FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Williams, MJ Kalmbacher, RS AF Williams, MJ Kalmbacher, RS TI Renovation effects on bahiagrass productivity SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID QUEENSLAND; PASTURES; NITROGEN; SOIL AB Production declines in perennial grass swards have been attributed to soil compaction and a phenomenon referred to as root-bound sod. The effect of renovation equipment on the productivity of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) was evaluated for 2 yr (1991-1993) at the USDA-ARS Subtropical Agricultural Research Station (STARS) and the University of Florida Agricultural Research and Education Center at Ona. Water infiltration and penetrometer resistance were determined in mid-April, immediately pre and post treatment, with either of two styles of bladed (chopper or bladed) or a spiked piece of equipment and at 12, 26, and 52 wk post treatment. Forage dry matter (DM) production and tiller density were determined every 4 wk. Penetrometer resistance was reduced in the upper 15 to 20 cm of the soil immediately post treatment (average of 3.2 and 80 kg cm(2) at the 10-cm depth at Ona and STARS, respectively, in 1991), but remained detectable at subsequent post-treatment times only at STARS. Water infiltration was enhanced only once during the 2 yr (approximately 60 mm h(-1) increase). Tiller density was not affected by renovation at Ona (750 tillers m(-2) average), but at STARS it declined an average of 20% for bladed or chopper-treated plots in 1991-1992, due to death of uprooted tillers (1320 tillers m(-2) untreated vs. 1065 tillers m(-2) average bladed-type equipment). Forage DM production of renovated plots was less than or equal to that of the untreated plot at each sample date at both sites both gears, Based on this study use of these types of renovation equipment in April on bahiagrass swards in Florida cannot be recommended. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,CTR AGR RES & EDUC,ONA,FL 33865. RP Williams, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES STN,BROOKSVILLE,FL 34601, USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 88 IS 2 BP 191 EP 198 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UK941 UT WOS:A1996UK94100012 ER PT J AU Turner, KE Belesky, DP Fedders, JM Rayburn, EB AF Turner, KE Belesky, DP Fedders, JM Rayburn, EB TI Canopy management influences on cool-season grass quality and simulated livestock performance SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; HERBAGE INTAKE; STEERS; GROWTH; SWARD; FORAGES; HEIGHT; CALVES AB Inadequate energy intake across the grazing season can be a major limitation to performance of grazing ruminants. A small-plot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of repeated defoliation, based on canopy height and on the quantity and quality of tall fescue x perennial ryegrass (Festuca arundinacea Schreb, x Lolium perenne L.) hybrid, orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), and prairie grass (Bromus catharticus M. Vahl) in the Central Appalachian Region of the USA. Energy determined from herbage quality data was used to predict growing steer performance, Early and repeated defoliation (T50, 20-cm canopy cut to 10-cm residue; S50, 10-cm canopy cut to 5-cm residue; and T75, 20-cm canopy cut to 5-cm residue) of the grasses resulted in greater herbage crude protein (CP) (202, 226, and 189 g kg(-1), respectively) and lower neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations (591, 572, and 596 g kg(-1), respectively) compared with the hay management (hay harvested at early seed head emergence followed by T75 management; 152 g CP kg(-1) and 620 g NDF kg(-1)). Cumulative metabolizable energy yield on a 1000-ha basis tended to be highest for hay (62 138 MJ ha(-1)) and T75 (49 678 MJ ha(-1)), compared with S50 (40 373 MJ ha(-1)) and T50 (28 457 MJ ha(-1)) simply because of greater herbage mass, Greatest average daily gain was predicted when 250-kg steers grazed T50 (0.81 kg d(-1)) compared with S50 (0.70 kg d(-1)) and T75 (0.71 kg d(-1)). Total number of grazing days per hectare was lowest for T50 (431 d), compared with S50 (580 d) and T75 (690 d). Total annual gain was greater for T75 (690 kg liveweight ha(-1)) management than for S50 (580 kg ha(-1)) or T50 (436 kg ha(-1)). Using herbage earlier in spring before maturation may compromise total herbage productivity, but should sustain a greater number of grazing days and livestock productivity for a given land area. C1 W VIRGINIA UNIV,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506. RP Turner, KE (reprint author), USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN SOIL & WATER CONSERVAT RES LAB,BECKLEY,WV 25802, USA. NR 31 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 88 IS 2 BP 199 EP 205 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UK941 UT WOS:A1996UK94100013 ER PT J AU Swanson, SP Wilhelm, WW AF Swanson, SP Wilhelm, WW TI Planting date and residue rate effects on growth, partitioning, and yield of corn SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TILLAGE AB Corn (Zea mays L.) growth has been shown to be affected by planting date and amount of residue on the soil surface. The objective of this study was to determine if the adverse effects of cool soil temperatures on early seedling growth often associated with surface residues can be overcome by planting at later dates. Corn was planted at several planting dates (late April through early June) into soil that had residue applied at rates of 0, 33, 66, and 100% of that produced by the previous crop. In general, spring-applied residue rates had little effect on measured plant responses. Planting corn before or after the optimum date resulted in reduced leaf area index, leaf area duration, total dry matter production, and grain yield. Maximum yield was achieved by planting corn about 10 May (near Lincoln, NE), regardless of the amount of residue applied in the spring. Yield declined with earlier or later planting dates: yield declined more rapidly when planting was delayed than when planting was advanced. Results indicate that, with spring residue application, planting date recommendations can be made independent of residue conditions. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT AGRON,LINCOLN,NE 68583. NR 20 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 88 IS 2 BP 205 EP 210 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UK941 UT WOS:A1996UK94100014 ER PT J AU Francois, LE AF Francois, LE TI Salinity effects on four sunflower hybrids SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID HIGH-PLAINS; WATER-USE; GROWTH; YIELD; TEMPERATURE; QUALITY; SEED AB Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is becoming an increasingly important source of edible vegetable oil throughout the world because of its high polyunsaturated fatty acid content and no cholesterol. The increasing demand for this oil may promote increased hectarage of sunflower in the western USA, where some soils are saline or have the potential to become so, Since there is little information concerning the response of sunflower grown under saline conditions, a 2-yr field plot study was conducted, Six salinity treatments were imposed on a Holtville silty clay (clayey over loamy, montmorillonitic [calcareous], hyperthermic Typic Torrifluvent) by irrigating with Colorado River water artificially salinized with NaCl and CaCl2 (1:1 by weight), Electrical conductivities of the irrigation waters both years were 1.4 (control), 2.0, 3.4, 4.4, 6.0, and 8.0 dS m(-1). Seed yield and oil content of the seed were measured. Relative seed yield of four hybrids was unaffected by soil salinity up to 48 dS m(-1) (electrical conductivity of the saturation extract, EC(e)). Each unit increase in salinity above 48 dS m(-1) reduced yield by 5.0%. These results indicate that sunflower is appropriately classified as moderately tolerant to salinity. Yield reduction was attributed primarily to a reduction in seeds per head. Oil concentration in the seed was relatively unaffected by increased soil salinity up to 10.2 dS m(-1). Sunflower appears to be well adapted for growth under moderately saline soil conditions. RP Francois, LE (reprint author), USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,450 W BIG SPRINGS RD,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507, USA. NR 17 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 4 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 88 IS 2 BP 215 EP 219 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UK941 UT WOS:A1996UK94100016 ER PT J AU Wiersma, JV Peters, EL Hanson, MA Bouvette, RJ Busch, RH AF Wiersma, JV Peters, EL Hanson, MA Bouvette, RJ Busch, RH TI Fusarium head blight in hard red spring wheat: Cultivar responses to natural epidemics SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RESISTANCE; KERNELS; SCAB; DEOXYNIVALENOL; MANITOBA; CULMORUM; WEIGHT AB Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused primarily by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, is an important but sporadic disease throughout major spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production areas in Canada and the USA. Our objectives were to (i) examine the effects of gears, planting dates, cultivars, and their interactions on FHB measures and agronomic traits and (ii) characterize cultivar responses across a range of environments. Eight planting dates and 16 hard red spring wheat cultivars were studied in field trials during 1993 and 1994 at Crookston, MN. Normal and above-normal rain during June and July provided moist conditions during anthesis of most cultivars across several planting dates each year. Incidence and severity of FHB varied markedly with planting date, anthesis date, gear, and cultivar. Cultivars that achieved higher than average grain yield and test weight over all environments did so because they performed well in environments that favored FHB. Cultivar mean grain yield (r = -0.75 P = 0.01) and test weight (r = -0.93, P = 0.01) were inversely correlated with cultivar mean FHB incidence. 'Butte-86,' 'Grandin,' 'Marshall' and 'Nordic' generally had lower mean FHB incidence and severity and were less responsive to environments favorable for disease than other cultivars. These cultivars also had higher grain yield and test weight than most other cultivars. 'Norm,' 'Minnpro,' 'Sonja,' and 'Bergen' were representative of more susceptible cultivars. They had higher levels of disease, were more responsive to environments favorable for disease, and had low er grain yield and test weight. Attempts to avoid FHB by varying planting date were not successful. Careful cultivar selection for tolerance to FHB should provide moderate increases in grain yield (10-20%) and test weight (5-10%) for spring wheat producers in northwest Minnesota. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,USDA ARS,PLANT SCI RES UNIT,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP Wiersma, JV (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,NW EXPT STN,CROOKSTON,MN 56716, USA. NR 30 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 88 IS 2 BP 223 EP 230 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UK941 UT WOS:A1996UK94100018 ER PT J AU Riggs, KM Spiro, A Tucker, K Rush, D AF Riggs, KM Spiro, A Tucker, K Rush, D TI Relations of vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6, folate, and homocysteine to cognitive performance in the normative aging study SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE vitamin B-12; vitamin B-6; folate; homocysteine; age; psychological testing; cognition ID PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE; ELDERLY POPULATION; NUTRITIONAL-STATUS; VASCULAR-DISEASE; ASSOCIATION; DEFICIENCY; COBALAMIN; LESIONS; PEOPLE; ACID AB We investigated the relations between plasma concentrations of homocysteine and vitamins B-12 and B-6 and folate, and scores from a battery of cognitive tests for 70 male subjects, aged 54-81 y, in the Normative Aging Study. Lower concentrations of vitamin B-12 (P = 0.04) and folate (P = 0.003) and higher concentrations of homocysteine (P = 0.0009) were associated with poorer spatial copying skills. Plasma homocysteine was a stronger predictor of spatial copying performance than either vitamin B-12 or folate. The association of homocysteine with spatial copying performance was not explained by clinical diagnoses of vascular disease. Higher concentrations of vitamin B-6 were related to better performance on two measures of memory (P = 0.03 and P = 0.05). The results suggest that vitamins (and homocysteine) may have differential effects on cognitive abilities. Individual vitamins and homocysteine should be explored further as determinants of patterns of cognitive impairment. C1 DEPT VET AFFAIRS,OUTPATIENT CLIN,BOSTON,MA. RP Riggs, KM (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,JEAN MAYER USDA,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X NR 54 TC 334 Z9 349 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 63 IS 3 BP 306 EP 314 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TY524 UT WOS:A1996TY52400005 PM 8602585 ER PT J AU Milne, DB Nielsen, FH AF Milne, DB Nielsen, FH TI Effects of a diet low in copper on copper-status indicators in postmenopausal women SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE copper deficiency; ceruloplasmin; superoxide dismutase; cytochrome c oxidase; glutathione peroxidase; clotting factor VIII ID CYTOCHROME-C-OXIDASE; GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; ACID SUPPLEMENTS; ASCORBIC-ACID; DEFICIENCY; INDEXES; MEN; CHOLESTEROL; ABSORPTION AB To study the effects of low copper intake in older individuals, 12 postmenopausal women, aged 63.1 +/- 8.8 y, were fed a diet containing 9 mu mol (0.57 mg) Cu/d for 105 d, followed by a copper-repletion period of 35 d during which the diet was supplemented with 31.5 mu mol (2.0 mg) Cu/d. Plasma copper and ceruloplasmin did not change significantly during copper depletion but ceruloplasmin decreased during copper repletion. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity dropped significantly during low copper intake from 3450 to 2600 U/g hemoglobin, but did not increase during copper repletion. Platelet cytochrome c oxidase activity changed significantly (P < 0.0001) from 1740 to 810 U/g protein during copper depletion, then increased to 1000 U/g protein during copper repletion. Erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity responded similarly. Clotting factor VIII activity increased significantly during copper depletion, then dropped during copper repletion. Low copper intakes did not induce the changes in serum cholesterol and hematology generally found in copper-deficient animal models. These results indicate that a paradigm shift may be needed in evaluating copper status in adult humans. Sensitive indicators of copper include functional activities of platelet cytochrome c oxidase, platelet copper, glutathione peroxidase, and clotting factor Vm. Plasma copper, ceruloplasmin, and cholesterol are relatively insensitive indicators. Also, the recovery from mild copper depletion may require more aggressive intervention than 2 mg Cu/d for 35 d. RP Milne, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,POB 9034,UNIV STN,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 44 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 63 IS 3 BP 358 EP 364 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TY524 UT WOS:A1996TY52400013 PM 8602593 ER PT J AU Reeds, PJ Burrin, DG Jahoor, F Wykes, L Henry, J Frazer, EM AF Reeds, PJ Burrin, DG Jahoor, F Wykes, L Henry, J Frazer, EM TI Enteral glutamate is almost completely metabolized in first pass by the gastrointestinal tract of infant pigs SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE gut amino acid metabolism; amino acid absorption; stable isotopically labeled amino acids; isotopomer analysis ID ARGININE; HUMANS AB We studied the absorption of enteral glutamate and phenylalanine using isotopic tracer and arteriovenous difference techniques. Six piglets, implanted with portal, carotid, and gastric catheters and an ultrasonic portal flow probe received a 6-h intragastric infusion of [U-C-13]glutamate ana [H-2]phenylalanine, with a high-protein diet offered one time each hour. Amino acid concentrations and the isotopic enrichments of all mass isotopomers of glutamate, glutamine, and phenylalanine were measured in portal and arterial blood over the last hour. There was significant (P < 0.025) net absorption of the indispensable amino acids as well as arginine, proline, serine, and alanine. There was no portal uptake of glutamate, aspartate, and glycine, and arterial glutamine was removed by the portal drained viscera (P < 0.05). At isotopic steady state, 72% of the [H-2]phenylalanine but only 5% of the [U-C-13]glutamate tracer appeared in the portal blood. We conclude that, in fed infant pigs, the gut metabolizes virtually all of the enteral glutamate during absorption. Therefore, glutamate and glutamine in the body as a whole must derive almost entirely from synthesis de novo. RP Reeds, PJ (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED, USDA,ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,DEPT PEDIAT, 1100 BATES ST, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. NR 17 TC 147 Z9 151 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1849 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-ENDOC M JI Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 270 IS 3 BP E413 EP E418 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology GA UA593 UT WOS:A1996UA59300006 PM 8638686 ER PT J AU Rush, D Welch, K AF Rush, D Welch, K TI The first year of hyperinflation in the former Soviet Union: Nutritional deprivation among elderly pensioners, 1992 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID BODY-WEIGHT; MORTALITY; HEALTH AB Objectives. Hyperinflation began in early 1992 in the former Soviet Union. This paper describes factors associated with nutritional status that year among elderly pensioners. Methods. Approximately 300 pensioners were selected randomly in each of eight cities. Surveys of diet, weight, health status, and social and economic conditions were done between June and December 1992. This paper reports on 2281 completed questionnaires. Results. Half the pensioners reported that they had lost 5 or more kilograms in the prior 6 months; 57% did not have enough money to buy food, and 39% needed medicines they could not afford. Forty percent consumed less than a half kilogram of meat, 50% consumed less than a half kilogram of fruit, a third consumed less than a liter of milk, and a third consumed less than 2 kg of bread per week. Weight loss was stronlgy associated with not having enough money to buy food, an inability to afford medication, and conumption of fewer than three meals a day. Concurrent with these conditions, there was a large increase in mortality in Russia. Conclusions. The results of these surveys suggest that many elderly pensioners were experiencing severe nutritional deprivation in the latter half of 1992. C1 TULANE UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT INT HLTH,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70118. RP Rush, D (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 17 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD MAR PY 1996 VL 86 IS 3 BP 361 EP 367 DI 10.2105/AJPH.86.3.361 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UA072 UT WOS:A1996UA07200015 PM 8604761 ER PT J AU Graczyk, TK Cranfield, MR Fayer, R AF Graczyk, TK Cranfield, MR Fayer, R TI Evaluation of commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test kits for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts of species other than Cryptosporidium parvum SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; HUMAN FECAL SPECIMENS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; FLUORESCENCE DETECTION; GIARDIA-LAMBLIA; SURFACE-WATER; PROCYON-LOTOR; INFECTIONS; OUTBREAK; WILD AB A commercial enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (ProSpect(R) Rapid Assay), a direct immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) test for stool testing (MERIFLUOR(TM) Cryptosporidium/Giardia), and an indirect IFA test for environmental testing (Hydrofluor(TM)-Combo Cryptosporidium/Giardia) were evaluated for detection of low public health risk Cryptosporidium oocyst isolates, and for C. parvum oocyst isolates from human and bovine feces that represent a high public health risk. There was no cross-reactivity of the EIA with ova of eight medically important helminths, three Eimeria species oocysts, Sarcocystis cruzi sporocysts, and two Candida sp. isolates. All nine snake oocyst isolates (C. serpentis), two of seven lizard oocyst isolates, one turtle oocyst isolate, two avian oocyst isolates (turkey, C. meleagridis), one C. wrairi oocyst isolate from guinea pigs, one C. muris oocyst isolate from hyrax, one heifer C. muris isolate, and two C. muris-like oocyst isolates from a camel were positive by both IFA tests; six of these 19 oocyst isolates were EIA-positive. There was no difference in the sensitivity and specificity between direct and indirect IFA tests. The sensitivity of the EIA and both IFA tests to the C. parvum oocysts was 100%. The EIA showed less cross-reactivity with the non-C. parvum oocysts (24%) than direct or indirect IFA (76%), and was less sensitive to those isolates (20%) than both LFA tests (63%). A simulated sampling model for high and low public health risk Cryptosporidium oocysts showed that the low risk oocyst isolates may constitute up to 35% of all positive environmental samples by direct or indirect IFA determination, and up to 12% of all EIA positive samples. This study indicates a superiority of direct and indirect IFA and EIA for screening of human-or-bovine-origin fecal specimens, whereas testing of environmental samples may lead to misidentification of medically important isolates. The results demonstrated that the EIA kit can more accurately identify environmental samples containing oocysts pathogenic for humans than both IFA tests. The specificity of commercially available diagnostic kits to C. parvum should be critically examined for cross-species identification before they are recommended or adopted for use in testing environmental samples. C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,DIV COMPARAT MED,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. BALTIMORE ZOO,DEPT MED,BALTIMORE,MD 21217. AGR RES SERV,PARASITE IMMUNOBIOL LAB,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Graczyk, TK (reprint author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT MOLEC MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,615 N WOLFE ST,BALTIMORE,MD 21205, USA. NR 52 TC 99 Z9 101 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 54 IS 3 BP 274 EP 279 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA UE418 UT WOS:A1996UE41800012 PM 8600765 ER PT J AU Cifrian, E Guidry, AJ Marquardt, WW AF Cifrian, E Guidry, AJ Marquardt, WW TI Role of milk fractions, serum, and divalent cations in protection of mammary epithelial cells of cows against damage by Staphylococcus aureus toxins SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ALPHA-TOXIN; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; VIRULENCE; AGENTS; CASEIN; FORM; PORE; IONS AB Objective-To determine the effect of milk and blood serum constituents on cytotoxicity of Staphylococcus aureus on mammary epithelial cells. Design-In vitro incubation of cells with cytotoxic agents and milk and serum constituents. Sample Population-Mammary cells, milk, and blood obtained from 3 cows. Procedure-Staphylococcal alpha-toxin and culture supernatants from S aureus M60 and an alpha-toxin-negative mutant of M60 were incubated with bovine mammary epithelial cells in the presence of milk fractions, serum, and divalent cations. Propidium iodide fluorescence was used as a measure of cell damage. Results-Skim milk and milk whey inhibited S aureus cytotoxic agents. Skim milk protected against alpha-toxin damage to a greater extent than milk whey. Serum from an adult animal was more protective than was fetal serum. Milk fat and serum albumin had no protective effect. Divalent calcium and Mg2+ were more effective inhibitors of mammary epithelial cell damage caused by alpha-toxin than of damage attributable to M60 culture supernatant. Divalent calcium and Mg2+ at concentrations similar to those of free Ca2+ and Mg2+ in normal bovine milk decreased cytotoxic damage attributable to alpha-toxin. How ever, concentrations similar to those of total Ca2+ and Mg2+ in normal milk were required to decrease cell damage caused by M60 culture supernatant. The alpha-toxin-negative mutant was less cytotoxic than the M60 parent strain. Conclusions-Casein, as well as Ca2+ and Mg2+ in bovine milk, inhibit the cytotoxic effect of S aureus on mammary epithelial cells. C1 USDA ARS,IMMUNOL & DIS RESISTANCE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ANIM SCI,COLLEGE PK,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,VIRGINIA MARYLAND REG COLL VET MED,COLLEGE PK,MD 20705. NR 29 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 57 IS 3 BP 308 EP 312 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA TX191 UT WOS:A1996TX19100013 PM 8669760 ER PT J AU Gray, JT Stabel, TJ FedorkaCray, PJ AF Gray, JT Stabel, TJ FedorkaCray, PJ TI Effect of dose on the immune response and persistence of Salmonella choleraesuis inflection in swine SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID INTERNAL ORGANS; TYPHIMURIUM; INFECTION; PIGS AB Objective--To establish the effect of dose on persistence of and immune response to Salmonella choleraesuis in swine. Design-19 Salmonella-free pigs were allotted to 4 groups. Groups 1 (n = 5), 2 (n = 5), and 3 (n = 5) were inoculated intranasally with 10(9), 10(6), and 10(3) colony-forming units of S choleraesuis, respectively. Group 4 (n = 4) served as uninoculated controls. Procedure-Pigs were monitored for clinical signs of disease and bacterial shedding. Serum and lymphocytes were obtained to measure immune responses. Pigs from groups 1, 2, and 4 were necropsied at postinoculation (PI) weeks 6 and 15. Pigs from groups 3 and 4 were necropsied at PI weeks 6 and 10. Results-Pigs in group 1 shed S choleraesuis through PI week 15 and were tissue positive at PI weeks 6 and 15. Pigs in group 2 were tissue positive for S choleraesuis until PI week 6 and continued shedding through PI week 9. Salmonella choleraesuis was not recovered at any time from pigs in groups 3 or 4. Pigs in groups 1, 2, and 3 had serum IgG and IgM titers to S choleraesuis lipopolysaccharide and soluble antigens. Pigs in all groups had a lymphocyte response to concanavalin A, and pigs in groups 1 and 2 had a lymphocyte response to S choleraesuis endotoxin. Pigs in group 1 had a lower stimulation index in response to both antigens, indicating some form of lymphocyte immunosuppression. Conclusions-Persistence of S choleraesuis in host tissues is dose dependent. Short-term persistence can occur after a dose as low as 10(6) colony-forming units of S choleraesuis. Higher doses result in development of longterm carrier status, which may be related to the observed lymphocyte immunosuppression. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,ENTER DIS & FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. NR 25 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 57 IS 3 BP 313 EP 319 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA TX191 UT WOS:A1996TX19100014 PM 8669761 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS Adams, DS Gay, JM Baszler, TV Blagburn, BL Thulliez, P AF Dubey, JP Lindsay, DS Adams, DS Gay, JM Baszler, TV Blagburn, BL Thulliez, P TI Serologic responses of cattle and other animals infected with Neospora caninum SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TOXOPLASMA-GONDII OOCYSTS; APICOMPLEXA INFECTIONS; SARCOCYSTIS-CRUZI; TISSUE-SECTIONS; PROTOZOA; CALVES; DOGS; TRANSMISSION; TACHYZOITES; DIAGNOSIS AB Objective-To examine cross-reactivity among Neospora caninum and closely-related apicomplexans. Design-Sera from animals were examined for antibody production to N caninum and cross-reactivity to Toxoplasma gondii. Animals-Cattle were experimentally infected with 3 tissue cyst-forming protozoan parasites N caninum, T gondii, and Sarcocystis sp, and calves were monospecifically inoculated with the intestinal coccidia, Eimeria bovis and Cryptosporidium parvum. Similar studies were done in laboratory rabbits inoculated with N caninum, T gondii, Hammondia hammondi, and Sarcocystis sp. Additionally, sera were obtained from ewes, lambs, goats, sows, cats, rats, and mice inoculated with N caninum tachyzoites. Procedure-The indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) and ELISA antibody tests (cattle only) were used to examine reactivity to N caninum; the modified direct agglutination, Sabin-Feldman dye, and IFA tests were used to evaluate reactivity to T gondii. Results-Serologic cross-reactivity among N caninum, T gondii, and Sarcocystis sp was none or minimal by the IFA test. There was some reactivity to N caninum by the use of ELISA in cattle inoculated with Sarcocystis sp. Conclusions-The IFA test for N caninum was specific for the diagnosis of neosporosis in animals. C1 AUBURN UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT PATHOBIOL,AUBURN,AL 36849. VET MED RES DEV INC,PULLMAN,WA 99163. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,PULLMAN,WA 99165. INST PUERICULTURE,PARIS,FRANCE. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI Lindsay, David/G-8891-2016 OI Lindsay, David/0000-0002-0592-8321 NR 37 TC 110 Z9 115 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 57 IS 3 BP 329 EP 336 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA TX191 UT WOS:A1996TX19100017 PM 8669764 ER PT J AU Calderone, NW Page, RE AF Calderone, NW Page, RE TI Temporal polyethism and behavioural canalization in the honey bee, Apis mellifera SO ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article ID DIVISION-OF-LABOR; AGE POLYETHISM; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; JUVENILE-HORMONE; PATTERN-FORMATION; TASK ALLOCATION; ANT COLONIES; HYMENOPTERA; APIDAE; POLLEN AB Two models of temporal polyethism in the honey bee were evaluated. The developmental-programme model asserts a causal relationship between age and task performance. The foraging-forwork model asserts that this relationship is an epiphenomenon associated with a self-organizing system. The effect of a worker's pre-foraging environment on task selection as a forager was also examined. Four groups of workers, emerging at 6-day intervals, were introduced to a colony. Workers in group 1 were introduced when less than 12 h old. Workers in groups 2 and 3 were divided into deprived and non-deprived groups. Non-deprived groups were introduced to the colony when less than 12 h old. Deprived groups were confined to an incubator for 12 days and 6 days, respectively, then introduced to the colony along with group 4 (<12 h old). Foraging activities were quantified for two sets of workers from strains of bees selected for high and low pollen hoarding. The results support the developmental-programme model. Non-deprived workers began foraging in the order that they were introduced. Deprived workers from groups 2 and 3 began to forage before younger workers in group 4, even though all three groups were introduced to the colony at the same time. The results also suggest that a forager's task selection is primarily determined by her genotype and immediate environment. High-strain workers collected pollen more often than low-strain workers, regardless of their pre-foraging environments. Differences between deprived and non-deprived groups of the same strain and age were rare. (C) 1996 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS, DEPT ENTOMOL, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA. RP Calderone, NW (reprint author), USDA ARS, BEE RES LAB, BLDG 476 BARC E, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 55 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0003-3472 EI 1095-8282 J9 ANIM BEHAV JI Anim. Behav. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 51 BP 631 EP 643 DI 10.1006/anbe.1996.0068 PN 3 PG 13 WC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA UD888 UT WOS:A1996UD88800013 ER PT J AU Woodson, WD Jackson, JJ AF Woodson, WD Jackson, JJ TI Developmental rate as a function of temperature in northern corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE northern corn rootworm; development; thermal threshold; degree-days ID DIABROTICA-VIRGIFERA-VIRGIFERA AB Development of immature northern corn rootworm, Diabrotica barberi Smith & Lawrence, was studied at 7 constant temperatures ranging from 15 to 31.5 degrees C. Development occurred at all temperatures, however, survival was lowest at 15 and 31.5 degrees C for both males and females. The proportion of time spent in each life stage from hatch to adult emergence was independent of sex and approximate to 15% for Ist instars, 18% for 2nd instars, 41% for 3rd instars, and 25% for the pupal stage. Developmental times, from hatch to adult emergence, between males and females were substantially different. A developmental threshold of 10.2 degrees C was estimated for development from hatch to adult emergence. Development from hatch to adult emergence was fastest al 30 degrees C, taking approximate to 28 d, and slowest at 15 degrees C taking 98 d. RP Woodson, WD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO GRAIN INSECTS RES LAB,RURAL ROUTE 3,BROOKINGS,SD 57006, USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 89 IS 2 BP 226 EP 230 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UC031 UT WOS:A1996UC03100007 ER PT J AU Rubink, WL LuevanoMartinez, P Sugden, EA Wilson, WT Collins, AM AF Rubink, WL LuevanoMartinez, P Sugden, EA Wilson, WT Collins, AM TI Subtropical Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) swarming dynamics and africanization rates in northeastern Mexico and southern Texas SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Africanized; European; Apis mellifera; swarming; neotropical ID HONEY-BEES AB Honey Bee, Apis mellifera L., swarming dynamics and Africanization rates were monitored over a 5-yr period from 1988 to 1993 in the northeast Mexican State of Tamaulipas and in the lower Rio Crande Valley of southern Texas before, during, and after the arrival of the neotropical African honey bee, Apis mellifera scutellata Ruttner, to these areas. The study reports results obtained from 95,586 site-days of monitoring activities in northeastern Mexico (63 sites on a 200 km long east-west transect), and 68,428 site-days in southern Texas (36 sites on a 120 km long, east-west transect). Africanized honey bee capture rates were higher than European honey bee rates for gulf coastal areas in Mexico where both bee types also showed higher capture rates in agricultural lowlands versus montane areas. In the Texas location, European honey bee capture rates were slightly higher near the gulf coast, but otherwise swum capture rates were similar across the transect for both Africanized honey bee and European honey bee. Pre-Africanization, European honey bee swarm capture rates were found to vary widely from year to year at each location, ranging from 0.138 to 0.446 swarms/site-month in Mexico and from 0.190 to 0.555 swarms/site-month in Texas. Post-Africanization capture rates were not appreciably different from pre-Africanization rates, ranging from 0.491 to 0.519 swarms/site-month in Mexico and 0.195 to 0.648 swarms/site-month in Texas. Africanization proceeded more quickly in northeastern Mexico where it reached 98% within 2.5 yr after the detection of the 1st Africanized honey bee. In southern Texas Africanization rates reached only 69% during an equivalent time frame. C1 SECRETARIA FOMENTO AGROPECUARIO,CIUDAD VICTORIA,TAMAULIPAS,MEXICO. RP Rubink, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,HONEY BEE RES UNIT,2413 E HIGHWAY 83,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 29 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 89 IS 2 BP 243 EP 251 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UC031 UT WOS:A1996UC03100010 ER PT J AU Hamm, JJ Carpenter, JE Styer, EL AF Hamm, JJ Carpenter, JE Styer, EL TI Oviposition day effect on incidence of agonadal progeny of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) infected with a virus SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Helicoverpa sea; agonadal; virus; nonoccluded baculovirus; gonad-specific virus ID HYMENOPTERA; REPLICATION; BRACONIDAE AB An agonadal condition of moths in a laboratory colony of com earworm, Helicoverpa tea (Boddie), was studied. This condition was associated with nonoccluded baculovirus like particles which replicated in parts of the abnormal reproductive tracts of agonadal moths and some apparently normal, i.e., fertile, moths. Agonadal female moths exhibited a waxy plug protruding from the vulva. This plug consisted of almost pure virus like particles within vesicles. The incidence of agonadal progeny in a colony increases with oviposition day from 5.4% for day 1 and 17% for day 2 to 62.8% for day 3. Using an aqueous suspension of material from the waxy plug as inoculum to inject 3- and 4-d-old larvae and to surface-treat eggs, the agonadal condition was produced in moths from a colony of H. tea that had never exhibited the condition. The agonadal condition was produced in progeny of moths that fed on a suspension of virus like particles, and there was an increase in the incidence of agonadal progeny with progressive oviposition day of infected female parents. An increase in the incidence of agonadal progeny with progressive oviposition day also occurred in progeny of female moths from a noninfected colony mated to males From the infected colony. C1 USDA ARS,INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793. NR 15 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 89 IS 2 BP 266 EP 275 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UC031 UT WOS:A1996UC03100013 ER PT J AU Krause, DO Russell, JB AF Krause, DO Russell, JB TI An rRNA approach for assessing the role of obligate amino acid-fermenting bacteria in ruminal amino acid deamination SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMMONIA PRODUCTION; MONENSIN; RUMEN; FERMENTATION; PEPTIDES; INVITRO; DEGRADATION; IONOPHORES; PROTEIN; GROWTH AB Ruminal amino acid degradation is a nutritionally wasteful process that produces excess ruminal ammonia. Monensin inhibited the growth of monensin-sensitive, obligate amino acid-fermenting bacteria and decreased the ruminal ammonia concentrations of cattle, 16S rRNA probes indicated that monensin inhibited the growth of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and Clostridium sticklandii in the rumen, Clostridium aminophilum was monensin sensitive in vitro, but C. aminophilum persisted in the rumen after monensin was added to the diet. An in vitro culture system was developed to assess the competition of C. aminophilum, P. anaerobius, and C. sticklandii with predominant ruminal bacteria (PRE), PRE were isolated from a 10(8) dilution of ruminal fluid and maintained as a mixed population with a mixture of carbohydrates, PRE did not hybridize with the probes to C. aminophilum, P. anaerobius, or C. sticklandii. PRB deaminated Trypticase in continuous culture, but the addition of C. aminophilum, P. anaerobius, and C. sticklandii caused a more-than-twofold increase in the steady-state concentration of ammonia, C. aminophilum, P. anaerobius, and C. sticklandii accounted for less than 5% of the total 16S rRNA and microbial protein. Monensin eliminated P. anaerobius and C. sticklandii from continuous cultures, but it could not inhibit C. aminophilum. The monensin resistance of C. aminophilum was a growth rate-dependent, inoculum size-independent phenomenon that could not be maintained in batch culture, On the basis of these results, we concluded that the feed additive monensin cannot entirely counteract the wasteful amino acid deamination of obligate amino acid-fermenting ruminal bacteria. C1 CORNELL UNIV,MICROBIOL SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853. USDA ARS,ITHACA,NY 14853. NR 36 TC 64 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 62 IS 3 BP 815 EP 821 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA TY365 UT WOS:A1996TY36500012 PM 8975611 ER PT J AU Stewart, P Whitwam, RE Kersten, PJ Cullen, D Tien, M AF Stewart, P Whitwam, RE Kersten, PJ Cullen, D Tien, M TI Efficient expression of a Phanerochaete chrysosporium manganese peroxidase gene in Aspergillus oryzae SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LIGNIN-DEGRADING BASIDIOMYCETE; DEPENDENT PEROXIDASE; CDNA SEQUENCE; MECHANISM; NIDULANS AB A manganese peroxidase gene (mnp1) from Phanerochaete chrysosporium was efficiently expressed in Aspergillus oryzae. Expression was achieved by fusing the mature cDNA of mnp1 with the A. oryzae Taka amylase promoter and secretion signal. The 3' untranslated region of the glucoamylase gene of Aspergillus awamori provided the terminator. The recombinant protein (rMnP) was secreted in an active form, permitting rapid detection and purification. Physical and kinetic properties of rMnP were similar to those of the native protein. The A. oryzae expression system is well suited for both mechanistic and site-directed mutagenesis studies. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT BACTERIOL, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. PENN STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA. RP Stewart, P (reprint author), USDA, FOREST PROD LAB, 1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA. NR 34 TC 68 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 62 IS 3 BP 860 EP 864 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA TY365 UT WOS:A1996TY36500019 PM 8975615 ER PT J AU Shi, Y Weimer, PJ AF Shi, Y Weimer, PJ TI Utilization of individual cellodextrins by three predominant ruminal cellulolytic bacteria SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RUMINOCOCCUS-FLAVEFACIENS; BACTEROIDES-SUCCINOGENES; RUMEN BACTERIA; CONTINUOUS CULTURE; CELLOBIOSE UPTAKE; PURE CULTURES; GROWTH; FERMENTATION; TRANSPORT; PH AB Growth of the ruminal bacteria Fibrobacter succinogenes S85, Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1, and R. albus 7 followed Monod kinetics with respect to concentrations of individual pure cellodextrins (cellobiose, cellotriose, cellotetraose, cellopentaose, and cellohexaose). Under the conditions tested, R. flavefaciens FD-1 possesses the greatest capacity to compete for low concentrations of these cellodextrins. C1 US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,USDA ARS,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT DAIRY SCI,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BACTERIOL,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 25 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 62 IS 3 BP 1084 EP 1088 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA TY365 UT WOS:A1996TY36500055 PM 8975600 ER PT J AU Dien, BS Kurtzman, CP Saha, BC Bothast, RJ AF Dien, BS Kurtzman, CP Saha, BC Bothast, RJ TI Screening for L-arabinose fermenting yeasts SO APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals CY MAY 07-11, 1995 CL VAIL, CO SP US DOE, Off Alternat Fuels, US DOE, Off Ind Proc, Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Idaho Natl Engn Lab, Argonne Natl Lab, A E Staley Mfg Co, Archer Daniel Midland Co, Bio Tech Resources L P, Chronopol Inc, Colorado Inst Res Biotechnol, Dow Chem, DuPont Co, Enzyme Bio Syst Ltd, FermPro Mfg L P, Gist Brocades, Golden Technol Co Inc, Grain Proc Corp, Martin Marietta Energy Syst, Natl Corn Growers Assoc, New Energy Co Indiana, L P, Raphael Katzen Associated Int Inc, S Point Ethanol, St Lawrence Technol Inc, Weyerhaeuser, Amer Chem Soc, Div Biochem Technol DE L-arabinose; pentose; ethanol; fermentation; yeasts ID D-XYLOSE; ETHANOL-PRODUCTION; PACHYSOLEN-TANNOPHILUS; CANDIDA-SHEHATAE; PICHIA-STIPITIS; ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION; SUGARS; CONVERSION; BIOMASS; TEMPERATURE AB Utilization of pentose sugars (D-xylose and L-arabinose) derived from hemicellulose is essential for the economic conversion of biomass to ethanol. Xylose-fermenting yeasts were discovered in the 1980s, but to date, no yeasts have been found that ferment L-arabinose to ethanol in significant quantities. We have screened 116 different yeasts for the ability to ferment L-arabinose and have found the following species able to ferment the sugar: Candida auringiensis, Candida succiphila, Ambrosiozyma monospora, and Candida sp. (YB-2248). Though these yeasts produced ethanol concentrations of 4.1 g/L or less, they are potential candidates for mutational enhancement of L-arabinose fermentation. These yeasts were also found to ferment D-xylose. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,MICROBIAL PROPERTIES RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP Dien, BS (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FERMENTAT & BIOCHEM RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. OI Dien, Bruce/0000-0003-3863-6664 NR 45 TC 49 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 4 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 SN 0273-2289 J9 APPL BIOCHEM BIOTECH JI Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. PD SPR PY 1996 VL 57-8 BP 233 EP 242 DI 10.1007/BF02941704 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA UL857 UT WOS:A1996UL85700024 PM 8669899 ER PT J AU Dahn, KM Davis, BP Pittman, PE Kenealy, WR Jeffries, TW AF Dahn, KM Davis, BP Pittman, PE Kenealy, WR Jeffries, TW TI Increased xylose reductase activity in the xylose-fermenting yeast Pichia stipitis by overexpression of XYL1 SO APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals CY MAY 07-11, 1995 CL VAIL, CO SP US DOE, Off Alternat Fuels, US DOE, Off Ind Proc, Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Idaho Natl Engn Lab, Argonne Natl Lab, A E Staley Mfg Co, Archer Daniel Midland Co, Bio Tech Resources L P, Chronopol Inc, Colorado Inst Res Biotechnol, Dow Chem, DuPont Co, Enzyme Bio Syst Ltd, FermPro Mfg L P, Gist Brocades, Golden Technol Co Inc, Grain Proc Corp, Martin Marietta Energy Syst, Natl Corn Growers Assoc, New Energy Co Indiana, L P, Raphael Katzen Associated Int Inc, S Point Ethanol, St Lawrence Technol Inc, Weyerhaeuser, Amer Chem Soc, Div Biochem Technol DE Pichia stipitis; xylose reductase; gene expression; fermentation; metabolism ID PENTOSE-PHOSPHATE PATHWAY; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION; ETHANOL-PRODUCTION; CANDIDA-SHEHATAE; ISOMERASE GENE; ENZYMES; EXPRESSION; KEY AB The Pichia stipitis xylose reductase gene (XYLI) was inserted into an autonomous plasmid that P. stipitis maintains in multicopy. The plasmid pXOR with the XYL1 insert or a control plasmid pJM6 without XYL1 was introduced into P. stipitis. When grown on xylose under aerobic conditions, the strain with pXOR had up to 1.8-fold higher xylose reductase (XOR) activity than the control strain. Oxygen limitation led to higher XOR activity in both experimental and control strains grown on xylose. However, the XOR activities of the two strains grown on xylose were similar under oxygen limitation. When grown on glucose under aerobic or oxygen-limited Conditions, the experimental strain had XOR activity up to 10 times higher than that of the control strain. Ethanol production was not improved, but rather it decreased with the introduction of pXOR compared to the control, and this was attributed to nonspecific effects of the plasmid. C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,INST MICROBIAL & BIOCHEM TECHNOL,MADISON,WI 53705. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BIOCHEM,MADISON,WI. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BACTERIOL,MADISON,WI 53706. RI Jeffries, Thomas/I-8576-2012 OI Jeffries, Thomas/0000-0001-7408-4065 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [5 T32 GM08349] NR 30 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 SN 0273-2289 J9 APPL BIOCHEM BIOTECH JI Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. PD SPR PY 1996 VL 57-8 BP 267 EP 276 DI 10.1007/BF02941707 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA UL857 UT WOS:A1996UL85700027 PM 8669900 ER PT J AU Grohmann, K Cameron, RG Buslig, BS AF Grohmann, K Cameron, RG Buslig, BS TI Fermentation of orange peel hydrolysates by ethanologenic Escherichia coli - Effects of nutritional supplements SO APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals CY MAY 07-11, 1995 CL VAIL, CO SP US DOE, Off Alternat Fuels, US DOE, Off Ind Proc, Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Idaho Natl Engn Lab, Argonne Natl Lab, A E Staley Mfg Co, Archer Daniel Midland Co, Bio Tech Resources L P, Chronopol Inc, Colorado Inst Res Biotechnol, Dow Chem, DuPont Co, Enzyme Bio Syst Ltd, FermPro Mfg L P, Gist Brocades, Golden Technol Co Inc, Grain Proc Corp, Martin Marietta Energy Syst, Natl Corn Growers Assoc, New Energy Co Indiana, L P, Raphael Katzen Associated Int Inc, S Point Ethanol, St Lawrence Technol Inc, Weyerhaeuser, Amer Chem Soc, Div Biochem Technol DE recombinant E-coli B; ethanol production; citrus byproducts ID CONVERSION; GENES AB Orange peel, an abundant byproduct of the citrus processing industry, is converted to a mixture of glucose, galacturonic acid, fructose, arabinose, galactose, and xylose by hydrolysis with mixed pectinase and cellulase enzymes. All these sugars can be fermented to ethanol or ethanol and acetic acid by the recombinant bacterium Escherichia coli KO11. The fermentation efficiency is improved by the addition of yeast extract, tryptone, mixed amino acids, corn steep liquor, or by proteolytic digestion of endogenous proteins. Batch fermentations of supplemented peel hydrolysate containing 111 g/L of initial total sugars produced 35-38 g/L of ethanol in 48-72 h and a 75-85% yield. C1 FLORIDA DEPT CITRUS,WINTER HAVEN,FL. RP Grohmann, K (reprint author), USDA,CITRUS & SUBTROP PROD LAB,600 AVE S NW,WINTER HAVEN,FL 33881, USA. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 SN 0273-2289 J9 APPL BIOCHEM BIOTECH JI Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. PD SPR PY 1996 VL 57-8 BP 383 EP 388 DI 10.1007/BF02941717 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA UL857 UT WOS:A1996UL85700037 PM 8669905 ER PT J AU Sreenath, HK Jeffries, TW AF Sreenath, HK Jeffries, TW TI Effect of corn steep liquor on fermentation of mixed sugars by Candida shehatae FPL-702 SO APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals CY MAY 07-11, 1995 CL VAIL, CO SP US DOE, Off Alternat Fuels, US DOE, Off Ind Proc, Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Idaho Natl Engn Lab, Argonne Natl Lab, A E Staley Mfg Co, Archer Daniel Midland Co, Bio Tech Resources L P, Chronopol Inc, Colorado Inst Res Biotechnol, Dow Chem, DuPont Co, Enzyme Bio Syst Ltd, FermPro Mfg L P, Gist Brocades, Golden Technol Co Inc, Grain Proc Corp, Martin Marietta Energy Syst, Natl Corn Growers Assoc, New Energy Co Indiana, L P, Raphael Katzen Associated Int Inc, S Point Ethanol, St Lawrence Technol Inc, Weyerhaeuser, Amer Chem Soc, Div Biochem Technol DE Candida shehatae; Pichia stipitis; Pachysolen tannophilus; mixed sugar; fermentation; ethanol; corn steep ID YEAST PICHIA-STIPITIS; PACHYSOLEN-TANNOPHILUS; D-XYLOSE; ETHANOL-PRODUCTION; L-ARABINOSE; D-GLUCOSE; MUTANTS AB Candida shehatae FPL-702, is a mutant strain obtained from C. shehatae ATCC 22984 by selection for rapid growth on L-xylose and xylitol in the presence of respiratory inhibitors. This strain produced more ethanol from xylose than any other pentose-fermenting yeast strain tested. These included the parental C. shehatae strain ATCC 22984 and other wild-type or mutant strains of Pichia stipitis and Pachysolen tannophilus. C. shehatae FPL-702 showed initial rapid growth on xylose. During fed-batch shake-flask fermentation of glucose, FPL-702 produced 3.5% (w/v) ethanol. Ethanol. production from glucose increased to 5.0% (w/v) when corn steep liquor (CSI,) was added in the fermentation medium. In contrast, CSL reduced consumption of xylose and ethanol production in shake-flask fermentations of xylose and mixtures of xylose and glucose. However, CSL also reduced xylitol formation. Maximum ethanol production from a mixed-sugar fermentation was 3.25% (w/v). C. shehatae FPL-702 did not use L-arabinose during mixed-sugar fermentation in the presence or absence of CSL, but it did grow on arabinose and convert it into arabitol. In the fed-batch reactor, this strain exhibited improved ethanol production rates from mixed sugar in the presence of CSL. C1 INST MICROBIAL BIOCHEM TECHNOL,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BACTERIOL,MADISON,WI 53706. RI Jeffries, Thomas/I-8576-2012 OI Jeffries, Thomas/0000-0001-7408-4065 NR 28 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 SN 0273-2289 J9 APPL BIOCHEM BIOTECH JI Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. PD SPR PY 1996 VL 57-8 BP 551 EP 561 DI 10.1007/BF02941735 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA UL857 UT WOS:A1996UL85700055 ER PT J AU Uri, ND AF Uri, ND TI An empirical re-examination of natural resource scarcity and economic growth SO APPLIED STOCHASTIC MODELS AND DATA ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE cointegration techniques; economic growth; resource price; resource scarcity ID TIME-SERIES REGRESSION; COINTEGRATION TECHNIQUES; ASYMPTOTIC PROPERTIES; UNIT-ROOT; LONG-RUN; DEMAND; RATES; TESTS AB This paper is concerned with the effect of natural resource scarcity on economic growth in the United States. After defining the notion of scarcity and introducing two measures of scarcity-unit costs and relative resource price-changes in resource scarcity trends for lead, zinc, nickel, aluminium, silver, iron and copper over the most recent three decades are investigated. Only for silver and iron is there any indication that such a change has occurred. For silver, the change is transitory. To the extent that change takes place, it has implications for future economic growth, i.e. natural resource scarcity and economic growth are interrelated. To see whether this is a relevant concern, subsequent to the examination of changing resource scarcity trends an objective effort is made to identify a long-run equilibrium relationship between natural resource scarcity and economic growth. Relying on cointegration techniques, only for the unit cost measure for lead and copper for one of the measures of cointegration is there a suggestion that natural resource scarcity has affected economic growth in the United States over the period 1889-1992. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,NAT RESOURCES & ENVIRONM DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20005, USA. NR 53 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 8755-0024 J9 APPL STOCH MODEL D A JI Appl. Stoch. Model. Data Anal. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 12 IS 1 BP 45 EP 61 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0747(199603)12:1<45::AID-ASM276>3.0.CO;2-O PG 17 WC Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Applied SC Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA UB800 UT WOS:A1996UB80000003 ER PT J AU Rall, LC Meydani, SN Kehayias, JJ DawsonHughes, B Roubenoff, R AF Rall, LC Meydani, SN Kehayias, JJ DawsonHughes, B Roubenoff, R TI The effect of progressive resistance training in rheumatoid arthritis - Increased strength without changes in energy balance or body composition SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Article ID REVISED CRITERIA; ASSOCIATION; HYPERTROPHY; MEN; CLASSIFICATION; ADULTS; SCALE; MASS; TERM; KNEE AB Objective. To demonstrate the feasibility of high-intensity progressive resistance training in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients compared with healthy control subjects. Methods. Eight subjects with RA, 8 healthy young subjects, and 8 healthy elderly subjects underwent 12 weeks of high-intensity progressive resistance training, while 6 elderly subjects performed warm-up exercises only. Fitness, body composition, energy expenditure, function, disease activity, pain, and fatigue were measured at baseline and followup. Results. All 3 training groups demonstrated similar improvements in strength compared with the change among control subjects (RA group 57% [P < 0.0005], young exercise group 44% [P < 0.01], elderly exercise group 36% [P < 0.05]). Subjects with RA had no change in the number of painful or swollen joints but had significant reductions in self-reported pain score (21% [P < 0.05]) and fatigue score (38% [P = 0.06]), improved 50-foot walking times (mean +/- SD 10.4 +/- 2.2 seconds versus 8.3 +/- 1.5 seconds [P < 0.005]), and improved balance and gait scores (48.9 +/- 3.8 versus 50.4 +/- 2.0 [P = 0.07]). Conclusion. High-intensity strength training is feasible and safe in selected patients with well-controlled RA and leads to significant improvements in strength, pain, and fatigue without exacerbating disease activity or joint pain. C1 TUFTS UNIV,JMUSDA HNRCA,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,TUPPER RES INST,BOSTON,MA 02111. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK-02120] NR 35 TC 92 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 39 IS 3 BP 415 EP 426 DI 10.1002/art.1780390309 PG 12 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA TZ599 UT WOS:A1996TZ59900008 PM 8607890 ER PT J AU Fadly, AM Witter, RL Smith, EJ Silva, RF Reed, WM Hoerr, FJ Putnam, MR AF Fadly, AM Witter, RL Smith, EJ Silva, RF Reed, WM Hoerr, FJ Putnam, MR TI An outbreak of lymphomas in commercial broiler breeder chickens vaccinated with a fowlpox vaccine contaminated with reticuloendotheliosis virus SO AVIAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; MAREKS-DISEASE; TURKEYS; INFECTION; FLOCKS AB Gross and microscopic examinations of affected tissues from chickens of two commercial broiler breeder flocks aged 27 and 31 weeks revealed lesions of visceral lymphomas with bursal involvement in some chickens. Reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), but not avian leukosis virus (ALV), was isolated from blood of affected chickens. Furthermore, DNA extracted from tumours tested positive for REV, but not for ALV or Marek's disease virus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Attempts to determine the source of REV infection included testing a commercial fowlpox (FP) vaccine used to immunize flocks at 7 days of age. Chicken-embryo fibroblasts inoculated with the FP vaccine tested positive for REV by PCR and immunofluorescent tests. REV was also isolated from plasma of pathogen-free chickens experimentally inoculated with FP vaccine at hatch; two of eight (25%) inoculated chickens developed lymphomas by 34 weeks of age. Antigenic characterization of REV isolated from commercial broiler breeder chickens and from FP vaccine, using monoclonal antibodies, revealed that both isolates belong to subtype 3 of REV. The data represent the first report of an outbreak of REV-induced lymphomas in commercial chickens. The data also indicate that the source of REV infection is an REV-contaminated commercial FP vaccine. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,ANIM HLTH DIAGNOST LAB,E LANSING,MI 48823. STATE VET DIAGNOST LAB,AUBURN,AL 36831. RP Fadly, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS,AVIAN DIS & ONCOL LAB,3606 E MT HOPE RD,E LANSING,MI 48823, USA. NR 25 TC 45 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 1 PU CARFAX PUBL CO PI ABINGDON PA PO BOX 25, ABINGDON, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND OX14 3UE SN 0307-9457 J9 AVIAN PATHOL JI Avian Pathol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 25 IS 1 BP 35 EP 47 DI 10.1080/03079459608419118 PG 13 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UA916 UT WOS:A1996UA91600003 PM 18645835 ER PT J AU Aly, MM Witter, RL Fadly, AM AF Aly, MM Witter, RL Fadly, AM TI Enhancement of reticuloendotheliosis virus-induced bursal lymphomas by serotype 2 Marek's disease virus SO AVIAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AVIAN-LEUKOSIS VIRUS; CHICKENS; PATHOGENICITY AB The effect of serotype 2 and 3 Marek's disease virus (MDV) vaccines on the pathogenesis of reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV)-induced bursal and non-bursal lymphomas was examined in chickens of RPRL lines 15I(5) X 7(I) and 6(3) X O, respectively. At hatch, chickens were vaccinated with strain 301B/1 of serotype 2 MDV or strain FC126 of turkey herpesvirus (HVT), a serotype 3 MDV and inoculated with spleen necrosis virus (SNV), a non-defective strain of REV. In another experiment, bursas from 14-week-old 15I(5) x 7(1) chickens coinfected with strain 301B of serotype 2 MDV and SNV strain of REV at hatch were examined microscopically for REV-induced transformed follicles by methyl green pyronin stain and for the presence of MDV by in situ hybridization. The incidence of REV-induced bursal lymphomas was significantly higher in 15I(5) x 7(1) chickens vaccinated with serotype 2 MDV than in unvaccinated chickens or chickens vaccinated with HVT. On the other hand, the incidence of REV induced nonbursal lymphoma in chickens of line 6(3) x 0 vaccinated with serotype 2 MDV was comparable to that in unvaccinated chickens or chickens vaccinated with HVT. The average number of hyperplastic follicles in bursas from REV-infected 15I(5) X 7(1) chickens was significantly higher in chickens vaccinated with serotype 2 MDV than that in unvaccinated chickens or chickens vaccinated with HVT, and the MDV was more frequently detected in REV-transformed than in untransformed bursal follicles. Data from this study suggest that serotype 2, but not serotype 3, of MDV may enhance the development of REV-induced bursal lymphomas, and that neither serotype 2 nor serotype 3 MDV influence the development of REV-induced nonbursal lymphomas. The data also suggest that the enhancement effects of serotype 2 MDV on REV bursal lymphomas may be at the stage of formation of hyperplastic or transformed bursal follicles. C1 USDA ARS,AVIAN DIS & ONCOL LAB,E LANSING,MI 48823. NR 32 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU CARFAX PUBL CO PI ABINGDON PA PO BOX 25, ABINGDON, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND OX14 3UE SN 0307-9457 J9 AVIAN PATHOL JI Avian Pathol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 25 IS 1 BP 81 EP 94 DI 10.1080/03079459608419122 PG 14 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UA916 UT WOS:A1996UA91600007 PM 18645839 ER PT J AU Santamour, FS Lundgren, LN AF Santamour, FS Lundgren, LN TI Distribution and inheritance of platyphylloside in Betula SO BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Betula; Betulaceae; birch; diarylheptanoid; platyphylloside; inheritance ID PENDULA; BARK AB Determinations of the presence and/or amount of the diarylheptanoid glucoside platyphyllo-side were made on the inner bark of about 70 taxa of Betula (birch). These tests included a simple precipitation reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and HPLC analyses. The presence or absence of platyphylioside levels detectable by the precipitation test appear to be species characteristics that are not dependent on provenance of origin or the climate in the locality where the trees are planted. Platyphyllo-side tests were useful in confirming or questioning species identifications and in verifying interspecific hybrids arising from natural crossing or controlled pollination. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd C1 SWEDISH UNIV AGR SCI,DEPT CHEM,S-75007 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. RP Santamour, FS (reprint author), USDA ARS,US NATL ARBORETUM,WASHINGTON,DC 20002, USA. NR 31 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0305-1978 J9 BIOCHEM SYST ECOL JI Biochem. Syst. Ecol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 24 IS 2 BP 145 EP 156 DI 10.1016/0305-1978(95)00106-9 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA UP191 UT WOS:A1996UP19100006 ER PT J AU Horwath, WR Elliott, LF AF Horwath, WR Elliott, LF TI Ryegrass straw component decomposition during mesophilic and thermophilic incubations SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE composting; lignin; mesophilic conditions; ryegrass; lolium perenne L.; thermophilic conditions; Klason lignin ID LIGNIN; NITROGEN; COMPOST AB The decomposition of perennial ryegrass straw was examined under mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures. Thermophilic conditions were used to define the composting process. The change in lipids, sugars, soluble polysaccharides, cellulose, and lignin was determined during a 45-day incubation. C, H, O, and N steadily decreased in both temperature treatments. The lignin content, as measured by the Klason or 72% H2SO4 method, decreased by 10% under mesophilic and 29% under thermophilic conditions. The Klason lignin C loss was 25 and 39% under mesophilic and thermophilic incubations, respectively. The changes in element (C, N, H, and O) ratios indicated that 94% of the lignin fraction was altered during both low- and high-temperature incubations. The changes in the lignin-like fraction as shown by elemental ratios were more extensive than those indicated by the Klason method, showing that this lignin determination has limited value in describing plant residue decomposition. The decomposition of the straw components and the concomitant degradation of the lignin fraction represent an important decomposition process that facilitates the composting of ryegrass straw with a high C:N ratio. RP ARS, USDA, NATL FORAGE SEED PROD RES CTR, 3450 SW CAMPUS WAY, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. NR 36 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0178-2762 EI 1432-0789 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD MAR PY 1996 VL 21 IS 4 BP 227 EP 232 DI 10.1007/BF00334896 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA UA990 UT WOS:A1996UA99000001 ER PT J AU Yakovchenko, V Sikora, LJ Kaufman, DD AF Yakovchenko, V Sikora, LJ Kaufman, DD TI A biologically based indicator of soil quality SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE crop productivity; microbial biomass; cash grain; conventional farming; low-input agriculture; NH uptake ID DRY TROPICAL FOREST; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; NITROGEN; CARBON; AGROECOSYSTEMS; MINERALIZATION; FERTILIZATION; ROTATIONS; BARLEY; FIELD AB Soil quality indices are attempts to classify soil conditions and to compare these conditions to their historical use. From this information it may be possible to determine which uses of soils are better for the long-range goals of agriculture and society. With many factors involved in the profitable production of safe foodstuffs without significant degradation of the environment and soils, an indicator that represents a broad biological perspective of quality is appropriate. Among a group of biological indicators, the ratio of crop N uptake to mineralized N as determined by microbial respiration plus net mineralized N found over a growing season is an useful indicator of soil quality. An evaluation of the 12-year-old Farming Systems Trial at the Rodale Institute Research Center indicated that soils in plots that had been conventionally managed were of lower quality than soil treated with manure or planted with legume-cash grain crops. C1 ARS,USDA,SOIL MICROBIAL SYST LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD. RODALE INST RES CTR,EMMAUS,PA. NR 56 TC 56 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD MAR PY 1996 VL 21 IS 4 BP 245 EP 251 DI 10.1007/BF00334899 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA UA990 UT WOS:A1996UA99000004 ER PT J AU Jordan, D Bruce, RR Coleman, DC AF Jordan, D Bruce, RR Coleman, DC TI Nitrogen availability to grain sorghum from organic and inorganic sources on sandy and clayey soil surfaces in a greenhouse pot study SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE N-15 transformations; crop residues; soil texture; soil aggregation; microbial pool; microbial biomass ID N-15; CROP; MINERALIZATION; FERTILIZER; RESIDUES; ALFALFA AB In a greenhouse pot study, we examined the availability of N to grain sorghum from organic and inorganic N sources. The treatments were N-15-labeled clover residues, wheat residues, and fertilizer placed on a sandy clay loam and loamy sand soil surface for an 8-week period. Soil aggregates formed under each soil texture were measured after 8 weeks for each treatment. Significantly greater N-15 was taken up and recovered by grain sorghum in sandy clay loam pots compared with loamy sand pots. Greater N-15 recovery was consistently observed with the inorganic source than the organic sources regardless of soil texture or time. Microbial biomass C and N were significantly greater for sandy clay loam soil compared with the loamy sand. Microbial biomass N-15 was also significantly greater in the sandy clay loam treatment compared to the loamy sand. The fertilizer treatment initially had the greatest pool of microbial biomass N-15 but decreased with time. The crop residue treatments generally had less microbial biomass N-15 with time. The crop residues and soil texture had a significant effect on the water-stable aggregates formed after 8 weeks of treatments. Significantly greater water-stable aggregates were formed in the sandy clay loam than the loamy sand. Approximately 20% greater water-stable aggregates were formed under the crop residue treatments compared to the fertilizer only treatment. Soil texture seemed to be one of the most important factors affecting the availability of N from organic or inorganic N sources in these soils. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,INST ECOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. ARS,USDA,SO PIEDMONT CONSERVAT RES CTR,WATKINSVILLE,GA. RP Jordan, D (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,144 MUMFORD HALL,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. OI Coleman, David/0000-0003-0390-1501 NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD MAR PY 1996 VL 21 IS 4 BP 271 EP 276 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA UA990 UT WOS:A1996UA99000008 ER PT J AU Xu, RD Huang, X Kramer, KJ Hawley, MD AF Xu, RD Huang, X Kramer, KJ Hawley, MD TI Characterization of products from the reactions of dopamine quinone with N-acetylcysteine SO BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID OXIDATIVE PATHWAYS; PARKINSONS-DISEASE; TYROSINASE; CATECHOLAMINES; NEUROMELANIN; NEURONS AB The reactions between electrochemically prepared dopamine (DA) quinone and N-acetylcysteine (NACySH), a protein model nucleophile, have been investigated at pH 7 and pH 2. Major products were purified by semipreparative reversed-phase liquid chromatography and identified by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to be nucleophilic addition products of the quinone with NACySH. The principal product is the monoaddition adduct of the quinone at C(5) of the ring, 5-S-(N-acetylcysteinyl) dopamine. The diaddition adduct of the quinone at C(2) and C(5) of the ring, 2,5-S,S'-di-(N-acetylcysteinyl)dopamine, and the monoaddition product at C(2) of the ring, 2-S-(N-acetylcysteinyl)dopamine, are produced to lesser extents. The relative molar ratio of 2-S-(N-acetylcysteinyl)dopamine, 5-S-(N-acetylcysteinyl)dopamine, and 2,5,S,S'-di-(N-acetylcysteinyl)dopamine produced at pH 7 is approximately 8:59:33, whereas at pH 2 the ratio is 10:89:1. The uv/vis spectroscopic analysis shows that the two monoaddition products have maxima at 258 and 294 nm, whereas the diaddition product has a maximum at 276 nm and a shoulder at 302 nm. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry demonstrate that these adducts are oxidized more readily than DA, which causes the anodic current for the oxidation of DA in the presence of NACySH to be kinetically controlled by the rates of the addition reactions. A reaction scheme is proposed for the formation of these products. (C) 1996 Academic Press. Inc. C1 USDA ARS,N CENT REG,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,MANHATTAN,KS 66502. RP Xu, RD (reprint author), KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,MANHATTAN,KS 66506, USA. NR 17 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0045-2068 J9 BIOORG CHEM JI Bioorganic Chem. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 24 IS 1 BP 110 EP 126 DI 10.1006/bioo.1996.0011 PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA UA608 UT WOS:A1996UA60800011 ER PT J AU Bartelt, RJ Weisleder, D AF Bartelt, RJ Weisleder, D TI Polyketide origin of pheromones of Carpophilus davidsoni and C-mutilatus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) SO BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE pheromone; biosynthesis; Carpophilus spp; NMR; mass spectrometry ID AGGREGATION PHEROMONE; NMR; HYDROCARBONS; TETRAENE AB Biosynthesis of pheromones from Carpophilus davidson Dobson and C. mutilatus Erichson was investigated by feeding the beetles diets containing isotopically substituted (C-13 and deuterium) fatty acids and then analyzing the resulting labeled pheromone components. (2E,4E,6E,8E)-7-Ethyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-undecatetraene, (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,5,7-trimethyl-2,4,6,8-undecatetraene and (2E,4E,6E)-5-ethyl-3-methyl-2,4,6-nonatriene from C. davidsoni and (3E,5E,7E)-5-ethyl-7-methyl-3,5,7-undecatriene from C. mutilatus were abundant enough to be analyzed by both NMR spectroscopy and MS. Eleven additional minor analogues were analyzed only by MS. Each hydrocarbon can be assembled from just three different acyl units: The initial unit can be acetate, propionate or butyrate. Propionate is the second unit in all of the analogues encountered so far, extending the chain by two carbons and producing a methyl branch. Subsequent chain-extending units can be either propionate or butyrate, leading to additional methyl or ethyl branches, respectively. The final acyl unit is either propionate or butyrate and it loses its carboxyl carbon during hydrocarbon biosynthesis. A hydrocarbon with four total units is a triene and one with five is a tetraene. Assembly is proposed to be as in usual fatty acid anabolism, except that other precursor units are used in addition to acetate and that the double-bond reduction step of each chain-elongation cycle does not occur, leaving the conjugated, unsaturated system. Seven of the analyzed hydrocarbons were not previously known to occur in C. davidsoni; two of these are novel: (2E,4E,6E,8E)-5,7-diethyl-3-methyl-3,4,6,8-undecatetraene and (2E,4E,6E)-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOACT CONSTITUENTS UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 21 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0968-0896 J9 BIOORGAN MED CHEM JI Bioorg. Med. Chem. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 4 IS 3 BP 429 EP 438 DI 10.1016/0968-0896(96)00022-3 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry GA UJ102 UT WOS:A1996UJ10200020 PM 8733623 ER PT J AU Tumlinson, JH Teal, PEA Fang, NB AF Tumlinson, JH Teal, PEA Fang, NB TI The integral role of triacyl glycerols in the biosynthesis of the aldehydic sex pheromones of Manduca sexta (L) SO BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID FEMALE TOBACCO HORNWORM; HELIOTHIS-ZEA; TRICHOPLUSIA-NI; BOMBYX-MORI; MOTH; LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDAE; STEPS; NEUROPEPTIDE; DESATURATION AB In a gland located near the tip of their abdomens, Manduca sexta females produce a pheromone blend comprised of hexadecanal, (Z)-9-hexadecenal, (Z)- and (E)-11-hexadecenal, (E,Z)- and (E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal, and (E,E,Z)- and (E,E,E)-10,12,14-hexadecatrienal. These aldehydes are produced and released by evaporation from the surface of the gland only during a discrete period of the night. They are not stored in the gland and are found there only in very small amounts, if at all, during other times of the photoperiod. However, fatty acyl analogues of the pheromone aldehydes are present in the gland in relatively large amounts, primarily as components of triacyl glycerols, continuously from eclosion of the adults until death. The unsaturated components are produced from hexadecanoate, which is desaturated to the monoenes. Then, (Z)-11-hexadecenoate is desaturated and isomerized to form the conjugated dienes and ultimately the conjugated trienes. The fatty acyl precursors of the pheromones, stored as components of triacyl glycerols, are converted into aldehydes by a process triggered by a pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN), produced in the brain-subesophageal complex. It is not yet clear whether this conversion involves direct reduction of the acyl groups to aldehydes or reduction to alcohols followed by oxidation to aldehydes. C1 USDA ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011 NR 43 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0968-0896 J9 BIOORGAN MED CHEM JI Bioorg. Med. Chem. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 4 IS 3 BP 451 EP 460 DI 10.1016/0968-0896(96)00025-9 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry GA UJ102 UT WOS:A1996UJ10200023 PM 8733626 ER PT J AU Blangero, J Tissot, RG Beattie, CW Amoss, MS AF Blangero, J Tissot, RG Beattie, CW Amoss, MS TI Genetic determinants of cutaneous malignant melanoma in Sinclair swine SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF CANCER LA English DT Article DE melanoma; segregation analysis; linkage analysis; animal model ID DYSPLASTIC NEVUS; SEGREGATION ANALYSIS; MINIATURE SWINE; LOCUS; MODEL; CHROMOSOME-1P; INHERITANCE; COMPLEX AB The role of genetic Factors involved in the determination of risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) in humans remains unclear owing to genetic heterogeneity and reliance on simplistic models of inheritance. Here, we report a statistical genetic analysis of cutaneous malignant melanoma in Sinclair swine (SSCM), a unique animal model for human CMM. Using complex segregation analysis a two-locus model involving an unknown major locus and a second locus that lies within or close to the swine leucocytic antigen (SLA) complex jointly determine risk of SSCM in pedigreed animals. These loci also influence severity of affection, accounting for approximately 20% of the phenotypic variation in quantitative tumour burden. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS, DEPT GENET, CHICAGO, IL 60612 USA. USDA ARS, US MEAT ANIM RES CTR, CLAY CTR, NE 68933 USA. TEXAS A&M UNIV, COLL VET MED, DEPT VET PHYSIOL & PHARMACOL, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843 USA. RP Blangero, J (reprint author), SW FDN BIOMED RES, DEPT GENET, POB 28147, SAN ANTONIO, TX 78228 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [1P01-CA49488] NR 29 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0007-0920 EI 1532-1827 J9 BRIT J CANCER JI Br. J. Cancer PD MAR PY 1996 VL 73 IS 5 BP 667 EP 671 DI 10.1038/bjc.1996.116 PG 5 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA TV827 UT WOS:A1996TV82700020 PM 8605105 ER PT J AU Knowles, D AF Knowles, D TI Equine babesiosis (piroplasmosis): A problem in the international movement of horses SO BRITISH VETERINARY JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; SURFACE PROTEIN; CABALLI; EPITOPE RP Knowles, D (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT VET MICROBIOL & PATHOL,USDA,ARS,ANIM DIS RES UNIT,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 20 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU BAILLIERE TINDALL PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0007-1935 J9 BRIT VET J JI Br. Vet. J. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 152 IS 2 BP 123 EP 126 DI 10.1016/S0007-1935(96)80066-2 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UE607 UT WOS:A1996UE60700002 PM 8680834 ER PT J AU Kinloch, BB Dupper, GE AF Kinloch, BB Dupper, GE TI Genetics of Cronartium ribicola .1. Axenic culture of haploid clones SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE white pine blister rust; sugar pine; virulence ID DIFFERENTIATION AB Genetically pure lines of the mononucleate (haploid) stage of Cronartium ribicola can be grown by isolating mycelium from single spots on infected white pine needles or by culturing single basidiospores on defined media preconditioned by cell-free diffusates of massed germinating basidiospores. Although growth is initially slow, cultures can be increased rapidly by alternately subculturing from solid to liquid media and back again indefinitely. The ability to culture pure haploid clones has important implications for studying the genetic structure and sexual behavior of rust populations and the nature of virulence. RP Kinloch, BB (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,INST FOREST GENET,PACIFIC SW RES STN,POB 245,BERKELEY,CA 94701, USA. NR 10 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 74 IS 3 BP 456 EP 460 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TZ174 UT WOS:A1996TZ17400017 ER PT J AU White, EE Foord, BM Kinloch, BB AF White, EE Foord, BM Kinloch, BB TI Genetics of Cronartium ribicola .3. Variation in the ribosomal gene cluster SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE rusts; rust races; ribosomal DNA; intergenic spacer; population structure; RFLP ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS; RNA GENES; FOREST TREES; DNA; SPACER; RDNA; NUCLEAR; FUNGI; IDENTIFICATION; HETEROGENEITY AB The ribosomal gene repeat in Cronartium ribicola J.C. Fisch is highly variable among spore samples from British Columbia, Canada. Both restriction site variation and length variation occur. Length heterogeneity results from differences in the number of subrepeats in the intergenic spacer (IGS). The number of IGS size classes in haploid cultures is limited but is very large and highly variable in aeciospores from single cankers. The proportions of different size classes vary among cankers on different trees, and among subsamples taken around the periphery of large old cankers. The results are consistent with the fungus having a haploid infective mycelium that produces functional pycnia that result in localized dikaryotic areas following fusion between flexuous hyphae and pycnia. Restriction site variation appears lower than has been reported in range-wide samples of endemic fungal species, consistent with the hypothesis that introduction of C. ribicola to western North America was limited and does not represent the full genetic range of the species. No particular restriction site variants or IGS size classes characterize samples from particular geographic areas. No evidence for geographic races of the fungus was obtained. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,SW RANGE & EXPT STN,BERKELEY,CA 94701. RP White, EE (reprint author), NAT RESOURCES CANADA,PACIFIC FORESTRY CTR,506 W BURNSIDE RD,VICTORIA,BC V8Z 1M5,CANADA. NR 55 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 74 IS 3 BP 461 EP 468 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TZ174 UT WOS:A1996TZ17400018 ER PT J AU Gocmen, B Jermstad, KD Neale, DB Kaya, Z AF Gocmen, B Jermstad, KD Neale, DB Kaya, Z TI Development of random amplified polymorphic DNA markers for genetic mapping in Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID ARBITRARY PRIMERS; CONIFERS; TAXOL; SPRUCE; AGENT; PCR AB A genetic linkage map was constructed for Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia Nutt.) based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. A series of optimization experiments were conducted to develop a highly repeatable protocol for Pacific yew. In these experiments, a high MgCl2 concentration (5.5 mM) together with a low primer concentration (0.2 mu m) in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) mixture yielded the best amplification products. PCR amplification products were further improved by treating the template DNAs with RNase. Experiments showed that bovine serum albumine had the same effect as RNase on PCR amplification. The segregating mapping population consisted of 39 haploid megagametophytes from a single mother tree. DNA extracted from a subset of 6 megagametophytes was screened with 345 ten-base oligonucleotide primers of arbitrary sequence. Of the screened primers, 28% revealed at least one polymorphic locus. Eighty-six of these primers revealed at least one polymorphic locus and were used with the entire set of megagametophyte DNAs. One-hundred-two loci were scored and segregated in the expected 1.1 ratio (1.19 locus per primer). Linkage analysis was conducted using MAPMAKER. Forty-one of 102 markers were distributed into 17 linkage groups and covered 305.8 centimorgans. The remaining 61 unlinked markers should be assigned to linkage groups as more markers are added to the map. C1 MIDDLE EAST TECH UNIV,DEPT BIOL,ANKARA 06531,TURKEY. US FOREST SERV,INST FOREST GENET,USDA,PLACERVILLE,CA 95667. RI Kaya, Zeki/C-5369-2015 NR 28 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 26 IS 3 BP 497 EP 503 DI 10.1139/x26-056 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA UB978 UT WOS:A1996UB97800019 ER PT J AU Parker, KL Gillingham, MP Hanley, TA Robbins, CT AF Parker, KL Gillingham, MP Hanley, TA Robbins, CT TI Foraging efficiency: Energy expenditure versus energy gain in free-ranging black-tailed deer SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID VEGETATION COMMUNITY SELECTION; FOOD-INTAKE; MULE DEER; GRAZING RUMINANTS; RED DEER; OPTIMIZATION; PROTEIN; MODEL; ELK; AVAILABILITY AB Foraging efficiency (metabolizable energy intake/energy expenditure when foraging) was determined over a 2-year period in nine free-ranging Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) in Alaska, and related to foraging-bout duration, distances travelled, and average speeds of travel. We calculated the energy-intake component from seasonal dry matter and energy content, dry matter digestibility, and a metabolizable energy coefficient for each plant species ingested. We estimated energy expenditures when foraging as the sum of energy costs of standing, horizontal and vertical locomotion, sinking depths in snow, and supplementary expenditures associated with temperatures outside thermoneutrality. Energy intake per minute averaged 4.0 times more in summer than winter; energy expenditure was 1.2 times greater in summer. Animals obtained higher amounts of metabolizable energy with higher amounts of energy invested. Energy intake during foraging bouts in summer was 2.5 times the energy invested; in contrast, energy intake during winter was only 0.7 times the energy expended. Changes in body mass of deer throughout the year increased asymptotically with foraging efficiency, driven primarily by the rate of metabolizable energy intake. Within a season, summer intake rates and winter rates of energy expediture had the greatest effects on the relation between foraging efficiency and mass status. Seasonal changes in foraging efficiency result in seasonal cycles in body mass and condition in black-tailed deer. Body reserves accumulated during summer, however, are essential for over-winter survival of north-temperate ungulates because energy demands cannot be met by foraging alone. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT NAT RESOURCE SCI,PULLMAN,WA 99164. US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,JUNEAU,AK 99801. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. NR 54 TC 46 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 22 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 74 IS 3 BP 442 EP 450 DI 10.1139/z96-051 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA UE715 UT WOS:A1996UE71500005 ER PT J AU Lawton, JW AF Lawton, JW TI Effect of starch type on the properties of starch containing films SO CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS LA English DT Article ID POLY(ETHYLENE-CO-ACRYLIC ACID) AB Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), percent elongations at break (%E), lear resistance, and impact strength were investigated for starch-poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) cast films. Films contained 41% starch, 41% PVA, 15% glycerol and 3% poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) (EAA). Firms were made with each of the following starch types: normal cornstarch, waxy cornstarch, high amylose cornstarch (50% amylose and 70% amylose), wheat starch, potato starch, and tapioca starch. Films were aged before testing from 7 to 168 days, or stored at 15 to 93% relative humidity (RH) for 7 days prior to testing. All films showed an increase in %E and a decrease in UTS as RH increased. The high amylose films showed the greatest stability over the RH range for %E. The largest decrease in UTS of the films occurred between 15 and 33% RH, followed by a linear decrease in UTS as RH increased. The large decrease in UTS was thought to be due to the T-g of the films. Tear resistance of the films was effected by RH. Films stored al high RH (93%) absorbed so much water that they became weak and had very little tear resistance. Film stored at low RHs (15 and 33%) also had low tear resistance. Films stored at intermediate RHs had high tear resistance. The difference in tear resistance is thought to be due to chain mobility. At low RH the polymer chains in the films have less mobility to absorb the stress associated with tearing. Impact strengths of the films were about the same, except films made with waxy cornstarch, which were significantly lower. Aging the firms for 28 days did not significantly effect the impact strength of the films. All films, except films containing high amylose cornstarch, showed a large decrease in %E after aging for 168 days. Films made with waxy cornstarch showed the greatest loss in %E after aging, going from 144% after 7 days to 34% after 168 days. UTS of the films increased with aging, except films made with waxy cornstarch. Firms other than those containing waxy cornstarch showed no %E less than 100% or an UTS of greater than 35 MPa, even after aging for 168 days. Films containing high amylose cornstarch had the most consistent properties over the entire range of test conditions. Copyright (C) 1996 Published by Elsevier Science Limited. RP Lawton, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, 1815 N UNIV ST, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. NR 21 TC 102 Z9 107 U1 3 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8617 J9 CARBOHYD POLYM JI Carbohydr. Polym. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 29 IS 3 BP 203 EP 208 DI 10.1016/0144-8617(96)00028-8 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Polymer Science GA VR388 UT WOS:A1996VR38800002 ER PT J AU Eskins, K Fanta, GF Felker, FC Baker, FL AF Eskins, K Fanta, GF Felker, FC Baker, FL TI Ultrastructural studies on microencapsulated oil droplets in aqueous gels and dried films of a new starch-oil composite SO CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS LA English DT Article AB Combination of starch, water, and oil by a process utilizing an excess-steam jet cooker produces a new class of stable, oil-in-water dispersions. Examination of aqueous gels by light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and of dried thin films by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that the oil is microencapsulated in the starch water matrix or in the dried starch matrix as droplets that are typically 1-10 mu m in diameter. The size and distribution of oil droplets in cornstarch-soybean oil composites are determined by a number of factors, such as oil:starch ratio, the number of times the formulation is passed through the steam jet cooker during preparation, and the steam pressure used during cooking. Oil droplet size can be reduced by addition of protein or starch-oil composites from a previous cook to the formulation prior to cooking. Oil droplet distribution in these composites is observable not only in scanning electron micrographs of fracture surfaces, but also by light microscopy and by transmission electron microscopy of aqueous gels. Micrographs suggest the presence of a boundary layer surrounding the oil droplets which prevents them from coalescing. RP Eskins, K (reprint author), USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, 1815 N UNIV ST, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. NR 11 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8617 J9 CARBOHYD POLYM JI Carbohydr. Polym. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 29 IS 3 BP 233 EP 239 DI 10.1016/0144-8617(96)00006-9 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Polymer Science GA VR388 UT WOS:A1996VR38800006 ER PT J AU Knutson, CA Eskins, K Fanta, GF AF Knutson, CA Eskins, K Fanta, GF TI Composition and oil-retaining capacity of jet-cooked starch-oil composites SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB Jet-cooked starch-oil composites were evaluated to determine whether the cooking procedure resulted in alteration of the chemical composition of either the starch or oil. Although these composites, both in dry form and in aqueous solution, were highly resistant to separation of starch and oil, there was no evidence of covalent bonding of the components, and composition of the starch moiety was unchanged. Extraction of oil from dried composites with a variety of organic solvents was not effective for complete recovery of oil; an amount of oil representing approximately 5% of the starting weight of the composite could be recovered only after hydrolytic degradation of the starch. Extraction of oil from aqueous solutions of composites was also inefficient for complete oil recovery. The extent of extraction varied with concentration of both starch and oil. Typically, extraction repeated eight times with hexane recovered less than 80% of the oil from solutions with starch concentrations above 0.6%. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PLANT POLYMER RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP Knutson, CA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PHYTOPROD UNIT,1815 N UNIV,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 4 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 73 IS 2 BP 185 EP 188 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UF856 UT WOS:A1996UF85600005 ER PT J AU Delwiche, SR McKenzie, KS Webb, BD AF Delwiche, SR McKenzie, KS Webb, BD TI Quality characteristics in rice by near-infrared reflectance analysis of whole-grain milled samples SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID AMYLOSE AB Various physical and chemical tests exist to assess the cooking and processing characteristics of rice. As new lines of rice are developed in the United States and elsewhere, plant breeders routinely test for amylose content, alkali spreading value (an indicator of gelatinization temperature), protein content, viscosity properties of the flour-water paste, and the appearance of milled grains (whiteness, transparency, and degree of milling). A study was undertaken to determine the extent to which near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy on whole-grain milled rice could be used to measure such characteristics. Samples of U.S. rices (n = 196) from advanced breeders' lines and commercial releases, representing conventional and specialty short-, medium-, and long-grain classes, were milled and scanned in the visible and near-IR regions (400-2,498 nm). Reference chemical and physical analyses were also performed on each sample. Results of partial least squares modeling indicated that reasonably accurate models were attained for apparent amylose content (standard error of prediction [SEP] = 1.3 percentage units; coefficient of determination on the validation set [r(2)] = 0.89), protein content (SEP = 0.13 percentage units, r(2) = 0.97), whiteness (SEP = 0.60 percent reflectance, r(2) = 0.97), transparency (SEP = 0.15 percent transmittance, r(2) = 0.93), and milling degree (SEP = 2.7 dimensionless units on a 0-199 scale, r(2) = 0.97). To a lesser extent, alkali spreading value could be modeled by NIR (SEP = 0.43 units on a 2-7 scale, r(2) = 0.82), however, this accuracy is probably sufficient for initial screening in breeding programs. Conversely, models for the five flour paste viscosity properties recorded by a rapid visco analyzer (RVA) were not sufficiently accurate (r(2) < 0.75) to warrant replacement of the RVA procedure with an NIR model. Reducing the sample size for NIR scanning from approximately 100 to approximately 8 g did not significantly affect the model performance of any constituent. C1 CALIF COOPERAT RICE RES FDN INC,RICE EXPT STN,BIGGS,CA. USDA ARS,RICE QUAL LAB,BEAUMONT,TX. RP Delwiche, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 20 TC 100 Z9 125 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 73 IS 2 BP 257 EP 263 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UF856 UT WOS:A1996UF85600018 ER PT J AU Gaines, CS Finney, PF Fleege, LM Andrews, LC AF Gaines, CS Finney, PF Fleege, LM Andrews, LC TI Predicting a hardness measurement using the single-kernel characterization system SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID WHEAT HARDNESS; SOFT AB The single-kernel characterization system (SKCS) crushes individual kernels and uses algorithms based on the force-deformation profile data to classify wheat samples into soft, hard, or mixed market classes. Those data data were utilized to produce a predictive equation for softness equivalent (SE), a direct measure of wheat kernel texture obtained from milling wheat on a modified Brabender Quadrumat Jr. mill and sieving system. Predicted SE values had a high correlation (r(2) = 0.996) with actual SE milling values. In contrast to SKCS hardness index values, predicted SE values accurately responded to varying kernel moisture content and kernel size, within the ranges examined. Therefore, using the SKCS data to predict an independent measure of kernel texture (e.g., SE) may be a valuable augmentation to or replacement for using SKCS algorithms to classify wheat. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,DEPT HORT & CROP SCI,WOOSTER,OH 44691. RP Gaines, CS (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,SOFT WHEAT QUAL LAB,USDA ARS,WOOSTER,OH 44691, USA. NR 20 TC 54 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 73 IS 2 BP 278 EP 283 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UF856 UT WOS:A1996UF85600021 ER PT J AU Champagne, ET Richard, OA Bett, KL Grimm, CC Vinyard, BT Webb, BD McClung, AM Barton, FE Lyon, BG Moldenhauer, K Linscombe, S Mohindra, R Kohlwey, D AF Champagne, ET Richard, OA Bett, KL Grimm, CC Vinyard, BT Webb, BD McClung, AM Barton, FE Lyon, BG Moldenhauer, K Linscombe, S Mohindra, R Kohlwey, D TI Quality evaluation of US medium-grain rice using a Japanese taste analyzer SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB Taste analyzers, developed in Japan, convert various physicochemical parameters of rice into ''taste'' scores based on correlations between near-infrared reflectance (NIR) measurements of key constituents (e.g., amylose, protein, moisture, fat acidity) and preference sensory scores. These taste analyzers are being used by Japanese millers and wholesalers to grade rice, both domestic and imported. This study examines the applicability of using the Satake Neuro Fuzzy Rice Taster for evaluating U.S. medium-grain rice cultivars. The Rice Taster, as presently calibrated, does not appear to be a valid tool for assessing rice cultivars with low (<18%) amylose contents. The low-amylose cultivars fell outside the range of the calibration set used by Satake. The effects of degree-of-milling and U.S. shipping practices on Rice Taster scores (S) were also determined. Conditioning of the bran during four weeks refrigerated storage led to the bran being more readily removed from the kernel during milling. This resulted in the milled rice having significantly lower protein (P < 0.0001), free fatty acids (P < 0.01), and n-hexanal (P < 0.0001) levels, increased whiteness (P < 0.0001) and milling degree (P < 0.0001) measures, and higher S (P < 0.0001) values. Deep milling significantly increased (P < 0.0001) chemical measures of amylose and significantly decreased protein and free fatty acids contents (P < 0.0001). Rice Taster measurements of ''amylose'' (A) and protein (B) significantly decreased (P < 0.0001) with deep milling. Moisture (C), ''fat acidity'' (D-a), and milling yield (D-b) were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected. S significantly (P < 0.0001) increased (mean 5 points) with deep milling. C1 USDA ARS,RICE QUAL LAB,BEAUMONT,TX. USDA ARS,RUSSELL RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30613. UNIV ARKANSAS,RICE RES & EXTENS CTR,STUTTGART,AR. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,RICE RES STN,CROWLEY,LA. RIVIANA FOODS INC,HOUSTON,TX. RP Champagne, ET (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,100 ROBERT E LEE BLVD,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 8 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 73 IS 2 BP 290 EP 294 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UF856 UT WOS:A1996UF85600023 ER PT J AU Gaines, CS Kassuba, A Finney, PL AF Gaines, CS Kassuba, A Finney, PL TI Using wire-cut and sugar-snap formula cookie test baking methods to evaluate distinctive soft wheat flour sets: Implications for quality testing SO CEREAL FOODS WORLD LA English DT Article ID INSTRUMENTAL MEASUREMENT; HARDNESS AB The geometry and instrumentally assessed hardness of cookies produced using the two AACC standard cookie formulations, wire-cut formula (WCF) and sugar-snap formula (SSF), were evaluated using flours produced from distinctive sets of soft wheats. The sets exhibited wide ranges in kernel texture, protein content milling stream selection, and cultivars. Across cultivars, higher flour protein content and harder wheat kernels produced harder WCF cookies. Later milling reduction streams also produced harder WCF cookies. Cultivar differences produced different levels of WCF cookie probe resistance, which were influenced by protein content. Across cultivars, the hardness of SSF cookies was not correlated with flour protein content. Flours that produced larger SSF cookie spread tended to produce softer WCF cookies. That suggests that the historical use of the SSF cookie spread test to select cultivars that produced larger cookies has generally been selecting for wheats that produce softer, more tender commercially based WCF cookies. It is important for commercial baking applications that the moisture content of WCF cookies was better correlated (than that of SSF cookies) with cookie diameter, thickness, and hardness. The WCF method was concluded to be superior to the SSF method for use in studying the effects of flour qualities on cookie geometry, moisture content, and hardness. RP Gaines, CS (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,USDA ARS,SOFT WHEAT QUAL LAB,WOOSTER,OH 44691, USA. NR 23 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0146-6283 J9 CEREAL FOOD WORLD JI Cereal Foods World PD MAR PY 1996 VL 41 IS 3 BP 155 EP 160 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA UD922 UT WOS:A1996UD92200009 ER PT J AU Gaffield, W Keeler, RF AF Gaffield, W Keeler, RF TI Induction of terata in hamsters by solanidane alkaloids derived from Solanum tuberosum SO CHEMICAL RESEARCH IN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; SYRIAN-HAMSTERS; POTATO; GLYCOALKALOIDS; TOXICITY; MALFORMATIONS AB The potential induction of terata by solanidanes has been of public health concern since a report in 1972 hypothesized that certain birth defects in humans could be attributed to ingestion of blighted potatoes. The potential teratogenicity of solanidane alkaloids from potatoes and tomatoes in domestic livestock had been considered even earlier. In the present report, oral administration of the steroidal alkaloid glycosides alpha-solanine and alpha-chaconine and their aglycone solanidine is shown to induce craniofacial malformations (exencephaly, encephalocele, and anophthalmia) in Syrian hamsters. All three alkaloids, that were either isolated or obtained by hydrolysis from Solanum tuberosum (var. Kennebec) sprouts, possessed the 22(R),25(S)-configuration in the indolizidine moiety with no other isomers present. Toxicity constraints precluded administration of dosages high enough to induce statistically significant levels of terata in litters dosed with alpha-chaconine and permitted the attainment of only marginal statistical significance for alpha-solanine. However, malformation induction at p < 0.005 was observed in litters upon dosing both the nontoxic aglycone solanidine and the derivative solanidine N-oxide at higher levels. The relatively high teratogenicity of nontoxic solanidine, compared to the glycosides, demonstrates that terata induction by solanidanes is not due to maternal toxicity nor is the oligosaccharide portion of steroidal alkaloid glycosides required to facilitate passage of the teratogen to the fetus. The teratogenicity of solanidine N-oxide, a putative metabolite, suggests that N-oxidation is not an effective mammalian detoxification pathway. Relative teratogenic potencies (RTP) were assigned to solanidanes by conversion of literature data to equimolar doses compared to the powerful Veratrum teratogen jervine and the nonteratogenic spirosolane tomatidine. RTP values are as follows: jervine(100), 22(S), 25(R)-solanidanes (50), alpha-chaconine (43), alpha-solanine (32), 22(R),25(S)-solanidine (32), solanidine N-oxide (32), 5 alpha,6-dihydrosolanidine (9), and tomatidine (0). C1 USDA ARS,POISONOUS PLANT RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84321. RP Gaffield, W (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 44 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0893-228X J9 CHEM RES TOXICOL JI Chem. Res. Toxicol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 9 IS 2 BP 426 EP 433 DI 10.1021/tx950091r PG 8 WC Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry; Toxicology GA TY393 UT WOS:A1996TY39300011 PM 8839045 ER PT J AU Press, CM Mahaffee, WF Edwards, JH Kloepper, JW AF Press, CM Mahaffee, WF Edwards, JH Kloepper, JW TI Organic by-product effects on soil chemical properties and microbial communities SO COMPOST SCIENCE & UTILIZATION LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN; AMENDMENTS; MANAGEMENT; FERTILIZER; NEMATODES; TILLAGE; QUALITY; CHITIN; LITTER; PLANT AB Soil management practices that contribute to increased soil productivity and long-term sustainable agricultural production have been neglected over the last four decades. The need to increase soil productivity led to the evaluation of a system of disposing of large quantities of organic by-products and poultry litter on agricultural land. Our objectives were to evaluate the effects of applying noncomposted municipal solid waste (MSW), amended with either poultry litter (PL) or NH4NO3 to adjust C:N ratios in the soil surface in either the spring or fall. Changes in soil chemical properties, bacteria population shifts, changes in species richness and evenness of indigenous soil bacteria, and response by cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were evaluated. Soil P, K, Ca, and Mg were increased in the surface 0-15 cm by a factor of three or four times by application of organic by-products. After two annual applications, soil Cu increased slightly, Zn doubled, Co and Cr decreased, while Pb increased by a factor of two. Soil organic matter content increased on average by 89 percent for treatments containing newsprint, yard trimmings, and cotton gin trash. Newsprint plus NH4NO3 resulted in a shift to more Gram positive bacteria, while newsprint plus poultry Litter resulted in a shift to more Gram negative bacteria. Both N sources resulted in a reduction in Bacillus sp. Shifts in the bacterial populations and changes in species richness (number of species detected) and evenness (relative abundance of each species) were induced by organic by-product additions. These shifts appear to be the result of increased substrate for C mineralization rather than any properties of biological control. Shifts in the microbial community structure towards Gram negative organisms may benefit plant growth and may be useful as an indicator of soil quality. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SOIL DYNAM LAB,AUBURN,AL. AUBURN UNIV,ALABAMA AGR EXPT STN,AUBURN,AL 36849. RP Press, CM (reprint author), AUBURN UNIV,INST BIOL CONTROL,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,AUBURN,AL 36849, USA. NR 35 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 3 PU JG PRESS, INC PI EMMAUS PA 419 STATE AVE, EMMAUS, PA 18049 SN 1065-657X J9 COMPOST SCI UTIL JI Compost Sci. Util. PD SPR PY 1996 VL 4 IS 2 BP 70 EP 80 PG 11 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA UU115 UT WOS:A1996UU11500010 ER PT J AU Fravel, DR AF Fravel, DR TI Interaction of biocontrol fungi with sublethal rates of metham sodium for control of Verticillium dahliae SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE biological control; biocontrol; integrated control; fumigation; Verticillium dahliae; Talaromyces flavus; Gliocladium roseum ID TALAROMYCES-FLAVUS; WILT; SOIL AB Two methods were used to expose microsclerotia of V. dahliae to various rates of metham sodium ranging up to 935 1 ha(-1). When microsclerotia were entrapped in a single layer of nylon mesh, buried in nonsterile soil and exposed to metham sodium, radial growth from the microsclerotia was reduced by rates as low as 93.5 1 ha(-1) of metham sodium. When microsclerotia were enclosed inside a nylon mesh envelope, buried in soil and exposed to metham sodium, growth rate was not affected by 1871 1 ha(-1). The biocontrol fungi Gliocladium roseum and Talaromyces flavus were incorporated into alginate prill, buried in soil and exposed to metham sodium. Growth rate of G. roseum from prill was reduced by 187 and 935 1 ha(-1) metham sodium while growth rate of T. flavus was not affected by either rate of the fumigant. In a greenhouse test in field soil, infection of eggplant by V. dahliae was not reduced by 187 1 ha(-1) of metham sodium, but was reduced with (187) 1 ha(-1) plus either biocontrol fungus. The combined effect of the sublethal rate of the fumigant with either biocontrol fungus was additive for reduction of disease incidence as was the sublethal rate of the fumigant with both biocontrol fungi together. RP Fravel, DR (reprint author), ARS, INST PLANT SCI, BIOCONTROL PLANT DIS LAB, USDA, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 18 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 15 IS 2 BP 115 EP 119 DI 10.1016/0261-2194(95)00059-3 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UB390 UT WOS:A1996UB39000001 ER PT J AU Stevens, C Wilson, CL Lu, JY Khan, VA Chalutz, E Droby, S Kabwe, MK Haung, Z Adeyeye, O Pusey, LP Wisniewski, ME West, M AF Stevens, C Wilson, CL Lu, JY Khan, VA Chalutz, E Droby, S Kabwe, MK Haung, Z Adeyeye, O Pusey, LP Wisniewski, ME West, M TI Plant hormesis induced by ultraviolet light-C for controlling postharvest diseases of tree fruits SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE radiation; hormesis; ultraviolet radiation ID IRRADIATION; TOMATOES; ROTS AB Low hormetic doses of ultraviolet light (254 nm, UV-C) reduced postharvest decay of pome, stone, and citrus fruits. Loring and Elberta peaches, Golden Delicious apples, Marsh Seedless grapefruits, and Dancy tangerines were irradiated with selected low UV-C doses and stored. The application of UV-C reduced postharvest decay which included: brown rot (Monilinia fructicola) of peaches; Alternaria rot (Alternaria spp.), bitter rot (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) of apples and brown rot (Monilinia spp.) of apples; green mold rot (Penicillium digitatum) of grape fruits and tangerines; and stem end rot (Alternaria citri) and sour rot (Geotrichum candidum) of tangerines. C1 USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430. AGR RES ORG,VOLCANI CTR,IL-50250 BET DAGAN,ISRAEL. ARS,FRUIT & TREE NUT RES LAB,USDA,BYRON,GA 31008. AUBURN UNIV,ALBAMA EXPT STN,AUBURN,AL 36849. RP Stevens, C (reprint author), TUSKEGEE UNIV,GEORGE WASHINGTON CARVER AGR EXPT STN,TUSKEGEE,AL 36088, USA. NR 26 TC 60 Z9 68 U1 3 U2 11 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 15 IS 2 BP 129 EP 134 DI 10.1016/0261-2194(95)00082-8 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UB390 UT WOS:A1996UB39000003 ER PT J AU Sherwood, RT AF Sherwood, RT TI Anatomical and physiological mechanisms of resistance to brown leaf spot in smooth bromegrass SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DIGESTIBILITY AB Smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leysser) germplasm PL-BDR1 and two seed increase generations derived from it are highly resistant to brown leaf spot caused by Pyrenophora bromi (Died.) Drechs. [Drechslera bromi (Died.) Shoemaker, conidial state = Helminthosporium bromi Died.)l. Lesions are about one-half the width and one-tenth the area of spots on susceptible cultivars. Physiological or anatomical mechanisms of resistance have not been identified, but they could have a bearing on stability of resistance and on forage quality components. This study was conducted to determine whether certain resistance mechanisms identified in other leaf spot diseases of grasses operate in PL-BDR1 germplasm. The three resistant generations were compared with susceptible cultivars Belmont, Radisson, and Saratoga for fungal penetration, halo formation, and leaf vein architecture. Susceptible leaves supported higher numbers of penetration attempts and successful penetrations. No effect of plant line was found for appositional wall formation (= papilla formation), initial colonization rate, distance between parallel veins, proportion of large vascular bundles, or girdering of vascular bundles. Resistant lines had wider vascular bundles than susceptible cultivars indicating a possible role for strength of the vascular framework in restricting lateral spread. Extensive cell necrosis and chlorotic halo formation in susceptible cultivars indicated possible involvement of a fungal phytotoxin. Resistant lines had few halos, and reduced sensitivity to toxins may be involved in resistance of PL-BDR1 to brown leaf spot. RP Sherwood, RT (reprint author), USDA ARS,PASTURE SYST & WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RES LAB,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 36 IS 2 BP 239 EP 242 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UE903 UT WOS:A1996UE90300004 ER PT J AU Kindiger, B Dewald, C AF Kindiger, B Dewald, C TI A system for genetic change in apomictic eastern gamagrass SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FERTILIZATION; POLYMORPHISMS; APOMIXIS AB The ability of a species to undergo genetic change is a necessary component of its adaptive evolution, which can lead to the widening or narrowing of its genetic base. In diplosporous apomictic species, change through sexual or meiotic means is limited or omitted entirely. The objective of this study was to investigate the reproductive attributes of tetraploid apomictic eastern gamagrass, Tripsacum dactyloides var. dactyloides (L.) L. One-hundred progeny generated from an apomictic tetraploid eastern gamagrass accession were evaluated at a phenotypic, cytogenetic, and molecular level by means of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) procedures to detect their genetic relatedness to the maternal parent and to each other. Differences in phenotype and RAPD-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) banding profiles, followed by chromosome counts, revealed the generation of new tetraploid variants. The identification of genetic variation in tetraploid progeny would presumably indicate the production of hybrid individuals generated from the fertilization of a reduced egg cell by a sperm nuclei. However, this study indicates the complete omission of hybrid individuals generated from expected normal sexual behaviors and suggests the observed variation is generated by an incomplete or dysfunctional sexual process. The incidence of this behavior was 4%. The detection and generation of genetically variable but cytologically stable tetraploids, from an apomictic eastern gamagrass, suggests the presence of an additional mechanism whereby this species routinely may undergo genetic change without the introduction of new germplasm. RP Kindiger, B (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO PLAINS RANGE RES STN,2000 18TH ST,WOODWARD,OK 73801, USA. OI Kindiger, Bryan/0000-0002-2938-3653 NR 19 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 36 IS 2 BP 250 EP 255 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UE903 UT WOS:A1996UE90300006 ER PT J AU Redona, ED Mackill, DJ AF Redona, ED Mackill, DJ TI Genetic variation for seedling vigor traits in rice SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FLOODED RICE; COLEOPTILE; MESOCOTYL AB Seedling vigor is important for stand establishment in direct-seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) culture. Genetic variation for, heritability of, and relationships among seedling vigor traits in 27 diverse rice cultivars and two segregating populations from crosses between low- and high-vigor cultivars were studied. Growth chamber slantboard tests were conducted at 18 degrees and 25 degrees C. In a greenhouse test, entries were seeded directly in standing water. Field tests, conducted during 2 yr, used drill-seeding. Genotypic differences were highly significant for all growth chamber, greenhouse, and held seedling vigor traits. Groupwise, temperate japonicas and indicas were more vigorous than tropical japonica types. Italica Livorno and Black Gora were the most vigorous cultivars across traits. For shoot length in the slantboard test, temperate japonica cultivars showed lower response to higher temperature than tropical japonicas and indicas. Response of root length was pronounced in tropical japonicas. Based on correlation analyses, shoot weight, shoot length, and coleoptile length in slantboard tests best predicted greenhouse and field seedling vigor. Heritabilities of slantboard traits were estimated in two segregating populations. Heritability for shoot length, the most important trait, was high (0.80) in the cross Labelle/Black Gora and low (0.26) in the cross Labelle/Italica Livorno. The slantboard test was a reliable screening procedure for seedling vigor, and promising donors were identified for incorporation into breeding programs. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT AGRON & RANGE SCI,USDA ARS,DAVIS,CA 95616. RI Mackill, David/C-6368-2014 OI Mackill, David/0000-0003-4224-6781 NR 29 TC 53 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 22 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 36 IS 2 BP 285 EP 290 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UE903 UT WOS:A1996UE90300012 ER PT J AU Graybosch, RA Peterson, CJ Shelton, DR Baenziger, PS AF Graybosch, RA Peterson, CJ Shelton, DR Baenziger, PS TI Genotypic and environmental modification of wheat flour protein composition in relation to end-use quality SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; BREAD WHEATS; WINTER-WHEAT; TRANSLOCATION; SONICATION; GLUTENIN; QUANTITY; 1BL/1RS AB Identification of the biochemical factors responsible for end-use quality variation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) would have important consequences for breeders, producers, grain handlers, millers, and bakers. Flour protein composition, or the distribution of hour protein in classes based on molecular size and solubility, has been reported to be a major variable influencing wheat processing quality. The proportions of five major protein fractions in hour samples of 30 wheat genotypes, obtained from 17 Nebraska environments, were measured by size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC). Total flour protein content and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) sedimentation volume (SDSS), the latter a measure of flour protein aggregative ability, also were measured. The extent to which each character was modified by genotypic, environmental, and genotype x environment interaction sources of variation was determined. Phenotypic correlations were used to relate biochemical variation to wheat end-use quality characteristics. Flour protein concentration and SDSS were more consistently correlated with quality variables than any of the protein fractions measured by SE-HPLC. Interdependence of flour protein concentration and SE-HPLC protein fractions prevented the identification of specific effects of the latter on wheat processing quality. The proportion of glutenin, however, was found to be significantly related to loaf grain properties, a parameter of critical concern to the milling and baking industry. Genotypes with both elevated and depressed proportions of glutenin, independent of hour protein concentration, were identified. RP Graybosch, RA (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,DEPT AGRON,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. RI Baenziger, Peter/C-6490-2014 OI Baenziger, Peter/0000-0002-9109-6954 NR 20 TC 61 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 17 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 36 IS 2 BP 296 EP 300 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UE903 UT WOS:A1996UE90300014 ER PT J AU MacKown, CT VanSanford, DA Rothwell, CG AF MacKown, CT VanSanford, DA Rothwell, CG TI Nitrate uptake and assimilation and chlorate tolerance of wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; REDUCTASE-ACTIVITY; TOBACCO CELLS; KINETICS; TOXICITY; SENSITIVITY; MUTANTS; NITRITE; FLUXES; BARLEY AB Productivity of nonlegume crops depends partly on nitrate uptake and reduction, To study the nitrate assimilation pathway of plants, the herbicide chlorate has been exploited as an analog of nitrate. Marked variations in visible leaf chlorosis among 15 soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings exposed to 120 mu M chlorate were reported by others. From their study, we selected three chlorate-tolerant and three chlorate-sensitive ranked cultivars and measured influx and assimilation of N-15-nitrate to determine if these traits were related to differences in chlorate sensitivity. Effects of 120 mu M chlorate on growth, leaf chlorophyll concentration, and nutrition were also quantified. The growth and chlorophyll levels of main stem oldest leaf blades decreased in the presence of chlorate in all cultivars except for one chlorate-tolerant cultivar, Neither the level of tissue nitrate nor the influx and assimilation of N-15-nitrate was related to chlorate sensitivities we observed, or those previously reported for the six selected cultivars. Chlorate toxic effects unrelated to nitrate assimilation and interactions between absorbed nitrate and chlorate and their compartmentation may alter the response of these cultivars to chlorate, Inferences that chlorate sensitivity of wheat is related to nitrate uptake and assimilation appeared to be inappropriate. C1 USDA ARS,TOBACCO & FORAGE RES UNIT,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT AGRON,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. RP MacKown, CT (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL AGR WATER QUAL LAB,POB 1430,DURANT,OK 74702, USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 36 IS 2 BP 313 EP 318 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UE903 UT WOS:A1996UE90300017 ER PT J AU Schwab, PM Barnes, DK Sheaffer, CC Li, PH AF Schwab, PM Barnes, DK Sheaffer, CC Li, PH TI Factors affecting a laboratory evaluation of alfalfa cold tolerance SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Currently, only test winter data are used to evaluate the winter hardiness of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars. A test winter is defined as field conditions severe enough to kill nonhardy cultivars and to cause varying degrees of winter injury to cultivars of intermediate hardiness. Due to the unpredictability of test winter occurrence, alternative methods are needed for predicting alfalfa winter survival. This research tested the effects of temperature stress, storage time, and plant size, measured as the width of the root at the crown-root juncture, on a laboratory cold tolerance evaluation of field grown and hardened alfalfa plants. Plants were dug from the field in mid-November and stored at -2 degrees C until subjected to cold stresses from 0 to -24 degrees C. Differences among entries were greatest at the -12 and -16 degrees C cold treatments. Crown injury score was positively correlated with held fall growth (r = 0.91) and winter injury scores (r = 0.95; P less than or equal to 0.01). Root injury score was correlated positively with field fall growth (r = 0.87) and winter injury scores (r = 0.95; P < 0.01). Large plants (> 10-mm root diameter) had lower cold injury scores than small plants (1- to 5-mm root diameter). Correlations between plant size and winter injury were greatest (r > -0.55, P less than or equal to 0.05) at low freezing temperatures. We propose a laboratory test in which field-hardened seeding-year alfalfa entries of a similar size are packed in dry vermiculite, exposed to temperatures of -12 to -16 degrees C for 1 to 2 h, thawed, and scored after 3 wk of regrowth. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. USDA ARS,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT HORT SCI,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 36 IS 2 BP 318 EP 324 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UE903 UT WOS:A1996UE90300018 ER PT J AU Lecoeur, J Sinclair, TR AF Lecoeur, J Sinclair, TR TI Field pea transpiration and leaf growth in response to soil water deficits SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; PLANT; MAIZE; WHEAT; MODEL AB No quantitative functions exist to describe transpiration rates and leaf expansion rates of drought-stressed held pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants relative to well-watered plants. Such functions are especially important in analyses of the effects of water deficit periods on crop yield under a range of field conditions, Pot and field experiments were conducted to develop and evaluate drought-stress functions for transpiration and leaf area expansion, These functions were obtained in a dehydration cycle where plant response was monitored as the soil dried progressively, The level of water deficit was characterized as the fraction of transpirable soil water (FTSW). Transpiration and leaf area expansion did not change appreciably until FTSW reached approximate to 0.4, and then decreased linearly through FTSW equal to 0, Drought response functions obtained for transpiration and leaf area expansion in a pot study also well represented the results obtained in independent pot and field studies. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,USDA ARS,AGRON PHYSIOL LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. ECOLE NATL SUPER AGRON MONTIPELLIER,UNITE AGRON,INRA,LAB ECOPHYSIOL PLANTES STRESS ENVIRONM,F-34060 MONTPELLIER 01,FRANCE. NR 21 TC 69 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 17 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 36 IS 2 BP 331 EP 335 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UE903 UT WOS:A1996UE90300020 ER PT J AU Deetz, DA Jung, HG Buxton, DR AF Deetz, DA Jung, HG Buxton, DR TI Water-deficit effects on cell-wall composition and in vitro degradability of structural polysaccharides from alfalfa stems SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RED-CLOVER; STRATIFIED CANOPIES; BIRDSFOOT-TREFOIL; HERBAGE QUALITY; FORAGE QUALITY; FIBER; DIGESTIBILITY; LIGNIN; STRESS AB Forage crops from drought years are often reported to be of higher quality than normal. Maturity through its effects on plant composition is recognized as a major determinant of forage quality. Our objective was to determine the effects of water deficit and maturity on cell-wall composition and structural polysaccharide degradability in alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.), Plants were grown under a mobile weather shelter and irrigated to 65, 88, and 112% of field capacity, Basal stems were harvested after 21, 35 and 49 d of regrowth, Components of the cell wall were determined (neutral sugars, uronic acids, Klason lignin, and ester- and ether-linked p-coumaric and ferulic acids), In vitro 12-and 72-h degradabilities were determined for cell-wall polysaccharide components, As maturity advanced, cell-wall and Klason-lignin concentrations increased (4.8 and 2.9%, respectively), while uronic acids declined (10.7%). Cell-wall lignification was not affected by water status, Stems from plants most severely restricted in water supply were lowest in cell-wall and neutral sugars concentration, and contained progressively less glucose, Concentrations of esterified and etherified phenolic acids were low and not consistently related to maturity or irrigation level. Degradability (12 h) of both glucose and uronic acids decreased (8.9 and 4.8%, respectively) as plants matured, but only the 72-h degradability of uronic acids was decreased (6.5%) during maturation, Water status had no influence on cell-wall component degradability except for an increase (3.0%) in 12-h uronic acid degradation with increasing water-stress, Principal component analysis indicated that Klason-lignin concentration was negatively related to both 12- and 72-h cell-wall polysaccharide degradation. p-Coumaric and ferulic acids affected 72-h polysaccharide degradation because of both their concentration and whether the phenolic acids were ester- or ether-linked to the walt, Improvement in alfalfa forage quality during periods of water deficit was not generally attributable to improved cell-mall degradability, but was likely the result of delayed maturity and decreased cell-waif concentration. C1 USDA ARS,PLANT SCI RES UNIT,ST PAUL,MN 55108. US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR CLUSTER,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT ANIM SCI,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. USDA ARS,FIELD CROPS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50011. US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR CLUSTER,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. NR 30 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 36 IS 2 BP 383 EP 388 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UE903 UT WOS:A1996UE90300028 ER PT J AU Li, B Beuselinck, PR AF Li, B Beuselinck, PR TI Rhizomatous Lotus corniculatus L .2. Morphology and anatomy of rhizomes SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BIRDSFOOT-TREFOIL AB Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) is a valuable forage legume. Rhizomatous L. corniculatus germplasm from Morocco was recently discovered. Increased persistence may result from rhizomatous habit, because new plants vegetatively generated by rhizomes could replace diseased or dead plants. Rhizome morphology in L. corniculatus from Morocco is unique because taxonomic descriptions for L. corniculatus do not include the presence of rhizomes. The objectives of this study are to describe and compare morphology and anatomy of subterranean lateral shoots (rhizomes) and aerial shoots (stems) of L. corniculatus. Rhizomes of Moroccan L. corniculatus are initiated from axillary buds on basal portions of shoots. The rhizome consists of nodes and internodes, with buds, scale leaves, and adventitious roots occurring at each node. Anatomically, the rhizome of L. corniculatus has a large cortex, small pith, and six to seven primary vascular bundles. Na endodermis exists in the cortex, and parenchyma cells contain starch. In contrast, the aerial shoot of L. corniculatus has a small cortex, large pith, and nine to 10 primary vascular bundles. An endodermoid layer is peripheral to the concentric ring of vascular bundles of the aerial shoot, and parenchyma cells in the cortex contain chloroplasts. Morphological and anatomical differences between L. corniculatus rhizomes and aerial shoots are distinguishable. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,USDA ARS,PLANT GENET RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT AGRON,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. NR 27 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 36 IS 2 BP 407 EP 411 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UE903 UT WOS:A1996UE90300032 ER PT J AU Schwab, PM Barnes, DK Sheaffer, CC AF Schwab, PM Barnes, DK Sheaffer, CC TI The relationship between field winter injury and fall growth score for 251 alfalfa cultivars SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SURVIVAL AB The winter hardiness of alfalfa cultivars (Medicago sativa L.) affects stand persistence in northern climates, Fall growth, a measure of fall dormancy, has been associated with alfalfa winter hardiness in some areas of North America, including Minnesota. This study evaluated 251 North American alfalfa cultivars for fall growth and winter injury and determined the relationship between fall growth and winter injury scores under Minnesota winter conditions, All cultivars were established by transplanting 9-wk-old plants into space-planted field plots in June 1991, 1992, and 1993. Plants were clipped in mid July and early September each yr and overwintered in the field, Fall growth was measured as individual plant height in mid-October 1992 and 1993. Winter injury was evaluated in May each year. Entries differed for fall growth and winter injury score in all years. The 2-yr-mean fall growth score was related to the 3-yr-mean winter injury score (r(2) = 0.85). Only seven of 251 entries fell outside the 95% confidence interval of the linear regression of winter injury score on fall growth score. Fall growth scores from 1992 and 1993 were correlated (r(2) = 0.88). Winter injury scores from 1992, 1993, and 1994 were also correlated (r(2) = 0.69-0.96). Although concerns exist about the use of fall growth score to predict winter hardiness in less severe climates, it remains a useful predictor of alfalfa winter hardiness in Minnesota when winter injury data are not available. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. USDA ARS,PLANT SCI RES UNIT,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 17 TC 39 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 6 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 36 IS 2 BP 418 EP 426 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UE903 UT WOS:A1996UE90300034 ER PT J AU Pederson, GA Fairbrother, TE Greene, SL AF Pederson, GA Fairbrother, TE Greene, SL TI Cyanogenesis and climatic relationships in US white clover germplasm collection and core subset SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TRIFOLIUM-REPENS L; CLASSIFICATION; POPULATIONS; CULTIVARS; CANADA AB Cyanogenesis, the production of hydrocyanic acid, is a trait in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) controlled by alleles at two unlinked loci, Ac and Li. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the proportion of cyanogenic plants in the accessions of the U.S. white clover germplasm collection, (ii) to determine how representative the core subset was of the entire collection for cyanogenesis, and (iii) to determine the relationship of cyanogenesis, in accessions collected in situ, to collection site and climate. Twenty plants from each of 548 white clover accessions were grown in the greenhouse from 1991 to 1993. Two to three leaves per plant were harvested and the presence or absence of hydrocyanic acid was determined by the picric acid test. The U.S. germplasm collection was predominantly acyanogenic with a third of the plants evaluated being cyanogenic. Accessions with the most cyanogenic plants were collected in Morocco, Spain, Portugal, France, and Turkey while the least cyanogenic plants were collected in China, Romania, Russia, Kazakhstan, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Slovenia. Accessions collected in Morocco, Portugal, and Spain had the greatest intensity of cyanogenic reaction. Geographic stratification with random sampling was an effective method of developing a core subset, as the white clover core subset was representative of the entire collection for total cyanogenesis and distribution of cyanogenic plants. Cyanogenic frequency was greater in accessions collected at low altitudes and at sites with high winter temperatures, lower summer precipitation, greater spring cloudiness (% sunshine), and less snow cover. Latitude of collection was not associated with cyanogenic frequency in white clover. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,IAREC,USDA ARS,WRPIS,PROSSER,WA 99350. RP Pederson, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROP SCI RES LAB,FORAGE RES UNIT,POB 5367,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 30 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 36 IS 2 BP 427 EP 433 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UE903 UT WOS:A1996UE90300035 ER PT J AU Steiner, JJ Greene, SL AF Steiner, JJ Greene, SL TI Proposed ecological descriptors and their utility for plant germplasm collections SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ECOREGIONS; CLIMATE AB Plant germplasm collections are important repositories of genes that ensure potentially useful sources of genetic variation are preserved for future uses. Detailed information about genetic differences among individuals or groups of accessions can be helpful for management and utilization of germplasm collections, Presently, a description of the collection site is required when collecting accessions, but the kinds and amount of information recorded that describe the natural environmental features of the collection site may vary greatly depending on the collector, This paper discusses the need for providing standardized and detailed ecological descriptors for collected accessions that ran be entered into the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) database and provides a set of necessary tools to accomplish this. Proposed in this paper are (i) a flexible set of ecological descriptors that capture the most important ecological features of the collection site and its environment so that a standardized description can be given of the natural conditions where accessions are found, (ii) a revised accession data collection form that can be used to describe the natural features of the collection site, and (iii) a method to retroclassify poorly documented accessions that do not have detailed descriptions of the collection site, The widely adapted perennial forage legume birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) is used to demonstrate the principles presented in this paper. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,WESTERN REG PLANT INTRODUCT STN,PROSSER,WA. RP Steiner, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL FORAGE SEED PROD RES CNTR,3450 SW CAMPUS WAY,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 66 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 36 IS 2 BP 439 EP 451 PG 13 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UE903 UT WOS:A1996UE90300037 ER PT J AU Pantalone, VR Rebetzke, GJ Burton, JW Carter, TE AF Pantalone, VR Rebetzke, GJ Burton, JW Carter, TE TI Phenotypic evaluation of root traits in soybean and applicability to plant breeding SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN-FIXATION; DROUGHT STRESS AB The southeastern USA is vulnerable to drought during critical times in the development of soybean [Glycine mcrr (L.) Merr.]