYSTEM AB The crop yield response of grain sorghum to four sprinkler methods and four irrigation amounts which simulated varying irrigation capacities was evaluated during 1992 and 1993 at Bushland Texas, in the Southern High plains. Irrigation methods were LEPA sock, LEPA bubble, in-canopy spray near ground level, and overhead spray. The application devices were installed on a three-span, hose-fed lateral-move sprinkler system. Irrigations were scheduled from neutron soil water measurements in a designated control treatment receiving 100% irrigation by the LEPA sock method. Soil water in the control plots was maintained above 75% of the plant available level by simultaneously applying 25-mm irrigations with all four sprinkler methods as the 100% irrigation amount. Deficit irrigation treatments received 75, 50, and 25% of the control treatment application on the same date. All furrows were diked to minimize runoff and enhance surface storage from irrigation and rainfall. The 100% irrigation treatments received 250 and 325 mm of irrigation in 1992 and 1993, respectively, along with 310 and 223 mm, respectively, of rainfall from emergence to the last irrigation. Grain sorghum yields were primarily affected by irrigation amount and to a lesser extent by sprinkler method, especially for the two smaller irrigation amounts. With deficit irrigation, the LEPA bubble and sock methods yielded better than the spray methods likely due to reducing evaporation from the crop canopy and soil and thus increasing the amount of water available for transpiration. For example with LEPA in 1992, grain sorghum yields were reduced only 1 % while the irrigation amount was reduced from 250 mm for 100% irrigation to 125 mm for 50% irrigation. RP Schneider, AD (reprint author), USDA ARS,PO DRAWER 10,BUSHLAND,TX 79012, USA. NR 8 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1693 EP 1697 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA TM693 UT WOS:A1995TM69300012 ER PT J AU Dabney, SM Meyer, LD Harmon, WC Alonso, CV Foster, GR AF Dabney, SM Meyer, LD Harmon, WC Alonso, CV Foster, GR TI Depositional patterns of sediment trapped by grass hedges SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE erosion control; grass hedges; grass strips; gully control; deposition; sediment characteristics; vegetative barriers ID VEGETATIVE FILTER STRIPS; SOILS AB Stiff-grass hedges can resist retard, and disperse concentrated flows of runoff; trap suspended sediment; and reduce ephemeral gully development. Flume experiments were conducted at a 5% grade using several combinations of four grass species, four types of sediment, and eight flow rates ranging from 0.33 to 2.66 m(3)/min-m. Sediment trapping resulted primarily from deposition in the backwater upstream of the grass, rather than by filtration in the grass. Sediment was initially deposited 1 to 2 m downslope from a hydraulic jump transition that formed at the upper edge of the backwater. From this position, a delta of sediment mostly coarser than 125 mu m grew back toward the hydraulic jump until flow depth became shallow enough that bedload transport was initiated and the delta began to advance toward the grass. In the flow zone across the delta, slope steepness approached 1 to 2% and the flow was near critical depth. A steady-state model was developed that describes sediment trapping in the backwater area as a settling process controlled by sediment characteristics, flow rate, and backwater depth at the grass. This model underpredicted trapping of fine sediment and overpredicted trapping of coarse sediment in situations where the delta neared the grass. RP Dabney, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, NATL SEDIMENTAT LAB, POB 1157, OXFORD, MS 38655 USA. NR 28 TC 91 Z9 97 U1 4 U2 16 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1719 EP 1729 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA TM693 UT WOS:A1995TM69300015 ER PT J AU Howell, TA Yazar, A Schneider, AD Dusek, DA Copeland, KS AF Howell, TA Yazar, A Schneider, AD Dusek, DA Copeland, KS TI Yield and water use efficiency of corn in response to LEPA irrigation SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE center pivots; cor; cultural practices; evapotranspiration; irrigation; LEPA; management; soil water use; sprinkler irrigation; water ID EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION; SYSTEM; MANAGEMENT; UNIFORMITY AB Center-pivot sprinklers are rapidly expanding on the Southern High Plains, and LEPA (low energy precision application) application methods are widely used in this region tb reduce water application losses, to use the relatively low well yields, and to reduce energy requirements for pressurization. This study was conducted to evaluate LEPA irrigation response of corn (Zea mays L.) on slowly permeable Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustoll). The effects of irrigation amount were investigated in afield study during the 1992 and 1993 cropping seasons at Bushland, Texas. In 1992, a wetter than normal season, grain yields varied from 0.6 to 1.2 kg/m(2) while in 1993, which was a season with slightly less than normal rain, grain yields varied from 0.4 to over 1.5 kg/m(2) as irrigations increased from no-post plant irrigations to fully meeting the crop water use. Irrigation amounts for the full irrigation varied from only 279 mm for the wet year to over 640 mm for the more normal year. A significant relationship was found between grain yield and water use for the two years described as GY (kg/m(2)) = 0.00169 [WU (mm) - 147] with an r(2) of 0.882 and a S-y/x of 0.10 kg/m(2). Deficit irrigation of corn, even with LEPA, reduced yields by affecting both seed mass and kernels per ear. Generally, the grain yield was in proportion to dry matter yield. LEPA irrigation was shown to be efficient in terms of partitioning the applied water into crop water use. Irrigation amounts should not exceed 25 mm for alternate furrows (0.76-m rows) LEPA on the Pullman-type soils with furrow dike basins. C1 CUKUROVA UNIV,DEPT AGR ENGN,ADANA,TURKEY. RP Howell, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS,CONSERVAT & PROD RES LAB,PO DRAWER 10,BUSHLAND,TX 79012, USA. NR 54 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1737 EP 1747 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA TM693 UT WOS:A1995TM69300017 ER PT J AU Abbott, JA Massie, DR AF Abbott, JA Massie, DR TI Nondestructive dynamic force deformation measurement of kiwifruit firmness (Actinidia deliciosa) SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE instrumentation; postharvest handling; texture; quality AB Firmness is a critical quality factor in kiwifruit marketing. We propose a simple dynamic force/deformation (F/D) test to evaluate kiwifruit firmness nondestructively. Various parameters from a low-frequency dynamic F/D test were compared to data from Magness-Taylor (MT) puncture F/D curves. Resonant frequencies from dynamic F/D did not adequately predict kiwifruit firmness as measured by MT maximum force (r = 0.60), while amplitudes at low frequencies predicted better (r = 0.81). The dynamic test data were more closely related to slope of the puncture curves than to maximum force, the parameter traditionally reported. Amplitudes near 60 Hz were found to be the best predictors of MT values (r = 0.88). Adding amplitudes near 98 Hz to the regression equation improved prediction only slightly (R = 0.91). A relatively simple firmness tester could be devised on the basis of 60-Hz vibrations. RP Abbott, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSTRUMENTAT & SENSING LAB,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 10 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1809 EP 1812 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA TM693 UT WOS:A1995TM69300024 ER PT J AU Liu, Q Bundy, DS Hoff, SJ AF Liu, Q Bundy, DS Hoff, SJ TI A study on the air flow and odor emission rate from a simplified open manure storage tank SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE odor emission rate; manure storage tank; livestock; numerical simulation ID MODELS AB This study presents a numerical evaluation of air flow and odor emission rate from an open manure storage tank. Odor emission rate is needed to facilitate the odor dispersion study and to compare different odor sources in terms of odor emission. The concentration at the manure surface, the tank dimensions, and wind speed were used to calculate air flow and the emission rate. The SIMPLER algorithm developed by Patankar (1980) and a two-layer turbulence model were used in the numerical simulation with a grid of 152 x 139. The predicted emission rate agreed with the field measurement results found in the literature. Experimental verification of the airflow showed that the flow pattern and velocity profile prediction were also in agreement with the experimental results. The calculated odor-emission rate was a function of the manure surface area, the odor concentration at the manure surface, the tank dimensions, and the wind speed. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGR & BIOSYST ENGN,AMES,IA 50011. USDA ARS,MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1881 EP 1886 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA TM693 UT WOS:A1995TM69300034 ER PT J AU Buck, NL Groff, GP AF Buck, NL Groff, GP TI Determining the thickness of layers of materials by dielectric constant measurements SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; Dielectric constant; Dielectric properties; instrumentation; measurement; radiofrequency; thickness AB Dielectric constant sensors are being studied as possible noninvasive tools for determining the fat content of beef cattle and carcasses by measuring the thickness and dielectric constant of the subcutaneous fat layer. A technique was developed which used coaxial dielectric constant sensors operating at 50 to 150 MHz to measure the thickness and dielectric constant of a layer of one material backed by a second material. The dielectric constant of the backing material must be known at least approximately and must be substantially different from that of the first material. Either two different backing materials or two sensors of different sizes are required. The prototype sensors were able to make accurate measurements on layers of acrylic plastic up to 4 cm thick. Experiments on layers of adipose tissue and lean meat were less successful, partly due to difficulty in obtaining slices of lean and adipose tissue of known, uniform thickness and excluding air from between the slices. Sensitivity of the prototype sensors to mechanical disturbance must be overcome to make them suitable for use outside the laboratory. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSTRUMENTAT & SENSING LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Buck, NL (reprint author), US GRAIN INSPECT PACKERS & STOCKYARDS ADM,FGIS,FMD,WEB,POB 96454,WASHINGTON,DC 20090, USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1903 EP 1910 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA TM693 UT WOS:A1995TM69300037 ER PT J AU Thomas, AW Snyder, WM Mills, WC Dillard, AL AF Thomas, AW Snyder, WM Mills, WC Dillard, AL TI Contrasting sliding polynomial smoothing and polynomial regression in data analysis SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article AB Data processing is a necessary step in organizing and summarizing numerical results of experimentation. Various methods have been proposed and utilized. Results of agricultural research as well as other natural resource research may depend upon the methods of data analysis and models used as well as upon the experimental data themselves. Two types of data analysis have been contrasted in this article: sliding polynomial smoothing and polynomial regression. Smoothing is shown to be superior in adherence to the data, in subduing polynomial bounce, and in maintenance of required symmetry. It is shown that adequacy of data analysis cannot always be measured by goodness-of-fit. RP Thomas, AW (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE WATERSHED RES LAB,POB 946,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1935 EP 1938 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA TM693 UT WOS:A1995TM69300041 ER PT J AU Drummond, ST Birrell, SJ Sudduth, KA AF Drummond, ST Birrell, SJ Sudduth, KA TI Bidirectional serial-to-parallel converter for data acquisition and control SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE converter; computers; data acquisition AB A bidirectional serial-to-parallel converter was created to allow collection of serial data through the parallel port on a portable laptop computer. The converter consisted of both hardware conversion circuitry and control software. The converter supported both input and output at a variety of transmission formats and adjustable transmission rates. The control software made use of the various I/O registers of the parallel port to collect data and control the hardware circuitry. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,USDA ARS,CROPPING SYST & WATER QUAL RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT AGR ENGN,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 38 IS 6 BP 1939 EP 1941 PG 3 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA TM693 UT WOS:A1995TM69300042 ER PT J AU ROTH, GS JOSEPH, JA MASON, RP AF ROTH, GS JOSEPH, JA MASON, RP TI MEMBRANE-ALTERATIONS IN ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE AND AGING - REPLY SO TRENDS IN NEUROSCIENCES LA English DT Letter ID LIPID FLUIDITY; BRAIN; BINDING C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA ARS,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. MED COLL PENN,NEUROSCI RES CTR,PITTSBURGH,PA 15212. HAHNEMANN UNIV,PITTSBURGH,PA 15212. RP ROTH, GS (reprint author), NIA,GERONTOL RES CTR,JOHNS HOPKINS BAYVIEW CTR,MOLEC PHYSIOL & GENET SECT,4940 EASTERN AVE,BALTIMORE,MD 21224, USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0166-2236 J9 TRENDS NEUROSCI JI Trends Neurosci. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 18 IS 11 BP 484 EP 484 DI 10.1016/0166-2236(95)90046-2 PG 1 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA TC638 UT WOS:A1995TC63800008 ER PT J AU Glass, RJ Walton, GS AF Glass, RJ Walton, GS TI Recreation use of upper Pemigewasset and Swift River drainages, New Hampshire. SO USDA FOREST SERVICE NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE stream use; northeast AB In-stream recreation use of the upper Pemigewasset and Swift River Drainages was estimated by a technique based on modified, stratified sampling. Results are reported by category of stream segment, season, day of week, time of day, and activity. ''Weekend and holiday'' use exceeded weekday use during spring and fall, but weekdays had the heaviest use during the summer. Recreation use was much greater in summer than in spring or fall. Feeder streams had the heaviest recreation use during summer weekdays, but the main stems had the most use during summer ''weekends and holidays'' and during both periods of the week in the other seasons. Use was heaviest in early afternoon. Swimming/wading was the most popular activity during summer, followed by passive leisure. Both feeders and main stem had the heaviest use per mile of stream during the summer. C1 US ECON RES SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. NE FOREST EXPT STN,CTR BIOL CONTROL,FOREST MONITORING GRP,HAMDEN,CT. RP Glass, RJ (reprint author), NE FOREST EXPT STN,HUMAN DIMENS TOURISM FISH WILDLIFE & OUTDOOR RECR,BURLINGTON,VT, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU USDA FOREST SERVICE NORTH EASTERN FOREST EXP STATION PI DELAWARE PA 359 MAIN RD, DELAWARE, OH 43015 SN 0502-3491 J9 USDA FOR SERV NE RES JI USDA For. Serv. Northeast. For. Exp. Stn. Res. Pap. PD NOV PY 1995 IS 701 BP 1 EP & PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TQ492 UT WOS:A1995TQ49200001 ER PT J AU TWOMEY, T NEWMAN, J BURRAGE, T PIATTI, P LUBROTH, J BROWN, F AF TWOMEY, T NEWMAN, J BURRAGE, T PIATTI, P LUBROTH, J BROWN, F TI STRUCTURE AND IMMUNOGENICITY OF EXPERIMENTAL FOOT-AND-MOUTH-DISEASE AND POLIOMYELITIS VACCINES SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS; POLIOVIRUS; INACTIVATING AGENTS; CROSS-LINKING WITH FORMALDEHYDE; IMMUNOGENICITY ID 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE; POLIOVIRUS; VIRUS; RESOLUTION; STRAINS AB The physico-chemical properties and immunogenicity of experimental vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and poliomyelitis, prepared by treatment of the viruses with N-acetylethyleneimine (AEI), formaldehyde or neutral red, have been studied None of these reagents affects the rate of sedimentation of the particles or their reaction with antibody against the major immunogenic sites. FMD vaccines prepared by inactivation with AEI or neutral red behaved like the untreated virus, in that they were disrupted on lowering the pH below 7. The RNA of the AEI-inactivated virus was degraded into slowly sedimenting molecules. Unlike AEI-inactivated virus, from which all the RNA could be extracted with phenol-SDS, the recovery from the neutral red inactivated virus was variable and was sometimes as low as 40%; this RNA gave a heterogenous profile in sucrose gradients. The capsid proteins in the AEI preparation migrated in SDS-PAGE to the sane positions as those of untreated virus, but in the neutral red preparation there was evidence of cross-linking. In contrast, the formaldehyde-inactivated vaccine was stable below pH 7 and the RNA could not be released by extraction with phenol-SDS at pH 5, because the capsid proteins had become cross-linked and/or linked to the RNA. As with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMD V), poliovirus which had been inactivated with formaldehyde did not release its RNA on extraction with phenol-SDS and the capsid proteins were also cross-linked. Surprisingly, although AEI cleaved the viral RNA slowly in situ, the virus was no longer infectious after 6 h. Neutral red did not reduce the infectivity of the virus. All of the preparations gave similar levels of neutralizing antibody after a single inoculation. The high levels obtained with the formaldehyde-inactivated vaccines have implications for the processing of fixed particles by the antigen-presenting cells. C1 USDA,PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR,GREENPORT,NY 11944. NR 29 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA LINACRE HOUSE JORDAN HILL, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 8DP SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD NOV PY 1995 VL 13 IS 16 BP 1603 EP 1610 DI 10.1016/0264-410X(95)00079-G PG 8 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA TF205 UT WOS:A1995TF20500020 PM 8578849 ER PT J AU BOLIN, SR AF BOLIN, SR TI THE PATHOGENESIS OF MUCOSAL DISEASE SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article AB This article approaches the pathogenesis of mucosal disease by reviewing the chronologic progress made in the recognition of this disease and in the understanding of the complex series of events necessary to induce this disease. The importance of viral biotype, persistent infection, viral mutation, and antigenic similarity/dissimilarity are discussed. RP BOLIN, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,2300 DAYTON AVE,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 0 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 3 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0749-0720 J9 VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 11 IS 3 BP 489 EP & PG 0 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA TF952 UT WOS:A1995TF95200006 PM 8581859 ER PT J AU BOLIN, SR AF BOLIN, SR TI CONTROL OF BOVINE VIRAL DIARRHEA INFECTION BY USE OF VACCINATION SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article AB The advantages and disadvantages of inactivated and modified-live virus vaccines for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are addressed. Some current vaccination practices and guidelines for use of vaccines are discussed. Recent advances in knowledge of the virus, coupled with new approaches in vaccine construction, are Likely to soon result in new vaccines. RP BOLIN, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,2300 DAYTON AVE,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 0 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 3 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0749-0720 J9 VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 11 IS 3 BP 615 EP & PG 0 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA TF952 UT WOS:A1995TF95200013 PM 8581866 ER PT J AU YOUNG, CR ECKERSALL, PD SAINI, PK STANKER, LH AF YOUNG, CR ECKERSALL, PD SAINI, PK STANKER, LH TI VALIDATION OF IMMUNOASSAYS FOR BOVINE HAPTOGLOBIN SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE IMMUNOASSAY; ACUTE PHASE PROTEIN; BOVINE; HAPTOGLOBIN ID ACUTE-PHASE PROTEINS; HEMOGLOBIN-BINDING PROTEIN; SERUM AMYLOID-A; REACTIVE PROTEIN; POLYMERIC FORMS; INDUCTION; INTERLEUKIN-6; CATTLE; ASSAY; COWS AB Haptoglobin (Hp) is an acute phase protein. The plasma concentration of Hp increases rapidly following tissue damage associated with infection and inflammation. Thus Hp levels could be used as a screening test for organic disease, an objective index of disease activity and response to therapy, or as a sign of microbial infection. Recently, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for bovine Hp was described. We have now developed three different immunoassay formats for bovine Hp and report on their validation and relative value to the diagnosis of bovine disease. Hp levels measured using these three immunoassays were compared and contrasted with results obtained for Hp estimation as measured by the increase in the protection of peroxidase activity against acid inactivation following binding with bovine haemoglobin. The quantitative Hp immunoassays evaluated in the present study are simple, rapid, inexpensive, reproducible, and well suited for both field and laboratory use. C1 UNIV GLASGOW,SCH VET,DEPT CLIN BIOCHEM,GLASGOW G61 1QH,LANARK,SCOTLAND. USDA,FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV,SCI & TECHNOL PROGRAM,DIV PATHOL & SEROL,SEROL BRANCH,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP YOUNG, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,2381 F&B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 38 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 49 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 13 DI 10.1016/0165-2427(95)05454-E PG 13 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA TG591 UT WOS:A1995TG59100001 PM 8588332 ER PT J AU BURTON, JL NONNECKE, BJ ELSASSER, TH MALLARD, BA YANG, WZ MOWAT, DN AF BURTON, JL NONNECKE, BJ ELSASSER, TH MALLARD, BA YANG, WZ MOWAT, DN TI IMMUNOMODULATORY ACTIVITY OF BLOOD-SERUM FROM CHROMIUM-SUPPLEMENTED PERIPARTURIENT DAIRY-COWS SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CHROMIUM; PARTURITION; BOVINE; IMMUNE SYSTEM ID STRESSED FEEDER CALVES; NEUTROPHIL PHAGOCYTOSIS; PLASMA-CONCENTRATIONS; GROWTH-HORMONE; BOVINE; PERFORMANCE; PARTURITION; PICOLINATE; LACTATION; INSULIN AB Our previous research showed enhanced immune responses, including mitogen-induced blastogenesis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from feedlot calves and periparturient dairy cows supplemented with dietary chromium (Cr). The objectives of the present study were to test whether blood sera from Cr-supplemented periparturient cows contained immunomodulatory activity for mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and, if so, to determine if this activity was explicable by differences in blood profiles of some glucose-regulating hormones (insulin, cortisol, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, and tumor necrosis factor-ct) between Cr-supplemented and unsupplemented (control) animals. Blood sera from ten unsupplemented cows and nine Cr-supplemented cows (0.5 ppm day(-1)) were collected weekly from 2 weeks before to 6 weeks after parturition, and were used to supplement (1, 10, and 20% vol/vol) culture medium supporting concanavalin A (Con A) stimulated mononuclear cells enriched from blood of four nulliparous donor cows. Hormone concentrations were determined using radioimmunoassays. Con A-induced blastogenesis was enhanced when 1, 10, and 20% sera from Cr-supplemented cows was added to the mononuclear cell cultures, and this was particularly evident around parturition. Conversely, peripartum sera from unsupplemented cows depressed Con A-induced blastogenesis. Except for a marginal rise in blood cortisol 2-4 weeks after parturition, no significant effects of Cr supplementation on other hormones (insulin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, tumor necrosis factor-alpha) were observed. These observations suggest that factors in peripheral blood serum from Cr-supplemented cows, other than absolute concentrations of the glucose-regulating hormones studied, modulate Con A-induced blastogenesis of mononuclear leukocytes. C1 USDA ARS,RUMINANT NUTR LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV GUELPH,DEPT VET MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,GUELPH,ON N1G 2W1,CANADA. UNIV GUELPH,DEPT ANIM & POULTRY SCI,GUELPH,ON N1G 2W1,CANADA. RP BURTON, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 34 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 49 IS 1-2 BP 29 EP 38 DI 10.1016/0165-2427(95)05452-C PG 10 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA TG591 UT WOS:A1995TG59100003 PM 8588342 ER PT J AU GRAY, JT FEDORKACRAY, PJ STABEL, TJ ACKERMAN, MR AF GRAY, JT FEDORKACRAY, PJ STABEL, TJ ACKERMAN, MR TI INFLUENCE OF INOCULATION ROUTE ON THE CARRIER STATE OF SALMONELLA-CHOLERAESUIS IN SWINE SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE SALMONELLA CHOLERAESUIS; CARRIER STATE; SWINE ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; INTERNAL ORGANS; TYPHIMURIUM; INFECTION; PIGS; MICE AB This study was designed to investigate the carrier state of swine infected with Salmonella choleraesuis. Thirty-five pigs were divided into 3 groups. Groups 1 (n = 15) and 2 (n = 16) were challenged with 10(8) CFU of S. choleraesuis intranasally or by gastric route, respectively. Group 3 (n = 4) served as uninoculated controls. Pigs were necropsied at 2, 4, 6, and 12 weeks post inoculation. Clinical signs and microscopic lesions were more severe for group 1. Salmonella choleraesuis was recovered from a greater percentage of tissue samples for group 1 versus group 2 at 2, 4, and 6 weeks post inoculation. No differences were observed between groups at 12 weeks post inoculation. Regardless of route of inoculation, S. choleraesuis was most often recovered from the ileocolic junction, ileocolic lymph node, cecal contents, tonsil, lung and colon. Both groups shed S. choleraesuis in the feces sporadically throughout the 12 week period indicating that a carrier state is maintained for at least 12 weeks. However, group 1 shed higher numbers of S. choleraesuis initially. Serum Igc, IgM, and IgA antibody responses to S, choleraesuis lipopolysaccharide and heat extract antigens were observed for both groups. Higher serum IgG antibody titers to S. choleraesuis lipopolysaccharide were observed for group 2. Intestinal antibody responses for both groups included IgG and IgM responses but not an IgA response. Both routes of inoculation stimulated peripheral blood B-cells while the intranasal route (group 1) was more effective at stimulating peripheral blood T-cells. The reduction in levels of tissues infection and shedding observed for both groups coincided with the development of the host immune response. These data indicate that route of inoculation affects the development of humoral and cellular immunity, influences levels of Salmonella shed into the environment and the distribution of Salmonella within tissue. RP GRAY, JT (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,PHYSIOPATHOL RES UNIT,2300 DAYTON RD,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 27 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 47 IS 1-2 BP 43 EP 59 DI 10.1016/0378-1135(95)00060-N PG 17 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA TF680 UT WOS:A1995TF68000005 PM 8604554 ER PT J AU ALEXANDER, KA KAT, PW HOUSE, J HOUSE, C OBRIEN, SJ LAURENSON, MK MCNUTT, JW OSBURN, BI AF ALEXANDER, KA KAT, PW HOUSE, J HOUSE, C OBRIEN, SJ LAURENSON, MK MCNUTT, JW OSBURN, BI TI AFRICAN HORSE SICKNESS AND AFRICAN CARNIVORES SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AFRICAN HORSE SICKNESS; CARNIVORES; DOMESTIC DOGS; AFRICAN WILD DOGS; LIONS; SPOTTED HYENAS ID HORSESICKNESS VIRUS; ANTIBODIES; SPAIN AB African horse sickness (AHS) is a disease that affects equids, and is principally transmitted by Culicoides spp, that are biological vectors of AHS viruses (AHSV). The repeated spread of AHSV from sub-Saharan Africa to the Middle East, northern Africa and the Iberian peninsula indicate that a better understanding of AHS epizootiology is needed. African horse sickness has long been known to infect and cause mortality among domestic dogs that ingest virus contaminated meat, but it is uncertain what role carnivores play in transmission of the virus. We present evidence of widespread natural AHS infection among a diversity of African carnivore species. We hypothesize that such infection resulted from ingestion of meat and organs from AHS-infected prey species. The effect of AHS on the carnivores is unknown, as is their role in the maintenance cycle of the disease. C1 USDA,APHIS,ANIM DIS DIAGNOST LAB,GREENPORT,NY 11944. NCI,VIRAL CARCINOGENESIS LAB,FREDERICK,MD 21702. GAME CONSERVANCY,UPLAND RES GRP,NEWTONMORE PH20 1BE,INVERNESS,SCOTLAND. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DIV ENVIRONM STUDIES,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP ALEXANDER, KA (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,SCH VET MED,DEPT VET PATHOL MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. NR 29 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 47 IS 1-2 BP 133 EP 140 DI 10.1016/0378-1135(95)00059-J PG 8 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA TF680 UT WOS:A1995TF68000013 PM 8604545 ER PT J AU BERNINGER, ML HOUSE, C AF BERNINGER, ML HOUSE, C TI SEROLOGIC COMPARISON OF 4 ISOLATES OF RABBIT HEMORRHAGIC-DISEASE VIRUS SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE RABBIT HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE VIRUS; SERODIAGNOSIS; RABBIT; SEROLOGY ID CALICIVIRUS AB An acute, fatal disease of rabbits, termed Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease (RHD), has occurred in Asia, Europe, and North America since 1984. The clinical signs, pathologic lesions, and epidemiologic features seen in the various outbreaks were very similar. Although RHD virus (RHDV) was initially characterized as a picornavirus or a parvovirus, it is now proven to be a calicivirus. This study compared the immune responses generated following the vaccination and challenge inoculation of rabbits with isolates of RHDV obtained from Italy, Korea, Mexico, and Spain. The cross-reactivity of antisera was demonstrated using the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. There were minimal differences between the homologous and heterologous responses. Statistical analysis of the HI results showed no difference between the isolates within the Italian, Korean, and Spanish vaccinate groups. The difference obtained between the Mexican and Korean antigens within the Mexican vaccinate group is likely due to individual animal variation. The similarity of the isolates was also demonstrated using a monoclonal antibody directed against RHDV. RP BERNINGER, ML (reprint author), USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,NATL VET SERV LABS,FOREIGN ANIM DIS DIAGNOST LAB,POB 848,GREENPORT,NY 11944, USA. NR 16 TC 16 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 47 IS 1-2 BP 157 EP 165 DI 10.1016/0378-1135(95)00051-B PG 9 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA TF680 UT WOS:A1995TF68000015 PM 8604547 ER PT J AU DUBEY, JP AF DUBEY, JP TI DETERMINATION OF TOXOPLASMA-GONDII IN ORGANS OF NATURALLY INFECTED CATTLE IN COSTA-RICA - COMMENT SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Letter RP DUBEY, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BLDG 1040,RM 104,BARC E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 60 IS 1-2 BP 173 EP 174 DI 10.1016/0304-4017(95)00865-N PG 2 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA TE730 UT WOS:A1995TE73000018 PM 8644455 ER PT J AU ACKERMANN, MR STABEL, JR PETTIT, RK JACOBSON, CD ELMQUIST, JK REGISTER, KB RIMLER, RB HILTON, JH AF ACKERMANN, MR STABEL, JR PETTIT, RK JACOBSON, CD ELMQUIST, JK REGISTER, KB RIMLER, RB HILTON, JH TI REDUCED PHYSEAL AREA AND CHONDROCYTE PROLIFERATION IN PASTEURELLA-MULTOCIDA TOXIN-TREATED RATS SO VETERINARY PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ATROPHIC RHINITIS; GROWTH PLATE; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY ID ATROPHIC RHINITIS; PROTEIN TOXIN; DERMONECROTIC TOXIN; STAINING TECHNIQUE; GNOTOBIOTIC PIGS; GROWTH-HORMONE; INTERLEUKIN-6; CELLS; MECHANISMS; CYTOKINES AB Pasteurella multocida toxin depresses weight gain in rats and pigs. It also affects tissues with rapidly dividing cells. In the present study, we investigated the role of this protein toxin on chondrocyte growth in vivo. Rats were divided into a single- or multiple-dose group and were given, respectively, either a single injection (0.15 or 0.6 mu g/kg toxin subcutaneously) or multiple injections (0.01-0.2 mu g/kg subcutaneously) of toxin. Bone (humerus) and other selected tissues were stained for bromodeoxyuridine immunoreactivity (BrDU-IR) in order to gauge cell proliferation. Physeal area was measured in rats from the multiple-dose group. Serum from single- and multiple-dose groups were tested for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) activity using a bioassay system. Decreased weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency were observed in single- and multiple-dose groups of rats. Decreased BrDU-IR indices were present in the resting and proliferative zone chondrocytes of the humeral physis in rats from the multiple-dose group, as was decreased physeal area. Increased serum IL-6 bioactivity was present in rats after 24 hours, and no changes in TNF-alpha bioactivity were seen in any group. No alterations in BrDU-IR were seen in rats fed restricted (80% of control) diets. These studies show that sublethal doses of toxin decrease weight gain and affect growth of long bones through suppression of chondrocyte proliferation. These effects may be mediated by direct binding of the toxin to target cells or IL-6 but are not associated with altered feed intake or TNF-induced cachexia. C1 SUNY COLL POTSDAM,POTSDAM,NY 13676. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,COLL VET MED,AMES,IA 50011. HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA. UNIV TENNESSEE,COLL VET MED,KNOXVILLE,TN. RP ACKERMANN, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS,MWA,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 40 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER COLL VET PATHOLOGIST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0300-9858 J9 VET PATHOL JI Vet. Pathol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 32 IS 6 BP 674 EP 682 PG 9 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA TF638 UT WOS:A1995TF63800009 PM 8592803 ER PT J AU PEDERSEN, JF MOORE, KJ SCHROTH, S WALTERS, DT AF PEDERSEN, JF MOORE, KJ SCHROTH, S WALTERS, DT TI NITROGEN ACCUMULATION OF 6 GROUPS OF SORGHUM GROWN ON A MUNICIPAL BIOSOLIDS USE SITE SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ANIMAL FEED; BIOSOLIDS; NITRATE; NITROGEN; SORGHUM; USE ID BIOMASS AB Groundwater contamination with nitrate (NO3-) is a current problem in the U.S. Sources of contamination include disposal of municipal biosolids. Because sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) is an efficient scavenger of nitrogen (N) from the soil, its production on soils that receive biosolids may reduce N accumulation in those soils. An experiment was conducted to determine the amount of N accumulated by six types of sorghum. Three hybrids each of six types of sorghum (tropical, forage, sudangrass, sorghum X sudangrass, grain, and sweet) were evaluated for N accumulation on a municipal biosolids disposal site. Tropical sorghum and sorghum X sudangrass had the highest dry matter production and accumulated the most N. Nitrogen accumulation was largely a function of dry matter yield. Biomass produced was only adequate for beef maintenance diets but may be a useful biomass source for ethanol production from celulose. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. PUBL WORKS & UTIL DEPT,LINCOLN,NE. RP PEDERSEN, JF (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,DEPT AGRON,344 KEIM HALL,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 67 IS 7 BP 1076 EP 1080 DI 10.2175/106143095X133329 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA TD565 UT WOS:A1995TD56500009 ER PT J AU ROSSELOT, G MCMURTRY, JP VASILATOSYOUNKEN, R CZERWINSKI, S AF ROSSELOT, G MCMURTRY, JP VASILATOSYOUNKEN, R CZERWINSKI, S TI EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS CHICKEN GROWTH-HORMONE (CGH) ADMINISTRATION ON INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH-FACTOR-I (IGF-I) GENE-EXPRESSION IN DOMESTIC-FOWL SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AVES; BIRD; MUSCLE; TISSUE; GROWTH ID MESSENGER-RNA; SOMATOMEDIN-C; TISSUE CONCENTRATIONS; BROILER-CHICKENS; BODY-COMPOSITION; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; WEIGHT-GAIN; DAIRY-COWS; PERFORMANCE; STIMULATION AB The effects of chicken growth hormone (cGH) infusion on insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) gene expression in rapidly-growing, meat-type chickens was investigated. Chicken GH was infused either continuously or in a pulsatile fashion to 8-week-old birds during a 7-day period. Following cGH infusion, both IGF-I peptide and IGF-I mRNA content were measured in selected tissues. Steady-state IGF-I mRNA abundance was determined by a solution hybridization nuclease protection assay using total cellular RNA obtained from liver, heart, kidney, spleen, epiphyseal growth plate cartilage, gastrocnemius and pectoralis muscles. Continuous infusion of cGH elicited a two-fold increase in IGF-I peptide concentration in the kidney (P < 0.05), while all other tissues remained unchanged by cGH treatment under this infusion pattern. Pulsatile cGH infusion produced a two-fold increase in IGF-I peptide content in the liver, gastrocnemius, and pectoralis muscles (P < 0.05). In contrast with the levels of IGI-I peptide, relative steady-state IGF-I mRNA content was two-fold higher in liver and spleen of birds treated continuously with cGH, but was decreased to 35 and 55% of control birds in heart and pectoralis muscle. Pulsatile cGH infusion resulted in a 64% increase in IGF-I mRNA in the liver and remained unchanged in other tissues. Under both patterns of administration, changes in IGF-I mRNA were not reflected by changes in tissue IGF-I peptide levels. Overall correlations between tissue IGF-I mRNA and peptide levels were low and not significant in the tissues studied, except for liver under pulsatile infusion, in which IGF-I peptide levels paralleled changes in IGF-I mRNA. We conclude that, in chickens, exogenous cGH treatment stimulates hepatic IGF-I transcription and translation only when the pattern of infusion mimics the natural episodic pattern of GH secretion. The low correlation between IGF-I peptide and mRNA levels in extra-hepatic tissues may indicate differential responsiveness to GH in birds, and that in some tissues IGF-I levels are under GH-independent transcriptional controls. C1 USDA,ARS,GROWTH BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT POULTRY SCI,STATE COLL,PA 16802. NR 46 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI PUBL IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0303-7207 J9 MOL CELL ENDOCRINOL JI Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. PD OCT 30 PY 1995 VL 114 IS 1-2 BP 157 EP 166 DI 10.1016/0303-7207(95)96796-K PG 10 WC Cell Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Cell Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA TH906 UT WOS:A1995TH90600018 PM 8674840 ER PT J AU HAKE, S CHAR, BR CHUCK, G FOSTER, T LONG, J JACKSON, D AF HAKE, S CHAR, BR CHUCK, G FOSTER, T LONG, J JACKSON, D TI HOMEOBOX GENES IN THE FUNCTIONING OF PLANT MERISTEMS SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MAIZE LEAF DEVELOPMENT; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; ALTERED MORPHOLOGY; TOBACCO PLANTS; EXPRESSION; KNOTTED-1; MUTANTS; LEAVES AB The maize homeobox gene knotted1 (kn1) is expressed in vegetative and floral meristems and is downregulated at the site of primordia formation. kn1-related genes from maize and other species also show meristem-specific expression and offer additional tools for studying the activities of shoot meristems. Members of this gene family are expressed early in embryogenesis, providing molecular markers for meristem initiation. Ectopic expression of either kn1 or a related Arabidopsis gene, KNAT1, causes dramatic alterations in Arabidopsis and tobacco leaf morphology. Most significantly, meristems form on the leaf producing small shoots. We discuss whether the phenotypes can be interpreted as changes in positional information or timing of determination. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PLANT BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP HAKE, S (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,USDA,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. RI foster, toshi/A-6373-2017 OI foster, toshi/0000-0002-2829-4384 NR 32 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 10 PU ROYAL SOC LONDON PI LONDON PA 6 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON, ENGLAND SW1Y 5AG SN 0962-8436 J9 PHILOS T ROY SOC B JI Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B-Biol. Sci. PD OCT 30 PY 1995 VL 350 IS 1331 BP 45 EP 51 PG 7 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA TF226 UT WOS:A1995TF22600007 PM 8577849 ER PT J AU ROSATI, S KWANG, J RUTILI, D ROSSI, S VITELLOZZI, G AF ROSATI, S KWANG, J RUTILI, D ROSSI, S VITELLOZZI, G TI ANTIBODY-RESPONSE DURING EXPERIMENTAL AND NATURAL CASES OF ENZOOTIC NASAL TUMOR IN GOATS SO VETERINARY RECORD LA English DT Note ID RETROVIRUS; SHEEP C1 USDA,MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. IST ZOOPROFILATTICO SPERIMENTALE UMBRIA & MARCHE,I-06126 PERUGIA,ITALY. UNIV PERUGIA,IST PATOL GEN & ANAT PATOL,I-06100 PERUGIA,ITALY. RP ROSATI, S (reprint author), UNIV TURIN,DIPARTIMENTO PROD ANIM EPIDEMIOL & ECOL,VIA NIZZA 52,I-10126 TURIN,ITALY. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON, ENGLAND W1M 0AT SN 0042-4900 J9 VET REC JI Vet. Rec. PD OCT 28 PY 1995 VL 137 IS 18 BP 465 EP 466 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA TD214 UT WOS:A1995TD21400011 ER PT J AU ELOMAA, P HELARIUTTA, Y GRIESBACH, RJ KOTILAINEN, M SEPPANEN, P TEERI, TH AF ELOMAA, P HELARIUTTA, Y GRIESBACH, RJ KOTILAINEN, M SEPPANEN, P TEERI, TH TI TRANSGENE INACTIVATION IN PETUNIA-HYBRIDA IS INFLUENCED BY THE PROPERTIES OF THE FOREIGN GENE SO MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE TRANSGENIC PLANTS; GENE SILENCING; METHYLATION; GC CONTENT ID MAIZE A1 GENE; AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS; PROMOTER METHYLATION; COPY NUMBER; PLANTS; EXPRESSION; INTEGRATION; SEQUENCES; PATTERNS; PLASMID AB Petunia mutant RL01 was transformed with maize A1 and gerbera gdfr cDNAs, which both encode dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) activity. The same Agrobacterium vector and the same version of the CaMV 35S promoter were used in both experiments. Transformation with the cDNAs resulted in production of pelargonidin pigments in the transformants. However, the A1 and gdfr transformants showed deafly different phenotypes. The flowers of the primary A1 transformants were pale and showed variability in pigmentation during their growth, while the flowers of the gdfr transformants showed intense and highly stable coloration. The color difference in the primary transformants was reflected in the expression levels of the transgenes as well as in the levels of anthocyanin pigment. As previously reported by others, the instability in pigmentation in the Al transformants was more often detected in clones with multiple copies of the transgene and was associated with methylation of the 35S promoter and of the transgene cDNA itself. In the gdfr transformants, the most intense pigmentation was observed in plants with multiple transgenes in their genome. Only rarely was partial methylation of the 35S promoter detected, while the gdfr cDNA always remained in an unmethylated state. We conclude that the properties of the transgene itself strongly influence the inactivation process. The dicotyledonous gdfr cDNA with a lower GC content and fewer possible methylation sites is more 'compatible' the genomic organization of petunia and this prevents it being recognized as a foreign gene and hence silenced by methylation. C1 USDA,US NATL ARBORETUM,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. KEMIRA AGRO OY,ESPOO RES CTR,SF-02271 ESPOO,FINLAND. RP ELOMAA, P (reprint author), HELSINKI UNIV,INST BIOTECHNOL,POB 45,KARVAAMOKUJA 3A,SF-00014 HELSINKI,FINLAND. OI Elomaa, Paula/0000-0001-6512-0810; Teeri, Teemu/0000-0002-3812-7213 NR 27 TC 48 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0026-8925 J9 MOL GEN GENET JI Mol. Gen. Genet. PD OCT 25 PY 1995 VL 248 IS 6 BP 649 EP 656 DI 10.1007/BF02191704 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA TE404 UT WOS:A1995TE40400003 PM 7476867 ER PT J AU KIKINIS, Z EISENSTEIN, RS BETTANY, AJE MUNRO, HN AF KIKINIS, Z EISENSTEIN, RS BETTANY, AJE MUNRO, HN TI ROLE OF RNA SECONDARY STRUCTURE OF THE IRON-RESPONSIVE ELEMENT IN TRANSLATIONAL REGULATION OF FERRITIN SYNTHESIS SO NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TRANSFERRIN RECEPTOR EXPRESSION; SUBUNIT MESSENGER-RNAS; 3' UNTRANSLATED REGION; RAT-LIVER FERRITIN; BINDING-PROTEIN; LIGHT-SUBUNIT; HEAVY-SUBUNIT; DEPENDENT REGULATION; IDENTIFICATION; CELLS AB Iron regulates synthesis of the iron storage protein ferritin at the translational level through interaction between a stem-loop structure, the iron-responsive element (IRE), located in the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of ferritin mRNAs, and a protein, the iron regulatory protein (IRP). The role of IRE secondary structure in translational regulation of ferritin synthesis was explored by introducing ferritin constructs containing mutations in the IRE into Rat-2 fibroblasts, Our in vivo studies demonstrate that size and sequence of the loop within the IRE and the distance and/or spatial relationship of this loop to the bulged nucleotide region closest to the loop must be preserved in:order to observe iron-dependent translation of ferritin mRNA, In contrast, changes in nucleotide sequence of the upper stem can be introduced without affecting translational regulation in vivo,as long as a stem can be formed. Our in vivo results suggest that only a very small variation in the affinity of interaction of IRP with IRE can be tolerated in order to maintain iron-dependent regulation of translation. C1 MIT,DIV TOXICOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 45 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0305-1048 J9 NUCLEIC ACIDS RES JI Nucleic Acids Res. PD OCT 25 PY 1995 VL 23 IS 20 BP 4190 EP 4195 DI 10.1093/nar/23.20.4190 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA TD372 UT WOS:A1995TD37200026 PM 7479083 ER PT J AU BERTHOLD, HK CRAIN, PF GOUNI, I REEDS, PJ KLEIN, PD AF BERTHOLD, HK CRAIN, PF GOUNI, I REEDS, PJ KLEIN, PD TI EVIDENCE FOR INCORPORATION OF INTACT DIETARY PYRIMIDINE (BUT NOT PURINE) NUCLEOSIDES INTO HEPATIC RNA SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE SPIRULINA PLATENSIS; NUCLEIC ACIDS; POULTRY; MICE ID MICE AB The absorption and metabolism of dietary nucleic acids have received less attention than those of other organic nutrients, largely because of methodological difficulties. We supplemented the rations of poultry and mice with the edible alga Spirulina platensis, which had been uniformly labeled with C-13 by hydroponic culture in (CO2)-C-13. The rations were ingested by a hen for 4 wk and by four mice for 6 days; two mice were fed a normal diet and two were fed a nucleic acid-deficient diet. The animals were killed and nucleosides were isolated from hepatic RNA. The isotopic enrichment of all mass isotopomers of the nucleosides was analyzed by selected ion monitoring of the negative chemical ionization mass spectrum and the labeling pattern was deconvoluted by reference to the enrichment pattern of the tracer material. We found a distinct difference in the C-13 enrichment pattern between pyrimidine and purine nucleosides; the isotopic enrichment of uniformly labeled [M + 9] isotopomers of pyrimidines exceeded that of purines [M + 10] by >2 orders of magnitude in the avian nucleic acids and by 7- and 14-fold in the murine nucleic acids. The purines were more enriched in lower mass isotopomers, those less than [M + 3], than the pyrimidines. Our results suggest that large quantities of dietary pyrimidine nucleosides and almost no dietary purine nucleosides are incorporated into hepatic nucleic acids without hydrolytic removal of the ribose moiety. In addition, our results support a potential nutritional role for nucleosides and suggest that pyrimidines are conditionally essential organic nutrients. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,STAB,HOUSTON,TX 77030. UNIV UTAH,DEPT MED CHEM,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112. BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT CELL BIOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030. RI Berthold, Heiner/E-6017-2011 OI Berthold, Heiner/0000-0002-1457-2216 NR 29 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 24 PY 1995 VL 92 IS 22 BP 10123 EP 10127 DI 10.1073/pnas.92.22.10123 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA TB467 UT WOS:A1995TB46700039 PM 7479738 ER PT J AU BARROWS, SE DULLES, FJ CRAMER, CJ FRENCH, AD TRUHLAR, DG AF BARROWS, SE DULLES, FJ CRAMER, CJ FRENCH, AD TRUHLAR, DG TI RELATIVE STABILITY OF ALTERNATIVE CHAIR FORMS AND HYDROXYMETHYL CONFORMATIONS OF BETA-D-GLUCOPYRANOSE SO CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE GLUCOSE; CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS; CHAIR; RING PUCKERING; SOLVATION; QUANTUM MECHANICS; MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY; MM3; MOLECULAR MODELING ID MOLECULAR ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIALS; INTRAMOLECULAR HYDROGEN-BONDS; GAUSSIAN-TYPE BASIS; MM3 FORCE-FIELD; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; D-GLUCOSE; DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; ORBITAL METHODS; BASIS-SETS; SEMIEMPIRICAL METHODS AB The relative energies of two hydroxymethyl conformers for each of the two chair forms (C-4(1) and C-1(4)) of beta-D-glucose were calculated at much more complete levels of quantum mechanical (QM) electronic structure theory than previously, and relative free energies in solution were calculated by adding vibrational, rotational, and solvent effects. The I:as-phase results are based on very large basis sets (up to 624 contracted basis functions), and the coupled cluster method for electron correlation. Solvation Model 4 was used to calculate the effects of hydration or nonpolar solvation. Molecular mechanics (MM) and QM electronic structure theory have been applied to analyze the factors contributing to the relative energies of these conformers. Relative energies varied widely (up to 35 kcal/mol) depending on theoretical level, and several levels of theory predict the experimentally unobserved C-1(4) ring conformation to be the lower in energy. The highest level calculations predict the C-4(1) chair to be lower in free energy by about 8 kcal/mol, and we also find that the gauche (+) (gt) conformer of C-4(1) is lower than the trans (tg) conformer. Low-energy structures optimized by either quantum mechanical or molecular mechanical methods were commonly characterized by multiple intramolecular hydrogen bonds. Superior hydrogen bonding geometries are available in the C-1(4) chair, but are counteracted by increased steric repulsions between axial substituents; MM calculations also indicate increased torsional strain in the C-1(4) chair. Manifestations of greater steric strain in the calculated C-1(4) structures compared to the C-4(1), structures include longer ring bonds, a larger bond angle at the ring oxygen atom, and smaller puckering amplitudes. The MM and QM C-4(1) structures compare well with each Ether and with available X-ray diffraction data. The largest discrepancies between the two kinds of models occur for geometric parameters associated with the anomeric center - the QM structure agrees better with experiment. Greater differences between QM and MM structures are observed for C-1(4) structures, especially in the relative orientations of hydroxyl groups serving as hydrogen bond accepters. In water, the C-4(1) chairs are better solvated than the C-1(4) chairs by about 5 to 9 kcal/mol because of both larger polarization free energies and improved hydrogen bonding interactions with the first solvation shell. In (a hypothetical) n-hexadecane solution, the C-4(1) chairs are better solvated by about 2 to 4 kcal/mol both because of larger polarization free energies and because the larger solvent accessible surface areas of the C-4(1) conformers allow increased favorable dispersion interactions. The differential polarization free energies are associated primarily with the hydroxyl groups; the greater steric congestion in the C-1(4) chairs reduces opportunities for favorable dielectric screening. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA, DEPT CHEM, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55455 USA. UNIV MINNESOTA, INST SUPERCOMP, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55455 USA. USDA ARS, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70179 USA. RI Truhlar, Donald/G-7076-2015; Cramer, Christopher/B-6179-2011 OI Truhlar, Donald/0000-0002-7742-7294; Cramer, Christopher/0000-0001-5048-1859 NR 131 TC 173 Z9 173 U1 1 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0008-6215 EI 1873-426X J9 CARBOHYD RES JI Carbohydr. Res. PD OCT 23 PY 1995 VL 276 IS 2 BP 219 EP 251 DI 10.1016/0008-6215(95)00175-S PG 33 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA TE178 UT WOS:A1995TE17800001 ER PT J AU WEIMER, PJ HACKNEY, JM FRENCH, AD AF WEIMER, PJ HACKNEY, JM FRENCH, AD TI EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL TREATMENTS AND HEATING ON THE CRYSTALLINITY OF CELLULOSES AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR EVALUATING THE EFFECT OF CRYSTALLINITY ON CELLULOSE BIODEGRADATION SO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE BIODEGRADATION; CELLULOSE; CRYSTALLINITY; X-RAY DIFFRACTION ID ENZYMATIC-HYDROLYSIS; STRUCTURAL FEATURES; TRICHODERMA-REESEI; FINE-STRUCTURE AB Chemical treatments similar to those routinely used to extract cellulose from plant biomass caused significant increases in the relative crystallinity index (RCI) of Sigmacell 100 (a commercial cellulose of moderate crystallinity), as measured by x-ray powder diffraction in both the reflectance and transmittance modes. In general, the largest increases in RCI were observed following higher (rather than lower) temperature treatments. Substantial increases in crystallinity were also observed upon resuspension in water prior to drying, with higher temperatures again resulting in the greatest increases in RCI. Measurement of the RCIs of wetted Sigmacell 100 samples by acid hydrolysis kinetics revealed that most of the increased crystallinity occurred rapidly upon contact with water. In contrast to Sigmacell 100, a cellulose of higher initial crystallinity (the microcrystalline cellulose Sigmacell 50) showed little change in crystallinity following the above treatments. The results provide a partial explanation for the inconsistent relationships reported between cellulose crystallinity and cellulose biodegradation. (C) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BACTERIOL,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BOT,MADISON,WI 53706. RP WEIMER, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,1925 LINDEN DR W,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 28 TC 34 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0006-3592 J9 BIOTECHNOL BIOENG JI Biotechnol. Bioeng. PD OCT 20 PY 1995 VL 48 IS 2 BP 169 EP 178 DI 10.1002/bit.260480211 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA RV809 UT WOS:A1995RV80900009 PM 18623473 ER PT J AU CLEMENT, RJ VERMA, SB VERRY, ES AF CLEMENT, RJ VERMA, SB VERRY, ES TI RELATING CHAMBER MEASUREMENTS TO EDDY-CORRELATION MEASUREMENTS OF METHANE FLUX SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN ONTARIO; WATER-CHEMISTRY; OPEN-PATH; CANADA; CO2; VEGETATION; PEATLANDS; WETLANDS; ALBERTA; FENS AB Methane fluxes were measured using eddy correlation and chamber techniques during 1991 and 1992 at a peatland in north central Minnesota. Comparisons of the two techniques were made using averages of methane flux data available during I-week periods. The seasonal patterns of fluxes measured by the two techniques compared well. Chamber flux, in 1991, was about 1.8 mg m(-2) hr(-1) greater than the flux obtained by the eddy correlation technique. In 1992, the chamber flux was about 1.5 mg m(-2) hr(-1) higher than the eddy correlation flux prior to midseason and 1.0 mg m(-2) hr lower than the eddy correlation flux after midseason. Chamber data from individual hummock and hollow pairs were used to calculate the averaged dF/dZ (rate of change of methane flux with surface height). During midseason in 1991, the magnitude of dF/dZ ranged between 10 and 100 (mg m(-2) hr(-1)) m(-1). We speculate that high water table conditions caused a decrease in the magnitude of dF/dZ after midseason of 1992. As compared to 1991, greater variability of dF/dZ in 1992 probably resulted from less frequent sampling. To obtain a more valid comparison of the results from the two measurement techniques, chamber data were adjusted to account for the spatial variation in methane flux. Accordingly, the chamber flux values were ''scaled up'' using the dF/dZ values and distributions of surface heights representative of the footprint of the eddy correlation sensors. The scaling procedure reduced the chamber fluxes by an average of 1.8 mg m(-2) hr(-1) in 1991 and 1.0 mg m(-2) hr(-1) in 1992. The comparison of eddy correlation and chamber fluxes was improved both before and after midseason in 1991. The slope of the linear regression between eddy correlation and chamber fluxes decreased from 1.49 to 1.14 (r(2) increased from 0.53 to 0.75). During 1992, the scaling of chamber fluxes slightly improved their comparison with eddy correlation fluxes only prior to midseason. The lack of improvement after midseason in 1992 is likely the result of scaling assumptions when the water table was above the hollow surface. Results suggest that the adjustment of chamber flux data for spatial variations on microtopographical scales does provide fluxes more representative of a larger area. However, more information is needed on factors controlling spatial variation of methane flux to help refine the assumptions involved in the scaling procedure. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA, CTR LASER ANALYT STUDIES TRACE GAS DYNAM, LINCOLN, NE 68583 USA. US FOREST SERV, N CENT FOREST EXPT STN, GRAND RAPIDS, MN 55744 USA. RP CLEMENT, RJ (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA, DEPT AGR METEOROL, POB 830728, LINCOLN, NE 68583 USA. NR 35 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 20 PY 1995 VL 100 IS D10 BP 21047 EP 21056 DI 10.1029/95JD02196 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA TD507 UT WOS:A1995TD50700021 ER PT J AU HORIMOTO, T RIVERA, E PEARSON, J SENNE, D KRAUSS, S KAWAOKA, Y WEBSTER, RG AF HORIMOTO, T RIVERA, E PEARSON, J SENNE, D KRAUSS, S KAWAOKA, Y WEBSTER, RG TI ORIGIN AND MOLECULAR-CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH EMERGENCE OF A HIGHLY PATHOGENIC H5N2 INFLUENZA-VIRUS IN MEXICO SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLEAVAGE SITE; CONNECTING PEPTIDE; A VIRUSES; HEMAGGLUTININ; CLEAVABILITY; CARBOHYDRATE; RECOMBINANT; DETERMINES; ACTIVATION; VIRULENT AB In October of 1993, there was decreased egg production and increased mortality among Mexican chickens, in association with serologic evidence of an H5N2 influenza virus. First isolated from chickens in May of 1994, after spreading widely in the country, the virus caused only a mild respiratory syndrome in specific pathogen-free chickens. Because eradication of the virus by destruction of infected birds posed major obstacles to the poultry industry in Mexico, we were able to conduct a ''field experiment'' to determine the fate of an avirulent virus after repeated cycles of replication in millions of chickens. By the end of 1994, the virus had mutated to contain a highly cleavable hemagglutinin (HA), but remained only mildly pathogenic in chickens. Within months, however, it had become lethal in poultry. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the HA cleavage site of the original avirulent strain revealed R-E-T-R, typical of avirulent viruses and unlike the K-K-K-R sequence characterizing Viruses responsible for the 1983 outbreak in poultry in the United States. Both mildly and highly pathogenic isolates contained insertions and a substitution of basic residues in the HA connecting peptide, R-K-R-K-T-R, which made the HA highly cleavable in trypsin-free chicken embryo fibroblasts. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA of H5 avian influenza viruses, including the Mexican isolates, indicated that the epidemic virus had originated from the introduction of a single virus of the North American lineage into Mexican chickens. This sequence of events demonstrates, apparently for the first time, the stepwise acquisition of virulence by an avian influenza virus in nature. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc C1 ST JUDE CHILDRENS RES HOSP, DEPT VIROL & MOLEC BIOL, MEMPHIS, TN 38101 USA. CAMPANA NACL CONTRA INFLUENZA AVAIR, MEXICO CITY 03230, DF, MEXICO. USDA, NATL VET SERV LABS, AMES, IA 50010 USA. UNIV TENNESSEE, CTR HLTH SCI, DEPT PATHOL, MEMPHIS, TN 38163 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-0883, AI-29599, AI-29680] NR 28 TC 145 Z9 154 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD OCT 20 PY 1995 VL 213 IS 1 BP 223 EP 230 DI 10.1006/viro.1995.1562 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA TA440 UT WOS:A1995TA44000023 PM 7483266 ER PT J AU PERDUE, ML LATIMER, JW CRAWFORD, JM AF PERDUE, ML LATIMER, JW CRAWFORD, JM TI A NOVEL CARBOHYDRATE ADDITION SITE ON THE HEMAGGLUTININ PROTEIN OF A HIGHLY PATHOGENIC H7 SUBTYPE AVIAN INFLUENZA-VIRUS SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Note ID FOWL PLAGUE VIRUS; MUTATION-RATES; A-VIRUSES; GENE; SEQUENCE; MUTANTS; ACID; VIRULENCE; TRANSPORT; CLEAVAGE AB The highly pathogenic (HP) avian influenza isolate, A/Fowl/Victoria/76 (H7N7), contains two naturall; occurring hemagglutinin (HA) variants. The two hemagglutinin proteins differ only in the possession of a potential asparagine-linked glycosylation site at amino acid position 188-190, which is near the proposed receptor binding region of the HA. Expanded virus plaques which possess the addition site exhibit more slowly migrating HA, subunits and are significantly more lethal in chickens than those which lack the site. When artificial mixtures of the two variants were inoculated in birds, as few as 1 in 1000 particles containing the glycosylation site was sufficient to exhibit 100% lethality in birds. The data raise the possibility that presence of carbohydrate near the receptor site on the H7 avian influenza virus hemagglutinin may influence virulence. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc. RP PERDUE, ML (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE POULTRY RES LAB,934 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 36 TC 23 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD OCT 20 PY 1995 VL 213 IS 1 BP 276 EP 281 DI 10.1006/viro.1995.1571 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA TA440 UT WOS:A1995TA44000032 PM 7483275 ER PT J AU CRAIG, WY BOSTOM, AG AF CRAIG, WY BOSTOM, AG TI LIPOPROTEIN(A) CONCENTRATION AND RISK OF ATHEROTHROMBOTIC DISEASE SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP CRAIG, WY (reprint author), FDN BLOOD RES,SCARBOROUGH,ME 04074, USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 18 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 15 BP 1198 EP 1198 DI 10.1001/jama.274.15.1198 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA RZ120 UT WOS:A1995RZ12000019 PM 7563505 ER PT J AU DELUCCA, AJ JACKS, TJ BROGDEN, KA AF DELUCCA, AJ JACKS, TJ BROGDEN, KA TI BINDING BETWEEN LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE AND CECROPIN-A SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE CECROPIN A; PEPTIDE; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; LIPID A; BINDING ID PERMEABILITY-INCREASING PROTEIN; INSECT IMMUNITY; ANTILIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE FACTOR; ANTIBACTERIAL PEPTIDES; COTTON DUST; ENDOTOXIN; MEMBRANES; NEUTRALIZATION; PURIFICATION; SURFACTANT AB Cecropin A (CA), a bioactive peptide, produced significant lethality to Pantoea agglomerans (PA) at low concentrations. Significant mortality occurred immediately after addition of CA. Separate preincubations of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from the following bacteria: PA, Serratia marcescens, Escherichia coli (EC), and Salmonella typhimurium with CA were performed prior to the bioassay. CA was also preincubated with diphosphoryl lipid A (DPL-A) from EC and S, minnesota (SM), trilinolein, palmitic, lauric and myristic acids (fatty acids contained in the lipid A of PA-LPS) and bovine brain gangliosides. Spectral analyses to determine the interaction between glycosphingolipids (sphingomyelin, bovine brain gangliosides, and galactocerebrosides) and CA were performed. Results showed that all types of LPS and DPL-A as well as the gangliosides studied blocked CA lethality to PA. The level of inhibition of CA antibacterial properties was dependent on LPS and DPL-A concentration. The individual fatty acids and trilinolein did not affect CA lethality to PA. Spectral studies showed complexation between CA and PA-LPS, both types of DPL-A, and the glycosphingolipids. Biological and chemical analyses confirm that CA binds to the diphosphoryl lipid A moiety of LPS. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010. RP DELUCCA, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,1100 ROBERT E LEE BLVD,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124, USA. NR 60 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0300-8177 J9 MOL CELL BIOCHEM JI Mol. Cell. Biochem. PD OCT 18 PY 1995 VL 151 IS 2 BP 141 EP 148 PG 8 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA TD895 UT WOS:A1995TD89500007 PM 8569759 ER PT J AU DAI, GL SMEEKENS, SP STEINER, DF MCMURTRY, JP KWOK, SCM AF DAI, GL SMEEKENS, SP STEINER, DF MCMURTRY, JP KWOK, SCM TI CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTIPLE PROHORMONE CONVERTASE PC1/3 TRANSCRIPTS IN PORCINE OVARY SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE STRUCTURE AND EXPRESSION LA English DT Note DE PROHORMONE CONVERTASE; OVARY; PROCESSING ENDOPROTEINASE; (PORCINE) ID SUBTILISIN-LIKE PROTEASE; KEX2-LIKE PROCESSING ENDOPROTEASE; 3' UNTRANSLATED REGION; BETA MESSENGER-RNA; PRO-HORMONE; PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE; PRIMARY SEQUENCE; CDNA STRUCTURE; YEAST KEX2; IDENTIFICATION AB Overlapping cDNAs encoding porcine prohormone convertase, PC1/3, have been isolated from a pregnant sow ovary cDNA library using a mouse PC1/3 cDNA as a probe. Nucleotide sequence analysis of these cDNAs predicts a PC1/3 precursor protein of 753 amino acid residues, which shares an overall sequence homology of 96, 92, and 92% with the human, rat, and mouse counterparts, respectively. Furthermore, five different polyadenylation sites have been observed. The utilization of these polyadenylation sites results in a length difference of 40-440 bp in the 3' untranslated regions of the transcripts. C1 ALBERT EINSTEIN MED CTR,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19141. UNIV CHICAGO,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,HOWARD HUGHES MED INST,CHICAGO,IL 60637. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD 24599] NR 27 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4781 J9 BBA-GENE STRUCT EXPR JI Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Gene Struct. Expression PD OCT 17 PY 1995 VL 1264 IS 1 BP 1 EP 6 DI 10.1016/0167-4781(95)00111-S PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA TB191 UT WOS:A1995TB19100001 PM 7578241 ER PT J AU SINHA, R ROTHMAN, N BROWN, ED SALMON, CP KNIZE, MG SWANSON, CA ROSSI, SC MARK, SD LEVANDER, OA FELTON, JS AF SINHA, R ROTHMAN, N BROWN, ED SALMON, CP KNIZE, MG SWANSON, CA ROSSI, SC MARK, SD LEVANDER, OA FELTON, JS TI HIGH-CONCENTRATIONS OF THE CARCINOGEN 2-AMINO-1-METHYL-6-PHENYLIMIDAZO-[4,5-B]PYRIDINE (PHIP) OCCUR IN CHICKEN BUT ARE DEPENDENT ON THE COOKING METHOD SO CANCER RESEARCH LA English DT Note ID COLON CANCER; FOOD; AMINES; RISK; MEAT AB Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds found in meats cooked at high temperatures. Although chicken is consumed in large quantities in the United States, there is little information on its HAA content. The objective of this study was to measure the five predominant HAAs (IQ, MeIQ, MeIQx, DiMeIQx, and PhIP) in chicken cooked by various methods to different degrees of doneness. Chicken breasts were panfried, oven-broiled, or grilled/barbecued. Whole thickens were roasted or stewed. Skinless, boneless chicken breasts were cooked to three degrees of doneness: just until done, well done, or very well done. High levels of PNP (ranging from 12 to 480 ng/g cooked meat) were found in chicken breasts when panfried, oven-broiled, and grilled/barbecued but not in whole roasted or stewed thicken. PhIP concentration increased in skinless, boneless chicken breast with longer cooking time, higher internal temperature, and greater degree of surface browning. PhIP concentration was also high in chicken breasts cooked with Skin and bones. MeIQx and DiMeIQx levels increased with the degree of doneness, whereas IQ and MeIQ were not detectable in any of these chicken samples. Certain cooking methods produce PhIP, a known colon and breast carcinogen in rodents and possibly a human carcinogen, at substantially higher levels in chicken than has been reported previously in red meat. C1 USDA,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,NUTR REQUIREMENTS & FUNCT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB,BIOL & BIOTECHNOL RES PROGRAM,LIVERMORE,CA 94550. NCI,DIV CANC PREVENT & CONTROL,EARLY DETECT BRANCH,ROCKVILLE,MD 20892. RP SINHA, R (reprint author), NCI,EPIDEMIOL & BIOSTAT PROGRAM,EXECUT PLAZA N,ROOM 443,6130 EXECUT BLVD,ROCKVILLE,MD 20892, USA. RI Sinha, Rashmi/G-7446-2015 OI Sinha, Rashmi/0000-0002-2466-7462 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA55861] NR 25 TC 219 Z9 222 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI PHILADELPHIA PA PUBLIC LEDGER BLDG, SUITE 816, 150 S. INDEPENDENCE MALL W., PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0008-5472 J9 CANCER RES JI Cancer Res. PD OCT 15 PY 1995 VL 55 IS 20 BP 4516 EP 4519 PG 4 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA RZ069 UT WOS:A1995RZ06900005 PM 7553619 ER PT J AU SCHAEFER, EJ LICHTENSTEIN, AH LAMONFAVA, S CLEVIDENCE, BA JUDD, JT GOLDIN, BR ORDOVAS, JM AF SCHAEFER, EJ LICHTENSTEIN, AH LAMONFAVA, S CLEVIDENCE, BA JUDD, JT GOLDIN, BR ORDOVAS, JM TI EFFICACY OF NATIONAL CHOLESTEROL EDUCATION-PROGRAM STEP-2 DIETS SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 15 PY 1995 VL 92 IS 8 SU S BP 740 EP 740 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA TB480 UT WOS:A1995TB48000734 ER PT J AU LOPEZMIRANDA, J ORDOVAS, JM OSTOS, MA CASTRO, P MARIN, C LOPEZSEGURA, F JANSEN, S SALAS, J BLANCO, A JIMENEZPEREPEREZ, J PEREZJIMENEZ, F AF LOPEZMIRANDA, J ORDOVAS, JM OSTOS, MA CASTRO, P MARIN, C LOPEZSEGURA, F JANSEN, S SALAS, J BLANCO, A JIMENEZPEREPEREZ, J PEREZJIMENEZ, F TI EFFECTS OF THE HUMAN APOLIPOPROTEIN-A-I PROMOTER G/A MUTATION ON POSTPRANDIAL LIPOPROTEIN METABOLISM SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JM HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. HOSP REINA SOFIA,LIPIDOS UNIDAD,CORDOBA,SPAIN. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 15 PY 1995 VL 92 IS 8 SU S BP 745 EP 745 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA TB480 UT WOS:A1995TB48000739 ER PT J AU WELTY, FK ORDOVAS, J SCHAEFER, EJ WILSON, PWF YOUNG, SG AF WELTY, FK ORDOVAS, J SCHAEFER, EJ WILSON, PWF YOUNG, SG TI IDENTIFICATION AND MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF 2 APO-B GENE-MUTATIONS CAUSING LOW PLASMA-CHOLESTEROL LEVELS SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Note DE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; LIPOPROTEINS; APOLIPOPROTEINS; ARTERIOSCLEROSIS; CHOLESTEROL ID APOLIPOPROTEIN-B; FAMILIAL HYPOBETALIPOPROTEINEMIA; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; DEFECTS; LDL AB Background Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia (FHB) is an autosomal codominant disorder characterized by abnormally low plasma levels of apoB and LDL cholesterol. Heterozygotes for FHB almost always have plasma LDL cholesterol levels <70 mg/dL and are asymptomatic. Because the low cholesterol levels may protect FHB heterozygotes from coronary heart disease, the mechanisms for FHB are of considerable interest. Methods and Results The plasma lipoproteins of 29 subjects with LDL cholesterol levels <70 mg/dL were examined by SDS-PAGE. One subject who had virtually undetectable levels of LDL cholesterol had a truncated apoB, apoB-44.4, in his lipoproteins; a second subject with an LDL cholesterol level of 44 mg/dL had apoB-55 in his lipoproteins. The apoB-44.4 (2014 amino acids in length) resulted from a frameshift caused by an 11-bp insertion in exon 26 of the apoB gene; the apoB-55 (2494 amino acids) was caused by a nonsense mutation in exon 26 of the apoB gene. The apoB-55 mutation occurred at a CpG dinucleotide pair, a mutational hot spot, and was identical to a mutation described previously in a subject with hypobetalipoproteinemia. Our subject with apoB-55, however, had a different haplotype than the subject described previously, suggesting that the two apoB-55 mutations may have arisen independently Of note, the apoB-55 proband's father, who had very low cholesterol levels and who probably carried the apoB-55 mutation, had significant coronary and aortic atherosclerosis at autopsy. Conclusions In a study of adults with low LDL cholesterol levels, we discovered two subjects with truncated apoB proteins and identified the responsible mutations. ApoB gene mutations causing truncated apoB are not particularly rare in subjects with low cholesterol levels. The role of these mutations in preventing atherosclerosis deserves further study. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. FRAMINGHAM HEART DIS EPIDEMIOL STUDY,FRAMINGHAM,MA. GLADSTONE INST CARDIOVASC DIS,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,CARDIOVASC RES INST,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT MED,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-02626, HL-41633] NR 21 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 15 PY 1995 VL 92 IS 8 BP 2036 EP 2040 PG 5 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA TA125 UT WOS:A1995TA12500007 PM 7554178 ER PT J AU CAMPOS, H LOPEZMIRANDA, J RODRIGUEZ, C ALBAJAR, M SCHAEFER, EJ ORDOVAS, JM AF CAMPOS, H LOPEZMIRANDA, J RODRIGUEZ, C ALBAJAR, M SCHAEFER, EJ ORDOVAS, JM TI REDUCED HDL CHOLESTEROL AND SMALL LDL PARTICLE-SIZE IN SUBJECTS WITH THE APOLIPOPROTEIN A-IV-2 PHENOTYPE LIVING IN AN URBAN AS COMPARED TO A RURAL AREA SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02115. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD OCT 15 PY 1995 VL 92 IS 8 SU S BP 3569 EP 3569 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA TB480 UT WOS:A1995TB48003547 ER PT J AU HARRIS, KF PESICVANESBROECK, Z DUFFUS, JE AF HARRIS, KF PESICVANESBROECK, Z DUFFUS, JE TI MODERATE-TEMPERATURE POLYMERIZATION OF LR WHITE IN A NITROGEN ATMOSPHERE SO MICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE LA English DT Note ID IMMUNOGOLD C1 USDA ARS,SUGARBEET PROD RES UNIT,SALINAS,CA 93905. RP HARRIS, KF (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV,VIRUS VECTOR RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843, USA. NR 8 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 1059-910X J9 MICROSC RES TECHNIQ JI Microsc. Res. Tech. PD OCT 15 PY 1995 VL 32 IS 3 BP 264 EP 265 DI 10.1002/jemt.1070320312 PG 2 WC Anatomy & Morphology; Biology; Microscopy SC Anatomy & Morphology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Microscopy GA RX367 UT WOS:A1995RX36700008 PM 8527860 ER PT J AU JACOBY, D MCGUILF, M FONTANA, J WERNER, B MCFARLAND, L WILSON, S KOHN, M BRADFORD, H BORDES, E ALSTAD, D RUBIN, H BALDWIN, S AF JACOBY, D MCGUILF, M FONTANA, J WERNER, B MCFARLAND, L WILSON, S KOHN, M BRADFORD, H BORDES, E ALSTAD, D RUBIN, H BALDWIN, S TI ARBOVIRAL DISEASE - UNITED-STATES, 1994 (REPRINTED FROM MMWR, VOL 44, PG 641, 1995) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 MASSACHUSETTS DEPT PUBL HLTH,STATE LAB,DIV EPIDEMIOL,BOSTON,MA 02111. MASSACHUSETTS DEPT PUBL HLTH,STATE LAB,DIV VIROL,BOSTON,MA 02111. LOUISIANA DEPT HLTH & HOSP,BATON ROUGE,LA 70821. NEW ORLEANS MOSQUITO CONTROL BOARD,NEW ORLEANS,LA. USDA,NATL VET SERV LABS,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,AMES,IA 50010. FLORIDA DEPT AGR & CONSUMER SERV,BUR DIAGNOST LABS,KISSIMMEE,FL. UNIV GEORGIA,VET DIAGNOST & INVEST LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793. CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,EPIDEMIOL & ECOL SECT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP JACOBY, D (reprint author), MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,BOSTON,MA 02114, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 11 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 14 BP 1110 EP & PG 0 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA RY056 UT WOS:A1995RY05600010 ER PT J AU XU, RD HUANG, X KRAMER, KJ HAWLEY, MD AF XU, RD HUANG, X KRAMER, KJ HAWLEY, MD TI ON-COLUMN REDUCTION OF CATECHOLAMINE QUINONES IN STAINLESS-STEEL COLUMNS DURING LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SPIN-STABILIZATION; OXIDATION; RADICALS AB The chromatographic behavior of quinones derived from the oxidation of dopamine and N-acetyldopamine has been studied using liquid chromatography (LC) with both a diode array detector and an electrochemical detector that has parallel dual working electrodes. When stainless steel columns are used, an anodic peak for the oxidation of the catecholamine is observed at the same retention time as a cathodic peak for the reduction of the catecholamine quinone. In addition, the anodic peak exhibits a tail that extends to a second anodic peak for the catecholamine. The latter peak occurs at the normal retention time of the catecholamine. The origin of this phenomenon has been studied and metallic iron in the stainless steel components of the LC system has been found to reduce the quinones to their corresponding catecholamines. The simultaneous appearance of a cathodic peak for the reduction of catecholamine quinone and an anodic peak for the oxidation of the corresponding catecholamine occurs when metallic iron in the exit frit reduces some of the quinones as the latter exits the column. This phenomenon is designated as the ''concurrent anodic-cathodic response.'' It is also observed for quinones of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropenoic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and probably occurs with o- or p-quinones of other dihydroxyphenyl compounds. The use of nonferrous components in LC systems is recommended to eliminate possible on-column reduction of quinones. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc. C1 USDA ARS,N CENT REG,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,MANHATTAN,KS 66502. RP XU, RD (reprint author), KANSAS STATE UNIV AGR & APPL SCI,DEPT CHEM,MANHATTAN,KS 66506, USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD OCT 10 PY 1995 VL 231 IS 1 BP 72 EP 81 DI 10.1006/abio.1995.1505 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA RZ602 UT WOS:A1995RZ60200011 PM 8678323 ER PT J AU MACMAHON, M AF MACMAHON, M TI REQUESTING VITAMIN-B-12 AND FOLATE ASSAYS SO LANCET LA English DT Letter ID COBALAMIN DEFICIENCY RP MACMAHON, M (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0099-5355 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD OCT 7 PY 1995 VL 346 IS 8980 BP 973 EP 973 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA RY808 UT WOS:A1995RY80800060 PM 7564764 ER PT J AU CESCUTTI, P OSMAN, SF FETT, WF WEISLEDER, D AF CESCUTTI, P OSMAN, SF FETT, WF WEISLEDER, D TI THE STRUCTURE OF THE ACIDIC EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE PRODUCED BY PSEUDOMONAS-GINGERI STRAIN PF9 SO CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE PSEUDOMONAS GINGERI STRAIN PF9; MUSHROOM PATHOGEN; ACIDIC EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE STRUCTURE ID TWO-DIMENSIONAL NMR; CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE; SPECTROSCOPY; OLIGOSACCHARIDES; CONFIGURATION; METHYLATION; SENSITIVITY; RESIDUES; SUGARS AB The structure of the acidic exopolysaccharide produced by the mushroom pathogen Pseudomonas ''gingeri'' strain Pf9, a bacterium which causes ginger blotch, was investigated by chemical analysis, mass spectrometry and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. The polysaccharide consists of the linear trisaccharide repeating unit [GRAPHICS] where the cyclic pyruvic acetal groups at O-4 and O-6 of the mannopyranosyl residues have the S-configuration. Methylation analysis under neutral conditions and NMR data showed that the mannose residues are acetylated at O-2. This exopolysaccharide has the same structure as the E. coli K55 capsular polysaccharide and differs from the Klebsiella K5 capsular polysaccharide only in the position of acetylation (C-2 of the glucopyranose residue). C1 UNIV TRIESTE,DIPARTMENTO BIOCHIM,I-34127 TRIESTE,ITALY. USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP CESCUTTI, P (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 34 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0008-6215 J9 CARBOHYD RES JI Carbohydr. Res. PD OCT 2 PY 1995 VL 275 IS 2 BP 371 EP 379 DI 10.1016/0008-6215(95)00181-R PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA TA515 UT WOS:A1995TA51500013 PM 8529229 ER PT J AU WANG, YS MILLER, DR ANDERSON, DE MCMANUS, ML AF WANG, YS MILLER, DR ANDERSON, DE MCMANUS, ML TI A LAGRANGIAN STOCHASTIC-MODEL FOR AERIAL SPRAY TRANSPORT ABOVE AN OAK FOREST SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID TURBULENT AIR-FLOW; RANDOM-WALK MODEL; PARTICLE TRAJECTORIES; INHOMOGENEOUS TURBULENCE; AGRICULTURAL SPRAYS; VELOCITY VARIANCE; SPORE DISPERSAL; HEAVY-PARTICLES; PLANT CANOPIES; SURFACE-LAYER AB An aerial spray droplets' transport model has been developed by applying recent advances in Lagrangian stochastic simulation of heavy particles. A two-dimensional Lagrangian stochastic model was adopted to simulate the spray droplet dispersion in atmospheric turbulence by adjusting the Lagrangian integral time scale along the drop trajectory. The other major physical processes affecting the transport of spray droplets above a forest canopy, the aircraft wingtip vortices and the droplet evaporation, were also included in each time step of the droplets' transport. The model was evaluated using data from an aerial spray field experiment. In generally neutral stability conditions, the accuracy of the model predictions varied from run-to-run as expected. The average root-mean-square error was 24.61 IU cm(-2), and the average relative error was 15%. The model prediction was adequate in two-dimensional steady wind conditions, but was less accurate in variable wind condition, The results indicated that the model can simulate successfully the ensemble average transport of aerial spray droplets under neutral, steady atmospheric wind conditions. C1 UNIV CONNECTICUT,DEPT NAT RESOURCES MANAGEMENT & ENGN,STORRS,CT 06269. US GEOL SURVEY,DENVER FED CTR,DIV WATER RESOURCES,DENVER,CO 80225. US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,HAMDEN,CT. NR 39 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 76 IS 3-4 BP 277 EP 291 DI 10.1016/0168-1923(95)02221-I PG 15 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA TE154 UT WOS:A1995TE15400008 ER PT J AU HUNG, ACF ADAMS, JR SHIMANUKI, H AF HUNG, ACF ADAMS, JR SHIMANUKI, H TI BEE PARASITIC MITE SYNDROME .2. THE ROLE OF VARROA MITE AND VIRUSES SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB An unexplained high mortality was found in U. S. honey bee colonies infested by two parasitic mites, Acarapis woodi and Varroa jacobsoni. The name ''parasitic mite syndrome (PMS)'' has been proposed for this condition. PMS is more likely to be associated with colonies that are infested with V. jacobsoni than A.. woodi. The possible causes have not been identified. Three PMS colonies from Maine, Maryland and Virginia were found infected with Kashmir bee virus (KBV). Acute paralysis virus (APV) was also detected in the Maine and Maryland PMS colonies. A pooled Varroa mite sample from this Maryland colony also tested positive for APV and KBV. Only KBV was detected in the pooled Varroa mite sample from the Maine PMS colony. However, Varroa mites and adult bees from a Florida colony heavily infested with Varroa were both negative for APV and KBV in the immunodiffusion test and no virus particles were observed by electron microscopy. The role that Varroa and viruses may play in PMS is discussed in this report. RP HUNG, ACF (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BEE RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 41 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 6 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 135 IS 10 BP 702 EP 704 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA RX230 UT WOS:A1995RX23000023 ER PT J AU BHATHENA, SJ BERLIN, E JUDD, JT CLEVIDENCE, BA TAYLOR, PR CAMPBELL, WS NAIR, PP AF BHATHENA, SJ BERLIN, E JUDD, JT CLEVIDENCE, BA TAYLOR, PR CAMPBELL, WS NAIR, PP TI SELECTIVE RESPONSES OF HORMONES INVOLVED IN CARBOHYDRATE AND LIPID-METABOLISM AND PROPERTIES OF ERYTHROCYTE-MEMBRANES DURING THE MENSTRUAL-CYCLE IN PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN CONSUMING MODERATE AMOUNTS OF ALCOHOL SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; ALCOHOL; HORMONES; INSULIN RECEPTORS; MEMBRANE FLUIDITY ID FOOD-INTAKE; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; INSULIN-RECEPTORS; SEX-HORMONES; DIETARY-FAT; RAT; FLUIDITY; ETHANOL; BINDING; PLASMA AB The effects of chronic consumption of moderate amounts of alcohol on hormones associated with lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, plasma concentrations of triacylglycerol and cholesterol, insulin receptors on erythrocyte membranes, and erythrocyte membrane fluidity were studied during three phases of the menstrual cycle in 37 premenopausal women. Subjects were given either 30 g ethanol or an equienergetic fruit juice for three menstrual cycles in a crossover design. Blood samples were analyzed during the luteal, midcycle, and follicular phases. Administration of alcohol induced a significant rise in plasma glucagon and cortisol uniformly across the entire menstrual cycle. A similar rise in plasma growth hormone was observed at midcycle during the period when subjects consumed alcohol. A marginal effect was observed on cholesterol and somatomedin C concentrations. Insulin binding to erythrocyte ghosts was not affected by either alcohol or menstrual-cycle phase. Erythrocyte membranes were more fluid during the follicular phase than during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle when the women were consuming the alcohol. There were no perceptible interactions between alcohol and phases of the menstrual cycle for the indexes studied, except membrane fluidity. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,DIET & HUMAN PERFORMANCE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,NUTRIENT REQUIREMENT & FUNCT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NCI,DIV CANC PREVENT & CONTROL,CANC PREVENT STUDIES BRANCH,BETHESDA,MD. RP BHATHENA, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BLDG 307-E,ROOM 324,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 63 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 62 IS 4 BP 751 EP 756 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA RY074 UT WOS:A1995RY07400009 PM 7572704 ER PT J AU PEREZJIMENEZ, F ESPINO, A LOPEZSEGURA, F BLANCO, J RUIZGUTIERREZ, V PRADA, JL LOPEZMIRANDA, J JIMENEZPEREPEREZ, J ORDOVAS, JM AF PEREZJIMENEZ, F ESPINO, A LOPEZSEGURA, F BLANCO, J RUIZGUTIERREZ, V PRADA, JL LOPEZMIRANDA, J JIMENEZPEREPEREZ, J ORDOVAS, JM TI LIPOPROTEIN CONCENTRATIONS IN NORMOLIPIDEMIC MALES CONSUMING OLEIC ACID-RICH DIETS FROM 2 DIFFERENT SOURCES - OLIVE OIL AND OLEIC ACID-RICH SUNFLOWER OIL SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE LIPOPROTEINS; CHOLESTEROL; STEROLS; MONOUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS; LOW-FAT DIETS; OLIVE OIL; SUNFLOWER OIL; PHYTOSTEROLS ID MONOUNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS; SEVERE FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; PLASMA-CHOLESTEROL; SERUM-LIPOPROTEINS; PLANT STEROLS; SITOSTEROL; TRIALS; LIPIDS; MEN AB The effects on plasma lipid concentrations of two oleic acid-rich diets, prepared with two different plant oils-olive oil and sunflower oil high in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs)-were compared with a National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) I diet. Twenty-one healthy, normolipidemic, young males consumed an NCEP-I diet (30% of energy as fat) during a 25-d period. Subjects were then assigned to two 4-wk study periods, according to a randomized, crossover design. Group one was placed on an olive oil-enriched diet (40% fat, 22% MUFAs), followed by a 4-wk period of a sunflower oil-enriched diet (40% fat; 22% MUFAs). In group two, the order of the diets was reversed. Both MUFA dietary periods resulted in an increase in high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (7% for the olive oil diet and 4% for the sunflower oil diet) and in apolipoprotein (ape) A-I (9% for both) compared with the NCEP-I diet. Low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and apo B concentrations ((x) over bar +/- SEM) were lower (P < 0.05) during the sunflower oil diet (2.40 +/- 0.11 mmol/L, 0.85 +/- 0.04 mg/L) than during the olive oil diet (2.64 +/- 0.15 mmol/L, 0.93 +/- 0.05 mg/L). No significant differ ences were observed in these variables between the sunflower oil and NCEP-I (2.48 +/- 0.13 mmol/L, 0.89 +/- 0.04 mg/L) diets. Because the plant sterol composition and non-fatty acid constituents were different in both MUFA diets, our findings suggest that minor constituents in the oils may account for some of the differences in plasma lipid concentrations observed after diets similar in fatty acid content. C1 UNIV CORDOBA,SCH MED,UNIV HOSP REINA SOFIA,LIPID RES UNIT,CORDOBA,ARGENTINA. CSIC,INST GRASA,SEVILLE,SPAIN. TUFTS UNIV,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,USDA,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA. OI Perez-Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-7499-7681; Perez Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-9808-1280; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 33 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 62 IS 4 BP 769 EP 775 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA RY074 UT WOS:A1995RY07400012 PM 7572707 ER PT J AU TURNLUND, JR KEYES, WR PEIFFER, GL AF TURNLUND, JR KEYES, WR PEIFFER, GL TI MOLYBDENUM ABSORPTION, EXCRETION, AND RETENTION STUDIED WITH STABLE ISOTOPES IN YOUNG MEN AT 5 INTAKES OF DIETARY MOLYBDENUM SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE MOLYBDENUM; ABSORPTION; DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS; STABLE ISOTOPES ID SULFITE OXIDASE; METABOLISM; COFACTOR; HUMANS; COPPER AB A study of molybdenum absorption, excretion, and balance was conducted in four young men fed five amounts of dietary molybdenum, ranging from 22 to 1490 mu g/d, for 24 d each. The study was conducted to obtain scientific data on which to base a recommendation on dietary molybdenum intake for healthy young men. Stable isotopes of molybdenum were used as tracers. Mo-100 was fed five times during the study and Mo-97 was infused three times. Mo-94 was used to quantify the molybdenum isotopes and total molybdenum in urine, fecal collections, and diets by isotope dilution. Adverse effects were not observed al any of the dietary intakes. Molybdenum was very efficiently absorbed, 88-93%, at all dietary molybdenum intakes, and absorption was most efficient at the highest amounts of dietary molybdenum. The amount and percentage of molybdenum excreted in the urine increased as dietary molybdenum increased, suggesting that molybdenum turnover is slow when dietary molybdenum is low and increases as dietary molybdenum increases. We conclude from these results that dietary intakes between 22 and 1500 mu g/d by adult men are safe for greater than or equal to 24 d and that molybdenum retention is regulated by urinary excretion. Molybdenum is conserved at low intakes and excess molybdenum is rapidly excreted in the urine when intake is high. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94129. NR 30 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 62 IS 4 BP 790 EP 796 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA RY074 UT WOS:A1995RY07400016 PM 7572711 ER PT J AU CUPPLES, LA MYERS, RH ORDOVAS, JM WILSON, PWF SCHAEFER, EJ AF CUPPLES, LA MYERS, RH ORDOVAS, JM WILSON, PWF SCHAEFER, EJ TI HERITABILITY OF RISK-FACTORS FOR CORONARY HEART-DISEASE - THE FRAMINGHAM-STUDY SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 BOSTON UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,BOSTON,MA. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,FRAMINGHAM HEART STUDY,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 57 IS 4 SU S BP 1836 EP 1836 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA RW687 UT WOS:A1995RW68701834 ER PT J AU RAMSAY, TG CHUNG, IB CZERWINSKI, SM MCMURTRY, JP ROSEBROUGH, RW STEELE, NC AF RAMSAY, TG CHUNG, IB CZERWINSKI, SM MCMURTRY, JP ROSEBROUGH, RW STEELE, NC TI TISSUE IGF-I PROTEIN AND MESSENGER-RNA RESPONSES TO A SINGLE INJECTION OF SOMATOTROPIN SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR; MUSCLE; ADIPOSE GENE EXPRESSION; SWINE ID GROWTH FACTOR-I; MESSENGER RIBONUCLEIC-ACID; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; GROWING-PIGS; HORMONE; EXPRESSION; PERFORMANCE; METABOLISM; BINDING; MUSCLE AB Swine were divided into four groups of 11 animals at 40 kg body wt. Swine within a group were given a single porcine somatotropin (pST) injection (200 mu g/kg) or buffer at 0800. Blood, liver (L), latissimus dorsi (LD), semitendinosus (STS), vastus lateralis (VL), dorsal subcutaneous (SQ), and perirenal (PR) adipose tissues were sampled at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24 h postinjection. Blood urea nitrogen was depressed by 16 h. Insulin was elevated by similar to 350% at 8 h. Lipogenic enzyme activities in adipose tissues were not affected by pST treatment. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) mRNA levels increased rapidly in SQ, PR, and L to a single PST administration, whereas they increased only slightly in VL. IGF-I mRNA concentrations in LD and STS were unaffected by pST treatment. IGF-I protein content of tissues changed little during the first 24 h postinjection. These data suggest that individual tissues differ in timing and degree of response to pST. Conflicting results reported after pST treatment could, in part, be due to tissue selection for sampling or sample timing. C1 USDA ARS, NONRUMINANT NUTR LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 29 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1849 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-ENDOC M JI Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 269 IS 4 BP E627 EP E635 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology GA TA573 UT WOS:A1995TA57300004 PM 7485474 ER PT J AU SIEG, CH KING, RM AF SIEG, CH KING, RM TI INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS AND PRELIMINARY DEMOGRAPHIC-ANALYSES OF A THREATENED ORCHID, PLATANTHERA-PRAECLARA SO AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID POPULATION-DYNAMICS AB In 1987, 160 individual Platanthera praeclara Sheviak and Bowles were permanently marked on 16 transects on the Sheyenne National Grassland, in southeastern North Dakota. They were located on five sites that represented five management regimes: (1) grazed-rotational; (2) grazed-season long (5.5 mo); (3) ungrazed; (4) ungrazed and burned, and (5) grazed and burned. By 1994, only 4% of the originally marked Platanthera praeclara individuals were observed; however, numbers did not differ (P = 0.13) among sites. Beginning in 1990, all Platanthera praeclara individuals in belt transects on each site were marked and counted, and demographic data were recorded. Total orchid density differed (P = 0.04) among sites, but not with a consistent pattern among years (P = 0.001). In some years, Platanthera praeclara density was positively correlated with surface soil moisture. Preliminary demographic analyses indicate that Platanthera praeclara may be short-lived and that absent plants rarely reappear. Cluster analysis indicated that the most common vegetative community supporting Platanthera praeclara was dominated by Poa pratensis L. and Juncus balticus Willd., although Platanthera praeclara density on the Sheyenne National Grassland was most highly correlated with cover of Calamagrostis stricta (Timm.) Koel. C1 US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT STN,FT COLLINS,CO 80526. RP SIEG, CH (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT STN,501 E ST JOSEPH,S DAKOTA SCH MINES & TECHNOL CAMP,RAPID CITY,SD 57701, USA. NR 49 TC 17 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER MIDLAND NATURALIST PI NOTRE DAME PA UNIV NOTRE DAME, NOTRE DAME, IN 46556 SN 0003-0031 J9 AM MIDL NAT JI Am. Midl. Nat. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 134 IS 2 BP 307 EP 323 DI 10.2307/2426300 PG 17 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TA729 UT WOS:A1995TA72900010 ER PT J AU BROWN, CR SMITH, OP DAMSTEEGT, VD YANG, CP FOX, L THOMAS, PE AF BROWN, CR SMITH, OP DAMSTEEGT, VD YANG, CP FOX, L THOMAS, PE TI SUPPRESSION OF PLRV TITER IN TRANSGENIC RUSSET-BURBANK AND RANGER-RUSSET SO AMERICAN POTATO JOURNAL LA English DT Note DE TRANSFORMATION; GENE INSERTION; POTATO; SOLANUM BREEDING; PATHOGEN DERIVED RESISTANCE ID POTATO LEAFROLL LUTEOVIRUS; COAT PROTEIN GENE; MEDIATED RESISTANCE; VIRUS; TRANSFORMATION; INFECTION; VECTORS; CLONES; PLANTS AB Potato varieties Russet Burbank and Ranger Russet were transformed with a cDNA version of the 23 kD coat protein cistron (CP) of the potato leafroll virus (PLRV) using an Agrobacterium-mediated procedure. Clones were assayed for presence of the npt-II and CP genes by Southern analysis, for expression of CP mRNA by Northern analysis, and for presence of PLRV coat protein in uninoculated and aphid inoculated plants by ELISA and Western blot analysis in uninoculated plants. Two putative Russet Burbank transformants were escapes, lacking either npt-II or CP, while one putative Ranger Russet transformant: possessed the npt-II gene but not the CP gene. In Russet Burbank and Ranger Russet, some transformants had statistically lower virus titer. The lowered titer was consistent throughout assays at three times during primary infection and one assay of secondary infection. The ranking of virus titer across all tests was statistically consistent. Transformants with the lowest. secondary titers had virus contents 15 and 31% of the titers of untransformed controls for Russet Burbank and Ranger Russet, respectively. The virus titer of the two Russet Burbank escapes and the Ranger Russet with only the npt-II gene did not differ significantly from their respective untransformed controls. C1 USDA ARS,FT DETRICK,MD. USDA ARS,YAKIMA,WA. RP BROWN, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS,RR 2,BOX 2953A,PROSSER,WA 99350, USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU POTATO ASSN AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE 114 DEERING HALL, ORONO, ME 04469 SN 0003-0589 J9 AM POTATO J JI Am. Potato J. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 72 IS 10 BP 589 EP 597 DI 10.1007/BF02849131 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD431 UT WOS:A1995TD43100002 ER PT J AU CROSSLIN, JM THOMAS, PE AF CROSSLIN, JM THOMAS, PE TI DETECTION OF TOBACCO RATTLE VIRUS IN TUBERS EXHIBITING SYMPTOMS OF CORKY RINGSPOT BY POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION SO AMERICAN POTATO JOURNAL LA English DT Note DE RT-PCR ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; NUCLEIC-ACID HYBRIDIZATION; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; POTATO VIRUSES; PLANTS AB Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-specific products were obtained by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of nucleic acid extracts prepared from tubers exhibiting symptoms of corky ringspot (CRS) disease, Viral origin of amplification products was confirmed by hybridization of PCR products with a nonradioactively-labeled complementary DNA probe prepared from purified TRV RNA. Results suggest that TRV is not uniformly distributed in CRS-affected tubers and appears to be in low concentration in tuber tissue. C1 USDA ARS,PROSSER,WA 99350. RP CROSSLIN, JM (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 14 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU POTATO ASSN AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE 114 DEERING HALL, ORONO, ME 04469 SN 0003-0589 J9 AM POTATO J JI Am. Potato J. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 72 IS 10 BP 605 EP 609 DI 10.1007/BF02849133 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TD431 UT WOS:A1995TD43100004 ER PT J AU ALONSOPIMENTEL, H SPANGLER, HG HEED, WB AF ALONSOPIMENTEL, H SPANGLER, HG HEED, WB TI COURTSHIP SOUNDS AND BEHAVIOR OF THE 2 SAGUARO-BREEDING DROSOPHILA AND THEIR RELATIVES SO ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article ID REPLETA GROUP; SONG; EVOLUTION AB The two saguaro-breeding Drosophila, D. nigrospiracula and D. mettleri, share striking morphological similarities even though they are not closely related. Drosophila mettleri is a member of the eremophila species complex, whereas D. nigrospiracula is a member of the anceps species complex. Both the courtship songs and courtship behaviour of the six species in these two complexes were examined. The objectives were (1) to investigate whether courtship behaviour follows the same evolutionary trend as the morphological traits and (2) to provide further insight about the evolution of courtship behaviour in these species. Results showed that the courtship song is a phylogenetically conservative trait within both species complexes. The pattern observed in the song parameters measured can be interpreted in terms of the degree with which hybrids can be formed in the laboratory and the extent to which sympatry occurs in the geographical distribution of the species within each species complex. Compared to many other species of Drosophila in the repleta group, those of the eremophila complex possess unique features, whereas those in the anceps complex have song characters that are commonly found throughout the species group. (C) 1995 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour C1 UNIV ARIZONA, CTR INSECT SCI, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA. USDA ARS, CARL HAYDEN BEE RES CTR, TUCSON, AZ USA. RP ALONSOPIMENTEL, H (reprint author), UNIV ARIZONA, DEPT ECOL & EVOLUT BIOL, BSW 310, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0003-3472 EI 1095-8282 J9 ANIM BEHAV JI Anim. Behav. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 50 BP 1031 EP 1039 DI 10.1016/0003-3472(95)80103-0 PN 4 PG 9 WC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA TA687 UT WOS:A1995TA68700014 ER PT J AU KARUNANANDAA, K VARGA, GA AKIN, DE RIGSBY, LL ROYSE, DJ AF KARUNANANDAA, K VARGA, GA AKIN, DE RIGSBY, LL ROYSE, DJ TI BOTANICAL FRACTIONS OF RICE STRAW COLONIZED BY WHITE-ROT FUNGI - CHANGES IN CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE SO ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE RICE STRAW; FUNGI; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE ID RUMEN DEGRADATION; BIODEGRADABILITY; DIGESTIBILITY; DIGESTION; VARIETIES; BARLEY AB Three species of white-rot fungi (Cyathus stercoreus (Cs) ATCC-36910, Phanerochaete chrysosporium (Pc) BKM, and Pleurotus sajor-caju (Ps) 537) were grown on leaf blade (leaf) or stem plus leaf sheath (stem) of rice straw for 30 d by solid state fermentation (SSF). Physical and chemical methods were employed to evaluate substrate specificity, substrate composition and histology. Changes in histology of decayed material were evaluated before and after ruminal digestion by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Control leaf and stem were similar in IVDMD (38%), although leaf was higher in crude protein and lower in cell wall compared to stem (3.7 vs, 2.8%; 73.9 vs. 80.7%, respectively). The changes were due mostly to a higher concentration of silica in leaf compared to stem (17.0 vs. 13.1%). After 30 d of SSF, Cs and Ps increased the IVDMD of leaf from 38.1 to 49 and 46.3%, respectively, by selective degradation of hemicellulose as opposed to cellulose. In contrast, Pc degraded cellulose and hemicellulose indiscriminately in leaf and lowered the IVDMD of leaf to 30.1%. Partially degraded lignin, silica and hemicellulose of leaf were negatively correlated (r) with IVDMD in contrast to cellulose (r = -0.49, -0.54, -0.16 and 0.85, respectively). Prediction of IVDMD of fungal-decayed leaf was primarily a function of hemicellulose and cellulose with a coefficient of IVDMD = -0.155 + 2.14 (cellulose) - 0.87 (hemicellulose); R(2) = 0.98. Stem decayed by Pc and Cs became less digestible compared to the control (18.5 and 20.3% vs. 39.7%, respectively), although hemicellulose and cellulose of stem were poorly degraded after SSF. Only Ps improved the IVDMD of stem compared to the control (44.1 vs. 39.7%). SEM sections of leaf decayed by Pc showed complete degradation of mesophyll but the more recalcitrant vascular and epidermal tissues resisted rumen degradation and resulted in lower IVDMD. Leaf tissues colonized by Cs and Ps showed presence of all tissues but after 72 h rumen microorganisms completely degraded mesophyll tissue which resulted in a higher IVDMD. Observation of TEM sections showed that fungal treatment facilitated rumen microbial penetration of lignified tissues. Improvement of digestibility of decayed straw depends upon the fungal species, the plant substrates and the botanical fractions. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT DAIRY & ANIM SCI,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30613. PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. NR 36 TC 35 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8401 J9 ANIM FEED SCI TECH JI Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 55 IS 3-4 BP 179 EP 199 DI 10.1016/0377-8401(95)00805-W PG 21 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TB326 UT WOS:A1995TB32600002 ER PT J AU JOHNSON, EL AF JOHNSON, EL TI CONTENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF ERYTHROXYLUM-COCA LEAF ALKALOIDS SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE ALKALOIDS; ERYTHROXYLUM COCA VAR COCA; E-COCA; LEAF ALKALOIDS; PETIOLE ALKALOIDS; COCAINE; CUSCOHYGRINE; METHYL ECGONINE; HYGRINE; TROPINONE; TROPACOCAINE; TRANS-CINNAMOYLCOCAINE; CIS-CINNAMOYLCOCAINE ID TRANSFORMED ROOT CULTURES; TROPANE ALKALOIDS; DATURA-STRAMONIUM; BIOSYNTHESIS; CINNAMOYLCOCAINE; LEAVES AB Fully expanded leaves of Erythroxylum coca var. coca Lam. (Erythroxylaceae) 35-70-d-old were harvested from 21-month-old plants grown under greenhouse conditions. Each harvested leaf was placed on a plexiglass silhouette according to its dimensions and divided into four primary sections (petiole, base, mid and anterior) and three sub-sections (lamina periphery, false mid-rib, and true mid-rib) to determine the distribution and content of hygrine, cuscohygrine, trans-cinnamoylcocaine, cis-cinnamoylcocaine, tropacocaine, tropinone, methyl ecgonine and cocaine. The leaf sub-sections and petiole were extracted and analysed for alkaloid content (%) by HPLC (cocaine alkaloid only) gas chromatography and CC/MS. Cocaine, methyl ecgonine and hygrine were highest in the lamina periphery with a content of 0.48, 0.46 and 0.32%, respectively. Trans-cinnamoylcocaine was pre-eminent of the cinnamoylcocaines and was most abundant in the petiole at a content of 0.24%. Cis-cinnamoylcocaine, tropinone, cuscohygrine and tropacocaine were ubiquitously distributed throughout the leaf where the average contents were 0.14, 0.004, 0.16 and 0.04%, respectively. (C) 1995 Annals of Botany Company RP JOHNSON, EL (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST PLANT SCI,WEED SCI LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS (LONDON) LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 76 IS 4 BP 331 EP 335 DI 10.1006/anbo.1995.1104 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA RZ649 UT WOS:A1995RZ64900001 ER PT J AU GOENAGA, R AF GOENAGA, R TI ACCUMULATION AND PARTITIONING OF DRY-MATTER IN TARO [COLOCASIA-ESCULENTA (L) SCHOTT] SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE TARO; COLOCASIA SP; GROWTH; DRY MATTER PARTITIONING AB A field study was conducted as part of an ongoing effort to collect data on patterns of leaf area development and dry matter accumulation and partitioning among various plant parts during growth and development of two tare cultivars. Plants were harvested for biomass about every 6 weeks during the growing season. At each harvest, plants were separated into various plant parts, and their dry matter content was determined. The first 80 d after planting were characterized by low rates of dry matter accumulation, with only leaves, petioles, and roots showing substantial growth. Afterwards, increases in total dry matter were mainly the result of corm and sucker growth. Corm bulking occurred after the attainment of maximal leaf area indices. The absence of an optimal leaf area index for a longer period of time may have prevented the realization of higher dry matter yields. The partitioning of dry matter to the corms of both cultivars remained almost constant especially after 150 d after planting. This process was in contrast to the partitioning of dry matter to the suckers, which increased significantly until the end of the growing cycle. (C) 1995 Annals of Botany Company RP GOENAGA, R (reprint author), USDA ARS,MAYAGUEZ,PR 00681, USA. NR 14 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS (LONDON) LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 76 IS 4 BP 337 EP 341 DI 10.1006/anbo.1995.1105 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA RZ649 UT WOS:A1995RZ64900002 ER PT J AU CLAPHAM, WM WILLCOTT, JB AF CLAPHAM, WM WILLCOTT, JB TI THERMOSENSITIVITY IN SPRING WHITE LUPIN SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE LUPINUS ALBUS L; LUPIN; VERNALIZATION; THERMOSENSITIVITY; VEGETATIVE DEVELOPMENT ID VERNALIZATION; YIELD AB Spring morphotypes of white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) are very responsive to cool temperatures during seedling development as expressed in a number of subsequent developmental characters. Thermosensitivity was examined in a number of studies where seedlings were incubated at various stages of development and at differing temperatures. Plants were scored for thermosensitivity, as expressed by the number of mainstem and first order lateral vegetative nodes, at flowering. The stages of radicle emergence and split seed coat were observed to be the developmental stages when mainstem and first-order lateral meristems were most sensitive to incubation temperature. These data show that the optimum window for cold treating spring lupin seed is very narrow and occurs prior to seedling emergence. Seedlings at radicle emergence stage were incubated at temperatures ranging from 1 to 27 degrees C for 0 to 14 d in 2 d increments. For temperatures less than 12 degrees C, mainstem node number decreased curvilinearly with duration of incubation. For temperatures between 12 and 17 degrees C, mainstem node number decreased linearly with duration of incubation. However, mainstem node number increased linearly with duration of incubation at temperatures greater than 17 degrees C. The data show that 'warm' temperatures during early seedling development have a profound influence on subsequent plant morphology. Response to 'warm' temperatures is greater than to 'cool' temperatures and it is suggested that the differential response to warm vs. cold incubation temperatures could account for morphological and phenological differences observed within genotypes in field studies among sites and years. The lack of temperature response in one genotype, 'Start' may indicate thermoneutrality in this genotype. (C) 1995 Annals of Botany Company RP CLAPHAM, WM (reprint author), UNIV MAINE,USDA ARS,NE PLANT SOIL & WATER LAB,ORONO,ME 04469, USA. NR 14 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS (LONDON) LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 76 IS 4 BP 349 EP 357 DI 10.1006/anbo.1995.1107 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA RZ649 UT WOS:A1995RZ64900004 ER PT J AU TALLURY, SP STALKER, HT PATTEE, HE AF TALLURY, SP STALKER, HT PATTEE, HE TI EARLY REPRODUCTIVE ONTOGENY IN INTERSPECIFIC CROSSES OF ARACHIS-HYPOGAEA AND SECTION ARACHIS SPECIES SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE PEANUT; INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS; ARACHIS; WILD SPECIES; INCOMPATIBILITIES ID A-STENOSPERMA; EMBRYO; EMBRYOGENESIS; WILD AB Wild Arachis species have been recognized as sources of resistance to pests and pathogens that infect A, hypogaea L. and cause substantial yield losses. However, utilization of these genetic resources for crop improvement has been difficult. This study was conducted to (a) understand the processes of early embryo growth and development in four Arachis species, two A. hypogaea cultivars and their hybrids and (b) identify parental compatibilities in reciprocal crosses of A, hypogaea. The results indicated that delayed fertilization beyond 24 h, coupled with slow proembryo growth, leads to embryo abortion in many interspecific crosses. For example, in female A. cardenasii crosses, lack of or delayed fertilization leads to failure to obtain hybrids. When A. batizocoi was used as a female parent, delayed fertilization and the inability of quiescent proembryos to resume growth after soil penetration caused abortion. Embryos of A. hypogaea x A. glandulifera crosses developed normally during the first 21 d after fertilization, but then aborted at a later time. In this study, A. hypogaea was always a better female parent than the wild Arachis species. Increasing the number of pollinations per cross, using the cultivated species as the female parent, utilizing different A. hypogaea varieties, and embryo rescue techniques are suggested to improve the probability of obtaining interspecific hybrids in Arachis. (C) 1995 Annals of Botany Company C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,DEPT BOT,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP TALLURY, SP (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,BOX 7629,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS (LONDON) LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 76 IS 4 BP 397 EP 404 DI 10.1006/anbo.1995.1113 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA RZ649 UT WOS:A1995RZ64900010 ER PT J AU KELLER, NP SEGNER, S BHATNAGAR, D ADAMS, TH AF KELLER, NP SEGNER, S BHATNAGAR, D ADAMS, TH TI STCS, A PUTATIVE P-450 MONOOXYGENASE, IS REQUIRED FOR THE CONVERSION OF VERSICOLORIN-A TO STERIGMATOCYSTIN IN ASPERGILLUS-NIDULANS SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AFLATOXIN BIOSYNTHESIS; PARASITICUS; GENE; MYCOTOXINS; ENZYMES; UPDATE AB Sterigmatocystin (ST) and aflatoxin are carcinogenic end point metabolites derived from the same biochemical pathway, which is found in several Aspergillus spp. Recently, an ST gene cluster, containing approximately 25 distinct genes that are each proposed to function specifically in ST biosynthesis, has been identified in Aspergillus nidulans. Each of these structural genes is named stc (sterigmatocystin) followed by a consecutive letter of the alphabet. We have previously described stcU (formerly verA) as encoding a keto-reductase required for the conversion of versicolorin A to ST. We now describe a second A. nidulans gene, stcS (formerly verB), that is located within 2 kb of stcU in the ST gene cluster. An stcS-disrupted strain of A. nidulans, TSS17, was unable to produce ST and converted ST/aflatoxin precursors to versicolorin A rather than ST, indicating that stcS functions at the same point in the pathway as stcU, Genomic sequence analysis of stcS shows that it encodes a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase and constitutes a novel P-450 family, CYP59, Assuming that StcU activity mimics that of similar P-450s, it is likely that StcU catalyzes one of the proposed oxidation steps necessary to convert versicolorin A to ST, These results constitute the first genetic proof that the conversion of versicolorin A to ST requires more than one enzymatic activity. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT BIOL,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. USDA ARS,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. RP KELLER, NP (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL & MICROBIOL,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843, USA. NR 33 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 61 IS 10 BP 3628 EP 3632 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA RY071 UT WOS:A1995RY07100019 PM 7486998 ER PT J AU SLININGER, PJ SHEAWILBUR, MA AF SLININGER, PJ SHEAWILBUR, MA TI LIQUID CULTURE PH, TEMPERATURE, AND CARBON (NOT NITROGEN) SOURCE REGULATE PHENAZINE PRODUCTIVITY OF THE TAKE-ALL BIOCONTROL AGENT PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS-2-79 SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GRAMINIS VAR TRITICI; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; SUPPRESSION; WHEAT; RHIZOSPHERE; STRAIN; GROWTH; ACID AB Strain 2-79 is a biocontrol agent against take-all, an important disease of wheat caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. In the rhizosphere, it produces the antibiotic phenazine 1-carboxylic acid (PCA) as the primary means of disease suppression. One barrier to commercial use of phenazine-producing pseudomonads, like strain 2-79, is the lack of liquid-culture technology for mass production. For instance, there is little published research concerning the impact of liquid-culture secondary metabolism on the biocontrol qualities of the cell harvest, i.e., efficacy, phytotoxicity, and storage survival. Yet it is important to know whether the fermentation process should be designed to enhance or eliminate secondary metabolite accumulation. To enable future exploration of this issue, we identified liquid-culture parameters that could be manipulated to control the phenazine productivity of strain 2-79. Our results indicated that PCA accumulation was very sensitive to the culture pH and temperature. It was possible to produce large cell populations with either high or low phenazine productivity by choosing to control culture pH at 7 and 8 respectively. Although high cell accumulations were achieved over the broad 25-34 degrees C range studied, high, moderate, or low PCA productivities were observed at 25-27 degrees C, 29-32.5 degrees C, or 34 degrees C respectively. When pH was controlled at 7, specific PCA productions at 25 degrees C could be modulated by the choice of carbon source supplied. PCA accumulation per unit biomass reached 0.31 g/g on glucose, 0.16 g/g on glycerol and xylose, and only 0.09 g/g on fructose. Although the nitrogen source was also tested as a variable, it had little influence on culture PCA productivity under controlled pH. RP SLININGER, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FERMENTAT BIOCHEM RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 23 TC 53 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 16 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 43 IS 5 BP 794 EP 800 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA TA336 UT WOS:A1995TA33600005 PM 7576546 ER PT J AU FONSECA, RW MILLERIHLI, NJ AF FONSECA, RW MILLERIHLI, NJ TI ANALYTE TRANSPORT STUDIES OF AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS AND SLURRY SAMPLES USING ELECTROTHERMAL VAPORIZATION ICP-MS SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE ELECTROTHERMAL VAPORIZATION; INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY; ANALYTE TRANSPORT; DIRECT SOLIDS ANALYSIS; ULTRASONIC SLURRY SAMPLING; OXYGEN ASHING; PHYSICAL CARRIER ID PLASMA-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; CHEMICAL MODIFIERS; EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY AB Analyte transport of both aqueous solutions and slurry samples was studied with the use of ultrasonic slurry sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (USS-ETV-ICP-MS). The elements studied included V, Mn, Ni, Cu, and Pb, and the materials analyzed included NIST SRM 1548 Total Diet, SRM 1632a Coal, SRM 1566a Oyster Tissue, and NRCC LUTS-1 Lobster Hepatopancreas. The effect of microgram amounts of Pd as well as the effect of oxygen ashing on analyte transport were studied. Slurry samples were found to have better analyte transport in comparison to aqueous solutions when no physical carriers were added. Under these experimental conditions, the determined slurry concentrations were apparently high when quantified with the use of external calibration. Microgram amounts of Pd were used to investigate whether it was possible to reduce the difference in analyte transport between slurry samples and aqueous standards. The use of microgram amounts of Pd resulted in signal intensity suppression. Such a signal reduction could be related to the presence of space charge effects or losses of analyte due to condensation of the physical carrier together with the analyte on different parts of the ETV cell or the transfer line. On the other hand, quantitation for slurry samples was improved by the use of Pd as a physical carrier. Pd by itself was not completely effective for samples with high carbon content; therefore the effect of oxygen ashing combined with Pd was studied. An enhancement of signal intensities was observed when oxygen ashing was used, as well as a shift in the carbon signal to earlier times. In this case, signal enhancement was associated with an improvement in analyte transport caused by an increased number of carbon particles leaving the furnace at the same time as the analytes studied. With oxygen ashing, slurry samples behaved more similarly to aqueous solutions, facilitating quantitation with aqueous standards. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,FOOD COMPOSIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 21 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA PO BOX 1438, FREDERICK, MD 21701 SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 49 IS 10 BP 1403 EP 1410 DI 10.1366/0003702953965425 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA TD154 UT WOS:A1995TD15400005 ER PT J AU Wunderle, JM AF Wunderle, JM TI Population characteristics of Black-throated Blue Warblers wintering in three sites on Puerto Rico SO AUK LA English DT Article ID HABITAT SEGREGATION; SOUTHERN VERACRUZ; WOOD THRUSH; FOREST; MIGRATION; EVOLUTION; SURVIVAL; JAMAICA; MEXICO; BIRDS AB I studied ecology and behavior of wintering Black-throated Blue Warblers (Dendroica caerulescens) at three sites on Puerto Rico over four years. The site with tall mature forest and relatively few fruiting understory plants had warbler populations characterized by: a predominance of males; relatively early fall arrival of returning adults; high site fidelity; large home ranges; low density of sedentary birds; few wandering individuals; high over-winter persistence of sedentary birds; and an invertebrate-rich diet. In contrast, the shrubby second-growth site with an abundance of fruiting plants had warbler populations characterized by: a predominance of females; relatively late arrival of returning adults compared to juveniles; low site fidelity; small home ranges; high density of sedentary and wandering birds; low overwinter persistence of sedentary birds; and a nectar- and fruit-rich diet. At the third site, the population trails fell within these extremes. Some site variation is attributable to sex differences in site persistence, wandering, and home-range size, which appear as population differences only because sex ratios vary among sites. However, differences in abundance and seasonality of fruit and nectar may further contribute to site differences in overwinter persistence of sedentary birds, wandering, home-range size, and density. C1 UNIV PUERTO RICO,DEPT BIOL,CAYEY,PR 00633. RP Wunderle, JM (reprint author), FOREST SERV,INT INST TROP FORESTRY,USDA,POB B,PALMER,PR 00721, USA. NR 49 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER ORNITHOLOGISTS UNION PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0004-8038 J9 AUK JI AUK PD OCT PY 1995 VL 112 IS 4 BP 931 EP 946 PG 16 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA UF267 UT WOS:A1995UF26700010 ER PT J AU Augustine, PC Danforth, HD AF Augustine, PC Danforth, HD TI Eimeria tenella and E-acervulina: Differences in ability to elicit cross-species protection as compared with the turkey coccidium, E-adenoeides SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article ID AVIAN EIMERIA; HOST BIRDS; INVASION; IMMUNITY; CHICKENS; FOREIGN; ANTIGEN AB Repeated oral inoculation of turkey poults with large doses (1 x 10(6) oocysts) of the chicken coccidia, Eimeria tenella or E. acervulina, failed to prevent weight loss, poor feed conversion, and intestinal pathology in turkeys challenged with the turkey coccidium, E. adenoeides. Invasion by E. tenella in turkeys was significantly greater than invasion by E. adenoeides in chickens; by 24 hr postinoculation (PI), the numbers of E. tenella and E. adenoeides sporozoites in the ceca had decreased markedly as compared with the numbers that initially invaded, and they did not differ significantly from each other. At 24 hr PI, however, transfer of cecal scrapings from chickens or turkeys inoculated with E. adenoeides produced infection in 53% of the recipient turkeys, but transfer of scrapings from either chickens or turkeys inoculated with E. tenella failed to produce infection in 20 attempts with recipient chickens. Cultured chicken peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs) that were inoculated with E. adenoeides sporozoites contained numerous vesicles that were recognized by the refractile body-specific monoclonal antibody 1209; the number of vesicles was markedly decreased in PBM cultures inoculated with gamma-irradiated E. adenoeides sporozoites. Very few vesicles were detected in the cytoplasm of turkey PBMs that contained E. tenella sporozoites, and none were detected in turkey PBMs containing E. adenoeides sporozoites. The survival of infective sporozoites, along with the secretion of refractile body antigen, may be more critical to the development of cross-species immunity than the number of sporozoites that initially invade the foreign host. RP Augustine, PC (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 1995 VL 39 IS 4 BP 709 EP 717 DI 10.2307/1592406 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA TL529 UT WOS:A1995TL52900004 PM 8719203 ER PT J AU Marsh, JD Bacon, LD Fadly, AM AF Marsh, JD Bacon, LD Fadly, AM TI Effect of serotype 2 and 3 Marek's disease vaccines on the development of avian leukosis virus-induced pre-neoplastic bursal follicles SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Marek's disease; avian leukosis; transformed; bursal follicles; enhancement; in situ hybridization; chickens; virus ID INFECTED LYMPHOCYTES; LEGHORN CHICKENS; PATHOGENICITY; HERPESVIRUS; CELLS AB The effect of serotype 2 and 3 Marek's disease virus (MDV) vaccines on the development of pre-neoplastic bursal lesions induced by two strains of subgroup A avian leukosis virus (ALV) was studied. Chickens of line 151(5) x 7(1) susceptible to ALV-induced lymphoma were inoculated at hatch with Rous-associated virus-1 (RAV-1) or strain RPL-40 of subgroup A ALV. All chickens, except for negative controls, were also inoculated at hatch with strain 301B/1 of serotype 2 MDV or strain FC126 of turkey herpesvirus (HVT), a serotype 3 MDV. At 11 and 14 weeks of age, serial sections of bursal tissues from chickens in various treatment groups were stained with methyl green pyronin and examined for ALV-induced pre-neoplastic bursal lesions, also known as hyperplastic follicles. At 6 days and at II and 14 weeks of age, bursal tissues from groups of chickens inoculated with serotype 2 MDV and ALV at hatch were also examined for the presence of MDV genome by in situ hybridization. The number of ALV-induced hyperplastic follicles was significantly higher in chickens inoculated with serotype 2 MDV than in unvaccinated chickens or in chickens vaccinated with HVT. In contrast, the lowest number of hyperplastic follicles was noted in chickens vaccinated with HVT, regardless of strain of ALV used. These results suggest that enhancement of lymphoid leukosis may result from an increase in the number of ALV-induced hyperplastic follicles caused by the MDV and also that the enhancing effect of MDV on ALV-induced lymphomagenesis may occur at the stage of formation of hyperplastic follicles in the bursa. C1 USDA ARS,AVIAN DIS & ONCOL LAB,E LANSING,MI 48823. NR 33 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 1995 VL 39 IS 4 BP 743 EP 751 DI 10.2307/1592411 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA TL529 UT WOS:A1995TL52900009 PM 8719208 ER PT J AU Khoury, CA Meinersmann, RJ AF Khoury, CA Meinersmann, RJ TI A genetic hybrid of the Campylobacter jejuni flaA gene with LT-B of Escherichia coli and assessment of the efficacy of the hybrid protein as an oral chicken vaccine SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Campylobacter jejuni; flagellin; hybrid protein; vaccine ID COLONIZATION; POULTRY; CONSTRUCTION; ANTIBODIES; ENTERITIS; CARCASSES; ANTIGENS; FLAGELLA; STRAINS; IGA AB The objectives of this study were to produce Campylobacter jejuni flagellin fused to the B-subunit of the labile toxin (LT-B) of Escherichia coli and to assess the efficacy of the hybrid protein as a chicken vaccine. Pan of the flaA gene (780 base pairs) was cloned in plasmid pBEB downstream and in frame with the LT-B to allow expression of a hybrid protein. Transformed E. coli (chi)6097 expressed the hybrid protein (43 kdaltons) in inclusion bodies at mid log phase. The inclusion bodies were isolated, and the identity of the protein was verified by western blot. This hybrid protein was administered as a vaccine to chickens either orally (0, 250, 500, or 1000 mu g total protein) or intramuscularly (250 or 1000 mu g). Alimentary secretions were collected, and specific antibodies were assayed by western blot analyses. Seventy-two percent of the birds vaccinated orally with 1000 mu g protein showed detectable antibodies against C. jejuni flagellin in the excreta. None of the control birds produced detectable antibody to this antigen. For trials to demonstrate clearance of Campylobacter, groups of chickens were vaccinated with the hybrid protein at 2 and 4 wk of age and challenged at 3 wk with an excess of C. jejuni. The number of birds that remained colonized at 5 wk of age was significantly lower among the vaccinated birds than among controls. C1 USDA ARS,RUSSELL RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30604. UNIV GEORGIA,SCH VET MED,DEPT MED MICROBIOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. NR 33 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 1995 VL 39 IS 4 BP 812 EP 820 DI 10.2307/1592418 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA TL529 UT WOS:A1995TL52900016 PM 8719215 ER PT J AU Zhang, SP Lillehoj, HS Ruff, MD AF Zhang, SP Lillehoj, HS Ruff, MD TI In vivo role of tumor necrosis-like factor in Eimeria tenella infection SO AVIAN DISEASES LA English DT Article DE chicken; macrophage; tumor necrosis factor; body weight gain; cecal lesion ID INDUCED SERUM FACTOR; TUMORICIDAL ACTIVITY; FACTOR-ALPHA; CELL-LINE; CACHECTIN; ENDOTOXIN; CHICKENS; INTERLEUKIN-1; MACROPHAGES; PARASITES AB The effect of tumor necrosis-like factor (TNLF) on the pathogenesis of coccidiosis was investigated. Injection of crude chicken TNLF enhanced the weight loss caused by Eimeria tenella infection. Rabbit polyclonal antibody against recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (rhTNF) partially restored E. tenella-induced weight loss in SC chickens, but not in TK chickens. However, injection of chickens with chicken TNLF, rhTNF, and rabbit serum against rhTNF had no significant effect on cecal lesions. Both SC and TK chickens produced circulating TNLF following primary, but not secondary infection, and SC chickens showed higher level of TNLF production than TK chickens. Peripheral blood leukocyte-derived macrophages from SC and TK chickens produced a significant amount of TNLF compared to the preinfection condition when cocultured with sporozoites. In general, macrophages from SC chickens produced higher levels of TNLF than those from TK chickens. No significant difference was observed between primary and secondary infection. These results suggest that the excessive TNF production may be involved in weight loss caused by E. tenella infection in SC chickens. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE IMMUNOBIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 34 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS PI KENNETT SQ PA UNIV PENN, NEW BOLTON CENTER, KENNETT SQ, PA 19348-1692 SN 0005-2086 J9 AVIAN DIS JI Avian Dis. PD OCT-DEC PY 1995 VL 39 IS 4 BP 859 EP 866 DI 10.2307/1592424 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA TL529 UT WOS:A1995TL52900022 PM 8719221 ER PT J AU ENG, GY JONES, L MEDINA, M AF ENG, GY JONES, L MEDINA, M TI CHARACTERIZATION OF AN IMMOBILIZED PROTEIN MATRIX FOR USE IN AN AFFINITY METHOD FOR BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS SO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID R61 DD-PEPTIDASE; ACTIVE-SITE-SERINE; PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FLOW-INJECTION ANALYSIS; PENICILLIN-G RESIDUES; STREPTOMYCES R61; CARBOXYPEPTIDASE-TRANSPEPTIDASE; MECHANISM; FRAGMENTATION; FLUORESCENCE AB Current methods for the isolation and analysis of beta-lactam antibiotics in animal tissues and fluids are inadequate, primarily due to lack of multiresidue capabilities, limited selectivity, length of procedure, and the use of copious amounts of organic solvents. By employing immobilized affinity receptor techniques we have prepared an affinity matrix containing an enzyme with beta-lactam-specific binding properties. Immobilization of DD-peptidase to an activated agarose gel results in substantial changes in the enzyme's tripeptide hydrolytic and penicillin-binding properties compared with the soluble enzyme. The efficiency and selectivity for binding different penicillins, the effect of pH, as well as the fate of the antibiotic molecule after prolonged interaction with the immobilized enzyme, are altered in comparison with their interaction with free DD-peptidase. Protein conformational changes occurring upon enzyme immobilization may explain the enzyme's modified reactivity with substrate and antibiotic. The utilization of immobilized DD-peptidase for isolation of penicillins from spiked animal tissues and fluids and the use of this technique for residue detection are discussed. RP ENG, GY (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 35 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PORTLAND PRESS PI LONDON PA 59 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON, ENGLAND W1N 3AJ SN 0885-4513 J9 BIOTECHNOL APPL BIOC JI Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 22 BP 129 EP 144 PN 2 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA RZ904 UT WOS:A1995RZ90400002 ER PT J AU SCHREUDER, HT WILLIAMS, MS AF SCHREUDER, HT WILLIAMS, MS TI ASSESSING MEASURES OF TREE COMPETITION USING FIXED-AREA, VARIABLE RADIUS, AND HORIZONTAL-LINE PLOT SAMPLING SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID GROWTH; SIMULATION; DIAMETER; HEIGHT; MODELS; FOREST AB Fixed-area plot sampling, variable-radius plot sampling, and horizontal-line plot sampling performed similarly in estimating competition from adjacent trees if only plots were considered that had an adequate number of sample trees to compute the estimated indices. The percentage of plots for which the indices can be computed tends to be largest for variable-radius plot sampling, then line sampling, and last for fixed-area plot sampling. Variable-radius plot sampling performs about as well as fixed-area plot sampling in computing the competition measures used in the distance-dependent tree models evaluated in this analysis. RP SCHREUDER, HT (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 25 IS 10 BP 1578 EP 1582 DI 10.1139/x95-172 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TA840 UT WOS:A1995TA84000003 ER PT J AU WEINTRAUB, A JONES, G MEACHAM, M MAGENDZO, A MAGENDZO, A MALCHUK, D AF WEINTRAUB, A JONES, G MEACHAM, M MAGENDZO, A MAGENDZO, A MALCHUK, D TI HEURISTIC PROCEDURES FOR SOLVING MIXED-INTEGER HARVEST SCHEDULING - TRANSPORTATION-PLANNING MODELS SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID FOREST AB Modeling both road construction and land management activities as 0-1 variables greatly enhances the spatial aspect of linear programming models dealing with harvest scheduling and transportation planning. In previous work we developed a heuristic procedure that modeled only road construction as 0-1 variables. We have expanded this past procedure to also consider land management decisions as 0-1 variables. This paper outlines the heuristic procedure developed for modeling both road building and land management decisions as integer variables in light of adjacency constraints. The heuristic procedure allows economic or physical objectives to be maximized or minimized. A wide variety of side constraints can be accommodated and these constraints can include both road construction and land management decision variables. These heuristic procedures have performed well on models tested thus far. C1 US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,MISSOULA,MT 59807. RP WEINTRAUB, A (reprint author), UNIV CHILE,DEPT IND ENGN,CASILLA 2777,SANTIAGO,CHILE. NR 17 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 10 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 25 IS 10 BP 1618 EP 1626 DI 10.1139/x95-176 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TA840 UT WOS:A1995TA84000007 ER PT J AU WILLIAMS, PP AF WILLIAMS, PP TI STUDY OF IMMUNE FUNCTION IN INBRED MINIATURE PIGS VACCINATED AND CHALLENGED WITH SUID HERPESVIRUS-1 SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE LA English DT Article ID PSEUDORABIES VIRUS; LYMPHOCYTES-T; SWINE; INTERLEUKIN-2; CELLS; INVITRO; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; REPLICATION; EXPRESSION; PIGLETS AB Specific immune responses of inbred miniature pigs following vaccination and challenge with suid herpesvirus 1 (SHV-1) were determined. Vaccination of swine with SHV-1 elicited both specific neutralizing antibody and lymphoproliferative responses. Moreover, pigs vaccinated with SHV-1 were fully protected against a lethal virus challenge. Pigs vaccinated with a recombinant (r) SHV-1 virus, followed by challenge with a virulent SHV-1, had lower percentages of circulating T- and B-lymphocytes, and showed a significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) reduction in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) antibody-dependent cell-cytotoxicity than control (noninfected, SHV-1 seronegative) animals. From the 5th through the 8th week of postchallenge, rSHV-1 was isolated from 2 of 4 pigs. Presence of r-virus was indicative that PBMC were infectious in vivo. The rSHV-1, with beta-galactosidase activity, was only recovered from ConA- and IL-2-stimulated primary PBMC cocultivated with porcine kidney cells. Control pigs exposed to challenge SHV-1 elicited both specific neutralizing antibody and lymphoproliferative responses followed by subsequent infection. These infected pigs, compared to control pigs, had significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) lowered percentages of T- and B-lymphocytes, lowered T-cell mitogenic responses, variable PBMC counts, and lowered blood phagocytic cell function. When PBMC from control pigs were cultured and infected with SHV-1, the virus caused a significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) suppression of T-cell proliferation and PBMC mitochondrial dehydrogenase and macrophage activities. RP WILLIAMS, PP (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 42 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU CANADIAN VET MED ASSN PI OTTAWA PA 339 BOOTH ST ATTN: KIMBERELY ALLEN-MCGILL, OTTAWA ON K1R 7K1, CANADA SN 0830-9000 J9 CAN J VET RES JI Can. J. Vet. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. Vet. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 59 IS 4 BP 285 EP 293 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA TB660 UT WOS:A1995TB66000007 PM 8548690 ER PT J AU POLLAK, LM WHITE, PJ AF POLLAK, LM WHITE, PJ TI CORN AS A FOOD SOURCE IN THE UNITED-STATES .1. HISTORICAL AND CURRENT PERSPECTIVES SO CEREAL FOODS WORLD LA English DT Article C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL, CTR CROPS UTILIZAT RES, AMES, IA 50011 USA. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL, DEPT FOOD SCI & HUMAN NUTR, AMES, IA 50011 USA. RP POLLAK, LM (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL, USDA ARS, DEPT AGRON, FIELD CROPS RES UNIT, 1405 AGRON HALL, AMES, IA 50011 USA. NR 59 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AACC INTERNATIONAL PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0146-6283 J9 CEREAL FOOD WORLD JI Cereal Foods World PD OCT PY 1995 VL 40 IS 10 BP 749 EP 754 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA RX299 UT WOS:A1995RX29900006 ER PT J AU WHITE, PJ POLLAK, LM AF WHITE, PJ POLLAK, LM TI CORN AS A FOOD SOURCE IN THE UNITED-STATES .2. PROCESSES, PRODUCTS, COMPOSITION, AND NUTRITIVE VALUES SO CEREAL FOODS WORLD LA English DT Article C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,CTR CROPS UTILIZAT RES,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,USDA ARS,DEPT AGRON,FIELD CROPS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50011. RP WHITE, PJ (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT FOOD SCI & HUMAN NUTR,2312 FOOD SCI BLDG,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 2 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0146-6283 J9 CEREAL FOOD WORLD JI Cereal Foods World PD OCT PY 1995 VL 40 IS 10 BP 756 EP 762 PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA RX299 UT WOS:A1995RX29900007 ER PT J AU BRODIE, SJ BICKLE, HM DEMARTINI, JC AF BRODIE, SJ BICKLE, HM DEMARTINI, JC TI VIROLOGICAL MARKERS IN CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID ARE PREDICTIVE OF OVINE LENTIVIRUS-ASSOCIATED SUBCLINICAL ENCEPHALOMYELITIS SO CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; NERVOUS-SYSTEM; INFECTED SHEEP; VISNA; ENCEPHALITIS; REPLICATION; INDIVIDUALS; EXPRESSION; CELLS AB Encephalomyelitis is a sequela to ovine lentivirus (OVLV) and human immunodeficiency virus infections. Examination of autopsy tissue from 38 naturally infected asymptomatic sheep showed that 7 (18%) had subclinical neurological lesions characterized by perivascular and periventricular infiltrates of lymphocytes and histiocytes in the leptomeninges, cerebral white matter, choroid plexus, and/or cervical spinal cord. Intralesional histiocytes were shown to contain lentiviral capsid proteins or RNA. Infectious virus (2/7), viral proteins (4/7), and antiviral antibody (5/7) were only detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from animals with central nervous system (CNS) lesions associated with OVLV infection, suggesting that such virologic markers in CSF, when used concurrently, are predictive of pathologic changes specific to the CNS. (C) 1995 Academic Press,Inc. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED & BIOMED SCI,DEPT PATHOL,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. RP BRODIE, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,ARTHROPOD BORNE ANIM DIS RES LAB,UNIV STN,POB 3965,LARAMIE,WY 82071, USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-25770] NR 29 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0090-1229 J9 CLIN IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 77 IS 1 BP 14 EP 18 DI 10.1016/0090-1229(95)90131-0 PG 5 WC Immunology; Pathology SC Immunology; Pathology GA RW789 UT WOS:A1995RW78900004 PM 7554477 ER PT J AU GIBBS, A POMONIS, JG AF GIBBS, A POMONIS, JG TI PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES OF INSECT CUTICULAR HYDROCARBONS - THE EFFECTS OF CHAIN-LENGTH, METHYL-BRANCHING AND UNSATURATION SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CHAIN LENGTH; CUTICULAR LIPID; HYDROCARBON; METHYL-BRANCHING; PHASE TRANSITION; UNSATURATION ID EPICUTICULAR LIPID-COMPOSITION; TRANSFORM INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; PERMEABILITY; CUTICLE; TEMPERATURE; SCORPIONES; PHEROMONE; BEHAVIOR; BUTHIDAE; BEETLES AB The waterproofing abilities of insect cuticular lipids, consisting mainly of hydrocarbons, are thought to depend upon their biophysical properties. However, little is known regarding the effects of specific structural changes upon cuticular lipid properties. We examined the phase behavior of pure hydrocarbons differing in chain length, methyl-branching pattern, and unsaturation, using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Melting temperatures (T-m) of 21-40 carbon n-alkanes increased by 1-3 degrees C for an increase in backbone chain length of one carbon atom. The effects of methyl-branching on hydrocarbon properties depended upon the location of the methyl group along the molecule. Melting temperatures of 25-carbon long methylpentacosanes decreased by over 30 degrees C as the location of the methyl moiety was shifted from the terminal portion of the molecule to more internal positions. Addition of a second methyl branch had additional effects on T-m. Unsaturation decreased T-m by 50 degrees C or more. C1 USDA ARS,BIOSCI RES LAB,STATE UNIV STN,FARGO,ND 58105. RP GIBBS, A (reprint author), UNIV CALIF IRVINE,DEPT ECOL & EVOLUTIONARY BIOL,IRVINE,CA 92717, USA. RI Gibbs, Allen/D-6968-2011; Gibbs, Allen/G-6939-2014 NR 32 TC 90 Z9 91 U1 3 U2 28 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0305-0491 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol B-Biochem. Molec. Biol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 112 IS 2 BP 243 EP 249 DI 10.1016/0305-0491(95)00081-X PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA TB714 UT WOS:A1995TB71400009 ER PT J AU Maruyama, K Kanemaki, N May, JD AF Maruyama, K Kanemaki, N May, JD TI Thyroid hormones on embryo development and appearance of myosin heavy chain isoforms in turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-PHARMACOLOGY TOXICOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE turkey; embryo development; thyroid hormones; methimazole; hatchability; myosin heavy chain; Pectoralis muscle ID AVIAN SKELETAL-MUSCLES; JUVENILE BODY-WEIGHT; EXPRESSION; PROTEIN; RAT; GROWTH; TRANSITIONS; THYROXINE; CHICKENS; FAMILY AB Effects of thyroid hormones on embryo development and the appearance of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms were determined by injecting daily thyroxine (Tk) and methimazole (MMI) to turkey embryos and poults from E18 through D8. When injected with T-4 at 0.5 mu g/100 g body weight, the morality was increased, but body weights remained comparable to the euthyroid control, When injected with MMI, the hatching was delayed and body weights were reduced. At doses of 1.0 mg/100 g body weight, no eggs hatched in 32 days of incubation, In Pectoralis muscle, embryonic, neonatal and adult MyHC isoforms appeared in a sequence, The neonatal isoform began to replace the embryonic isoform by D2 and the adult isoform began to appear at D8, When injected with either T-4 or MMI at the dose of 0.5 mu g or 0.25 mg/100 g body weight, respectively, the appearance of the neonatal isoform at D2 was blocked, However, the appearance of the neonatal isoform to replace the embryonic isoform was accomplished by D8 despite continued T-4 and MMI treatments, It was concluded that thyroid hormones were involved, but not absolutely required for the timely expression of isoforms of myosin heavy chain. C1 USDA ARS,S CENT POULTRY RES LAB,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. RP Maruyama, K (reprint author), USDA ARS,BARC E,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,GENE EVALUAT & MAPPING LAB,BLDG 200,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 38 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 3 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0742-8413 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 112 IS 2 BP 109 EP 117 DI 10.1016/0742-8413(95)02002-0 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA TN312 UT WOS:A1995TN31200002 ER PT J AU Maruyama, K Kanemaki, N May, JD AF Maruyama, K Kanemaki, N May, JD TI Thyroid influence on sequential appearance of myosin heavy chain isoforms and muscle growth in growing male turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-PHARMACOLOGY TOXICOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE turkey; thyroid hormones; methimazole; myosin heavy chain; muscle growth; Pectoralis muscle ID SKELETAL-MUSCLES; POSTNATAL-DEVELOPMENT; EXPRESSION; HORMONE; TRANSITIONS; ENHANCER; FAMILY; LOCUS AB Roles of thyroid hormones on the sequential transition of myosin heavy chain isoforms in growing turkeys were determined by feeding triiodothyronine (T-3) and methimazole (MMI) at levels of 0.5 ppm and 0.1%, respectively, from 1 day through 4 weeks of age with the crossover of treatments at 2 weeks of age, Then, turkeys were reared by a conventional feeding regimen through 16 weeks, Dietary T-3 and MMI induced hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, respectively, and reduced body and breast-muscle weights, Adverse effects of earlier episodes of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism on body weights remained evident at 16 weeks. The transition from embryonic to neonatal and to adult isoforms in Pectoralis muscle was delayed under both hyperthyroid and hypothyroid conditions, The appearance of the neonatal isoform was not affected immediately by MMI treatment, But, 2 weeks after the treatment started, the level of the neonatal isoform level was depressed, The level of the adult isoform was depressed immediately by T-3 treatment, The interruption of hypothyroidism and the replacement of MMI with T-3 at 2 weeks caused a marked reduction in the adult isoform level, It was concluded that the timing of isoform switch in Pectoralis muscle was altered by both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, but by different mechanisms. C1 USDA ARS,S CENT POULTRY RES LAB,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. RP Maruyama, K (reprint author), USDA ARS,BARC E,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,GENE EVALUAT & MAPPING LAB,BLDG 200,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0742-8413 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 112 IS 2 BP 237 EP 246 DI 10.1016/0742-8413(95)02017-9 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA TN312 UT WOS:A1995TN31200017 ER PT J AU BUSING, RT HALPERN, CB SPIES, TA AF BUSING, RT HALPERN, CB SPIES, TA TI ECOLOGY OF PACIFIC YEW (TAXUS-BREVIFOLIA) IN WESTERN OREGON AND WASHINGTON SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; DISTURBANCE; DYNAMICS AB Taxus brevifolia, a subcanopy tree or shrub in forests of the Pacific Northwest, has been harvested intensively in recent years. With management concerns as an impetus, we examined the distribution and population dynamics of Taxus based on data from the mountains of western Oregon and Washington. Surveys of natural forests, long-term studies of forest recovery following logging, and census data on marked trees in forest stands support the hypothesis that Taxus is a widespread but predominantly late-successional species. Sensitive to fire and slow to recover from disturbance on many sites, Taxus attains maximal basal area and adult stem density in old forests. Colonization of Taxus is often slow in potentially suitable habitats. Conservation of Taxus at the landscape level may require large, unmanaged reserves and maintenance of patches of old forest within managed forests. Long rotations (centuries) between harvest events will enhance the long-term viability of the species. Practices designed to accelerate the development of old-growth forest structure will not benefit Taxus and other species requiring long disturbance-free intervals for recovery. C1 UNIV WASHINGTON,COLL FOREST RESOURCES,DIV ECOSYST SCI & CONSERVAT,SEATTLE,WA 98195. RP BUSING, RT (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,3200 JEFFERSON WAY,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 40 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 16 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL INC CAMBRIDGE PI CAMBRIDGE PA 238 MAIN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 9 IS 5 BP 1199 EP 1207 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.9051199.x PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TB449 UT WOS:A1995TB44900032 ER PT J AU HOUSEKNECHT, KL BAUMAN, DE CAREY, GB MERSMANN, HJ AF HOUSEKNECHT, KL BAUMAN, DE CAREY, GB MERSMANN, HJ TI EFFECT OF BOVINE SOMATOTROPIN AND FOOD-DEPRIVATION ON BETA-ADRENERGIC AND A(1) ADENOSINE RECEPTOR-BINDING IN ADIPOSE-TISSUE OF LACTATING COWS SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROWTH-HORMONE; RADIOLIGAND BINDING; PLASMA-MEMBRANES; LIGAND-BINDING; SHORT-TERM; INSULIN; ADIPOCYTES; LIPOLYSIS; METABOLISM; SHEEP AB Lactating Holstein cows were used to assess the effect of bovine somatotropin (bST; n = 8) and fasting (FAST; n = 4) on ligand binding to beta-adrenergic (BAR) and Type-1 adenosine (A(1)R) receptors in adipose tissue. Cows received exogenous bST (sometribove; 40 mg/d) or no hormone (control) for 4 d in a single-reversal design with a 7-d interval between treatment periods. Subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were taken on day 4 of each treatment. Eight d after the bST regimen, 4 cows were fasted for 3 d and adipose biopsies were taken. Ligand binding was quantified with a postnuclear, total adipose tissue membrane preparation (100,000 x g pellet). Binding to BAR and A(1)R was assessed with the antagonists [I-125]iodocyanopindolol (ICP) and [H-3]8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DCPCX), respectively. The binding affinity (K-d) of BAR for ICP was not affected by bST but was enhanced by FAST; maximal binding (B-max) was increased with bST treatment (P < 0.06) and reduced by FAST (61%, P < 0.01). K-d values for DCPCX binding to A(1)R were not changed by bST or FAST. bST did not affect B-max for A(1)R; however, FAST reduced the B-max by 38%. Data highlight the differential regulation of BAR and A(1)R by bST and FAST. C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,ITHACA,NY 14853. UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,DEPT ANIM & NUTR SCI,DURHAM,NH 03824. USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,HOUSTON,TX. NR 47 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domes. Anim. Endocrinol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 12 IS 4 BP 325 EP 336 DI 10.1016/0739-7240(95)00029-E PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA RU640 UT WOS:A1995RU64000003 PM 8575165 ER PT J AU SMITH, RE AF SMITH, RE TI UNBIAS THE EVALUATION OF SOIL HYSTERESIS EFFECTS ON TRANSPORT SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Letter AB The comparison of hysteretic with non-hysteretic soils should use an unbiased single mean soil retention curve as a basis for comparison. When such an unbiased comparison is made, the actual effect of hysteresis can be shown to be insignificant in actual vertical soil water movement and transport over longer periods of time. This is in contrast to the implications of the conclusions drawn in the recent work of Vereecken et al. as well as that of Russo et al. RP SMITH, RE (reprint author), COLORADO STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,AERC FOOTHILLS CAMPUS,FT COLLINS,CO 80523, USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 82 IS 2 BP 205 EP 206 DI 10.1016/0304-3800(95)00133-G PG 2 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA RV454 UT WOS:A1995RV45400009 ER PT J AU CHAMBERS, JC AF CHAMBERS, JC TI RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SEED FATES AND SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT IN AN ALPINE ECOSYSTEM SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ALPINE; SEED ENTRAPMENT; SEED FATES; SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT; SEED MORPHOLOGY; SEED SIZE; SOIL PARTICLE SIZE ID DIASPORE MORPHOLOGY; DISPERSAL; SOIL; GRASSLAND; SIZE; EMERGENCE; GRASSES; UNITS AB On exposed soils relationships between soil surface characteristics and seed morphological attributes often determine the microsites of seed entrapment and influence patterns of seedling establishment. I examined seed and seedling fates of alpine species with varying morphology over a range of uniform- and mixed-particle-size soils on the Beartooth Plateau, Montana. Physical relationships between seeds and surface soils determined entrapment and retention within the zone of potential emergence (0-1 cm depth). Seed size (length or mass), the presence or absence of specialized appendages or seed coats, and the nature of the appendage or seed coat influenced numbers of seeds trapped and seed distributions among the particle sizes. Antrorse hairs, hygroscopic awns, pappuses, and mucilaginous seed coats all resulted in higher entrapment over the range of particle sizes. The effectiveness of different seed morphologies was decreased by prolonged exposure (1 yr) to the environment. In contrast to seed entrapment and retention, seedling emergence and survival depended on the ability of the different particle-size soils to meet the biological requirements of the species. Although some seedling emergence occurred in particle sizes that ranged from <0.5 to 4-8 mm, almost no seedlings survived in particle sizes larger than 1-2 mm. In particle sizes in which emergence occurred, a higher percentage of the total seeds trapped survived the first, growing season as seedlings for large-seeded than for small-seeded species. For most species, the highest entrapment and retention occurred in particle sizes in which there was little or no emergence. Seedling emergence and survival were related to seed entrapment only for species with reasonably high emergence, and the R(2) values were often low. Understanding seedling establishment patterns in different-particle-size soils requires knowledge of how relationships between seed morphology and soil characteristics affect entrapment patterns, and knowledge of soil particle size thresholds for seedling establishment. RP CHAMBERS, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS,INTERMT RES STN,RENO,NV 89512, USA. NR 30 TC 68 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 11 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI TEMPE PA ARIZONA STATE UNIV CENTER ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES, TEMPE, AZ 85287 SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD OCT PY 1995 VL 76 IS 7 BP 2124 EP 2133 DI 10.2307/1941687 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA RX362 UT WOS:A1995RX36200013 ER PT J AU Vu, JCV Niedz, RP Yelenosky, G AF Vu, JCV Niedz, RP Yelenosky, G TI Activities of sucrose metabolism enzymes in glycerol-grown suspension cultures of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L Osbeck) SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE citrus; tissue culture; glycerol; sucrose metabolism enzymes ID SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS; PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; NUCELLAR CALLUS; CARBOHYDRATE; PROTOPLASTS; CULTIVARS; SORBITOL; ISOZYMES; MARKERS; FRUIT AB Activities of the enzymes involved in sucrose metabolism were investigated in embryogenic nucellus-derived calli of 'Hamlin' sweet orange, Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck, cultured in suspension medium containing glycerol or sucrose as the only carbon sources. Activities of sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) and sucrose synthase (SS), determined after 14 days of culture, were about 2.5-fold higher in the 2% glycerol-grown tissues, as compared to the 5% sucrose-grown tissues. Furthermore, activity of SPS was about two-fold and three-fold higher in the glycerol- and sucrose-grown tissues, respectively, when 40 mM glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) was added to the assay medium containing uridine 5'-diphosphoglucose (UDPG) and fructose 6-phosphate. SPS activity increased 43% for the glycerol-grown tissues and 130% for the sucrose-grown tissues when only UDPG and G6P were present in the assay reaction. Gel electrophoretic analysis and catalytic determination confirmed the presence of phosphoglucose isomerase in the tissues of both glycerol- and sucrose-containing medium. Arbutin, an inhibitor of SS in plants, depressed most activity of SS in both glycerol- and sucrose-grown tissues when 5 mM was added to the assay medium. High activities of SPS, SS and invertase and appreciable accumulation of sucrose, reducing sugars and starch in the glycerol-grown tissues indicate the ability of 'Hamlin' orange tissue cultures to efficiently use glycerol as a source of carbon for growth and differentiation. C1 US HORT RES LAB,ORLANDO,FL 32803. RP Vu, JCV (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,USDA ARS,AGRON PHYSIOL LAB,BLDG 164,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA. NR 29 TC 5 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 35 IS 4 BP 455 EP & DI 10.1016/0098-8472(95)00031-3 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TP555 UT WOS:A1995TP55500004 ER PT J AU WILLIAMS, DW LIEBHOLD, AM AF WILLIAMS, DW LIEBHOLD, AM TI INFLUENCE OF WEATHER OIL THE SYNCHRONY OF GYPSY-MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, LYMANTRIIDAE) OUTBREAKS IN NEW-ENGLAND SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE LYMANTRIA DISPAR; WEATHER; OUTBREAKS; DEFOLIATION; POPULATION DYNAMICS; TIME SERIES ANALYSIS ID UNITED-STATES; EGG MASSES; DENSITY; DEFOLIATION; DISPAR AB Outbreaks of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), were partially synchronous across the New England states (Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont) from 1938 to 1992. To explain this synchrony, we investigated the Moran effect, a hypothesis that local population oscillations, which result from similar density-dependent mechanisms operating at time lags, may be synchronized over wide areas by exposure to common weather patterns. We also investigated the thee of climatic release, which postulates that outbreaks are triggered by climatic factors favorable for population growth. Tune series analysis revealed defoliation series in 2 states as Ist-order autoregressive processes and the other 2 as periodic 2nd-order autoregressive processes. Defoliation residuals series computed using the autoregressive models for each state were cross correlated with series of weather variables recorded in the respective states. The weather variables significantly correlated with defoliation residuals in all 4 states were minimum temperature and precipitation in mid-December in the same gypsy moth generation and minimum temperature in mid- to late July of the previous generation. These weather variables also were correlated strongly among the 4 states. The analyses support the predictions of the Moran effect and suggest that common weather may synchronize local populations so as to produce pest outbreaks over wide areas. We did not find convincing evidence to support the theory of climatic release. RP US FOREST SERV, NE FOREST EXPT STN, 5 RADNOR CORP CTR, SUITE 200, RADNOR, PA 19087 USA. RI Liebhold, Andrew/C-1423-2008 OI Liebhold, Andrew/0000-0001-7427-6534 NR 41 TC 51 Z9 55 U1 2 U2 9 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0046-225X EI 1938-2936 J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 24 IS 5 BP 987 EP 995 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TA805 UT WOS:A1995TA80500001 ER PT J AU SOUTHWICK, LM WILLIS, GH REAGAN, TE RODRIGUEZ, LM AF SOUTHWICK, LM WILLIS, GH REAGAN, TE RODRIGUEZ, LM TI RESIDUES IN RUNOFF AND ON LEAVES OF AZINPHOSMETHYL AND ESFENVALERATE APPLIED TO SUGARCANE SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE INSECTICIDES; BLUEGILL; CATFISH ID FOLIAGE AB A study of azinphosmethyl and esfenvalerate runoff losses after application to sugarcane for control of the sugarcane borer was conducted on the St. Gabriel Research Station of the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center. In a 2nd study, leaf loads of these insecticides were determined. The 24-h LC(50) (27.8 mu g/liter) of azinphosmethyl to bluegill was exceeded in 2 of the 9 runoff events that occurred during the study period but because of expected dilution effects downstream from the site of application, only the concentration (261 mu g/liter) that occurred in runoff 2 d after application was high enough to cause concern. The 24-h LC(50) (4,530 mu g/liter) of azinphosmethyl to channel catfish fingerlings was not exceeded. The day 2 level of esfenvalerate (1.91 mu g/liter) did not exceed sufficiently the 24-h LC(50) (0.42 mu g/liter) of this insecticide with respect to bluegill to cause concern; the toxicity of the pyrethroid to channel catfish (2.35 mu g/liter) was not surpassed. A reduced (two-thirds) rate application of esfenvalerate with acephate did not lead to concentrations of the pyrethroid in runoff higher than its toxicity to these fish species. The time to 50% disappearance (DT50) of azinphosmethyl leaf residues varied from 0.90 to 1.09 d, which was similar to the DT50 (0.76 d) of the chemical in runoff. Esfenvalerate on leaves was longer lived (DT50 = 2.46-4.46 d). These runoff and leaf residue data indicate that azinphosmethyl or esfenvalerate applications to sugarcane should cause little concern for toxic effects on bluegill or channel catfish except possibly in the event of runoff within 2-3 d of application of the azinphosmethyl (possible bluegill toxic effects) or within 1 d of esfenvalerate application (possible toxicity to both fishes). Reduced rate applications would be of substantially less concern. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR AGR,DEPT ENTOMOL,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. RP SOUTHWICK, LM (reprint author), USDA ARS,BATON ROUGE,LA 70894, USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1013 EP 1017 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TA805 UT WOS:A1995TA80500004 ER PT J AU WILEYTO, EP AF WILEYTO, EP TI EXPANDING MARKOV-RECAPTURE MODELS TO INCORPORATE MULTIPLE OBSERVATIONS SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE POPULATION ESTIMATE; TRAPPING; MARKOV-PROCESS; REMOVAL ID ANIMALS AB Markov-recapture models obtain estimates of insect population size by concurrent operation of traps and self-marking bait stations, with capture probabilities obtained from a Markov-process model of movement into the trap. Estimates are readily improved by repeating observations over time. However, a sequence of observations may reveal violated assumptions in ways not possible for a single observation, and it may not be possible to discern those violations from a fit of data. This article uses simulation to examine the effect of the following 5 types of violations: (1) using the estimate in an open population, (2) individuals are not uniformly catchable, (3) marking and trapping rates vary over time, (4) unequal response to marking stations and traps, and (5) behavior changes after marking. Individual catchability and behavior changes caused small biases, and were generally missed by a test of fit. All others could cause large biases. Among these, variation over time was easily discriminated by a test of fit. An open population may or may not be discerned by a test of fit, and should be accepted or rejected on the basis of independent data. Finally, the rate violatian is rarely picked up by a test of fit. It is suggested that it may be possible to estimate the parameters for the rate violation from the experimental data, and adjust the population estimate and confidence limits accordingly. C1 USDA ARS, STORED PROD INSECTS RES & DEV LAB, SAVANNAH, GA 31405 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0046-225X EI 1938-2936 J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1052 EP 1062 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TA805 UT WOS:A1995TA80500009 ER PT J AU BEERWINKLE, KR LOPEZ, JD CHENG, D LINGREN, PD MEOLA, RW AF BEERWINKLE, KR LOPEZ, JD CHENG, D LINGREN, PD MEOLA, RW TI FLIGHT POTENTIAL OF FERAL HELICOVERPA-ZEA (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) MALES MEASURED WITH A 32-CHANNEL, COMPUTER-MONITORED, FLIGHT-MILL SYSTEM SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HELICOVERPA ZEA; FLIGHT MILL; INSECT FLIGHT; MIGRATION ID AGROTIS-IPSILON LEPIDOPTERA; ARMIGERA LEPIDOPTERA; RANGE; MIGRATION; BEHAVIOR; POLLEN; MOTHS; AGE AB Single-night flight performances of 256 feral corn earworm males, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), were measured with a 32-channel, computer-monitored flight-mill system to evaluate their potential and propensity for engaging in long-distance, migratory-type flight. Test moths were males of mixed age that were selected randomly from daily catches in pheromone-baited traps located adjacent to fields of silking corn, Zea mays (L.), in Burleson County near College Station, TY during the period of 16 and 30 Tune 1992. Flight was observed in 96% (n = 256) of the moths tested; however, because of mortality and other factors, only 52% (134) remained capable of Eight throughout the 9.75-h simulated scotophase period. The 134 moths averaged flying a total distance of 32.53 km in 17 separate flights during 5.61 h of total Eight time which included an average maximum-duration sustained single flight of 18.8 km of 2.98 h duration. Thus, the feral H. tea males demonstrated a high potential for long-distance Eight. Other observed characteristics of moth behavior and flight performance are discussed, and the flight-mill system is described. RP BEERWINKLE, KR (reprint author), USDA ARS,AREAWIDE PEST MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,2771 F&B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 26 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 12 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1122 EP 1130 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TA805 UT WOS:A1995TA80500018 ER PT J AU BRIANO, JA PATTERSON, RS CORDO, HA AF BRIANO, JA PATTERSON, RS CORDO, HA TI COLONY MOVEMENT OF THE BLACK IMPORTED FIRE ANT (HYMENOPTERA, FORMICIDAE) IN ARGENTINA SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE SOLENOPSIS RICHTERI; THELOHANIA SOLENOPSAE; MICROSPORIDIA; COLONY MOVEMENT ID BIOLOGY AB We studied the movement of colonies of the black imported fire ant, Solenopsis richteri Forel, in its native land, Buenos Aires province, Argentina. We established 6 field plots and monthly monitored the number of abandoned and new mounds for 2 yr. We compared the movement of all colonies with the movement of colonies infected with the microsporidium Thelohania solenopsae Knell, Alien & Hazard. We estimated the distance of colony movement and recorded the duration of the colonies remaining in the same place. S. richteri colonies moved their mounds very often. The mean percentage of abandoned and new mounds per monitoring date was 36 and 30% of all active mounds, respectively. The pathogen I: solenopsae did not have any effect on colony movement. The mean estimated distance of displacement was 3.7 m and the mean duration of the colonies in the same place was 3.1 mo. Rainfall stimulated colony movement in Argentina. C1 USDA ARS, MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB, GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 USA. RP BRIANO, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, S AMER BIOL CONTROL LAB, BOLIVAR 1559, RA-1686 HURLINGHAM, BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA. NR 20 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1131 EP 1134 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TA805 UT WOS:A1995TA80500019 ER PT J AU WEN, B WEAVER, DK BROWER, JH AF WEN, B WEAVER, DK BROWER, JH TI SIZE PREFERENCE AND SEX-RATIO FOR PTEROMALUS-CEREALELLAE (HYMENOPTERA, PTEROMALIDAE) PARASITIZING SITOTROGA-CEREALELLA (LEPIDOPTERA, GELECHIIDAE) IN STORED CORN SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE SITOTROGA CEREALELLA; PTEROMALUS CEREALELLAE; HOST SIZE PREFERENCE; PARASITOID; SEX RATIO ID WASP SPALANGIA-CAMERONI; HOST-SIZE; PARASITOID WASP; ADULT SIZE; BRACONIDAE; INSTAR AB Hosts ranging from small larvae to pupae of tile Angoumois grain moth, Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), were exposed to females of the pteromalid parasitoid, Pteromalus cerealellae (Ashmead), to determine the effects of host size on preference, parasitism success, adult size, and progeny sex ratio of the parasitoid. The parasitoid successfully parasitized larvae (>0.43 mm in maximum body width), prepupae (1.55 +/- 0.05 mm [mean +/- SEM] mm maximum average body width), and a single pupa (1.20 mm maximum body width). All female parasitoid progeny emerged from hosts that had a maximum body width >0.85 mm. Sixty-four percent of male parasitoid progeny emerged from hosts that had a maximum body width between 0.43 and 0.85 mm. Size of P. cerealellae adults was correlated with host size (larger parasitoids developed on larger hosts). The optimal host sizes for producing female parasitoid progeny were larvae with a maximum body width between 1.69 and 2.05 mm and prepupae. The optimal host sizes for producing male parasitoid progeny were larvae with a maximum body width between 0.57 and 0.70 mm. These results are discussed in terms of maximizing potential biological control of the Angoumois grain moth by this parasitoid. C1 USDA ARS, STORED PROD INSECTS RES & DEV LAB, SAVANNAH, GA 31405 USA. NR 33 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI ANNAPOLIS PA 3 PARK PLACE, STE 307, ANNAPOLIS, MD 21401-3722 USA SN 0046-225X EI 1938-2936 J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1160 EP 1166 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TA805 UT WOS:A1995TA80500023 ER PT J AU WAGNER, TL AF WAGNER, TL TI TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT, MORTALITY, AND ADULT SIZE OF SWEET-POTATO WHITEFLY BIOTYPE-B (HOMOPTERA, ALEYRODIDAE) ON COTTON SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE SWEET-POTATO WHITEFLY; SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY; DEVELOPMENT; MODEL ID DEVELOPMENT TIME; BEMISIA-TABACI; POPULATIONS; MODEL AB The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B, was reared on 'DES 119' and Pima 'S-6' cotton at 31 constant temperatures. Development times of eggs, nymphs, and the combined immature stages were recorded and assembled into frequency distributions at each temperature. From these data, median and mean development times and rates were derived for each life stage, as were temperature-independent distributions of normalized development times. Models describing the rate versus temperature and distributional relationships were constructed. The models can be used to predict life-stage development of populations under fluctuating temperatures. Results are compared with those of other biotypes. RP WAGNER, TL (reprint author), USDA ARS,RES UNIT,POB 5367,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 20 TC 37 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1179 EP 1188 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TA805 UT WOS:A1995TA80500026 ER PT J AU CHARLET, LD BREWER, GJ AF CHARLET, LD BREWER, GJ TI RESISTANCE OF NATIVE SUNFLOWERS (ASTERALES, ASTERACEAE) TO THE BANDED SUNFLOWER MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, COCHYLIDAE) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE COCHYLIS HOSPES; SUNFLOWERS; HOST PLANT RESISTANCE ID HELIANTHUS AB Six native sunflower, Helianthus, species were evaluated for resistance to the banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes Walsingham, a pest of cultivated sunflower in the northern Great Plains. Larval survival and oviposition preference by female C. hospes on the capitula (heads) of the native sunflowers H. annuus L., H. petiolaris Nuttall, H.,maximiliani Schrader, H. tuberosus L., H. pauciflorus Nuttall ssp. subrhomboideus (Rydberg) Spring & Schilling, and H. nuttallii ssp. rydbergii (Britton) Long were evaluated in the field and laboratory, respectively. Larval development occurred on the capitula of all sunflower species tested. Larval survival war higher on H. annuus than on any other species. The lowest larval survival, based on the percentage of capitula infested, occurred on H. maximiliani, H. pauciflorus and H. tuberosus. More eggs were laid on the capitula of N. annuus than on other species in multiple-choice trials. In 2-choice tests, H. tuberosus received significantly fewer eggs than H. annuus. Both larval antibiosis and oviposition antixenosis resistance were evident in the perennial sunflower species H. pauciflorous, H. tuberosus, and H. maximiliani. Incorporating germplasm from these species into commercial hybrids could be helpful in reducing costs for the control of the banded sunflower moth. RP CHARLET, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO CROP SCI LAB,STATE UNIV STN,BOX 5677,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1224 EP 1228 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TA805 UT WOS:A1995TA80500032 ER PT J AU COOK, SP SMITH, HR HAIN, FP HASTINGS, FL AF COOK, SP SMITH, HR HAIN, FP HASTINGS, FL TI PREDATION OF GYPSY-MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, LYMANTRIIDAE) PUPAE BY INVERTEBRATES AT LOW SMALL MAMMAL POPULATION-DENSITIES SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE LYMANTRIA DISPAR; PEROMYSCUS LEUCOPUS; ANTS; PREDATION ID IMPACT; LARVAE; ANTS AB A census of small mammal populations was taken, and freeze-dried gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), pupae were placed at 6 sites near the leading edge of moth spread into the southeastern United States. Pupal predation was monitored during 3 consecutive nights and a significant relationship between the number of live small mammals and predation was observed. There was a significant inverse relationship between vertebrate and invertebrate predation levels. Pupal predation by vertebrates increased as small mammal density increased,; but invertebrate predation apparently decreased with increasing small mammal density. At all sites, pupae were preyed on beginning the Ist night of exposure, suggesting that the native generalist predator complex should exhibit no time lag in recognizing and accepting gypsy moth pupae as a new food item. The percentage of intact pupae preyed on by vertebrates increased from day 1 to day 2 but then declined on day 3. In contrast, invertebrate predation increased from day 1 to day 2 and remained at the higher rate on day 3. These observations are discussed in relation to behavioral characteristics of the predator populations. C1 US FOREST SERV,HAMDEN,CT 06514. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP COOK, SP (reprint author), UNIV OKLAHOMA,OKLAHOMA BIOL SURVEY,111 E CHESAPEAKE ST,NORMAN,OK 73069, USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 12 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1234 EP 1238 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TA805 UT WOS:A1995TA80500034 ER PT J AU DOWD, PF MOORE, DE VEGA, FE MCGUIRE, MR BARTELT, RJ NELSEN, TC MILLER, DA AF DOWD, PF MOORE, DE VEGA, FE MCGUIRE, MR BARTELT, RJ NELSEN, TC MILLER, DA TI OCCURRENCE OF A MERMITHID NEMATODE PARASITE OF CARPOPHILUS-LUGUBRIS (COLEOPTERA, NITIDULIDAE) IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ZEA MAYS; MYCOTOXIN; INSECT PATHOGEN AB A mermithid nematode parasite (probably a new species of Hexamermis) aas encountered in adult dusky sap beetles, Carpophilus lugubris Murray, collected in April and May in central Illinois during 1991-1994. Nematodes emerged from as many as 42% of live C. lugubris collected from traps. Dissections indicated infection rates up to 89%. Most nematodes emerged 7-10 d after insects were collected. The nematode was found at only 1 site (in Mason County) of 3 (in different counties) surveyed in 1991 and 1992, and at only the Mason County site of 19 sites surveyed in 5 counties in 1993. Distribution of nematode-infected dusky sap beetles at the Mason County site in 1994 was fairly uniform around the perimeter of oak woodlands bordering 16.2 ha of corn and soybean fields. RP DOWD, PF (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. OI Vega, Fernando E./0000-0001-8103-5640 NR 27 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1245 EP 1250 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TA805 UT WOS:A1995TA80500036 ER PT J AU BARNARD, DR HARMS, RH SLOAN, DR AF BARNARD, DR HARMS, RH SLOAN, DR TI INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, AND CALCIUM IN POULTRY MANURE ON SURVIVAL, GROWTH, AND REPRODUCTION IN-HOUSE FLY (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE MUSCA DOMESTICA; NUTRITION; MANURE; GROWTH; DEVELOPMENT; LARVAE ID FACE FLY; ALFALFA HAY; CATTLE DUNG; BACTERIA; FLIES; FECES; DIETS AB Larval survival, pupal mass, adult emergence, fecundity, and natality in the house fly, Musca domestica L., are not influenced by the levels of calcium or nitrogen in feces of caged laying hens, Gallus gallus L.. Reduced pupal mass, low fecundity, and low natality in flies are correlated with increased manure phosphorus concentration. Estimated pupal mass is inversely proportional to manure phosphorus content and decreases by 2.6 +/- 0.5 mg for each 1.0% increase in the phosphorus level. The concomitant decrease in estimated mean fecundity is 27.6 +/- 1.5 eggs per fly. Female flies that emerge from 16.5-mg pupae (larvae reared in-low-phosphorus manure) produce an estimated 5 times more eggs (146.3 versus 26.6) than females that emerge from 5.2-mg pupae (lanae reared in high-phosphorus manure). RP BARNARD, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 31 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1297 EP 1301 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TA805 UT WOS:A1995TA80500044 ER PT J AU GREENBERG, SM MORALESRAMOS, JA KING, EG SUMMY, KR ROJAS, MG AF GREENBERG, SM MORALESRAMOS, JA KING, EG SUMMY, KR ROJAS, MG TI BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS FOR MASS PROPAGATION OF CATOLACCUS-GRANDIS (HYMENOPTERA, PTEROMALIDAE) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CATOLACCUS GRANDIS; BOLL WEEVIL; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL; MASS PROPAGATION; BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS; REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL ID BOLL-WEEVIL COLEOPTERA; BURKS HYMENOPTERA; COTTON INSECT; UNITED-STATES; CURCULIONIDAE AB We studied the influences of mating history parental age, pupal weight of parasitoids, host deprivation, and host size on the reproductive potential and sex ratio of Catolaccus grandis (Burks), a parasitoid of the bell weevil Anthonomus grandis grandis (Boheman). Absence of hosts for 5 or 10 d reduced the fecundity of C. grandis females by 36.8 and 39.5%, respectively, compared with parasitoids continually exposed to host larvae. An acceptable sex ratio (65% females) in the propagation system was maintained if a ratio of 3 males per female parasitoid was used during the 1st h of mating, immediately after emergence. As female adults aged from 5 to 10 d, the percentage of female progeny increased from 64.0 to 77.2, respectively. However a further increase in female age, from 20 to 25 d, resulted in a decline in percentage of female progeny from 54.0 to 48.5. The proportion of female progeny increased with the size of the host parasitized. A significant correlation was found between weight of female pupae of C. grandis and their fecundity during the first 30 d of oviposition. These data will be used to optimize mass rearing of C. grandis for inoculative and augmentative releases to suppress boil weevil populations in cotton fields. RP GREENBERG, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,BIOL CONTROL PESTS RES UNIT,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. OI Morales-Ramos, Juan/0000-0002-3506-3859 NR 28 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1322 EP 1327 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TA805 UT WOS:A1995TA80500048 ER PT J AU BRIANO, JA PATTERSON, RS CORDO, HA AF BRIANO, JA PATTERSON, RS CORDO, HA TI LONG-TERM STUDIES OF THE BLACK IMPORTED FIRE ANT (HYMENOPTERA, FORMICIDAE) INFECTED WITH A MICROSPORIDIUM SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE THELOHANIA SOLENOPSAE; SOLENOPSIS RICHTERI; FIRE ANTS; MICROSPORIDIA; NATURAL ENEMIES; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AB For 4 yr, we studied the host-pathogen relationship of the microsporidium Thelohania solenopsae Knell, Allen, and Hazard within field populations of the black imported fire ant, Solenopsis richteri Forel, in Argentina. We established and monitored 6 field plots having a high density of fire ant colonies, many infected with the microsporidium. The density of colonies, initially 162 colonies per hectare, decreased to 28 colonies per hectare. The percentage of infected colonies, initially 22.4%, increased to 35.7% and was negatively associated with the density of colonies but positively associated with rainfall. T. solenopsae was the only known natural enemy of fire ants present consistently and in high levels within the plots. We suspect it is one of the main factors responsible for decreases in S. richteri population densities. C1 USDA ARS, MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB, GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 USA. RP BRIANO, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, S AMER BIOL CONTROL LAB, BOLIVAR 1559, RA-1686 HURLINGHAM, BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA. NR 31 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1328 EP 1332 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TA805 UT WOS:A1995TA80500049 ER PT J AU GREENBERG, SM MORALESRAMOS, JA KING, EG SUMMY, KR ROJAS, MG AF GREENBERG, SM MORALESRAMOS, JA KING, EG SUMMY, KR ROJAS, MG TI BIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR MASS PROPAGATION OF CATOLACCUS-GRANDIS (HYMENOPTERA, PTEROMALIDAE) - EFFECTS OF PARASITOID DENSITIES AND HOST-PARASITOID RATIOS SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CATOLACCUS GRANDIS; BOLL WEEVIL; DENSITY; RATIO; REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL; MORTALITY ID BOLL-WEEVIL COLEOPTERA; BURKS HYMENOPTERA; CURCULIONIDAE AB We studied the effects of densities of ectoparasitoids (per liter of cage volume) and host-parasitoid ratios on the reproductive potential if parasitoid females. Ectoparasitoid, Catolaccus grandis (Burks), densities were varied from 3.8 to 37.7 females per liter volume of oviposition cages (petri dishes). Host-parasitoid ratios ranged from 0.2 to 20 3rd instars of the boll weevil. Anthonomus grandis grandis (Boheman), per parasitoid female per day. Fecundity of C-grandis females was not affected by changes in the density of female adults in oviposition cages. However, adult mortality increased when female parasitoid density exceeded 15 females per liter of cage volume. Mean percentage of parasitism of the boll weevil hosts decreased from 100 to 33% when the host-parasitoid ratio increased from 0.2 to 20.0 weevil larvae per C-grandis female per day. Parasitoid fecundity was inversely proportional to the percentage of parasitized host larvae. A higher proportion (69-75%) of fertilized eggs were oviposited when host-parasitoid ratios were between 1 and 20 host larvae per C-grandis female than when ratios were <1 host per female (40-41%). Low host-parasitoid ratios reduced the rate of reproduction in C-grandis, whereas high parasitoid densities increased intraspecific competition and parasitoid mortality. Under laboratory conditions, the most efficient host-parasitoid ratio was 5-15 host larvae per female parasitoid per day. RP GREENBERG, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,BIOL CONTROL PESTS RES UNIT,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. OI Morales-Ramos, Juan/0000-0002-3506-3859 NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 24 IS 5 BP 1333 EP 1337 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TA805 UT WOS:A1995TA80500050 ER PT J AU ELEGIR, G SYKES, M JEFFRIES, TW AF ELEGIR, G SYKES, M JEFFRIES, TW TI DIFFERENTIAL AND SYNERGISTIC ACTION OF STREPTOMYCES ENDOXYLANASES IN PREBLEACHING OF KRAFT PULPS SO ENZYME AND MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PULP PREBLEACHING; MECHANISM OF ACTION; CHROMOPHORE RELEASE ID ROSEISCLEROTICUS; XYLANASES; WOOD AB Microbial endoxylanases reduce chemical demand when they are applied to pulps prior to bleaching sequences, However, their mechanism of action is not fully understood, and the criteria for determining which enzymes are most effective are not well known. We examined the effects of two types of well-characterized endoxylanases from Streptomyces sp. TUB B-12-2 on the bleachability of kraft softwood and hardwood pulps, xyl 1a is a low molecular mass, high pI xylanase that forms mainly xylotriose but no xylose from oat spelts xylan. xyl 3 is a high molecular mass, low pI xylanase that forms mainly xylose and xylobiose as end products. xyl 3 released more reducing sugars than did xyl 1a, but both enzymes released about the same amount of total sugars. High performance liquid chromatography analysis of product sugars from pulp showed that at pH 7.0, xyl 1a formed oligosaccharides with a high degree of polymerization, but at pH 9.0 the action patterns of the two enzymes were similar. xyl 3 released 12% more chromophores from hardwood and 30% more from softwood pulp than did xyl 1a. Both enzymes enhanced brightness while reducing chemical demand, but xyl 3 was more effective. Synergism was noted in the prebleaching of softwood but not hardwood pulp. Both enzymes were active at pH 9, and the presence of pulp increased thermal stability. C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,INST MICROBIAL & BIOCHEM TECHNOL,MADISON,WI 53705. STN SPERIMENTALE CELLULOSA CARTA & FIBRE TESSILI,MILAN,ITALY. RI Jeffries, Thomas/I-8576-2012 OI Jeffries, Thomas/0000-0001-7408-4065 NR 22 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0141-0229 J9 ENZYME MICROB TECH JI Enzyme Microb. Technol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 17 IS 10 BP 954 EP 959 DI 10.1016/0141-0229(94)00122-8 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA RY882 UT WOS:A1995RY88200016 ER PT J AU Shortle, WC Smith, KT Dudzik, KR Parker, S AF Shortle, WC Smith, KT Dudzik, KR Parker, S TI Response of maple sapwood to injury and infection SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF FOREST PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TREES AB In sapwood challenge experiments in Acer rubrum, columns of discolouration initiated by wounding and inoculation with pioneer fungi (Cephalosporium sp., Phialophora sp.) were similar in size to untreated wounds. Inoculation with decay fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus, Trametes versicolor) produced larger columns of wound-initiated discolouration. The removal of bark around a bore wound caused a significantly larger column to form compared to the sum of the columns initiated by separate wounds. Stage-I discoloured wood, nor associated with obviously rotted wood, had concentrations of mobile cations and soluble phenols similar to sapwood. Stage-II discoloured wood, spatially associated with rotted wood, was frequently bounded by a chemically distinct boundary la;er and the discoloured wood contained significantly greater concentrations of mobile cations and soluble phenols than stage-I discoloured wood. RP Shortle, WC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,POB 640,DURHAM,NH 03824, USA. NR 9 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0300-1237 J9 EUR J FOREST PATHOL JI Eur. J. Forest Pathol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 25 IS 5 BP 241 EP 252 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TK444 UT WOS:A1995TK44400001 ER PT J AU THIERMANN, A GREIFER, J AF THIERMANN, A GREIFER, J TI NAFTA - IMPLICATIONS FOR REGULATING FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL TRADE IN THE REGION SO FOOD CONTROL LA English DT Article RP THIERMANN, A (reprint author), USDA,APHIS INT SERV,TRADE SUPPORT TEAM,POB 96464,WASHINGTON,DC 20090, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA LINACRE HOUSE JORDAN HILL, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 8DP SN 0956-7135 J9 FOOD CONTROL JI Food Control PD OCT PY 1995 VL 6 IS 5 BP 295 EP 301 DI 10.1016/0956-7135(95)00035-P PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA TJ196 UT WOS:A1995TJ19600009 ER PT J AU BUCHANAN, RL AF BUCHANAN, RL TI THE ROLE OF MICROBIOLOGICAL CRITERIA AND RISK ASSESSMENT IN HACCP SO FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB While HACCP systems focus on the identification and real-time monitoring of physical and chemical attributes at critical control points as a means of controlling foodborne pathogens, underlying these measurements are implicit or explicit microbiological criteria. An understanding of the development and proper use of microbiological criteria are critical to the development of effective hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) plans, particularly in relation to conducting hazard analyses and establishing critical limits that impart the necessary degree of stringency in process controls. The development of improved techniques in quantitative microbial risk assessment would greatly enhance linking the microbiological criteria underlying HACCP to public health objectives. (C) 1995 Academic Press Limited. RP BUCHANAN, RL (reprint author), USDA,FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV,COTTON ANNEX BLDG,12TH ST SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS (LONDON) LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0740-0020 J9 FOOD MICROBIOL JI Food Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 12 IS 5 BP 421 EP 424 DI 10.1016/S0740-0020(95)80124-3 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA TE345 UT WOS:A1995TE34500009 ER PT J AU REHFELDT, GE AF REHFELDT, GE TI GENETIC-VARIATION, CLIMATE MODELS AND THE ECOLOGICAL GENETICS OF LARIX OCCIDENTALIS SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE POPULATION DIFFERENTIATION; CLIMATE PATTERNS; GENECOLOGY ID WESTERN LARCH; DOUGLAS-FIR; ADAPTATIONS; STRATEGIES; GROWTH; USA AB Provenance tests of 143 populations of Larix accidentalis revealed genetic differentiation for eight variables describing growth, phenology, tolerance to spring frosts, effects of Meria laricis needle cast, and survival. Geographic variables accounted for as much as 34% of the variance among Rocky Mountain populations. Patterns of genetic variation were dominated by the effects of latitude and elevation, with populations from the north and from high elevations having the lowest growth potential, the least tolerance to the needle cast, and the lowest survival. However, the slope of the geographic dines was relatively flat. Populations in the same geographic area, for instance, need to be separated by about 500 m in elevation before genetic differentiation can be expected. Regression models using geographic predictors were developed to describe variation in ten climatic variables from 192 weather stations that best represented the Rocky Mountain distribution of L. occidentalis. Values of R(2) ranged from 0.43 to 0.92 and were higher for temperature than for precipitation variables. Using climatic effects predicted for each provenance to describe genetic variation produced values of R(2) between 0.15 and 0.27 which accounted for nearly as much (68-100%) of the genetic variance as had geographic variables. The analyses suggested that genetic differentiation was controlled primarily by the relative mildness of the climate. Secondary effects of precipitation were implicated for variables measuring the impact of Meria needle cast and survival. RP REHFELDT, GE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,1221 S MAIN ST,MOSCOW,ID 83843, USA. NR 35 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 78 IS 1-3 BP 21 EP 37 DI 10.1016/0378-1127(95)03602-4 PG 17 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TJ788 UT WOS:A1995TJ78800003 ER PT J AU YOUNGQUIST, JA AF YOUNGQUIST, JA TI UNLIKELY PARTNERS - THE MARRIAGE OF WOOD AND NONWOOD MATERIALS SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article RP YOUNGQUIST, JA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 0 TC 42 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 45 IS 10 BP 25 EP 30 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA TB025 UT WOS:A1995TB02500001 ER PT J AU LUPPOLD, WG AF LUPPOLD, WG TI REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE EASTERN HARDWOOD SAWMILLING INDUSTRY SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES AB The eastern hardwood sawmilling industry is a diffused group of at least 4,500 manufacturers spread over 34 states. However, 85 percent of the hardwood lumber is manufactured in 16 states. This paper reviews the theoretical factors affecting sawmill size and incorporates this information in an analysis of the hardwood sawmilling industry in 16 major eastern hardwood production states. Large variations in the average size of hardwood sawmills were found in the states examined. Southern hardwood sawmills were significantly larger than sawmills located in the northern regions. Estimated average hardwood sawmill size ranged from 7.56 million board feet per year in Mississippi to 1.7 million board feet per year in Missouri. Overall, 53 percent of the lumber produced in the major hardwood production states is manufactured by only 14 percent of the mills, and less than 5 percent of the sawmills accounted forever 28 percent of the production in the states analyzed. RP LUPPOLD, WG (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FORESTRY SCI LAB,241 MERCER SPRINGS RD,PRINCETON,WV 24720, USA. NR 12 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 45 IS 10 BP 39 EP 43 PG 5 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA TB025 UT WOS:A1995TB02500003 ER PT J AU STOKKE, DD PUGEL, AD PHELPS, JE AF STOKKE, DD PUGEL, AD PHELPS, JE TI VARIATION IN LIGHTNESS OF WHITE OAK DIMENSION STOCK SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID COLOR; VENEER AB The objectives of this research were to generate a set of sample parameters for the lightness of planed white oak dimension stock, to investigate the effect of grain angle on lightness values, and to determine the level of sampling needed to color match white oak dimension stock on the basis of lightness or darkness as quantified by the parameter L* (psychometric lightness). This information is important when used to determine the feasibility of low-cost portable instruments for evaluating color in an edge-glued hardwood panel production setting. Color measurements were obtained with a portable spectrophotometer interfaced with a notebook computer. The lightness values of these defect-free white oak dimension parts have a normal distribution, suggesting that lighter colored material could be sorted for higher priced markets where this attribute is favorable, This further suggests an opportunity to explore raw material sourcing for desired color attributes, There is very little variation of lightness within each board. Because of this, sufficient data for color matching of parts using lightness as the color criterion can be obtained by taking one reading on each board, as long as the readings are collected with the same grain orientation. Lightness readings are significantly different along the grain versus across the grain. There is, however, some correlation between lightness values along and across the grain. C1 TRUS JOIST MACMILLAN,E KENTUCKY PLANT,HAZARD,KY 41702. SO ILLINOIS UNIV,DEPT FORESTRY,CARBONDALE,IL 62901. RP STOKKE, DD (reprint author), SO ILLINOIS UNIV,US FOREST SERV,FORESTRY SCI LAB,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,CARBONDALE,IL 62901, USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 45 IS 10 BP 51 EP 56 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA TB025 UT WOS:A1995TB02500005 ER PT J AU ROSALES, A MORALES, G GREEN, D AF ROSALES, A MORALES, G GREEN, D TI MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES OF GUATEMALAN PINE 2-BY-4S SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The current industrial practice in Guatemala is to use the allowable mechanical property values of visually graded U.S. southern pine to design engineered structures because these values are not available for Guatemalan pines. Data on graded lumber are important because miss manufacturing plants in Guatemala use significant volumes of pine. Mechanical property values were determined by conducting bending tests on 8-foot- (2.44-m-) long, nominal 2- by 4-inch (38- by 89-mm) pine, primarily Pinus oocarpa, from two regions in Guatemala. The lumber was dried to 18 percent moisture content and visually graded using U.S. standards, Results of this study indicate that visually grading lumber using U.S. procedures gives an acceptable separation of property values among grades of Pinus oocarpa, and Guatemalan pines have greater density, flexural strength, and stiffness than U.S. southern pine. Opportunities exist to reduce the waste of Guatemalan pines by increasing the use of visually graded lumber and adopting standards for a systematic derivation of allowable property values. C1 UNIV SAN CARLOS,SCH ENGN,GUATEMALA CITY,GUATEMALA. RP ROSALES, A (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 45 IS 10 BP 81 EP 84 PG 4 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA TB025 UT WOS:A1995TB02500011 ER PT J AU POOLER, MR SCORZA, R AF POOLER, MR SCORZA, R TI OCCURRENCE OF VIABLE EGGS IN HAPLOID PEACH SO FRUIT VARIETIES JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Haploid peach trees (Prunus persica Batsch, 1X = ln = 8) were evaluated for the presence of unreduced eggs as indicated by the production of normal fruit with viable seed following open pollination Two of seven haploid genotypes produced unreduced eggs: 'PAla1-1N' and 'PRRL1-1N' produced normal fruit from 0.44% and 0.35% of the flowers studied, respectively. Unreduced pollen was also observed in haploid trees and occurred in all anthers sampled. C1 USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 103 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 SN 0091-3642 J9 FRUIT VARIETIES J JI Fruit Var. J. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 49 IS 4 BP 239 EP 241 PG 3 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA TA709 UT WOS:A1995TA70900009 ER PT J AU MIKSCHE, JP HELLER, SR AF MIKSCHE, JP HELLER, SR TI PLANT GENOME PROGRAM SEEKS TO IMPROVE PLANT-SPECIES GENETIC MAKEUP SO GENETIC ENGINEERING NEWS LA English DT Article RP MIKSCHE, JP (reprint author), USDA,PLANT GENOME RES PROGRAM,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 SN 0270-6377 J9 GENET ENG NEWS JI Genet. Eng. News PD OCT 1 PY 1995 VL 15 IS 17 BP 37 EP & PG 0 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA RZ454 UT WOS:A1995RZ45400012 ER PT J AU HOLLICK, JB PATTERSON, GI COE, EH CONE, KC CHANDLER, VL AF HOLLICK, JB PATTERSON, GI COE, EH CONE, KC CHANDLER, VL TI ALLELIC INTERACTIONS HERITABLY ALTER THE ACTIVITY OF A METASTABLE MAIZE PL ALLELE SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID R-GENE FAMILY; B REGULATORY GENE; ANTHOCYANIN PRODUCTION; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; CLONAL ANALYSIS; PARAMUTATION; HOMOLOGY; PROTEINS; PATHWAY AB The maize pl locus encodes a transcriptional activator of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. The Pl-Rhoades (PI-Rh) allele confers robust purple anthocyanin pigment in several tissues. Spontaneous derivatives of Pl-Rh, termed Pl'-mahogany (Pl'-mah), arise that confer reduced pigment and are meiotically heritable. These derivatives influence other Pl-Rh alleles such that only Pl'-mah alleles are transmitted from a Pl-Rh/Pl'-mah heterozygote. Genetic crosses establish that chromosomal segregation distortion does not explain this exclusive transmission and suggest that Pl=Rh invariably changes to Pl'-mah when exposed to Pl'-mah. Such behavior is a hallmark of peramutation. Cosegregation experiments demonstrate that this paramutagenic activity is genetically linked to the pl locus. By visually quantifying pl action through successive crosses, we find that phenotypic expression is inversely related to paramutagenic strength. In addition, the paramutagenic state is metastable; reversion to a nonparamutagenic Pl-Rh state can occur. The behavior of Pl-Rh is unique, yet it shares characteristics with paramutation at true other maize loci, b and r. Previous analysis of b and r paramutation revealed extensive differences and led to suggestions of distinct molecular mechanisms. Consideration of the common features of all three systems reinvigorates the interpretation that the mechanistic processes of these three allelic interactions are similar. C1 UNIV OREGON,INST MOLEC BIOL,EUGENE,OR 97403. UNIV MISSOURI,USDA ARS,PLANT GENET RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. UNIV MISSOURI,DIV BIOL SCI,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM-35971, GM-07413] NR 44 TC 80 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 0 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD OCT PY 1995 VL 141 IS 2 BP 709 EP 719 PG 11 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA RX019 UT WOS:A1995RX01900023 PM 8647404 ER PT J AU LI, ZJ JARRET, RL CHENG, M DEMSKI, JW AF LI, ZJ JARRET, RL CHENG, M DEMSKI, JW TI IMPROVED ELECTROPORATION BUFFER ENHANCES TRANSIENT GENE-EXPRESSION IN ARACHIS-HYPOGAEA PROTOPLASTS SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE TRANSIENT EXPRESSION; ELECTROPORATION; ARACHIS; PROTOPLASTS; GUS ID TRANSFORMATION CONDITIONS; STABLE TRANSFORMATION; PLANT-PROTOPLASTS; HYBRID GENES; DNA; RICE; EFFICIENT; TOBACCO; SYSTEM AB An electroporation medium containing 50 mM glycine or 10 mM glycylglycine (glygly), 70 mM potassium glutamate, and 0.4 M mannitol was evaluated for its ability to improve transient beta-glucuronidase (GUS) expression in immature cotyledonary protoplasts of Arachis hypogaea L. GUS activity in electroporated protoplasts was 8- to 430-fold greater than that obtained using any of other four commonly employed poration media. Analysis of viability and histochemical staining of protoplasts indicated that electroporation using the glycine- or glygly-based poration medium resulted in increased protoplast viability and GUS expression when compared with other poration media. Replacement of glygly with MES or HEPES buffers significantly reduced the level of GUS expression in electroporated protoplasts. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,GEORGIA EXPT STN,GRIFFIN,GA 30223. USDA ARS,PLANT GENET RESOURCES UNIT,GEORGIA EXPT STN,GRIFFIN,GA 30223. NR 29 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD OCT PY 1995 VL 38 IS 5 BP 858 EP 863 DI 10.1139/g95-113 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA TE052 UT WOS:A1995TE05200005 PM 18470211 ER PT J AU BOUTIN, SR YOUNG, ND OLSON, TC YU, ZH SHOEMAKER, RC VALLEJOS, CE AF BOUTIN, SR YOUNG, ND OLSON, TC YU, ZH SHOEMAKER, RC VALLEJOS, CE TI GENOME CONSERVATION AMONG 3 LEGUME GENERA DETECTED WITH DNA MARKERS SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE RFLP; GENE MAPPING; PHASEOLUS; GLYCINE; VIGNA ID FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS; MUNGBEAN VIGNA-RADIATA; EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCES; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; BRASSICA-OLERACEA; LINKAGE MAPS; SEED PLANTS; L-WILCZEK; MAIZE AB A set of 219 DNA clones derived from mungbean (Vigna radiata), cowpea (V. unguiculata), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and soybean (Glycine max) were used to generate comparative linkage maps among mungbean, common bean, and soybean. The maps allowed an assessment of linkage conservation and collinearity among the three genomes. Mungbean and common bean, both of the subtribe Phaseolinae, exhibited a high degree of linkage conservation and preservation of marker order. Most linkage groups of mungbean consisted of only one or two linkage blocks from common bean (and vice versa). The situation was significantly different with soybean, a member of the subtribe Glycininae. Mungbean and common bean linkage groups were generally mosaics of short soybean linkage blocks, each only a few centimorgans in length. These results suggest that it would be fruitful to join maps of mungbean and common bean, while knowledge of conserved genomic blocks would be useful in increasing marker density in specific genomic regions for all three genera. These comparative maps may also contribute to enhanced understanding of legume evolution. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. UNIV FLORENCE,DEPT HORT SCI,DEPT & GRAD PROGRAM PLANT MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. USDA ARS,FIELD CROPS RES,AMES,IA 50011. NR 50 TC 79 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD OCT PY 1995 VL 38 IS 5 BP 928 EP 937 DI 10.1139/g95-122 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA TE052 UT WOS:A1995TE05200014 PM 18470218 ER PT J AU HE, GH PRAKASH, CS JARRET, RL AF HE, GH PRAKASH, CS JARRET, RL TI ANALYSIS OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN SWEET-POTATO (IPOMOEA-BATATAS) GERMPLASM COLLECTION USING DNA AMPLIFICATION FINGERPRINTING SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE DNA FINGERPRINTING; DNA MARKERS; GERMPLASM; GENETIC DIVERSITY; RAPD MARKERS ID AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; NEAR-ISOGENIC LINES; SWEET-POTATO; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; RAPD MARKERS; IDENTIFICATION; CULTIVARS; WILD; PCR AB A DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) approach was employed to develop individual-specific profiles and analyze genetic relationships among 73 plant introductions of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) including unadapted lines from around the world and a few selected U.S.A. cultivars. Reliable and informative fingerprint profiles were obtained employing single octamer primers and Stoffel fragment Taq polymerase in the polymerase chain reaction, polyacrylamide-based vinyl polymer for electrophoresis, and silver staining to visualize the DNA. Using seven highly informative octamer primers, individual-specific DAF profiles were obtained for all accessions tested. The degree of polymorphism in the sweetpotato collection was very large, indicating a high level of genetic variability. Several accessions clustered together based on their geographic source. Most U.S.A. cultivars formed a separate cluster in the phenogram, while accessions from Papua New Guinea exhibited the highest genetic diversity. The wild species I. triloba and tetraploid I. batatas formed a group distinct from the cultivated sweetpotato. DAF appears to be useful in sweetpotato germplasm characterization and may be employed to identify duplicate accessions or for creation of core subsets. DAF data may also be useful for facilitating the selection of parents for a breeding program to ensure a broad genetic base. C1 TUSKEGEE UNIV,SCH AGR & HOME ECON,PLANT MOLEC & CELLULAR GENET LAB,TUSKEGEE,AL 36088. USDA ARS,GRIFFIN,GA 30223. NR 51 TC 37 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD OCT PY 1995 VL 38 IS 5 BP 938 EP 945 DI 10.1139/g95-123 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA TE052 UT WOS:A1995TE05200015 PM 8537002 ER PT J AU WANOUS, MK GOICOECHEA, PG GUSTAFSON, JP AF WANOUS, MK GOICOECHEA, PG GUSTAFSON, JP TI RFLP MAPS OF RYE CHROMOSOMES 6R AND 7R INCLUDING TERMINAL C-BANDS SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE SECALE CEREALE; RFLP; GENETIC MAPPING; C-BAND ID BARLEY HORDEUM-VULGARE; SECALE-CEREALE; GENUS SECALE; NUCLEAR-DNA; WHEAT; RESISTANCE; TRITICALE; GENOME; GENES; RECOMBINATION AB A F-2 mapping population was created from a cross between 'UC-90' and E-line ryes (Secale cereale L.), two lines that showed polymorphism for eight C-band loci. Clones from rye, as well as other grasses, were used as probes. RFLP maps of rye chromosomes 6R and 7R were generated that include the 6RS and 6RL terminal C-bands and the 7RS terminal C-band. The 6R map spans 230 cM and includes 9 loci. The 7R map covers 225 cM and includes 21 loci. Segregation distortion was detected for several chromosomal regions. Heterochromatic C-bands did not appear to be responsible for the distortion. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,USDA ARS,PLANT SCI UNIT,PLANT GENET RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. UNIV MISSOURI,DIV BIOL SCI,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. UNIV OVIEDO,DEPT BIOL FUNCT,AREA GENET,E-33071 OVIEDO,SPAIN. RI Goicoechea, Pablo/O-8276-2015 OI Goicoechea, Pablo/0000-0002-5558-1098 NR 39 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD OCT PY 1995 VL 38 IS 5 BP 999 EP 1004 DI 10.1139/g95-131 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA TE052 UT WOS:A1995TE05200023 PM 18470222 ER PT J AU SMITH, TPL ROHRER, GA ALEXANDER, LJ TROYER, DL KIRBYDOBBELS, KR JANZEN, MA CORNWELL, DL LOUIS, CF SCHOOK, LB BEATTIE, CW AF SMITH, TPL ROHRER, GA ALEXANDER, LJ TROYER, DL KIRBYDOBBELS, KR JANZEN, MA CORNWELL, DL LOUIS, CF SCHOOK, LB BEATTIE, CW TI DIRECTED INTEGRATION OF THE PHYSICAL AND GENETIC-LINKAGE MAPS OF SWINE CHROMOSOME-7 REVEALS THAT THE SLA SPANS THE CENTROMERE SO GENOME RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; CLASS-II GENES; INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; MINIATURE SWINE; ASSIGNMENT; MHC; REGION; MARKERS; CLONING AB The first integrated physical and genetic linkage map encompassing the entire swine chromosome 7 (SSC7) reveals that the porcine MHC (SLA) spans the centromere. A SLA class II antigen gene lies on the q arm, whereas class I and III genes lie on the p arm, suggesting that the presence of a centromere within the SLA does not preclude a Functional complex. The SLA appears smaller than other mammalian MHC, as the genetic distance across two class I, three class II, and three class III SLA gene markers is only 1.1 cM. There are significant variations in recombination rates as a function of position along the chromosome, and the SLA lies in the region with the lowest rate. Furthermore, the directed integration approach used in this study was more efficient than previous efforts that emphasized the screening of large insert libraries for random microsatellites. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT ANAT & PHYSIOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT VET PATHOBIOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP SMITH, TPL (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. OI Schook, Lawrence/0000-0002-6580-8364 FU NCI NIH HHS [P01-CA49488] NR 61 TC 64 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 0 PU COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB PRESS PI PLAINVIEW PA 1 BUNGTOWN RD, PLAINVIEW, NY 11724 SN 1054-9803 J9 GENOME RES JI Genome Res. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 5 IS 3 BP 259 EP 271 DI 10.1101/gr.5.3.259 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA TF348 UT WOS:A1995TF34800006 PM 8593613 ER PT J AU ZOBEL, RW AF ZOBEL, RW TI GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF ROOTS AND SEEDLING STRESS SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LENGTH DENSITY; DROUGHT; WATER; GENOTYPES; SALINITY; SYSTEMS; SUBSOIL; GROWTH; YIELD RP ZOBEL, RW (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,USDA ARS,N ATLANTIC AREA PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,1017 BRADFIELD HALL,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 58 TC 11 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1995 VL 30 IS 6 BP 1189 EP 1192 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA RX625 UT WOS:A1995RX62500010 ER PT J AU BOWMAN, KD GMITTER, FG HU, XL AF BOWMAN, KD GMITTER, FG HU, XL TI RELATIONSHIPS OF SEED SIZE AND SHAPE WITH POLYEMBRYONY AND THE ZYGOTIC OR NUCELLAR ORIGIN OF CITRUS SPP SEEDLINGS SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ISOZYMES AB We examined the relationship between seed size and shape in Citrus and the number and type of seedlings produced by individual seeds for each of three citrus cultivars. Seed size and shape were related to the number of seedlings produced and the likelihood of recovering a zygotic seedling. The relationship between seed size and shape and the likelihood of recovering a zygotic seedling most often was connected with weight and thickness of a seed, This relationship might be of sufficient strength to use in some aspects of cultivar development. However, the relationship did not appear strong enough to be of practical value for application in commercial production of purely nucellar rootstock seedlings. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,INST FOOD & AGR SCI,CTR CITRUS RES & EDUC,LAKE ALFRED,FL 33850. YUNNAN AGR EXTENS CTR,KUNMING,PEOPLES R CHINA. RP BOWMAN, KD (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT RES LAB,2120 CAMDEN RD,ORLANDO,FL 32803, USA. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1995 VL 30 IS 6 BP 1279 EP 1282 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA RX625 UT WOS:A1995RX62500035 ER PT J AU VANDERZWET, T BELL, RL AF VANDERZWET, T BELL, RL TI RESPONSE OF CENTRAL-EUROPEAN PYRUS GERMPLASM TO NATURAL FIRE BLIGHT INFECTION AND ARTIFICIAL INOCULATION SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Of 133 Pyrus accessions (predominantly P. communis L.), collected in Central Europe and previously rated in the resistant U,S, Dept. of Agriculture (USDA) blight scores 10-6, only 77 (57.0%) remained in these scores after an additional 5 years of exposure to fire blight [Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winsl. et al.], Of these, 24 originated from three states in former Yugoslavia. Following several years of severe blight epiphytotics, only 5 (10.4%) of 52 accessions released from quarantine since 1986 and planted at Appalachian Fruit Research Station scored 6 or above, All accessions were highly susceptible to artificial blossom inoculation, and only 10 accessions were at least moderately resistant to artificial shoot inoculations. RP VANDERZWET, T (reprint author), USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,45 WILTSHIRE RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1995 VL 30 IS 6 BP 1287 EP 1291 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA RX625 UT WOS:A1995RX62500037 ER PT J AU REED, BM AF REED, BM TI SCREENING PYRUS GERMPLASM FOR IN-VITRO ROOTING RESPONSE SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INVITRO-PROPAGATION; MICROPROPAGATION; PROLIFERATION; JUVENILE AB Micropropagated shoots of 49 Pyrus species and cultivars and one selection of Pyronia veitchii (Trabut) Guillaumin were evaluated to test their responses to several in vitro rooting techniques, Auxin treatment was required for rooting in most cases, Eighteen of 50 accessions rooted greater than or equal to 50% with a 15-second, 10-mM IBA dip followed by growth on medium with no growth regulators (NGR), Twelve accessions rooted on a medium with 10 mu M IBA applied for 1 week followed by NGR medium for 3 weeks; NGR medium alone was effective for only two accessions, Twenty-eight accessions rooted poorly with IBA treatments; an additional treatment of a 15-second dip in 10 mM NAA followed by NGR medium produced greater than or equal to 50% rooting for eight genotypes. Root production increased for 10 of 19 especially recalcitrant genotypes by 10 mu M IAA treatments in darkness or at 30C and NAA dip treatments, Of rooted shoots, 73% survived acclimation in the greenhouse, Selections of Pyrus betulifolia Bunge, P, calleryana Decne,, P. hondoensis Kikuchi and Nakai, P, koehnei C, Schneider, P, pashia Buch,-Ham, ex D, Don, P, pyrifolia (Burm,f,) Nakai cv, Shinseiki, P, regelii Rheder, P, ussuriensis Maxim., and the Pyronia veitchii selection failed to root in any of the treatments, Twenty-five of 32 P. communis L, cultivars and three other species rooted on at least one of the treatments, Chemical names used: l-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). RP REED, BM (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CLONAL GERMPLASM REPOSITORY,33447 PEORIA RD,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. OI Reed, Barbara/0000-0003-0079-8473 NR 17 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1995 VL 30 IS 6 BP 1292 EP 1294 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA RX625 UT WOS:A1995RX62500038 ER PT J AU SANTAMOUR, FS AF SANTAMOUR, FS TI SURVIVAL, GROWTH, AND FERTILITY OF CARPINUS HYBRIDS SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Note DE HORNBEAM; POLYPLOIDY; LANDSCAPE TREES RP SANTAMOUR, FS (reprint author), USDA ARS,US NATL ARBORETUM,3501 NEW YORK AVE NE,WASHINGTON,DC 20002, USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1995 VL 30 IS 6 BP 1311 EP 1311 PG 1 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA RX625 UT WOS:A1995RX62500048 ER PT J AU FERY, RL DUKES, PD AF FERY, RL DUKES, PD TI BETTERSNAP SOUTHERNPEA SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Note DE COWPEA; VIGNA UNGUICULATA; NEMATODE RESISTANCE; MELOIDOGYNE SPP; VIRUS RESISTANCE; DISEASE RESISTANCE RP FERY, RL (reprint author), USDA,AGR RES SERV,US VEGETABLE LAB,2875 SAVANNAH HIGHWAY,CHARLESTON,SC 29414, USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD OCT PY 1995 VL 30 IS 6 BP 1318 EP 1319 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA RX625 UT WOS:A1995RX62500052 ER PT J AU MOHAMED, A BHARDWAJ, H HAMAMA, A WEBBER, C AF MOHAMED, A BHARDWAJ, H HAMAMA, A WEBBER, C TI CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION OF KENAF (HIBISCUS-CANNABINUS L) SEED OIL SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE KENAF (HIBISCUS CANNABINUS L); SEED OIL; FATTY ACIDS; STEROLS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS ID ANTI-NUTRITIONAL FACTORS; LIPIDS; PHOSPHOLIPIDS AB Seeds from nine kenaf genotypes (Cubano, Everglades 41, Everglades 71, GR2563, Guatemala 48, Indian, 178-18RS-10, Tainung #1, and Tainung #2) were evaluated for oil, fatty acid, phospholipid, and sterol content. Oil content ranged from 21.4 to 26.4% with a mean of 23.7%. Total phospholipids ranged from 3.9 to 10.3% of the oil, with a mean of 6.0%. Mean sterol percent was 0.9 and ranged from 0.6% of the total oil for 178-18RS-10 accession to 1.2% for Everglades 71. Palmitic (20.1% of the total fatty acids), oleic (29.2%), and linoleic (45.9%) were the major fatty acids, and palmitoleic (1.6%), linolenic (0.7%), and stearic (3.5%) were the minor components. Medium (C-12-C-14) and long (C-22-C-24) chain fatty acids were less than 1%. Sphingomyelin (4.42% of the total phospholipids), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (12.8%), phosphatidyl choline (21.9%), phosphatidyl serine (2.9%), phosphatidyl inositol (2.7%), lysophosphatidyl choline (5.3%), phosphatidyl glycerol (8.9%), phosphatidic acid (4.9%), and cardiolipin (3.6%) were identified in the nine genotypes. Phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl glycerol were the dominant phospholipids. In addition, eight unidentified phospholipids were also found. beta-sitosterol (72.3% of the total sterols), campsterol (9.9%), and stigmasterol (6.07%) were prevalent among kenaf genotypes. Kenaf's relatively high oil content and its similarity to cottonseed oil suggest that the seed oil may be used as a source of edible oil. The variation among genotypes indicates potential for genetic improvement in oil yield and quality. C1 USDA ARS,LANE,OK 74555. RP MOHAMED, A (reprint author), VIRGINIA STATE UNIV,AGR RES STN,PETERSBURG,VA 23806, USA. NR 33 TC 43 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 4 IS 3 BP 157 EP 165 DI 10.1016/0926-6690(95)00027-A PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TA181 UT WOS:A1995TA18100001 ER PT J AU ABBOTT, TP NELSEN, TC KLEIMAN, R AF ABBOTT, TP NELSEN, TC KLEIMAN, R TI SEED SURFACE GUMS CONTENT USING THE DUBOIS CARBOHYDRATE ANALYSIS SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE LESQUERELLA; LESQUERELLA FENDLERI; MUCILAGE; POLYSACCHARIDE; GUMS AB The Dubois total carbohydrate method was applied to quantitative analysis of seed surface gums removed from Lesguerella seed by ultrasound. Between 20 and 30 seed samples could be tested in triplicate in a normal 8-h day. The analyses were repeatable with a coefficient of variation of 4%. Germination rates of seeds were unaffected by the so nic treatment. Of 16 Lesquerella species tested, L. fendleri had the highest amount of high-molecular-weight gums. Seeds from various Lesquerella species had 4.5 to 17.3% seed surface gum content. Lesquerella fendleri seed presscake (27.8% gum), hexane-defatted meal (35.6% gum) and gums of other genera were also amenable to the test method. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,MIDWEST AREA,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP ABBOTT, TP (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 8 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 4 IS 3 BP 185 EP 192 DI 10.1016/0926-6690(95)00031-7 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TA181 UT WOS:A1995TA18100005 ER PT J AU KEHL, KL ERICKSON, EH AF KEHL, KL ERICKSON, EH TI FLORAL STRUCTURE OF LESQUERELLA-FENDLERI SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE LESQUERELLA; BRASSICACEAE; NECTARY; STOMATE; POLLINATION AB The fine structures of the floral nectaries and stomata of Lesquerella fendleri (Brassicaceae), an emerging new oilseed crop, were determined using scanning electron microscopy. The external morphology of nectaries and their location relative to other floral structures are described. Most noteworthy is the discovery of stomata that are identical in appearance to those of the nectaries and uniformly dispersed along the entire style except immediately below the stigma where they occur in greater density. The distribution of these putative secretory structures suggests that they are involved in the pollination biology of the species. Somewhat dissimilar stomata, whose function is also unknown, were found on the ovary wall along the pericardial septum. RP KEHL, KL (reprint author), USDA ARS,CARL HAYDEN BEE RES CTR,2000 E ALLEN RD,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 4 IS 3 BP 213 EP 217 DI 10.1016/0926-6690(95)00034-A PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TA181 UT WOS:A1995TA18100008 ER PT J AU COOK, CG RIGGS, JL SMART, JR MULLINSCHADING, BA AF COOK, CG RIGGS, JL SMART, JR MULLINSCHADING, BA TI EVALUATION OF 6 KENAF CULTIVARS FOR RESISTANCE TO PHYMATOTRICHUM-OMNIVORUM SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE HIBISCUS CANNABINUS L; NEW CROPS; ROOT ROT; FIBER CROPS AB Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), a nonwood fiber crop, was recently reported to be susceptible to Phymatotrichum omnivorum, a soil-borne fungal pathogen of the southwestern United States. Field plot studies were conducted in 1991-1993 at Weslaco, TX in an area naturally infested with P. omnivorum. Six kenaf cultivars were evaluated for disease incidence at four weeks after initial symptoms and crop maturity, for plant height at maturity, and for total stalk yield. No significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) cultivar x year interaction occurred for any measurement. Across the three-year study, the six cultivars did not differ for disease incidence at four weeks after initial symptoms or at maturity, nor for plant height or stalk yield, indicating that there was no significant genetic resistance or host tolerance to II omnivorum present. Disease incidence increased from 43.9% in 1991 to 55.4% in 1992. In 1993, disease symptoms on 10 June were 60.9% compared to the final disease incidence of 41.8% at crop maturity. This behavior resulted from rainfall occurring in the early stages of pathogen infection and the inherent ability of kenaf to produce and survive with new lateral roots. Although several plants were able to recover from pathogen attack in 1993, severe reductions in plant height and stalk yield were observed. Disease incidence four weeks after initial symptoms was increased and plant height and stalk yields were greatly reduced with each successive year, indicating that continuous kenaf culture should be avoided on soils highly infested with P. omnivorum. C1 NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL PLANT PATHOL & WEED SCI,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003. EDEN BIOSCI CORP,POULSBO,WA 98370. RP COOK, CG (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 4 IS 3 BP 229 EP 232 DI 10.1016/0926-6690(95)00037-D PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TA181 UT WOS:A1995TA18100010 ER PT J AU MEOLA, SM LOEB, MJ AF MEOLA, SM LOEB, MJ TI UNIQUE INTERTESTICULAR TISSUE COMPLEX IN LARVAE OF HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS (F) (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INSECT MORPHOLOGY & EMBRYOLOGY LA English DT Article DE TESTES; HEART; VISCERAL MUSCLE; CARDIOTESTICULAR SINUS ID TOBACCO BUDWORM; TESTES; ECDYSTEROIDS; INVITRO AB A unique heart-testis complex has been found in the last instar of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). This complex consists of a previously undescribed muscle system, herein designated the cardiotesticular muscle, that attaches the heart to the testes, and a ubiquitous connective tissue sheath that overlays this muscle and surrounding fat body and pericardial cells. These interconnected organs form a sieve-like septum enclosing a sinus that contains clusters of hemocytes and lipid droplets. Lipid droplets appear to be released from the surface of the testes sheath. The cardiotesticular muscle is innervated by neuroendocrine nerves that may be the route by which the brain peptide, testis ecdysiotropin, reaches the testes. The cardiotesticular muscle and products sequestered in the cardiotesticular sinus may be involved in the fusion of the paired testes and maturation of the male reproductive system, because they are present only during this stage of development. C1 USDA ARS,INSECT NEUROBIOL & HORMONE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP MEOLA, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,2881 F & B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0020-7322 J9 INT J INSECT MORPHOL JI Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 24 IS 4 BP 443 EP 457 DI 10.1016/0020-7322(95)00005-O PG 15 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TJ771 UT WOS:A1995TJ77100008 ER PT J AU SNEL, J HEINEN, PP BLOK, HJ CARMAN, RJ DUNCAN, AJ ALLEN, PC COLLINS, MD AF SNEL, J HEINEN, PP BLOK, HJ CARMAN, RJ DUNCAN, AJ ALLEN, PC COLLINS, MD TI COMPARISON OF 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA SEQUENCES OF SEGMENTED FILAMENTOUS BACTERIA ISOLATED FROM MICE, RATS, AND CHICKENS AND PROPOSAL OF CANDIDATUS ARTHROMITUS SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) are nonpathogenic bacteria that are commonly found attached to the intestinal walls of many animals, Until now, these bacteria have not been cultured in vitro, Recently, a 16S rRNA sequence analysis revealed that SFB isolated from mice represent a distinct subline within the Clostridium subphylum of the gram-positive bacteria, Since SFB isolated from mice, rats, and chickens are known to be host specific, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships among SFB obtained from these three hosts, Total DNAs from the intestinal floras of chickens and rats were used as templates for PCR amplification of 16S rRNA genes, BCR products were cloned and screened by a dot blot hybridization procedure to identify homologous sequences that cross-reacted with mouse SFB-specific oligonucleotide probes, A phylogenetic analysis of these 16S ribosomal DNA sequences revealed that SFB isolated from these three hosts form a natural group, which is peripherally related to the genus Clostridium sensu stricto (group I Clostridium), The SFB obtained from chickens, rats, and mice had closely related, albeit different, 16S rRNA gene sequences, The observed levels of 16S rRNA sequence divergence, ca, 1.5 to 3%, together with host specificity, suggest that SFB isolated from mice, rats, and chickens represent different species and that coevolution of the SFB and their hosts occurred, ''Candidatus Arthromitus'' is proposed as the provisional generic name for this group of organisms, C1 WAGENINGEN UNIV AGR,DEPT MICROBIOL,6703 CT WAGENINGEN,NETHERLANDS. TECH LAB INC,BLACKSBURG,VA 24060. VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,VIRGINIA MARYLAND REG COLL VET MED,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. USDA,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PROTOZOAN DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. INST FOOD RES,DEPT MICROBIOL,READING RG6 2EF,BERKS,ENGLAND. RP SNEL, J (reprint author), UNIV NIJMEGEN,CENT ANIM LAB,POB 9101,6500 HB NIJMEGEN,NETHERLANDS. NR 21 TC 89 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 45 IS 4 BP 780 EP 782 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA RZ216 UT WOS:A1995RZ21600023 PM 7547299 ER PT J AU LABEDA, DP KURTZMAN, CP SWEZEY, JL AF LABEDA, DP KURTZMAN, CP SWEZEY, JL TI TAXONOMIC NOTE - USE OF PATENT STRAINS AS TYPE STRAINS IN THE VALID DESCRIPTION OF NEW MICROBIAL TAXA SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Note ID PSEUDONOCARDIA-AZUREA RP LABEDA, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 45 IS 4 BP 868 EP 869 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA RZ216 UT WOS:A1995RZ21600041 ER PT J AU MORAGUTIERREZ, A FARRELL, HM KUMOSINSKI, TF AF MORAGUTIERREZ, A FARRELL, HM KUMOSINSKI, TF TI COMPARISON OF HYDRATION BEHAVIOR OF BOVINE AND CAPRINE CASEINS AS DETERMINED BY O-17 NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE - EFFECTS OF SALT SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE NMR; O-17; WATER BINDING; SALT BINDING; BOVINE CASEIN; CAPRINE CASEIN; CAPRINE ALPHA(DELTA-1)-CASEIN ID PROTEIN HYDRATION; WATER INTERACTIONS; GOAT MILK; RELAXATION; ALPHA-S1-CASEIN; O-17; MICELLES; SORPTION; CALCIUM AB Oxygen-17 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) transverse relaxation measurements at 4.7 T were used to study the hydration properties of bovine and caprine casein solutions with and without NaCl. Measurements were carried out at 21 degrees C and pD 6.95. Nonlinear protein concentration dependences were observed for the oxygen-17 MMR transverse relaxation rates, but the fitting of the data did not require any higher order virial coefficients; only Bo was needed. This indicates that long-range, charge-charge repulsive interactions dominate entirely the protein activity in solution. Estimates of the bovine casein average ''net'' charge were obtained from the virial coefficient (B-o) and the partial specific volume; these are in accord with published amino acid sequence data. For bovine casein, the alpha(s1)- and beta-components occur in nearly equal amounts, whereas in caprine casein, beta-casein is the predominant species and alpha(s1)-casein varies from high to low values, suggesting altered protein-protein interactions. Hydration levels of caprine casein high in the alpha(s1)-casein component when compared with those of bovine casein (intermediate hydration) and the low alpha(s1)-caprine casein (low hydration) are interpreted in terms of ''trapped water'' and ''preferential interactions'' with water on the basis of quantitative differences in casein monomer contents. C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. RP MORAGUTIERREZ, A (reprint author), PRAIRIE VIEW A&M UNIV,COOPERAT AGR RES CTR,POB 4079,PRAIRIE VIEW,TX 77446, USA. NR 32 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 43 IS 10 BP 2574 EP 2579 DI 10.1021/jf00058a004 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TB543 UT WOS:A1995TB54300004 ER PT J AU LEE, HJ DUKE, MV BIRK, JH YAMAMOTO, M DUKE, SO AF LEE, HJ DUKE, MV BIRK, JH YAMAMOTO, M DUKE, SO TI BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL-EFFECTS OF BENZHETEROCYCLES AND RELATED-COMPOUNDS SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE BENZHETEROCYCLES; HERBICIDE; PEROXIDIZING HERBICIDES; PROTOPORPHYRINOGEN OXIDASE; PROTOPORPHYIN IX ID DIPHENYL ETHER HERBICIDES; OXIDASE-INHIBITING HERBICIDES; PROTOPORPHYRINOGEN OXIDASE; ACIFLUORFEN-METHYL; PORPHYRIN ACCUMULATION; H-3 ACIFLUORFEN; BINDING; BARLEY; MECHANISM; OXIDATION AB The biochemical and physiological effects of 18 benzheterocycles and 1 tetrahydrophthalimide-substituted indolin-2(3H)-one were investigated. Eighteen of the compounds were inhibitors of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) in vitro, with I-50 values ranging from 25 to 650 nM. There was a good correlation between the activity of these compounds as in vitro Protox inhibitors and their in vivo effects on protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX) accumulation. There was also a good correlation between the amount of Proto IX caused to accumulate and the light-induced cellular damage. However, several of the compounds had phytotoxic activity in darkness, indicating that they have mechanisms of action in addition to inhibition of Protox. Greenhouse results generally agreed with laboratory results. The structure/activity relationships for inhibition of Protox are discussed. C1 USDA ARS,SO WEED SCI LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. AMER CYANAMID CO,DIV AGR RES,PRINCETON,NJ 08540. NR 38 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 43 IS 10 BP 2722 EP 2727 DI 10.1021/jf00058a033 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TB543 UT WOS:A1995TB54300033 ER PT J AU HEDIN, PA MCCARTY, JC AF HEDIN, PA MCCARTY, JC TI BOLL-WEEVIL ANTHONOMUS-GRANDIS BOH OVIPOSITION IS DECREASED IN COTTON GOSSYPIUM-HIRSUTUM L LINES LOWER IN ANTHER MONOSACCHARIDES AND GOSSYPOL SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE BOLL WEEVIL; OVIPOSITION; COTTON PLANT; SUGARS; GOSSYPOL ID PRIMITIVE COTTON AB Several cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. race stocks have been identified that possess resistance to the bell weevil Anthonomus grandis Boh. because oviposition in the bud is decreased. In three tests of 13 bell weevil resistant lines conducted over a 6 year period on average, bell weevil punctures were decreased by 37.2% as compared to two susceptible commercial lines, while anther sugars were decreased 34.3% and anther gossypol was decreased 19.6%. Sugars and gossypol in the petals and ovaries were not different, however. Gas-liquid chromatographic analyses via the alditol acetate procedure revealed that the major free sugars of both the bell weevil suppressant and commercial cotton lines were glucose, fructose, sucrose, and arabinose with lesser amounts of xylose, galactose, and erythritol. Efforts to incorporate genes for oviposition resistance into commercial Lines based on their correlation with low anther sugar content may have some promise. RP HEDIN, PA (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROP SCI RES LAB,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 43 IS 10 BP 2735 EP 2739 DI 10.1021/jf00058a035 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TB543 UT WOS:A1995TB54300035 ER PT J AU SNOOK, ME WIDSTROM, NW WISEMAN, BR BYRNE, PF HARWOOD, JS COSTELLO, CE AF SNOOK, ME WIDSTROM, NW WISEMAN, BR BYRNE, PF HARWOOD, JS COSTELLO, CE TI NEW C-4''-HYDROXY DERIVATIVES OF MAYSIN AND 3'-METHOXYMAYSIN ISOLATED FROM CORN SILKS (ZEA-MAYS) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE CORN; ZEA MAYS; CORN EARWORM; HELICOVERPA ZEA; MAYSIN ANALOGS; INSECT RESISTANCE ID LARVAE LEPIDOPTERA; GROWTH; NOCTUIDAE; EARWORM AB Reduced derivatives of maysin [2 ''-O-alpha-L-rhamnosyl-6-C-(6-deoxy-xylo-hexos-4-ulosyl)luteolin] and 3'-methoxymaysin have been isolated and identified from several corn (Zea mays L.) inbreds. These include 2 ''-O-alpha-L-rhamnasyl-6-C-quinovosylluteolin (equatorial 4 ''-OH-maysin, eq-4 ''-OH-maysin), 2 ''-O-alpha-L-rhamnosyl-6-C-fucosylluteolin (axial 4 ''-OH-maysin, ax-4 ''-OH-maysin), and 2 ''-O-alpha-L-rhamnosyl-6-C-fucosyl-3'-methoxyluteolin (ax-4 ''-OH-3'-methoxymaysin). In addition to maysin and 3'-methoxymaysin, inbred Tx501 contains minor amounts of ax-4 ''-OH-maysin and ax-4 ''-OH-3'methoxymaysin. Corn Lines A103, GE275, ESDJ1, and CML131 contained relatively large levels of both ax-4 ''-OH-maysin and eq-4 ''-OH-maysin. Synthetic 4 ''-OH-maysin (obtained by NaBH4 reduction of maysin) was tested for growth inhibition of corn earworm (Helicoverpa tea Boddie) larvae in a laboratory bioassay and found to be almost as active as maysin, suggesting that incorporation by breeders of these compounds into silks could enhance the resistance of corn to corn earworm larvae. C1 USDA ARS,INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793. UNIV MISSOURI,USDA ARS,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CHEM,CHICAGO,IL 60607. MIT,DEPT CHEM,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. RP SNOOK, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS,RUSSELL RES CTR,PHYTOCHEM RES UNIT,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 11 TC 34 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 43 IS 10 BP 2740 EP 2745 DI 10.1021/jf00058a036 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TB543 UT WOS:A1995TB54300036 ER PT J AU REDDY, KN LOCKE, MA WAGNER, SC ZABLOTOWICZ, RM GASTON, LA SMEDA, RJ AF REDDY, KN LOCKE, MA WAGNER, SC ZABLOTOWICZ, RM GASTON, LA SMEDA, RJ TI CHLORIMURON ETHYL SORPTION AND DESORPTION-KINETICS IN SOILS AND HERBICIDE-DESICCATED COVER CROP RESIDUES SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE HERBICIDE; CHLORIMURON; RYE; HAIRY VETCH; COVER CROP; PLANT RESIDUE; SORPTION; DESORPTION; NO-TILLAGE ID HAIRY VETCH; MOISTURE; STRAW; FIELD; METOLACHLOR; METRIBUZIN; RETENTION; RECEPTION; TILLAGE; MODEL AB Interaction between a herbicide and plant residue on the soil surface in plant residue management systems such as no-tillage or cover crop is of interest in terms of environmental fate of the herbicide. This study was designed to evaluate sorption and desorption of chlorimuron ethyl [ethyl 2-[[[[(4-chloro-6-methoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonyl]amino]sulfonyl]benzoic acid} in herbicide-desiccated rye (Secale cereale L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) residues and soils collected from a field. Sorption was determined by reacting 0.5 g of soil or plant residue with 6 mt of [C-14]chlorimuron ethyl solution at five concentrations (0.06-12.04 mu mol L(-1)) for 72 h. Freundlich K-f was highest in hairy vetch (6.33) followed by rye (3.95) and soils from no cover crop or beneath plant residue (0.81-1.03). The N values (0.88-0.95) for soils and plant residues indicated nearly linear sorption. Time course sorption data analyzed by an equilibrium/kinetic model indicated that sorption was initially; rapid (within 1 h), followed by a negligible increase in soil or a slow increase in rye and hairy vetch residue. Chlorimuron ethyl K-f increased with increased decomposition of plant residue. The K-f for rye and hairy vetch residues sampled at 11 weeks after soybean planting increased by 54 and 49%, respectively, compared with residues sampled at planting. CaCl2-desorbable chlorimuron ethyl in two consecutive 24-h cycles ranged from 54 to 65% in soils and from 42 to 49% of that sorbed in plant residues. Two additional 24-h cycles with methanol/(NH4)(2)CO3 did not completely desorb the remaining chlorimuron ethyl. Under field conditions, plant residues can apparently intercept and temporarily retain chlorimuron ethyl. RP REDDY, KN (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO WEED SCI LAB,POB 350,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. OI Zablotowicz, Robert/0000-0001-8070-1998 NR 33 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 43 IS 10 BP 2752 EP 2757 DI 10.1021/jf00058a038 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TB543 UT WOS:A1995TB54300038 ER PT J AU TSAI, LS HIGBY, R SCHADE, J AF TSAI, LS HIGBY, R SCHADE, J TI DISINFECTION OF POULTRY CHILLER WATER WITH CHLORINE DIOXIDE - CONSUMPTION AND BY-PRODUCT FORMATION SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE CHLORINE DIOXIDE; POULTRY CHILLER WATER; CONSUMPTION; DEMAND; CHLORITE; CHLORATE ID BROILER CARCASSES AB Chlorine dioxide is effective in controlling the natural nora occurring in poultry chiller water (PCW). However, it is not approved for use as a disinfectant because of the lack of information pertinent to its human health risks. In PCW, most added chlorine dioxide was rapidly reduced to chlorite and chlorate. The formation of chlorite was dependent on both chlorine dioxide dose and treatment time. The chlorine dioxide demand by PCW, the consumption at a given treatment time, was found to be independent of treatment dose. When used at the demand level, half of the added chlorine dioxide was reduced to a mixture of chlorite (90%) and chlorate (10%). On the basis of the acceptable daily intake of chlorite, 0.075 mg/kg, disinfecting PCW at the level of chlorine dioxide demand, 0.30 mM (20 mg/L), is not only effective but also has a low health risk from the standpoint of chlorite and chlorate contamination. C1 RIO LINDA CO INC,SACRAMENTO,CA 95814. RP TSAI, LS (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 22 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 43 IS 10 BP 2768 EP 2773 DI 10.1021/jf00058a041 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TB543 UT WOS:A1995TB54300041 ER PT J AU ARGAUER, RJ ELLER, KI IBRAHIM, MA BROWN, RT AF ARGAUER, RJ ELLER, KI IBRAHIM, MA BROWN, RT TI DETERMINING PROPOXUR AND OTHER CARBAMATES IN MEAT USING HPLC FLUORESCENCE AND GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY ION-TRAP MASS-SPECTROMETRY AFTER SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE FOOD SAFETY; VAPOR PRESSURE; SORPTION; INSECTICIDES; RESIDUES; FLUORESCENCE SFE; ITMS; NEAT; GC ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; N-METHYLCARBAMATE INSECTICIDES; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; POSTCOLUMN REACTION; PESTICIDES; PHTHALALDEHYDE; METABOLITES; WATER AB Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using CO2 was examined for separating carbamate pesticides from interfering coextractives prior to analysis either by Liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection or by gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry (GC/ITMS). Pre-extraction of the ground meat with acetonitrile prior to SFE left behind over 99% of the fat and fiber in ground meat. The concentrated acetonitrile extracts containing the carbamates and other coextractives were adsorbed on a pelletized diatomaceous earth for SFE. SFE further reduced the amount of coextractives 10-fold. This procedure allows larger, more representative samples to be routinely analyzed, removes interferences that appear in the fluorescence mode, and reduces many of the non-volatiles that-can accumulate on the capillary column in the GC/ITMS mode and shorten its lifetime after multiple injections. RP ARGAUER, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 18 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 43 IS 10 BP 2774 EP 2778 DI 10.1021/jf00058a042 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TB543 UT WOS:A1995TB54300042 ER PT J AU BERRY, JS AF BERRY, JS TI INTRODUCTION TO THE SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT ENTOMOL,LINCOLN,NE 68583. ILLINOIS NAT HIST SURVEY,OFF AGR ENTOMOL,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. RP BERRY, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS,RANGELAND INSECT LAB,APHIS,PPQ,BOZEMAN,MT 59717, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 SN 0735-939X J9 J AGR ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 12 IS 4 BP 169 EP 170 PG 2 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA TJ407 UT WOS:A1995TJ40700001 ER PT J AU BERRY, JS AF BERRY, JS TI COMPUTER-MODELS IN INTEGRATED PEST-MANAGEMENT - A CASE-STUDY OF THE GRASSHOPPER INTEGRATED PEST-MANAGEMENT PROJECT SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Section E Symposium of the 1993 Entomological-Society-of-America Annual Meeting, Crisis in IPM - Is There a Solution to the Gap Between Theory and Practice CY 1993 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Entomol Soc Amer DE COMPUTER SIMULATION; IPM; ECONOMIC THRESHOLD; POPULATION DYNAMICS; ORTHOPTERA ID RANGELAND GRASSHOPPERS; SIMULATION-MODELS; EXPERT SYSTEM; ORTHOPTERA; ACRIDIDAE AB The Grasshopper Integrated Pest Management Project (GHIPM) was a $15 million project that lasted from 1986 to 1994 to identify, develop, and implement rangeland grasshopper management tactics within the framework of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in the western United States. Computer simulation has been used to fulfill many original objectives for GHIPM and help bridge the gap between theory and practice. One group of computer simulation studies was developed to probe basic mechanisms of rangeland grasshopper ecology. For example, an object-oriented simulation is being developed that can represent any number of unique grasshopper cohorts for specific species, life stages, and disease status. Soil temperature and moisture are also being simulated to support a grasshopper egg hatch model. These research models were designed for basic science with a focus on improving management of rangeland grasshoppers. Another group of models has been developed and/or used to simulate grasshopper population dynamics, forage growth and destruction, and ranch economics for essentially all rangeland areas in the western United States. These models are used in a computer decision support system called Hopper to structure and provide knowledge to land managers who make decisions about grasshopper control. Hopper provides objective analyses of management options including innovative IPM strategies that could not be effectively evaluated in the past. The development of Hopper and supporting models has caused a paradigm shift from the goal of maximizing control mortality to the IPM goal of optimizing economic, environmental, and social values. Hopper was adopted in 1994 and is used to evaluate all federal programs for rangeland grasshopper management. Now the scope of grasshopper management includes techniques that may or may not cause grasshopper mortality. For example, modifying cattle herd size and grazing management strategies may allow the IPM goal to be reached better than control options. Also, reduced control and the associated reduction in cost from a reduction in pesticide used for control can sometimes provide the best economic return in addition to other longer term benefits. Computer simulation within Hopper has provided the flexibility to apply IPM to a complex of grasshopper species over a geographically very large and ecologically diverse area. RP BERRY, JS (reprint author), USDA,APHIS,PPQ,PHOENIX METHODS DEV CTR,4125 E BROADWAY,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 24 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 SN 0735-939X J9 J AGR ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 12 IS 4 BP 229 EP 240 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA TJ407 UT WOS:A1995TJ40700008 ER PT J AU DIB, G GUERIN, B BANKS, WA LEYNADIER, F AF DIB, G GUERIN, B BANKS, WA LEYNADIER, F TI SYSTEMIC REACTIONS TO THE SAMSUM ANT - AN IGE-MEDIATED HYPERSENSITIVITY SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PACHYCONDYLA SENNAARENSIS; SAMSUM ANT; ANT ALLERGY; ANAPHYLAXIS TO ANT; HYMENOPTERA ALLERGY ID IMPORTED FIRE ANT; MYRMECIA-PILOSULA; ALLERGY; VENOM; DIAGNOSIS; STINGS; TESTS AB Background: In the United Arab Emirates the sting of the Pachycondyla sennaarensis ant (PSA) causes allergic reactions in certain persons. It is a common problem and is becoming a public health hazard. Up to now the diagnosis has been based only on the history, because the mechanism of the reaction was not yet established Objective: The aim of our study was to prepare an allergenic extract that would be used for skin tests and to prepare a reagent for specific IgE titration. Results of both skin tests and specific IgE were to be compared with the clinical history. Methods: We studied 31 patients with anaphylactic reactions and performed clinical examinations, skin tests, and specific IgE antibody titrations. A control group of 22 subjects wets also studied. Results: In 30 of 31 patients (97%) findings of PSA skin tests and/or specific IgE were positive. In the control groups PSA skin test results were negative in 86% and negative for specific IgE in 68%. Conclusion: The study shows that the mechanism of the reaction to the sting of the PSA is a type I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity and that the diagnosis can now be confirmed by skin rests and specific IgE determination. C1 LAB ALLERBIO,VARENNES EN ARGONNE,FRANCE. USDA ARS,GAINESVILLE,FL. UNIV PARIS 06,ROTHSCHILD HOSP,FAC MED ST ANTOINE,DEPT INTERNAL MED & ALLERGOL,PARIS,FRANCE. RP DIB, G (reprint author), TAWAM HOSP,DEPT MED,POB 15258,ABU DHABI,U ARAB EMIRATES. NR 21 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 96 IS 4 BP 465 EP 472 DI 10.1016/S0091-6749(95)70288-1 PG 8 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA TA095 UT WOS:A1995TA09500005 PM 7560656 ER PT J AU PATE, FM BROWN, WF HAMMOND, AC AF PATE, FM BROWN, WF HAMMOND, AC TI VALUE OF FEATHER MEAL IN A MOLASSES-BASED LIQUID SUPPLEMENT FED TO YEARLING CATTLE CONSUMING A FORAGE DIET SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CATTLE; MOLASSES; FEATHER MEAL; UREA; BLOOD MEAL; FISH PRODUCTS ID GROWING CALVES; PROTEIN-SUPPLEMENT; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; NUTRITIVE-VALUE; DAIRY-CATTLE; BEEF-COWS; FISH-MEAL; COMBINATIONS; PERFORMANCE; HEIFERS AB Hydrolyzed feather meal (FM) was compared to other sources of CP to determine its value as a protein source in a molasses-based liquid supplement. Ruminal N escape values (measured in situ) for FM, ring-dried blood meal, cottonseed meal, and soybean meal approximated reported values. Ruminal N escape value for catfish meal was lower than values reported for other fish meals. In two trials (194 d), 84 yearling heifers were allotted to 12 pastures (3 pastures/treatment) and fed one of four supplements (1.7 kg of DM . heifer(-1). d(-1)) containing either molasses and urea; molasses, urea, and FM; molasses, urea, FM, and catfish meal; or molasses, urea, FM, and catfish oil. Heifers were exposed to bulls for 60 d. In two trials, 112 steers were allotted to 16 pastures (4 pastures/treatment) and fed one of four supplements (1.7 kg of DM . steer(-1) d(-1)) containing molasses and urea; molasses, urea and FM; molasses, urea, FM and ring-dried poultry blood meal; or molasses, urea, and poultry feathers and blood hydrolyzed together. In all trials, cattle fed molasses containing FM had faster gains (P <.05) and heifers had-heavier live weights at breeding (P <.05) and higher pregnancy rates (P <.05) than cattle fed molasses and urea. Combining poultry blood with molasses, urea, and FM improved (P <.05) steer gains in one of two trials. Combining catfish meal with molasses, urea, and FM did not improve (P >.05) ADG or pregnancy rate of heifers. Combining catfish oil with molasses, urea, and FM increased (P <.05) ADG in one trial and blood cholesterol and live weight of heifers at breeding in both trials. It is concluded that protein feeds, such as FM, that contain a large portion of ruminally undegradable protein may provide much of the CP in Liquid supplements fed to growing cattle consuming moderate-quality forage. Adding catfish oil to a Liquid supplement may improve ADG and live weight of yearling heifers at breeding. C1 USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES STN,BROOKSVILLE,FL 34601. RP PATE, FM (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,CTR RANGE CATTLE RES & EDUC,RT 1,BOX 62,ONA,FL 33865, USA. NR 40 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 73 IS 10 BP 2865 EP 2872 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TA505 UT WOS:A1995TA50500004 PM 8617655 ER PT J AU SIMS, PL BAILEY, DW AF SIMS, PL BAILEY, DW TI CALF PRODUCTION BY ANGUS-HEREFORD AND BRAHMAN-HEREFORD COWS ON 2 NATIVE RANGELAND FORAGE SYSTEMS SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE BEEF CATTLE; GENOTYPE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; WEANING WEIGHT; BIRTH WEIGHT ID FALL-CALVING SYSTEMS; CROSSBRED COWS; BIRTH-WEIGHT; PROPORTIONS; DIFFICULTY AB Calf birth weights, weaning weights, and preweaning gain of Simmental-sired calves from Angus-Hereford (AH) and Brahman-Hereford (BH) F-1 cowsgrazing native rangeland (NR) or native rangeland-complementary forage (NRCF) systems in the Southern Great Plains mixed prairie were evaluated. Calves from AH dams were heavier (P <.001) at birth than calves from BH dams in both forage systems (40 and 37 kg, respectively). However, birth weights of calves from BH dams were 2 kg heavier (P <.001) in the NRCF fall-calving system. Calves in the NRCF system were 122 d older and heavier(P <.001) than the NR calves at weaning (343 and 256 kg, respectively). During the preweaning period, the NR calves gained faster(P <.001) than the NRCF calves. When calves from both systems were evaluated at 200 d of age, NR calves were heavier (P <.001) than NRCF calves. Calves from BH cows were 8 to 16 kg heavier (P <.001) than calves from AH cows at 200 d of age and at weaning. The increased age at weaning associated with the NRCF did not reduce reproductive efficiency. The NRCF system requires less land than a traditional NR system to support a cow-calf pair and seems to be more economically efficient. RP SIMS, PL (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO PLAINS RANGE RES STN,2000 18TH ST,WOODWARD,OK 73801, USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 73 IS 10 BP 2893 EP 2902 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TA505 UT WOS:A1995TA50500008 PM 8617659 ER PT J AU WILLIAMS, CB BENNETT, GL AF WILLIAMS, CB BENNETT, GL TI APPLICATION OF A COMPUTER-MODEL TO PREDICT OPTIMUM SLAUGHTER END-POINTS FOR DIFFERENT BIOLOGICAL TYPES OF FEEDER CATTLE SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE BEEF CATTLE; FEEDLOTS; OPTIMIZATION; MODELS ID EMPTY BODY GAIN; CARCASS COMPOSITION; BEEF-CATTLE; POSTWEANING GROWTH; CYCLE-III; PALATABILITY; EFFICIENCY; QUALITY; STEERS; NUTRITION AB A bioeconomic model was developed to predict slaughter end points of different genotypes of feeder cattle, where profit/rotation and profit/day were maximized. Growth, feed intake, and carcass weight and composition were simulated for 17 biological types of steers. Distribution of carcass weight and proportion in four USDA quality and five USDA yield grades were obtained from predicted carcass weights and composition. Average carcass value for each genotype was calculated from these distributions under four carcass pricing systems that varied from value determined on quality grade alone to value determined on yield grade alone. Under profitable market conditions, rotation length was shorter and carcass weights lighter when the producer's goal was maximum profit/day, compared with maximum profit/ rotation. A carcass value system based on yield grade alone resulted in greater profit/rotation and in Lighter and leaner carcasses than a system based on quality grade alone. High correlations (>.97) were obtained between breed profits obtained with different sets of input/output prices and carcass price discount weight ranges. This suggests that breed rankings on the basis of breed profits may hot be sensitive to changes in input/output market prices. Steers that were on a grower-stocker system had leaner carcasses, heavier optimum carcass weights, greater profits, and less variation in optimum carcass weights between genotypes than steers that were started on a high-energy finishing diet at weaning. Overall results suggest that breed choices may change with different carcass grading and value systems and postweaning production systems. This model has potential to provide decision support in marketing fed cattle. RP WILLIAMS, CB (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 25 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 73 IS 10 BP 2903 EP 2915 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TA505 UT WOS:A1995TA50500009 PM 8617660 ER PT J AU NUNEZDOMINGUEZ, R VANVLECK, LD CUNDIFF, LV AF NUNEZDOMINGUEZ, R VANVLECK, LD CUNDIFF, LV TI PREDICTION OF GENETIC VALUES OF SIRES FOR GROWTH TRAITS OF CROSSBRED CATTLE USING A MULTIVARIATE ANIMAL-MODEL WITH HETEROGENEOUS VARIANCES SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE BREEDING VALUES; GROWTH TRAITS; HETEROGENEITY; BEEF CATTLE; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS ID BIOLOGICAL TYPES; SELECTION; CALVES AB The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of adjusting for heterogeneous variances across breed groups on prediction of breeding values (PBV) of selected sires and on breed of sire effects. Data on weights at birth (BWT), 200 d (WW), and 365 d (YW) of purebred and crossbred calves from matings of Angus (A), Hereford (H), Polled Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Simmental, Limousin, Maine-Anjou, Chianina, Gelbvieh, Tarentaise, and Salers bulls to A and H cows were used. Calf performance in H and A dams was treated as a different trait. Models compared included fixed birth year, cow age, and sex classes and crossbreeding effect as a covariate; random direct and maternal genetic and permanent environmental effects were also included, but their variance structure was different. Model I assumed homogeneous variances across breed groups. Model II accounted for heterogeneous variances. Sires were ranked based on PBV from each model, and means of PBV of selected sires were calculated based on Model II. Differences between mean PBV were small for BWT, intermediate for WW, and larger for YW. Differences in PBV of selected sires increased as selection intensity increased, but only for WW and YW. Large differences in mean PBV of selected sires between maternal environments (H vs A) were observed for WW and YW for various sire breeds. Means of PBV of selected sires based on Model II exceeded those based on Model I by 6 to 16 kg of YW for various selection intensities and maternal environments. Estimates of breed of sire effects from Model I or II were similar for BWT and WW, but large differences were found for YW. Results indicate that some additional economic returns may be gained by commercial producers if sires are chosen across breeds based on predicted genetic values computed with models accounting for heterogeneous variances. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT ANIM SCI,LINCOLN,NE 68583. RP NUNEZDOMINGUEZ, R (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 29 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 73 IS 10 BP 2940 EP 2950 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TA505 UT WOS:A1995TA50500013 PM 8617664 ER PT J AU KOCH, RM CUNDIFF, LV GREGORY, KE AF KOCH, RM CUNDIFF, LV GREGORY, KE TI DIRECT AND MATERNAL GENETIC RESPONSES TO SELECTION FOR WEANING OR YEARLING WEIGHT OR FOR YEARLING WEIGHT AND MUSCLE SCORE IN HEREFORD CATTLE SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE BEEF CATTLE; GENETIC ANALYSIS; SELECTION RESPONSES; MATERNAL EFFECTS; BODY WEIGHT AB An experiment involving crosses among selection and control lines was conducted to partition direct and maternal additive genetic response to 20 yr of selection for 1) weaning weight (WWL), 2) yearling weight (YWL), and 3) an index of yearling weight and muscle score (IXL). Maternal response was estimated from reciprocal crosses among unselected sires and dams of control (CTL) and the selection lines. An Angus line was added to increase the number of reciprocal cross comparisons. Direct responses of WWL, YWL, and ML Linebreds compared with CTL were significant for all traits. Maternal genetic responses were much smaller than direct responses. Direct response in birth weight was largest for YWL, followed by WWL and IXL. Maternal effect of ML on birth weight was larger and that of WWL and YWL was smaller than CTL. Direct responses in weaning weight did not differ greatly among selection lines; maternal response was greater for ML than for WWL, which was selected for this trait, and response was negative for YWL. Responses in maternal effects on final weight were much reduced in Hereford crosses because of a negative relation between maternal responses in pre- and postweaning gains, especially in YWL and IXL. However, in Angus crosses, a positive association between pre- and postweaning gains increased maternal responses in final weight. Direct response for postweaning gain was greater in IXL than in YWL or WWL in Hereford crosses. In Angus crosses, YWL had larger direct responses for birth weight, preweaning gain, and postweaning gain than in other lines. The direct response for muscle score from selection in ML, which was selected for muscle score and yearling weight, was greater than in other lines; maternal response was not important. The greatest gain in final weight was obtained when selection resulted in a favorable change in the total of direct and maternal effects pre- and postweaning, which in this experiment was provided by including a muscle score along with yearling weight as selection criteria. C1 USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. RP KOCH, RM (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT ANIM SCI,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 7 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 73 IS 10 BP 2951 EP 2958 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TA505 UT WOS:A1995TA50500014 PM 8617665 ER PT J AU STERLE, JA CANTLEY, TC LAMBERSON, WR LUCY, MC GERRARD, DE MATTERI, RL DAY, BN AF STERLE, JA CANTLEY, TC LAMBERSON, WR LUCY, MC GERRARD, DE MATTERI, RL DAY, BN TI EFFECTS OF RECOMBINANT PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN ON PLACENTAL SIZE, FETAL GROWTH, AND IGF-I AND IGF-II CONCENTRATIONS IN PIGS SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE SOMATOTROPIN; FETAL GROWTH; INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR; PIGS ID BINDING-PROTEINS; GROWING-PIGS; HORMONE; GILTS; SERUM; RESPONSES AB The objective of this study was to determine the effects of recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST) on placental size, fetal growth, and maternal and fetal IGF-I and IGF-II concentrations. Twenty-four pregnant gilts received daily injections of either 1 mL of saline (control) (n = 12) or 5 mg of rpST (n = 12) from d 30 to 43 of gestation. Gilts were slaughtered on d 44 of gestation, reproductive tracts were removed, and fetal weight and length, placental weight, and implantation length were recorded. There was no effect of rpST on fetal or implantation length. Placental weight increased with rpST administration (71.20 +/- 3.52 vs 58.35 +/- 3.41 g; P <.02), as did fetal weight (18.06 +/-.55 vs 16.44 +/- .53 g; rpST vs control, respectively; P <.05). Implantation lengths were partitioned into quartiles to determine the effect of rpST on fetuses with different implantation lengths. The effect of rpST on fetal weight was greater in the first quartile (< 137.5 mm) than in the fourth quartile (> 240 mm) (16.04 vs 13.86 g compared with 19.47 vs 18.21 g, respectively). Analysis using a modified Brody curve suggests that the effect of rpST treatment on fetal weight is equivalent to the effect of increasing implantation length by 58.8 mm. Administration of rpST numerically raised IGF-I (P =.07) and IGF-II(P =.12) concentrations in fetal serum. Although maternal serum IGF-I concentrations were similar at d 30, treatment with rpST increased these concentrations over time (77.76, 247.75, 267.85 vs 82.59, 79.59, 77.97 ng/mL on d 30, 37, 43, respectively; P <.001, SE = 14.09). Maternal IGF-II concentrations were also similar at d 30 but decreased over time with rpST treatment (265.78, 219.61, 191.05 vs 285.44, 284.72, 283.05 ng/mL; P < .03, SE = 14.03). Increased maternal IGF-I concentrations may exhibit negative feedback on maternal IGF-II concentrations. The more pronounced effect of rpST on growth in fetuses with shorter implantation lengths suggests that rpST may increase uptake or utilization of nutrients by fetuses. In addition, nutrient transfer across placental membranes may be enhanced by rpST. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT ANIM SCI,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT FOOD SCI & HUMAN NUTR,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. UNIV MISSOURI,USDA ARS,ANIM PHYSIOL UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. NR 23 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 73 IS 10 BP 2980 EP 2985 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TA505 UT WOS:A1995TA50500017 PM 8617668 ER PT J AU SHACKELFORD, SD WHEELER, TL KOOHMARAIE, M AF SHACKELFORD, SD WHEELER, TL KOOHMARAIE, M TI THE EFFECTS OF IN-UTERO EXPOSURE OF LAMBS TO A BETA-ADRENERGIC AGONIST OF PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL MUSCLE GROWTH, CARCASS CUTABILITY, AND MEAT TENDERNESS SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE BETA-ADRENERGIC AGONIST; CARCASSES; MEAT YIELD; LAMB; TENDERNESS ID PROTEINASE ACTIVITIES; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; WETHER LAMBS; FIBER TYPES; BOVINE; TIME AB The objectives of the present experiment were to examine the effects of in utero exposure to a beta-adrenergic agonist (L(644,969)) on prenatal and postnatal muscle growth and meat tenderness of lambs. Thirty twin-pregnant Composite IV (1/2 Finn-sheep, 1/8 Dorset, 1/8 Rambouillet, 1/8 Targhee, 1/8 Suffolk) ewe lambs were used for this experiment. All ewes were fed an alfalfa hay-corn-based diet throughout gestation and lactation. From d 25 to 95 of gestation, the diet of one-half of the ewes contained 2 ppm of L(644,969) on an as-fed basis. Treatment did not (P >.05) affect lamb weights at any point in the growth cycle (birth to 43 kg). Heart weights of neonatal and market lambs were increased (P <.05) by in utero exposure to L(644,969) However, weights of lamb carcass components and weights of individual muscles were not affected by treatment (P >.05). Additionally, treatment did not alter the activities of any of the components of the calpain proteolytic system in neonatal or market lambs. Concomitantly, there was no effect of treatment on myofibril fragmentation index or Warner-Bratzler shear force. Moreover, there was no effect of treatment on muscle fiber type distributions, fiber sizes, or apparent fiber number. It seems that the lack of an effect of treatment on apparent fiber number would explain the lack of an effect on muscle weight. Thus, in. utero exposure to L(644,969) does not seem to have promise as a method for improving lamb carcass cutability. Other methods of improving the rate and composition of lamb carcass growth while maintaining acceptable meat tenderness must be developed. RP SHACKELFORD, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 73 IS 10 BP 2986 EP 2993 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TA505 UT WOS:A1995TA50500018 PM 8617669 ER PT J AU STATELER, DA KUNKLE, WE HAMMOND, AC AF STATELER, DA KUNKLE, WE HAMMOND, AC TI EFFECT OF PROTEIN LEVEL AND SOURCE IN MOLASSES SLURRIES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GROWING CATTLE FED HAY DURING WINTER SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CATTLE; MOLASSES; PROTEIN; ENERGY ID FEATHER MEAL; CALVES AB Four molasses slurries of varying protein level and source were fed in two performance trials (Year 1, 105 d; Year 2, 92 d) to growing cattle (Year 1, 230 kg; Year 2, 247 kg). Treatments were CONTROL (hay only), MOL (molasses-corn meal), MOL-UREA (molasses-urea-corn meal), MOL-SBM (molasses-soybean meal), and MOL-BF (molasses-urea-corn meal-blood meal-hydrolyzed feather meal). Animals on all treatments were offered bermudagrass hay (Year 1: 12.8% CP, 50% TDN; Year 2: 12.8% CP, 54% TDN) and a complete mineral mixture free choice. Each treatment was fed to three pens each year with seven animals/pen. Slurries were offered at 2.1 kg/d (DM) and effects on forage intake, ADG, condition score (1 to 9), hip height, and plasma urea nitrogen were monitored. Treatment effects for Years 1 and 2 were analyzed separately due to treatment X year interactions (P < .15) with respect to ADG, hip height change, condition score change, and feed cost of gain. Supplementation increased(P < .001) ADG over CONTROL in Year 1 (.41 vs .06 kg/d) and Year 2 (.69 vs .25 kg/d), increased hip height change by .02 cm/d (P < .001) in Year 1 and by .01 cm/d (P = .012) in Year 2, and decreased (P < .001) loss of body condition in Years 1 and 2. Molasses-urea showed no advantage over MOL in Years 1 or 2. Natural protein (MOL-SBM and MOL-BF) increased ADG by .10 kg/d in Year 1 (P = .001) and by .06 kg/d in Year 2 (P = .077) compared with MOL-UREA. Daily gain was improved by MOL-BF by .05 kg/d (P = .109) in Year 1 and by .08 kg/d (P = .063) in Year 2 compared with MOL-SBM. Results indicate that growing cattle fed bermudagrass hay during winter respond positively to energy supplementation in the form of molasses. The addition of animal source protein enhanced this response. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT ANIM SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES STN,BROOKSVILLE,FL 34601. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 73 IS 10 BP 3078 EP 3084 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA TA505 UT WOS:A1995TA50500029 PM 8617680 ER PT J AU DANIEL, AS MARTIN, J VANAT, I WHITEHEAD, TR FLINT, HJ AF DANIEL, AS MARTIN, J VANAT, I WHITEHEAD, TR FLINT, HJ TI EXPRESSION OF A CLONED CELLULASE XYLANASE GENE FROM PREVOTELLA-RUMINICOLA IN BACTEROIDES-VULGATUS, BACTEROIDES UNIFORMIS AND PREVOTELLA-RUMINICOLA SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TETRACYCLINE RESISTANCE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SHUTTLE VECTOR; DNA; BACTERIA; RUMEN; MANIPULATION; SEQUENCE; STRAINS AB A new shuttle vector, pRH3 (8.7 kb), was constructed for use in Prevotella/Bacteroides host strains. This vector combines the pRR12 replicon from P. ruminicola, pBluescript sequences and a tetQ marker gene for selection in Prevotella/Bacteroides hosts. Following insertion of a fragment carrying an endoglucanase/xylanase gene from P. ruminicola 23 into the multiple cloning site, the resulting construct, pRH3X, was introduced into B. vulgatus 1447, B. uniformis 1100 and P. ruminicola 2202. This resulted in increases of between 4 and 50-fold in CM-cellulase and xylanase activities in cells grown with glucose. In contrast activities were barely detectable for the same construct in E. coli DH5 alpha. Most of the total xylanase activity produced was found within the cell in P. ruminicola 2202 and B. vulgatus 1447 transformed with pRH3X, and in P. ruminicola 23, An osmotic shock experiment indicated that a significant proportion of the xylanase activity in B. vulgatus 1447 cells carrying pRH3X was periplasmic. C1 ROWETT RES INST,ABERDEEN AB2 9SB,SCOTLAND. INST ANIM PHYSIOL,KOSICE,SLOVAKIA. USDA,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL. RI Whitehead, Terence/B-5235-2009 NR 24 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0021-8847 J9 J APPL BACTERIOL JI J. Appl. Bacteriol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 79 IS 4 BP 417 EP 424 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1995.tb03156.x PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA RZ128 UT WOS:A1995RZ12800009 PM 7592134 ER PT J AU GILE, LH GIBBENS, RP LENZ, JM AF GILE, LH GIBBENS, RP LENZ, JM TI SOILS AND SEDIMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH REMARKABLE, DEEPLY-PENETRATING ROOTS OF CRUCIFIXION THORN (KOEBERLINIA-SPINOSA ZUCC) SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE DESERT SOILS; BURIED SOILS; GYPSUM HARDPAN; ROOT MORPHOLOGY; UPWARD-GROWING ROOTS; DEEPLY PENETRATING SOIL WATER ROUTES ID HYDRAULIC LIFT; DESERT SUCCULENTS; WATER RELATIONS; GROWTH; PLANT; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; TRIDENTATA; LAYERS AB Root systems of crucifixion them (Koeberlinia spinosa Zucc.) were excavated on an alluvial-fan toeslope in a desert area of southern New Mexico. High-carbonate toeslope deposits of late Pleistocene age overlie low-carbonate middle Pleistocene deposits of an ancestral Rio Grande. These two deposits and their soils provide markedly different geomorphic, pedogenic, chemical and physical environments for the development of tap roots and their branches. Roots descended through the fan toeslope sediments and penetrated the river deposits to a depth of at least 5.2 m, much deeper than is usual for root penetration in this area. Remarkably, 2nd and 3rd order branches originated at depths of 2.3 to 3.8 m and grew vertically upward, branched profusely in the top 1 m of soil, and extended to within 10 cm of the soil surface. It is believed that occasional deeply penetrating soil water moves down channels once occupied by roots and other openings in the soil, and that this is a source of water for growth of the deeply penetrating roots, as well as for the roots that grow upward. (C) 1995 Academic Press Limited C1 USDA,SCS,LAS CRUCES,NM. USDA ARS,LAS CRUCES,NM. NR 34 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS (LONDON) LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 31 IS 2 BP 137 EP 151 DI 10.1006/jare.1995.0056 PG 15 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA RZ577 UT WOS:A1995RZ57700002 ER PT J AU SHAO, ZQ SEFFENS, W MULBRY, W BEHKI, RM AF SHAO, ZQ SEFFENS, W MULBRY, W BEHKI, RM TI CLONING AND EXPRESSION OF THE S-TRIAZINE HYDROLASE GENE (TRZA) FROM RHODOCOCCUS-CORALLINUS AND DEVELOPMENT OF RHODOCOCCUS RECOMBINANT STRAINS CAPABLE OF DEALKYLATING AND DECHLORINATING THE HERBICIDE ATRAZINE SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DEGRADATION; DEETHYLSIMAZINE; PSEUDOMONAS; VECTORS; DNA AB We used degenerate oligodeoxyribonucleotides derived from the N-terminal sequence of the s-triazine hydrolase from Rhodococcus corallinus NRRL B-15444R in an amplification reaction to isolate a DNA segment containing a 57-bp fragment from the trzA gene. By using the nucleotide sequence of this fragment, a nondegenerate oligodeoxyribonucleotide was synthesized and used to screen a genomic library of R. corallinus DNA for fragments containing trzA, A 5.3-kb PstI fragment containing trzA was cloned, and the nucleotide sequence of a 2,450-bp region containing trzA was determined, No trzA. expression was detected in Escherichia coli or several other gram-negative bacteria, The trzA gene was subcloned into a Rhodococcus-E. coli shuttle vector, pBS305, and transformed into several Rhodococcus strains, Expression of trzA was demonstrated in ail Rhodococcus transformants, Rhodococcus sp. strain TE1, which possesses the catabolic gene (atrA) for the N-dealkylation of the herbicides atrazine and simazine, was able to dechlorinate the dealkylated metabolites of atrazine and simazine when carrying the trzA gene on a plasmid, A plasmid carrying both atrA and trzA was constructed and transformed into three atrA- and trzA-deficient Rhodococcus strains. Both genes were expressed in the transformants, The s-triazine hydrolase activity of the recombinant strains carrying the trzA plasmid were compared with that of the R. corallinus strain from which it was derived. C1 AGR & AGRI FOOD CANADA,RES BRANCH,CTR LAND & BIOL RESOURCES RES,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0C6,CANADA. USDA ARS,SOIL MICROBIAL SYST LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 33 TC 50 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 177 IS 20 BP 5748 EP 5755 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA RZ770 UT WOS:A1995RZ77000004 PM 7592318 ER PT J AU KRONBERG, SL LYNCH, WC CHENEY, CD WALKER, JW AF KRONBERG, SL LYNCH, WC CHENEY, CD WALKER, JW TI POTENTIAL AVERSIVE COMPOUNDS IN LEAFY SPURGE FOR RUMINANTS AND RATS SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE LEAFY SPURGE; EUPHORBIA ESULA; INGENOL ESTERS; DITERPENES; WEEDS; CONDITIONED FOOD AVERSION; DIET SELECTION; CATTLE; SHEEP ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; EUPHORBIA-ESULA; PHORBOL ESTERS; TASTE-AVERSION; INGENOL-ESTERS; CATTLE; GENE; EXPRESSION; VASOPRESSIN; ACTIVATION AB Several wild and domestic ruminant species and horses apparently will not consume leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) while grazing range and pasture lands. It has been demonstrated that leafy spurge can elicit conditioned food aversions in cattle and sheep, and the aversion-eliciting capacity of leafy spurge may account for why cattle seldom graze this nutritious plant and why sheep may not readily consume it at some locations. The identity of the aversive compound(s) in leafy spurge is unknown, but several different diterpenoid ingenol esters have been isolated from its tissues, and we suspect that one or more ingenol esters may be aversion-eliciting compounds in leafy spurge. The objectives of this study were to determine whether or not leafy spurge is aversive to laboratory rats and if a crude acetone extract of leafy spurge, presumably containing ingenol esters and other phytochemicals, could generate an aversive response in sheep and laboratory rats. An additional objective was to determine whether or not a particular ingenol monobenzoate, which may be similar to ingenol esters in leafy spurge, might also elicit an aversive response from rats. Rats exhibited food aversions associated with leafy spurge (P < 0.05). An acetone extract of leafy spurge induced conditioned food aversions in both sheep and rats (P < 0.01). The ingenol 3-monobenzoate also induced conditioned food aversions in rats (P < 0.01). Our interpretation of these data is that mts can be used as a model for cattle and sheep with respect to their aversion to leafy spurge ingestion. Additionally, we suggest that one or more ingenol esters may be aversion-inducing agents in leafy spurge. However, others may exist in leafy spurge that are also aversive or are the only or prime aversive chemicals. C1 MONTANA STATE UNIV,DEPT PSYCHOL,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT PSYCHOL,LOGAN,UT 84322. USDA ARS,US SHEEP EXPT STN,DUBOIS,ID 83423. RP KRONBERG, SL (reprint author), S DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM & RANGE SCI,BROOKINGS,SD 57007, USA. NR 44 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 21 IS 10 BP 1387 EP 1399 DI 10.1007/BF02035140 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TG711 UT WOS:A1995TG71100001 PM 24233671 ER PT J AU NOLTE, DL KELLY, KL KIMBALL, BA JOHNSTON, JJ AF NOLTE, DL KELLY, KL KIMBALL, BA JOHNSTON, JJ TI HERBIVORE AVOIDANCE OF DIGITALIS EXTRACTS IS NOT MEDIATED BY CARDIAC-GLYCOSIDES SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE APLODONTIA RUFA; AVOIDANCE; CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE; DIGITALIS; DIGITALIS PURPUREA; HERBIVORE; MOUNTAIN BEAVER; REPELLENT AB This study was conducted to determine whether avoidance of digitalis (Digitalis purpurea) by mountain beaver (Aplodontia rufa) is induced by toxic cardiac glycosides. High-performance liquid chromatography and behavioral assays were used to relate animal responses with the presence of common cardiac glycosides in several digitalis extracts. Statistical analyses of multiple-choice tests showed no correlation between cardiac glycoside content and mountain beaver avoidance of apple cubes treated with digitalis extracts. Therefore, we concluded that known toxic cardiac glycosides were not responsible for chemosensory cues that inhibited intake of food treated with digitalis extracts. These results suggest that digitalis is a source of an effective nontoxic herbivore repellent. C1 USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,DENVER FED CTR,DENVER,CO 80225. RP NOLTE, DL (reprint author), USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,9701 BLOMBREG ST,OLYMPIA,WA 98512, USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 21 IS 10 BP 1447 EP 1455 DI 10.1007/BF02035144 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TG711 UT WOS:A1995TG71100005 PM 24233675 ER PT J AU LESHIN, LS KRAELING, RR KISER, TE AF LESHIN, LS KRAELING, RR KISER, TE TI IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF THE CATECHOLAMINE-SYNTHESIZING ENZYMES, TYROSINE-HYDROXYLASE AND DOPAMINE-BETA-HYDROXYLASE, IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS OF CATTLE SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL NEUROANATOMY LA English DT Article DE COMPARATIVE NEUROANATOMY; DOPAMINE; NOREPINEPHRINE; CATECHOLAMINE ID ENDOPHYTE-INFECTED FESCUE; IMMUNOREACTIVE CELL-BODIES; HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE; STALK-MEDIAN-EMINENCE; CONTAINING NEURONS; SHEEP BRAIN; PREOPTIC AREA; PROLACTIN SECRETION; MEDULLA-OBLONGATA; INTERMEDIATE LOBE AB Immunocytochemical staining for the presence of catecholamine synthesizing enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine beta-hydroxylase, was used to characterize the regional distribution of catecholaminergic neurons in the hypothalamus and adjacent areas of domestic cattle, Bos taurus. In steers, heifers and cows, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive perikarya was located throughout periventricular regions of the third cerebral ventricle, in both anterior and retrochiasmatic divisions of the supraoptic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus, and ventral and dorsolateral regions of the paraventricular nucleus, dorsal hypothalamus, ventrolateral aspects of the arcuate nucleus, along the ventral hypothalamic surface between the median eminence and optic tract, and in the posterior hypothalamus. Immunostained perikarya ranged from small (10-20 mu m, parvicellular) to large (30-50 mu m, magnocellular) and were of multiple shapes: round, triangular, fusiform or multipolar, often with 2-5 processes of branched arborization. There were no dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunoreactive perikarya observed within the hypothalamus and adjacent structures. However, both tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers and punctate varicosities were observed throughout regions of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity perikarya. Generally, the location and pattern of hypothalamic tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunoreactive were similar to those reported for most other large brain mammalian species, however, there were several differences with commonly used small laboratory animals. These included intense tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity of perikarya within the retrochiasmatic division of the supraoptic nucleus (ventral A15 region), the absence of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive perikarya below the anterior commissure or within the bed nucleus of stria terminalis (absence of the dorsal A15 region), an abundance of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive perikarya within the ependymal layer of the median eminence, heavy innervation of the arcuate. nucleus with dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunoreactive fibers and varicosities, and the paucity of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunoreactive throughout the median eminence. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT ANIM & DAIRY SCI,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP LESHIN, LS (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30613, USA. NR 87 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0891-0618 J9 J CHEM NEUROANAT JI J. Chem. Neuroanat. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 9 IS 3 BP 175 EP 194 DI 10.1016/0891-0618(95)00080-1 PG 20 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA TF191 UT WOS:A1995TF19100004 PM 8588833 ER PT J AU DAWSONHUGHES, B HARRIS, SS FINNERAN, S RASMUSSEN, HM AF DAWSONHUGHES, B HARRIS, SS FINNERAN, S RASMUSSEN, HM TI CALCIUM-ABSORPTION RESPONSES TO CALCITRIOL IN BLACK-AND-WHITE PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM LA English DT Article ID D-ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; VITAMIN-D; PARATHYROID-HORMONE; RACIAL-DIFFERENCES; RACE; HIP; RETENTION; ASSAY; TESTS; MASS AB On the basis of recent findings that adult black women had similar calcium absorption but higher levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)(2)D] than white women, we hypothesized that blacks have a gut resistance to the action of calcitriol. To test this, we studied 11 black [age, 32.4 +/- 5.7 (+/-SD)yr] and 12 white women (28.4 +/- 5.5 yr). The women were maintained on a constant 500-mg calcium diet for 4 weeks, and each received calcitriol (0.2 5 mu g) four times daily for the last 2 weeks. After 2 and 4 weeks, each subject had measurements of fractional Ca-45 absorption index and blood and urine tests. At 2 weeks, the black women had similar calcium absorption indexes [18.7 +/- 1.9% (+/-SEM)/L vs. 20.0 +/- 1.8%/L; age adjusted], borderline higher 1,25-(OH)(2)D levels [95.7 +/- 6.4 (+/-SEM) vs. 78.2 +/- 6.2 pmol/L; P = 0.071; age adjusted], higher serum PTH levels, and lower urinary calcium excretion. Calcitriol therapy induced similar increments in plasma 1,25-(OH)(2)D levels in the two groups, but a smaller increment in calcium absorption in the black women (18.4 +/- 8.6% vs. 44.6 +/- 7.8%; P = 0.043; means adjusted for age and initial absorption index). These findings support the hypothesis that, compared with whites, healthy premenopausal black women have gut resistance to the action of calcitriol. RP DAWSONHUGHES, B (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV, HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING, USDA, 711 WASHINGTON ST, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. NR 33 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 2 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0021-972X EI 1945-7197 J9 J CLIN ENDOCR METAB JI J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 80 IS 10 BP 3068 EP 3072 DI 10.1210/jc.80.10.3068 PG 5 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA RZ377 UT WOS:A1995RZ37700039 PM 7559898 ER PT J AU SEAL, BS KING, DJ BENNETT, JD AF SEAL, BS KING, DJ BENNETT, JD TI CHARACTERIZATION OF NEWCASTLE-DISEASE VIRUS ISOLATES BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION PCR COUPLED TO DIRECT NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCING AND DEVELOPMENT OF SEQUENCE DATABASE FOR PATHOTYPE PREDICTION AND MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGIC ANALYSIS SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEMAGGLUTININ-NEURAMINIDASE GLYCOPROTEIN; CLEAVAGE-ACTIVATION SITE; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; FUSION GLYCOPROTEIN; ENZYMATIC AMPLIFICATION; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBE; PROTEIN SEQUENCES; AVIRULENT STRAINS; MATRIX PROTEIN; PET BIRDS AB Degenerate oligonucleotide primers were synthesized to amplify nucleotide sequences from portions of the fusion protein and matric protein genes of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genomic RNA that could be used diagnostically. These primers were used in a single-tube reverse transcription PCR of NDV genomic RNA coupled to direct nucleotide sequencing of the amplified product to characterize more than 30 NDV isolates. In agreement with previous reports, differences in the fusion protein cleavage sequence that correlated genotypically with virulence among various NDV pathotypes were detected By using sequences generated from the matrix protein gene coding for the nuclear localization signal, lentogenic viruses were again grouped phylogenetically separate from other pathotypes. These techniques were applied to compare neurotropic velogenic viruses isolated from an outbreak of Newcastle disease in cormorants and turkeys. Cormorant NDV isolates and an NDV isolate from an infected turkey flock in North Dakota had the fusion protein cleavage sequence (109)SRGRRQKRFVG(119). The R-for-G substitution at position 110 may be unique for the cormorant-type isolates. Although the amino acid sequences from the fusion protein cleavage site were identical, nucleotide sequence data correlate the outbreak in turkeys to a cormorant virus isolate from Minnesota and not to a cormorant virus isolate from Michigan. On the basis of sequence information, the cormorant isolates are virulent viruses related to isolates of psittacine origin, possibly genotypically distinct from other velogenic NDV isolates. These techniques can be used reliably for Newcastle disease epidemiology and for prediction of pathotypes of NDV isolates without traditional live-bird inoculations. RP SEAL, BS (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE POULTRY RES LAB,POB 5657,934 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 65 TC 170 Z9 192 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 33 IS 10 BP 2624 EP 2630 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA RV565 UT WOS:A1995RV56500019 PM 8567895 ER PT J AU REGISTER, KB ACKERMANN, MR DYER, DW AF REGISTER, KB ACKERMANN, MR DYER, DW TI NONRADIOACTIVE COLONY LIFT-HYBRIDIZATION ASSAY FOR DETECTION OF BORDETELLA-BRONCHISEPTICA INFECTION IN SWINE SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PASTEURELLA-MULTOCIDA AB Current methods for the isolation and identification of Bordetella bronchiseptica from clinical samples are time-consuming and are based, in part, on subjective observations, We describe the use of a Bordetella-specific DNA probe in a nonradioactive colony lift-hybridization assay for the identification of B, bronchiseptica, Eleven of 82 clinical specimens were found to contain B, bronchiseptica by this method, while only 5 of these were reported to contain the organism when the specimens were analyzed by traditional methods, The chromosomal fragment containing a sequence complementary to the probe appeared to be conserved in B, bronchiseptica isolates from swine from a variety of sources, The assay is more rapid than culture and biochemical testing since it can be performed directly on primary culture plates, even when they are heavily contaminated with other bacterial species, Only minimal training is required to accomplish the assay successfully, and the results are easy to interpret. C1 UNIV OKLAHOMA,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,OKLAHOMA CITY,OK 73190. RP REGISTER, KB (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,MWA,SWINE RESP DIS PROJECT,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 33 IS 10 BP 2675 EP 2678 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA RV565 UT WOS:A1995RV56500028 PM 8567904 ER PT J AU ROBINSON, MM HADLOW, WJ KNOWLES, DP HUFF, TP LACY, PA MARSH, RF GORHAM, JR AF ROBINSON, MM HADLOW, WJ KNOWLES, DP HUFF, TP LACY, PA MARSH, RF GORHAM, JR TI EXPERIMENTAL-INFECTION OF CATTLE WITH THE AGENTS OF TRANSMISSIBLE MINK ENCEPHALOPATHY AND SCRAPIE SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY; SHEEP AB Cattle are susceptible to experimental infection with the Stetsonville isolate of the transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) agent. To determine if they are susceptible to other TME isolates, two groups of calves were inoculated intracerebrally with homogenate of mink brain containing the Hayward isolate or the Blackfoot isolate. For comparison, a third group was inoculated with a brain homogenate from a steer infected with the Stetsonville isolate in its primary cattle passage and a fourth group was inoculated with a pool of brain homogenate from three cattle experimentally infected with a sheep and goat scrapie agent in its primary cattle passage. Clinical signs of neurological disease appeared in each steer of every group between 15 and 25 months after inoculation. An encephalopathy characterized by severe spongiform change and pronounced astrocytosis occurred in the three groups inoculated with the TME agent. In contrast, the neurohistological changes in the steers inoculated with the cattle-passaged scrapie agent were slight and subtle. Analysis of the octapeptide repeat region of the bovine protease-resistant protein (PrP) gene showed that variations in incubation period, clinical signs, and neurohistological changes were unrelated to the homozygous or heterozygous condition of six or six/five octapeptide repeats. (C) 1995 Academic Press Limited C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT VET MICROBIOL & PATHOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT ANIM HLTH & BIOMED SCI,MADISON,WI 53706. RP ROBINSON, MM (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,ANIM DIS RES UNIT,BUSTAD 337,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 19 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS (LONDON) LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0021-9975 J9 J COMP PATHOL JI J. Comp. Pathol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 113 IS 3 BP 241 EP 251 DI 10.1016/S0021-9975(05)80039-8 PG 11 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA RY924 UT WOS:A1995RY92400004 PM 8592050 ER PT J AU BERG, BG TUMLINSON, JH MUSTAPARTA, H AF BERG, BG TUMLINSON, JH MUSTAPARTA, H TI CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION IN HELIOTHINE MOTHS .4. RECEPTOR NEURON RESPONSES TO PHEROMONE COMPOUNDS AND FORMATE ANALOGS IN THE MALE TOBACCO BUDWORM MOTH HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY A-SENSORY NEURAL AND BEHAVIORAL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEX-PHEROMONE; LEPIDOPTERA-NOCTUIDAE; COMPONENTS; IDENTIFICATION; CHEMISTRY; FEMALES; GLANDS AB Single receptor cell recordings from the sensilla trichodea type 1 of the Heliothis virescens male antennae have revealed: 1) Three distinct types of receptor neurons, two previously identified types tuned to the principal pheromone components, (Z)-11-hexadecenal (Z11-16:AL) (79% of neurons recorded) and (Z)-9-tetradecenal (Z9-14:AL) (12%), and a third type (9%) that is tuned to (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate (Z11-16:AC). The acetate suppresses male attraction to conspecific females. 2) The Z11-16:AL receptor neurons respond with about equal frequency to the formate analogue, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl formate (Z9-14:FO) at comparable concentrations. The Z9-14:AL receptor neurons, however, show only weak responses to the corresponding formate (Z)-7-dodecenyl formate (Z7-12:FO). These results correlate well with results from field studies, showing that Z9-14:FO can substitute behaviourally for Z11-16:AL, whereas Z7-12:FO cannot substitute for Z9-14:AL. 3) The Z11-16:AC receptor neurons also respond to Z7-12:FO at higher concentrations. Therefore, Z7-12:FO would not be able to simulate the effect of Z9-14:AL, even at high concentration, because Z7-12:FO would mediate suppression of pheromone attraction through the Z11-16:AC neurons. 4) A difference in the interaction between the pheromone aldehydes and their membrane receptors is shown by the different effects of the two formate analogues. Furthermore, shortening and lengthening of the two moieties of the Z11-16:AL chain does not reduce the stimulatory effect to the same extent. C1 UNIV TRONDHEIM,AVH,DEPT ZOOL,N-7055 DRAGVOLL,NORWAY. USDA ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011 NR 24 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0340-7594 J9 J COMP PHYSIOL A JI J. Comp. Physiol. A-Sens. Neural Behav. Physiol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 177 IS 5 BP 527 EP 534 PG 8 WC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences; Physiology; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Neurosciences & Neurology; Physiology; Zoology GA RY284 UT WOS:A1995RY28400001 ER PT J AU KAHL, S CAPUCO, AV BINELLI, M VANDERKOOI, WK TUCKER, HA MOSELEY, WM AF KAHL, S CAPUCO, AV BINELLI, M VANDERKOOI, WK TUCKER, HA MOSELEY, WM TI COMPARISON OF GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR AND SOMATOTROPIN - THYROID STATUS OF LACTATING, PRIMIPAROUS COWS SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE SOMATOTROPIN; GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR; THYROID HORMONES; 5'-DEIODINASE ID EXTRATHYROIDAL THYROXINE-5'-MONODEIODINASE ACTIVITY; DAIRY-COWS; 5'-MONODEIODINASE ACTIVITY; MILK-YIELD; RAT; CATTLE; TRIIODOTHYRONINE; 5'-DEIODINASE; INCREASES; THYROXINE AB Effects of recombinant bovine growth hormone-releasing factor and recombinant bST on thyroxine 5'-deiodinase activities of liver and mammary gland were studied for lactating cows. Beginning on d 118 of lactation, 30 primiparous Holsteins received continuous infusions of 12 mg/d of releasing factor or 29 mg/d of bST or served as uninfused controls for 63 d. Blood samples were collected on d 1, 29, and 57, and samples of whole milk were collected at the early afternoon milking on d -5, 30, and 58. Liver and mammary tissue samples were obtained at slaughter on d 63. Infusion of releasing factor and bST decreased serum concentration of triiodothyronine by 10% and the ratio of triiodothyronine to thyroxine in serum by 20%. Concentrations of circulating triiodothyronine reflected a 30% decrease in hepatic 5'-deiodinase activity in response to infusion with releasing factor and bST. In contrast, treatment with releasing factor and bST did not affect 5'-deiodinase activity in the mammary gland and did not alter triiodothyronine concentration in milk. Data suggest that releasing factor and bST increase the hypothyroid status of the lactating cow and maintain an euthyroid condition in the mammary gland, thus enhancing the metabolic priority of the mammary gland. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,MILK SECRET & MASTITIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ANIM SCI,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,E LANSING,MI 48824. UPJOHN CO,PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT RES,KALAMAZOO,MI 49001. RI Binelli, Mario/I-5991-2013 OI Binelli, Mario/0000-0002-5995-3944 NR 39 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci PD OCT PY 1995 VL 78 IS 10 BP 2150 EP 2158 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76842-4 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA TG901 UT WOS:A1995TG90100007 PM 8598399 ER PT J AU LIESMAN, JS MCNAMARA, JP CAPUCO, AV BINELLI, M VANDERKOOI, WK EMERY, RS TUCKER, HA MOSELEY, WM AF LIESMAN, JS MCNAMARA, JP CAPUCO, AV BINELLI, M VANDERKOOI, WK EMERY, RS TUCKER, HA MOSELEY, WM TI COMPARISON OF GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR AND SOMATOTROPIN - LIPID AND GLUCOSE-METABOLISM IN DAIRY-COWS SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE SOMATOTROPIN; GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR; LIPOPROTEIN LIPASE; LIPOGENESIS ID RECOMBINANT BOVINE SOMATOTROPIN; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; MILK-PRODUCTION; LACTATING COWS; FOOD-INTAKE; INSULIN; PERFORMANCE; RESPONSES; SAMPLES; LIPASE AB Lactating, primiparous Holstein cows were continuously infused for 63 d with either recombinant growth hormone-releasing factor or recombinant bST or were not infused (control). The releasing factor and bST treatments reduced fat synthesis from acetate and lipoprotein lipase activity in omental adipose tissue. Also, both treatments increased hormone-sensitive lipase activity per gram of adipose tissue and reduced fatty acid esterification per milligram of protein in adipose tissue. Protein concentration in adipose tissue with both treatments was greater than that of the control, although the protein concentration was less in adipose tissue from cows treated with the releasing factor than from those treated with bST. In mammary tissue, releasing factor increased fat synthesis from acetate more than did bST treatment, but percentages of fat or short-chain fatty acids in milk were not different between treatments, nor were differences significant between treatments and control for fatty acid esterification or lipoprotein lipase activity in mammary tissue or gluconeogenesis and fatty acid esterification in liver. We conclude that protein concentration was lower in omental adipose tissue of cows treated with releasing factor than that in tissue of cows treated with bST, although both treatments similarly suppressed synthesis of fat from acetate and activity of lipoprotein lipase. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,E LANSING,MI 48824. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,PULLMAN,WA 99164. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,MILK SECRET & MASTITIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UPJOHN CO,PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT RES,KALAMAZOO,MI 49001. RI Binelli, Mario/I-5991-2013 OI Binelli, Mario/0000-0002-5995-3944 NR 34 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci PD OCT PY 1995 VL 78 IS 10 BP 2159 EP 2166 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76843-6 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA TG901 UT WOS:A1995TG90100008 PM 8598400 ER PT J AU DETILLEUX, JC KEHRLI, ME FREEMAN, AE FOX, LK KELLEY, DH AF DETILLEUX, JC KEHRLI, ME FREEMAN, AE FOX, LK KELLEY, DH TI MASTITIS OF PERIPARTURIENT HOLSTEIN CATTLE - A PHENOTYPIC AND GENETIC-STUDY SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE GENETIC; MASTITIS; PARTURITION; CATTLE ID SOMATIC-CELL COUNTS; CLINICAL MASTITIS; SIRE EVALUATION; DAIRY-CATTLE; MILK-YIELD; TRAITS; PREVALENCE; SELECTION; INFECTION; HEALTH AB Environmental and genetic factors affecting somatic cell scores, clinical mastitis, and IMI by minor and major pathogens were studied on 137 periparturient Holstein cows selected for milk production. Environmental effects were obtained by generalized least squares and logistic regression. Genetic parameters were from BLUP and threshold animal models. Lactation number affected the number of quarters with clinical mastitis and the number of quarters infected with minor pathogens. The DIM affected somatic cell score and number of quarters infected with major pathogens. Heritabilities for all mastitis indicators averaged 10%, but differences occurred among the indicators. Correlations between breeding values of the number of quarters infected with minor pathogens and the number infected with major pathogens were antagonistic and statistically significant. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT VET CLIN MED,PULLMAN,WA 99164. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ANIM SCI,AMES,IA 50011. NR 30 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci PD OCT PY 1995 VL 78 IS 10 BP 2285 EP 2293 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76854-0 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA TG901 UT WOS:A1995TG90100019 PM 8598411 ER PT J AU DETILLEUX, JC KEHRLI, ME FREEMAN, AE WHETSTONE, CA KELLEY, DH AF DETILLEUX, JC KEHRLI, ME FREEMAN, AE WHETSTONE, CA KELLEY, DH TI 2 RETROVIRAL INFECTIONS OF PERIPARTURIENT HOLSTEIN CATTLE - A PHENOTYPIC AND GENETIC-STUDY SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE GENETIC; RETROVIRAL INFECTION; CATTLE ID BOVINE LEUKEMIA-VIRUS; IMMUNODEFICIENCY-LIKE VIRUS; PERSISTENT LYMPHOCYTOSIS; SIRE EVALUATION; MILK; COWS; TRANSMISSION; ANTIBODIES; DAUGHTERS; TRAITS AB Environmental and genetic factors affecting prevalences of antibodies to bovine leukosis virus and bovine immunodeficiency-like virus were studied on 137 periparturient Holstein cows selected for milk production. Environmental effects were obtained by logistic regression, and genetic parameters were determined using threshold animal models. Cows selected for high predicted transmitting ability for kilograms of milk fat plus protein had the highest prevalence of antibodies to bovine immunodeficiency-like virus and the lowest prevalence of antibodies to bovine leukosis virus. Heritability estimates for susceptibility to retroviral infections were close to zero. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ANIM SCI,AMES,IA 50011. USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,VIROL CATTLE RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci PD OCT PY 1995 VL 78 IS 10 BP 2294 EP 2298 DI 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76855-2 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA TG901 UT WOS:A1995TG90100020 PM 8598412 ER PT J AU BORMANN, BT SPALTENSTEIN, H MCCLELLAN, MH UGOLINI, FC CROMACK, K NAY, SM AF BORMANN, BT SPALTENSTEIN, H MCCLELLAN, MH UGOLINI, FC CROMACK, K NAY, SM TI RAPID SOIL DEVELOPMENT AFTER WINDTHROW DISTURBANCE IN PRISTINE FORESTS SO JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE C ACCUMULATION; CHRONOSEQUENCE; DISTURBANCE FREQUENCY; PODZOLIZATION; SOIL DEVELOPMENT; SOIL DISTURBANCE; WINDTHROW ID SOUTHEAST ALASKA; CARBON-STORAGE; ORGANIC-MATTER; CHRONOSEQUENCE; OREGON; STANDS; BAY AB 1 We examined how rapidly soils can change during secondary succession by observing soil development on 350-year chronosequences in three pristine forest ecosystems in south-east Alaska. 2 Soil surfaces, created by different windthrow events of known or estimated age, were examined within each of three forest stands (0.5-2.0 ha plots; i.e. a within-stand chronosequence method), Soil surfaces are more likely to have developed under common climate and vegetation conditions within stands than in the spatially separated ecosystems used in traditional chronosequence studies. 3 We observed rates of change that were higher than those previously reported for secondary succession, and were similar to those described for primary succession. Well-developed spodic and albic (podzol) horizons with characteristic C, Fe, and Al signatures were found in soil surfaces less than 150 years old. Carbon accumulated linearly at 21 g m(-2) year(-1); mineral P and N became increasingly immobilized in the spodic horizon as time passed. We found no trend toward an equilibrium in C or N accumulation over the 350-year chronosequences in any of the three stands examined. 4 These rapid changes in soil and a shift in rooting from mineral to organic horizons appeared likely to reduce productive capacity of the soil during a single generation of trees. Windthrow or disturbances that mimic windthrow may be required at intervals of about 200-400 years to maintain soil productive capacity in these ecosystems. C1 ECOLE INGN ETAT VAUD, CH-1400 YVERDON, SWITZERLAND. US FOREST SERV, PACIFIC NW RES STN, JENEAU, AK 99801 USA. UNIV PIAZZALE CASCINE, I-50144 FLORENCE, ITALY. OREGON STATE UNIV, COLL FORESTRY, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. RP BORMANN, BT (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, PACIFIC NW RES STN, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. NR 53 TC 98 Z9 105 U1 2 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0022-0477 J9 J ECOL JI J. Ecol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 83 IS 5 BP 747 EP 757 DI 10.2307/2261411 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TA724 UT WOS:A1995TA72400001 ER PT J AU XU, G BULL, DL AF XU, G BULL, DL TI BIOCHEMICAL-PROPERTIES OF ESTERASES IN PYRETHROID-RESISTANT AND PYRETHROID-SUSCEPTIBLE STRAINS OF THE HORN FLY (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HAEMATOBIA IRRITANS; ESTERASES; RESISTANCE; PERMETHRIN; HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY ID CULEX-QUINQUEFASCIATUS DIPTERA; CULICIDAE; METABOLISM; CALIFORNIA; INSECTS; LINKAGE AB In vitro tests using whole body homogenate of pyrethroid-resistant and -susceptible horn flies, Haematobia irritans L., indicated that nonspecific esterase activity against the substrate alpha-naphthyl acetate was 1.53-fold greater in the resistant strain. Most of the nonspecific esterase activity in both strains was attributable to membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Carboxylesterases (CarE) were associated primarily with the cytosolic fraction of homogenates, and resistant flies had the greatest titers of these enzymes. Permethrin esterase, assayed in the cytosol with the substrate trans-permethrin, was most active in the resistant strain. Several isozymes of CarE and AChE were resolved by nondenaturing poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis, and differential staining of the gels revealed distinct differences between strains in titers of some of the isozymes. C1 USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1186 EP 1191 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA RY810 UT WOS:A1995RY81000016 ER PT J AU CALDERONE, NW SPIVAK, M AF CALDERONE, NW SPIVAK, M TI PLANT-EXTRACTS FOR CONTROL OF THE PARASITIC MITE VARROA-JACOBSONI (ACARI, VARROIDAE) IN COLONIES OF THE WESTERN HONEY-BEE (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE APIS MELLIFERA; VARROA JACOBSONI; PEST MANAGEMENT ID APIS-MELLIFERA L; ACARAPIS-WOODI; TRACHEAL MITES; ESSENTIAL OILS; FORMIC-ACID; INFESTATION; INVASION; WORKER AB Two natural product treatments were evaluated in field trials as control agents for the parasitic mite, Varroa jacobsoni (Oudemans), in colonies of the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. Eight colonies were treated with a blend of thymol, eucalyptus oil, menthol, and camphor. Eight colonies were treated with linalool: Each treatment was delivered using 4 pieces of florist block material, each 25 by 25 by 5 mm, saturated with test material and placed on the top bars of the upper hive body of each colony. Control colonies received the carrier without test material. Two applications of test materials were made to each colony during a treatment period that ran from 1 November 1993 through 19 November 1993. The Ist application was made on 1 November 1993. The 2nd application was made on 12 November and removed on 19 November. Each application consisted of a total of 17 g of test material. Mites killed during the treatment period were collected and counted. Mites remaining in each colony after the treatment period were killed with fluvalinate strips placed in each colony from 19 November through 17 December 1993 (the treatment-evaluation period), collected, and counted. Mite mortality during the treatment period was calculated by dividing the number of mites collected during the treatment period by the total number of mites collected during both the treatment and treatment-evaluation periods. Average mite mortality expressed as a percent, was 96.7% in the colonies receiving the thymol-based blend, 27.5% in the colonies receiving linalool, and 4.4% in the control colonies. RP CALDERONE, NW (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR E,BEE RES LAB,BLDG 476,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 30 TC 45 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 9 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1211 EP 1215 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA RY810 UT WOS:A1995RY81000021 ER PT J AU SCHIFF, NM SHEPPARD, WS AF SCHIFF, NM SHEPPARD, WS TI GENETIC-ANALYSIS OF COMMERCIAL HONEY-BEES (HYMENOPTERA, APIDAE) FROM THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE APIS MELLIFERA; MITOCHONDRIAL DNA; ALLOZYMES; POPULATION GENETICS ID APIS-MELLIFERA-LIGUSTICA; ALLOZYME VARIABILITY; ENZYME POLYMORPHISM; POPULATION; HISTORY; RACES AB Approximately 3.2, million honey bee colonies are maintained by beekeepers in the United States and many are headed by commercially bred queens. We used mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and allozyme variation to characterize 142 breeder queen colonies from 22 apiaries in the southeastern United States that produced approximate to 483,900 commercial honey bee queens in 1993. Analysis of mtDNA haplotypes showed that 4% of die 142 commercial breeder queen colonies were maternal descendants of Apis mellifera mellifera, a subspecies that was imported into the United States by the 17th century but is no longer used commercially. The other 96% were probably descendants of A.,m. ligustica or A. m, carnica, subspecies imported in the 19th century which are still sold as commercial strains. Malate dehydrogenase allele frequencies for the 142 breeder queen colonies were determined to be Mdh(65) = 0.50, Mdh(80) = 0.23, and Mdh(100) = 0.27. Five other enzymes known to be polymorphic in adult honey bees were invariant. Significant genetic differences between commercial and feral populations suggest that the feral population may represent a novel source of genetic variation for breeding programs. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR E,BEE RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 26 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1216 EP 1220 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA RY810 UT WOS:A1995RY81000022 ER PT J AU BRIANO, J PATTERSON, R CORDO, H AF BRIANO, J PATTERSON, R CORDO, H TI RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COLONY SIZE OF SOLENOPSIS-RICHTERI (HYMENOPTERA, FORMICIDAE) AND INFECTION WITH THELOHANIA-SOLENOPSAE (MICROSPORIDA, THELOHANIIDAE) IN ARGENTINA SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE SOLENOPSIS RICHTERI; FIRE ANTS; THELOHANIA SOLENOPSAE; MICROSPORIDIUM; COLONY SIZE; BIOLOGICAL CONTROL ID FIRE ANTS HYMENOPTERA AB We studied the association between the size and composition of field colonies of the black imported fire ant, Solenopsis richteri Forel, and the presence of the microsporidian disease Thelohania solenopsae Knell, Allen, & Hazard in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. We compared volumes of infected colonies with those of healthy colonies within an area where infected colonies were common and with those of healthy colonies from an area free of the infection. We also compared presence of polygyny, numbers of queens, presence and abundance of sexuals, broods, and myrmecophiles. Mound volume of infected colonies was substantially smaller than that of healthy colonies from the same area and from the disease-free area (4.9 versus 14.7 and 18.7 liters, respectively). Polygyny, number of queens per colony, presence of worker broods, and presence of winged females and males did not differ significantly in infected and healthy colonies. Sexual broods were less frequent in infected than in healthy colonies (17 versus 37%, respectively). Presence of myrmecophiles was as frequent in infected as in healthy colonies, but the bug Blissus parasigaster (Bergroth) was more numerous in infected colonies. T: solenapsae may be a good candidate for the biological control of imported fire ants in the United States. C1 USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. RP BRIANO, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,S AMERICAN BIOL CONTROL LAB,BOLIVAR 1559 1686,HURLINGHAM,BUENOS AIRES,ARGENTINA. NR 19 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1233 EP 1237 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA RY810 UT WOS:A1995RY81000024 ER PT J AU HOGSETTE, JA WASHINGTON, F AF HOGSETTE, JA WASHINGTON, F TI QUANTITATIVE MASS-PRODUCTION OF HYDROTAEA-AENESCENS (DIPTERA, MUSCIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HYDROTAEA AENESCENS; OPHYRA AENESCENS; REARING; FACULTATIVE PREDATOR; LARVAL DIET; OVIPOSITION ID FLIES DIPTERA; HOUSE-FLIES; FLY AB A covered oviposition device was developed that allows collection of large numbers of Hydrotaea aenescens (Wiedemann) (formerly Ophyra aenescens) eggs. Eggs can be measured and known numbers added to larval rearing medium so this beneficial can be reared quantitatively for the first time. With the use of quantitative rearing techniques and a neu diet consisting of 5 parts Gainesville house fly diet and 1 part meat and bone meal, H. aenescens can be mass-reared easily for biological control studies. RP HOGSETTE, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 22 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1238 EP 1242 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA RY810 UT WOS:A1995RY81000025 ER PT J AU LOPEZ, JD LINGREN, PD BULL, DL AF LOPEZ, JD LINGREN, PD BULL, DL TI PROBOSCIS EXTENSION RESPONSE OF ADULT HELICOVERPA-ZEA (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) TO DRY SUGARS SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CORN EARWORM; ADULT CONTROL; FEEDING BEHAVIOR ID CORN-ROOTWORM COLEOPTERA; CHRYSOMELIDAE; EARWORM; BAITS AB Dry sugars were evaluated for their potential as feeding stimulants for the adult corn earworm, Helicoverpa tea (Boddie). The current study is part of an intensive effort to use adult feeding stimulants or attractants in programs to manage populations of H. tea on crops or on an areawide basis. Sucrose, fructose, glucose, and Various other commercial sugarcane products (brown, powdered, and granulated sugars) along with raw sugar crystals were evaluated for their ability to elicit proboscis extension, a response essential for feeding, from laboratory-reared males and females and wild males captured in sex pheromone traps. We found that the particle size of sucrose was important in eliciting proboscis extension, and that ground sucrose and fructose were more stimulating than glucose. The most stimulating sugarcane product was powdered sugar and the response to it was similar to that found with ground sucrose and fructose. Laboratory-reared males and females were more responsive to small particles of sucrose, fructose, and powdered sugar than wild males captured in traps baited with sex pheromone. These results raise concerns about the use of laboratory-reared moths for assessing field adult feeding behavior. Although the low response of wild males to dry sugars raises some questions about the potential of these materials for use as feeding stimulants in management programs, more work is needed to gain a better understanding of the sensory mechanisms involved in the proboscis extension response to dry sugar particles and the conditions under which these particles elicit a feeding response. RP LOPEZ, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS,AREAWIDE PEST MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,2771 F&B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1271 EP 1278 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA RY810 UT WOS:A1995RY81000030 ER PT J AU VARGAS, RI WHITEHAND, L WALSH, WA SPENCER, JP HSU, CL AF VARGAS, RI WHITEHAND, L WALSH, WA SPENCER, JP HSU, CL TI AERIAL RELEASES OF STERILE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLY (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) BY HELICOPTER - DISPERSAL, RECOVERY, AND POPULATION SUPPRESSION SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY; STERILE INSECT TECHNIQUE; HELICOPTER RELEASES; DISPERSAL; SUPPRESSION ID CERATITIS-CAPITATA; FLIES; KAUAI AB Sterile Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), were released by helicopter over commercial coffee (Coffea arabica L.) fields and nearby habitats on the island of Kauai, Hawaii. Temporal and spatial dispersal patterns of released flies were expressed effectively by both asymptotic and exponential decay models. Approximately 90% of the captured flies were located within 100 m of the release line. Sterile flies remaining in coffee fields declined rapidly, with < 15% remaining within 5 d. Flies released by helicopter dispersed throughout a narrower band than those released at higher altitudes by the standard airplane method. Our studies suggest that flight line intervals of 200 m every 3-4 d should provide adequate coverage and numbers of sterile flies in target areas. An 8-mo program of sterile fly releases (52 releases, total = 208 million flies) by helicopter was conducted throughout an interior 15-km(2) area to evaluate the effectiveness of the helicopter. A small C. capitata population in coffee patches throughout the understory of a watershed forest was targeted. Fruit collections from the treatment area indicated a 90.6% reduction of the larval infestation rate. Higher levels of control or eradication of C. capitata in riparian forest areas would probably require sterile fly releases throughout surrounding areas to prevent reinfestation. Helicopters appear to be well suited for sterile fly releases in mountainous areas where terrain and unpredictable weather conditions are unsuitable for airplanes. RP VARGAS, RI (reprint author), USDA ARS,TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE RES LAB,POB 2280,HONOLULU,HI 96804, USA. NR 32 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1279 EP 1287 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA RY810 UT WOS:A1995RY81000031 ER PT J AU LASTER, ML SHENG, CF AF LASTER, ML SHENG, CF TI SEARCH FOR HYBRID STERILITY FOR HELICOVERPA-ZEA IN CROSSES BETWEEN THE NORTH-AMERICAN HELIOTHIS-ZEA AND HELICOVERPA-ARMIGERA (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) FROM CHINA SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA; HELICOVERPA ZEA; INTERSPECIFIC MATING ID RESISTANCE; INSECTICIDES; BOLLWORM AB Interspecific crosses between Helicoverpa arnigera (Hubner) from China and H. zea (Boddie) were evaluated for sterility. Reciprocal crosses through 2 inbred generations and backcrosses through 4 generations were evaluated. Although few matings were obtained for some crosses, all crosses mated and produced offspring. Sterility was not detected in any cross. C1 USDA ARS,SO INSECT MANAGEMENT LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. NR 20 TC 19 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1288 EP 1291 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA RY810 UT WOS:A1995RY81000032 ER PT J AU HEATH, RR EPSKY, ND GUZMAN, A DUEBEN, BD MANUKIAN, A MEYER, WL AF HEATH, RR EPSKY, ND GUZMAN, A DUEBEN, BD MANUKIAN, A MEYER, WL TI DEVELOPMENT OF A DRY PLASTIC INSECT TRAP WITH FOOD-BASED SYNTHETIC ATTRACTANT FOR THE MEDITERRANEAN AND MEXICAN FRUIT-FLIES (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CERATITIS CAPITATA; ANASTREPHA LUDENS; TRAPPING; SYNTHETIC ATTRACTANT ID SUSPENSA LOEW DIPTERA; FLY DIPTERA; PROTEINACEOUS ATTRACTANTS; MCPHAIL TRAPS; AMMONIA; BAITS AB A dry plastic insect trap for monitoring populations of tephritid fruit flies is described. The plastic trap is constructed of acetate him that is painted to provide a visual cue and contains a toxicant panel that provides a visual cue and a feeding stimulant to flies that have entered the trap. The trap baited with a e-component blend of ammonium acetate and putrescine was tested against feral populations of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), and the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), in field trials conducted in Guatemala. The combination of ammonium acetate and putrescine was better than either ammonium acetate-only, putrescine-only, or unbaited traps. More female Mediterranean fruit flies were trapped in green traps than in colorless traps, and capture of male Mediterranean fruit flies was greater in yellow traps than in orange traps. Neither female nor male Mexican fruit flies differentiated among orange, green, and yellow traps, but the percentage trapped in any colored trap was higher than in colorless traps. McPhail traps with standard protein bait caught more Mexican fruit flies than either of the plastic traps at any of the doses of synthetic baits tested. However, plastic traps baited with either the medium or high dose of synthetic blend caught equal numbers of Mediterranean fruit flies as McPhail traps. Although McPhail traps caught more female Mediterranean fruit flies than plastic traps baited with the low dose of synthetic blend, a greater percentage of females captured in plastic traps were unmated (55-65% versus 22% in McPhail traps). Increase in dose of the synthetic lure increased the percentage of mated females captured in the plastic traps. Unlike McPhail traps, which catch large numbers of miscellaneous Diptera, the plastic traps were highly specific and caught few nontarget files. RP HEATH, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 27 TC 78 Z9 85 U1 2 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1307 EP 1315 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA RY810 UT WOS:A1995RY81000036 ER PT J AU HALLMAN, GJ MCGUIRE, RG BALDWIN, EA CAMPBELL, CA AF HALLMAN, GJ MCGUIRE, RG BALDWIN, EA CAMPBELL, CA TI MORTALITY OF FERAL CARIBBEAN FRUIT-FLY (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) IMMATURES IN COATED GUAVAS SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ANASTREPHA SUSPENSA; FRUIT COATING; POSTHARVEST TREATMENT; SYSTEMS APPROACH; CARBON DIOXIDE; OXYGEN AB Guavas from a commercial field near Homestead, FL, that were naturally infested with Caribbean fruit flies, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), were coated with Nature Seal 2000, Nature Seal containing 4% hydroxypropyl cellulose, or Pac-Rite TFC 213 (a carnauba wax). Precoating infestation rates ranged from 0 to 3.2 larvae per guava, and the mean Caribbean fruit fly survival in guavas coated with Nature Seal (4%), Nature Seal 2000, or Pac-Rite TFC 213 was 9, 46, and 68%, respectively compared with uncoated controls.;Mean days to 50% emergence was 18.2 d for larvae in guavas coated with Nature Seal (4%); this was significantly longer (95% CL) than the mean to 50% emergence for larvae in uncoated guavas (13.4 d) or those in guavas coated with Pac-Rite TFC 213 (13.2 d). Carbon dioxide levels were generally higher and oxygen levels generally lower in Nature Seal-coated guavas compared with uncoated guavas. Coatings can lower Caribbean fruit fly survival rates in guavas and might become a component of a systems approach to allow export of guavas from Florida to of the world that require fruit fly treatment. C1 USDA ARS,SUBTROP HORT RES STN,MIAMI,FL 33158. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1353 EP 1355 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA RY810 UT WOS:A1995RY81000043 ER PT J AU NEVEN, LG REHFIELD, LM AF NEVEN, LG REHFIELD, LM TI COMPARISON OF PRESTORAGE HEAT-TREATMENTS ON 5TH-INSTAR CODLING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, TORTRICIDAE) MORTALITY SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CYDIA POMONELLA; TORTRICIDAE; HEAT TREATMENT; QUARANTINE; COLD STORAGE ID LOW-TEMPERATURE STORAGE; THERMAL DEATH KINETICS; FRUIT-FLIES DIPTERA; QUARANTINE TREATMENT; METHYL-BROMIDE; COLD TREATMENTS; STONE FRUITS; FLY DIPTERA; TEPHRITIDAE; APPLES AB The use of combined treatments of heat application followed by cold storage was shown to have potential as a quarantine treatment for 5th instars of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.). Larvae were subjected to heat treatments of 38, 42, and 46 degrees C for up to 4 d, 24 h, and 12 h, respectively, alone or followed by cold storage at 0 degrees C for 28 d. Larvae appeared to acclimate to the 38 degrees C treatment. The 42 and 46 degrees C treatments resulted in an increased mortality with increasing temperature and duration of heat treatment. Mortality was greatly increased for all heat treatments when followed by cold storage. Complete mortality was achieved only after exposure to 46 degrees C for 8 h followed by 28 d of cold storage. Combinations of hot and cold treatments could be effective in fruit that tolerate short periods of heat stress and prolonged cold storage, such as apples and pears. RP NEVEN, LG (reprint author), USDA ARS,FRUIT & VEGETABLES INSECTS RES LAB,3706 W NOB HILL BLVD,YAKIMA,WA 98902, USA. NR 34 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1371 EP 1375 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA RY810 UT WOS:A1995RY81000047 ER PT J AU BENTZ, JA REEVES, J BARBOSA, P FRANCIS, B AF BENTZ, JA REEVES, J BARBOSA, P FRANCIS, B TI EFFECT OF NITROGEN-FERTILIZER SOURCE AND LEVEL ON OVIPOSITIONAL CHOICE OF POINSETTIA BY BEMISIA-ARGENTIFOLII (HOMOPTERA, ALEYRODIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BEMISIA ARGENTIFOLII; NITROGEN FERTILIZER; PLANT NITROGEN; HOST SELECTION; OVIPOSITION; POINSETTIA AB The nitrogen content of poinsettia, Euphorbia pulcherrima Willdenow, was varied using different levels of calcium nitrate or ammonium nitrate fertilizers. Plants were exposed to female Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring adults. Although females were found randomly on the treated plants, the number of eggs laid on ammonium nitrate-treated plants increased linearly with the level of nitrogen applied to plants. The protein-nitrogen content of the leaves increased linearly with the level of nitrogen applied to plants, despite the nitrogen source. The amino nitrogen content of ammonium nitrate-treated plants increased linearly with the level of nitrogen applied to plants. For calcium nitrate-treated plants, a 3-degree regression response was significant between the amino nitrogen content of the phloem and the level of nitrogen applied to plants. Selection of a host plant for oviposition is related to the nitrogen content of the host plant. C1 USDA ARS,BARC E,RUMINANT NUTR LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ENTOMOL,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. RP BENTZ, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BARC E,FLORAL & NURSERY PLANTS RES UNIT,BLDG 470,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1388 EP 1392 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA RY810 UT WOS:A1995RY81000050 ER PT J AU HIGBEE, BS HORTON, DR KRYSAN, JL AF HIGBEE, BS HORTON, DR KRYSAN, JL TI REDUCTION OF EGG HATCH IN PEAR PSYLLA (HOMOPTERA, PSYLLIDAE) AFTER CONTACT BY ADULTS WITH INSECT GROWTH-REGULATORS SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CACOPSYLLA PYRICOLA; PYRIPROXYFEN; FENOXYCARB; PEAR PESTS ID REGIONAL RESISTANCE; CACOPSYLLA-PYRICOLA; FENOXYCARB; TRAPS AB Pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola Foerster, adults that had contacted substrates treated with the insect growth regulators fenoxycarb or pyriproxyfen were allowed to oviposit on untreated plants. Eggs from treated insects had a reduction in hatch for up to 2 wk after treatment. The reduction was dependent on duration of contact with the treated surface. A pyriproxyfen-impregnated yellow tape has been developed and may assist in an attract-and-sterilize approach to management of pear psylla. Contact durations of as little as 5 s with this product reduced egg hatch in psylla for 1 wk after exposure. RP HIGBEE, BS (reprint author), USDA ARS,3706 W NOB HILL BLVD,YAKIMA,WA 98902, USA. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1420 EP 1424 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA RY810 UT WOS:A1995RY81000055 ER PT J AU HOWER, AA QUINN, MA ALEXANDER, SD LEATH, KT AF HOWER, AA QUINN, MA ALEXANDER, SD LEATH, KT TI PRODUCTIVITY AND PERSISTENCE OF ALFALFA IN RESPONSE TO CLOVER ROOT CURCULIO (COLEOPTERA, CURCULIONIDAE) INJURY IN PENNSYLVANIA SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE SITONA HISPIDULUS; CLOVER ROOT CURCULIO; ALFALFA; ECONOMIC LOSS; WEEVIL ID SITONA-HISPIDULUS COLEOPTERA; SOIL; KENTUCKY; LARVAE; PESTS AB Clover root curculio, Sitona hispidulus (F.), is a pest of clovers but is often overlooked in alfalfa. This study examined the association between the clover root curculio and alfalfa yield, quality, and persistence in Pennsylvania from 1984 to 1988. Caged and noncaged 9.3-m(2) plots were established in a 1-ha alfalfa field to assess this relationship. The cages reduced feeding damage but did not completely exclude the clover root curculio. In 1987, the percentage of alfalfa coverage was greater in the caged than in the noncaged plots. Alfalfa height in the noncaged plots was reduced 23.2-38.9% at all harvests in 198'i, and yields were significantly reduced at 3 harvests. In addition, losses of 800-932 kg/ha per harvest were accompanied by significant increases in weed biomass, which contributed to a reduction in total crude protein. The number of dead alfalfa plants was greater in the noncaged than in the caged plots in April 1988. Our results indicate that clover root curculio affects yield, quality, and stand persistence of alfalfa in Pennsylvania and likely throughout the Northeast. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,PULLMAN,WA 98164. USDA ARS,US REG PASTURE RES LAB,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. RP HOWER, AA (reprint author), PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA. NR 32 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1433 EP 1440 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA RY810 UT WOS:A1995RY81000057 ER PT J AU KINDLER, SD SPRINGER, TL JENSEN, KB AF KINDLER, SD SPRINGER, TL JENSEN, KB TI DETECTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MECHANISMS OF RESISTANCE TO RUSSIAN WHEAT APHID (HOMOPTERA, APHIDIDAE) IN TALL WHEATGRASS SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DIURAPHIS NOXIA; PLANT RESISTANCE; RESISTANCE MECHANISMS ID DIURAPHIS-NOXIA HOMOPTERA; BLUEGRASS BILLBUG; ALTERNATE HOSTS; UNITED-STATES; DAMAGE; GRASSES; BARLEY AB The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), is a recently introduced pest that is an economic threat to wheat, Triticum aestivum L., and barley, Hordeum vulgare L., production. Tall wheatgrass, Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beauvois, in an important alternative summer host of the aphid and provides a food source for Russian wheat aphid populations between spring harvest and fall planting of cereal crops such as wheat and barley. Experiments were conducted in the greenhouse to identify Russian wheat aphid-resistant tall wheatgrass plants obtained from the Western Regional Plant Introduction (PI) Station, USDA-ARS, Pullman, WA. PI 401010 was resistant to leaf chlorosis and leaf curling caused by aphid feeding, and had decreased aphid reproduction compared with 'Jose' tall wheatgrass. Further tests were conducted to characterize the plant components (antibiosis, antixenosis [nonpreference], and tolerance) contributing to resistance of PI 401010. PI 401010 had high levels of antibiosis, demonstrated by Russian wheat aphid's delayed reproductive maturity, shorter reproductive lifespan, and reduced rates of fecundity compared with 2 susceptible genotypes. When infested with Russian wheat aphids, plant heights were reduced and dry mass foliage loss per unit of aphid mass produced was high. A strong antixenosis (nonpreference) resistance component existed in PI 401010 when aphids were given a choice of several genotypes. PI 401010 is a new source of resistance for germplasm enhancement efforts. RP KINDLER, SD (reprint author), USDA,ARS,PLANT SCI & WATER CONSERVAT RES LAB,1301 N WESTERN ST,STILLWATER,OK 74075, USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1503 EP 1509 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA RY810 UT WOS:A1995RY81000067 ER PT J AU THRONE, JE WEAVER, DK CHEW, V BAKER, JE AF THRONE, JE WEAVER, DK CHEW, V BAKER, JE TI PROBIT ANALYSIS OF CORRELATED DATA - MULTIPLE OBSERVATIONS OVER TIME AT ONE CONCENTRATION SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BIOASSAY; CORRELATED DATA; PROBIT ANALYSIS; SERIAL TIME-MORTALITY DATA AB We present a method to analyze serial time-mortality data from bioassay experiments where successive observations are made on the same group of organisms exposed to 1 concentration of a stimulus (for example, a pesticide). Standard probit techniques are not applicable because such data are correlated. Methods are presented for calculating statistics for the time-mortality line by regressing complementary log-log, legit, or probit transformations of proportion of responders on untransformed time or logarithmic transformations of time; and for calculating confidence limits on lethal time values corresponding to given mortality levels. As a result we have developed a computer program to facilitate use of the method. C1 USDA ARS,STORED PROD INSECTS RES & DEV LAB,SAVANNAH,GA 31405. NR 10 TC 109 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1510 EP 1512 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA RY810 UT WOS:A1995RY81000068 ER PT J AU THRONE, JE WEAVER, DK BAKER, JE AF THRONE, JE WEAVER, DK BAKER, JE TI PROBIT ANALYSIS - ASSESSING GOODNESS-OF-FIT BASED ON BACKTRANSFORMATION AND RESIDUALS SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BIOASSAY; PROBIT ANALYSIS; TRANSFORMATION AB We describe methods to convert complementary log-log complementary-log-log, log-logit, and log-probit-transformed data from bioassay experiments back to the original unit of measurement, the proportion of the test organisms responding to the tested stimulus; and for calculating residuals and standardized residuals (in the original units). We show how the method can be used to help select a model that best fits the bioassay data. We have developed a computer program for implementing the method. C1 USDA ARS,STORED PROD INSECTS RES & DEV LAB,SAVANNAH,GA 31405. NR 10 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 88 IS 5 BP 1513 EP 1516 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA RY810 UT WOS:A1995RY81000069 ER PT J AU FARRAR, RR RIDGWAY, RL COOK, SP THORPE, KW WEBB, RE AF FARRAR, RR RIDGWAY, RL COOK, SP THORPE, KW WEBB, RE TI NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS OF THE GYPSY-MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, LYMANTRIIDAE) - POTENCY AND EFFECTS OF SELECTED ADJUVANTS ON INSECT FEEDING-BEHAVIOR SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE INSECTA; GYPSY MOTH; LYMANTRIA DISPAR; NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS; ENCHANCER; ADJUVANT; FORMULATION; POTENCY; FEEDING BEHAVIOR ID OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS; GYPCHEK AB The potency of two formulations of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of the gypsy moth (LdMNPV) was evaluated in the laboratory. Both formulations were prepared with the same batch of LdMNPV produced in live insects by the USDA Forest Service. A Forest Service-recommended tank-mix preparation (LdMNPV, molasses, ultraviolet light screen, and sticker in water) was found to be about 20 times more potent than an experimental wettable powder preparation. The wettable powder also deterred feeding, the 20-fold difference in potency, though, is based on actual doses consumed. The addition of a stilbenedisulfonic acid derivative, Blankophor BBH, to the tank-mix and wettable powder preparations at a concentration of 1% (wt./vol.) reduced the LD(50)s by 42- and 214-fold, respectively. Blankophor BBH was also a moderate feeding deterrent to gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), larvae which could limit its efficacy as an enhancer of the virus. However, the addition of molasses to Blankophor BBH at least partially overcame the feeding deterrence. Other adjuvants were also tested for effects on larval feeding behavior, including Bond (sticker), Lignosite AN (ultraviolet light screen), and Carrier 244 (spray carrier). Of the materials tested, molasses was the strongest feeding stimulant, followed by Carrier 244. Bond and Lignosite AN had no detectable effect on feeding behavior in these tests. These data demonstrate the importance of monitoring potency during any formulation process, the possibility of enhancing the virus with adjuvants, and of understanding the effects of adjuvants on feeding behavior. RP FARRAR, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 16 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 30 IS 4 BP 417 EP 428 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TD234 UT WOS:A1995TD23400001 ER PT J AU LASTER, ML AF LASTER, ML TI PROBOSCIDEA LOUISIANICA - AN UNREPORTED HOST OF HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE HELIOTHIS VIRESCENS; HELICOVERPA ZEA; PROBOSCIDAE LOUISIANICA; NEW HOST AB The tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), was found to be strongly attracted to devil's claw, Proboscidea louisianica (Mill.) Thellung, plants. Of 160 larvae collected from the plants in 1992, 99.4% were H. virescens, 0.6% were Helicoverpa tea (Boddie), 42.5% died from infection by undetermined disease pathogens, and 11.3% H. virescens were parasitized by Cardiochiles nigriceps Vierick. Of 112 larvae collected from P. louisianica in 1994, 90.2% were H. virescens, 9.8% were H. zea, 59.8% died from infection by undetermined pathogens, and 26.7% H. virescens were parasitized by C. nigriceps. Feeding studies showed that P. louisianica was a nutritionally poor host for H. virescens, backcrosses of H. subflexa X H. virescens, and H. tea; when compared with their development on semisynthetic diet, development was much slower, pupal weights were lower, and survival rates were lower for larvae fed P. louisianica than for those fed semisynthetic diet. None of the backcross or H. tea and only one H. virescens female developed on P. louisianica survived to reproduce. This study reports P. louisianica as a new host record for H. virescens. Data show that H. virescens can survive and reproduce on this plant and that P. louisianica could be a major host of H. virescens in the Mississippi Delta if it were to become widespread. RP LASTER, ML (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO INSECT MANAGEMENT LAB,POB 346,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 30 IS 4 BP 429 EP 433 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TD234 UT WOS:A1995TD23400002 ER PT J AU YOUNG, OP AF YOUNG, OP TI SEASONAL ACTIVITY OF MELOE-AMERICANUS (COLEOPTERA, MELOIDAE) IN A MISSISSIPPI OLD-FIELD HABITAT SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE MELOIDAE; MELOE; PHORESY; OLD-FIELD ID ARTHROPODS AB Adults and triugulin larvae of Melee americanus Leach were collected by pitfall trapping and sweepnetting of foliage during 14 consecutive months at an old-field site in Washington Co., MS. Adults were captured in pitfalls from December to April, and triungulins were captured in pitfalls and attached to Apoidae (Hymenoptera) hosts on foliage only from April to May and from September through October. Several scenarios are proposed to explain this unusual pattern of disjunct triungulin seasonal occurrence. Spatial patterns of adult and triungulin occurrence are correlated with successional changes in the habitat, and attachment sites of triungulin larvae on Apoidae hosts are documented. C1 USDA ARS,SO FIELD CROP INSECT MANAGEMENT LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 30 IS 4 BP 434 EP 442 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TD234 UT WOS:A1995TD23400003 ER PT J AU PAIR, SD AF PAIR, SD TI BIOLOGY AND REARING OF DIAPETIMORPHA-INTROITA (CRESSON) (HYMENOPTERA, ICHNEUMONIDAE) ON HOST AND NONHOST NOCTUID PUPAE SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE DIAPETIMORPHA INTROITA; PUPAL PARASITOID; DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY; SPODOPTERA SPP ID FALL ARMYWORM LEPIDOPTERA; NEW-SOUTH-WALES; PREDATORS; MANAGEMENT; ABUNDANCE; MORTALITY; HELIOTHIS AB Laboratory studies were conducted to identify factors that influence Diapetimorpha introita (Cresson) reproduction and development rate on Spodoptera spp., Helicoverpa tea (Boddie), and Heliothis virescens (F.), Laboratory colonies of D. introita were successfully maintained on S. frugiperda (J. E. Smith) pupae placed in multicellular rearing units. Mated D. introita females produced an average of 81.3 eggs per individual over a mean lifespan of 23.6 days. Sex ratios were skewed with 40% more males than females produced from mated females. Unmated females produced all male progeny. Diapetimorpha introita females tended to select 3 to 5-day-old S. frugiperda pupae over younger or older pupae. Diapetimorpha introita successfully developed to the adult stage on host Spodoptera spp, and nonhost H. tea and H. virescens pupae. Duration of larval stages was dependent upon host and temperature. Duration of pupal stages not exposed to diapause-inducing temperatures were dependent upon host, and adult weights were dependent upon host species, host weight, and temperature. Temperatures of 18 or 22 degrees C resulted in greater than or equal to 90% diapause regardless of host species. Generally, parasitoids from large host pupae developed more slowly and weighed more than those developing on smaller hosts. Successful utilization of D. introita as a candidate for augmentative releases against overwintering populations of Spodoptera spp. depends upon the advancement of in vivo mass rearing techniques. RP PAIR, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS,S CENT AGR RES LAB,LANE,OK 74555, USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 30 IS 4 BP 468 EP 480 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TD234 UT WOS:A1995TD23400007 ER PT J AU ELDEN, TC AF ELDEN, TC TI EFFECTS OF DORMANCY AND PHOTOPERIOD ON ALFALFA WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA, CURCULIONIDAE) REPRODUCTIVE DIAPAUSE SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE HYPERA POSTICA; MASS-REARING; DIAPAUSE; PHOTOPERIOD; DORMANCY ID RESISTANCE AB Alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), adults reared as larvae in the laboratory under an 8-h photophase were subjected to three storage conditions and two photoperiods to determine their effects on female reproductive diapause and fecundity. Contrary to previous reports, weevils reared in the laboratory as larvae and adults under a short-day photoperiod remained in a partial reproductive diapause. Newly-emerged weevil adults subjected to a 5-wk dormant period followed by an 8-h photophase had a rate of oviposition nearly twice that of adults reared under an 8-h photophase without a dormant period. Adults seared under a 15-h photophase after the dormant period also remained in a partial reproductive diapause. Results demonstrate that alfalfa weevil reproductive diapause is influenced by dormancy (an inactive state) and photoperiod. This is the first report of an efficient method to break reproductive diapause in the alfalfa weevil which will enable continuous production of nondiapausing laboratory-reared weevils for research and mass production of predators and parasites for biological control. RP ELDEN, TC (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB,BLDG 467,BARC-E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 30 IS 4 BP 481 EP 488 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TD234 UT WOS:A1995TD23400008 ER PT J AU COLLINS, HL CALLCOTT, AMA AF COLLINS, HL CALLCOTT, AMA TI EFFECTIVENESS OF SPOT INSECTICIDE TREATMENTS FOR RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT (HYMENOPTERA, FORMICIDAE) CONTROL SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE RED IMPORTED FIRE ANT; ANT MOUND TREATMENTS; CHEMICAL CONTROL ID SOLENOPSIS-INVICTA BUREN; MOUND TREATMENTS AB Spot treatments with Dursban 2EC, Optem PT-600, Bengal Fire Ant Killer, and Orthene 75S were evaluated for control of imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren, colonies. Because imported fire ant colonies frequently relocate their nest following insecticide applications, a field trial utilizing an experimental design which compensated for colony relocation was conducted. Results of this trial showed that, in addition to frequent colony relocation, large numbers of individual ants succumbed to several of the insecticides under trial. However, many ant colonies survived some treatments, and actual colony mortality ranged from 11.1% with Orthene 758 to 80.4% with Dursban 2EC 8 wks after treatment. RP COLLINS, HL (reprint author), USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,PLANT PROTECT & QUARANTINE IMPORTED FIRE ANT STN,GULFPORT,MS 39501, USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 30 IS 4 BP 489 EP 496 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TD234 UT WOS:A1995TD23400009 ER PT J AU SIMMONS, AM ELSEY, KD AF SIMMONS, AM ELSEY, KD TI OVERWINTERING AND COLD TOLERANCE OF BEMISIA-ARGENTIFOLII (HOMOPTERA, ALEYRODIDAE) IN COASTAL SOUTH-CAROLINA SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE BEMISIA ARGENTIFOLII; BEMISIA TABACI; SWEET-POTATO WHITEFLY; COLD TOLERANCE; OVERWINTERING ID TABACI AB Populations of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring in the Charleston, SC area declined sharply during December and remained low through March and April in a two-year study (1991-92). Populations of this whitefly increased slowly during spring with highest populations on collard (Brassica) and potato. Infestations of B. argentifolii were present in 13 of 14 greenhouses at 10 commercial nurseries that were monitored. Eggs were more cold-tolerant than adults and nymphs, respectively, at temperatures of -2 degrees, -6 degrees, and -10 degrees C. RP SIMMONS, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS,US VEGETABLE LAB,2875 SAVANNAH HIGHWAY,CHARLESTON,SC 29414, USA. NR 11 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 7 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 30 IS 4 BP 497 EP 506 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TD234 UT WOS:A1995TD23400010 ER PT J AU COOK, SP WEBB, RE WHITE, GB AF COOK, SP WEBB, RE WHITE, GB TI ESTIMATES OF GYPSY-MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA, LYMANTRIIDAE) MORTALITY AT 2 SAMPLE HEIGHTS FOLLOWING APPLICATION OF GYPSY-MOTH NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Note DE LYMANTRIA DISPAR; POPULATION SAMPLING; PARASITISM RP COOK, SP (reprint author), USDA ARS,INSECT BIOCONTROL LAB,BLDG 402,BARC-E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 30 IS 4 BP 507 EP 510 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TD234 UT WOS:A1995TD23400011 ER PT J AU TEDDERS, WL WOOD, BW AF TEDDERS, WL WOOD, BW TI PYRAMIDAL TRAPS FOR MONITORING THE PRESENCE OF PECAN WEEVIL (COLEOPTERA, CURCULIONIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE CURCULIO CARYAE; WEEVIL TRAPS; WEEVIL ATTRACTION; PECAN WEEVIL AB Pyramidal traps constructed of masonite and painted to reflect light levels ranging from 1 to 84% reflectance (black, shades of gray and white) were evaluated for attractiveness to adult pecan weevils, Curculio caryae (Horn). Black (1% reflectance) and dark gray (5% reflectance) were found to be more attractive to weevils than traps having greater reflectance (lighter grays and white). Dark gray traps captured almost 9 fold more weevils than did standard cone emergence traps. Dark gray traps also captured weevils in orchards after the emergence period as indicated by screen cone traps. Trap distances of 1.9 and 4.6 m from tree trunks did not influence trap effectiveness. Trap density of 4/tree did not provide an economic level of weevil control as measured by number of infested nuts per tree. Traps positioned on the eastern side of trees caught more weevils (alpha less than or equal to 0.05) than traps on the northern side, but captures were not significantly different from those positioned at the southern and western sides of trees. RP TEDDERS, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE FRUIT & TREE NUT RES LAB,111 DUNBAR RD,BYRON,GA 31008, USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 30 IS 4 BP 534 EP 544 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TD234 UT WOS:A1995TD23400016 ER PT J AU JO, HK MCPHERSON, EG AF JO, HK MCPHERSON, EG TI CARBON STORAGE AND FLUX IN URBAN RESIDENTIAL GREENSPACE SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE CLIMATE CHANGE; CARBON BUDGET; GREENSPACE PLANNING; RESIDENTIAL LANDSCAPE; NORTHWEST CHICAGO ID BIOMASS ESTIMATION EQUATIONS; SPRUCE; GASES AB There is increasing concern about the predicted negative effects of the future doubling of carbon dioxide on the earth. This concern has evoked interest in the potential for urban greenspace to help reduce the levels of atmospheric carbon. This study quantifies greenspace-related carbon storage and annual carbon fluxes for urban residential landscapes. For detailed quantification, the scale of this study was limited to two residential blocks in northwest Chicago which had a significant difference in vegetation cover. Differences between the two blocks in the size of greenspace area and vegetation cover resulted in considerable differences in total carbon storage and annual carbon uptake. Total carbon storage in greenspace was about 26.15 kg/m(2) of greenspace in study block 1, and 23.20 k/m(2) of greenspace in block 2. Of the total, soil carbon accounted for approximately 78.7% in block 1 and 88.7% in block 2. Trees and shrubs in block 1 and block 2 accounted for 20.8% and 10.6%, respectively. The carbon storage in grass and other herbaceous plants was approximately 0.5-0.7% in both blocks. Total net annual carbon input to the study blocks by all the greenspace components was in the region of 0.49 kg/m(2) of greenspace in block 1 and 0.32 kg/m(2) of greenspace in block 2. The principal net carbon release from greenspaces of the two residential landscapes was from grass maintenance. Greenspace planning and management strategies were explored to minimize carbon release and maximize carbon uptake. (C) 1995 Academic Press Limited C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS, DEPT ENVIRONM HORT, US FOREST SERV, WESTERN CTR URBAN FOREST RES, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA. RP JO, HK (reprint author), KANGWEON NATL UNIV, COLL FORESTRY, DEPT LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE, CHUNCHON 200701, SOUTH KOREA. NR 83 TC 94 Z9 117 U1 4 U2 47 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 45 IS 2 BP 109 EP 133 DI 10.1006/jema.1995.0062 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TA858 UT WOS:A1995TA85800002 ER PT J AU IMAM, SH GORDON, SH SHOGREN, RL GREENE, RV AF IMAM, SH GORDON, SH SHOGREN, RL GREENE, RV TI BIODEGRADATION OF STARCH-POLY(BETA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE-CO-VALERATE) COMPOSITES IN MUNICIPAL ACTIVATED-SLUDGE SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLYMER DEGRADATION LA English DT Article DE STARCH; POLY(BETA'-HYDROXYBUTYRATE-CO-BETA-HYDROXYVALERATE); POLY(HYDROXYALKANOATES); PLASTIC; BLENDS; COMPOSITE; BIODEGRADATION; ACTIVATED SLUDGE ID CONTAINING PLASTIC FILMS; LACTOBACILLUS-AMYLOVORUS; STARCH; DEGRADATION; ADHESION; MIXTURES AB Injection-molded composites were prepared by blending PHBV5 with native cornstarch (30% and 50%) and with cornstarch precoated with PEO as a binding agent. These composites were evaluated for their biodegradability in municipal activated sludge by measuring changes in their physical and chemical properties over a period of 35 days. All composites lost weight, ranging from 45 to 78% within 35 days. Interestingly, the extent and rate of weight loss were quite similar in PHBV composites with no starch, with 30% starch, and with 50% starch. Weight loss was slowest in PHBV blends prepared with PEG-coated starch. For all samples, the weight loss was accompanied by a rapid deterioration in tensile strength and percentage elongation. The deterioration of these mechanical properties exhibited a relative rate of PHBV > starch-PHBV > PEG-coated starch-PHBV. Changes in starch/PHBV composition after biodegradation were quantified by FTIR spectroscopy. Increasing the starch content resulted in more extensive starch degradation, while the PHBV content in the blends became less susceptible to hydrolytic enzymes. C1 USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, PLANT POLYMER RES UNIT, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. RP IMAM, SH (reprint author), USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, BIOPOLYMER UNIT, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. NR 27 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1064-7546 J9 J ENVIRON POLYM DEGR JI J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 3 IS 4 BP 205 EP 213 DI 10.1007/BF02068675 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA TB164 UT WOS:A1995TB16400003 ER PT J AU MITCHELL, RJ RUNION, GB PRIOR, SA ROGERS, HH AMTHOR, JS HENNING, FP AF MITCHELL, RJ RUNION, GB PRIOR, SA ROGERS, HH AMTHOR, JS HENNING, FP TI EFFECTS OF NITROGEN ON PINUS-PALUSTRIS FOLIAR RESPIRATORY RESPONSES TO ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2 CONCENTRATION SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE PINUS PALUSTRIS; ELEVATED CO2; NITROGEN; FOLIAR RESPIRATION ID CASTANEA-SATIVA MILL; CARBON-DIOXIDE; DARK RESPIRATION; CARBOHYDRATE STATUS; CONSTRUCTION COST; PLANT RESPIRATION; LEAF RESPIRATION; TREE SEEDLINGS; CLIMATE CHANGE; GROWTH AB Indirect effects of atmospheric CO2 concentration [CO2], on longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) foliage respiration were studied by growing trees in a factorial arrangement of low and high [CO2] (369 and 729 mu mol CO2 mol(-1)) and low and high N (40 and 400 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)). Direct effects of [CO2] on leaf respiration were tested by measuring respiration rates of foliage from all treatments at two CO2 levels (360 and 720 mu mol CO2 mol(-1)) at the time of measurement. Elevated CO2 did not directly or indirectly affect leaf respiration when expressed on a leaf area or mass basis, but a significant increase in respiration per unit leaf N was observed in trees grown in elevated [CO2] (indirect response to elevated [CO2]). The lack of a [CO2] effect on respiration, when analysed on an area or mass basis, may have resulted from combined effects of [CO2] on factors that increase respiration (e.g. greater availability of non-structural carbohydrates stimulating growth and carbon export from leaves) and on factors that decrease respiration (e.g. lower N concentration leading to lower construction costs and maintenance requirements). Thus, [CO2] affected factors that influence respiration, but in opposing ways. C1 AUBURN UNIV, SCH FORESTRY, AUBURN, AL 36849 USA. USDA ARS, NATL SOIL DYNAM LAB, AUBURN, AL 36849 USA. LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATL LAB, DIV GLOBAL CLIMATE RES, LIVERMORE, CA 94550 USA. AUBURN UNIV, DEPT AGRON, AUBURN, AL 36849 USA. RP MITCHELL, RJ (reprint author), JONES ECOL RES CTR, RR2, BOX 2324, NEWTON, GA 31770 USA. RI Amthor, Jeffrey/F-2696-2016 OI Amthor, Jeffrey/0000-0002-1410-6100 NR 56 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 46 IS 291 BP 1561 EP 1567 DI 10.1093/jxb/46.10.1561 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TC057 UT WOS:A1995TC05700011 ER PT J AU RUSSELL, SM FLETCHER, DL COX, NA AF RUSSELL, SM FLETCHER, DL COX, NA TI COMPARISON OF MEDIA FOR DETERMINING TEMPERATURE ABUSE OF FRESH BROILER CARCASSES USING IMPEDANCE MICROBIOLOGY SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE TEMPERATURE ABUSE; IMPEDANCE; CHICKEN; CM MEDIUM; ESCHERICHIA-COLI ID COLIFORMS AB Experiments were conducted to determine the ideal medium for detection of temperature abuse of fresh broiler chicken using impedance microbiological techniques. In three separate trials, 15 ready-to-cook broiler chicken carcasses were obtained from the chiller exit of three separate processing plants. Five carcasses were sampled immediately (day 0), 5 carcasses were sampled after temperature abusing at 25 degrees C for 12 h and holding at 3 degrees C for 6 days (temperature abused), and the remaining 5 carcasses were sampled after holding at 3 degrees C for 7 days (day 7 controls). Whole-carcass rinses were diluted by placing 1 mi from each carcass into 9 mi of each of the following media: (1) brain heart infusion broth (BHI), (2) EC broth with 3% added dextrose (ECD), (3) CM medium with 2% added dextrose (CMD), (4) EC broth (EC), and (5) CM medium (CM). The diluted samples were assayed in duplicate at 43 degrees C using impedance microbiological techniques, Once a detection time (DT) was recorded, one mi of the sample was immediately recovered from the module well, diluted to 10(-6), 10(-7), and 10(-8), and spread plated onto plate count agar. Two colonies from each carcass on plates with the highest dilution were randomly selected and identified. Since both gram-positive and gram-negative genera of bacteria were isolated from BHI-cultured carcass rinses and were responsible for changing the impedance of the medium, DTs were variable. EC and ECD media were not suitable for conducting temperature-abuse determinations. Using CMD medium to select for the growth of gram-negative bacteria, specifically E. coli, temperature-abuse determinations were more accurate than using a general medium, such as BHI. CMD appears to be the most effective medium tested to conduct temperature abuse determinations using impedance microbiological techniques. C1 USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30613. RP RUSSELL, SM (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT POULTRY SCI,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 10 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 58 IS 10 BP 1124 EP 1128 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA TB412 UT WOS:A1995TB41200011 ER PT J AU SMITH, JL AF SMITH, JL TI ARTHRITIS, GUILLAIN-BARRE-SYNDROME, AND OTHER SEQUELAE OF CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI ENTERITIS SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Review DE CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI; REITERS SYNDROME; REACTIVE ARTHRITIS; GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME; DIARRHEA ID HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; MILLER-FISHER SYNDROME; SYNDROME FOLLOWING IMMUNIZATION; BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI INFECTION; ACUTE IDIOPATHIC NEUROPATHY; PERIPHERAL-NERVE MYELIN; HUMAN IMMUNE GLOBULIN; CELL RABIES VACCINE; B CONJUGATE VACCINE; REACTIVE ARTHRITIS AB The most frequently identified cause of gastroenteritis in developed countries is Campylobacter jejuni. In the United States, dairy products are the food sources commonly associated with outbreaks; however, most cases of C. jejuni gastroenteritis are sporadic, with poultry as the major source. Diarrhea, malaise, fever, and abdominal pain are the usual symptoms of C. jejuni enteritis. Lasting only a few days, the illness is generally self-limiting; however, some cases may be more severe. Although several virulence factors have been identified in C. jejuni, their role in disease is currently unclear. C. jejuni has been linked to the acquisition of certain forms of sterile arthritides such as reactive arthritis and Reiter's syndrome and to acute generalized paralytic diseases such as Guillain-Barre syndrome, Miller-Fisher syndrome, and Chinese paralytic syndrome. In addition, C. jejuni may induce diseases affecting the nervous system, circulatory system, and various organs, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Illnesses associated with C. jejuni have been estimated to cost the citizens of the United States several billion dollars annually. RP SMITH, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 269 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 58 IS 10 BP 1153 EP 1170 PG 18 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA TB412 UT WOS:A1995TB41200020 ER PT J AU BACKIEL, A AF BACKIEL, A TI FORESTS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT - THE ROME STATEMENT ON FORESTRY SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article RP BACKIEL, A (reprint author), USDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 93 IS 10 BP 13 EP 17 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA RY383 UT WOS:A1995RY38300008 ER PT J AU LYKE, J BROOKS, DJ AF LYKE, J BROOKS, DJ TI WORLD SUPPLY-AND-DEMAND FOR FOREST PRODUCTS SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article C1 PACIFIC NW RES STN,CORVALLIS,OR. RP LYKE, J (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,POB 96538,WASHINGTON,DC 20090, USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 93 IS 10 BP 22 EP 26 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA RY383 UT WOS:A1995RY38300010 ER PT J AU DUNN, W JEMISON, R AF DUNN, W JEMISON, R TI FORGING PARTNERSHIPS ABROAD - THE SISTER FOREST PROGRAM SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article C1 US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FLAGSTAFF,AZ. RP DUNN, W (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,DIV INT,POB 96538,WASHINGTON,DC 20090, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 93 IS 10 BP 28 EP 31 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA RY383 UT WOS:A1995RY38300011 ER PT J AU CIESLA, WM MBUGUA, DK WARD, JD AF CIESLA, WM MBUGUA, DK WARD, JD TI ENSURING FOREST HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY - A PERSPECTIVE FROM KENYA SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article C1 FAO,DIV FOREST RESOURCES,ROME,ITALY. KENYA FOREST DEPT,NAIROBI,KENYA. US FOREST SERV,SO REG,ATLANTA,GA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 93 IS 10 BP 36 EP 39 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA RY383 UT WOS:A1995RY38300013 ER PT J AU DICKENS, JC CALLAHAN, FE WERGIN, WP ERBE, EF AF DICKENS, JC CALLAHAN, FE WERGIN, WP ERBE, EF TI OLFACTION IN A HEMIMETABOLOUS INSECT - ANTENNAL-SPECIFIC PROTEIN IN ADULT LYGUS-LINEOLARIS (HETEROPTERA, MIRIDAE) SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE OLFACTION; ANTENNAL-SPECIFIC PROTEIN; LYGUS LINEOLARIS; HETEROPTERA; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; DEVELOPMENT; MORPHOLOGY; SENSILLA; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY ID PHEROMONE-BINDING PROTEIN; TARNISHED PLANT BUG; ANTHERAEA-POLYPHEMUS; MANDUCA-SEXTA; MOTH ANTENNAE; EXPRESSION; HEMIPTERA; SENSILLA; CLONING; PERNYI AB Antennal sensilla, electrophysiological responses to an insect and a plant odorant, and polypeptide profiles were investigated in fifth instar nymphs and adults of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris. Sensilla with surface pits characteristic of porous olfactory sensilla develop on the second and third antennal segments during the final molt from fifth instar nymph to adult, Concurrent with development of these sensilla in the adult, neural responses to a component of green odor (1-hexanol) and an insect-produced volatile [(E)-2-hexenyl butyrate] increase dramatically, Antennal extirpation experiments indicated that sensilla responsive to these odorants are housed principally on the second and third antennal segments, A protein with a molecular weight of 17,000 present in the soluble fraction of adult antennae was absent in nymphs, Localization of this protein to the antenna, the coincidence of its expression with development of olfactory sensilla and its molecular weight were characteristic of odorant-binding proteins in moths, However, antisera raised against pheromone-binding protein of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, did not react with the Lygus protein, The N-terminal sequence for our antennal-specific protein was determined, and showed no significant homology with other known insect protein sequences, This lack of homology with other insect proteins including odorant binding proteins indicates that if it is an odorant binding protein as we suspect, it is either widely divergent or independently derived, This is the first report of an antennal-specific protein in a hemimetabolous insect and the only report of such a protein in an insect other than moths or Drosophila melanogaster. C1 USDA ARS,COTTON HOST PLANT RESISTANCE RES UNIT,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. USDA ARS,ELECTRON MICROSCOPY LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP DICKENS, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS,BOLL WEEVIL RES UNIT,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 52 TC 43 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 41 IS 10 BP 857 EP 867 DI 10.1016/0022-1910(95)00038-V PG 11 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA RZ348 UT WOS:A1995RZ34800005 ER PT J AU KRASNOFF, SB WATSON, DW GIBSON, DM KWAN, EC AF KRASNOFF, SB WATSON, DW GIBSON, DM KWAN, EC TI BEHAVIORAL-EFFECTS OF THE ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGUS, ENTOMOPHTHORA-MUSCAE ON ITS HOST MUSCA-DOMESTICA - POSTURAL CHANGES IN DYING HOSTS AND GATED PATTERN OF MORTALITY SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE MUSCA DOMESTICA L; ENTOMOPHTHORA MUSCAE; COHN (FRESENIUS); ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGUS; CIRCADIAN ID CONIDIAL DISCHARGE; LEPIDOPTERA; MUSCIDAE; DIPTERA; NOCTUIDAE; CADAVERS; DYNAMICS; MOTH AB Videotaped records of house flies dying from infection with the fungus Entomophthora muscae showed that flies typically die on the fourth or fifth day post-infection in elevated positions, vith the proboscis extended and attached to the substrate, the legs spread, the abdomen angled away from the substrate and the wings raised above the thorax, Four events occurring before or shortly after death were identified, the last locomotory movement (LM), the last extension of the proboscis to the substrate (PD), the start of upward wing movement (WS) and the end of upward wing movement (WU), Progression through this sequence was essentially unidirectional and highly stereotyped, The median elapsed time between WS and WU was 15 min, The median time between LM and WU was 1.25 h, The mortality of diseased flies, observed over several days, exhibited a distinct diel periodicity under both natural and artificial photoperiodic regimes with most flies dying 0-5 h before the onset of darkness. The mortality of flies held in the dark from the time of exposure until death did not exhibit rhythmicity; however, a circadian periodicity of mortality was observed in a population of infected flies exposed to a L12:D12 photoperiod for 3 days following infection and then held in continuous darkness. These findings indicate that mortality in E, muscae-diseased flies is a gated phenomenon governed by a biological clock, that, it is argued, is most probably a property of the fungus. C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP KRASNOFF, SB (reprint author), USDA ARS,PLANT PROTECT RES UNIT,TOWER RD,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 32 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 11 U2 18 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 41 IS 10 BP 895 EP 903 DI 10.1016/0022-1910(95)00026-Q PG 9 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA RZ348 UT WOS:A1995RZ34800009 ER PT J AU YU, J FOX, JG BLANCO, MC YAN, LL CORREA, P RUSSELL, RM AF YU, J FOX, JG BLANCO, MC YAN, LL CORREA, P RUSSELL, RM TI LONG-TERM SUPPLEMENTATION OF CANTHAXANTHIN DOES NOT INHIBIT GASTRIC EPITHELIAL-CELL PROLIFERATION IN HELICOBACTER MUSTELAE-INFECTED FERRETS SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE CANTHAXANTHIN; PROLIFERATING CELL NUCLEAR ANTIGEN; HELICOBACTER MUSTELAE; FERRETS; GASTRITIS ID BETA-CAROTENE; NUCLEAR ANTIGEN; PYLORI; CANCER; CARCINOMA; RISK; ANTIOXIDANTS; BIOMARKERS; PROTEIN; MODEL AB The effect of canthaxanthin (CX), a non-provitamin A carotenoid, on gastric epithelial proliferation was studied in ferrets colonized with Helicobacter mustelae, which causes a chronic gastritis and an increased gastric epithelial cell proliferation. Seven spayed female ferrets were dosed by gavage with CX beadlets (50 mg/kg body wt, 5 d/wk) over 2 y, whereas seven control animals were given placebo beadlets, At the end of the 2-y-period, ferrets were killed, and gastric tissues were obtained from the antrum and body regions. A cell-proliferating biomarker, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), was assayed by immunohistochemistry, The PCNA positivity was measured by a computer-based image analysis system. Serum concentrations of carotenoids, retinoids and tocopherols were analyzed by HPLC. Serum antioxidant status was measured by the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. The PCNA positivity in both antrum and body regions was not significantly different between CX-fed ferrets and controls. Serum CX concentrations were significantly higher in CX-fed ferrets vs. controls (P < 0.001), whereas levels of other carotenoids, retinoids and tocopherols were not significantly different. The ORAC values were not significantly different between groups. This study does not suggest inhibitory effects of CX on gastric epithelial cell proliferation in H, mustelae infected ferrets. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,GASTROINTESTINAL NUTR LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. MIT,DIV COMPARAT MED,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,MED CTR,DEPT PATHOL,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70112. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR010146, RR07036] NR 35 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 125 IS 10 BP 2493 EP 2500 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA RZ088 UT WOS:A1995RZ08800006 PM 7562083 ER PT J AU BERTHOLD, HK JAHOOR, F KLEIN, PD REEDS, PJ AF BERTHOLD, HK JAHOOR, F KLEIN, PD REEDS, PJ TI ESTIMATES OF THE EFFECT OF FEEDING ON WHOLE-BODY PROTEIN-DEGRADATION IN WOMEN VARY WITH THE AMINO-ACID USED AS TRACER SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE HUMANS; AMINO ACID METABOLISM; STABLE ISOTOPES ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; YOUNG MEN; DEUTERATED LEUCINE; LYSINE KINETICS; A-I; METABOLISM; GLYCINE; TISSUE; HUMANS AB We measured how feeding status affects the kinetics of multiple indispensable amino acids in four adult female subjects studied both in fed and fasted state. The subjects ingested one dose of uniformly C-13-labeled algae (Spirulina platensis). The isotopic enrichments (measured with negative chemical ionization gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) of the branched chain amino acids, phenylalanine, lysine and threonine were followed for 24 h in both the plasma and in VLDL-apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100). Easting lowered body protein degradation when measured with the branched chain amino acids, increased it when measured with phenylalanine and had no statistically significant effect when determined from the kinetics of lysine and threonine. These apparent differences challenge the adequacy of current models of whole-body protein turnover. The ratio of the peak labeling of amino acids in plasma and apoB-100 was used as an estimate of the isotopic dilution in the hepatic pool. In contrast to our earlier observations during intravenous tracer amino acid administration, in the present study fasting lowered the ratio of the peak isotopic enrichments of apoB-100 and plasma amino acids. This supports our contention that feeding increases the use of hepatic portal amino acids for hepatic secretory protein synthesis. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,USDA ARS,HOUSTON,TX 77030. RI Berthold, Heiner/E-6017-2011 OI Berthold, Heiner/0000-0002-1457-2216 NR 35 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 125 IS 10 BP 2516 EP 2527 PG 12 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA RZ088 UT WOS:A1995RZ08800009 PM 7562086 ER PT J AU CLEVIDENCE, BA TAYLOR, PR CAMPBELL, WS JUDD, JT AF CLEVIDENCE, BA TAYLOR, PR CAMPBELL, WS JUDD, JT TI LEAN AND HEAVY WOMEN MAY NOT USE ENERGY FROM ALCOHOL WITH EQUAL EFFICIENCY SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE ALCOHOL; ENERGY BODY MASS INDEX; HUMANS ID UNITED-STATES ADULTS; NUTRIENT INTAKE; BODY-WEIGHT; CONSUMPTION; METABOLISM; CALORIES; ETHANOL; PLASMA; DIET AB To assess whether energy from alcohol is efficiently utilized to maintain body mass, we examined changes in energy intake of young women when they drank alcohol. The women ate controlled diets typical of the American diet with regard to macronutrients. Body weights were controlled to within 1 kg of entry level weights. The subjects were given alcohol (30 g/d) and no alcohol treatments for 3 mo each in a crossover design. The treatments were isoenergetic; for the no alcohol treatment alcohol energy was replaced with energy from carbohydrate. The average change in energy intake associated with the alcohol treatment was negligible when all subjects were considered collectively. There was, however, a divergence in response between lean and heavy subjects. Fifteen women required, on average, an additional 886 +/- 147 (mean +/- SEM) kJ/d to maintain body weight during the alcohol treatment, and these women were leaner (body mass index 22.6 +/- 0.8 kg/m(2) vs. 25.2 +/- 1.0, P < 0.05) than the 22 women who required, on average, 559 +/- 139 fewer kJ/d when on the alcohol treatment. This study suggests that all subjects do not use energy from alcohol with equal efficiency. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,DIET & HUMAN PERFORMANCE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NCI,DEPT HLTH & HUMAN SERV,DIV CANC PREVENT & CONTROL,CANC PREVENT STUDIES BRANCH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. FU NCI NIH HHS [Y01-CN-40620] NR 20 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 125 IS 10 BP 2536 EP 2540 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA RZ088 UT WOS:A1995RZ08800011 PM 7562088 ER PT J AU MOMCILOVIC, B AF MOMCILOVIC, B TI COUPLING OF ZINC DOSE TO FREQUENCY IN A REGULARLY RECURRENT PATTERN SHOWS A LIMITED CAPACITY OF EXCESSIVE DIETARY ZINC TO COMPENSATE FOR A PREVIOUSLY DEFICIENT INTAKE SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 94 CY APR 24-28, 1994 CL ANAHEIM, CA DE ZINC; DOSE RATE; IDIORRHYTHM; GROWTH RESPONSE; RATS ID PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; RATS; NUTRITION; RESTRICTION; GROWTH; PLASMA; MEAL AB The impact of feeding a proportional dose of zinc in a regularly recurrent pattern (idiorrhythmic feeding) on body growth of weanling rats was studied to assess the extent to which an intake exceeding the requirement could compensate for a previously deficient intake. The idiorrhythmic regimen (I) was designed so that the overall dose-time equivalent (module; Mr) was kept constant over a selected period of time (epoch; E), whereas the actual dose and frequency varied regularly according to a predetermined pattern; that is, I = d(nth)(Mx)/d(nth), where Mr and d(nth) are the selected dose-time equivalent and the sequential number of zinc-dosing days, respectively. For example, 3 mg Zn . kg(-1) diet fed every day (I = 3/1) and 24 mg Zn . kg(-1) diet fed 1 d in an 8-d period (7 d of feeding a zinc-deficient diet) (I = 24/8) are dose-time equivalents because they both provide 72 mg Zn . kg(-1) over a 24-d E. Modules of M3, M6, M12 and M24 were used, which provided 3, 6, 12 and 24 mg Zn . kg(-1) d(-1) dose-time equivalents during a 24-d E. Each module had seven analogous idiorrhythms: I = Mx/1, 2Mx/2, 3Mx/3, 4Mx/4, 5Mx/5, 6Mx/6 and 8Mx/8; for example, with 8 Mx/8, 24, 48, 96 or 192 mg Zn . kg(-1) diet was fed every 8th d; on the other 7 d a diet without a zinc supplement was fed for M3, M6, M12 and M24, respectively. Zinc dose-rate idiorrhythm generated a complex, gestalt-like, biphasic growth response pattern where an intake of dietary zinc exceeding requirements had either no effect (M3 or average of 3 mg kg(-1) diet) or fully compensated for only 1 (M6 and M12 or average of 6 and 12 mg Zn . kg(-1) diet) or 2 (M24 or average of 24 mg Zn . kg(-1) diet) d. RP MOMCILOVIC, B (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 41 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 125 IS 10 BP 2687 EP 2699 PG 13 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA RZ088 UT WOS:A1995RZ08800029 PM 7562106 ER PT J AU HUNT, CD IDSO, JP AF HUNT, CD IDSO, JP TI MODERATE COPPER DEPRIVATION DURING GESTATION AND LACTATION AFFECTS DENTATE GYRUS AND HIPPOCAMPAL MATURATION IN IMMATURE MALE-RATS SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE COPPER DEFICIENCY; HIPPOCAMPUS; GRANULE CELL; PYRAMIDAL CELL; RATS ID NORADRENERGIC INNERVATION; NERVOUS-SYSTEM; DEFICIENCY; CATECHOLAMINES; HYDROXYLASE; MIGRATION; DOPAMINE; DIETARY; MICE AB The hippocampal formation (HF) is involved in higher brain functions including learning and declarative memory. The possibility that dietary copper has a role in the morphological development, and therefore the function of the HF, has received little attention. A rat model of tiered copper deficiency, initiated during gestation, was employed to determine the susceptibility of the HF, regions of which develop postnatally, to copper deficiency. At postnatal 23, pups whose dams had received either 1.8 or 1.4 mg Cu/kg diet during both gestation and lactation, compared with offspring of a group that had received 4.3 mg Cu/kg diet during both periods had, significantly more cell nuclei in the infrapyrimidal arm of the dentate gyrus. Offspring of rats fed 1.4 mg Cu/kg diet, but not those fed 1.8 mg/kg, compared with those fed 4.3 mg/kg, exhibited smaller, shorter, and narrower cell nuclei in the infrapyrimidal and suprapyrimidal arms of the dentate gyrus and smaller cell nuclei in region CA3c of the hippocampus. A fourth group (gestation, 1.8 mg Cu/kg diet; lactation, 0.9 mg Cu/kg diet) exhibited alterations less marked than those exhibited by the group fed 1.4 mg Cu/kg diet. All alterations in the groups fed low copper diets were consistent with slowed cell nuclear maturation, The Endings indicate that copper is required for maturation of the dentate gyrus and hippocampus. Also, copper supplied at or below 1.8 mg/kg is insufficient for morphological maturation of the dentate gyrus and hippocampus. Because the BE is important for higher brain functions, further research is needed to determine whether the copper deficiency-induced alterations in dentate gyrus and hippocampus development are transient or permanent. RP HUNT, CD (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 37 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 125 IS 10 BP 2700 EP 2710 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA RZ088 UT WOS:A1995RZ08800030 PM 7562107 ER PT J AU JOHNSON, WT DUFAULT, SN NEWMAN, SM AF JOHNSON, WT DUFAULT, SN NEWMAN, SM TI ALTERED NUCLEOTIDE CONTENT AND CHANGES IN MITOCHONDRIAL ENERGY-STATES ASSOCIATED WITH COPPER DEFICIENCY IN RAT PLATELETS SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE COPPER DEFICIENCY; PLATELETS; NUCLEOTIDES; MITOCHONDRIA ID ORTHO-DIANISIDINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE; CYTOCHROME-C-OXIDASE; CERULOPLASMIN; ACTIVATION; SERUM; MICE AB Dietary copper deficiency severely reduces platelet cytochrome c oxidase activity, but the effect of this perturbation on platelet energy metabolism is unknown. In this study, the effect of copper deficiency on platelet adenine nucleotide and GTP content was determined. Structural changes in platelet mitochondria during copper deficiency also were examined. Copper deficiency caused a 24% reduction in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content, a 113% increase in adenosine monophosphate (AMP) content, and a 36% reduction in GTP content. Because the secretary pool of ATP was not affected by copper deficiency, the changes observed in platelet nucleotide content most likely reflect an effect on the metabolic nucleotide pool. Furthermore, the number of platelet mitochondria exhibiting swollen cristae and high matrical density, characteristics suggesting that mitochondria ave engaged in oxidative phosphorylation, was increased by copper deficiency. These findings indicate that copper deficiency can alter energy metabolism in platelets in a manner that is consistent with partial blockage of mitochondrial electron transport and reduced ATP production. RP JOHNSON, WT (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,POB 9034,UNIV STN,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 33 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 6 IS 10 BP 551 EP 556 DI 10.1016/0955-2863(95)00100-E PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA RW894 UT WOS:A1995RW89400007 ER PT J AU DUBEY, JP WEIGEL, RM SIEGEL, AM THULLIEZ, P KITRON, UD MITCHELL, MA MANNELLI, A MATEUSPINILLA, NE SHEN, SK KWOK, OCH TODD, KS AF DUBEY, JP WEIGEL, RM SIEGEL, AM THULLIEZ, P KITRON, UD MITCHELL, MA MANNELLI, A MATEUSPINILLA, NE SHEN, SK KWOK, OCH TODD, KS TI SOURCES AND RESERVOIRS OF TOXOPLASMA-GONDII INFECTION ON 47 SWINE FARMS IN ILLINOIS SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RACCOONS; CATS AB Field studies were conducted on 47 swine farms in Illinois during 1992 and 1993 to identify sources and reservoirs of Toxoplasma gondii infection. Blood samples were obtained from swine and from trapped wildlife. Serum antibodies to T. gondii were determined using the modified agglutination test, incorporating mercaptoethanol. Antibodies to T. gondii (titer greater than or equal to 25) were found in 97 of 4,252 (2.3%) finishing pigs, 395 of 2,617 (15.1%) sows, 267 of 391 (68.3%) cats, 126 of 188 (67.0%) raccoons, 7 of 18 (38.9%) skunks, 29 of 128 opossums (22.7%), 6 of 95 (6.3%) rats, 3 of 61 (4.9%) white-footed mice (Peromyscus sp.), and 26 of 1,243 (2.1%) house mice (Mus musculus). Brains and hearts of rodents trapped on the farm were bioassayed in mice for the presence of T. gondii. Toxoplasma gondii was recovered from tissues of 7 of 1,502 (0.5%) house mice, 2 of 67 (3.0%) white-footed mice, and 1 of 107 (0.9%) rats. Feces of 274 cats trapped on the farms and samples of feed, water, and soil were bioassayed in mice for the presence of T. gondii oocysts. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from 2 of 491 (0.4%) feed samples, I of 79 (1.3%) soil samples, and 5 of 274 (1.8%) samples of cat feces. All mammalian species examined were reservoirs of T. gondii infection. All farms had evidence of T. gondii infection either by detection of antibodies in swine or other mammalian species, or by detection of oocysts, or by recovery from rodents by bioassay. The possibility of transmission of T. gondii to swine via consumption of rodents, feed, and soil was confirmed. RP DUBEY, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. OI Mannelli, Alessandro/0000-0003-1623-8761 NR 28 TC 140 Z9 149 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 81 IS 5 BP 723 EP 729 DI 10.2307/3283961 PG 7 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA TA700 UT WOS:A1995TA70000011 PM 7472862 ER PT J AU ARRIAGA, C YEPEZMULIA, L VIVEROS, N ADAME, LA ZARLENGA, DS LICHTENFELS, JR BENITEZ, E ORTEGAPIERRES, MG AF ARRIAGA, C YEPEZMULIA, L VIVEROS, N ADAME, LA ZARLENGA, DS LICHTENFELS, JR BENITEZ, E ORTEGAPIERRES, MG TI DETECTION OF TRICHINELLA-SPIRALIS MUSCLE LARVAE IN NATURALLY INFECTED HORSES SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Note ID IDENTIFICATION AB Human trichinellosis outbreaks related to horsemeat consumption have been reported in France and Italy in recent years. In order to determine if Trichinella is present in horses slaughtered at an abattoir in the State of Mexico, diaphragm muscle tissue samples (22-37 g) from 80 horses were examined by artificial digestion. Four of these samples had larvae that were characterized as Trichinella sp. by morphological criteria and as Trichinella spiralis by the polymerase chain reaction. C1 CTR MED NACL SIGLO XXI,UNIDAD INVEST MED ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS & PARA,MEXICO CITY 06725,DF,MEXICO. CTR RES & ADV STUDIES,DEPT MOLEC BIOL & GENET,MEXICO CITY 07000,DF,MEXICO. UNIV AUTONOMA EDUARDO MEXICO,FAC MED VET & ZOOTECN,MEXICO CITY,DF,MEXICO. USDA,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP ARRIAGA, C (reprint author), INST NACL INVEST FORESTALES & AGROPECUARIAS,CENID MICROBIOL,APDO POSTAL 41682,MEXICO CITY 11001,DF,MEXICO. NR 21 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 81 IS 5 BP 781 EP 783 DI 10.2307/3283974 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA TA700 UT WOS:A1995TA70000023 PM 7472874 ER PT J AU BAKER, DG MORISHITA, TY BROOKS, DL SHEN, SK LINDSAY, DS DUBEY, JP AF BAKER, DG MORISHITA, TY BROOKS, DL SHEN, SK LINDSAY, DS DUBEY, JP TI EXPERIMENTAL ORAL INOCULATIONS IN BIRDS TO EVALUATE POTENTIAL DEFINITIVE HOSTS OF NEOSPORA-CANINUM SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Note ID INFECTION; DOGS; APICOMPLEXA; PROTOZOA AB Experimental oral inoculations to evaluate potential definitive hosts of Neospora caninum were conducted by feeding infected rodent tissues to 9 carnivorous birds of 4 species. Birds included 2 red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), 2 turkey vultures (Cathartes aura), 2 barn owls (Tyto alba), and 3 American crows (Corvus brachyrhynchus). The rodents (mice or rats) had been inoculated with 100,000 culture derived tachyzoites of N. caninum 1-6 mo before feeding to the birds. Fecal samples were collected from each bird daily for 1 mo after feeding rodents and examined for oocysts by fecal flotation. In addition, processed aliquots from all avian fecal samples were fed to BALB/c mice. Five weeks after feeding, mice were bled and sera were tested for antibodies against N. caninum. One to two months later, mice were killed and brain tissue was examined microscopically for protozoal cysts. While occasional oocysts were found in avian fecal samples, these were likely not N. caninum because they were not infective to BALB/c mice. It was concluded that the bird species tested are not likely to be definitive hosts of N. caninum. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,SCH VET MED,CALIF RAPTOR CTR,DAVIS,CA 95616. USDA,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. AUBURN UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT PATHOBIOL,AUBURN,AL 36849. RP BAKER, DG (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,SCH VET MED,ANIM RESOURCES SERV,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 14 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 81 IS 5 BP 783 EP 785 DI 10.2307/3283975 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA TA700 UT WOS:A1995TA70000024 PM 7472875 ER PT J AU FAYER, R FETTERER, R AF FAYER, R FETTERER, R TI ACTIVITY OF BENZIMIDAZOLES AGAINST CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS IN NEONATAL BALB/C MICE SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Note AB The need for an effective compound for the prevention and treatment of cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals has led to the testing of benzimidazoles based on reports that albendazole was clinically effective against related protozoan parasites causing microsporidiosis in humans. Albendazole and other benzimidazole derivatives were tested for prophylactic efficacy against cryptosporidiosis at dosage levels 1-3x the levels found effective for treatment of cattle or sheep for helminth infections. Daily dosage levels of thiabendazole, parbendazole, oxibendazole, mebendazole, and albendazole, as high as 200, 30, 10, 15, and 15 mg/kg of body weight, respectively, were not efficacious in neonatal mice. Although the number of parasites in histologic sections of intestine from mice medicated with 15 mg albendazole/kg of body weight was significantly lower than in unmedicated control mice, suggesting activity against the parasite, a high percentage of epithelial cells in the medicated mice were infected. C1 USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP FAYER, R (reprint author), USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE IMMUNOBIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 11 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 81 IS 5 BP 794 EP 795 DI 10.2307/3283980 PG 2 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA TA700 UT WOS:A1995TA70000029 PM 7472880 ER PT J AU SHULMAN, RJ FESTE, A OU, C AF SHULMAN, RJ FESTE, A OU, C TI ABSORPTION OF LACTOSE, GLUCOSE POLYMERS, OR COMBINATION IN PREMATURE-INFANTS SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID INTESTINE; PERFUSION; DIARRHEA AB Study objective: To determine the digestion and absorption of lactose, a combination of lactose and glucose polymers, and glucose polymers alone in infants born at 28 to 42 weeks of gestation. Design: Each infant received the three carbohydrate solutions (85 gm/L concentration) in random order. Setting: Tertiary care urban children's hospital. lnterventions: A double-lumen perfusion catheter was placed in the duodenum-jejunum, Absorption was defined as the disappearance of the carbohydrate and all its components (e.g., for lactose: galactose, glucose). Measurements and main results: Absorption of lactase was less than that of the lactose-glucose polymer combination and the glucose polymers alone, There was no relationship between lactose absorption and postnatal age, whereas absorption of the lactose-glucose polymer combination and the glucose polymers alone correlated with age. Lactose absorption was not related to the number of days that the infants received full-strength feedings or the total number of days of feeding before the study, whereas absorption of both the lactose-glucose polymer combination and the glucose polymers alone was related to both, Absorption of the three solutions was not related to gestational age or to the number of days before the initial feeding, Lactose absorption was greater in infants who received formula alone than in infants fed formula together with human milk. Conclusions: Premature infants do not digest and absorb lactose as well as glucose polymers, However, lactose does not impair the absorption of glucose polymers. Lactose assimilation is not affected by maturation, but the type of diet may affect lactose digestion and absorption, In contrast, digestion and absorption of glucose polymers are related to both postnatal age and diet. C1 USDA ARS, CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR, HOUSTON, TX USA. BAYLOR COLL MED, DEPT PEDIAT, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. BAYLOR COLL MED, DEPT PATHOL, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. TEXAS CHILDRENS HOSP, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [MO1 RR-00188] NR 17 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 J9 J PEDIATR-US JI J. Pediatr. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 127 IS 4 BP 626 EP 631 DI 10.1016/S0022-3476(95)70128-1 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA RZ084 UT WOS:A1995RZ08400022 PM 7562290 ER PT J AU Lewis, JA Lumsden, RD AF Lewis, JA Lumsden, RD TI Do pathogenic fungi have the potential to inhibit biocontrol fungi? SO JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY-PHYTOPATHOLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT LA English DT Article ID RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI; DAMPING-OFF; TRICHODERMA; ANTIBIOTICS; GLIOCLADIUM; SCLEROTIA AB Metabolites produced by the soilborne plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani (R-23) and Pythium ultimum (PuZ3) grown on cellophane disks placed on potato-dextrose agar (PDA), molasses brewer's yeast agar (MYA) and wheat bran extract agar (BEA) did not significantly affect the rate of growth of isolates of the antagonists Trichoderma viride (TS-1-R3, Tv-101), T. harzianum (Th-57, Th-87), T. hamatum (Tm-23, TRI-4), or Gliocladium virens (Gl-3, Gl-21) when these antagonists were grown on the three agars containing pathogen metabolites. However, in some instances, density of antagonist mycelium growing on the agar media as well as the observable production of antagonist conidia on the agar media were reduced. Using four antagonists in liquid cultures of potato-dextrose broth (PDB) containing metabolites of the pathogens grown on bran extract broth, metabolites from R-23 significantly reduced mycelial dry weight of Th-87 and Gl-21 but not that of TRI-4 and Gl-3. On the contrary, metabolites of PuZ3 increased the mycelial dry weight of all four antagonists. Metabolites of R-23 reduced production of conidia of only TRI-4; metabolites of PuZ3 significantly reduced production of conidia of all four antagonists. Pathogen metabolites did not affect germination of conidia in the system used. RP Lewis, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOCONTROL PLANT DIS LAB,10300 BALTIMORE BLVD,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-1785 J9 J PHYTOPATHOL JI J. Phytopathol.-Phytopathol. Z. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 143 IS 10 BP 585 EP 588 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0434.1995.tb00205.x PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TR646 UT WOS:A1995TR64600004 ER PT J AU Wesley, RA Heatherly, LG Elmore, CD Spurlock, SR AF Wesley, RA Heatherly, LG Elmore, CD Spurlock, SR TI Net returns from eight nonirrigated cropping systems on clay soil SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article AB Considerable research has been conducted on the agronomic relationships of cropping systems adapted to the clay soils of the lower Mississippi River floodplain (30 degrees-37 degrees North latitude); however, only a few studies included the determination and evaluation of net returns. An 8-yr study (1984-1991) was conducted on a Tunica clay (clayey over loamy, montmorillonitic, nonacid, thermic Vertic Haplaquept) to determine net returns above specified costs from eight nonirrigated cropping systems. The cropping systems included 1) monocrop corn (Zea mays L.); 2) monocrop soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]; 3) monocrop grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.]; 4) biennial rotation of corn and soybean; 5) biennial rotation of grain sorghum and soybean; 6) continuous wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-soybean doublecrop; 7) biennial rotation of corn and wheat-sobyean doublecrop; and 8) biennial rotation of grain sorghum and wheat-soybean doublecrop. Cropping systems that included grain sorghum as a component produced the highest average net returns. Average net returns per acre from grain sorghum-soybean ($76), grain sorghum and wheat-soybean doublecrop ($64), and monocrop grain sorghum ($60) systems were significantly higher than from the monocrop soybean ($25), monocrop corn ($-9), and corn and wheat-soybean doublecrop ($16) systems. Average net returns per acre from the wheat-soybean doublecrop ($48) and the corn-soybean ($42) systems were similar and in the intermediate range. Data indicate that monocrop corn and soybean systems and the corn-wheat-soybean system are not profitable when grown in nonirrigated environments on day soils in the lower Mississippi River alluvial plain. RP Wesley, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS,APPLICAT & PROD TECHNOL RES UNIT,POB 36,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 0 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD OCT-DEC PY 1995 VL 8 IS 4 BP 514 EP 520 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TL442 UT WOS:A1995TL44200007 ER PT J AU Karlen, DL Duffy, MD Colvin, TS AF Karlen, DL Duffy, MD Colvin, TS TI Nutrient, labor, energy, and economic evaluations of two farming systems in Iowa SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article AB Farmer-researcher partnerships are needed to ensure soil and crop management practices are productive, environmentally safe, economically sound, and socially acceptable. We developed a farmer-researcher partnership to compare nutrient, labor, energy, and economic budgets for two ''conventional'' 40-acre fields where a 2-yr corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation is used with those for two adjacent fields where a 5-yr corn, soybean, corn, oat (Arena saliva L.), and hay rotation is used. Conventional fields received commercial fertilizer and herbicides. Alternative fields received no herbicides and a mixture of animal manure plus municipal sewage sludge as the primary nutrient source. A 10-yr nutrient budget suggests that N-2 fixation would have to provide at least 53% of the N removed by soybean grain to prevent depletion of soil organic matter or other soil N sources from conventional fields. By assuming similar amounts of N fixation in the alternative fields, we show that 962 lb N/acre, 244 lb P/acre, and 844 lb K/acre were applied (or fixed) in excess of crop removal. Soil-test P, K, and organic matter changes reflect these applications. More fieldwork hours per acre per year were required to handle manure, avoid using herbicides, and harvest hay than to use conventional practices. Energy budgets were dependent on whether nutrients in the manure plus municipal sludge were considered as (i) an input cost for the crop, or (ii) a disposal cost that should be charged against an animal enterprise. Economic budgets were dependent on assumptions made regarding how to account for management costs. Overall, developing farmer-researcher partnerships was an effective method for evaluating alternative farming systems. RP Karlen, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,2150 PAMMEL DR,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 0 TC 41 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD OCT-DEC PY 1995 VL 8 IS 4 BP 540 EP 546 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TL442 UT WOS:A1995TL44200011 ER PT J AU PATEMAN, BC MCKINNEY, P KANN, L SMALL, ML WARREN, CW COLLINS, JL AF PATEMAN, BC MCKINNEY, P KANN, L SMALL, ML WARREN, CW COLLINS, JL TI SCHOOL FOOD-SERVICE SO JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH LA English DT Article C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV ADOLESCENT & SCH HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. USDA,OFF ANAL & EVALUAT,FOOD & CONSUMER SERV,ALEXANDRIA,VA 22302. RP PATEMAN, BC (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,SURVEILLANCE RES SECT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 6 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SCHOOL HEALTH ASSOC PI KENT PA PO BOX 708, KENT, OH 44240 SN 0022-4391 J9 J SCHOOL HEALTH JI J. Sch. Health PD OCT PY 1995 VL 65 IS 8 BP 327 EP 332 PG 6 WC Education & Educational Research; Education, Scientific Disciplines; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TB376 UT WOS:A1995TB37600008 PM 8558861 ER PT J AU KENNEDY, ET OHLS, J CARLSON, S FLEMING, K AF KENNEDY, ET OHLS, J CARLSON, S FLEMING, K TI THE HEALTHY EATING INDEX - DESIGN AND APPLICATIONS SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID DIETARY AB Objective To develop an index of overall diet quality. Design The Healthy Eating Index (HEI) was developed based on a 10-component system of five food groups, four nutrients, and a measure of variety in food intake. Each of the 10 components has a score ranging from 0 to 10, so the total possible index score is 100. Methods/subjects Data from the 1989 and 1990 Continuing Survey of Food Intake by Individuals were used to analyze the HEI for a representative sample of the US population. Statistical analyses performed Frequencies, correlation coefficients, means. Results The mean HEI was 63.9; most people scored neither very high nor very low No one component of the index dominated the HEI score. People were most likely to do poorly in the fruit, saturated fat, grains, vegetable, and total fat categories. The HEI correlated positively and significantly with most nutrients; as the total HEI increased, intake for a range of nutrients also increased. Discussion/conclusions The HEI is a useful index of overall diet quality of the consumer. The US Department of Agriculture will use the HEI to monitor changes in dietary intake over time and as the basis of nutrition promotion activities for the population. C1 US FOOD & CONSUMER SERV,OFF ANAL & EVALUAT,WASHINGTON,DC. MATH POLICY RES,PRINCETON,NJ. TECH ASSESSMENT SYST INC,WASHINGTON,DC. RP KENNEDY, ET (reprint author), USDA,CTR NUTR POLICY & PROMOT,WASHINGTON,DC 20036, USA. NR 17 TC 558 Z9 585 U1 4 U2 53 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSN PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 95 IS 10 BP 1103 EP 1108 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(95)00300-2 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA RY282 UT WOS:A1995RY28200006 PM 7560680 ER PT J AU HANLIN, MB FIELD, RA RAY, B BAILEY, DG AF HANLIN, MB FIELD, RA RAY, B BAILEY, DG TI CHARACTERIZATION OF PREDOMINANT BACTERIA IN CATTLE HIDES AND THEIR CONTROL BY A BACTERIOCIN BASED PRESERVATIVE SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID PEDIOCOCCUS-ACIDILACTICI-H; LACTIC-ACID BACTERIA; PEDIOCIN ACH; SUBLETHAL INJURY; NISIN AB The objective of this study is to develop an ecologically acceptable and effective means of preserving cattle hides between the time of their removal from the carcass and tanning. The effectiveness of two bacteriocins (small antibacterial peptides) from lactic acid bacteria with and without SDS was studied. The initial bacterial population of the hides following removal is predominantly Gram-positive cocci and rods that are sensitive to a mixture of the two bacteriocins, nisin and pediocin AcH. Following storage of the hides at 25 degrees C for 2d, the bacterial profile changed, with the majority being Gram-negative motile rods, especially Proteus species, that were not sensitive to the bacteriocins. Supplementation of the bacteriocin mixture with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS 0.25%) reduced the growth of the Gram-negative rods. The importance of either treating a hide immediately after removal with a suitable preservative or keeping the hides for a short time below 10 degrees C prior to applying a preservative is discussed. If a shift in the bacterial population occurs with Gram-negative motile rods predominating, bacteriocins will need to be supplemented with other components. As these Gram-negative rods are extremely proteolytic, once present the proteolytic enzymes they produce may degrade the hide quality even if a suitable preservative is used later to prevent further growth. C1 UNIV WYOMING,DEPT ANIM SCI,FOOD MICROBIOL LAB,LARAMIE,WY 82071. USDA,EASTERN REG RES CTR,HIDES LIPIDS & WOOL RES UNIT,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 90 IS 10 BP 308 EP 320 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA TF109 UT WOS:A1995TF10900002 ER PT J AU NEFF, WE BYRDWELL, WC AF NEFF, WE BYRDWELL, WC TI SOYBEAN OIL TRIACYLGLYCEROL ANALYSIS BY REVERSED-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY COUPLED WITH ATMOSPHERIC-PRESSURE CHEMICAL-IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE CHEMICAL IONIZATION; EVAPORATIVE LIGHT-SCATTERING DETECTOR; FLAME-IONIZATION DETECTOR; HIGH-PALMITIC SOYBEAN OIL; HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HIGH-STEARIC SOYBEAN OIL; MASS SPECTROMETRY; REVERSED-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; SOYBEAN OIL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL ANALYSIS; TRIACYLGLYCEROLS ID OXIDATIVE STABILITY; HPLC; TRIGLYCERIDES; FATS; SEPARATION; DETECTOR; QUANTITATION; ELECTROSPRAY; MIXTURES AB Soybean oil triacylglycerols from genetically modified soybean lines were conclusively identified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization is a soft ionization technique which gives simple spectra for triacylglycerols. Spectral identification of the triacylglycerols was based on the molecular [M + 1](+) ion and the 1(2)-, 2(3)- and 1(3)-diacylglycerol fragments. Triacylglycerols identified in high-stearic and high-palmitic soybean varieties were quantitated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with flame-ionization detection. There was excellent agreement between the fatty acid composition calculated from the triacylglycerol composition and the fatty acid composition obtained by gas chromatography of the transmethylated oils. The oils of the modified soybean varieties, compared to typical soybean oil, contained increased content of triacylglycerols known to be more oxidatively stable, such as linoleoyloleoylstearoyl, linoleoylpalmitoylstearoyl, and linoleoyldipalmitoyl glycerols, and less triacylglycerols like trilinoleoylglycerol, known to decrease oxidative stability. This study showed that the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization technique is suitable for mass spectral identification of neutral molecules, such as triacylglycerols, which do not contain a chargeable functional group. RP NEFF, WE (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FQS,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. OI Byrdwell, William/0000-0001-8241-428X NR 38 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 72 IS 10 BP 1185 EP 1191 DI 10.1007/BF02540986 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA RY626 UT WOS:A1995RY62600014 ER PT J AU Gillespie, RL Kemp, WP AF Gillespie, RL Kemp, WP TI Habitat associations of grasshopper species (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L) and adjacent rangeland SO JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Thirty-one species of grasshoppers were collected in either winter wheat or adjacent rangeland/CRP, at ten study sites for three years. Eighteen species were collected in winter wheat fields while 29 species were collected in adjacent reseeded native rangeland or newly seeded Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) land, seeded to crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. and alfalfa Medicago sativa L.). In native rangeland these two species were reseeded into Stipa comata Trin and Rupr., Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K). habitat. Melanoplus sanguinipes, M. bivittatus, and M. packardii, pest species of crops and rangeland in the Northern Great Plains, were the predominant species in winter wheat and together with Aulocara elliotti were the predominant species in adjacent rangeland or CRP. The number of M. sanguinipes collected per unit of effort in CRP was the same as the number collected in ''established'' reseeded rangeland. Fewer A. elliotti were collected per unit effort in CRP when compared to ''established'' reseeded rangeland. The results suggest that CRP supports a lower population of A. elliotti than ''established'' reseeded rangeland or there has been an insufficient span of time for A. elliotti to disperse into these areas. C1 USDA,AGR RES SERV,RANGELAND INSECT LAB,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. RP Gillespie, RL (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,COURTHOUSE,BOX 37,EPHRATA,WA 98823, USA. NR 27 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-8567 J9 J KANSAS ENTOMOL SOC JI J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 68 IS 4 BP 415 EP 424 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TV734 UT WOS:A1995TV73400005 ER PT J AU Jackson, JJ Hesler, LS AF Jackson, JJ Hesler, LS TI Placement and application rate of the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) for suppression of the western corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) SO JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LARVAE COLEOPTERA; ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODE; CURCULIONIDAE; PERSISTENCE AB Efficacy of the entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser (Mexican strain), as a control agent for the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, was evaluated with nematode placement in three areas around the base of the maize plant and at four rates of application. Aqueous nematode suspensions were applied to the soil surface when the rootworm larval population was predominately 2nd stage. Efficacy was evaluated on the basis of root damage and adult emergence. The application of 100,000 or 200,000 nematodes within a 15 cm diameter circle centered on the base of the maize plant was most effective in reducing root damage and adult emergence. These application rates held root damage near the threshold for potential economic loss (level 5, 1-9 scale) and adult emergence was reduced by 79-93%. RP Jackson, JJ (reprint author), USDA,ARS,NO GRAIN INSECTS RES LAB,RURAL ROUTE 3,BROOKINGS,SD 57006, USA. NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-8567 J9 J KANSAS ENTOMOL SOC JI J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 68 IS 4 BP 461 EP 467 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TV734 UT WOS:A1995TV73400010 ER PT J AU Thomas, DB AF Thomas, DB TI A new species of Spinalanx Rolston and Rider from South America (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) SO JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Insecta; Pentatomidae; taxonomy; genitalia AB A new species of the South American genus Spinalanx is described from southern Brazil. The primary differentiating characters are found in the genitalic structures. The new species is named in honor of the distinguished hemipterist, L. H. Rolston. RP Thomas, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI NEW YORK PA C/O AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST 79TH & CENTRAL PARK WEST, NEW YORK, NY 10024 SN 0028-7199 J9 J NEW YORK ENTOMOL S JI J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 103 IS 4 BP 404 EP 408 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XP061 UT WOS:A1995XP06100008 ER PT J AU HATFIELD, RD WEIMER, PJ AF HATFIELD, RD WEIMER, PJ TI DEGRADATION CHARACTERISTICS OF ISOLATED AND IN-SITU CELL-WALL LUCERNE PECTIC POLYSACCHARIDES BY MIXED RUMINAL MICROBES SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE LUCERNE; PECTIC POLYSACCHARIDES; CELL WALL; RUMINAL MICROBES; DEGRADATION ID RUMEN MICROORGANISMS; PURE CULTURES; ALFALFA; DIGESTION; DIGESTIBILITY; CARBOHYDRATE; COMPONENTS; LEAVES; STEMS; ACIDS AB Two pectic polysaccharide fractions were isolated from lucerne (Medicago sativa L) leaves and used in fermentation experiments with mixed ruminal microbes. Both fractions were similar in chemical composition, containing galacturonic acid (52-58 mol%) and the neutral sugars arabinose (14-18 mol%), galactose (6-8 mol%) and rhamnose (8-12 mol%). Fermentation of both fractions was rapid and complete with a half-life of approximately 4 h. Production of total volatile fatty acids matched the degradation profile reaching a maximum level shortly after the rate of degradation began to decrease. The fermentation characteristics of citrus pectin and polygalacturonic acid were similar to those of the lucerne pectic fractions but galacturonic acid was much slower in its rate of degradation while soluble arabinogalactan from larchwood was virtually undegraded. Leaves of early bud stage lucerne and lower nodes and internodes of stems from full bloom lucerne were also fermented by mixed ruminal microbes. Pectic polysaccharides were rapidly and extensively degraded from both tissues. Initial rates were faster for leaves than for stems and the extent of pectic degradation was greater in leaves (8% residual) than in stems (17% residual). Selection of forage lines with increased pectic polysaccharides would provide greater amounts of rapidly available energy that could result in more efficient utilisation of the rapidly degraded protein in lucerne. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BACTERIOL,MADISON,WI 53706. RP HATFIELD, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,1925 LINDEN DR W,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 40 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food. Agric. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 69 IS 2 BP 185 EP 196 DI 10.1002/jsfa.2740690208 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA RY548 UT WOS:A1995RY54800007 ER PT J AU PARROTTA, JA AF PARROTTA, JA TI INFLUENCE OF OVERSTORY COMPOSITION ON UNDERSTORY COLONIZATION BY NATIVE SPECIES IN PLANTATIONS ON A DEGRADED TROPICAL SITE SO JOURNAL OF VEGETATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE BIODIVERSITY; CASUARINA EQUISETIFOLIA; EUCALYPTUS ROBUSTA; LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA; NATURAL REGENERATION; PUERTO RICO; RESTORATION ECOLOGY; SUCCESSION AB Patterns of understory colonization by native and naturalized trees and shrubs were evaluated in 4.5-year-old plantations of three exotic tree species, Casuarina equisetifolia, Eucalyptus robusta, and Leucaena leucocephala, on a degraded coastal grassland site with reference to overstory composition and understory environmental conditions. 19 secondary forest species were established in the plantation understories (with a total area of 0.52 ha), while no natural regeneration occurred in unplanted, though protected, control areas. The majority of these species (90 %) and the total seedling population (97 %) were zoochorous, indicating the importance of frugivorous bats and particularly birds as facilitators of secondary forest species colonization. Understory species richness and seedling densities were affected significantly by overstory composition, the most abundant regeneration occurring beneath Leucaena and least under Casuarina. Understory colonization rates within mixed-species stands were intermediate between those of single-species stands of the trees comprising their overstories. Significant negative correlations were found between understory species richness and seedling density, and forest floor depth and dry mass, especially for small-seeded ornithochorous species. Higher colonization rates near the peripheries of plantation plots relative to plot interiors were due in part to roosting site preferences by frugivores, particularly bats. The study results indicate that overstory species selection can exert a significant influence on subsequent patterns of colonization by secondary forest species and is an important consideration in the design of plantations for 'catalyzing' succession on deforested, degraded sites. RP PARROTTA, JA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,INT INST TROP FORESTRY,POB 25000,RIO PIEDRAS,PR 00928, USA. NR 0 TC 155 Z9 164 U1 2 U2 35 PU OPULUS PRESS UPPSALA AB PI KNIVSTA PA APELSINVAGEN 47, S 741 00 KNIVSTA, SWEDEN SN 1100-9233 J9 J VEG SCI JI J. Veg. Sci. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 6 IS 5 BP 627 EP 636 DI 10.2307/3236433 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology; Forestry SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA TK028 UT WOS:A1995TK02800003 ER PT J AU ROSATI, S KWANG, J KEEN, JE AF ROSATI, S KWANG, J KEEN, JE TI GENOME ANALYSIS OF NORTH-AMERICAN SMALL RUMINANT LENTIVIRUSES BY POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION AND RESTRICTION ENZYME ANALYSIS SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article AB The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify portions of the gag and env structural genes of 8 ovine and 1 caprine lentivirus isolates of North American origin. Three sets of primers were used to amplify p16, p25, and N'-gp40 gene fragments, and 1 set, annealing highly conserved portions of long terminal repeat (LTR) among small ruminant lentiviruses, was used as a positive control. Variable PCR amplification efficiency was observed. Different stringency conditions of hybridization with specific DNA probes were used to maximize detection of the PCR product. The p25 primers detected all strains, the gp40 primers detected 1 ovine and the caprine strain, and the p16 primers detected only 1 ovine isolate. All strains were detected by LTR primers. Restriction endonuclease analysis of 5 amplified p25 and 2 N'-gp40 gene fragments revealed extensive heterogeneity among these North American small ruminant lentiviruses. C1 USDA ARS,MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. RP ROSATI, S (reprint author), UNIV TURIN,DEPT ANIM PROD EPIDEMIOL & ECOL,VIA NIZZA 52,I-10126 TURIN,ITALY. OI Rosati, Sergio/0000-0002-8315-0316 NR 0 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI COLUMBIA PA PO BOX 6023, COLUMBIA, MO 65205 SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 7 IS 4 BP 437 EP 443 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA TE596 UT WOS:A1995TE59600003 PM 8580162 ER PT J AU JAVED, T DOMBRINKKURTZMAN, MA RICHARD, JL BENNETT, GA COTE, LM BUCK, WB AF JAVED, T DOMBRINKKURTZMAN, MA RICHARD, JL BENNETT, GA COTE, LM BUCK, WB TI SEROHEMATOLOGIC ALTERATIONS IN BROILER CHICKS ON FEED AMENDED WITH FUSARIUM-PROLIFERATUM CULTURE MATERIAL OR FUMONISIN B-1 AND MONILIFORMIN SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article AB Two hundred twenty-eight male broiler chicks (Columbia x New Hampshire) were given feed amended with autoclaved culture material of Fusarium proliferatum containing fumonisin B-1 (FB1) at 61, 193, and 546 ppm, fumonisin B-2 (FB2) at 14, 38, and 98 ppm, and moniliformin at 66, 193, and 367 ppm in 3 separate feeding trials (amounts of toxin in each trial, respectively). Birds were started on amended rations at days 1, 7, and 21 and continued on their respective ration until they were 28 days old. Purified FB1 (125, 274 ppm) and moniliformin (27, 154 ppm) were given separately and in combination (137 and 77 ppm, respectively), starting on day 1 and continuing for 14 days. Of serum chemistry parameters, only glucose was significantly decreased. Significant increases were noted in serum cholesterol, sodium, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase. Of the hematologic parameters, significant decreases were noted in red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, and white blood cell counts. Immunologic changes included impaired anti-Newcastle disease antibody hemagglutination inhibition titers associated with relative decreases in total serum globulins and increases in albumin/globulin globulin ratios. The changes were noted in all treatment groups when compared to controls. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP JAVED, T (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET BIOSCI,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 0 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI COLUMBIA PA PO BOX 6023, COLUMBIA, MO 65205 SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 7 IS 4 BP 520 EP 526 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA TE596 UT WOS:A1995TE59600017 PM 8580176 ER PT J AU RYNCARZ, RE DIETZ, AB KEHRLI, ME AF RYNCARZ, RE DIETZ, AB KEHRLI, ME TI RECOGNITION OF LEUKOCHIMERISM DURING GENOTYPING FOR BOVINE LEUKOCYTE ADHESION DEFICIENCY (BLAD) BY POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION-AMPLIFIED DNA EXTRACTED FROM BLOOD SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Note RP RYNCARZ, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010, USA. RI Dietz, Allan/H-7414-2015 OI Dietz, Allan/0000-0003-3410-9621 NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI COLUMBIA PA PO BOX 6023, COLUMBIA, MO 65205 SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 7 IS 4 BP 569 EP 572 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA TE596 UT WOS:A1995TE59600031 PM 8580190 ER PT J AU MEYER, RF BROWN, F AF MEYER, RF BROWN, F TI SEQUENCE IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIGENIC VARIANTS IN PLAQUE ISOLATES OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH-DISEASE VIRUS SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Note DE FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS (FMDV) VARIANT; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) SEQUENCE AB Foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates frequently contain mixtures of antigenic variants. Using synthetic mixtures of two 'pure' viruses which differed at one amino acid of the major epitope, it was found that a minor component present as 10% or less of the mixture would be undetected by nucleic acid sequencing. C1 US ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,NATL VET SERV LABS,FOREIGN ANIM DIS DIAGNOST LAB,GREENPORT,NY 11944. RP MEYER, RF (reprint author), USDA ARS,PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR,POB 848,GREENPORT,NY 11944, USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0934 J9 J VIROL METHODS JI J. Virol. Methods PD OCT PY 1995 VL 55 IS 2 BP 281 EP 283 DI 10.1016/0166-0934(95)00064-2 PG 3 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA RZ310 UT WOS:A1995RZ31000011 PM 8537465 ER PT J AU THACKER, EL FULTON, JE HUNT, HD AF THACKER, EL FULTON, JE HUNT, HD TI IN-VITRO ANALYSIS OF A PRIMARY, MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC)-RESTRICTED, CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSE TO AVIAN-LEUKOSIS VIRUS (ALV), USING TARGET-CELLS EXPRESSING MHC CLASS-I CDNA INSERTED INTO A RECOMBINANT ALV VECTOR SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHICKENS; GENES; INFECTION; DISEASE; TUMORS AB The interaction between the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is an important component of the host's resistance to viral infections and tumor formation. In this study, an avian leukosis virus (ALV) vector system, RCASBP, expressing MHC chicken class I (B-F) cDNA was used to develop target cells expressing the chicken class I glycoproteins complexed with ALV antigens on the cell surface. Peripheral blood from chickens inoculated with ALV was shown to contain antigen-specific, MHC-restricted, CD8(+) effector CTLs, using a Cr-51 release assay utilizing the RCASBP B-F target cells. The stimulated effector cells were also predominantly alpha beta T-cell receptor-positive (TCR2) T cells. The CTL response varied between two haplotypes of chickens which differed in their response to Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-induced tumors. Chickens with the B-21 haplotype which regress RSV-induced tumors showed maximal cytolytic activity, while chickens with the B-13 haplotype which do not regress RSV-induced tumors had minimal to no cytolytic activity. In addition to assessing the CTL response to ALV, the creation of MHC-specific immortal target cell lines will be extremely useful in evaluating CTL responses to other viral disease in chickens. C1 USDA ARS,AVIAN DIS & ONCOL LAB,E LANSING,MI 48823. NR 32 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 69 IS 10 BP 6439 EP 6444 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA RU784 UT WOS:A1995RU78400058 PM 7666545 ER PT J AU SMITH, KE FISCHER, JR DUBEY, JP AF SMITH, KE FISCHER, JR DUBEY, JP TI TOXOPLASMOSIS IN A BOBCAT (FELIS-RUFUS) SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Note DE TOXOPLASMA GONDII; TOXOPLASMOSIS; BOBCAT; FELIS RUFUS; ENCEPHALITIS; GEORGIA ID OOCYSTS AB A bobcat (Felis rufus) estimated to be 6-mo old exhibited head pressing, stupor, intermittent seizures, and vocalization. Based on gross and histopathologic features, it was diagnosed to have severe focally extensive protozoal meningoencephalitis. Toxoplasma gondii was confirmed as the etiologic agent by an avidinbiotin immunohistochemical test. This is the first report of clinical toxoplasmosis in a free-ranging bobcat. C1 USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,ZOONOT DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP SMITH, KE (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,COLL VET MED,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 9 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 31 IS 4 BP 555 EP 557 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA TC335 UT WOS:A1995TC33500018 PM 8592391 ER PT J AU WATERS, JR ZABEL, CJ AF WATERS, JR ZABEL, CJ TI NORTHERN FLYING SQUIRREL DENSITIES IN FIR FORESTS OF NORTHEASTERN CALIFORNIA SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ABIES SPP; CALIFORNIA; DENSITY; FIR; GLAUCOMYS SABRINUS; HYPOGEOUS FUNGI; NORTHERN FLYING ID GLAUCOMYS-SABRINUS; POPULATION-SIZE; WESTERN OREGON AB The northern flying squirrel (Glaucomys sabrinus) is the primary prey of northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) and California sported owls (S. o. occidentalis) throughout much of the owls' ranges. Flying squirrel abundance patterns, however, are poorly documented. Using capture-recapture techniques to estimate density, we compared flying squirrel densities among 3 types of Br (Abies spp.) forests in Lassen National Forest, northeastern California. We compared densities between 3 each of old and shelterwood-logged fir stands in 1990 and among 4 each of old, shelterwood, and young fir stands in 1991-92. Shelterwood stands had been logged and had undergone site preparation 5 years prior to our study. In 1990 flying squirrel density was greater in old (($) over bar x = 2.76 squirrels/ha, SE = 0.55) than in shelterwood (($) over bar x = 0.31 squirrels/ha, SE = 0.11) stands (P = 0.005). In 1991-92 density varied (P = 0.001) among the 3 stand types, averaging 3.29 squirrels/ha (SE = 0.63) in old, 2.28 squirrels/ha (SE = 0.18) in young, and 0.37 squirrels/ha (SE = 0.17) in shelterwood stands. Body mass of adult males and females and recapture rate did not differ (M, P = 0.438; F, P = 0.983; P = 0.218, respectively) between old and young stands, and percent juveniles captured was greater (P = 0.052) in old than in young stands. Diet analyses were consistent with other studies and indicated that sporocarps of hypogenus fungi were a common food source. Frequency of hypogeous sporocarps was correlated (r(s) = 0.860, P < 0.001) with flying squirrel density, but cavity density and understory cover were not (P = 0.344 and 0.217, respectively). Flying squirrels were not old-growth specialists; however, low densities in shelterwood stands suggest that heavy logging and intensive site preparation negatively affected flying squirrel populations. RP WATERS, JR (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,1700 BAYVIEW DR,ARCATA,CA 95521, USA. NR 36 TC 78 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 59 IS 4 BP 858 EP 866 DI 10.2307/3801967 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA RY589 UT WOS:A1995RY58900030 ER PT J AU SUGIHARA, RT TOBIN, ME KOEHLER, AE AF SUGIHARA, RT TOBIN, ME KOEHLER, AE TI ZINC PHOSPHIDE BAITS AND PREBAITING FOR CONTROLLING RATS IN HAWAIIAN SUGARCANE SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ANIMAL DAMAGE CONTROL; BLACK RAT; CROP PROTECTION; HAWAII; NORWAY RAT; POLYNESIAN RAT; PREBAITING; RATTUS EXULANS; RATTUS NORVEGICUS; RATTUS RATTUS; RODENT CONTROL; RODENTICIDE; SUGARCANE; ZINC PHOSPHIDE AB Sugarcane growers in Hawaii suffer crop damage and sugar losses to rats (Rattus spp.). We conducted tests to evaluate commercial zinc phosphide baits for reducing rat populations in Hawaiian sugarcane fields. During laboratory bioassays, mortality of black rats (R. rattus) and Polynesian rats (R. exulans) was higher (P < 0.05) with KFE Zinc Phosphide Prepared-Rat Bait and Hopkins Zinc Phosphide Pellets than with ZP Rodent Bait AG or Ridall-Zinc Rodent Field and Agricultural Bait. Hopkins Zinc Phosphide Pellets was the most effective (P < 0.05) bait against Norway rats (R, norvegicus), but low mortality with even this bait (70%) indicates the effectiveness of held applications may be variable. Single aerial broadcast applications of HGP Zincphos Oats or Hopkins pellets did not reduce (P > 0.05) the number of rats captured in sugarcane fields. Prebaiting with nontoxic grain according to manufacturers' instructions enhanced (P < 0.05) effectiveness of zinc phosphide oat bait, but not zinc phosphide pelleted bait (P > 0.05). However, substantial numbers of rats remained in all fields, regardless of rodenticide or whether fields were prebaited with nontoxic grain. Absorption of moisture and physical degradation may have reduced rats' acceptance of pellets. A more weather-resistant bait is needed to control rat depredations in wet and humid areas. RP SUGIHARA, RT (reprint author), USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,POB 10880,HILO,HI 96721, USA. NR 37 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 59 IS 4 BP 882 EP 889 DI 10.2307/3801970 PG 8 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA RY589 UT WOS:A1995RY58900033 ER PT J AU GOBSTER, PH AF GOBSTER, PH TI PERCEPTION AND USE OF A METROPOLITAN GREENWAY SYSTEM FOR RECREATION SO LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING LA English DT Article DE GREENWAYS; PERCEPTION; RECREATION; URBAN AB Greenway development efforts often give priority to corridor length and linkages as top selection criteria, but other factors are also critical in ensuring a successful network of greenways for recreation. On-site surveys of recreationists (n=2873) who used a diverse sample of 13 greenway trails in metropolitan Chicago showed that trail location relative to home strongly influenced how a greenway trail was used, who used it, how often it was used, and other factors. ''Local'', ''regional'', and ''state'' trails are distinguished on the basis of use patterns, preferences, and perceptions, with each trail type filling a unique role within a metropolitan greenway system. In contrast to some greenway planning strategies, study data suggest that from a recreational use perspective, local rather than regional trails should form the basic framework of a metropolitan system. Study findings also demonstrate how vegetation management, trail surfacing, maintenance, and other factors can affect use patterns and preferences. Location, design, and management decisions that incorporate trail user information can help metropolitan greenway systems achieve a broad range of recreational, social, and environmental goals. RP GOBSTER, PH (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,845 CHICAGO AVE 225,CHICAGO,IL 60202, USA. RI Gobster, Paul/A-2826-2013 OI Gobster, Paul/0000-0002-8576-0310 NR 26 TC 56 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-2046 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN JI Landsc. Urban Plan. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 33 IS 1-3 BP 401 EP 413 DI 10.1016/0169-2046(94)02031-A PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies; Geography; Geography, Physical; Urban Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography; Physical Geography; Urban Studies GA TE119 UT WOS:A1995TE11900029 ER PT J AU RUDIS, VA AF RUDIS, VA TI REGIONAL FOREST FRAGMENTATION EFFECTS ON BOTTOMLAND HARDWOOD COMMUNITY TYPES AND RESOURCE VALUES SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ANTHROPOGENIC USES; FOREST RESOURCE SURVEYS; FORESTED WETLAND HABITAT; OWNERSHIP; REGIONAL EFFECTS; SOUTHERN UNITED STATES AB In human-dominated regions, forest vegetation removal impacts remaining ecosystems but regional-scale biological consequences and resource value changes are not well known. Using forest resource survey data, I examined current bottomland hardwood community types and a range of fragment size classes in the south central United States. Analyses examined resource value indicators, appraised tree-based flood zone and shade tolerance indices, and identified potential regional-scale processes. Findings revealed that the largest fragments had fewer tree species, reduced anthropogenic use evidence, and more older and wetter community types than small fragments. Results also suggested the need for incorporating hydrologic, geomorphic, and understory vegetation parameters in regional forest resource monitoring efforts. Two regional-scale processes are hypothesized: (1) forest fragmentation occurs more frequently in drier habitats and dry zone (inundated less than or equal to 2 months annually), younger seral stage bottomland community types; and (2) forest fragmentation induces establishment of drier habitats or dry zone, younger seral stage community types. Both hypotheses suggest that regional forest fragmentation impacts survival of distinct community types, anthropogenic uses, and multiple resource values. RP RUDIS, VA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FORESTRY INVENTORY & ANAL UNIT,SO RES STN,POB 906,STARKVILLE,MS 39759, USA. NR 0 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPB ACADEMIC PUBLISHING BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 11188, 1001 GD AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 10 IS 5 BP 291 EP 307 DI 10.1007/BF00128996 PG 17 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA TD595 UT WOS:A1995TD59500004 ER PT J AU STONE, RT PULIDO, JC DUYK, GM KAPPES, SM KEELE, JW BEATTIE, CW AF STONE, RT PULIDO, JC DUYK, GM KAPPES, SM KEELE, JW BEATTIE, CW TI A SMALL-INSERT BOVINE GENOMIC LIBRARY HIGHLY ENRICHED FOR MICROSATELLITE REPEAT SEQUENCES SO MAMMALIAN GENOME LA English DT Article ID GENE; PRECURSOR; DISEASE AB A bovine genomic phagemid library was constructed with randomly sheared DNA. Enrichment of this single-stranded DNA library with CA or GT primers resulted in 45% positive clones. The 14% of positive clones with (CA . GT) >12, and not containing flanking repetitive elements, were sequenced, and the efficiency of marker production was compared with random M13 bacteriophage libraries. Primer sequences and genotyping information are presented for 390 informative bovine microsatellite markers. The genomic frequency for 11 tri- and tetranucleotide repeats was estimated by hybridization to a lambda genomic library. Only GCT, GGT, and GGAT were estimated to have a frequency of >100 per genome. Enrichment of the phagemid library for these repeats failed to provide a viable source of microsatellite markers in the bovine. Comparison of map interval lengths between 100 markers from the enriched library prepared from randomly sheared DNA and M13 bacteriophage libraries prepared from Mbo1 restriction digests suggested no bias in skeletal genomic coverage based on source of small insert DNA. In conclusion, enrichment of the bovine phagemid library provides a sufficient source of microsatellites so that small repeat lengths and flanking repetitive sequences common in the bovine can be eliminated, resulting in a high percentage of informative markers. C1 MILLENNIUM PHARMACEUT INC,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. RP STONE, RT (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 35 TC 82 Z9 84 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0938-8990 J9 MAMM GENOME JI Mamm. Genome PD OCT PY 1995 VL 6 IS 10 BP 714 EP 724 DI 10.1007/BF00354294 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA RZ882 UT WOS:A1995RZ88200006 PM 8563170 ER PT J AU YOO, J DELEON, FAP STONE, RT BEATTIE, CW AF YOO, J DELEON, FAP STONE, RT BEATTIE, CW TI CLONING AND CHROMOSOMAL ASSIGNMENT OF THE BOVINE INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR-ALPHA (IL-2R-ALPHA) GENE SO MAMMALIAN GENOME LA English DT Note ID IL-2; ANTIGEN; SYSTEM; HELIX; CHAIN; CELLS; LOCI C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT VET & ANIM SCI,AMHERST,MA 01003. RP YOO, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. OI Ponce de Leon, Federico/0000-0001-8645-553X NR 23 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0938-8990 J9 MAMM GENOME JI Mamm. Genome PD OCT PY 1995 VL 6 IS 10 BP 751 EP 753 DI 10.1007/BF00354302 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA RZ882 UT WOS:A1995RZ88200014 PM 8563178 ER PT J AU STRIFFLER, JS LAW, JS POLANSKY, MM BHATHENA, SJ ANDERSON, RA AF STRIFFLER, JS LAW, JS POLANSKY, MM BHATHENA, SJ ANDERSON, RA TI CHROMIUM IMPROVES INSULIN-RESPONSE TO GLUCOSE IN RATS SO METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL LA English DT Article ID COPPER-DEFICIENT RATS; HIGH-SUCROSE; TRIVALENT CHROMIUM; SERUM-INSULIN; TOLERANCE; DIET; SUPPLEMENTATION; METABOLISM; SECRETION; LIPIDS AB The effects of chromium (Cr) supplementation on insulin secretion and glucose clearance (K-G) during intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTTS) were assessed in rats with impaired glucose tolerance due to dietary Cr deficiency. Male Wistar rats were maintained after weaning on a basal low-Cr diet containing 55% sucrose, 15% lard, 25% casein, American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-recommended levels of vitamins, no added Cr, and an altered mineral content as required to produce Cr deficiency and impaired glucose tolerance. The Cr-supplemented group ([+Cr] n = 6) were provided with 5 ppm Cr as CrCl3 in the drinking water, and the Cr-deficient group ([-Cr] n = 5) received purified drinking water. At 12 weeks on the diet, both groups of rats were hyperinsulinemic (+Cr, 103 +/- 13; -Cr, 59 +/- 12 mu U/mL) and normoglycemic (+Cr, 127 +/- 7; -Cr, 130 +/- 4 mg/dL), indicating insulin resistance. After 24 weeks, insulin levels were normal (+Cr, 19 +/- 5; -Cr, 21 +/- 3 mu U/mL) and all rats remained normoglycemic (+Cr, 124 +/- 8; -Cr, 131 +/- 6 mg/dL). K-G values during IVGTTs were lower in -Cr rats (K-G = 3.58%/ min) than in +Cr rats (K-G = 5.29%/min), correlating with significantly greater 40-minute glucose areas in the -Cr group (P < .01). Comparisons of 40-minute insulin areas indicated marked insulin hyperresponsiveness in the -Cr group, with insulin-secretory responses increased nearly twofold in -Cr animals (P < .05). Chromium deficiency also led to significant decreases in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity in spleen and testis (P < .01). In these studies, Cr deficiency was characterized by both beta-cell hypersecretion of insulin and tissue insulin resistance that were associated with decreased tissue levels of cAMP PDE activity. Copyright (C) 1995 by W.B. Saunders Company C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS & FUNCT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,METAB & NUTRIENT INTERACT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT NUTR & FOOD SCI,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. NR 61 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 4 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0026-0495 J9 METABOLISM JI Metab.-Clin. Exp. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 44 IS 10 BP 1314 EP 1320 DI 10.1016/0026-0495(95)90036-5 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA TB960 UT WOS:A1995TB96000015 PM 7476291 ER PT J AU ROBINS, SJ FASULO, JM PATTON, GM SCHAEFER, EJ SMITH, DE ORDOVAS, JM AF ROBINS, SJ FASULO, JM PATTON, GM SCHAEFER, EJ SMITH, DE ORDOVAS, JM TI GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF HYPERLIPEMIA AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN HYBRID HAMSTERS SO METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL LA English DT Article ID CHOLESTERYL ESTER TRANSFER; LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR ACTIVITY; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; LOW-FAT DIET; PLASMA-LIPOPROTEINS; MESOCRICETUS-AURATUS; DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; SATURATED FAT; METABOLISM; TRIGLYCERIDES AB In response to a diet enriched in saturated fat and cholesterol (CH), male Syrian hamsters develop hyperlipemia and changes of early atherosclerosis. However, it has not been determined if female hamsters are equally susceptible to an atherogenic diet. Male and female hamsters of the F1B hybrid strain (Bio Breeders, Fitchburg, MA) were fed either a chow diet or this diet (HiFat) with added saturated fat (10% coconut oil) and CH (0.05%) for up to 12 weeks. Female hamsters ate significantly more than males, and with the HiFat diet gained threefold more weight than males. However, with the HiFat diet, serum triglycerides (TGs) and CH were markedly increased only in male hamsters. Furthermore, only in males was there a significant increase in stainable fat in the aorta that corresponded to an increase in subintimal foam cells. In freely feeding males, the largest percentage increase in serum CH was in the TG-rich fraction of lipoproteins. After females were castrated, serum TG and CH levels increased to the same extent as in males. These studies demonstrate a profound gender difference in response to an atherogenic diet in these hamsters that has parallels to the lipid patterns of humans and their susceptibility to atherosclerosis. Copyright (C) 1995 by W.B. Saunders Company C1 BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02215. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP ROBINS, SJ (reprint author), VET ADM MED CTR JAMAICA PLAIN,DEPT MED,RES BLDG,150 S HUNTINGTON AVE,BOSTON,MA 02130, USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 35 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0026-0495 J9 METABOLISM JI Metab.-Clin. Exp. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 44 IS 10 BP 1326 EP 1331 DI 10.1016/0026-0495(95)90038-1 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA TB960 UT WOS:A1995TB96000017 PM 7476293 ER PT J AU FURTH, PA KERR, D WALL, R AF FURTH, PA KERR, D WALL, R TI GENE-TRANSFER BY JET INJECTION INTO DIFFERENTIATED TISSUES OF LIVING ANIMALS AND IN ORGAN-CULTURE SO MOLECULAR BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE JET INJECTION; GENE TRANSFER; GENE THERAPY; DNA IMMUNIZATION ID COTTONTAIL RABBIT PAPILLOMAVIRUS; PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT; DNA; INVIVO; MICE; IMMUNIZATION; EXPRESSION; PROTEIN AB Jet injection can be used to introduce genes into the cells of differentiated tissues of living animals and organ cultures. When a solution of plasmid DNA is jet injected into a selected tissue or organ, cells lying in or near the path of the jet injection are transfected with DNA and the introduced gene(s) are expressed. Since there is minimal morbidity from each jet injection, multiple injections can be performed at the same or nearby sites. Both mRNA and protein expression from transfected genes can be quantitated using standard methods. In addition, the technique is an efficient means of DNA immunization. Methodology for using jet injection to transfer plasmid DNA into the cells of skin, fat, mammary gland, and muscle are described. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DEPT MED,DIV INFECT DIS,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. VET ADM MED CTR,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. USDA ARS,GENE EVALUAT & MAPPING LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD. ALTRABIO INC,ARDEN HILLS,MN. NR 25 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07012 SN 1073-6085 J9 MOL BIOTECHNOL JI Mol. Biotechnol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 4 IS 2 BP 121 EP 127 DI 10.1007/BF02921606 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA TB318 UT WOS:A1995TB31800002 PM 8556427 ER PT J AU Wilson, JP Casper, HH Wilson, DM AF Wilson, JP Casper, HH Wilson, DM TI Effect of delayed harvest on contamination of pearl millet grain with mycotoxin-producing fungi and mycotoxins SO MYCOPATHOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Pennisetum glaucum ID RESISTANCE AB The response to delayed harvest of fungal and mycotoxin contamination of grain of the pearl millet hybrid HGM 100 was examined in 1992 and 1993. Samples of grain were assayed from seven plantings at locations near Tifton, Georgia, USA. Grain was harvested at 30, 40, and 50 days after anthesis and evaluated for infection by Fusarium species and Aspergillus flavus, and mycotoxin contamination. Mean isolation frequencies of F. semitectum (35.6%) and F. chlamydosporum (17.2%) increased linearly with delayed harvest. Fusarium moniliforme and F. equisiti were infrequently isolated (<0.5%) and did not increase in the grain when harvest was delayed. Low mean concentrations of zearalenone (0.17 ppm), nivalenol (0.42 ppm), and deoxynivalenol (0.01 ppm) were detected but were not affected by delayed harvest. Isolation frequencies of F. chlamydosporum and F. equiseti were correlated (P = 0.07) with levels of nivalenol. Aspergillus flavus was not isolated from the grain, and aflatoxin concentrations averaged 1.9 ppb. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,USDA ARS,FORAGE & TURF RES UNIT,TIFTON,GA 31793. N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT VET & MICROBIOL SCI,FARGO,ND 58105. UNIV GEORGIA,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,TIFTON,GA 31793. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-486X J9 MYCOPATHOLOGIA JI Mycopathologia PD OCT PY 1995 VL 132 IS 1 BP 27 EP 30 DI 10.1007/BF01138600 PG 4 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA TR471 UT WOS:A1995TR47100005 ER PT J AU SONG, HP DELWICHE, SR CHEN, YR AF SONG, HP DELWICHE, SR CHEN, YR TI NEURAL-NETWORK CLASSIFICATION OF WHEAT USING SINGLE KERNEL NEAR-INFRARED TRANSMITTANCE SPECTRA SO OPTICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE NEURAL NETWORK; CLASSIFICATION; WHEAT; SINGLE KERNEL; NEAR-INFRARED TRANSMITTANCE ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; DIGITAL IMAGE-ANALYSIS; HARD RED WHEAT; WINTER WHEATS; QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS; MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION; DIFFERENTIATION; IDENTIFICATION; DISCRIMINATION; CULTIVARS AB To investigate an accurate, rapid, and nondestructive method for wheat classification in inspection terminals, backpropagation neural network models were developed, based on single wheat kernel near-infrared transmittance spectra. Six classes of wheat were studied. Neural network models were optimized for two-class and six-class classification. The wavelength range of the spectra was 850 to 1049 nm. For two-class models with 200 input nodes, the average classification accuracy was 97% to 100%. For the six-class model with 200 input nodes, the average accuracy was 94.7%. The classification between hard red winter (HRW) and hard red spring (HRS) was least accurate among the six classes. For rapid classification, a narrower wavelength range, 899 to 1049 nm, with an interval of 2 nm, was proposed and shown to have little loss in accuracy, The most time-consuming two-class (HRW-HRS) model could be calibrated and validated in less than 7 min. Prediction for new data was nearly instantaneous. A backpropagation neural network model with a learning coefficient of 0.6 to 0.65 and momentum of 0.4 to 0.45, without a hidden layer, was effective for wheat classification. RP SONG, HP (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSTRUMENTAT & SENSING LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PHOTO-OPT INSTRUM ENG PI BELLINGHAM PA PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 SN 0091-3286 J9 OPT ENG JI Opt. Eng. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 34 IS 10 BP 2927 EP 2934 DI 10.1117/12.210745 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA RZ708 UT WOS:A1995RZ70800014 ER PT J AU NIMBAL, CI HEITHOLT, JJ SHAW, DR DUKE, SO AF NIMBAL, CI HEITHOLT, JJ SHAW, DR DUKE, SO TI PHOTOSYNTHETIC PERFORMANCE OF MSMA-RESISTANT AND MSMA-SUSCEPTIBLE MISSISSIPPI BIOTYPES OF COMMON COCKLEBUR SO PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; TRIAZINE-RESISTANT; HERBICIDE; CHLOROPLASTS AB Common cocklebur biotypes resistant to monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA) have been reported in South Carolina, Mississippi, and other locations. The resistance at the whole plant level in Mississippi biotypes was found to be low under growth chamber and greenhouse conditions. The CO2 exchange rate (CER), as measured by infrared gas analysis of both biotypes, was lowered by MSMA application at 0.5 kg ai ha(-1); however, inhibition of carbon assimilation was more rapid and of greater magnitude in the susceptible (S) biotype than the resistant (R) biotype. MSMA affected C-i/C-a (the ratio of intercellular CO2 concentration to the external CO2 level) of the S biotype more than the R biotype and increased stomatal conductance to water vapor at 48 hr after treatment. There were no rapid effects of MSMA on variable chlorophyll fluorescence in either biotype, indicating that MSMA had no direct effect on photosynthetic electron transport. Furthermore, later reductions in variable fluorescence were not pronounced in either biotype. These data indicate that, at an early stage during the development of herbicide injury, MSMA affects photosynthetic carbon fixation in the S biotype more than in the R biotype. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc. C1 USDA,SO WEED SCI LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. USDA,ARS,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. USDA,COTTON PHYSIOL & GENET RES UNIT,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. NR 33 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0048-3575 J9 PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYS JI Pest. Biochem. Physiol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 53 IS 2 BP 129 EP 137 DI 10.1006/pest.1995.1060 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA TE088 UT WOS:A1995TE08800005 ER PT J AU STARKS, PJ SCHIEBE, FR SCHALLES, JF AF STARKS, PJ SCHIEBE, FR SCHALLES, JF TI CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ACCURACY AND PRECISION OF SPECTRAL MEASUREMENTS BY A PORTABLE, SILICON DIODE-ARRAY SPECTROMETER SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB Our spectrometer is a high spectral resolution instrument which has two sensing heads called cameras. The two cameras were observed to be misregistered relative to one another by up to 6 nm. The cameras were brought to a common wavelength base to correctly compare the data when the two cameras are used in a near-simultaneous mode. The wavelengths were assigned to the respective corresponding camera spectral wavelengths bands and spectral bandwidths and sampling intervals calculated for each camera. Spectral bandwidths were larger than expected, but the sampling intervals were in close agreement with manufacturer specifications. Both cameras were calibrated for radiance and irradiance. The calibration coefficients developed during the radiometric calibrations showed an apparent light intensity dependence for wavelengths greater than 1000 nm. A closure experiment was conducted to test the accuracy of radiometric calibrations. Our results showed that estimates of irradiance from both cameras were within 5 percent of each other. RP STARKS, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL AGR WATER QUAL LAB,DURANT,OK 74701, USA. OI Schalles, John/0000-0003-4228-1288 NR 5 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 61 IS 10 BP 1239 EP 1246 PG 8 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA RX962 UT WOS:A1995RX96200006 ER PT J AU SUTTLE, JC AF SUTTLE, JC TI POSTHARVEST CHANGES IN ENDOGENOUS ABA LEVELS AND ABA METABOLISM IN RELATION TO DORMANCY IN POTATO-TUBERS SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE ABA; DORMANCY; METABOLISM; POTATO; SOLANUM TUBEROSUM; SPROUTING ID ABSCISIC-ACID; EMBRYO DORMANCY; INVOLVEMENT; INVITRO AB The effects of postharvest storage duration, and storage and incubation temperatures on the loss of innate tuber dormancy, endogenous levels of free end conjugated abscisic acid (ABA) and the metabolism of (+)-[H-3]ABA were examined over three growing seasons in tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Russet Burbank). The storage and incubation temperatures used were chosen in order to differentiate between events relating solely to dormancy status vs those relating to the resumption of sprout growth following the termination of dormancy. In tubers stored at 20 degrees C, dormancy was lost and sprout growth began after 35 to 50 days of storage. In contrast, dormancy was lost after 50 to 80 days of storage at 3 degrees C but subsequent sprout growth was initiated only after transfer to 20 degrees C. After 35 days of storage, endogenous levels of free ABA were highest (860 +/- 35 pmol g(-1) fresh weight) in tubers held at 3 degrees C, intermediate (659 +/- 78 pmol g(-1) fresh weight) in tubers transferred from 3 to 20 degrees C 7 days prior to analysis and lowest (471 +/- 18 pmol g(-1) fresh weight) in tubers stored at 20 degrees C. Regardless of temperature, free ABA levels declined with increasing duration of storage. The onset of sprouting was not associated with any threshold level of free ABA. Base-labile, conjugated ABA was present in lower and more variable amounts than free ABA. The decline in free ABA was not accompanied by a commensurate increase in conjugated ABA. (+)-[H-3]ABA was readily taken up and metabolized by both dormant and nondormant tubers. In short-term (less than or equal to 7 days) studies, (+)-[H-3]ABA was metabolized to phaseic acid and dihydrophaseic acid. In tubers held at 20 degrees C, dihydrophaseic acid was the major metabolite while in tubers held at 3 degrees C there was a transient accumulation of phaseic acid with dihydrophaseic acid predominating only after 7 days. During postharvest storage, there was no change in the rate of ABA metabolism regardless of the dormancy status and/or growth potential of the tubers. These results demonstrate that ABA is readily metabolized by potato tubers and that the principal route of catabolism consists of the oxidative metabolism of ABA to phaseic and dihydrophaseic acids with minimal esterification to conjugated ABA. These results also suggest that a decline in endogenous ABA below a threshold level is not a prerequisite for the loss of potato tuber dormancy and the onset of sprout growth. RP SUTTLE, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO CROP SCI LAB,POB 5677,STATE UNIV STN,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 33 TC 49 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 7 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 95 IS 2 BP 233 EP 240 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TJ041 UT WOS:A1995TJ04100009 ER PT J AU GOTTWALD, TR AF GOTTWALD, TR TI SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS AND ISOPATH DYNAMICS OF CITRUS SCAB IN NURSERY PLOTS SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HOST GROWTH; FUNGICIDE; SPHACELOMA FAWCETTII ID PLANT-DISEASE; FOCUS EXPANSION; SPREAD; PROGRESSION; MODEL; EPIDEMICS; FLORIDA; SPOT AB The Gompertz model was selected over three other models to describe temporal progress of disease incidence of citrus scab, caused by Elsinoe fawcettii, in four nurseries and eight disease control test plots of sour orange in Florida. Aggregation of disease was indicated by spatial auto-correlation analysis for nursery plots for all but one assessment date in one nursery. In three of the four nurseries, isopath boundaries moved predominately northward and away from a central focus of disease, presumably in response to splash dispersal of inoculum resulting from both rain showers and sprinkler irrigation. For the four nurseries and the eight disease control test plots, the spatial rate of spread (v) generally was greater early in the epidemics and when measured at distances further from the focus of infection. Rates of scab increase were reduced significantly in disease control plots by applications of captafol or copper at 30-day intervals compared to a water spray control. For all 12 plots, three-dimensional response surfaces of isopath-bounded areas (A(i)) versus isopath level (I-alpha) and time (t) in days were fit to complex models via nonlinear regression. The best spatio-temporal model (log-normal additive with synergy and intercept) accounted for >95% of the variation in the data for all 12 data sets. Comparison among observed and predicted spatiotemporal data sets demonstrated that captafol significantly affected the spatio-temporal dynamics of citrus scab epidemics by reducing both inoculum production and providing protection to susceptible new leaves, whereas other control strategies did not. RP GOTTWALD, TR (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT RES LAB,2120 CAMDEN RD,ORLANDO,FL 32803, USA. NR 40 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD OCT PY 1995 VL 85 IS 10 BP 1082 EP 1092 DI 10.1094/Phyto-85-1082 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TA854 UT WOS:A1995TA85400007 ER PT J AU WECHTER, WP WHITEHEAD, MP THOMAS, CE DEAN, RA AF WECHTER, WP WHITEHEAD, MP THOMAS, CE DEAN, RA TI IDENTIFICATION OF A RANDOMLY AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA MARKER LINKED TO THE FOM-2 FUSARIUM-WILT RESISTANCE GENE IN MUSKMELON MR-1 SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID F-SP-MELONIS; CUCUMIS-MELO; RACE-2 AB Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis race I (causal agent of Fusarium wilt) in Cucumis melo (muskmelon) is controlled by the dominant gene Fom 2. Bulked segregant and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses were employed to identify genetic markers linked to race 1 Fusarium wilt resistance. DNA was isolated from pooled (bulked) susceptible or resistant plant tissue from an F-2 population of a susceptible AY x resistant MR-1 cross that segregated for race resistance. Bulks from resistant plants were composed of both homozygous and heterozygous individuals and also pure homozygous individuals, determined by analysis of F-3 populations. After screening the DNA from bulked resistant and susceptible plants by PCR with 320 decamer primers, one primer, 5' CCC CTC GAA T 3', produced a 1.6-kb fragment in the resistant bulks that was absent from the susceptible bulks. Using this primer to screen individual Fz plants, the outcome of 92 of 94 individual host-pathogen interactions was correctly predicted. Nine susceptible and three resistant commercial cultivars also were screened with this primer. The 1.6-kb fragment was not amplified using DNA from any of these cultivars. This is the first report of a RAPD marker linked to resistance to Fusarium wilt in muskmelon. C1 CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL & PHYSIOL,CLEMSON,SC 29634. UNIV WOLVERHAMPTON,SCH APPL SCI,WOLVERHAMPTON WV1 1SB,ENGLAND. USDA ARS,VEGETABLE LAB,CHARLESTON,SC 29407. NR 23 TC 27 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD OCT PY 1995 VL 85 IS 10 BP 1245 EP 1249 DI 10.1094/Phyto-85-1245 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TA854 UT WOS:A1995TA85400016 ER PT J AU BAILEY, BA AF BAILEY, BA TI PURIFICATION OF A PROTEIN FROM CULTURE FILTRATES OF FUSARIUM-OXYSPORUM THAT INDUCES ETHYLENE AND NECROSIS IN LEAVES OF ERYTHROXYLUM-COCA SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID F-SP LYCOPERSICI; CV XANTHI; BIOSYNTHESIS; PLANTS; ENDOXYLANASE; XYLANASE; TOBACCO; ENZYME AB Culture filtrates of Fusarium oxysporum elicited ethylene production and necrosis when applied to leaves of Erythroxylum coca. A protein that induces ethylene production and necrosis in leaves of E. coca was purified from culture filtrates of an isolate of F. oxysporum pathogenic to E. coca. The protein was first concentrated using ultrafiltration where it was retained by a 1-kDa filter. The protein was purified by fast protein liquid chromatography using cation exchange chromatography followed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Gel filtration was used as the final purification step and to exchange salts. The protein migrated as a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels with an estimated molecular mass of 22.5 kDa. The exact mass was determined by mass spectroscopy to be 23,996.1 Da. The mobility of the protein was not affected by reducing agents, but the 24-kDa protein broke down and was inactivated by excessive heat. The protein constituted a major component of the extracellular proteins produced in cultures three or more days old and reached a maximum concentration between 6 and 12 days. Biological activity of the protein could be detected by induction of ethylene down to a concentration of 50 ng per leaf (approximately 500 ng/g fresh weight) when applied as a hanging drop to the petiole of an excised E. coca leaf. The 24-kDa protein induced ethylene biosynthesis and necrosis in a wide variety of Dicotyledoneae, but we were unable to demonstrate activity in members of the Monocotyledoneae tested. It remains to be determined if the 24-kDa protein plays a role in disease development in the F. oxysporum-E. coca interaction. RP BAILEY, BA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOCONTROL PLANT DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 29 TC 82 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD OCT PY 1995 VL 85 IS 10 BP 1250 EP 1255 DI 10.1094/Phyto-85-1250 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TA854 UT WOS:A1995TA85400017 ER PT J AU PINKERTON, JN STONE, JK NELSON, SJ JOHNSON, KB AF PINKERTON, JN STONE, JK NELSON, SJ JOHNSON, KB TI INFECTION OF EUROPEAN HAZELNUT BY ANISOGRAMMA-ANOMALA - ASCOSPORE ADHESION, MODE OF PENETRATION OF IMMATURE SHOOTS, AND HOST RESPONSE SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EASTERN FILBERT BLIGHT; EARLY COLONIZATION; ATTACHMENT; SUSCEPTIBILITY; FUNGUS AB Ascospores of Anisogramma anomala adhered irreversibly to vegetative internodes of European hazelnut shoots (Corylus avellana) within 5 min of initial contact. The concentration of spores retained was greatest on and at the base of trichomes of the stem internode nearest the apical bud. Reported differences in susceptibility of internodes to infection corresponded to relative differences in spore adhesion and histological maturation in the cuticle and epidermal cells. The infection process was studied with light and transmission electron microscopy on susceptible cv. Ennis. After contact with the host, an adhesive pad developed on the lateral wall of ascospores. Germ hypha penetrated through the pad and host epidermis directly. After breaching the wall, penetration hyphae expanded into vesicles that were similar in morphology to those observed in vitro. However, in ail specimens observed, further colonization apparently was restricted by a hypersensitive-like response of the host. Apposition of callose, cell necrosis, and formation of a cicatricial layer isolated the fungus and halted colonization of the adjacent cells. Observations suggest that most attempts by A. anomala to infect C. avellana are prevented by host response and that successful infections are rare. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,CORVALLIS,OR 97330. RP PINKERTON, JN (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,3340 NW ORCHARD AVE,CORVALLIS,OR 97330, USA. NR 42 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD OCT PY 1995 VL 85 IS 10 BP 1260 EP 1268 DI 10.1094/Phyto-85-1260 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TA854 UT WOS:A1995TA85400019 ER PT J AU PAPPU, HR PAPPU, SS KANO, T KOIZUMI, M CAMBRA, M MORENO, P SU, HJ GARNSEY, SM LEE, RF NIBLETT, CL AF PAPPU, HR PAPPU, SS KANO, T KOIZUMI, M CAMBRA, M MORENO, P SU, HJ GARNSEY, SM LEE, RF NIBLETT, CL TI MUTAGENIC ANALYSIS AND LOCALIZATION OF A HIGHLY CONSERVED EPITOPE NEAR THE AMINO-TERMINAL END OF THE CITRUS TRISTEZA CLOSTEROVIRUS CAPSID PROTEIN SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COAT PROTEIN; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; VIRUS; GENE; POLYMERASE; STRAINS; CLONING AB The monoclonal antibody (MAb) 3DF1 is the first commercially available citrus tristeza closterovirus (CTV)-specific MAb. It detects a broad spectrum of CTV isolates from various parts of the world. To precisely map the antigenic determinant recognized by 3DF1, the capsid protein (CP) genes of four 3DF1-nonreactive isolates were cloned as complementary DNA and their nucleotide sequences determined. Comparison of the deduced CP sequences of the four nonreactive isolates with those of previously sequenced 3DF1-reactive isolates revealed differences at three positions near their amino terminal ends. The amino acids Asp-2, Lys-13, and Phe-28 were conserved in all the 3DF1-reactive isolates, but they were replaced by Gly, Thr/Asp, and Tyr, respectively, in the CPs of the nonreactive isolates. Site-specific mutations were introduced into the cloned CP genes of the 3DF1-nonreactive isolate B215 and the 3DF1-reactive isolate T36. The serological reactivities of the wild-type and mutant CPs of B215 and T36 expressed as recombinant fusion proteins in Escherichia coli were evaluated by Western blot analysis. A point mutation (A-->G) resulting in an Asp-->Gly change at amino acid position 2 of the CP of isolate T36 abolished the reactivity with the MAb, whereas a reverse mutation resulting in a Gly-->Asp change at the same position conferred reactivity on the CP of the nonreactive B215 isolate. The implications of the observed antigenic diversity on virus detection are discussed. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. FRUIT TREE RES STN,DIV PLANT PROTECT,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI,JAPAN. FRUIT TREE RES STN,DIV PLANT PROTECT,SHIMIZU,SHIZUOKA 42402,JAPAN. IVIA,MONCADA,SPAIN. NATL TAIWAN UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL & PLANT PATHOL,TAIPEI 10764,TAIWAN. USDA ARS,HORT RES LAB,ORLANDO,FL 32803. CTR CITRUS RES & EDUC,LAKE ALFRED,FL 33850. RI Cambra Alvarez, Mariano/O-6367-2014 OI Cambra Alvarez, Mariano/0000-0003-2170-9521 NR 43 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD OCT PY 1995 VL 85 IS 10 BP 1311 EP 1315 DI 10.1094/Phyto-85-1311 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TA854 UT WOS:A1995TA85400026 ER PT J AU LONG, LM PREECE, JE VANSAMBEEK, JW AF LONG, LM PREECE, JE VANSAMBEEK, JW TI ADVENTITIOUS REGENERATION OF JUGLANS-NIGRA L (EASTERN BLACK-WALNUT) SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article ID SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS; COTYLEDONS; CULTURE AB Somatic embryos and adventitious shoots were initiated from immature cotyledons 10-14 weeks after anthesis. Maximum embryogenesis occurred 12 weeks after anthesis and maximum shoot organogenesis occurred 14 weeks after anthesis. The best treatment for induction of somatic embryos and adventitious shoots from immature cotyledon explants was on agar-solidified WPM supplemented with 0.1 mu M 2,4-D and 5.0 mu M TDZ and incubated in light for the first four weeks, Rooting of adventitious shoots was best if they were quick-dipped in 2.5 mM IBA and 1.25 mM NAA in 1% dimethyl formamide and 3.9% ethanol (1:20 Wood's Rooting Compound: water, by volume), Plantlets from rooted adventitious shoots were acclimatized to the greenhouse. C1 SO ILLINOIS UNIV,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,CARBONDALE,IL 62901. SO ILLINOIS UNIV,DEPT FORESTRY,CARBONDALE,IL 62901. US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,CARBONDALE,IL 62901. NR 20 TC 21 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD OCT PY 1995 VL 14 IS 12 BP 799 EP 803 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA RZ755 UT WOS:A1995RZ75500013 PM 24186716 ER PT J AU YANG, SM JONG, SC AF YANG, SM JONG, SC TI HOST-RANGE DETERMINATION OF MYROTHECIUM-VERRUCARIA ISOLATED FROM LEAFY SPURGE SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID ANGUSTIOVOIDEA AB The host range of Myrothecium verrucaria (ATCC 90310) isolated from leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) collected in China was determined to be 54 plant species in 42 genera and 11 families following artificial inoculation. The number of plant species infected was influenced by the dew temperature or invert emulsion (IE, water-in-oil) carrier for the inoculum. Of 46 plant species inoculated with an aqueous conidial suspension and incubated for 18 h in dew chambers at 15, 20, 25, and 30 degrees C, 1, 6, 15, and 39 plant species, respectively, developed disease. Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasbi) was killed by this pathogen only when the plants were inoculated with IE carrier plus conidia, but not when atomized with an aqueous conidial suspension and incubated in dew chambers at 30 degrees C for 18 h. Disease severity on thistle (Carduus spp.) and starthistle (Centaurea sp.) was greatly affected by the use of the IE carrier; high inoculum levels of M. verrucaria were needed to kill older thistle plants. Myrothecium verrucaria has potential as a mycoherbicide against annual weeds. C1 ATCC,DEPT MYCOL,ROCKVILLE,MD 20852. RP YANG, SM (reprint author), USDA,FOREIGN DIS WEED SCI RES UNIT,FT DETRICK,BLDG 1301,FREDERICK,MD 21702, USA. NR 19 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 79 IS 10 BP 994 EP 997 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA RW791 UT WOS:A1995RW79100005 ER PT J AU YANG, SM JONG, SC AF YANG, SM JONG, SC TI FACTORS INFLUENCING PATHOGENICITY OF MYROTHECIUM-VERRUCARIA ISOLATED FROM EUPHORBIA-ESULA ON SPECIES OF EUPHORBIA SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE HOST; INVERT EMULSION ID LEAFY SPURGE; ANGUSTIOVOIDEA AB Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) inoculated with Myrothecium verrucaria had dead tops or shoots with blackened stems and blackened, curled, or wilted leaves. On leaves, circular spots with light brown centers and dark brown margins were produced. Pathogenicity was greatly affected by the conidial concentration and dew temperature, but not by the age of cultures from which conidia were used for inoculation. Conidia stored in sucrose solution at 4 degrees C were viable for more than 14 months. Myrothecium verrucaria did not spread from diseased plants to healthy plants, even when the healthy plants touched the diseased plants in the dew tent for 7 days. Four-week-old or younger seedlings of leafy sparge grown from seeds were killed with one inoculation, but repeated inoculations were required to kill older plants. Pathogenicity tests on 89 collections of nine species of Euphorbia and on reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) showed that the pathogen severely infected all collections tested. The susceptibility of E. corollata, E. cyathophora, E. cyparissias, E. helioscopia, E. heterophylla, E. lathyrus, E. marginata Pursh varigata, E. virgata, and reed canarygrass to M. verrucaria is reported for the first time. C1 ATCC,DEPT MYCOL,ROCKVILLE,MD 20852. RP YANG, SM (reprint author), USDA,FOREIGN DIS WEED SCI RES UNIT,FT DETRICK,BLDG 1301,FREDERICK,MD 21702, USA. NR 14 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 79 IS 10 BP 998 EP 1002 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA RW791 UT WOS:A1995RW79100006 ER PT J AU WELTY, RE AZEVEDO, MD AF WELTY, RE AZEVEDO, MD TI OCCURRENCE OF PUCCINIA-GRAMINIS SUBSP GRAMINICOLA IN CHEWINGS FESCUE IN OREGON SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID STEM RUST; FIELD AB Stem rust was found on Chewings fescue throughout seed production areas of the Willamette Valley of Oregon in 1993. Stem rust developed in greenhouse-grown seedlings of cultivar Jamestown when inoculated with isolates of stem rust collected from three locations in the Willamette Valley. No difference in plant response was observed among isolates. Twelve cultivars of Chewings fescue and four other species of cool season grasses used for turf (red fescue, tall fescue, sheep fescue, and perennial ryegrass) were inoculated with the same mixture of isolates of stem rust and incubated for infection in a controlled environment chamber. Among the cultivars of Chewings fescue inoculated, stem rust pustules developed on 624 of 673 seedlings; 49 seedlings remained free of stem rust. This is believed to be the first report of Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola on Chewings fescue in Oregon. Puccinia g. subsp. graminicola infected 28 of 60 seedlings of red fescue, which was less susceptible than Chewings fescue. Five of 46 seedlings of sheep fescue and one of 60 seedlings of perennial ryegrass became infected by P. g. subsp. graminicola. Pustules of stem rust did not develop in tall fescue inoculated with this collection of isolates. RP WELTY, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL FORAGE SEED PROD RES CTR,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 79 IS 10 BP 1014 EP 1016 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA RW791 UT WOS:A1995RW79100009 ER PT J AU TAYLOR, NL GHABRIAL, SA PEDERSON, GA MCLAUGHLIN, MR AF TAYLOR, NL GHABRIAL, SA PEDERSON, GA MCLAUGHLIN, MR TI QUANTIFICATION OF YIELD BENEFITS FROM INCORPORATION OF VIRUS-RESISTANT WHITE CLOVER GERM PLASM INTO GRASS-LEGUME SYSTEMS SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID FORAGE LEGUMES; GROWTH; REGISTRATION; GERMPLASM; DISEASES AB The performance of the virus-susceptible white clover (Trifolium repens) cultivar Regal was compared in broadcast and spaced-plant plots with three experimental breeding populations (Southern Regional Virus Resistant synthetic [SRVR], Brown Loam Synthetic No 2 [BL Syn. 2] and Florida Experimental No, 4 [FL Exp. 4]) expressing varying levels of resistance to viruses endemic to forage legumes in the southeastern United States. The experimental plots were established with and without grasses in fields at Lexington, Ky., and Mississippi State, Miss., with the objective of comparing the magnitude of yield losses from virus diseases in spaced-plant nurseries with those in broadcast plots that more closely resemble farm conditions. Data from virus incidence in spaced plants in both locations indicated that SRVR had significantly (least significant difference, P = 0.05) lower incidence of peanut stunt virus (PSV) and clover yellow vein virus (CYVV) than Regal. Although significantly lower estimates of PSV and/or CYVV incidence were also obtained with BL Syn. 2 and FL Exp. 4 at some testing dates, there were little or no differences at others. Furthermore, higher estimates of PSV and CYVV incidence were determined for spaced plants grown in plots without grass than those with grass. Unlike PSV and CYVV, incidence of alfalfa mosaic virus was similar among treatments. Data on yield, stand, and virus incidence in broadcast plots closely paralleled those of spaced plants. Percentage of virus incidence in broadcast plots in Kentucky, however, was generally lower than that in the spaced plants. The overall data indicated that the performance of SRVR, based on yield (14 to 55% higher than Regal) and resistance to PSV and CYVV, was superior to the other germ plasms and suggest that without virus resistance improved white clover yields and persistence cannot be obtained. C1 USDA ARS,FORAGE RES UNIT,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. RP TAYLOR, NL (reprint author), UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,LEXINGTON,KY 40546, USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 79 IS 10 BP 1057 EP 1061 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA RW791 UT WOS:A1995RW79100020 ER EF