. A Japanese plant introduction, PI 416937, exhibits drought tolerance and may be an important breeding line for the region. PI 416937 has an extensive fibrous root system that confers drought tolerance. The objective of this study was to relate visual root scores to other measurable root characteristics in order to provide breeders with a means for rapid phenotypic evaluation of soybean roots. Root score, root surface, and root dry weight were measured for 'Lee 74' and PI 416937 at three soybean stages of development in 1992 and 1993. Nodule number and nodule dry weight were also measured during the second year. PI 416937 had higher root score, root surface, nodule number, and nodule dry weight than Lee 74. Root score was positively correlated with root surface, nodule number, and nodule dry weight (r = 0.74, 0.83, and 0.80, respectively). Phenotypic root scores could be utilized effectively in selection programs to rapidly evaluate large numbers of progeny in order to identify those with extensive fibrous root systems. C1 CSIRO,DIV PLANT IND,CANBERRA,ACT 2601,AUSTRALIA. USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Pantalone, VR (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,BOX 7631,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. RI Rebetzke, Greg/F-6078-2010 NR 14 TC 27 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 4 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 36 IS 2 BP 456 EP 459 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UE903 UT WOS:A1996UE90300039 ER PT J AU Williams, WP Buckley, PM AF Williams, WP Buckley, PM TI Southwestern corn borer growth on laboratory diets containing lyophilized corn husks SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FALL ARMYWORM LEPIDOPTERA; GERMPLASM LINES; MAIZE; REGISTRATION; INFESTATION; RESISTANCE; PYRALIDAE; NOCTUIDAE; LARVAE AB Southwestern corn borer (Diatraea grandiosella Dyar) is a serious pest of corn (Zea mays L.) in the southern USA, Lack of reliable techniques for evaluating resistance after anthesis is a major problem. The objective was to develop a laboratory bioassay for evaluating southwestern corn borer larval growth on diets comprised primarily of lyophilized husks of corn inbred lines, Diets were prepared by adding 15 g of lyophilized husk tissue collected within 3 d after silk emergence to a mixture of 250 mL distilled water, 2400 mg agar, 12.5 mg gentamicin sulfate, 132 mg sorbic acid, and 528 mg ascorbic acid. Larvae were weighed after feeding on the test diet for 21 d. Larvae fed diets containing husks of different inbred lines varied significantly. Because southwestern corn borer larvae that infest corn plants at or after anthesis feed initially on husks, this bioassay is a potentially useful technique for identifying resistant germplasm. RP Williams, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS,CORN HOST PLANT RESISTANCE RES UNIT,BOX 9555,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 36 IS 2 BP 462 EP 464 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UE903 UT WOS:A1996UE90300041 ER PT J AU Burton, JW Carter, TE Huie, EB AF Burton, JW Carter, TE Huie, EB TI Registration of 'Holladay' soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article RP Burton, JW (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 8 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 36 IS 2 BP 467 EP 467 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UE903 UT WOS:A1996UE90300045 ER PT J AU Yu, MH AF Yu, MH TI Registration of root-knot nematode resistant beet germplasm M66 SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article RP Yu, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS,1636 E ALISAL ST,SALINAS,CA 93905, USA. NR 1 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 36 IS 2 BP 469 EP 469 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UE903 UT WOS:A1996UE90300050 ER PT J AU Allan, RE AF Allan, RE TI Registration of 10 pairs of alloplasmic and euplasmic nugaines wheat germplasms SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article RP Allan, RE (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,WHEAT GENET QUAL PHYSIOL & DIS RES UNIT,209 JOHNSON HALL,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 36 IS 2 BP 470 EP 471 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UE903 UT WOS:A1996UE90300051 ER PT J AU Yoo, J Stone, RT Beattie, CW AF Yoo, J Stone, RT Beattie, CW TI Cloning and characterization of the bovine fas SO DNA AND CELL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; GROWTH-FACTOR RECEPTOR; CELL-SURFACE ANTIGEN; MOLECULAR-CLONING; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; EXPRESSION; APOPTOSIS; MEMBER; GENE; LYMPHOCYTES AB Fas (APO-1, CD95), a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, is a cell membrane protein that mediates programmed cell death (apoptosis). In an effort to characterize the possible role of Fas-mediated apoptosis in some important physiological processes in livestock, bovine Fas (bFas) cDNA was isolated and its nucleotide sequence determined, The predicted amino acid sequence encodes a 323-amino-acid protein that contains a leader peptide, a transmembrane domain, and three domains of cysteine-rich motif within the extracellular region, At the amino acid level, bFas is 57% and 50% identical to human (hFas) and mouse (mFas), respectively, Its expression is abundant in peripheral blood lymphocytes, lung, spleen, thymus, and ovary, but minimal in heart, liver, and brain, A polyclonal anti-bFas serum raised against the carboxyterminal half of cysteine-rich motif I recognized a single 46-kD protein in bovine MDBK cells by Western blot analysis, To investigate the apoptotic activity of bFas, MDBK and bFas-transfected L929 cells mere exposed to a monoclonal anti-hFas IgM, Unlike other cell culture systems, the antibody failed to trigger cell death in MDBK and bFas transfected L929 cells. C1 USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. NR 44 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 SN 1044-5498 J9 DNA CELL BIOL JI DNA Cell Biol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 15 IS 3 BP 227 EP 234 DI 10.1089/dna.1996.15.227 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA UC256 UT WOS:A1996UC25600005 PM 8634151 ER PT J AU Dodson, MV McFarland, DC Grant, AL Doumit, ME Velleman, SG AF Dodson, MV McFarland, DC Grant, AL Doumit, ME Velleman, SG TI Extrinsic regulation of domestic animal-derived satellite cells SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Review ID FIBROBLAST GROWTH-FACTOR; MULTIPLICATION-STIMULATING ACTIVITY; SERUM-FREE MEDIUM; SKELETAL-MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT; PROTEOGLYCAN CORE PROTEIN; FACTOR-BINDING PROTEINS; PORCINE MYOGENIC CELLS; FACTOR-I; IGF-I; CHICKEN MUSCLE AB Satellite cells are the postnatal myogenic cells, as they provide myonuclei to support skeletal muscle hypertrophy and are principal cells responsible for myofiber repair and regeneration. Even though research with satellite cells from meat animals is new, considerable data exist to suggest that these cells are regulated through both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. This review covers the present status of the extrinsic factors known or postulated to modulate meat animal satellite cell growth and development. C1 S DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM & RANGE SCI,MUSCLE BIOL LAB,BROOKINGS,SD 57007. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,DEPT ANIM SCI,WOOSTER,OH 44691. RP Dodson, MV (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,MUSCLE BIOL LAB,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 128 TC 61 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 2 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 13 IS 2 BP 107 EP 126 DI 10.1016/0739-7240(95)00062-3 PG 20 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA UC696 UT WOS:A1996UC69600001 PM 8665800 ER PT J AU Vallet, JL AF Vallet, JL TI Purification and properties of porcine allantoic fluid retinol-binding protein SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MESSENGER-RNA LEVELS; BETA-LACTOGLOBULIN; VITAMIN-A; PIG; TRANSPORT; PLASMA; HOMOLOGY; CULTURE; TISSUE; LIVER AB Retinol-binding protein (RBP) was purified from Day 60 porcine allantoic fluid by a combination of diethylaminoethyl cellulose, G-100 Sephadex, G-50 Sephadex, Phenyl-Sepharose, and Reactive Green 19-dye-agarose chromatography. The yield was 1 to 2 mg of RBP, which generated a single M(r) similar to 20,000 band after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and up to four isoelectric variants (isoelectric variants 1 to 4) after two-dimensional PAGE (2D-PAGE). The protein cross-reacted with antiserum raised against human REP. When incubated with [H-3]retinol and subjected to G-100 Sephadex chromatography, [H-3]retinol coeluted with the protein. These results indicate that the purified protein is an RBP. When purified RBP was subjected to native 2D-PAGE, six forms of RBP were observed. Three native forms were fluorescent, and three were not fluorescent, suggesting that these forms were RBP with and without retinol, respectively. Denaturing 2D-PAGE analysis of each native form of RBP suggested that two of the nonfluorescent and two of the fluorescent native forms of RBP corresponded to isoelectric variant 1 on denaturing 2D-PAGE, whereas the other fluorescent and nonfluorescent forms corresponded to isoelectric variant 2. The incubation of RBP with 50 mu M retinol enhanced the amount of both isoelectric variants present as fluorescent RBP, but uptake by isoelectric variant 1 was greater than that by isoelectric variant 2. These data indicate that RBP can be purified from porcine allantoic fluid and suggest that the isoelectric variants may differ in their affinity for retinol. RP Vallet, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 13 IS 2 BP 127 EP 138 DI 10.1016/0739-7240(95)00063-1 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA UC696 UT WOS:A1996UC69600002 PM 8665801 ER PT J AU Carroll, JF AF Carroll, JF TI Survivorship of engorged female Ixodes scapularis and their eggs in a leaf litter microhabitat in Maryland SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE engorged females; eggs; mortality; Acari; Ixodidae ID TICK ACARI; IXODIDAE; PREDATION RP Carroll, JF (reprint author), ARS,LIVESTOCK INSECTS LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 78 IS 3 BP 349 EP 351 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UE123 UT WOS:A1996UE12300014 ER PT J AU Gove, JH Linder, E Tzilkowski, WM AF Gove, JH Linder, E Tzilkowski, WM TI Biomodality of the combined removal and signs-of-activities estimator for sampling closed animal populations SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE contradictory models; maximum likelihood estimation; normal distribution; population size estimation; removal method ID LIKELIHOOD AB The possibility of a bimodal log-likelihood function arises with certain data when the combined removal and signs-of-activities estimator is used. Bimodal log-likelihoods may, in turn, yield disjoint confidence intervals for certain confidence levels. The hypothesis that bimodality is caused by the violation of the equal catchability assumption of the removal model, leading to the combination of contradictory data/models in the combined estimator is set forth. Simulations, exploring the effect of the violation of removal model assumptions on estimation and inference showed that the assumption of unequal capture probability influenced the frequency of bimodal likelihoods; similarly, extreme parameter values for probability of capture influenced the number of excessively large confidence intervals produced. A sex-specific combined estimator is developed as a remedial model tailored to the problem. The simulations suggest that both the signs-of-activities estimator and the sex-specific estimator perform equally well over the range of simulations presented, though the signs-of-activities estimator is easier to implement. C1 UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,DEPT MATH,DURHAM,NH 03824. PENN STATE UNIV,FOREST RESOURCES LAB,SCH FOREST RESOURCES,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16865. RP Gove, JH (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,POB 640,DURHAM,NH 03824, USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 1352-8505 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 3 IS 1 BP 65 EP 78 DI 10.1007/BF00577323 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA VL948 UT WOS:A1996VL94800003 ER PT J AU Duffus, JE Liu, HY Wisler, GC AF Duffus, JE Liu, HY Wisler, GC TI Tomato infectious chlorosis virus - A new clostero-like virus transmitted by Trialeurodes vaporariorum SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE artichoke virus; BPYV; CYSDV; greenhouse whitefly; LIYV; Lycopersicon virus; potato virus; solanum virus; viruses; whitefly transmission; yellowing virus ID SWEET-POTATO; PURIFICATION; SEROLOGY; DISEASE AB A previously undescribed virus disease of tomato, other crops and weed hosts was found in California. Affected tomato plants exhibited interveinal yellowing, necrosis and severe yield losses. Leaf dips and purified preparations contained closterovirus-like long flexuous, filamentous particles approximately 12 x 850-900 nm. The virus, designated as tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV), is transmitted in a semipersistent manner by the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum. The host range of the virus is moderate (26 species in 8 plant families) but includes some important crops and ornamental species including tomato, (Lycopersicon esculentum), tomatillo (Physalis ixocarpa), potato (Solanum tuberosum), artichoke (Cynara scolymus), lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and petunia (Petunia hybrida). The virus has been found in a number of different locations in California and has a number of potential vehicles of movement including greenhouse grown ornamentals, tomato transplants, artichoke cuttings and potato seed. The virus has the potential to spread to other growing regions with resident populations of the greenhouse whitefly. The host range, particle size, insect transmission, and serology clearly distinguish TICV from previously described viruses. RP Duffus, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS,US AGR RES STN,SALINAS,CA 93905, USA. NR 23 TC 47 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1873 J9 EUR J PLANT PATHOL JI Eur. J. Plant Pathol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 102 IS 3 BP 219 EP 226 DI 10.1007/BF01877960 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA UC556 UT WOS:A1996UC55600002 ER PT J AU Heath, RR Epsky, ND Jimenez, A Dueben, BD Landolt, PJ Meyer, WL Aluja, M Rizzo, J Camino, M Jeronimo, F Baranowski, RM AF Heath, RR Epsky, ND Jimenez, A Dueben, BD Landolt, PJ Meyer, WL Aluja, M Rizzo, J Camino, M Jeronimo, F Baranowski, RM TI Improved pheromone-based trapping systems to monitor Toxotrypana curvicauda (Diptera: Tephritidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE insecta; papaya fruit fly; pheromone formulation; trap ID PAPAYA FRUIT-FLY; SEX-PHEROMONE; GERSTAECKER DIPTERA; BEHAVIORAL-RESPONSES; FLIES AB A membrane-based formulation method that provided a constant release rate of synthetic pheromone for the papaya fruit fly, Toxotrypana curvicauda Gerstaecker, was developed. Release rate measurements over 23 days indicated that lures loaded with 5, 15, 25, and 50 mu l of synthetic pheromone released an average of 120, 360, 580 and 1120 ng per hr and the half-life of the lures was estimated to be 67, 184, 300 and 48 days, respectively. Field tests conducted in Mexico compared efficacy of blank and pheromone-baited sticky green spheres, cylindrical traps made from green opaque plastic that either contained a toxicant or were coated with sticky material, and cylindrical traps prepared from green sticky paper. Green opaque traps containing a toxicant and sticky paper traps captured approximately five times more papaya fruit flies than either the sticky-coated green opaque traps or the sticky-coated green spheres, and the presence of pheromone did not affect numbers of flies captured. Thus, the combination of the green color and the cylindrical shape provided a visual cue sufficient for papaya fruit fly capture. The pheromone lure significantly increased trap capture in similar tests conducted in Guatemala. Capture was highest in the sticky paper traps and in sticky-coated spheres. Use of the membrane-based synthetic pheromone in a cylindrical trap may provide an effective tool for monitoring papaya fruit flies. C1 CTR DESARROLLO PRODUCTOS BIOTICOS,YAUTEPEC,MORELOS,MEXICO. UNIV FLORIDA,IFAS,TROP RES & EDUC,HOMESTEAD,FL. INST ECOL,XALAPA,MEXICO. APHIS PPQ,US EMBASSY GUATEMALA,MIAMI,FL 34024. RP Heath, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. RI Jimenez-Perez, Alfredo/I-9094-2012 OI Jimenez-Perez, Alfredo/0000-0002-6170-746X NR 18 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 6 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 79 IS 1 BP 37 EP 48 DI 10.2307/3495752 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UB049 UT WOS:A1996UB04900005 ER PT J AU Beier, RC Rowe, LD Nasr, MIAE Elissalde, MH Rose, BG Stanker, LH AF Beier, RC Rowe, LD Nasr, MIAE Elissalde, MH Rose, BG Stanker, LH TI Detection of halofuginone residues in chicken serum by a monoclonal-based immunoassay and high-performance liquid chromatography SO FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chicken; coccidiostat; ELISA; halofuginone; halofuginone stability; HPLC; matrix effects AB Halofuginone (Hal) is a coccidiostat used worldwide as a feed additive at a level of 3 ppm in the feed of broiler chickens. The analytical methods described in the literature to determine the levels of Hal in liver are very lengthy and time consuming. This study evaluated the usefulness of determining Hal in chicken serum with a competitive ELISA (cELISA). Ifa 4-day withdrawal time could be determined by serum Hal levels, the method would greatly improve on the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods currently used for Hal detection in liver tissue. A modification of a previously developed HPLC method was used to validate the cELISA analysis of Hal in chicken serum. A serum matrix effect that afforded a higher sensitivity by the cELISA for the detection of Hal in chicken serum than in assay buffer or in highly diluted serum was observed. The sensitivity of the cELISA method improved when used in more concentrated serum. The chicken serum samples were evaluated by cELISA using a standard curve obtained in control chicken serum diluted two-fold with assay buffer. Incurred levels of Hal in broiler chickens fed Hal-HBr-treated feed were detected in serum at withdrawal times of 2 and 6 h. At and after 24 h, the residues were not detected by immunoassay with a detection limit of 0.52 ppb or by HPLC with detection limit of 0.86 ppb. The instability of Hal in acidified serum and its potential for methanolysis in the HPLC method were overcome by using the cELISA methodology. Although the determination of Hal in chicken serum by immunoassay is fast, requiring no clean-up steps, chicken serum cannot be used to determine the required 4-day withdrawal time in broiler chickens because of the lack of residues in the serum at and after 24 h. RP Beier, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,2881 F & B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU CARFAX PUBL CO PI ABINGDON PA PO BOX 25, ABINGDON, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND OX14 3UE SN 0954-0105 J9 FOOD AGRIC IMMUNOL JI Food Agric. Immunol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 8 IS 1 BP 11 EP 17 DI 10.1080/09540109609354899 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Immunology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Immunology; Toxicology GA UL950 UT WOS:A1996UL95000002 ER PT J AU Smith, WB Abdullah, N Herdman, D DeGroot, RC AF Smith, WB Abdullah, N Herdman, D DeGroot, RC TI Preservative treatment of red maple SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOFT ROT; WOOD AB The development of additional preservative treatments for underutilized eastern hardwoods, such as red maple, is critical to the development of new market opportunities that require long-term utilization of hardwoods in exterior structures. This project investigated the treatability of red maple sapwood and heartwood with water, toluene, CCA (chromated copper arsenate), ACQ (ammonium copper didecyldimethylammonium chloride), creosote, and toulene- and waterborne copper naphthenate. The efficacy of CCA, and of water- and oilborne copper naphthenate against a brown-rot fungus (Postia placenta), a white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor), and a soft-rot fungus (Chaetomium globosum) was also determined using sapwood blocks in agar block decay tests. Substantial differences were found between heartwood and sapwood treatability. Full-cell impregnation resulted in sapwood samples being thoroughly penetrated and consistently treated to retentions of 30 to 40 pcf (lb. solution/ft.(3) wood). Preservatives penetrated heartwood only about 3 mm transversely and 15 mm longitudinally. Retentions ranged from 5 to 15 pcf. On an equivalent copper loading basis, the oilborne copper naphthenate was more effective than the waterborne formulation against white- and soft-rot fungi. CCA protected maple sapwood against brown- and white-rot fungi at low retentions, 0.1 percent copper weight/weight. Similar to past work, however, higher loadings were needed for soft-rot protection. C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. RP Smith, WB (reprint author), SUNY SYRACUSE,COLL ENVIRONM SCI & FORESTRY,1 FORESTRY DR,SYRACUSE,NY 13210, USA. NR 22 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 46 IS 3 BP 35 EP 41 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA TZ624 UT WOS:A1996TZ62400017 ER PT J AU Okkonen, EA River, BH AF Okkonen, EA River, BH TI Outdoor aging of wood-based panels and correlation with laboratory aging .2. SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The performance of four commercially manufactured structural wood-based panels and three plywoods was determined in accelerated laboratory-aging treatments and outdoor exposure. The wood-based panels met the ANSI/A208.1-1989 standards for modulus of rupture (MOR) of 2-M-2 particleboards. Performance of the wood-based panels was severely decreased by accelerated laboratory-aging treatments, including the cyclic boil-dry treatment and the ASTM D 1037 accelerated-aging treatment. Wood-based panels did not meet the ANSI A208.1 bond durability requirement for MOR after undergoing ASTM D 1037 accelerated-aging treatment. Performance of the wood-based panels after aging was considerably below that of two lower ranking wood-based panels from a previous study. Outdoor aging for 1 year reduced MOR and modulus of elasticity of wood-based panels by 38 to 59 percent. Internal bond strength decreased 34 to 60 percent; panel thickness increased 11 to 18 percent after 1 year of outdoor exposure. Performance of the three plywoods was comparable to that of the exterior marine plywood tested previously. A relationship was developed between the MOR after 1 year of outdoor exposure and after five boil-dry cycles. This relationship was compared with a similar relationship developed previously for a broad range of exterior-type panel materials. The new relationship appears to coincide and strengthen the relationship developed in the previous study. RP Okkonen, EA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 9 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 46 IS 3 BP 68 EP 74 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA TZ624 UT WOS:A1996TZ62400022 ER PT J AU Leopold, RA Hughes, KJ DeVault, JD AF Leopold, RA Hughes, KJ DeVault, JD TI Using electroporation and a slot cuvette to deliver plasmid DNA to insect embryos SO GENETIC ANALYSIS-BIOMOLECULAR ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE DNA transfer; embryos; corn earworm moth; Helicoverpa zea; house fly; Musca domestica ID DROSOPHILA AB Microinjection is the method used almost exclusively to deliver DNA constructs to insect embryos while electroporation is commonly used for DNA delivery to bacteria, cell cultures and certain plant tissues. This communication describes a method using an easily constructed slot cuvette and the electroporation technique for transfer of DNA to insect embryos for possible use in developing methods for germline transformation. This method eliminates time-consuming individual embryo manipulation and thus far has been found to be adaptable for use on several types of insect embryos. Using this method, we show successful transfer of plasmid DNA to embryos of the corn earworm moth, Helicoverpa zea, and the house fly, Musca domestica. RP Leopold, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOSCI RES LAB,BOX 5674,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 6 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1050-3862 J9 GENET ANAL-BIOMOL E JI Genet. Anal.-Biomol. Eng. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 12 IS 5-6 BP 197 EP 200 DI 10.1016/S1050-3862(96)80006-4 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA UL779 UT WOS:A1996UL77900006 PM 8740836 ER PT J AU Nettleton, WD Chadwick, OA AF Nettleton, WD Chadwick, OA TI Late quaternary, redeposited loess-soil developmental sequences, south Yemen SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article ID HOLOCENE; DESERT; SEDIMENT; RAINFALL; PERIOD; SEA AB Episodic desert loess and paleosol sequences in South Yemen provide a late Pleistocene to Holocene record of climatic change and soil development. At Sana, one paleosol based on its thickness and development formed during mid or early Holocene time in approximately four thousand years. The 2Akb horizon sample of this paleosol has a C-14 age of 7750 +/- 300 years. At Ibb the 2ABtb horizon of another paleosol has a C-14 age of > 33,100 years. Deposition (silt + very fine sand + clay) for the Sana site calculates to average 110 g m(-2) yr(-1) and includes 3.3 g or less of CaCO3 m(-2) yr(-1). This rate of desert loess and carbonate deposition is probably 2 to 5 times greater than that in the Lahontan Basin of the United States during the last 13 kyr, and about 2 to 5 times higher than that in the southwestern United States today. It is about the same as the 12 cm kyr(-1) (170 g m(-2) yr(-1)) estimated for central North Iran and the 10 cm kyr(-1) (0.1 mm yr(-1)) estimated for the Netivot section of the Negev of Israel but some 7 to 9 times less than the rate estimated for Wisconsinan loess in Iowa. Thickness of desert loess examined and the calculated rate of deposition indicate that the crater has been receiving desert loess for at least 15 kyr, and that the crater is pre Holocene. Pedogenic development of the Camborthids and Haplargids in the ground soils and that of the argillic horizons in the Sana paleosols suggest that these soils formed in a somewhat more humid phase than the present warm-tropical, semi-arid environment. The occurrence of mollic epipedons in the Sana paleosols, but not in the ground soils is evidence of a more humid past climate (mid or early Holocene). The Ibb paleosol, which formed at least partly during a more humid part of the late Pleistocene, is even more strongly developed than the mid or early Holocene Sana paleosols. C1 CALTECH,JET PROP LAB,PASADENA,CA 91109. RP Nettleton, WD (reprint author), USDA,NRCS NSSC,NATL SOIL SURVEY LAB,FED BLDG,ROOM 152,100 CENTENNIAL MALL N,LINCOLN,NE 68508, USA. NR 44 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD MAR PY 1996 VL 70 IS 1 BP 21 EP 36 DI 10.1016/0016-7061(95)00063-1 PG 16 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA UK485 UT WOS:A1996UK48500002 ER PT J AU Tice, KR Graham, RC Wood, HB AF Tice, KR Graham, RC Wood, HB TI Transformations of 2:1 phyllosilicates in 41-year-old soils under oak and pine SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article ID CLAY MINERALOGY; MICA AB The large, unconfined lysimeters at the San Dimas Experimental Forest, in southern California, provide a unique setting in which to study decade-scale vegetation effects on mineral weathering. We investigated the 2:1 phyllosilicate mineralogy of lysimeter soils under 41-year-old monocultures of scrub oak (Quercus dumosa Nutt.) and Coulter pine (Pinus coulteri B. Don), and compared the results to archived original fill material. X-ray diffraction showed that mica increased relative to vermiculite in the clay and medium silt fractions of A horizons under both oak and pine, compared to the archived original fill material. The increase, however, was far greater under oak than under pine. No mineralogical differences were observed in the subsurface horizons of either oak or pine, compared to archived material. Nonexchangeable K increased by 23% in the clay fraction of the oak A horizon, and increased by 5% in the clay fraction of the A horizons under pine, relative to archived parent material. Strong evidence supports biocycling as the basis for observed decade-scale mineral transformations. We conclude that the return of K to the soil surface through litter decomposition, and subsequent fixation by vermiculite, resulted in increased mica contents in A horizons. More K may have been fixed by vermiculite in the oak A horizon compared to pine due to greater K concentration in the oak litter pool; earthworm-mediated mineralization of K from organic matter under oak; and presence of fewer roots at the surface under oak, and, consequently, less plant removal of K from the A horizon. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507. RP Tice, KR (reprint author), UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT SOIL & ENVIRONM SCI,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521, USA. NR 35 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD MAR PY 1996 VL 70 IS 1 BP 49 EP 62 DI 10.1016/0016-7061(95)00070-4 PG 14 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA UK485 UT WOS:A1996UK48500004 ER PT J AU Fuguitt, GV Beale, CL AF Fuguitt, GV Beale, CL TI Recent trends in nonmetropolitan migration: Toward a new turnaround? SO GROWTH AND CHANGE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; GROWTH; SOCIETY; REVIVAL; AREAS AB Over the past 30 years there have been three unanticipated shifts in metropolitan-nonmetropolitan population change and migration: the nonmetropolitan turnaround of the 1970s, with a migration balance favoring nonmetropolitan areas; the downturn of the early 1980s when nonmetropolitan areas lost net migrants as they did in the 1960s, and a more recent post-1990 recovery, with nonmetropolitan net migration rates once again above those of metropolitan areas. Partial explanations have been developed from the deconcentration and regional restructuring theoretical perspectives, but there is not yet consensus on how to explain this sequence of three migration changes since 1970. There is a need for a general review of these trends, particularly given the recency of the latest change. Such a review is attempted here. Annual net migration estimates are examined, considering the changing metropolitan-nonmetropolitan differential, and differences across geographic and functional county types in nonmetropolitan areas. Some differences stand out across the 24-year period, but the most notable finding is the widespread nature of the turnaround, the reversal, and the current recovery. There are differences between the present and the 1970s, but a trend toward greater retention and/or acquisition of people in rural and small town areas is clear. C1 USDA,ECON RES SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. RP Fuguitt, GV (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 38 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 5 U2 11 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02148-5023 SN 0017-4815 J9 GROWTH CHANGE JI Growth Change PD SPR PY 1996 VL 27 IS 2 BP 156 EP 174 DI 10.1111/j.1468-2257.1996.tb00901.x PG 19 WC Planning & Development SC Public Administration GA UZ120 UT WOS:A1996UZ12000002 PM 12320416 ER PT J AU Wu, YV Abbott, TP AF Wu, YV Abbott, TP TI Enrichment of gum content from Lesquerella fendleri seed coat by air classification SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE Lesquerella; Lesquerella fendleri; gum; air classification AB Studies were conducted to increase the gum yield from Lesquerella fendleri seeds. The seeds were first fractured and the seed coat fraction isolated and defatted. The polysaccharide gum content of the defatted seed coat (28%) was concentrated by pin milling the seed coat at various speeds followed by air classification. A stepwise procedure involving pin milling at 14,000 rpm and air classification gave a fraction with 46% gum content and 50% of the initial weight of the defatted seed coat. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,NEW CROPS RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP Wu, YV (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOPOLYMER RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 5 IS 1 BP 47 EP 51 DI 10.1016/0926-6690(95)00050-X PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UD311 UT WOS:A1996UD31100005 ER PT J AU Dierig, DA Thompson, AE Rebman, JP Kleiman, R Phillips, BS AF Dierig, DA Thompson, AE Rebman, JP Kleiman, R Phillips, BS TI Collection and evaluation of new Lesquerella and Physaria germplasm SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE industrial oilseed; new crops; hydroxy fatty acid; plant exploration AB Lesquerella and the closely related genus Physaria are prime candidates as a new, alternative source of hydroxy fatty acids (HFA) for industrial uses. At present, castor oil is the only natural source of these HFA for commerce. To expand the germplasm base of these taxa for our breeding program and the National Germplasm System (NPGS), we collected species from a wide geographic region in the United States. Ih 1993, 44 accessions of Lesquerella fendleri, 38 accessions from nine other Lesquerella species, and three accessions' of two different Physaria species were obtained. In 1994, 41 additional accessions of L. fendleri and 51 accessions of ted other Lesquerella species were collected. A total of 20 different species of Lesquerella and two Physaria species were collected over the two years. Oil characteristics and seed size of eight of these Lesquerella and one Physaria species have not previously been reported. Twelve of these taxa have not been available in the NPGS. Populations of L. fendleri collected in Arizona had higher seed-weights than those collected from Texas and New Mexico. Some of the new accessions had seed-weights higher than germplasm presently in the USDA-ARS breeding program. Diverse growth habits were found in populations from all three states. We believe that other species of Lesquerella and Physaria could later be developed as a source of HFA in regions other than the arid southwestern United States. Accessions of Lesquerella douglasii had the same or higher seed-oil content than L. fendleri and also higher seed yields. Two accessions of Physaria newberryi had seed-weights that ranged between 4.5 and 6.2 g/1000 seeds compared to that of 0.25 to 1.1 g/1000 seeds for L. fendleri. Seed-oil contents of P. newberryi averaged 30.8% compared to 23.8% for L. fendleri. Preliminary seed increase and evaluation of oil content and composition were completed on 14 L. fendleri populations from the 1993 collection under field conditions in Phoenix, Arizona. Accessions were compared to the original populations collected in 1993 and 1994 for growth habit, seed size, and seed-oil content and quality. C1 USDA ARS,NO CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP Dierig, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS,US WATER CONSERVAT LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 14 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 5 IS 1 BP 53 EP 63 DI 10.1016/0926-6690(95)00052-6 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UD311 UT WOS:A1996UD31100006 ER PT J AU Morris, CE Morris, NM TraskMorrell, BJ AF Morris, CE Morris, NM TraskMorrell, BJ TI Interaction of meso-1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid with phosphorus-containing catalysts for esterification cross-linking of cellulose SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID POLYCARBOXYLIC ACIDS; SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSES; INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; COTTON CELLULOSE; AGENTS AB In the presence of catalysts, polycarboxylic acids such as meso-1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) can cross-link cellulose in a process believed to involve cyclic anhydrides as intermediates. This study was undertaken to explore, in the absence of cellulose, interactions between catalysts and polycarboxylic acids that might explain the catalysts' role. Aqueous solutions containing equimolar amounts of BTCA and a catalyst (NaH2PO4 or NaH2PO2) were evaporated to constant weight. The residues were subjected to thermal analysis and to infrared spectroscopic analysis after heating. As the BTCA-NaH2PO4 residue was heated, the BTCA remained complexed with phosphate until a monoanhydride formed-the same monoanhydride that formed when BTCA alone was heated to a higher temperature. In the BTCA-NaH2PO2 system an anhydride apparently formed at an even lower temperature than in the phosphate-containing system but then reacted with the hypophosphite. RP Morris, CE (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 20 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 35 IS 3 BP 950 EP 953 DI 10.1021/ie950540i PG 4 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA TZ106 UT WOS:A1996TZ10600040 ER PT J AU Stevens, MG Olsen, SC Cheville, NF AF Stevens, MG Olsen, SC Cheville, NF TI Lymphocyte proliferation in response to Brucella abortus RB51 and 2308 proteins in RB51-vaccinated or 2308-infected cattle SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID OUTER-MEMBRANE PROTEINS; MUTANT STRAINS; INFECTION AB Cattle vaccinated with Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRB51) or infected with strain 2308 (S2308) had lymph node lymphocytes which proliferated most when incubated with 32-, 27-, 18-, or <18-kDa proteins of either SRB51 or S2308. Some S2308-infected cattle but no SRB51-vaccinated cattle had lymphocytes which proliferated in response to 80- and 49-kDa proteins of SRB51 and S2308, These results suggest that cattle vaccinated with SRB51 or infected with S2308 have lymphocytes which proliferate in response to most of the same S2308 proteins and that the immunodominant protein antigens of SRB51 and S2308 have similar molecular masses of 32, 27, 18, and <18 kDa. RP Stevens, MG (reprint author), ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,USDA,BRUCELLOSIS RES UNIT,2300 DAYTON AVE,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 16 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 64 IS 3 BP 1007 EP 1010 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TX566 UT WOS:A1996TX56600048 PM 8641749 ER PT J AU Stevens, MG Olsen, SC AF Stevens, MG Olsen, SC TI Antibody responses to Brucella abortus 2308 in cattle vaccinated with B-abortus RB51 SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; OUTER-MEMBRANE PROTEINS; MUTANT STRAINS; INFECTION AB Cattle vaccinated with Brucella abortus rough strain RB51 (SRB51) produced small amounts of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) but no IgM antibody to smooth strain 2308 (S2308) bacteria and produced no IgG or IgM antibody to S2308 lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Western immunoblot analysis revealed that antiserum from SRB51-vaccinated tattle contained IgG antibody that reacted with S2308 proteins of 84 to <20 kDA. However, antiserum from the vaccinated cattle did not contain agglutinating B. abortus antibody in the tube agglutination test for brucellosis. These results suggest that SRB51-vaccinated cattle produced no antibody to S2308 LPS, although they did produce nonagglutinating IgG antibody that reacted with S2308 bacteria and bacterial proteins of 84 to <20 kDA. RP Stevens, MG (reprint author), ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,USDA,BRUCELLOSIS RES UNIT,2300 DAYTON AVE,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 28 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 64 IS 3 BP 1030 EP 1034 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TX566 UT WOS:A1996TX56600053 PM 8641754 ER PT J AU Gunaratne, M Sanders, O AF Gunaratne, M Sanders, O TI Response of a layered elastic medium to a moving strip load SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS IN GEOMECHANICS LA English DT Article DE foundation design; pavement design; layer-stiffness technique; moving strip load AB Analytical determination of stresses and deformations caused by moving loads is vital to foundation and pavement designs. In current applications, moving loads are often approximated to be vertical impact loads. In this work, however, a live load is modelled as a uniform distribution of normal or shear stresses in actual motion. Then, a layer stiffness approach utilizing linear elasticity is followed in determining the surface and interior deformations due to the live load. By superimposing the two solutions for normal and shear surface stresses, the new approach can be made to provide an approximate solution to the problem of evaluating stresses and deformations caused by a wide wheel load rolling on a layered elastic system. Although elastic solutions in general are inadequate to explain the more significant consequences of pore pressure generation and dissipation in the soil subgrade, these results can certainly be useful to examine the shearing effects of wide rolling wheels on the asphalt layer and immediate settlement of the subgrade. It is found that the dynamic effects of a smoothly rolling wide load are significant at relatively low wheel velocities compared to those of shear waves in the subgrade and base. C1 US FOREST SERV,UMPQUA NATL PK,ROSEBURG,OR. RP Gunaratne, M (reprint author), UNIV S FLORIDA,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,TAMPA,FL 33620, USA. NR 10 TC 9 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0363-9061 J9 INT J NUMER ANAL MET JI Int. J. Numer. Anal. Methods Geomech. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 20 IS 3 BP 191 EP 208 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9853(199603)20:3<191::AID-NAG815>3.3.CO;2-9 PG 18 WC Engineering, Geological; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA UA784 UT WOS:A1996UA78400003 ER PT J AU Polley, HW Johnson, HB Mayeux, HS Brown, DA White, JWC AF Polley, HW Johnson, HB Mayeux, HS Brown, DA White, JWC TI Leaf end plant water use efficiency of C-4 species grown at glacial to elevated CO2 concentrations SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; CONDUCTANCE; SENSITIVITY; IRRADIANCE; RESPONSES; HUMIDITY; GRADIENT; STOMATA; BIOMASS AB Leaf gas exchange was measured on C-4 plants grown from near glacial to current CO2 concentrations (200-350 mu mol mol(-1)) and from the current concentration to possible future levels (near 700 and 1000 mu mol mol(-1)) to test the prediction that intrinsic water use efficiency (CO2 assimilation [A]/stomatal conductance to water [g]) would rise by a similar relative amount as CO2 concentration. Studied were species differing in growth form or life history, the perennial grass Schizachyrium scoparium (little bluestem), perennial shrub Atriplex canescens (four-wing saltbush), and annual grass Zea mays (maize). Contrary to our prediction, leaf A/g of the C-4 species examined was stimulated proportionally more by a given relative increase in CO2 over subambient than by elevated concentrations. The ratio of the relative increase in A/g to that in CO2 exceeded unity in S. scoparium and, in 1 of 2 yr, in Z. mays as CO2 rose from 200 to 350 mu mol mol(-1), but declined to near zero in S. scoparium and A, canescens as CO2 rose from 700 to 1000 mu mol mol(-1). At higher CO2 concentrations, A/g of the C-4 perennials was similar to that expected for C-3 plants. Since much of the potential response of C-4 plants to CO2 often derives from higher water use efficiency (WUE), these results indicated that potential productivity of some C-4 plants increased relatively more since glaciation than it will in the future. There also were large (>100%) differences in A/g and plant WUE (production/transpiration) at a given CO2 level among the plants examined that could influence the relative productivities of C-4 species or growth forms and their interactions with C-3 plants. C1 UNIV COLORADO,INST ARCTIC & ALPINE RES,BOULDER,CO 80309. UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOL SCI,BOULDER,CO 80309. RP Polley, HW (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRASSLAND SOIL & WATER RES LAB,TEMPLE,TX 76502, USA. RI White, James/A-7845-2009 OI White, James/0000-0001-6041-4684 NR 34 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 157 IS 2 BP 164 EP 170 DI 10.1086/297335 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UC340 UT WOS:A1996UC34000003 ER PT J AU Hyberg, B Uri, ND Oliveira, V AF Hyberg, B Uri, ND Oliveira, V TI The quality characteristics of Japanese soybean imports SO JAPAN AND THE WORLD ECONOMY LA English DT Article DE implicit prices; Japan; quality characteristics; soybeans ID UNITED-STATES; WHEAT; MARKETS; PRICES; COMPETITION; PRODUCT; MODEL AB This paper estimates the implicit prices of the physical and intrinsic characteristics of soybeans exported by the United States. The results provide some useful information. First, the US grades and standards assigned to a shipment either do not provide information valued by the market or the existence of US grades and standards has resulted in the definition of a standard of quality that is met by ail exporters. Second, in Japan there are two identifiable soybean markets-a premium food bean market and a crushing market. The soybeans going into the food market for processing can be identified by their lower oil content, lower percentage of split and damaged beans, and a lower amount of foreign material, as well as smaller shipment sizes. RP Hyberg, B (reprint author), ECON RES SERV,USDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20005, USA. NR 51 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0922-1425 J9 JPN WORLD ECON JI Jpn. World Econ. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 8 IS 1 BP 81 EP 98 DI 10.1016/0922-1425(95)00030-5 PG 18 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA UK355 UT WOS:A1996UK35500006 ER PT J AU Friedman, M AF Friedman, M TI Food browning and its prevention: An overview SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review DE browning prevention; food browning; food safety; glycated proteins; glycosylation; heterocyclic amines; human health; Maillard products; nutrition ID MAILLARD REACTION-PRODUCTS; SULFUR AMINO-ACIDS; MUTAGEN FORMATION; NUTRITIONAL-VALUE; MODEL SYSTEM; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; HETEROCYCLIC AMINES; AVAILABLE LYSINE; N-ACETYLCYSTEINE; OXIDIZING LIPIDS AB Enzymatic and nonenzymatic browning reactions of amino acids and proteins with carbohydrates, oxidized Lipids, and oxidized phenols cause deterioration of food during storage and processing. The loss in nutritional quality and potentially in safety is attributed to destruction of essential amino acids, decrease in digestibility, inhibition of proteolytic and glycolytic enzymes, interaction with metal ions, and formation of antinutritional and toxic compounds, Studies in this area include influence of damage to essential amino acids on nutrition and food safety, nutritional damage as a function of processing conditions, and simultaneous formation of deleterious. and beneficial compounds. These compounds include kidney-damaging Maillard reaction products, mutagens, carcinogens, antimutagens, antioxidants, antibiotics, and antiallergens. This overview covers the formation, nutrition, and safety of glycated proteins, characterized browning products, and heterocyclic amines. Possible approaches to inhibiting browning reactions and preventing adverse effects of browning during food processing and food consumption, including protection against adverse effects of heterocyclic amines by N-acetylcysteine, caffeine, chlorophyll, conjugated linoleic acid, lignin, and tea extracts, are also described. This research subject covers a complex relationship of the chemistry, biology, and pathology of browning products and the impact on human nutrition and health. Future study should differentiate antinutritional and toxicological relationships, define individual and combined potencies of browning products, and develop means to prevent the formation and to minimize the adverse manifestations of the most antinutritional and toxic compounds. Such studies should lead to better and safer foods and improved human health. RP Friedman, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, WESTERN REG RES CTR, 800 BUCHANAN ST, ALBANY, CA 94710 USA. NR 226 TC 621 Z9 651 U1 25 U2 207 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 44 IS 3 BP 631 EP 653 DI 10.1021/jf950394r PG 23 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UB130 UT WOS:A1996UB13000001 ER PT J AU Takeoka, G Perrino, C Buttery, R AF Takeoka, G Perrino, C Buttery, R TI Volatile constituents of used frying oils SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE frying oil; volatiles; simultaneous steam distillation-extraction; deep-fat frying ID ROAST AROMA FORMATION; PARSLEY LEAF OIL; HEATED CORN-OIL; MUTAGENICITY TESTS; POTENT ODORANTS; MODEL REACTIONS; VEGETABLE-OILS; PEANUT OIL; COMPONENTS; PRODUCTS AB The volatile constituents of used frying oils obtained from a local food-processing plant were isolated by simultaneous distillation-extraction and fractionated by silica gel column chromatography. The isolates were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography and combined capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, resulting in the identification of 140 compounds. The major constituents identified were l-pentanol, hexanal, furfuryl alcohol, (E)-2-heptenal, 6-methylfurfural, 1-octen-3-ol, octanal, 2-pentylfuran, (E)-2-octenal, nonanal, (E)-2-nonenal, and hexadecanoic acid. RP Takeoka, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, WESTERN REG RES CTR, 800 BUCHANAN ST, ALBANY, CA 94710 USA. NR 56 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 5 U2 29 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 44 IS 3 BP 654 EP 660 DI 10.1021/jf950430m PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UB130 UT WOS:A1996UB13000002 ER PT J AU Wang, H Cao, GH Prior, RL AF Wang, H Cao, GH Prior, RL TI Total antioxidant capacity of fruits SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE free radicals; antioxidant; peroxyl radical; fruits ID DIETARY BRUSSELS-SPROUTS; PLASMA VITAMIN-E; MAMMARY CARCINOGENESIS; HEART-DISEASE; D-LIMONENE; CANCER; FLAVONOIDS; MORTALITY; ASSAY; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB The total antioxidant activity of 12 fruits and 5 commercial fruit juices was measured in this study using automated oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay. On the basis of the wet weight of the fruits (edible portion), strawberry had the highest ORAC activity (micromoles of Trolox equivalents per gram) followed by plum, orange, red grape, kiwi fruit, pink grapefruit, white grape, banana, apple, tomato, pear, and honeydew melon. On the basis of the dry weight of the fruits, strawberry again had the highest ORAC activity followed by plum, orange, pink grapefruit, tomato, kiwi fruit, red grape, white grape, apple, honeydew melon, pear, and banana. Most of the antioxidant capacity of these fruits was from the juice fractions. The contribution of the fruit pulp fraction (extracted with acetone) to the total ORAC activity of a fruit was usually less than 10%. Among the commercial fruit juices, grape juice had the highest ORAC activity followed by grapefruit juice, tomato juice, orange juice, and apple juice. C1 TUFTS UNIV, USDA ARS, JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. UNIV CONNECTICUT, DEPT NUTR SCI, STORRS, CT 06296 USA. NR 43 TC 1037 Z9 1113 U1 22 U2 180 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 44 IS 3 BP 701 EP 705 DI 10.1021/jf950579y PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UB130 UT WOS:A1996UB13000009 ER PT J AU Campbell, NF Shih, FF Hamada, JS Marshall, WE AF Campbell, NF Shih, FF Hamada, JS Marshall, WE TI Effect of limited proteolysis on the enzymatic phosphorylation of soy protein SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE polypeptide; modification; functionality; hydrolysis; interaction ID FUNCTIONAL-PROPERTIES; SOYBEAN PROTEINS; GLYCININ; HYDROLYSIS; SOLUBILITY; ACID AB The effects of limited proteolysis on the enzymatic phosphorylation of commercial soy protein isolate were evaluated for several proteases. Proteases were chosen on the basis of their ability to hydrolyze peptide bonds between specific amino acids and included trypsin (basic), chymotrypsin (aromatic), endoproteinase Glu-C from Staphylococcus aureus, strain V8 (acidic), and Pronase E (nonspecific). Hydrolyzed soy isolate was phosphorylated with the catalytic subunit of bovine cardiac muscle protein kinase, and phosphorylation was followed by incorporation of P-32 into the protein. Phosphorylation decreased with increased proteolysis for all proteases. Decreased phosphorylation was most pronounced for Pronase E-hydrolyzed protein and least pronounced for trypsin-hydrolyzed soy isolate. The solubility-pH profile of the trypsin-hydrolyzed, phosphorylated soy isolate was compared to those of both the untreated and the hydrolyzed profiles. There was no significant difference in solubility among the profiles over the pH 3-6 range. C1 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 44 IS 3 BP 759 EP 762 DI 10.1021/jf950390m PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UB130 UT WOS:A1996UB13000020 ER PT J AU Wolf, WJ Nelsen, TC AF Wolf, WJ Nelsen, TC TI Partial purification and characterization of the 15S globulin of soybeans, a dimer of glycinin SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE soybeans; 15S globubin; glycinin; dimer; purification; stability ID PROTEINS AB During preparative gel filtration of crude glycinin (11S ultracentrifugal component of soybean proteins), the second fraction that eluted just before the major peak (glycinin) was found to be enriched in the 15S component. Gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions indicated that this fraction was identical to glycinin, suggesting that the 15S component is an aggregate of glycinin. Upon rechromatography of pooled, freeze-dried, 15S-enriched (50% 15S prior to freeze-drying) fractions the purity of 15S was only 39%, apparently because of partial dissociation;of the 15S fraction into 11S component as a result of dialysis and freeze-drying. When freeze-drying was avoided, two successive rechromatographies yielded 15S preparations of 63-66% purity. However, on storage in solution, the purified 15S fraction slowly dissociated into 11S component; after 20 days, the composition was 47% 15S and 31% 11S. Gel electrophoresis and amino acid analysis confirmed the identity of the 15S fraction with glycinin. Molecular weight estimations by gel filtration indicated that the 15S fraction is a dimer of glycinin. C1 USDA ARS,MWA,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP Wolf, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 23 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 44 IS 3 BP 785 EP 791 DI 10.1021/jf940493p PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UB130 UT WOS:A1996UB13000025 ER PT J AU MoraGutierrez, A Farrell, HM Kumosinski, TF AF MoraGutierrez, A Farrell, HM Kumosinski, TF TI Comparison of hydration behavior of bovine and caprine caseins as determined by oxygen-17 nuclear magnetic resonance: pH/pD Dependence SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE NMR; O-17; water binding; pH/pD effects; bovine casein; caprine casein; caprine alpha(s1)-casein ID COAGULATION PROPERTIES; MILK-PROTEINS; BETA-LACTOGLOBULIN; WATER INTERACTIONS; CROSS-RELAXATION; GOAT MILK; CALCIUM; PH; ALPHA-S1-CASEIN; TEMPERATURE AB The O-17 NMR transverse relaxation rates (R(2), s(-1)) of water in bovine and two caprine casein solutions were studied at 21 degrees C with pH/pD values of 4.81, 6.95, and 8.16. The dependence of R(2) was markedly nonlinear for all three proteins. Bovine and caprine caseins differ in the magnitude and the sign of the B-0 virial coefficient, which is attributable to protein composition and structure. The composition of bovine casein and caprine casein high in alpha(s1)-casein solutions at pD 4.81 is reflected in the negative sign of the B-0 virial coefficient and appears to be correlated with satisfactory aggregation (coagulation) properties. In acid-treated caprine casein solutions with low alpha(s1)-casein content, the positive sign of the B-0 virial coefficient suggests structural environments which are resistant to self-association. The B-0 values at pD 8.16 are also negative, indicative of unfolding leading to self-association. Analysis of the results also reveals marked differences in hydration behaviors, determined primarily by compositional and structural differences. The hydration of all three caseins is increased at acid and at alkaline pH/pD (pD 4.81 and 8.16), with minima at neutral pH/pD (pD 6.95). The hydration sensed by the O-17 NMR experiments on casein, however, represents internal ''trapped'' water which serves to report on environmental changes. Enhanced self-association (prior to precipitation) of bovine and caprine caseins at acid conditions (pD 4.81) may account for the increased hydration. Alkali treatment (pD 8.16) may lead to swelling and possibly denaturation, all of which may enhance hydration. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of monitoring functional coagulation properties of bovine and caprine milks by NMR relaxation measurements. C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. RP MoraGutierrez, A (reprint author), PRAIRIE VIEW A&M UNIV,COOPERAT AGR RES CTR,POB 4079,PRAIRIE VIEW,TX 77446, USA. NR 43 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 44 IS 3 BP 796 EP 803 DI 10.1021/jf9504780 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UB130 UT WOS:A1996UB13000027 ER PT J AU Manthey, JA Grohmann, K AF Manthey, JA Grohmann, K TI Concentrations of hesperidin and other orange peel flavonoids in citrus processing byproducts SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Citrus sinensis; bioflavonoids; orange peel molasses; peel oil; polymethoxylated flavone ID BUCCAL POUCH CARCINOGENESIS; LIMONOIDS; DIFFERENTIATION; INHIBITION; MICE AB The concentrations of flavonoids were measured in the peel of different orange (Citrus sinensis L.) varieties and compared to the distributions of flavonoids in the byproducts of orange processing. While the flavanone glycoside hesperidin was the main flavonoid in peel, precipitation of this compound during processing resulted in dramatic losses in hesperidin in filtered peel juice and filtered molasses. Yet, hesperidin occurred at very high levels in dimethyl sulfoxide extracts of unfiltered molasses (5718 ppm) and in the centrifuged insoluble solids of orange peel molasses (65 642 ppm). The polymethoxylated flavone aglycons were the only flavonoids in cold-pressed orange peel oil. These compounds also occurred in high concentrations in light-density oil solids and in commercial wax isolated from the cold-pressed peel oil. Thus, the different citrus peel byproducts are selectively enriched with high concentrations of different groups of flavonoid compounds. C1 USDA ARS,CITRUS & SUBTROP PROD LAB,WINTER HAVEN,FL 33883. NR 29 TC 74 Z9 79 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 44 IS 3 BP 811 EP 814 DI 10.1021/jf950572g PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UB130 UT WOS:A1996UB13000029 ER PT J AU Gardner, HW Grove, MJ Salch, YP AF Gardner, HW Grove, MJ Salch, YP TI Enzymic pathway to ethyl vinyl ketone and 2-pentenal in soybean preparations SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE lipoxygenase; 1-penten-3-ol; 2(Z)-penten-1-ol; alcohol dehydrogenase; ethyl vinyl ketone; 2-pentenal; linolenic acid; hydroperoxide; flavor ID ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; GLYCINE-MAX; LIPOXYGENASE AB Previous work. by this laboratory showed that under anaerobic conditions and the presence of a polyunsaturated fatty acid, soybean (Glycine max L.) lipoxygenase isoenzymes converted a lipoxygenase-catalyzed oxidation product of Linolenic acid, 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E),15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid, into 1-penten-3-ol, 2(Z)-penten-1-ol, and 13-oxo-9(Z),11(E)-tridecadienoic acid. It seemed plausible that the ''raw bean odor'', ethyl vinyl ketone, previously isolated from soybean homogenates by other workers could arise from oxidation of 1-penten-3-ol by alcohol dehydrogenase. It is shown here that both ethyl vinyl ketone and 2-pentenal are produced by a soybean preparation after anaerobic incubation with 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E),15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid and linolenic acid and that NAD(+) stimulated the formation of 2-pentenal. In the presence of NAD+, two separable isoenzymes of soybean alcohol dehydrogenase were capable of utilizing as substrates both 1-penten-3-ol and 2(Z)-penten-1-ol, as well as (2E)-hexen-1-ol. In terms of substrate preference indicated by K-m, the order was 2(E)-hexen-1-ol > 2(Z)-penten-1-ol > 1-penten 3-ol. Because ethyl vinyl ketone formed in the presence of only 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E),15(Z)-octadecatrienoic acid and linolenic acid in the absence of NAD(+), another pathway also seemed possible. RP Gardner, HW (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PHYTOPROD RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 12 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 44 IS 3 BP 882 EP 886 DI 10.1021/jf950509r PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UB130 UT WOS:A1996UB13000042 ER PT J AU Markovic, I Norris, DM Phillips, JK Webster, FX AF Markovic, I Norris, DM Phillips, JK Webster, FX TI Volatiles involved in the nonhost rejection of Fraxinus pennsylvanica by Lymantria dispar larvae SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE gypsy moth; green, ash; repellency; volatiles; chemical identification ID POSSIBLE INSECT ATTRACTANTS; TRICHOPLUSIA-NI; BEHAVIORAL-RESPONSES; LEAF VOLATILES; CABBAGE-LOOPER; ESSENTIAL OIL; HOST PLANT; CORN; IDENTIFICATION; COMPONENTS AB Volatiles from green ash foliage or ambient air was trapped by Super Q and their chemical identities determined by GC-MS analysis. Effects of the whole mixture and individual chemical components of green ash volatiles on gypsy moth larval (GML) locomotory behavior were assayed in a T-tube arena. Green ash volatiles (treatment) proved significantly repellent to GML as compared to Super Q trappings of volatiles from the ambient air (control). Such observed effects were due to the combined repellencies of linalool, methyl salicylate, and farnesenes; however, the relatively major component, trans-ocimene, proved to be nonrepellent. The significance of such volatiles in GML orientation and host/nonhost decision is discussed. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT ENTOMOL,USDA ARS,STORED PROD INSECTS RES UNIT,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 60 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 44 IS 3 BP 929 EP 935 DI 10.1021/jf9502111 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UB130 UT WOS:A1996UB13000050 ER PT J AU DelValle, PL Muldoon, MT Karns, JS Nelson, JO Mulbry, WW AF DelValle, PL Muldoon, MT Karns, JS Nelson, JO Mulbry, WW TI Development of improved immunoassay and HPLC methods for the analysis of chlorodiamino-s-triazine in environmental samples SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE triazine; atrazine; herbicide; ELISA; HPLC; ground water; solid phase extraction ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; ATRAZINE; HERBICIDES; WATER; DEETHYLATRAZINE; CHROMATOGRAPHY; TILLAGE; ELISA; SOIL AB An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the analysis of chlorodiamino-s-triazine (CAAT) was developed using specific rabbit polyclonal antibodies. The assay was sensitive in the submicromolar range. The method was more sensitive and specific than previously reported mouse polyclonal antibody-based ELISAs. A competitive inhibition haptenated enzyme ELISA was optimized and validated which showed that the method was accurate, precise, and reproducible. A new HPLC method was developed to resolve polar s-triazine metabolites with improvements in run time and solvent use. The ELISA method was more sensitive than the HPLC method for detecting CAAT in soil and ground water samples. Solid-phase extraction was evaluated in an attempt to further increase the sensitivity of the ELISA method. However, nonspecific interferences were observed from various types of strong cation exchange columns from different manufacturers. This made it difficult to couple a solid-phase extraction technique with the ELISA. C1 USDA ARS,SOIL MICROBIAL SYST LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ENTOMOL,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. NR 29 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 44 IS 3 BP 945 EP 952 DI 10.1021/jf950333t PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UB130 UT WOS:A1996UB13000053 ER PT J AU VanVleck, LD Gregory, KE AF VanVleck, LD Gregory, KE TI Genetic trend and environmental effects in a population of cattle selected for twinning SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE reproduction; breeding value; age differences; seasonal Variation ID OVULATION RATE; ANIMAL-MODEL; SURVIVAL AB A selection experiment was established in 1981 to increase twinning rate in cattle. Results reported are through 1993 calf crops. Estimates of genetic parameters for a two-trait twinning and ovulation rate model with genetic groups were as follows: heritabilities of .03 for twinning and .07 for ovulation rates with a genetic correlation of nearly 1.00 and fractional permanent environmental variances of .06 for twinning and .05 for ovulation rate. Corresponding estimates when group effects were ignored were as follows: heritabilities of .08 and .08 and fractional permanent environmental variances of .02 and .04 for twinning and ovulation rates, respectively. Twinning rate (percentage) in the project at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center has increased in all cows born in the project by year of calving from 3.4% in 1982 to 28.5% in 1993, a phenotypic increase of 25.1%. The estimated genetic change in twinning of cows by year of calving using the groups model has been 15.2%. The increase in average genetic value by year of birth has been 18.2% in twinning and 15.0% in ovulation rate from 1980 through 1991. Solutions for seven selected groups of foundation animals ranged from -6.0 to 33.1% and influenced genetic trend. C1 USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. RP VanVleck, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 14 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 74 IS 3 BP 522 EP 528 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UC586 UT WOS:A1996UC58600005 PM 8707705 ER PT J AU Akanbi, KA Mersmann, HJ AF Akanbi, KA Mersmann, HJ TI beta-adrenergic receptors in porcine adipocyte membranes: Modification by animal age, depot site, and dietary protein deficiency SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pigs; adipocytes; beta-adrenergic receptors; beta-adrenergic agonists ID ADENYLATE-CYCLASE ACTIVITY; SKELETAL-MUSCLE MEMBRANE; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; OBESE SWINE; LIPOLYTIC-ACTIVITY; GENETICALLY-OBESE; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; LEAN SWINE; BINDING; PIGS AB Adipocyte lipid metabolism is primarily regulated by insulin and the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine. Stimulation of the beta-adrenergic receptors (beta-AR) by catecholamines causes an increase in the rates of adipocyte lipid degradation and a decrease in the rates of lipid synthesis. These catabolic effects are in opposition to insulin, which causes net anabolic effects. Because most of the postnatal development of adipose tissue mass in pigs results from hypertrophy of adipocytes (rapid in first few weeks of life) caused by increased net synthesis of triacylglycerol, there is interest in the modulation of beta-AR in adipocytes of growing pigs. The beta-AR are characterized by measuring ligand binding to the receptor to ascertain the affinity of the ligand for the receptor and the receptor number. We found the affinity of the receptor did not vary with animal age (10, 28, and 75 d), with adipose tissue depot site, or in adipocytes of protein-deficient pigs. The beta-AR in obese pigs tended to have greater affinity than those in crossbred pigs of the same age and weight. The beta-AR number was not different when expressed per milligram of adipocyte membrane protein in pigs of different age, in obesity, in different adipose tissue depots, or during protein deficiency. The number expressed per cell or per unit adipocyte surface area did not differ between depots or during protein deficiency. The number per cell tended to be greater in the larger cells from 75-d-old pigs than in the smaller cells from 10- and 28-d pigs. It was greatest in obese pigs with the largest adipocytes. Under the various experimental conditions (age, obesity, depot, protein deficiency), the membrane fatty acid composition was greatly different, but in most cases there was no modulation of beta-AR affinity. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,HOUSTON,TX 77030. NR 41 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 74 IS 3 BP 551 EP 561 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UC586 UT WOS:A1996UC58600010 PM 8707710 ER PT J AU Estienne, MJ HarterDennis, JM Barb, CR Hartsock, TG Campbell, RM Armstrong, JD AF Estienne, MJ HarterDennis, JM Barb, CR Hartsock, TG Campbell, RM Armstrong, JD TI N-methyl-D,L-aspartate-induced growth hormone secretion in barrows: Possible mechanisms of action SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE somatotropin; N-methyl-D,L-aspartate; pigs ID N-METHYL-D; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ACID; ASPARTATE; RELEASE; PIG; MODULATION; PROLACTIN; GLUTAMATE AB Four experiments were conducted to determine mechanisms by which n-methyl-d,l-aspartate (NMA) increases serum concentrations of growth hormone (GH). Blood samples were collected from barrows every 15 min for 2 h (Exp. 1, 2, and 3) or 3 h (Exp. 4) immediately before and immediately after i.v. treatments. In Exp. 1, barrows (n = 4/treatment) received either .9% saline or 1.25, 2.5, or 5 mg of NMA/kg of BW. The change in circulating GH concentrations was greater (P < .05) for barrows receiving 2.5 mg (by 883%) or 5.0 mg of NMA/kg of BW (by 1,095%) than for those injected with saline. In Exp. 2, barrows (n = 4/treatment) received NMA (2.5 mg/kg of BW) or injections of 1.25 mg of the pure d or pure 1 isomers of NMA/kg of BW. Growth hormone concentrations increased by 177% (P < .025) after NMA treatment and by 245% (P < .01) after injection of the pure d isomer of NMA. The pure 1 isomer of NMA had no effect (P > .1) on GH concentrations. In Exp. 3, barrows received NMA (2.5 mg/kg of BW) 10 min after i.m. injection of saline (n = 7) or ketamine hydrochloride (n = 8; 19.9 mg/kg of BW), an n-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist. The NMA increased (P < .01) GH concentrations by 289% in saline-pretreated barrows but had no effect (P > .1) on barrows pretreated with ketamine hydrochloride. In Exp. 4, barrows (n = 4/treatment) received NMA 3 h after i.v. pretreatment with antisera to GH-releasing factor (GRF; 154 mL) or no pretreatment. Serum GH concentrations increased by 166% (P < .05) after injection of NMA in barrows receiving no pretreatment. The NMA had no effect (P > .1) on GH concentrations in barrows receiving antisera to GRF. Our results support the concept that NMDA stimulates GRF, and hence GH secretion, by activating an NMDA receptor. C1 USDA ARS,ANIM PHYSIOL UNIT,ATHENS,GA 30613. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ANIM SCI,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. HOFFMANN LA ROCHE INC,DEPT ANIM SCI,NUTLEY,NJ 07110. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Estienne, MJ (reprint author), UNIV MARYLAND EASTERN SHORE,DEPT AGR,PRINCESS ANNE,MD 21853, USA. NR 25 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 74 IS 3 BP 597 EP 602 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UC586 UT WOS:A1996UC58600016 PM 8707716 ER PT J AU Vallet, JL Christenson, RK AF Vallet, JL Christenson, RK TI Effect of prepubertal retinyl palmitate treatment on uterine development and subsequent uterine capacity in swine SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE retinol; uterus; litter size; myometrium; endometrium; pigs ID INITIAL LENGTH; SECRETION; UTERUS; PIG; SURVIVAL; PROTEIN; EMBRYO AB The effect of prepubertal retinyl palmitate treatment on uterine development and uterine capacity was determined. Gilts remained intact or were unilaterally hysterectomized-ovariectomized (UHO) on d 28, 84, or 112 of age. Starting at birth, half of the gilts in each UHO group were treated with retinyl palmitate (14,000 IU . kg(-1) . wk(-1)) and half received control carrier solution. All intact gilts received control carrier solution. Blood samples (d 28, 56, 84, and 112 of age) were analyzed for retinoid and retinol-binding protein (RBP). At UHO, part of the excised uterine horn was processed for morphometric analysis of the uterine wall, and tissues were incubated in minimal essential medium with [H-3]leucine to assess total protein and RBP production. After puberty, gilts were mated and then killed on d 44 to 47 of pregnancy; uterine length, number of corpora lutea and fetuses, and fetal, placental, and empty uterine weights were recorded. Endometrial tissues were incubated in minimal essential medium with [H-3]leucine, and nondialyzable radioactivity, acid phosphatase, and RBP production were measured. During the prepubertal period, retinyl palmitate treatment decreased (P <.05) myometrial area (longitudinal and circular), but it had no effect on other components of the uterine wall or production of nondialyzable radioactivity or secretion of RBP by uterine tissue. During pregnancy, prepubertal retinyl palmitate treatment increased (P <.05) uterine length but had no effect on uterine weight, number of fetuses, placental or fetal weights, or endometrial production of nondialyzable radioactivity, acid phosphatase, or RBP. Therefore, prepubertal retinyl palmitate treatment at the dosage administered had no effect on uterine capacity. RP Vallet, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 74 IS 3 BP 603 EP 609 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UC586 UT WOS:A1996UC58600017 PM 8707717 ER PT J AU Luchini, ND Broderick, GA Combs, DK AF Luchini, ND Broderick, GA Combs, DK TI Characterization of the proteolytic activity of commercial proteases and strained ruminal fluid SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE protease; proteolytic activity; ruminal fluid; in vitro ID LACTATING DAIRY-COWS; EXPELLER SOYBEAN-MEAL; FED ALFALFA SILAGE; PROTEIN-DEGRADATION; RUMEN MICROORGANISMS; RELATIVE VALUE; SOLE FORAGE; INVITRO; SOLVENT; INHIBITORS AB The objective of this research was to formulate a mixture of commercial proteases that would mimic the rate and extent of protein degradation obtained using strained ruminal fluid. The proteolytic activity of strained ruminal fluid and several commercial proteases was characterized using 13 L-amino acid p-nitroanilides as artificial substrates. A mixture of Streptomyces griseus protease, chymotrypsin, and proteinase K at .042, 2.5, and .5 enzyme units/mL, respectively, was similar to the activity of strained ruminal fluid against the same artificial substrates. However, degradative activities were different in incubations with feed proteins as substrates. The rates of degradation of expeller soybean meal, solvent soybean meal, and casein were .08, .05, and .08/h, respectively, using the enzyme mixture and .03, .15, and .24/h using strained ruminal fluid. A second experiment compared degradative activity of S. griseus protease at .066 enzyme units/ mt, ficin at .5 enzyme units/mL, and a mixture of trypsin, carboxypeptidase B, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase A at 116.6,.5, 2.5, and .5 enzyme units/ mi, respectively. Protein degradation rates obtained with strained ruminal fluid were two to six times faster than those obtained with the enzyme mixtures. A third experiment compared the degradability of 15 feed proteins with the mixture of trypsin, carboxypeptidase B, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase A to that with strained ruminal fluid. Degradation rates obtained using strained ruminal. fluid ranged from .007 to .217/h; degradation rates using the enzyme mixture ranged from .010 to .079/h and were lower (P =.004) than with strained ruminal fluid. Overall, the experiments indicated that the commercial enzymes tested did not mimic the protein degradative activity of strained ruminal fluid. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT DAIRY SCI,MADISON,WI 53706. ARS,USDA,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 26 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 74 IS 3 BP 685 EP 692 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UC586 UT WOS:A1996UC58600028 PM 8707728 ER PT J AU MacNeil, JD Martz, VK Korsrud, GO Salisbury, CDC Oka, H Epstein, RL Barnes, CJ AF MacNeil, JD Martz, VK Korsrud, GO Salisbury, CDC Oka, H Epstein, RL Barnes, CJ TI Chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline in edible animal tissues, liquid chromatographic method: Collaborative study SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID RESIDUES AB Thirteen laboratories analyzed samples of edible animal tissues for tetracycline residues, The method included extraction of analytes into buffer, elution from a C-18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge, and reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (LC) analysis, including use of a confirmation column, An additional laboratory, using an alternative LC assay based on a different sample cleanup, also analyzed the samples, Results showed the 2 methods are comparable, The LC method for determination of cholortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline in edible animal tissues has been adopted by AOAC INTERNATIONAL, Results from 13 laboratories indicate that the method under study provides generally better results at the higher concentrations tested than at concentrations near the detection limit and that there is less problem with interferences in muscle tissue than in kidney, The method can achieve reliable results for analytes and matrixes studied at concentrations from 0.1 to 0.6 ppm and above, depending on the analyte-matrix combination, with generally better performance to be expected with muscle than with kidney, The poorer performance for fortified samples, particularly kidney, was attributed to additional homogenization steps required to prepare these samples, Recovery of analytes from different lots of solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges was an important variable. C1 AICHI PREFECTURAL INST PUBL HLTH,LAB FOOD & DRUG CHEM,KITA KU,NAGOYA,AICHI 462,JAPAN. USDA,AGR MARKETING SERV,DIV SCI,WASHINGTON,DC 20090. US FDA,OFF SCI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP MacNeil, JD (reprint author), AGR & AGRI FOOD CANADA,HLTH ANIM LAB,SASKATOON,SK S7N 2R3,CANADA. NR 3 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 5 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 79 IS 2 BP 405 EP 417 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UD268 UT WOS:A1996UD26800009 PM 8920127 ER PT J AU Whitaker, T Horwitz, W Albert, R Nesheim, S AF Whitaker, T Horwitz, W Albert, R Nesheim, S TI Variability associated with analytical methods used to measure aflatoxin in agricultural commodities SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB A total of 1019 analytical precision estimates obtained from method-performance (collaborative) studies for mycotoxins published through 1991 were sorted by type of variance measurement, type of analytical method, and type of agricultural commodity, Precision estimates for total aflatoxin were sorted into 2 precision measurements (among-laboratories and within-laboratory), 3 analytical methods (thin-layer chromatography [TLC], liquid chromatography [LC], and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA]), and 11 agricultural commodities. Sufficient data existed to study the analytical variability (precision) associated with 36 sorted combinations (of a possible 66). In all but one combination (within-laboratory, barley and TLC), the variance (V) was a function of total aflatoxin concentration (C). A power function of the form V = aC(b), where a and b are constants, describes the relationship between variance and aflatoxin concentration, The coefficients a and b were determined from regression analysis, When results were pooled across all agricultural commodities, LC had the lowest analytical variability while ELISA had the highest, For a given method, among-laboratories variability was approximately double the within-laboratory variability. These analytical variability estimates can be coupled with previously determined variability estimates of sampling and sample preparation to determine the performance associated with specific test procedures used to inspect agricultural commodities for aflatoxin. C1 US FDA,CTR FOOD SAFETY & APPL NUTR,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. RP Whitaker, T (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL & AGR ENGN,USDA ARS,BOX 7625,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 13 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 79 IS 2 BP 476 EP 485 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UD268 UT WOS:A1996UD26800020 PM 8920136 ER PT J AU CasanasArango, AD Trujillo, EE Friesen, RD deHernandez, AMR AF CasanasArango, AD Trujillo, EE Friesen, RD deHernandez, AMR TI Field biology of Zapriothrica sp Wheeler (Dipt, Drosophilidae), a pest of Passiflora spp of high elevation possessing long tubular flowers SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE ENTOMOLOGIE LA English DT Article AB Blooms of Hawaii's banana poka, Passiflora tripartita var. tripartita, grown at Ipiales, Colombia were found suitable for the completion of the life cycle of the fly Zapriothrica sp. The tubular flowers were an ideal habitat for the mating and reproduction of this minute Andean fly. Oviposition occurred only on immature flowers 30-20 days from bud opening. Eggs hatched 10-13 days after oviposition. Larvae averaged 1.3 x 0.3 mm at hatching, and 15 days after hatching at the end of the third larva instar averaged 5.2 x 1.0 mm. The light-brown pupa averaged 3.6 x 1.3 mm and required 40-45 days for completion of this stage. Adult flies averaged 5.1 x 1.3 mm and their life span was 7-10 days in captivity and 5-8 days in field cages. Mating was inside the flower tube and a minimum of five pairs of adults were required for copulation. Other Passiflora spp. of high elevation with tubular flowers were host of the insect. However, campanulate flowers, e.g., P. edulis, P. ligularis, and P. alnifolia did not elicit any response whatsoever for feeding, aggregation, mating or oviposition. The dropping of immature flower-buds caused by this insect in P. tripartita v. mollissima and P. tripartita v. tripartita was 60-80% in Colombian and Ecuadorian curuba farms with high pest populations. C1 UNIV HAWAII,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,HONOLULU,HI 96822. UNIV VALLE,DEPT BIOL,CALI,COLOMBIA. US FOREST SERV,USDA,INST PACIFIC ISL FORESTRY,HILO,HI 96820. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-2048 J9 J APPL ENTOMOL JI J. Appl. Entomol.-Z. Angew. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 120 IS 2 BP 111 EP 114 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UE480 UT WOS:A1996UE48000006 ER PT J AU Latigo, GV Smart, JR Bradford, JM Kuti, JO AF Latigo, GV Smart, JR Bradford, JM Kuti, JO TI Dryland field performance of California and Arizona guayule genotypes in south Texas SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article DE Parthenium argentatum; guayule breeding lines; natural rubber and latex; rubber yield; Dryland; plant survival rate ID RUBBER AB Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray, Asteraceae) is an alternative source of natural rubber and latex. Seedling establishment and percent rubber and resin production are important determinants of commercial success of guayule crop production in semi-arid regions, such as south Texas. Field studies were conducted from 1990-1992 to evaluate the performance and suitability of selected Arizona and California guayule genotypes for rubber production in south Texas. Plant survivorship, biomass and rubber yields were measured for ten guayule genotypes (PI # 016-1, N6-5, N9-5 and P3-1 from Arizona, Ca16, Ca17, UC101 and UC102 from California) and two USDA standard lines (P1 # 11605 and N576) planted in Starr County, Texas, where annual rainfall is < 50 cm. The genotypes showed significant differences (p less than or equal to 0.05) for all traits measured. The highest yield (576 kg.ha(-1), on dry weight basis) was obtained from UC 101. Genotypes N6-5 and UC101 had the highest biomass production (8859 and 8663 kg.ha(-1).year(-1), respectively). Only five of the ten genotypes tested (11605, Ca16, Ca17, N576 and P3-1) had survival rates > 50%, but generally < 65%. Survival rate is a trait that requires improvement in order to sustain long-term guayule production in semi-arid regions. (C) 1996 Academic Press Limited C1 TEXAS A&I UNIV, DEPT AGRON & RESOURCE SCI, KINGSVILLE, TX 78363 USA. RP Latigo, GV (reprint author), USDA ARS, CONSERVAT & PROD SYST RES UNIT, 2413 E HWY 83, WESLACO, TX 78596 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 32 IS 3 BP 355 EP 360 DI 10.1006/jare.1996.0029 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UK369 UT WOS:A1996UK36900011 ER PT J AU Kitten, T Willis, DK AF Kitten, T Willis, DK TI Suppression of a sensor kinase-dependent phenotype in Pseudomonas syringae by ribosomal proteins L35 and L20 SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRANSLATION INITIATION FACTOR-IF3; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; PV SYRINGAE; LEMA GENE; LESION FORMATION; RPLT OPERON; SEQUENCE; PATHOGENICITY; EXPRESSION; MUTATION AB The lemA gene of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae encodes the sensor kinase of a bacterial two-component signal transduction system. Phenotypes that are lemA dependent in P. syringae include lesion formation on bean and production of extracellular protease and the antibiotic syringomycin. Recently, the gacA gene has been identified as encoding the response regulator of the lemA regulon, To identify additional components that interact with LemA, suppressors of a lemA mutation were sought, A locus was identified that, when present in multiple copies, restores extracellular protease production to a lemA insertion mutant of P. syringae pv. syringae. This locus was found to encode the P. syringae homologs of translation initiation factor IF3 and ribosomal proteins L20 and L35 of Escherichia coli and other bacteria, Deletion analysis and data from Western immunoblots with anti-IF3 antiserum suggest that protease restoration does not require IF3, Deletion of both the L35 and L20 genes resulted in loss of protease restoration, whereas disruption of either gene alone increased protease restoration, Our results suggest that overexpression of either L20 or L35 is sufficient for protease restoration. It is unclear how alteration of ribosomal protein expression compensates in this instance for loss of a transcriptional activator, but a regulatory role for L20 and L35 apart from their function in the ribosome may be indicated. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,MADISON,WI 53706. USDA ARS,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 38 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 178 IS 6 BP 1548 EP 1555 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TZ323 UT WOS:A1996TZ32300008 PM 8626280 ER PT J AU Flather, CH AF Flather, CH TI Fitting species-accumulation functions and assessing regional land use impacts on avian diversity SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE species-accumulation functions; species-area relations; birds; land use impacts; regional scale ID AREA RELATIONSHIP; ABUNDANCE; RICHNESS; PATTERNS; RAREFACTION; COMMUNITIES; ECOLOGY; DISTURBANCE; STRESS; NUMBER AB As one samples species from a particular assemblage, the initial rapid rate with which new species are encountered declines with increasing effort. Nine candidate models to characterize species-accumulation functions were compared in a search for a model that consistently fit geographically extensive avian survey data from a wide range of environmental conditions. Landscape-specific species-accumulation curves generated under a bootstrap resampling plan were best described by a generalized Weibull cumulative distribution function. Traditional species-area models of cumulative species richness as a function of accumulated sample had notable functional bias. The Weibull model fitted species-accumulation data equally well among sixty-six forested landscapes in the eastern U.S. Landscapes with a greater proportion of agricultural and urban land uses accumulated species more slowly than landscapes which retained a greater proportion of natural habitats (r=-0.64, P<0.001). This finding supports predictions of ecosystem behavior under human land use. There was no evidence that intermediate levels of land use intensity maximized accumulation rates. The approach reviewed in this paper makes no assumptions about the form of the species-abundance distribution or how species are distributed in space, thereby offering some advantages over more conventional diversity indices for characterizing how species assemblages respond to anthropogenic disturbance. Investigation of how species accumulation varies over time in a given geographic area is needed to evaluate fully the potential application of this approach to regional land use planning. RP Flather, CH (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,240 W PROSPECT ST,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. RI Flather, Curtis/G-3577-2012 OI Flather, Curtis/0000-0002-0623-3126 NR 92 TC 111 Z9 115 U1 1 U2 26 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 23 IS 2 BP 155 EP 168 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.1996.00980.x PG 14 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA VD549 UT WOS:A1996VD54900004 ER PT J AU McDonough, LM Chapman, PS Weissling, TJ Smithhisler, CL AF McDonough, LM Chapman, PS Weissling, TJ Smithhisler, CL TI Efficacy of nonpheromone communication disruptants of codling moth (Cydia pomonella): Effect of pheromone isomers and of distance between calling females and dispensers SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE codling moth; Cydia pomonella; sex pheromone; codlemone; (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol; sex pheromone isomers; 8,10-dodecadien-1-ol isomers; (E,Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol; mating disruption; communication disruption ID SEX-PHEROMONE; TRICHOPLUSIA-NI; LEPIDOPTERA; TORTRICIDAE; ATTRACTANT AB Field tests comparing the ability of codlemone, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, and isomers of codlemone to disrupt pheromonal communication of codling moth were carried out. In a pear orchard, four nonisomerizing, gray septa dispensers were placed in the upper canopy of each tree containing a trap baited with 10 virgin female codling moths. The dispensers were at trap height and 70 cm from the edge of each trap. Trap catches of released male codling moths in three test areas were compared simultaneously when trees in each of the test areas contained unbaited dispensers, dispensers with 1 mg of codlemone containing 1% isomers, and dispensers with 1 mg of a test communication disruptant. When the test disruptant was an equilibrium mixture of codlemone and its isomers (61% codlemone, 39% isomers), the percent communication disruption was 86.8% compared to 68.7% for codlemone (P < 0.001). When the disruptant was (E,Z)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (94% EZ, 3% EE), the percentage disruption was 86.4% compared to 62.7% for codlemone (P < 0.002). These results show that the previously reported superior disruptant potency (relative to codlemone) of compositions containing codlemone with a high percentage of isomers was not a result of the proximity of the dispensers to the traps. The percent disruption of compositions of codlemone with 10 and 20% isomers was also determined. A plot of percentage disruption versus logarithm of percentage of nonpheromone isomers in the mixture from 1% to 97% gave a straight line with R(2) = 0.93. RP McDonough, LM (reprint author), USDA ARS,3706 W NOB HILL BLVD,YAKIMA,WA 98920, USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 22 IS 3 BP 415 EP 423 DI 10.1007/BF02033645 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UB738 UT WOS:A1996UB73800003 PM 24227482 ER PT J AU Robacker, DC Moreno, DS Demilo, AB AF Robacker, DC Moreno, DS Demilo, AB TI Attractiveness to Mexican fruit flies of combinations of acetic acid with ammonium/amino attractants with emphasis on effects of hunger SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE attractants; Mexican fruit fly; Diptera; Tephritidae; Anastrepha ludens; ammonia; methylamine; putrescine; acetic acid ID ANASTREPHA-LUDENS DIPTERA; LABORATORY-STRAIN; FLY DIPTERA; HOST FRUIT; TEPHRITIDAE; PHEROMONE; TRAPS; ODOR AB Ammonium acetate was more attractive than other ammonium salts to Mexican fruit flies (Anastrepha ludens) in an orchard test. We hypothesized that acetic acid enhanced the attractiveness of ammonia in the orchard test and that acetic acid may similarly enhance attractiveness of AMPu, an attractant consisting of a mixture of ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate, methylamine HCl, and putrescine. In laboratory experiments, acetic acid was attractive to flies deprived of either yeast hydrolysate or both sugar and yeast hydrolysate but not to flies fed both sugar and yeast hydrolysate. AMPu/ acetic acid combinations were more attractive than AMPu alone to flies deprived of both sugar and yeast hydrolysate but not to flies fed sugar, regard less of yeast hydrolysate deprivation status. Acetic acid is the first attractant found that has become more attractive with both sugar and protein deprivation in studies with A. ludens. It is also the first that has enhanced the attractiveness of another attractant type. In orchard tests, yellow sticky panels baited with either AMPu or 17 mg of acetic acid were at least six times more attractive than unbaited panels. However, panels baited with both acetic acid (17-68 mg) and AMPu were less attractive than AMPu alone. These results differed from the laboratory data in which combinations were never less attractive than AMPu alone. C1 USDA ARS,INSECT CHEM ECOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Robacker, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS,CORP QUAL & FRUIT INSECTS RES,2301 S INT BLVD,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 35 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 22 IS 3 BP 499 EP 511 DI 10.1007/BF02033652 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UB738 UT WOS:A1996UB73800010 PM 24227489 ER PT J AU Heller, SR AF Heller, SR TI Chemistry on the Internet - The road to everywhere and nowhere SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES LA English DT Article AB The ability to connect the information stored in computers around the world is presenting a challenge and an opportunity to chemists, information producers, and information providers. Are the chemistry resources on the Internet just an electronic Potemkin village or is there real substance to the multitude of computer resources now available? This paper will present examples and information which support both extremes, as well as providing one possible excellent use of the Internet. RP Heller, SR (reprint author), USDA,ARS,BLDG 005,ROOM 337,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0095-2338 J9 J CHEM INF COMP SCI JI J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 36 IS 2 BP 205 EP 213 DI 10.1021/ci950081w PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Computer Science GA UC401 UT WOS:A1996UC40100008 ER PT J AU Jensen, AE Ewalt, DR Cheville, NF Thoen, CO Payeur, JB AF Jensen, AE Ewalt, DR Cheville, NF Thoen, CO Payeur, JB TI Determination of stability of Brucella abortus RB51 by use of genomic fingerprint, oxidative metabolism, and colonial morphology and differentiation of strain RB51 from B-abortus isolates from bison and elk SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MUTANT STRAINS; INFECTION; PROTECTION; RESPONSES AB Brucella abortus RB51 and isolates from cattle, bison, and elk were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and standard techniques for biotyping Brucella species, which included biochemical, morphological, and antigenic techniques, phage susceptibility, and antibiotic resistance. The objectives were to ascertain the stability of RB51 and to differentiate RB51 from other brucellae. Genomic restriction endonuclease patterns produced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis demonstrated a unique fingerprint for RB51 relative to other brucellae. Comparisons of the oxidative metabolic profiles of RB51 after time in vivo (14 weeks) and in vitro (75 passages) showed no change in characteristic patterns of oxygen uptake on selected amino acid and carbohydrate substrates, Strain RB51 was biotyped as a typical rough B. abortus biovar 1 (not strain 19) after animal passage or a high number of passages in vitro and remained resistant to rifampin or penicillin and susceptible to tetracycline, No reactions with A or M antiserum or with a monoclonal antibody to the O antigen of Brucella lipopolysaccharides were detected; however, RB51 agglutinated with R antiserum. The results indicate that the genomic fingerprint and rough colonial morphology of RB51 are stable characteristics and can be used to differentiate this vaccine strain from Brucella isolates from cattle, bison, and elk. C1 ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,DIAGNOST BACTERIOL LAB,NATL VET SERV LABS,USDA,AMES,IA. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,COLL VET MED,DEPT MICROBIOL IMMUNOL & PREVENT MED,AMES,IA 50011. RP Jensen, AE (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,BRUCELLOSIS RES UNIT,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 41 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 34 IS 3 BP 628 EP 633 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UD137 UT WOS:A1996UD13700028 PM 8904427 ER PT J AU Goff, JP Horst, RL Jardon, PW Borelli, C Wedam, J AF Goff, JP Horst, RL Jardon, PW Borelli, C Wedam, J TI Field trials of an oral calcium propionate paste as an aid to prevent milk fever in periparturient dairy cows SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE calcium propionate; lactation; hypocalcemia; milk fever ID PARTURIENT PARESIS; HYPOCALCEMIA; PLASMA; CATIONS; DIET AB Trials were conducted to test the efficacy of a calcium propionate paste as an aid to prevent milk fever and to improve the health of dairy cows. Each calcium propionate treatment tube supplied 37 g of calcium. In trials involving Holstein herds and a Jersey herd, two (trials 1 and 2) or three (trial 3) calcium propionate tubes were given at calving and again at 12 h after calving. For the Jersey herd, calcium propionate treatment (two tubes) reduced the incidence of milk fever from 50% in control cows to 29% in treated cows. Plasma obtained 24 h after calving from treated cows had higher calcium, lower NEFA, and lower beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations than did plasma from control cows. No other benefits of calcium propionate treatment were significant for health or for productivity of the cows. Calcium propionate treatment had no significant effects on blood calcium, NEFA, or beta-hydroxybutyrate in the Holstein herds studied. However, calcium propionate did reduce the number of cows with subclinical hypocalcemia (less than or equal to 7.5 mg/dl of plasma calcium) at 24 h after calving in both trials involving Holstein cows. Calcium propionate treatment was beneficial in reducing subclinical hypocalcemia in all trials and reduced the incidence of milk fever in a herd having a problem with milk fever. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,VET MED TEACHING & RES CTR,TULARE,CA 93274. RP Goff, JP (reprint author), ARS,USDA,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 24 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 79 IS 3 BP 378 EP 383 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA UF817 UT WOS:A1996UF81700006 PM 8708097 ER PT J AU Losinger, WC Heinrichs, AJ AF Losinger, WC Heinrichs, AJ TI Dairy operation management practices and herd milk production SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE milk production; management; survey ID IMPROVEMENT; WEIGHT; YIELD; CALF AB A national US survey collected data on herd milk production and management of Holstein herds. Stepwise selection identified management practices that were related to herd milk production using only operations that calculated herd milk production as well as using data from all operations. Results were similar. Milk production was highest in the West. Operations with <100 dairy cows had lower production than did larger operations. Operations with >25% registered cattle had higher production than operations with no registered cattle. Dairy operations that reported a mean BW >545 kg at first calving had higher mean milk production than operations with a mean BW less than or equal to 545 kg at first calving. Operations that reported mean age at first calving less than or equal to 27 mo had higher mean milk production than operations with a mean age >27 mo at first calving. In addition, use of the following management practices was associated with higher rolling herd average milk production: calves born in individual areas in buildings, calves hand-fed first colostrum, starter grain fed to preweaned calves, ionophores fed to heifers from birth to first calving, DHIA record-keeping system used, computerized records, and no new cattle introduced in the previous 12 mo. C1 USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,VET SERV,CTR ANIM HLTH,FT COLLINS,CO 80521. PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT DAIRY & ANIM SCI,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. RP Losinger, WC (reprint author), USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,VET SERV,CTR EPIDEMIOL,555 S HOWES ST,SUITE 200,FT COLLINS,CO 80521, USA. NR 28 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 79 IS 3 BP 506 EP 514 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA UF817 UT WOS:A1996UF81700024 PM 8708115 ER PT J AU Kuhn, BA Dunn, PA Smallwood, D Hanson, K Blaylock, J Vogel, S AF Kuhn, BA Dunn, PA Smallwood, D Hanson, K Blaylock, J Vogel, S TI Policy watch - The food stamp program and welfare reform. SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT AGR & RESOURCE ECON,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. USDA,ECON RES SERV,RURAL ECON DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ECON ASSN PI NASHVILLE PA 2014 BROADWAY SUITE 305, NASHVILLE, TN 37203 SN 0895-3309 J9 J ECON PERSPECT JI J. Econ. Perspect. PD SPR PY 1996 VL 10 IS 2 BP 189 EP 198 PG 10 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA UM615 UT WOS:A1996UM61500012 ER PT J AU Fernandez, G Garbrecht, J AF Fernandez, G Garbrecht, J TI Strange attractors and chaos in wastewater flow - Discussion SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Discussion ID DIMENSION RP Fernandez, G (reprint author), USDA ARS,HYDRO NAT AGR WATER QUAL LAB,POB 1430,DURANT,OK 74702, USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9372 J9 J ENVIRON ENG-ASCE JI J. Environ. Eng.-ASCE PD MAR PY 1996 VL 122 IS 3 BP 240 EP 242 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1996)122:3(240.2) PG 3 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TX430 UT WOS:A1996TX43000016 ER PT J AU Heagle, AS Reinert, RA Miller, JE AF Heagle, AS Reinert, RA Miller, JE TI Response of white clover to ozone in different environments SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID TOP FIELD CHAMBERS; TALL FESCUE PASTURE; GAS-EXCHANGE; AIR-POLLUTION; GROWTH; RESISTANCES; INJURY; YIELD AB The value of research on effects of O-3 done in greenhouse or held exposure systems is often questioned because chamber environments may affect plant response. Foliar injury, chlorophyll, and forage weight responses of two clones of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) to ambient O-3 were compared for plants grown in charcoal-filtered (CF) and nonfiltered air (NF) in a greenhouse and open-top field chambers and in ambient air (AA) plots at Raleigh, NC. One clone is sensitive to O-3 (NC-S), whereas the other is resistant (NC-R). Comparisons of individual clone responses in CF vs. NF treatments in the greenhouse and in the field and the proportional response of the clones (defined as the NC-SINC-R response ratio) were used to indicate the relative response to O-3 in the different environments. Poliar injury and chlorophyll responses of NC-S to O-3 were similar in the NF greenhouse, MF open-top chambers, and in AA. However, for individual harvests, the percentage decrease in NC-S forage weight in NF compared with CF was 7 to 23% greater in the greenhouse than in open-top chambers. The NC-SINC-R forage ratios indicated that clover response to O-3 in NP open-top field chambers was the same as in AA. Large environmental differences between greenhouse and open-top chambers apparently caused differences in plant responses to O-3, whereas relatively small environmental differences between open-top chambers and ambient air did not. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Heagle, AS (reprint author), USDA ARS,AIR QUAL RES UNIT,1509 VARSITY DR,RALEIGH,NC 27606, USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 25 IS 2 BP 273 EP 278 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UB983 UT WOS:A1996UB98300009 ER PT J AU King, DT AF King, DT TI Movements of Double-crested Cormorants among winter roosts in the Delta Region of Mississippi SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article AB From 12 Jan.-9 Apr. 1993, 25 Double-crested Cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) were captured, fitted with radio-telemetry transmitters, and monitored to determine night-roost fidelity and movements in the Delta Region of Mississippi. Transmitter-equipped cormorants were located at 15 different roost sites during the study. The mean number of roosts used by cormorants was 2.08 +/- 0.172 SE. The mean number of transmitter-equipped cormorants located each week was 8.25 +/- 0.87 SE. The distances moved by cormorants among night roosts ranged from 0-398 km. In the eastern part of the Delta Region two studies were conducted concurrently with this telemetry study to determine if repeated harassment of roosting cormorants using pyrotechnics would cause cormorants to abandon selected roosts and nearby aquaculture facilities. Dispersed roosts were repeatedly harassed with pyrotechnics in the eastern part of the Delta Region and non-dispersed roosts in the western part of the Delta Region were not harassed. There was no significant difference in cormorant movement to more than one roost after transmitter attachment between birds captured in dispersed roosts versus non-dispersed roosts. Three transmitter-equipped cormorants were located on the Gulf coast approximately 390 km from the study area. One subsequently moved back to the study area These observations provide evidence that in Mississippi wintering populations of cormorants show no strong fidelity to a primary roost, but shift throughout the Delta Region and to the Gulf coast. RP King, DT (reprint author), USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,MISSISSIPPI RES STN,PO DRAWER 6099,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 19 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI BELOIT PA BELOIT COLLEGE, DEPT BIOLOGY, 700 COLLEGE ST, BELOIT, WI 53511 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 1996 VL 67 IS 2 BP 205 EP 211 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA UK570 UT WOS:A1996UK57000001 ER PT J AU Gabrey, SW AF Gabrey, SW TI Migration and dispersal in Great Lakes Ring-billed and Herring Gulls SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEWFOUNDLAND; ISLAND AB Band-recovery data for Ring-billed (Larus delawarensis) and Herring (L. argentatus) Gulls were analyzed to determine the origins of gulls breeding within the Great Lakes region, the extent of lake and colony fidelity, and the winter and breeding season distributions of gulls of various age classes. Most Great Lakes Ring-billed Gulls wintered along the Gulf Coast, especially in Florida. Most Herring Gulls wintered along Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Michigan, although first-winter birds were more widely distributed and were recovered at greater distances than older birds. Movement into or out of the Great Lakes region by gulls of breeding age was minimal. However, movement among colonies and lakes was much more extensive; lakes and colonies do not define distinct populations. Gulls banded as chicks tended to return as adults to the lake, but not necessarily to the colony, where they where banded. Gulls banded as breeding adults were more likely to return in subsequent breeding seasons to the colony at which they had been banded than were chicks recovered as breeding adults. Gulls are probably not as colony-tenacious as previously believed, and natal dispersal plays a significant role in establishing or maintaining colonies. Management plans for Great Lakes Ring-billed and Herring Gull colonies should consider the effects of inter-lake and inter-colony dispersal. C1 USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,SANDUSKY,OH 44870. NR 29 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 13 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI BELOIT PA BELOIT COLLEGE, DEPT BIOLOGY, 700 COLLEGE ST, BELOIT, WI 53511 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SPR PY 1996 VL 67 IS 2 BP 327 EP 339 PG 13 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA UK570 UT WOS:A1996UK57000014 ER PT J AU Guo, BZ Russin, JS Brown, RL Cleveland, TE Widstrom, NW AF Guo, BZ Russin, JS Brown, RL Cleveland, TE Widstrom, NW TI Resistance to aflatoxin contamination in corn as influenced by relative humidity and kernel germination SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus flavus; food safety; induced resistance; inhibitor; maize; mycotoxin; Zea mays ID FUNGUS FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; PR-LIKE PROTEIN; MAIZE SEEDS; ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; INDUCTION; GROWTH AB Kernels of corn population GT-MAS:gk, resistant to aflatoxin B-1 production by Aspergillus flavus, and susceptible Pioneer hybrid 3154 were tested for aflatoxin when incubated under different relative humidities (RH). High aflatoxin levels were not detected in either genotype at RH < 91%. Resistance in GT-MAS:gk was consistent across all RH levels (91 to 100%) at which significant aflatoxin accumulation was detected. Aflatoxin levels in GT-MAS:gk averaged about 98% less than those in susceptible Pioneer 3154, which suggests that storage of this or other genotypes with similar resistance mechanisms may be possible under moisture conditions less exacting than are required with susceptible hybrids. Results for fungus,growth and sporulation ratings on kernel surfaces were similar to those for aflatoxin levels. When kernels of both genotypes were preincubated 3 days at 100% RH prior to inoculation with A. flavus, germination percentages increased to very high levels compared to those of kernels that were not preincubated. In preincubated kernels aflatoxin levels remained consistently low in GT-MAS:gk but decreased markedly (61%) in Pioneer 3154. When eight susceptible hybrids were evaluated for aflatoxin accumulation in preincubated kernels, seven of these supported significantly lower toxin levels than kernels not subjected to preincubation. Average reduction across hybrids was 83%, and reductions within hybrids ranged from 68 to 96%. Preincubated kernels of one susceptible hybrid (Deltapine G-4666) supported aflatoxin levels comparable to those in resistant GT-MAS:gk. Data suggest that an inhibitor of aflatoxin biosynthesis may be induced during kernel germination. Possible mechanisms for embryo effects on resistance to aflatoxin accumulation are discussed. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, CTR AGR, DEPT PLANT PATHOL & CROP PHYSIOL, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA. USDA, AGR RES SERV, SO REG RES CTR, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70179 USA. USDA, AGR RES SERV, INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB, TIFTON, GA 31793 USA. NR 36 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 59 IS 3 BP 276 EP 281 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA UA875 UT WOS:A1996UA87500010 PM 10463446 ER PT J AU Gamble, HR AF Gamble, HR TI Detection of trichinellosis in pigs by artificial digestion and enzyme immunoassay SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE trichinellosis; pigs; artificial digestion; serology; EIA ID EXCRETORY-SECRETORY ANTIGENS; SPIRALIS AB The objective of this study was to demonstrate the reliability of current and proposed methods for the inspection of swine and other species for infection with the parasite Trichinella spiralis. Five groups of pigs were infected with doses of 2500, 500, 100, 50, and 20 T. spiralis larvae to establish moderate and low-level infections. Pigs were bled periodically during the study for samples to be tested by enzyme immunoassay (EIA). At the conclusion of the study, pigs were slaughtered and tissues collected for analyses of worm burdens and for comparison of digestion testing methods. Comparisons of pooled sample digestion methods were made using inspection methods prescribed by European Union Directives and the USDA, Code of Federal Regulations. Pooled sample digestion testing using 1-g samples was effective for detecting pigs with larval densities of >10 larvae per gram (LPG) of tissue but only partially effective for pigs with infections of <3 LPG. Pooled sample digestion testing using 5-g samples detected all pigs with infection levels >1 LPG. The ELA detected all T. spiralis-infected pigs, but did not detect infections in some pigs until 49 days after inoculation. These results demonstrate that the pooled sample digestion method using a 5-g sample size is the most effective inspection method for reducing the risk of human exposure to T. spiralis in pork. RP Gamble, HR (reprint author), USDA ARS,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 11 TC 56 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 59 IS 3 BP 295 EP 298 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA UA875 UT WOS:A1996UA87500013 PM 10463449 ER PT J AU Izumi, H Watada, AE Douglas, W AF Izumi, H Watada, AE Douglas, W TI Low O-2 atmospheres affect storage quality of zucchini squash slices treated with calcium SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE zucchini-squash; fresh-cut; controlled atmosphere; respiration; storage quality ID ASCORBIC-ACID; HIGH CO2; VEGETABLES; LETTUCE; FRUITS; FOODS; O2 AB Calcium chloride treated or nontreated zucchini squash slices were stored in air or low O-2 (0.25, 0.5 and 1%) at 10 degrees C. Respiration rate, ethylene production, and development of browning/decay were reduced under low O,. Slices stored under 0.25% O-2 had less weight loss and browning/decay, and greater shear force and L-ascorbic acid content than those stored in air. Microbial count, pH, and color at the end of storage were improved by low O-2. Calcium treatment had no additive effect on maintaining quality of zucchini squash slices stored in 0.25% O-2 atmosphere. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 61 IS 2 BP 317 EP 321 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1996.tb14185.x PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA UJ129 UT WOS:A1996UJ12900013 ER PT J AU Wong, DWS Gregorski, KS Hudson, JS Pavlath, AE AF Wong, DWS Gregorski, KS Hudson, JS Pavlath, AE TI Calcium alginate films: Thermal properties and permeability to sorbate and ascorbate SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sodium alginate; alginic acid; film; coating; sorbic acid ID SHELF-LIFE; METHYLCELLULOSE; VEGETABLES AB Calcium alginate films were prepared by the pH-controlled release of calcium ions into alginate solution or by the cooling of hot calcium alginate gels. Thermogravimetry and calorimetry showed that the controlled Ca release films contained a greater amount of high-temperature component, and required extra energy to dissociate the tightly crosslinked calcium alginate. Structural differences were reflected by the permeability of the two films to potassium sorbate: 1.06 x 10(-7) (controlled Ca release) and 1.58 x 10(-7) cm(2) . sec(-1) (cooled). Apparent activation energy was estimated to be for the diffusion of potassium sorbate 24.1 KJ . mol(-1), sodium ascorbate 23.7, and ascorbic acid 36.2. Results suggested that the pH of the diffusant solution had an interactive effect on the alginate film. RP Wong, DWS (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 31 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 10 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 61 IS 2 BP 337 EP 341 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1996.tb14189.x PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA UJ129 UT WOS:A1996UJ12900017 ER PT J AU Ko, NP Watada, AE Schlimme, DV Bouwkamp, JC AF Ko, NP Watada, AE Schlimme, DV Bouwkamp, JC TI Storage of spinach under low oxygen atmosphere above the extinction point SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE spinach; extinction point; low oxygen; modified atmosphere AB The extinction point of spinach was <0.4% but above 0.2% O-2 at 0 degrees and 5 degrees C. Respiration rates were approximate to 2.3 times greater at 5 degrees C than at 0 degrees C and were similar among cultivars. In 0.8% O-2 atmosphere, O-2 uptake of three cultivars was reduced by an average of 53% and CO2 production was reduced by 35% relative to those stored in air. Deterioration of leaves was reduced by 30 to 54%, while weight loss, color and chlorophyll content were not affected by the 0.8% O-2 atmosphere. Thus O-2 could be allowed to be depleted to 0.8% in modified atmosphere packaging without quality loss due to anoxia. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT NUTR & FOOD SCI,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT HORT & LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. RP Ko, NP (reprint author), USDA ARS,AGR RES SERV,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 14 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 61 IS 2 BP 398 EP & DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1996.tb14202.x PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA UJ129 UT WOS:A1996UJ12900030 ER PT J AU VanLaack, RLJM Berry, BW Solomon, MB AF VanLaack, RLJM Berry, BW Solomon, MB TI Variations in internal color of cooked beef patties SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef; myoglobin; cooked color; reducing capacity; pH ID PINK COLOR; PORK; COOKING; PH AB Seventeen commercially prepared patty formulations were cooked to internal temperature 71 degrees C. Pink cooked color occurred in eight of the products and was due to incomplete denaturation of myoglobin. Although there was same relation between pH and cooked color, other factors seemed to be involved. When products were re-analyzed after 1 yr storage at -27 degrees C, sixteen products were red/pink when cooked to 71 degrees C. This increase in redness after frozen storage could not be explained. Cooking to internal temperatures between 81 and 87 degrees C was necessary for complete disappearance of red/pink color. Premature browning, where a product looks well-done at temperatures lower than 71 degrees C, occurred in one formulation. C1 USDA ARS,MEAT SCI RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 26 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 2 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 61 IS 2 BP 410 EP 414 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA UJ129 UT WOS:A1996UJ12900033 ER PT J AU Kim, KY Lillard, HS Frank, JF Craven, SE AF Kim, KY Lillard, HS Frank, JF Craven, SE TI Attachment of Salmonella typhimurium to poultry skin as related to cell viability SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Salmonella typhimurium; poultry; skin; cell viability ID SURFACE HYDROPHOBICITY; SOLID-SURFACES; BACTERIA; ADHESION; CONTAMINATION; IMMERSION; CARCASSES; CHARGE; MUSCLE; MEAT AB H-3-labeled S. typhimurium cells inactivated by gamma-radiation (Co-60) and by formaldehyde (5%) were used to determine if cell viability affected attachment to poultry skin. Both gamma-irradiated and formaldehyde-treated cells attached like live cells. There was no difference in attachment between cells grown in a chemically defined medium (SCDM) or in brain heart infusion broth (BHI). Live and gamma-irradiated cells and BHI-grown and SCDM-grown cells had similar surface hydrophobicity. Live and gamma-irradiated cells had similar cell surface charges, whereas BHI and SCDM-grown cells had different surface charges. Differences in cell surface charge did not affect attachment rate. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT FOOD SCI & TECHNOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT FOOD SCI & TECHNOL,ATHENS,GA. RP Kim, KY (reprint author), USDA ARS,POULTRY MICROBIOL SAFETY RES UNIT,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 61 IS 2 BP 439 EP & DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1996.tb14211.x PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA UJ129 UT WOS:A1996UJ12900039 ER PT J AU Kim, KY Frank, JF Craven, SE AF Kim, KY Frank, JF Craven, SE TI Attachment of Salmonella on modified poultry skin surface SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE attachment; Salmonella; poultry; skin; microbiology ID BACTERIAL SUSPENSIONS; BROILER CARCASSES; WATER IMMERSION; SOLID-SURFACES; TYPHIMURIUM; ADHESION; CONTAMINATION; CELLS AB Poultry skin was treated with formalin, trisodium phosphate, lipase, and papain before attachment. No treatment affected ultimate attachment level. Attachment using different cell suspension concentrations showed that there was a limitation in attachment level for each cell suspension concentration Total numbers of Salmonella cells on poultry skin including cells in the surface water film were compared with numbers of irreversibly attached cells that remained after washing. AL 10(7) CFU/mL inoculation, irreversibly attached cells accounted for 93% of the total surface cell population after 60 min exposure and at 10(8) level, it was 38%. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT FOOD SCI & TECHNOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP Kim, KY (reprint author), USDA ARS,POULTRY MICROBIOL SAFETY RES UNIT,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 22 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 61 IS 2 BP 442 EP & DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1996.tb14212.x PG 3 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA UJ129 UT WOS:A1996UJ12900040 ER PT J AU Barden, CJ Jones, SB Biles, LE AF Barden, CJ Jones, SB Biles, LE TI Extension forestry education: Reaching the people who make decisions SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article ID OWNERS C1 PENN STATE UNIV,RADNOR,PA 19087. PENN STATE UNIV,SCH FOREST RESOURCES,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. USDA,COOPERAT STATE RES EDUC & EXTENS SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. RP Barden, CJ (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,DEPT AGR,5 RADNOR CORP CTR,SUITE 200,RADNOR,PA 19087, USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 94 IS 3 BP 31 EP 35 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TY556 UT WOS:A1996TY55600013 ER PT J AU McCook, DK AF McCook, DK TI Surficial stability of compacted clay: Case study - Discussion SO JOURNAL OF GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Discussion RP McCook, DK (reprint author), USDA,SOIL CONSERVAT SERV,S NAT TECH CTR,SOIL MECH LAB,POB 6567,FT WORTH,TX 76115, USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9410 J9 J GEOTECH ENG-ASCE JI J. Geotech. Eng.-ASCE PD MAR PY 1996 VL 122 IS 3 BP 246 EP 247 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:3(246) PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Geology GA TX188 UT WOS:A1996TX18800014 ER PT J AU Holland, MS Mackenzie, CD Bull, RW Silva, RF AF Holland, MS Mackenzie, CD Bull, RW Silva, RF TI A comparative study of histological conditions suitable for both immunofluorescence and in situ hybridization in the detection of herpesvirus and its antigens in chicken tissues SO JOURNAL OF HISTOCHEMISTRY & CYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE in situ hybridization; immunofluorescence; Turkey herpesvirus; chickens; fixation ID INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; MESSENGER-RNA; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; EXPRESSION; FIXATION AB Our objective was to identify an optimal single set of conditions for use in both indirect immunofluorescence assays (LFA) and in situ hybridization (ISH) to detect viral proteins and nucleic acids in avian lymphoid and neural tissues, Various fixatives were evaluated for use with IEA to detect turkey Herpesvirus (HVT) glycoprotein B (gB) and ISH to identify HVT mRNA in chicken tissues. A precipitating fixative (acetone) was compared to crosslinking fixatives [buffered glutaraldehyde-picric acid (BGPA), 10% formalin, and 4% paraformaldehyde] for both IFA and ISH using spleen, thymus, bursa, sciatic plexus, and brachial plexus of 28-day-old chickens, Four percent paraformaldehyde was found to be the optimal fixative for preservation of all chicken tissues examined with both IFA and ISH, Glass slide preparation, incubation temperatures, and tissue processing were each individually evaluated for ISH and IFA, Silylated slides provided the best retention of tissue sections for both procedures, For LFA, 37 degrees C was the ideal incubation temperature tested, whereas the optimal incubation temperature tested for ISH was 47 degrees C. Of the blocking agents compared, Evans blue dye prevented background fluorescence to a greater extent than either calf serum or bovine serum albumin, These findings provide a technical basis for investigations into various aspects of the molecular pathology of avian diseases. C1 USDA ARS,AVIAN DIS & ONCOL LAB,E LANSING,MI 48823. RP Holland, MS (reprint author), MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT PATHOL,B311 CLIN CTR,E LANSING,MI 48824, USA. NR 22 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU HISTOCHEMICAL SOC INC PI NEW YORK PA MT SINAI MEDICAL CENTER 19 EAST 98TH ST SUTIE 9G, NEW YORK, NY 10029 SN 0022-1554 J9 J HISTOCHEM CYTOCHEM JI J. Histochem. Cytochem. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 44 IS 3 BP 259 EP 265 PG 7 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA TY743 UT WOS:A1996TY74300008 PM 8648086 ER PT J AU Aung, LH Harris, CM Rij, RE Brown, JW AF Aung, LH Harris, CM Rij, RE Brown, JW TI Postharvest storage temperature and film wrap effects on quality of chayote, Sechium edule Sw SO JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FRUITS AB Chayote fruit quality deteriorates with storage. At 25 degrees C postharvest storage, fruit lost 1.3% of its fresh weight per day compared with 0.5% day(-1) at 15 degrees C or 0.02% day(-1) at 10 degrees C. The rate of weight loss was 2-5 fold greater at 25 degrees C than at 15 degrees C or 10 degrees C. During the five weeks of storage, unwrapped fruit lost over 40% of their fresh weight at 25 degrees C, 18.9% at 15 degrees C and 13.0% at 10 degrees C. The shrivelled appearance due to weight loss detracts from the utility, appeal and salability of the fruits. Wrapping the fruit in a commercial grade polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film significantly reduced weight loss. The weight loss for the five-week storage period of PVC wrapped fruit was 8.3% at 25 degrees C, 4.0% at 15 degrees C and 1.3% at 10 degrees C. The best storage of fruits was obtained with PVC film wrap at 10 degrees C. Firmness of the skin (exocarp) and flesh (mesocarp) of the fruit remained relatively unaffected by storage at 10 degrees C-25 degrees C. An average skin firmness of an edible chayote fruit measured 22.1 +/- 2.7 N and the flesh 14.3 +/- 0.8 N. The firmness of the seed cotyledons within the fruit at 25 degrees C significantly increased with increasing duration of storage. The increased cotyledon firmness was associated with enhanced sprouting at 25 degrees C in contrast to 15 degrees C or 10 degrees C. C1 CALIF POLYTECH STATE UNIV SAN LUIS OBISPO,SAN LUIS OBISPO,CA 93407. RP Aung, LH (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,2021 S PEACH AVE,FRESNO,CA 93727, USA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU HEADLEY BROTHERS LTD PI ASHFORD PA INVICTA PRESS, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN24 8HH SN 0022-1589 J9 J HORTIC SCI JI J. Horticult. Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 71 IS 2 BP 297 EP 304 PG 8 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA TZ853 UT WOS:A1996TZ85300015 ER PT J AU VanMullem, JA Woodward, DE AF VanMullem, JA Woodward, DE TI Calibration procedures for rational and USSCS design flood methods - Discussion SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Discussion C1 USDA,NAT RESOURCES CONSERVAT SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20013. RP VanMullem, JA (reprint author), USDA,NAT RESOURCE CONSERVAT SERV,FED BLDG,10 E BABCOCK ST,BOZEMAN,MT 59715, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD MAR PY 1996 VL 122 IS 3 BP 176 EP 177 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:3(176) PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA TX655 UT WOS:A1996TX65500009 ER PT J AU Arnold, JG Allen, PM AF Arnold, JG Allen, PM TI Estimating hydrologic budgets for three Illinois watersheds SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROUNDWATER-FLOW; BASE-FLOW; MODEL; CATCHMENTS; BALANCE; RUNOFF; TILL AB It is important to simulate the major components of the hydrologic budget to determine the impacts of proposed land management, vegetative changes, groundwater withdrawals, and reservoir management on water supply and water quality. As acquisition of field data is costly and time consuming, models have been created to test various land use practices and their concomitant effects on the hydrologic budget of watersheds. To simulate such management scenarios realistically, a model should be able to simulate the individual components of the hydrologic budget. However, most field studies at the watershed scale attempt to measure only one component (e.g. total streamflow, evapotranspiration (ET), etc.) and are not suitable for validating individual components of a comprehensive model. A field study was completed in the 1950s to estimate several major hydrologic components including surface runoff, groundwater flow, groundwater ET, ET in the soil profile, groundwater recharge, and groundwater heights from measured data from three watersheds in Illinois. These data were used to validate a multicomponent water budget model called SWAT. Comparison of measured and predicted values demonstrated that each component of the model gave reasonable output and that the interaction among components was realistic. This fact should allow more realistic appraisal of various land use management practices on a basin-wide scale. C1 BAYLOR UNIV,DEPT GEOL,WACO,TX 76798. RP Arnold, JG (reprint author), USDA ARS,808 E BLACKLAND RD,TEMPLE,TX 76502, USA. NR 42 TC 194 Z9 222 U1 7 U2 66 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAR 1 PY 1996 VL 176 IS 1-4 BP 57 EP 77 DI 10.1016/0022-1694(95)02782-3 PG 21 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA UB786 UT WOS:A1996UB78600005 ER PT J AU Binder, BF AF Binder, BF TI Effect of carbohydrate on age-related feeding behaviors and longevity in adult black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) SO JOURNAL OF INSECT BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE insecta; age-related behavior; sugar feeding; carbohydrate; sucrose; aging; Agrotis ipsilon ID MOTH; FLIGHT; FOOD; DIET AB Age-related consumption and longevity were monitored iii the laboratory for adult A. ipsilon fed either a 1 M sucrose solution or water. An additional group was completely starved. Adults consumed sucrose solution and water just after eclosion; the percentage feeding daily and the mean daily consumption for females and males fed sucrose solution declined with time, whereas the percentage feeding daily and the mean daily consumption of those fed water increased with time. Total consumption was significantly higher for those fed sucrose solution (P < 0.01) because they lived longer, but consumption per day averaged over the entire adult stage was nor significantly different between those fed sucrose solution and those fed water (P > 0.05).; Mean longevity was significantly extended for females and males fed sucrose solution over those fed water or starved (P < 0.01). Moreover, consumption of either fluid was significantly correlated with extended longevity in all groups (P < 0.05) These data on fluid consumption by adult A. ipsilon are discussed relative to post-eclosion migratory activities. RP Binder, BF (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,USDA ARS,CORN INSECTS RES UNIT,INSECTARY BLDG,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0892-7553 J9 J INSECT BEHAV JI J. Insect Behav. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 9 IS 2 BP 215 EP 222 DI 10.1007/BF02213866 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UB991 UT WOS:A1996UB99100004 ER PT J AU Takasu, K Lewis, WJ AF Takasu, K Lewis, WJ TI The role of learning in adult food location by the larval parasitoid, Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) SO JOURNAL OF INSECT BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE Microplitis croceipes; learning; adult food location; odor learning; switching; negative experience; parasitoid ID ROBORATOR F HYMENOPTERA; AIRBORNE SEMIOCHEMICALS; HOST; PLANT; ICHNEUMONIDAE; HELIOTHIS; BEHAVIOR; WASP AB Wind tunnel experiments were conducted to determine roles of odor learning in food foraging of the larval parasitoid, Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Females that had neither fed on sucrose water nor experienced any odor and females that had experienced an odor without feeding failed to respond to any odors in a wind tunnel. Most of the females that had fed without an odor also did not respond to odors. However, most of the females that had experienced an odor during feeding on sucrose water flew to the odor. These results indicate that when females experience an odor during feeding, they learn to associate the odor with food and subsequently respond to the odor. As age of females increased, their response to an experienced odor increased, peaked 2 to 5 days after emergence, and then decreased. With an increasing number of odor experiences while feeding, accuracy of females choosing the experienced odor increased, Females that experienced an odor while feeding three to Jive times chose the experienced odor 90% of the time, When females experienced an odor while feeding Jive rimes, the memory of food associated odor lasted at least 2 days. When they experienced food with two odors successively, they could memorize both odors, and multiple experiences did not cause memory interference, Even when females had learned a food-associated odor, their response to the learned odor ceased after several visits on patches containing the odor but no food, Such ''negative experience'' may cause switching of food searching to new odors by females. C1 USDA ARS,INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793. NR 40 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 3 U2 11 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0892-7553 J9 J INSECT BEHAV JI J. Insect Behav. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 9 IS 2 BP 265 EP 281 DI 10.1007/BF02213870 PG 17 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UB991 UT WOS:A1996UB99100008 ER PT J AU Hunter, WB Hsu, HT AF Hunter, WB Hsu, HT TI Formulation of an insect medium for thrips monolayer cell cultures (Thysanoptera: Thripidae: Frankliniella occidentalis) SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE thrips; Frankliniella occidentalis; tissue; cell; tospovirus; vector AB A thrips tissue culture system was developed hom embryonic eggs from Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Cell lines that have been established for other insects offer a wide range of usages for studies of insect physiology, toxicology, and pathology. This study examined the efficiency of different insect cell culture media for suitability in establishing a thrips cell culture system. Final development of a medium for thrips cell culture allowed cells to be cultured up to 7 months. Within 1-2 days after being explanted, tissue fragments and individual cells attached to the substrate; at this stage, fibroblast-like cells were the dominant cell type. Monolayers of epi thelial-like cells were observed at 10-20 days. This is the first cell culture system established which provides a method for the examination of thrips cell growth and metabolism and which provides a method for the study of virus infection and replication within the thrips vector F. occidentalis. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. RP Hunter, WB (reprint author), ARS,USDA,FLORIST & NURSERY CROPS LAB,ROOM 208,BLDG 004,BARC WEST,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 67 IS 2 BP 125 EP 128 DI 10.1006/jipa.1996.0019 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA UD523 UT WOS:A1996UD52300003 ER PT J AU Slavicek, JM Mercer, MJ Kelly, ME HayesPlazolles, N AF Slavicek, JM Mercer, MJ Kelly, ME HayesPlazolles, N TI Isolation of a Baculovirus variant that exhibits enhanced polyhedra production stability during serial passage in cell culture SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lymantria dispar; L-dispar 652Y cell line; L-dispar M nuclear polyhedrosis virus; few polyhedra mutant; serial passage; biological control ID AUTOGRAPHA-CALIFORNICA; DNA INSERTIONS; TRANSPOSON MUTAGENESIS; FP MUTANTS; VIRUS; SEQUENCE; LOCUS AB The formation of few polyhedra mutants during serial propagation of baculoviruses in cell culture encumbers commercial scale production in this system. A Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdM-NPV) variant (isolate A21-MPV) has been isolated and the traits of budded virus (BV) production, synthesis of polyhedra, the percentage of cells that produce polyhedra, and the formation of few polyhedra (FP) mutants were investigated during serial passage of the variant in L. dispar 652Y cells. Isolate A21-MPV exhibited stable levels of BV production and polyhedra production and a small increase in the percentage of cells that produced polyhedra during five serial passages in cell culture. In contrast, isolate A21, a wild-type isolate, exhibited a significant increase in BV production and a decrease in polyhedra production and in the number of cells that produced polyhedra during five serial passages. The traits exhibited by isolate A21 are typically observed when FP mutants are formed and become predominate in a virus population. After five serial passages, greater than 95% of isolate A21 virus exhibited a FP phenotype. In contrast, less than 8% of isolate A21-MPV exhibited a FP phenotype after five serial passages. These results indicate that isolate A21-MPV exhibits enhanced polyhedra production stability during serial passage in Ld652Y cells. Consequently, this isolate could be useful for large-scale production in cell culture systems. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. RP Slavicek, JM (reprint author), FOREST SERV,USDA,NE FOREST EXPT STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,359 MAIN RD,DELAWARE,OH 43015, USA. NR 32 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 67 IS 2 BP 153 EP 160 DI 10.1006/jipa.1996.0023 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA UD523 UT WOS:A1996UD52300007 ER PT J AU Briano, JA Patterson, RS Becnel, JJ Cordo, HA AF Briano, JA Patterson, RS Becnel, JJ Cordo, HA TI The black imported fire ant, Solenopsis richteri, infected with Thelohania solenopsae: Intracolonial prevalence of infection and evidence for transovarial transmission SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Solenopsis richteri; Thelohania solenopsae; fire ants; microsporidia; biological control C1 ARS,USDA,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. RP Briano, JA (reprint author), ARS,USDA,S AMER BIOL CONTROL LAB,BOLIVAR 1559,RA-1686 HURLINGHAM,BUENOS AIRES,ARGENTINA. NR 6 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 67 IS 2 BP 178 EP 179 DI 10.1006/jipa.1996.0026 PG 2 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA UD523 UT WOS:A1996UD52300010 ER PT J AU Ignoffo, CM Garcia, C AF Ignoffo, CM Garcia, C TI Simulated sunlight-UV sensitivity of experimental dust formulations of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Helicoverpa/Heliothis SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dust formulations; Helicoverpa Heliothis; nuclear polyhedrosis virus; sunlight ultraviolet; ultraviolet protectants ID ULTRAVIOLET RP Ignoffo, CM (reprint author), ARS,BIOL CONTROL INSECTS RES LAB,USDA,1503 S PROVIDENCE,COLUMBIA,MO 65203, USA. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 67 IS 2 BP 192 EP 194 DI 10.1006/jipa.1996.0031 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA UD523 UT WOS:A1996UD52300015 ER PT J AU Izadi, B King, B Westermann, D McCann, I AF Izadi, B King, B Westermann, D McCann, I TI Modeling transport of bromide in furrow-irrigated field SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability of combining a surface irrigation model (SRFR) and two functional solute transport models (RAO and TETrans) in predicting the position of bromide (Br-) measured in a 0.81-ha field under furrow irrigation. The SRFR model was used to first predict the infiltrated depths and then RAO and TETrans models were used to predict the position of the solute. Solute was transported according to piston flow theory for the first irrigation and both models predicted the position of the solute with good accuracy. The solute was transported slightly faster than estimated by piston flow for the second irrigation, resulting in a reduction of correct predictions by both models. Both models predicted poorly for the third irrigation because deviations from piston flow were large. RAO model was more successful in predicting the peak solute position, while TETrans was more accurate in predicting mean solute depths. The latter was attributed to the differences between the two models and the sensitivity of TETrans to nodal spacing when predicting peak solute position. C1 BIO & AGR ENGN DEPT,ABERDEEN,ID 83210. USDA ARS,KIMBERLY,ID 83341. RP Izadi, B (reprint author), DEPT ENGN,MOSCOW,ID 83844, USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 122 IS 2 BP 90 EP 96 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1996)122:2(90) PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA UC393 UT WOS:A1996UC39300003 ER PT J AU Hebuterne, X Wang, XD Smith, DEH Tang, GW Russell, RM AF Hebuterne, X Wang, XD Smith, DEH Tang, GW Russell, RM TI In vivo biosynthesis of retinoic acid from beta-carotene involves an excentric cleavage pathway in ferret intestine SO JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE beta-carotene; retinoic acid; vitamin A; beta-carotene metabolism; beta-carotene absorption; beta-carotene cleavage; ferret ID ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; ENZYMATIC CONVERSION; MOUSE EPIDERMIS; VITAMIN-A; METABOLISM; DIFFERENTIATION; OXIDATION; RECEPTOR; INVITRO; CANCER AB This study was done to determine whether retinoic acid can be produced by excentric cleavage of beta-carotene in vivo. By using an inhibitor of retinaldehyde oxidation, citral, either retinaldehyde or beta-carotene was incorporated in a micellar solution and perfused through the upper portion of small intestine of ferrets. After 2 h perfusion of 1 mu M retinaldehyde, retinoic acid rose in portal blood (+3.5 +/- 1.3 nmol/L) and was detected in the intestinal mucosa (30 +/- 2 pmol/g). When citral was added at 2 mM along with retinaldehyde, retinoic acid decreased in the portal blood and retinoic acid was not detected in the intestinal mucosa. With or without the presence of citral (2 mM), the perfusion of beta-carotene (10 mu M) during 2 h caused a significant rise of retinoic acid in portal blood (+2.6 +/- 0.6 nmol/L and +4.1 +/- 0.6 nmol/L, respectively) and in liver; moreover, significant amounts of retinoic acid were detected in the intestinal mucosa (19 +/- 3 pmol/g and 36 +/- 3 pmol/g, respectively). This study demonstrates that after intestinal perfusion of beta-carotene in the ferret in vivo, a substantial amount of retinoic acid is formed via an excentric cleavage pathway. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. FU NCI NIH HHS [R01-CA-49195-01] NR 36 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPID RESEARCH INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0022-2275 J9 J LIPID RES JI J. Lipid Res. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 37 IS 3 BP 482 EP 492 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA UG085 UT WOS:A1996UG08500004 PM 8728312 ER PT J AU Pruett, JH Kunz, SE AF Pruett, JH Kunz, SE TI Warble stage development of third instars of Hypoderma lineatum (Diptera: Oestridae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Hypoderma lineatum; warble stage; cattle ID KINETIC DEVELOPMENT; CATTLE; ANTIBODY; PROTEINS; LARVAE; SERUM AB Hypoderma lineatum (Villers), the common cattle grub, is an insect parasite that resides in a warble in the subcutaneous tissues of the backs of cattle during a portion of their life cycle. Inside the warble, the larva undergoes 2 molts to the 3rd instar. In this study, the development of the posterior spiracular plates of the 3rd instar of H. lineatum was observed in situ. Larvae were observed to molt to the 3rd-instar phase 1 stage of development 28.6 +/- 3.9 d (+/- SD) after digesting a breathing hole in the backs of previously uninfested calves. Development of the spiracular plates through each of the various recognizable stages occurred on a 5-6-d interval. It took 54.2 +/- 5.1 d in the back for larvae to develop to the phase 3 stage, the stage reached before larvae exit the host. The average elapsed time from the 3rd-instar phase 3 stage to exit from the host was 5.5 +/- 2.9 d. Of 22 larvae that were followed from arrival in the back to pupariation, the elapsed time was 59.4 +/- 6.1 d. Most larval mortality occurred in the back during the Ist and 2nd instar. Of larvae surviving to the 3rd instar, 86.7% successfully exited from the host. Of 3rd instars surviving to the phase 2 goldplate or phase 3 stage, 93.3% exited successfully from the host. RP Pruett, JH (reprint author), ARS,KNIPLING BUSHLAND US LIVESTOCK INSECTS RES LA,USDA,2700 FREDERICKSBURG RD,KERRVILLE,TX 78028, USA. NR 11 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 33 IS 2 BP 220 EP 223 PG 4 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA TX079 UT WOS:A1996TX07900006 PM 8742525 ER PT J AU Simmons, AM Rogers, CE AF Simmons, AM Rogers, CE TI Ectoparasitic acugutturid nematodes of adult Lepidoptera SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aphelenchoididae; biological control; distribution; ecology; ectoparasite; entomopathogenic nematode; fall armyworm; host range; Noctuidonema guyanense; Spodoptera frugiperda ID FALL ARMYWORM LEPIDOPTERA; NOCTUIDONEMA-GUYANENSE NEMATODA; SPODOPTERA-FRUGIPERDA LEPIDOPTERA; TROPICAL AMERICA; APHELENCHOIDIDAE; MOTHS; TEMPERATURE; DISPERSAL AB Noctuidonema guyanense is an interesting ectoparasite of adult Lepidoptera that feeds on hosts from at least five families with its long styler. Noctuidonema guyanense spends its entire life on the adult moth and is sustained as it is passed from moth to moth during host mating. Overlapping host generations are essential for parasite survival. This nematode occurs throughout tropical and subtropical America and is transported by at least one of its hosts, Spodoptera frugiperda, during migration to northern sites in the United States each spring. Noctuidonema guyanense debilitates its hosts, Research conducted to help determine the biological control importance of this nematode is reviewed. Two additional species, N. daptria and N. dibolia, are now known for Noctuidonema. C1 USDA ARS,INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793. RP Simmons, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS,VEGETABLE LAB,2875 SAVANNAH HIGHWAY,CHARLESTON,SC 29414, USA. NR 33 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 28 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA UF942 UT WOS:A1996UF94200001 PM 19277339 ER PT J AU Meyer, SLF Huettel, RN AF Meyer, SLF Huettel, RN TI Application of a sex pheromone, pheromone analogs, and Verticillium lecanii for management of Heterodera glycines SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biological control; fungus; Glycine max; Heterodera glycines; microbial control; nematode management; sex pheromone; soybean; soybean cyst nematode; vanillic acid; Verticillium lecanii ID SOYBEAN CYST NEMATODE; FUNGI; PARASITISM AB A mutant strain of the fungus Verticillium lecanii and selected bioregulators of Heterodera glycines were evaluated for their potential to reduce population densities of the nematode on soybean under greenhouse conditions. The bioregulators tested were the H. glycines sex pheromone vanillic acid and the pheromone analogs syringic acid, isovanillic acid, ferulic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzonitrile, and methyl vanillate. A V. lecanii-vanillic acid combination and a V. lecanii-syringic acid combination were also applied as treatments. Syringic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzonitrile, V. lecanii, V. lecanii-vanillic acid, and V. lecanii-syringic acid significantly reduced nematode population densities in the greenhouse tests. Results with vanillic acid, isovanillic acid, and ferulic acid treatments were variable. Methyl vanillate did not significantly reduce cyst nematode population densities in the greenhouse tests. RP Meyer, SLF (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR W,NEMATOL LAB,BLDG 011A,RM 153,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 28 IS 1 BP 36 EP 42 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA UF942 UT WOS:A1996UF94200005 PM 19277343 ER PT J AU Cabanillas, HE Raulston, JR AF Cabanillas, HE Raulston, JR TI Evaluation of Steinernema riobravis, S-carpocapsae, and irrigation timing for the control of corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biological control; corn earworm; entomopathogenic nematode; irrigation; soil temperature; Steinernema carpocapsae; Steinernema riobravis ID NEOAPLECTANA-CARPOCAPSAE; ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODES; BEETLE COLEOPTERA; SOIL-TEMPERATURE; RHABDITIDA; HETERORHABDITIS; CHRYSOMELIDAE; INFECTIVITY; PERSISTENCE; LEPIDOPTERA AB Two entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema riobravis and Steinernema carpocapsae, were compared for their ability to parasitize corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) prepupae and pupae in corn plots at the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. The most effective S. riobravis concentration was 200,000 infective juveniles (IJ)m(2) (95% parasitism), as compared with 100,000 IJ/m(2) (81%), 50,000 IJ/m(2) (50%), 25,000 IJ/m(2) (31%), and the control (13%), No parasitism occurred in plots receiving S. carpocapsae. The ineffectiveness of S. carpocapsae was attributed to high (> 38 C) soil temperatures. Parasitism was higher when S. riobravis was applied at 200,000 IJ/m(2) through furrow irrigation (97%) or post-irrigation (95%) than when nematodes were sprayed onto the soil before irrigation (82%). Parasitism of corn earworm prepupae by S. riobravis persisted up to 36 days after application and was higher in the treated plots (80%) than the natural parasitism of the control plots (14%). These results show that at high field soil temperatures S, riobravis is more effective against corn earworm than S. carpocapsae. RP Cabanillas, HE (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,CROP INSECTS RES LAB,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 27 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 28 IS 1 BP 75 EP 82 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA UF942 UT WOS:A1996UF94200010 PM 19277348 ER PT J AU Griffin, GD Asay, KH Horton, WH AF Griffin, GD Asay, KH Horton, WH TI Factors affecting population trends of plant-parasitic nematodes on rangeland grasses SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Agropyron cristatum; ecology; Elytrigia repens X Pseudoroegneri spicata; nematode; Pascopyrum smithii; population dynamics; Pratylenchus neglectus; Tylenchorhynchus acutoides; RS-1 hybrid; soil temperature; soil water; Thinopyrum intermedium; wheatgrasses; Xiphinema americanum ID PRATYLENCHUS-NEGLECTUS; BIOMASS; PATHOGENICITY; ECOSYSTEM; DENSITY; BIOLOGY; PRAIRIE; SOIL AB The effects of environmental conditions on population trends of plant-parasitic nematodes were studied in experimental plots of five wheatgrasses in the western Utah desert. In a 3-year (1984-86) field study, soil water and temperature affected the population trends of the ectoparasites, Tylenchorhynchus acutoides and Xiphinema americanum, and the migratory endoparasite, Pratylenchus neglectus, on Fairway crested wheatgrass, Agropyron cristatum; 'Hycrest' crested wheatgrass, A. cristatum X A. desertorum; 'Rosana' western wheatgrass, Pascopyrum smithii; 'Oahe' intermediate wheatgrass, Thinopyrum intermedium; and RS-1 hybrid (Elytrigia repens X Pseudoroegneria spicata). The largest soil populations of these nematode species were collected in 1984 under good plant-growth conditions. A reduction in nematode populations occurred in 1985 and 1986, possibly because of low soil-water conditions. There was a possible relationship between high soil water and maximum population densities of T. acutoides in the spring and fall of 1984, and bt tween low soil water and minimum population densities of the nematode in 1985 and 1986. Pratylenchus neglectus populations were affected by soil water, although to a lesser degree than the ectoparasitic nematodes. Population densities of the three nematode species were significantly lower in the drier years of 1985 and 1986 than in 1984. Nematode populations were greater at the lower soil depths in the fall than in the spring or summer. RP Griffin, GD (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 33 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 28 IS 1 BP 107 EP 114 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA UF942 UT WOS:A1996UF94200014 PM 19277352 ER PT J AU Dwyer, JT AF Dwyer, JT TI Epilogue: Food for thought on folic acid SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER US DEPT AGR HUMAN NUTR RES,CTR AGING,SCH MED,DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER US DEPT AGR HUMAN NUTR RES,CTR AGING,SCH MED,DEPT COMMUNITY HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER US DEPT AGR HUMAN NUTR RES,CTR AGING,SCH NUTR,DEPT COMMUNITY HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER US DEPT AGR HUMAN NUTR RES,CTR AGING,SCH NUTR,DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP Dwyer, JT (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,750 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 126 IS 3 BP S788 EP S789 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TZ111 UT WOS:A1996TZ11100025 PM 8598566 ER PT J AU Rose, D Nestle, M AF Rose, D Nestle, M TI Welfare reform and nutrition education: Alternative strategies to address the challenges of the future SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION LA English DT Article AB Legislative actions related to welfare reform may affect the future of nutrition education. Three important elements of welfare reform proposals are work requirements, federal spending limits, and delegation of program responsibility to the states. These elements could affect nutrition educators through changes in the funding and organizational structure of client services, a decline in economic conditions for some low-income households, and greater difficulties in reaching some high-risk clients. This article reviews such issues and suggests alternative strategies for nutritionists to use in addressing the challenges of the future. RP Rose, D (reprint author), SERV ECON RES,USDA,1301 NEW YORK AVE NW,ROOM 1240,WASHINGTON,DC 20005, USA. NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU DECKER PERIODICALS INC PI HAMILTON PA 4 HUGHSON STREET SOUTH PO BOX 620, LCD 1, HAMILTON ON L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 0022-3182 J9 J NUTR EDUC JI J. Nutr. Educ. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 28 IS 2 BP 61 EP 66 DI 10.1016/S0022-3182(96)70027-4 PG 6 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Education & Educational Research; Nutrition & Dietetics GA UE242 UT WOS:A1996UE24200006 ER PT J AU Kennedy, E Morris, PM Lucas, R AF Kennedy, E Morris, PM Lucas, R TI Welfare reform and nutrition programs: Contemporary budget and policy realities SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION LA English DT Article ID FOOD; CHILDREN; WOMEN AB This paper reviews the impact of the major policy reforms being considered by Congress and the Administration on the food assistance and nutrition programs. Evidence on the nutritional effectiveness of WIC, the Food Stamp Program, and School Meals is summarized; the implications of the current set of block grant proposals on nutrition standards, economic responsiveness of the programs, eligibility and benefits, and funding are reviewed and discussed. The final section discusses policy reforms that have the potential to enhance the cost effectiveness of the major nutrition programs. RP Kennedy, E (reprint author), USDA,CTR NUTR POLICY & PROMOT,1120 20TH ST NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20036, USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU DECKER PERIODICALS INC PI HAMILTON PA 4 HUGHSON STREET SOUTH PO BOX 620, LCD 1, HAMILTON ON L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 0022-3182 J9 J NUTR EDUC JI J. Nutr. Educ. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 28 IS 2 BP 67 EP 70 DI 10.1016/S0022-3182(96)70028-6 PG 4 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Education & Educational Research; Nutrition & Dietetics GA UE242 UT WOS:A1996UE24200007 ER PT J AU Reeves, PG Rossow, KL AF Reeves, PG Rossow, KL TI Zinc-and/or cadmium-induced intestinal metallothionein and copper metabolism in adult rats SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE zinc; copper; cadmium; metallothionein; intestine; kidney; liver; absorption; rat ID DIETARY ZINC; ABSORPTION AB Feeding diets with high zinc or cadmium concentrations to animals compromises their copper status. Previous work suggested that metallothionein (MT), induced in the intestinal mucosa by zinc or cadmium, binds copper and inhibits its absorption. More recent studies showed that this mechanism may not be operative for zinc and that intestinal MT adapts to long-term feeding of high-zinc diets. The present study ws designed to determine the effects of feeding high-zinc and/or high-cadmium diets on the induction of intestinal MT and its subsequent effects on copper status. Six-week-old male rats were placed in a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial experiment with two concentrations of dietary zinc (60 and 350 mg/kg), two concentrations of dietary copper (3 and 9 mg/kg), and three concentrations of dietary cadmium (0, 1 and 5 mg/kg). After 3 weeks, the difference in the MT concentration between rats fed high- and normal-zinc diets was only 1.5 times. However, rats fed the highest amount of cadmium had MT concentrations about five time higher than those those mot fed cadmium. In both the zinc and cadmium groups, the concentration of intestinal zinc and cadmium followed that of MT; however, the copper concentration were not changed. Although intestinal MT was not elevated appreciably in zinc-fed rats, the copper status of these rats fed 3 mg of copper/kg of diet was severely depressed. Rats fed 9 mg of copper/kg were not affected. The copper status in rats fed high-cadmium and 3 mg of copper/kg of diet was depressed even more than the result of induced intestinal MT binding of copper thus preventing its passage into the circulation. RP Reeves, PG (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BOX 9034,UNIV STN,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 23 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 7 IS 3 BP 128 EP 134 DI 10.1016/0955-2863(95)00179-4 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA UB126 UT WOS:A1996UB12600001 ER PT J AU Reeves, PG AF Reeves, PG TI Copper status of adult male rats is not affected by feeding an AIN-93G-based diet containing high concentrations of zinc SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE copper; zinc; nutrient status; absorption; amino acids; ultratrace elements; rats ID ORTHO-DIANISIDINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE; ASCORBIC-ACID; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; SERUM; CERULOPLASMIN; DEFICIENCY; ABSORPTION; MANGANESE; IRON; CHOLESTEROL AB Although previous studies have shown that copper status of rats is compromised when they consume a diet which high zinc, studies using the new AIN-93G rodent diet did not show this effect. Because the new diet formulation contains components such as L-cystine and an ultratrace element (UTE) mix that might affect copper metabolism, a study was done to determine if these components interfered with the effect of zinc. A 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial study was designed with two dietary concentrations of copper, 3 and 6 mg/kg of diet; with L-cystine or DL-methionine; with or without the UTE mb; and with 2 concentrations of zinc, 35 and 350 mg/kg of diet. After 5 weeks, assessments of copper status were made. Results showed that serum ceruloplasmin amine oxidase activity, a very sensitive copper status indicator, was not affected by feeding high zinc in the diet. Other status indicators such as serum copper or liver copper concentrations also were not affected by high-zinc feeding. It was concluded that the lack of an effect of high zinc on copper status when using the AIN-93G diet was not the result of using L-cystine or UTE in the diet. Dietary UTE stimulated growth in rats fed the marginal-copper diet but not in rats fed the normal-copper diet. Rats fed diets containing DL-methionine had significantly higher concentrations of liver and intestinal copper than those fed diets with L-cystine. RP Reeves, PG (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BOX 9034,UNIV STN,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 7 IS 3 BP 166 EP 172 DI 10.1016/0955-2863(95)00198-0 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA UB126 UT WOS:A1996UB12600007 ER PT J AU Pegna, M Molinari, H Zetta, L Gibbons, WA Brown, F Rowlands, D Siligardi, G Mascagni, P AF Pegna, Monica Molinari, Henriette Zetta, Lucia Gibbons, William A. Brown, Fred Rowlands, Dave Siligardi, Giuliano Mascagni, Paolo TI The Solution Structure of the Immunodominant and Cell Receptor Binding Regions of Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus Serotype A, Variant A SO JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE FMDV; structure; NMR spectroscopy; NOE constraints; RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) AB The solution structure of a 20 amino acid long peptide corresponding to the region 141-160 of the envelope protein Vp1 from foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype A, variant A, has been determined by a combination of NMR experiments and computer calculations. The peptide contains both the immunodominant epitope as well as the sequence (RGD) used by the virus to bind the cell receptor in the initial stages of infection. These two sites have been shown to partially overlap. One hundred and thirty-five NMR distance constraints were used to obtain a set of 11 structures by distance geometry, minimization and molecular dynamics simulations. These structures were divided into two homogeneous families based upon backbone superimposition. The first and most populated family was characterized by a backbone RMS of 1.5 +/- 0.4 angstrom. the second by a backbone RMS of 0.8 +/- 0.2 angstrom. The two families had similar structural features and differed mainly in the backbone angles of G149. In the larger of the two families these angles favoured the formation of a loop comprising residues 147 to 152 and stabilized by a H-bond between the NH of D147 and the CO of A152. In the second family, where this bond was absent, the peptide adopted in this region the shape of an irregular helix. The C-terminal half of the peptide (152-159) was similar in both families and largely helical. Similar structural features were also found within the VRGDS sequence (144-148) which was assigned to a beta-turn type IV. The features of the two families of structures were found to be different from those of the recently published X-ray structure of the antigenic loop of a chemically modified form of FMDV. Proposals accounting for these differences are provided which take into account the dual activity of the 141-160 sequence (i.e. antibody binding and cell invasion through receptor binding). C1 [Pegna, Monica; Mascagni, Paolo] Italfarmaco Res Ctr, Dept Peptide Chem, I-20092 Milan, Italy. [Pegna, Monica; Molinari, Henriette; Zetta, Lucia] CNR, Ist Macromol, NMR Lab, I-20133 Milan, Italy. [Molinari, Henriette] Univ Verona, Ist Policattedra, I-37100 Verona, Italy. [Gibbons, William A.; Siligardi, Giuliano] Univ London, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharmaceut Chem, London WC1E 7HU, England. [Brown, Fred] ARS, USDA, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, New York, NY USA. RP Mascagni, P (reprint author), Italfarmaco Res Ctr, Dept Peptide Chem, Via Lavoratori 54, I-20092 Milan, Italy. RI Molinari, Henriette/A-1695-2008 OI Molinari, Henriette/0000-0002-3678-130X FU Wellcome Trust [18937/1.5]; 'Progetto Finalizzato Chimica Fine e Secondaria' (sottoprogetto 3.2) of the Italian CNR; Italfarmaco spa, Milan, Italy FX This work has been supported by the Wellcome Trust (grant no. 18937/1.5). L. Z. and H. M. have been supported by the 'Progetto Finalizzato Chimica Fine e Secondaria' (sottoprogetto 3.2) of the Italian CNR and are indebted to F. Greco for technical assistance. M. P. has been supported by Italfarmaco spa, Milan, Italy. NR 34 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1075-2617 EI 1099-1387 J9 J PEPT SCI JI J. Pept. Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 2 IS 2 BP 75 EP 90 DI 10.1002/psc.49 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA V33NB UT WOS:000209024400001 PM 9225248 ER PT J AU Pegna, M Molinari, H Zetta, L Melacini, G Gibbons, WA Brown, F Rowlands, D Chan, E Mascagni, P AF Pegna, Monica Molinari, Henriette Zetta, Lucia Melacini, G. Gibbons, William A. Brown, Fred Rowlands, Dave Chan, E. Mascagni, Paolo TI The Solution Conformational Features of Two Highly Homologous Antigenic Peptides of Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus Serotype A, Variants A and USA, Correlate with their Serological Properties SO JOURNAL OF PEPTIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE FMDV; NMR spectroscopy; RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp); NOE constraints; structure-activity correlation AB The solution structure of a peptide corresponding to the VP1 region 141-160 of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype A variant USA has been studied by NMR and computer calculations and compared with the results from a study on a highly homologous peptide deriving from serotype A, variant A. The two peptides differ in their serological behaviour and contain the immunodominant epitope of the virus which partly overlaps with its receptor binding region. Distance constraints, derived both from 2D and 3D homonuclear NMR and 2D-heteronuclear NMR experiments, were combined with DG calculations to yield 50 structures. After refinement through EM and restrained molecular dynamics simulations the selected structures shared several general features. In particular the 151-158 region was a helix in all cases while a large loop similar to that found in peptide A but comprising less residues and stabilized by an H-bond between the side chains of D147 and S150 was found in the majority of structures. A further loop, common to all structures, was identified around the RGD sequence (145-147). This was different from that found in the corresponding region of peptide A as were the conformations of the individual residues within the RGDX sequence. The different structural features shown by the two peptides were rationalized in terms of the S148 (peptide A) to F148 (peptide USA) mutation. The second mutation, that at position 153 (L in A, Pin USA) did not appear to affect the structure of the peptide significantly although the different dimensions of the loop in the central region and the type of H-bond stabilizing it could be potentially ascribed to this second mutation. All criteria used pointed to different structural features for the two peptides consistent with their serological behaviour. C1 [Pegna, Monica; Chan, E.; Mascagni, Paolo] Italfarmaco Res Ctr, Dept Peptide Chem, I-20092 Milan, Italy. [Pegna, Monica; Molinari, Henriette; Zetta, Lucia; Melacini, G.] CNR, Ist Chim Macromol, NMR Lab, I-20133 Milan, Italy. [Molinari, Henriette] Univ Verona, Ist Policattedra, I-37100 Verona, Italy. [Gibbons, William A.] Univ London, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharmaceut Chem, London WC1E 7HU, England. [Brown, Fred] ARS, USDA, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, New York, NY USA. RP Mascagni, P (reprint author), Italfarmaco Res Ctr, Via Lavoratori 54, I-20092 Milan, Italy. RI Molinari, Henriette/A-1695-2008 OI Molinari, Henriette/0000-0002-3678-130X FU Wellcome Trust [18937/1.5]; 'Progetto finalizzato Chimica fine e secondaria' of the Italian CNR (sottoprogetto 3.2) FX This work has been supported by the Wellcome Trust (grant no. 18937/1.5). L. Z. and H. M. have been supported by the 'Progetto finalizzato Chimica fine e secondaria' of the Italian CNR (sottoprogetto 3.2). L. Z. and H. M. are indebted to Italfarmaco for economical support, Drs A. L. Segre and E. Ragg for technical help on the 600 MHz instrument and F. Greco for technical assistance. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1075-2617 EI 1099-1387 J9 J PEPT SCI JI J. Pept. Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 2 IS 2 BP 91 EP 105 DI 10.1002/psc.50 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA V33NB UT WOS:000209024400002 PM 9225249 ER PT J AU Eskins, K Warner, K Felker, FC AF Eskins, K Warner, K Felker, FC TI Light quality during early seedling development influences the morphology and bitter taste intensity of mature lettuce (Lactuca sativa) leaves SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lactuca sativa; bitterness; blue light; far-red light; lettuce; light quality; photomorphogenesis; red light; taste; sensory analysis ID GENE-EXPRESSION; ARABIDOPSIS; CROPS; BLUE; RED AB The genetic constitution of a vegetable crop species such as lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is an important determinant of characteristics such as leaf size, shape, texture, color, and taste. Whereas introduction of improved traits by breeding or genetic engineering is possible, an alternative approach involves modification of the mature phenotype by manipulation of the early growth environment. To explore this phenomenon, lettuce was grown under specific light quality treatments (red, red + far-red, blue, and white light), both continuously and with color switching at various intervals. Leaves grown in continuous light quality showed characteristic differences in leaf area, shape, dry weight, and bitter taste intensity as determined by an analytical sensory panel. However, red light supplied for the first 7 d of growth conditioned weak bitterness intensity whether or not plants were switched to white light for 18 or 26 d. Leaf area and dry weight were determined by the first 7 d in red or blue light whether or not plants were switched to the opposite color light for 9 or 35 d. These observations demonstrate that persistent photomorphogenic switching of leaf development can take place before leaf emergence, and that light quality signals received in the early growth environment can have a latent effect on subsequent plant development. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FOOD QUAL & SAFETY RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP Eskins, K (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PHYTOPROD RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 8 U2 25 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI STUTTGART PA WOLLGRASWEG 49, D-70599 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 147 IS 6 BP 709 EP 713 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UG967 UT WOS:A1996UG96700014 ER PT J AU Gounaris, Y AF Gounaris, Y TI Localization of the gene coding for a 26-kDa mitochondrial protein detected in low temperature-stored potato tubers SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cold; gene; mitochondria; PCR; potato; sugars ID ALTERNATIVE OXIDASE AB Potato tubers of high sugar and low sugar accumulating cultivars were stored at 3 degrees C for three months. Mitochondria were isolated and their proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional isoelectric focusing/sodium dodecylsulphate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-IEF/SDS-PAGE). A 26-kDa polypeptide, detected only in cold-treated tubers of the high sugar accumulating cultivars, was isolated and chemically split into oligopeptides by cyanogen bromide (CNBr). The resulting fragments were resolved by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Partial amino-terminal sequences of two of the oligopeptides were obtained. The corresponding DNA oligomers were synthesized and used as primers in polymerase chain reactions (PCR) with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from high sugar and low sugar cultivars/selections. One of the amplified sequences was unique to the low sugar cultivars/selections suggesting a difference in the mtDNA structure between high sugar and low sugar potato genotypes in that area and localization of a copy of the gene in the mitochondrial genome. C1 USDA ARS,POTATO RES LAB,GRAND FORKS,MN 56721. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI STUTTGART PA WOLLGRASWEG 49, D-70599 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 147 IS 6 BP 755 EP 758 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UG967 UT WOS:A1996UG96700021 ER PT J AU Mueller, DM AF Mueller, DM TI Germination and root growth of 4 osmoconditioned cool-season grasses SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Russian wildrye; western wheatgrass; intermediate wheatgrass; crested wheatgrass ID EMERGENCE; SEEDS AB Establishment of grass species used in range reseeding should improve if germination time can be decreased, Osmotically controlling the hydration of seed so that germination processes proceed other than radicle emergence (osmoconditioning) can decrease germination time of many plant species. Growth chamber experiments were conducted to evaluate effects of osmoconditioning at -1.5, -2.0, and -2.5 MPa for 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 days on germination and root growth of 'Flintlock' western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Love) and 'Vinall' Russian wildrye (Psathyrostachys juncea (Fischer) Nevski) and at -2.0, -2.5, and -3.0 MPa for 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20 days on 'Nordan' Crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum (L.) Gaertn.) and 'Tegmar' intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron intermedium (Host) Beauv.), A second study looked at germination time of seed from the same species conditioned at osmotic potentials and durations producing the shortest time to 50% germination (optimum conditioning) and air dried for 0, 1, or 7 days, Conditioned seed of Russian wildrye and western wheatgrass germinated 2 to 4 days faster, respectively than untreated seed. Optimum conditioning of seed from all 4 species produced seedlings with roots 20 to 67% shorter 4 days after germination than seedlings from untreated seed. Conditioned western wheatgrass seed continued to germinate faster than untreated seed after being air dried for 7 days. Slow root growth from conditioned seed may negate any benefits derived from rapid germination. RP Mueller, DM (reprint author), ARS,RANGELAND RESOURCES RES UNIT,USDA,1701 CTR AVE,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 49 IS 2 BP 117 EP 120 DI 10.2307/4002679 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UA018 UT WOS:A1996UA01800005 ER PT J AU Rao, AS Singh, K Wight, JR AF Rao, AS Singh, K Wight, JR TI Productivity of Cenchrus ciliaris in relation to rainfall and fertilization SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE nitrogen; phosphorus; Indian arid zone; forage production AB Forage for livestock is always in short supply in the arid zone of India, Cenchrus ciliaris L. is one of the major forage grasses cultivated in this region, We studied its productivity in relation to rainfall and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilization in the Indian arid zone at Jodhpur during 1983 to 1992, Factorial combinations of 4 rates of N (0, 20, 40, and 60 kg ha(-1)) and 3 rates of P (0, 15, and 30 kg ha(-1)) were applied annually, Twenty kg N ha(-1) was the most effective fertilizer treatment, increasing average annual forage yields from 942 to 1,785 kg ha(-1) over the 10-year study with significant yield increases occurring in 7 of the 10 years, Yield responses to N rates greater than 20 kg ha(-1) occurred only during the last 3 years of the study and then only at the 60 kg ha(-1) rate with either 15 or 30 kg P ha(-1). Yields reached maximum levels on both the nonfertilized and fertilized plots with between 180 and 250 mm of growing-season rainfall. C1 ARS,USDA,BOISE,ID 83712. RP Rao, AS (reprint author), CENT ARID ZONE RES INST,JODHPUR 342003,RAJASTHAN,INDIA. NR 8 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 49 IS 2 BP 143 EP 146 DI 10.2307/4002684 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UA018 UT WOS:A1996UA01800010 ER PT J AU Cuomo, GJ Anderson, BE Young, LJ Wilhelm, WW AF Cuomo, GJ Anderson, BE Young, LJ Wilhelm, WW TI Harvest frequency and burning effects on monocultures of 3 warm-season grasses SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE soil moisture; yield; Andropogon gerardii; Panicum virgatum; sorghastrum nutans ID ANDROPOGON-GERARDII; BLUESTEM; PRAIRIE AB Harvest frequency and burning can affect forage yield of monocultures of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), and indiangrass [Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash], Current information is based largely on results from mixed stands, A field experiment was established in 1986, and from 1988 to 1991 treatments were applied with burning in March, April, or May plus an unburned control, Growing-season yield was measured by harvesting 1 (June), 2 (June and July), or 3 (June, July, and August) times with unharvested control plots included, End-of-season standing crop from all plots was determined after plants became dormant, Treatments were applied to the same plots annually and were arranged in a split-split plot, randomized complete block design, The main plot was species, subplot was burn date, and sub-subplot was harvest frequency, Burning reduced yields (P<0.01), and yields were lowest in plots burned in May, Burning reduced yields of indiangrass most (57%) and big bluestem least (15%), In 1989, plots harvested three times produced yields similar to plots harvested once for all species, By 1991, yields of plots harvested 3 times per growing-season were reduced (P=0.08) below those of plots harvested once, Yield response of species also varied across the study, Growing-season yields in 1991 were 113, 67, and 89% of 1989 yields for switchgrass, big bluestem, and indiangrass, respectively, Regardless of burning and harvest frequency combination, switchgrass produced as much or more herbage than the other species. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT BIOMETRY,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT AGRON,USDA ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68583. RP Cuomo, GJ (reprint author), LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR AGR,FRANKLINTON,LA 70438, USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 6 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 49 IS 2 BP 157 EP 162 DI 10.2307/4002687 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UA018 UT WOS:A1996UA01800013 ER PT J AU Volesky, JD Coleman, SW AF Volesky, JD Coleman, SW TI Estimation of botanical composition of esophageal extrusa samples using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE microhistological analysis; double-sampling; diet sampling ID LEAST-SQUARES REGRESSION; PREDICTION; MIXTURES; ALFALFA; SPECTRA; QUALITY AB The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) for estimating botanical composition of esophageal extrusa samples, Spectral data were collected on 361 samples from fistulated sheep and cattle grazing native tallgrass range, Principal components analysis was used to identify a subset of 73 samples with spectral dissimilarity, These samples were microhistologically analyzed to determine botanical composition and were considered 'actual' for regression and calibration purposes, Thirty-six species (12 grasses, 22 forbs, and 2 sedges) were identified in the microhistologically analyzed samples, However, most accounted for less than 5% of the total diet, Additional pure calibration samples were obtained by feeding individual species to confined fistulated sheep, Initial regression analyses and predictions were made on 13 major species or species groups, Satisfactory prediction equations could only be developed for big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) (r(2) = 0.61), and the total grasses (r(2) = 0.79) and total forbs (r(2) = 0.79) groups, Addition of spectra from pure samples into the calibration set was beneficial, In general, valid predictions could not be made for individual species that constituted less than 10% of the sample and/or had a low frequency of occurrence in the calibration samples, The NIRS method offered acceptable precision and accuracy in the prediction of major botanical components and it would be practical and efficient because it reduces the number of samples that would have to be microhistologically analyzed. C1 USDA ARS,GRAZINGLANDS RES LAB,EL RENO,OK 73036. RP Volesky, JD (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,W CENT RES & EXTENS CTR,RT 4,BOX 46A,N PLATTE,NE 69101, USA. NR 15 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 49 IS 2 BP 163 EP 166 DI 10.2307/4002688 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UA018 UT WOS:A1996UA01800014 ER PT J AU Berg, WA Dewald, CL Sims, PL AF Berg, WA Dewald, CL Sims, PL TI Seedbed and seeder options for old world bluestem establishment SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE grass planting; chaffy-seeded grasses; warm-season grasses; graze-out wheat; Bothriochloa ischaemum AB Seedbeds of graze-out wheatland and herbicide-killed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were evaluated as were use of a grass drill and the Woodward chaffy grass seeder for Old World bluestem (Bothriochloa ischaemum (L.) Keng) establishment, Seedings were made in 3 consecutive years in western Oklahoma, Steer grazing days on the seedbed treatments, seedling establishment, and second year grass herbage production were measured, Adequate stands were established in either seedbed, Economics favor the graze-out wheat seedbed treatment which produced an average of 189 steer grazing days ha(-1) year(-1). Adequate stands were established with either the grass drill or the Woodward seeder, Denser stands were usually established with the Woodward seeder-this was unexpected since it is a broadcast seeder, Results with the Woodward seeder are attributed to a requirement for very shallow planting of Old World bluestem and the protected environment of wheat drill furrows and wheat residue, Seedbeds of graze-out wheatland are recommended for Old World bluestem establishment in the Southern Plains. RP Berg, WA (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO PLAINS RANGE RES STN,2000 18TH ST,WOODWARD,OK 73801, USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 49 IS 2 BP 179 EP 181 DI 10.2307/4002691 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UA018 UT WOS:A1996UA01800017 ER PT J AU Shackleford, CK AF Shackleford, CK TI Barred owl nest in a natural hole in an earthen bank in eastern Texas SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Letter C1 LAW ENVIRONM INC,HOUSTON,TX 77040. RP Shackleford, CK (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,WILDLIFE HABITAT & SILVICULTURE LAB,NACOGDOCHES,TX 75962, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 12805 ST CROIX TRAIL, HASTINGS, MN 55033 SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 30 IS 1 BP 41 EP 41 PG 1 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA UC561 UT WOS:A1996UC56100010 ER PT J AU Leung, YF Marion, JL AF Leung, YF Marion, JL TI Trail degradation as influenced by environmental factors: A state-of-the-knowledge review SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Review ID MOUNTAIN-NATIONAL-PARK; EROSION; SOIL; VEGETATION; DRAKENSBERG; CORRIDORS; FOOTPATHS; FORESTS; IMPACTS; PATHS C1 VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV, DEPT FORESTRY,NATL BIOL SERV,USDA, COOPERAT PK STUDIES UNIT, BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 USA. RP Leung, YF (reprint author), VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV, DEPT FORESTRY, BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 USA. NR 52 TC 54 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 28 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 945 SW ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50023-9723 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 51 IS 2 BP 130 EP 136 PG 7 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA TZ904 UT WOS:A1996TZ90400009 ER PT J AU Vogel, KP AF Vogel, KP TI Energy production from forages (or American agriculture-back to the future) SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID SOIL-EROSION C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,CTR GRASSLAND STUDIES,LINCOLN,NE 68583. RP Vogel, KP (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 21 TC 52 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 8 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 51 IS 2 BP 137 EP 139 PG 3 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA TZ904 UT WOS:A1996TZ90400010 ER PT J AU Sharpley, A Daniel, TC Sims, JT Pote, DH AF Sharpley, A Daniel, TC Sims, JT Pote, DH TI Determining environmentally sound soil phosphorus levels SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID RUNOFF AB Increased inputs of phosphorus (P) in agricultural runoff can accelerate freshwater eutrophication. This is of particular concern in areas of intensive crop and livestock farming, where soil P has increased to levels that are of environmental rather than agronomic concern. Thus, many states have been forced to consider the development of recommendations for manure applications based on the potential for P loss in runoff, thereby creating an urgent need to assess the validity of the we of soil test P as an indicator of P loss in runoff. Several field studies have shown the dissolved P (DP) concentration of runoff is related to soil test P (r(2) of 0.58-0.98) of surface soil (0 to 5 cm). There relationships can identify critical levels which can support a DP concentration of runoff: In this regard critical soil test. P levels established by several states, ranging from 75 to 200 mg kg(-1), appear to be realistic However, amounts of P lost in runoff are not related solely to soil test P, due to variable site runoff and erosion potentials. Thus, an approach which integrates sail test P with estimates of potential runoff and erosion losses and local climatic, topographic, and agronomic factors is being developed for reliable, yet flexible recommendations of fertilizer and manure P management in environmentally sound production agriculture. C1 UNIV DELAWARE,DEPT PLANT SCI,NEWARK,DE 19717. UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT AGRON,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. RP Sharpley, A (reprint author), USDA ARS,PASTURE SYST & WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CURTIN RD,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA. NR 28 TC 307 Z9 358 U1 8 U2 65 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 51 IS 2 BP 160 EP 166 PG 7 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA TZ904 UT WOS:A1996TZ90400013 ER PT J AU Aase, JK Schaefer, GM AF Aase, JK Schaefer, GM TI Economics of tillage practices and spring wheat and barley crop sequence in the Northern Great Plains SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID SOIL-WATER; NO-TILL; STORAGE AB Our objective was to analyze economics of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cropping and tillage practices after 10 years of evaluation. We initiated the study in 1983 an a Dooley sandy loam (fine-loamy, mixed Typic Argiboroll) 11 km (7 mi) north of Culbertson, Montana. Annually cropped tillage treatments included sweep tillage infall with spring disking, sweep tillage in spring, and no-till. A conventional follow-crop rotation war included. Spring wheat yields ranged from 74 kg/ha (1.1 bulacre) to 3,465 kg/ha (51.5 bulacre). Net return was highest for no-till annually cropped wheat at $19.04/ha ($7.71/acre) and lowest for barley-spring wheat rotation at -$23.74/ha (-$9.61/acre). Under conditions of this 10-year study in a 356 mm (14 in.) precipitation zone, we conclude that annually cropped no-till wheat production was the most profitable cropping practice. C1 USDA,NAT RESOURCE CONSERVAT SERV,BOZEMAN,MT 59715. RP Aase, JK (reprint author), USDA ARS,NW IRRIGAT & SOILS RES LAB,KIMBERLY,ID 83341, USA. NR 10 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 51 IS 2 BP 167 EP 170 PG 4 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA TZ904 UT WOS:A1996TZ90400014 ER PT J AU Kennedy, E Meyers, L Layden, W AF Kennedy, E Meyers, L Layden, W TI The 1995 dietary guidelines for Americans: An overview SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US DEPT HHS,OFF DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,WASHINGTON,DC 20201. RP Kennedy, E (reprint author), USDA,CTR NUTR POLICY & PROMOT,1120 20TH ST NW,SUITE 200,N LOBBY,WASHINGTON,DC 20036, USA. NR 4 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSN PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 96 IS 3 BP 234 EP 237 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(96)00072-7 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA UQ843 UT WOS:A1996UQ84300009 PM 8613655 ER PT J AU Xue, RD Barnard, DR AF Xue, RD Barnard, DR TI Human host avidity in Aedes albopictus: Influence of mosquito body size, age, parity, and time of day SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID REPELLENTS AB Diel patterns of human host attack by Aedes albopictus in the laboratory were studied in relation to mosquito body size, age, parity, and time of day. Analysis of responses in 10-, 15-, and 20-day-old females indicated a significant main effect due to time of observation in the diel period, as well as significant time x parity and time x age interactions. The distribution of mean host attack responses during the diel period was bimodal with approximate to 70% of all activity during photophase (0800-2000 h); attack rates were highest in the morning (0800 h) and evening (1400-2000 h) and lowest between 0200 and 0600 h. The diel pattern of attack responses was bimodal for nulliparous and parous females, but parous females were more active than nulliparous females between 1400 and 2000 h. This pattern became increasingly bimodal during photophase, as mosquitoes aged, regardless of mosquito body size or parity. Variations in host avidity patterns between young and old females suggest that mosquito repellent bioassays initiated early in the day, that last greater than or equal to 6 h, or that use young females (approximate to 5 days old) overestimate the protection period of deet against mosquitoes >10 days old. RP Xue, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 14 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 12 IS 1 BP 58 EP 63 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UH704 UT WOS:A1996UH70400009 PM 8723259 ER PT J AU Fryauff, DJ Shoukry, MA Hanafi, HA Choi, YM Kamel, KE Schreck, CE AF Fryauff, DJ Shoukry, MA Hanafi, HA Choi, YM Kamel, KE Schreck, CE TI Contact toxicity of permethrin-impregnated military uniforms to Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae) and Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae): Effects of laundering and time of exposure SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID OPERATION DESERT-STORM; PERSONAL PROTECTION; PRESSURIZED SPRAYS; CLOTHING TREATMENT; IXODIDAE; ACARI; DEET AB The effects of laundering and time of exposure on the insecticidal activity of military uniform fabric impregnated with permethrin at 0.125 mg active ingredient (AI)/cm(2) are reported from susceptibility tests with laboratory-reared mosquitoes, Cuter pipiens, and sand flies, Phlebotomus papa tasi. Knockdown/mortality resulting from exposure of groups of female insects for periods of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 min was recorded and compared among 5 different treatment/wash groups (untreated/unwashed, treated/unwashed, treated/1-wash, treated/2-wash, treated/3-wash). Laundering was by machine washing with detergent and warm water followed by hot-air machine drying. Post-exposure assessments at intervals from 0 to 60 min and at 24 h showed that knockdown for each exposure time and wash group was initially low but increased steadily during the first hour post-exposure. Sand flies were less sensitive than mosquitoes to knockdown during the first 60 min after contact with treated/unwashed fabric; however, 24-h mortality rates for sand flies were higher as compared with mosquitoes. The permethrin remaining after a 3rd wash had little knockdown effect on mosquitoes but was toxic to sand flies at each of the 5 exposure times. Significant reductions in the knockdown effectiveness of permethrin-treated fabric to mosquitoes and sand flies was associated with single and repeated washings of the fabric. C1 USN,MED RES UNIT 3,MED ZOOL BRANCH,FPO,AE 09835. AIN SHAMS UNIV,FAC SCI,DEPT ENTOMOL,CAIRO 11566,EGYPT. USN,MED RES UNIT 2,DEPT TROP MED,APO,AP 96520. HLTH DEV INT,AL KHOBAR 31952,SAUDI ARABIA. USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. RP Fryauff, DJ (reprint author), NAVMEDRSCHU THREE,RES PUBL BRANCH,CODE 101F,PSC 452,BOX 5000,FPO,AE 09835, USA. NR 19 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 12 IS 1 BP 84 EP 90 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UH704 UT WOS:A1996UH70400013 PM 8723263 ER PT J AU Jackson, MA King, JW AF Jackson, MA King, JW TI Methanolysis of seed oils in flowing supercritical carbon dioxide SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE fatty acid methyl esters; immobilized lipase; lipase; methanolysis; supercritical carbon dioxide ID ENZYMATIC CATALYSIS; ORGANIC-SOLVENTS; INTERESTERIFICATION; ESTERIFICATION; TRIGLYCERIDES; EXTRACTION AB The direct methanolysis of triglycerides in flowing supercritical carbon dioxide by an immobilized lipase is described. The reaction system consists of two syringe pumps for substrate addition and another two syringe pumps for delivering CO2 at 24.1 MPa. Corn oil is pumped into the carbon dioxide stream at a rate of 4 mu L/min, and methanol is pumped at 5 mu L/min to yield fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) at >98% conversion. Direct methanolysis of soy flakes gives FAME at similar yields. This combined extraction/reaction is performed at 17.2 MPa and 50 degrees C. The fatty acid profiles obtained for these seed oils matches those obtained by classical chemical synthesis. RP Jackson, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, 1815 N UNIV ST, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. NR 33 TC 65 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 73 IS 3 BP 353 EP 356 DI 10.1007/BF02523430 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UA566 UT WOS:A1996UA56600011 ER PT J AU Haynes, KG Sieczka, JB Henninger, MR Fleck, DL AF Haynes, KG Sieczka, JB Henninger, MR Fleck, DL TI Clone x environment interactions for yellow-flesh intensity in tetraploid potatoes SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB For the yellow-flesh fresh market, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars with intense yellow-flesh are desired. The effects of clone, environment and clone x environment interactions on the intensity of the yellow-flesh trait in tetraploid potatoes were investigated, Twenty-four yellow-flesh clones, including 23 USDA selections and the check cultivar Yukon Gold, were evaluated for tuber yellow-flesh color as measured by a reflectance colorimeter in replicated field trials in Presque Isle, Maine in 1991 and 1992, and in Riverhead, N.Y., and Bridgeton, N.J., in 1992 and 1993. There were significant differences among environments and among clones for yellow-flesh intensity, The clone x environment interaction was also significant, Broad-sense heritability of yellow-flesh intensity was estimated as 0.93 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.92-0.97. The instabilities noted in some of these clones, although statistically significant, are of limited practical concern. The intensity of yellow-flesh will be an important trait for breeders to select in developing new yellow-flesh cultivars, However, in testing yellow-flesh clones for future cultivar release, the role of environment and clone x environment interactions on other agronomic traits will probably be more important than the environment and clone x environment interactions on the intensity of yellow-flesh. C1 CORNELL UNIV,LONG ISL HORT RES LAB,RIVERHEAD,NY 11901. RUTGERS STATE UNIV,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903. RP Haynes, KG (reprint author), USDA ARS,BARC W,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BLDG 010A,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 14 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 121 IS 2 BP 175 EP 177 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA TX782 UT WOS:A1996TX78200002 ER PT J AU Russo, VM AF Russo, VM TI Senescence in parental and F-1 plants of a shrunken2 sweet corn SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Senescence occurs at the cellular acid tissue levels. It is under genetic and environmental control and factors affecting initiation and speed of development of senescence can be passed from parental to F-1 plants. This study was conducted in the greenhouse and field to determine how senescence patterns in F-1 plants of a shrunken2 sweet corn (Zea mays L.) hybrid compared to those of parental inbreds. Greenhouse grown plants were left intact and field grown hybrids and parental inbreds had one or both reproductive organs removed or were left intact. Senescence patterns in stalk internodes were similar in greenhouse and field grown F-1 and inbred plants. Senescence patterns in shank internodes in greenhouse grown plants were different from those of field grown plants. Senescence ratings in stalks increased as developmental stage advanced. Expression of stalk senescence in internodes below the node bearing ears appears to be suppressed by hybrid vigor. In field tests, destruction of the tassel before expansion (decapitation) appears to suppress senescence in internodes above 17, with this effect somewhat dependent on plant developmental stage. RP Russo, VM (reprint author), USDA ARS,S CENT AGR RES LAB,POB 159,LANE,OK 74555, USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 121 IS 2 BP 178 EP 182 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA TX782 UT WOS:A1996TX78200003 ER PT J AU Gupton, C Clark, J Creech, D Powell, A Rooks, S AF Gupton, C Clark, J Creech, D Powell, A Rooks, S TI Comparing stability indices for ripening date and yield in blueberry SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB To determine if any of the available techniques for estimating stability in different environments are useful in blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade and V. corymbosum L.), 14 clones were evaluated in nine environments for ripening date and yield. Type 1 and 2 stability statistics, plots for each genotype mean versus its coefficient of variation (cv) across environments (genotype grouping), environmental index regression, and cluster analyses were compared, The highest yielding rabbiteye and southern highbush clones across locations were not deemed stable by Type 1 and Type 2 stability statistics, genotype grouping, or environmental regression technique. No evidence of curvilinear response was found, The nonparametric cluster analysis with known cultivars included appears to be most useful compared to other methods of estimating stability used in this study. C1 UNIV ARKANSAS,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. STEPHEN F AUSTIN STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR,NACOGDOCHES,TX 75962. HORT CROPS RES STN,CASTLE HAYNE,NC 28429. RP Gupton, C (reprint author), USDA ARS,SMALL FRUIT RES STN,POPLARVILLE,MS 39470, USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 121 IS 2 BP 204 EP 209 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA TX782 UT WOS:A1996TX78200007 ER PT J AU KatoNoguchi, H Watada, AE AF KatoNoguchi, H Watada, AE TI Low-oxygen atmosphere increases fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in fresh-cut carrots SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Daucus carota; glycolysis; metabolic regulation; pyrophosphate; pyrophosphate-dependent:phosphofructokinase ID PYROPHOSPHATE-FRUCTOSE-6-PHOSPHATE PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE; PLANT-TISSUES; PYROPHOSPHATE; METABOLISM; ANOXIA; RICE AB This study was undertaken to determine the effect of low-O-2 atmosphere on the concentration of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P-2), which can activate the enzyme pyrophosphate-dependent:phosphofructokinase (PPi-PFK) to catalyze the reaction from fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (Fru-1,6-P-2). Fru-2,6-P-2 remained unchanged in carrot (Darccus carota L.) root shreds stored under air, but it increased 3.0- and 5.3-fold at 2% and 0.5% O-2 atmosphere, respectively, at 5C, and the increases were almost twice as great at 15C. The concentration of PP1 ranged from 17 to 33 nmol . g(-1) fresh weight, which is more than sufficient for the PPi-PFK to proceed. Thus, low-O-2 atmosphere appeared to hasten glycolysis of carrot shreds by increasing Fru-2,6-P-2, which activated PPi-PFK toward glycolysis. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. KAGAWA UNIV,FAC AGR,DEPT BIORESOURCE SCI,MIKI,KAGAWA 76107,JAPAN. NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 121 IS 2 BP 307 EP 309 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA TX782 UT WOS:A1996TX78200025 ER PT J AU Angradi, TR AF Angradi, TR TI Inter-habitat variation in benthic community structure, function, and organic matter storage in 3 Appalachian headwater streams SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE macroinvertebrates; riffle; pool; debris dams; leaf pack; organic matter; functional feeding groups; habitat; stream management; K-dam ID MACROINVERTEBRATES; DISTURBANCE; ECOSYSTEMS; DEBRIS; RIVER AB Inter-habitat variation in benthic community structure and function was investigated in 3 headwater streams in West Virginia, USA. Abundance and biomass of benthic macroinvertebrates and salamanders together with standing crop of benthic organic matter were estimated for riffles, rock faces, plunge pools, debris-dam pools, and leaf packs. In 1 stream, installation of log dams for fish habitat (K-dams) created artificial plunge pools and debris-dam pools. Standing crop of benthic organic matter was lowest in riffles and rock faces (approximate to 50 g ash-free dry mass/m(2)) and was dominated by coarse (1-10 mm) and fine (0.25-1 mm) particles. Mass of benthic organic matter was highest in debris-dam pools (>2 kg ash-free dry mass/m(2)), and was dominated by coarse particles and wood. Mean animal density (macroinvertebrates and salamander larvae) was highest in debris-dam pools and on rock faces (>10,000/m(2)) and lowest in riffles and plunge pools (<5000/m(2)). Standing biomass of animals was highest in pools (3-8 g dry mass/m(2)) and lowest in riffles and on rock faces (<2 g dry mass/m(2)). Chironomids and the stonefly Leuctra were the most abundant taxa in most habitats; co-dominant taxa differed among habitats. Ordination of macroinvertebrate taxa showed that community structure was more similar among habitats than among streams. Functional organization differed among habitats. In riffles, all functional groups were well represented. Scrapers, filterers, and gatherers predominated on rock faces. In pools, shredders and predators dominated biomass, although gatherers were the most abundant group. In plunge pools, crayfish (Cambarus) were relatively more abundant than in debris dam pools; the opposite was true for macroinvertebrate predators. Overall, inter-habitat variation in taxonomic structure, animal abundance, biomass, functional organization, and benthic organic matter exceeded among-stream variation. Comparison with published data for a North Carolina headwater stream revealed common patterns of inter-habitat variation in functional organization. Installation of K-dams in a headwater stream influenced the abundance, biomass, and functional organization of the benthos by providing habitat for taxa able to exploit debris-dam pools formed upstream of K-dams, which retain abundant organic matter. RP Angradi, TR (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,TIMBER & WATERSHED LAB,PARSONS,WV 26287, USA. NR 35 TC 54 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 15 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 15 IS 1 BP 42 EP 63 DI 10.2307/1467432 PG 22 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA TX716 UT WOS:A1996TX71600004 ER PT J AU Hoagland, RE AF Hoagland, RE TI Herbicidal properties of the antibiotic monensin SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE antibiotic; herbicidal injury; monensin; phytotoxicity; weed control ID GROWTH; INHIBITION; NIGERICIN; BIOSYNTHESIS; GELDANAMYCIN; MYOCARDIUM; ELONGATION AB The agricultural antibiotic monensin caused herbicidal injury to 1- to 2-week-old seedlings of seven weed and two crop species when applied at 10(-4) M as a foliar spray in the greenhouse. The non-ionic surfactant tergitol TMN (0.1 ml litre(-1)) aided foliar absorption of monensin and increased herbicidal injury. Fresh weight reductions ranged from 20 to 75% (compared to control seedings treated with tergitol alone) 65 h after spray application of 10(-4) M monensin with tergitol. When root-fed at 10(-4) M, monensin (without tergitol) caused death in all nine species within 24-72 h after treatment. Monensin supplied to roots at 10(-5) M caused fresh weight reductions in spurred anoda, velvetleaf and prickly sida of 43, 32 and 23%, respectively. Substantial growth effects also occurred in hemp sesbania and sicklepod (33 and 15% reductions in fresh weight, respectively); jimsonweed and johnsongrass had the least fresh weight reductions. Injury included chlorosis, necrosis, desiccation and leaf abscission. Cotton and okra were the most tolerant of all species tested; however, three malvaceous weeds were severely damaged by the compound. When root-fed at 10(-6) M, monensin caused limited injury. Monensin exhibited some degree of selectivity among these crop and weed species and caused greater injury in light-treated than dark-treated plant tissues. RP Hoagland, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO WEED SCI LAB,POB 350,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 70 IS 3 BP 373 EP 379 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UA389 UT WOS:A1996UA38900019 ER PT J AU Johnsen, PB Lloyd, SW Vinyard, BT Dionigi, CP AF Johnsen, PB Lloyd, SW Vinyard, BT Dionigi, CP TI Effects of temperature on the uptake and depuration of 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID OFF-FLAVOR; DEHYDRATION PRODUCTS; GEOSMIN; WATER; BIOSYNTHESIS; MISSISSIPPI; ODOR AB The microbial metabolite 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) imparts a muddy off-flavor to channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, Uptake and depuration of MIB from fish are important considerations in the design and implementation of systems to remove off-flavors from fish prior to processing. The kinetics of MIB uptake by channel catfish were determined by placing fish in 6.5, 14.0, 25.0, and 34.0 C water containing approximately 1.0 mu g/L chemically-synthesized MIB. Fish were sacrificed following 0, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h exposure to MIB. Fillet tissue samples were subjected to gas chromatographic and fat content analysis, The model for MIB uptake was: MIB in fillet tissue (mu g/kg) = -0.61 + 4.2 [log(h + 1)] + 0.0076(T) (h) + 0.089(T), where h is the duration of exposure to MIB in hours and T is the water temperature in degrees C, The model accounted for 74% of the total variation observed in the tissue MIB concentrations and indicated that the fillet fat content was not strongly correlated with MIB uptake, To investigate the depuration of off-flavors, exposure to MIB was halted, Tissue samples were obtained 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 h from fish held at 6.5, 14.0, 25.0, and 34.0 C. These data yielded the model: MIB in fillet tissue (mu g/kg) = 3.6 + 0.176(T) - 2.06 [log(h + 1)] - 0.00296(T) (h) + 0.197 (% fat), where h is the duration of exposure to MIB in hours, T is the water temperature in degrees C, and % fat is the % fat in the fillet tissue. The model accounted for 67% of the total observed variation in tissue MIB concentrations. Reducing the fat content of fish and optimizing water temperatures may augment MIB removal from fish tissues prior to processing. C1 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124. NR 21 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 5 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 27 IS 1 BP 15 EP 20 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1996.tb00589.x PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA UM235 UT WOS:A1996UM23500003 ER PT J AU Freeman, LM Kehayias, JJ Roubenoff, R AF Freeman, LM Kehayias, JJ Roubenoff, R TI Untitled SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Letter ID X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; BODY C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BODY COMPOSIT LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP Freeman, LM (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,SCH VET MED,DEPT MED,N GRAFTON,MA 01536, USA. NR 6 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0891-6640 J9 J VET INTERN MED JI J. Vet. Intern. Med. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 10 IS 2 BP 99 EP 100 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UA151 UT WOS:A1996UA15100011 PM 8683490 ER PT J AU Roberts, SB Fuss, P Dallal, GE Atkinson, A Evans, WJ Joseph, L Fiatarone, MA Greenberg, AS Young, VR AF Roberts, SB Fuss, P Dallal, GE Atkinson, A Evans, WJ Joseph, L Fiatarone, MA Greenberg, AS Young, VR TI Effects of age on energy expenditure and substrate oxidation during experimental overfeeding in healthy men SO JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DOUBLY LABELED WATER; ORAL GLUCOSE-LOAD; TOTAL-BODY WATER; YOUNG-ADULT MEN; INDUCED THERMOGENESIS; PROTEIN-TURNOVER; NERVOUS-SYSTEM; METABOLIC-RATE; SHORT-TERM; WEIGHT AB Relatively little is known about the influence of age on energy regulation during energy imbalance. We compared the effects of overfeeding on changes in energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, and energy deposition between young men (age 23.7 +/- 1.1 [SEM] years) and older men (age 70.0 +/- 7.0) of normal body weight who were leading unrestricted lives. Changes in total energy expenditure, resting energy expenditure (REE), tire thermic effect of feeding (TEF), respiratory quotient (RQ), and body energy content were determined in response to overeating by 4.09 +/- 0.07 Megajoule (MJ)/day for 21 days in 16 healthy subjects consuming a typical diet. After excluding data from one young subject with unusual results and adjusting for individual differences in excess energy intake, there was a tendency towards a smaller increase in REE in older men compared to the young men (p = .07) which was accounted for by their lower fat-free mass (p = .016). There was also a significantly smaller increase in resting energy expenditure averaged over fasting and fed states (i.e, REE + TEF) with overfeeding in older men than in young men (p < .01). Combined, these smaller increases in energy expenditure with overfeeding in the older subjects averaged on estimated 365 kilojoule (kJ)/day (8.9% of the excess energy intake) (p < .02). There were also significant effects of age on fasting RQ (p < .001) and the change in RQ with overfeeding (p < .001), but no significant increase in energy expenditure for physical activity and thermoregulation with overfeeding in either age-group. These results are consistent with the suggestion that older individuals experience both a reduction in the ability to increase energy expenditure, and an alteration in the pattern of substrate utilization, in response to overfeeding. These changes may promote cumulative increases in body energy during normal cycles of positive energy balance unless compensated for by adaptive variations in energy intake. C1 MIT,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. SHRINERS BURNS INST,BOSTON,MA. RP Roberts, SB (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,ENERGY METAB LAB,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,USDA,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR88]; NIA NIH HHS [AG07388]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK46124] NR 46 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 SN 1079-5006 J9 J GERONTOL A-BIOL JI J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 51 IS 2 BP B148 EP B157 PG 10 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA UB199 UT WOS:A1996UB19900006 PM 8612099 ER PT J AU Roberts, SB Fuss, P Heyman, MB Dallal, GE Young, VR AF Roberts, SB Fuss, P Heyman, MB Dallal, GE Young, VR TI Effects of age on energy expenditure and substrate oxidation during experimental underfeeding in healthy men SO JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DOUBLY LABELED WATER; TOTAL-BODY WATER; PHYSIOLOGICAL-RESPONSES; YOUNG-ADULT; WEIGHT; DEUTERIUM; HUMANS; WOMEN AB Relatively little is known about the influence of age on energy regulation during energy imbalance. We compared the effects of underfeeding on changes in energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, and body energy loss between young men (age 22.0 +/- 0.9 [SEM] years) and older men (age 66.0 +/- 1.8) who were leading unrestricted lives. Changes in total energy expenditure (TEE), resting energy expenditure (REE), the thermic effect of feeding (TEF), respiratory quotient, and body energy loss were determined in response to undereating by 3.17 +/- 0.16 Megajoule (MJ)/day for 21 days in 19 healthy subjects consuming a typical diet. No significant effects of age were observed in changes in TEE, REE, TEF, or body energy loss in response to underfeeding. Thus, older men do not appear to have any impairment of energy conservation during negative energy balance compared to young men. This normal pattern of energy conservation during undereating together with the previously demonstrated reduction in energy dissipation during overeating can be predicted to promote body fat deposition in older men during the cycles of positive and negative energy balance that occur during normal life. This finding may help to explain the increased body fat mass in older individuals. C1 MIT,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02139. SHRINERS BURNS INST,BOSTON,MA. RP Roberts, SB (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,USDA,ENERGY METAB LAB,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR88]; NIA NIH HHS [AG07388]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK46124] NR 38 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 SN 1079-5006 J9 J GERONTOL A-BIOL JI J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 51 IS 2 BP B158 EP B166 PG 9 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA UB199 UT WOS:A1996UB19900007 PM 8612100 ER PT J AU Dickson, JS Manke, TR Wesley, IV Baetz, AL AF Dickson, JS Manke, TR Wesley, IV Baetz, AL TI Biphasic culture of Arcobacter spp SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SP-NOV; CAMPYLOBACTER AB Arcobacter spp. have recently been genetically differentiated as a genus distinct from Campylobacter. Physiologically, Arcobacter spp. are aerotolerant bacteria, while Campylobacter spp. are microaerophilic. However, since Arcobacter spp. have been difficult to grow to high population densities in broth media, alternative culture techniques were investigated. A biphasic culture system was developed in 25 cm(2) tissue culture flasks. Biphasic culture, consisting of a solid phase of 10% bovine blood agar and a liquid phase of Brain Heart Infusion broth, was found to increase bacterial population densities by more than 2 log(10) cycles for strains of A. butzleri and A. skirrowii. A strain of A. cryaerophilus, which was non-culturable in broth culture, attained population densities of 10(9) cells ml(-1) in biphasic culture. Neither the addition of fetal bovine serum to the liquid nor an increase in the surface area from 25 to 75 cm(2) resulted in increased cell densities. C1 ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,USDA,AMES,IA. RP Dickson, JS (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT MICROBIOL IMMUNOL & PREVENT MED,207 SCI I,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 22 IS 3 BP 195 EP 198 DI 10.1111/j.1472-765X.1996.tb01141.x PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA TZ232 UT WOS:A1996TZ23200003 PM 8852346 ER PT J AU Sauerwald, TU Hachey, DL Jensen, CL Chen, HM Anderson, RE Heird, WC AF Sauerwald, TU Hachey, DL Jensen, CL Chen, HM Anderson, RE Heird, WC TI Effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid intake on incorporation of docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids into plasma phospholipids of term infants SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Congress of the International-Society-for-the-Study-of-Fatty-Acids-and-Lipids CY JUN 07-10, 1995 CL NIH, NATCHER CONF CTR, BETHESDA, MD SP Int Soc Study Fatty Acids & Lipids HO NIH, NATCHER CONF CTR ID FATTY-ACIDS AB The fractional conversion rates of plasma phospholipid alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) and linoleic acid (18:2n-6) to docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (20:4n-6), respectively, and the fractional rates of incorporation of 22:6n-3 and 20:4n-6 into plasma phospholipids were determined in 27 healthy 3-wk-old term infants who had received formulas with similar to 16% of fat as 18:2n-6 and 0.4% (n = 6), 1.0% (n = 11), or 3.2% (n = 10) as 18:3n-3 from birth. The infants were given a single dose of both [U-C-13]18:2n-6 and [U-C-13]18:3n-3 with a feeding, and blood samples were collected 8, 12, and 24 h afterward for determination of the isotopic enrichments of the [M + 18] isotopomers of plasma phospholipid fatty acids by negative chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A simple precursor/product compartmental model was used to estimate fractional rates of conversion and incorporation. All infants converted 18:3n-3 to 22:6n-3 and 18:2n-6 to 20:4n-6. Although the fractional rate of conversion of 18:3n-3 to 22:6n-3 did not differ among groups, the fractional rate of incorporation of 22:6n-3 into the plasma phospholipid fraction was greater in infants who received 3.2% vs. 0.4% or 1.0% 18:3n-3 (4.1 +/- 2.2 vs. 1.6 +/- 1.5 or 2.0 +/- 1.0% of the plasma phospholipid 22:6n-3 pool daily). The fractional rate of conversion of 18:2n-6 to 20:4n-6 was less in infants who received the 3.2% 18:3n-3 intake (0.4 +/- 0.3% of the plasma phospholipid 18:2n-6 pool daily vs. 1.1 +/- 0.7% and 0.8 +/- 0.5% in those who received 0.4 and 1.0% 18:3n-3, respectively). The fractional rate of incorporation of 20:4n-6 into plasma phospholipid also was less in the 3.2% vs. the 0.4 and 1.0% 18:3n-3 groups (2.7 +/- 1.4% vs. 5.9 +/- 2.6 and 4.4 +/- 1.7%, respectively, of the plasma phospholipid 20:4n-6 pool daily). C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,USDA ARS,HOUSTON,TX 77030. BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT OPHTHALMOL & BIOCHEM,HOUSTON,TX 77030. NR 11 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD MAR PY 1996 VL 31 SU S BP S131 EP S135 DI 10.1007/BF02637064 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA UB908 UT WOS:A1996UB90800023 PM 8729107 ER PT J AU Troyer, D Alexander, L KirbyDobbels, K Rohrer, GA Beattie, CW AF Troyer, D Alexander, L KirbyDobbels, K Rohrer, GA Beattie, CW TI An unassigned porcine microsatellite linkage group maps to Chromosome 6 SO MAMMALIAN GENOME LA English DT Article ID INSITU HYBRIDIZATION C1 USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. RP Troyer, D (reprint author), KANSAS STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT ANAT & PHYSIOL,228 VMS BLDG,1600 DENISON AVE,MANHATTAN,KS 66506, USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0938-8990 J9 MAMM GENOME JI Mamm. Genome PD MAR PY 1996 VL 7 IS 3 BP 224 EP 225 DI 10.1007/s003359900061 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA TZ847 UT WOS:A1996TZ84700014 PM 8833247 ER PT J AU Masabanda, J Kappes, SM Smith, TPL Beattie, CW Fries, R AF Masabanda, J Kappes, SM Smith, TPL Beattie, CW Fries, R TI Mapping of a linkage group to the last bovine chromosome (BTA27) without an assignment SO MAMMALIAN GENOME LA English DT Article C1 ETH ZURICH,DEPT ANIM SCI,CH-8092 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND. USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. OI Fries, Ruedi/0000-0002-4657-1787 NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0938-8990 J9 MAMM GENOME JI Mamm. Genome PD MAR PY 1996 VL 7 IS 3 BP 229 EP 230 DI 10.1007/s003359900063 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA TZ847 UT WOS:A1996TZ84700016 PM 8833249 ER PT J AU Hampson, JW Fox, JB Lakritz, L Thayer, DW AF Hampson, JW Fox, JB Lakritz, L Thayer, DW TI Effect of low dose gamma radiation on lipids in five different meats SO MEAT SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID IRRADIATION; MUSCLE AB Five types of meats were irradiated by gamma radiation up to a dose of 10 kGy. The m. longissimus dorsi from pork, lamb and beef was irradiated as well as turkey leg and turkey breast muscle. After irradiation, the lipids were extracted from the muscles to ascertain the effect of irradiation. Peroxide and iodine values along with malonaldehyde concentration were used to assess any damage made to the lipids, and to note any significant differences in these compounds due to the type of muscle tissue. Peroxide and iodine values showed that at low irradiation dose, < 10 kGy, there was no significant change in any of the meat lipids. Malonaldehyde concentration changed significantly at the micromolar level due to irradiation dose, but only in turkey breast muscle. RP Hampson, JW (reprint author), ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,USDA,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 20 TC 57 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0309-1740 J9 MEAT SCI JI Meat Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 42 IS 3 BP 271 EP 276 DI 10.1016/0309-1740(95)00047-X PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA UB337 UT WOS:A1996UB33700004 PM 22060774 ER PT J AU Bangera, MG Thomashow, LS AF Bangera, MG Thomashow, LS TI Characterization of a genomic locus required for synthesis of the antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol by the biological control agent Pseudomonas fluorescens Q2-87 SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE biocontrol; Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici ID GRAMINIS VAR TRITICI; BLACK ROOT-ROT; NEGATIVE BACTERIA; DNA CLONING; SUPPRESSION; BIOSYNTHESIS; AUREOFACIENS; PLASMID; EXPRESSION; TOBACCO AB The antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (Phl) is an important factor in the biological control by fluorescent Pseudomonas spp, of many soilborne diseases including take-all disease of wheat, A 6.5-kb genomic DNA fragment from Pseudomonas fluorescens Q2-87 conferred production of Phl and of a red pigment distinct from Phl, but which typically is present when Phl is produced, upon all of 13 Phl-nonproducing recipient Pseudomonas strains into which it was introduced, Larger fragments that included flanking DNA sequences did not transfer this capability, suggesting that they contain negative regulatory element(s), Analysis of the 6.5-kb fragment by Tn3HoHo1 mutagenesis further localized the sequences required for Phl production to a segment of approximately 5 kb and revealed the presence of at least two divergently oriented transcriptional units, Insertions within the smaller unit or within about 3 kb of the 5' end of the larger unit caused loss of production of both Phl and the red pigment, Other insertions within the distal 1.5 kb of the larger transcriptional unit abolished production of only the red pigment, Pleiotropic changes in secondary metabolism or colony morphology were not observed in Pseudomonas strains containing the 6.5-kb fragment, although some Phl-producing derivatives grew more slowly and gave rise to smaller colonies than did the wild-type parental strains, The size of the genomic region involved in Phl production, and the consistency and specificity with which these sequences transferred Phl biosynthetic capability, support the conclusion that the 6.5-kb fragment contains the Phl biosynthetic locus. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,ROOT DIS & BIOL CONTROL RES UNIT,USDA,ARS,PULLMAN,WA 99164. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. NR 51 TC 83 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 9 IS 2 BP 83 EP 90 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA TW077 UT WOS:A1996TW07700001 PM 8820750 ER PT J AU Mischke, S Adams, PB AF Mischke, S Adams, PB TI Temporal and spatial factors affecting germination of macroconidia of Sporidesmium sclerotivorium SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE biocontrol; host-parasite; mycoparasite; Sclerotinia; Sporidesmium ID SCLEROTINIA LETTUCE DROP; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; CONIOTHYRIUM-MINITANS; FUNGI; MYCOPARASITISM; SOIL; HOST AB Macroconidia of Sporidesmium sclerotivorum are stimulated to germinate by sclerotia of Sclerotinia minor Substantial differences in germination rate were demonstrated among ten isolates of Sporidesmium sclerotivorum. The rate of germination was usually related to the maximum percent germination, i.e. competence, of the strain; strains with a greater proportion of competent macroconidia germinated more rapidly. Parameters for stimulating macroconidia of a rapidly germinating strain of Sporidesmium sclerotivorum were investigated in vitro and in soil. A single sclerotium stimulated maximum germination of macroconidia in less than one week. Treatment with additional sclerotia increased the degree of early response, but had no effect on the final proportion of germinated spores. As little as 5 minutes of incubation with a Single sclerotium could trigger germination of a substantial fraction of macroconidia 48 hours after the stimulant was removed. Germination was stimulated by a single sclerotium at maximum distances of 4 centimeters in vitro and 1 centimeter in soil. At that distance in soil, but not at 2 centimeters, the expanding germ tube of the mycoparasite was able to reach a sclerotium and infect it. These studies suggest that the mechanism of germination plays a role in the survival of this fastidious mycoparasite, which is useful for biological control of Sclerotinia species. C1 USDA ARS, INST PLANT SCI, BIOCONTROL PLANT DIS LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. RP Mischke, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, INST PLANT SCI, SYSTEMAT BOT & MYCOL LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ALLEN PRESS INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 88 IS 2 BP 271 EP 277 DI 10.2307/3760932 PG 7 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA UG305 UT WOS:A1996UG30500015 ER PT J AU Samuels, GJ Lodge, DJ AF Samuels, GJ Lodge, DJ TI Three species of Hypocrea with stipitate stromata and Trichoderma anamorphs SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Hypocreales; Podocrea; Podostroma; systematics ID GENUS TRICHODERMA; REVISION; FUNGI AB Hypocrea brevipes, H. poronioidea and H. capitata, a new species, were grown in pure culture from individual part-ascospores. Each produced a Trichoderma anamorph, but none of the anamorphs were referable to any named Trichoderma aggregate species. Stromata with fertile ascospores formed in cultures derived from single part-ascospores of H. poronioidea. In addition, a hyphomycetous, Acremonium-like synanamorph with hyaline conidia borne in slime formed in cultures of H. poronioidea. The distribution of H. poronioidea is extended from the Americas to Africa. These Hypocrea species and their anamorphs are described. C1 US FOREST SERV,CTR FOREST MYCOL RES,USDA ARS,FOREST PROD LAB,PALMER,PR 00721. RP Samuels, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,SYSTEMAT BOT & MYCOL LAB,RM 304,B-011A,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 25 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 2 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 88 IS 2 BP 302 EP 315 DI 10.2307/3760935 PG 14 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA UG305 UT WOS:A1996UG30500018 ER PT J AU Hajek, AE Hodge, KT Liebherr, JK Day, WH Vandenberg, TD AF Hajek, AE Hodge, KT Liebherr, JK Day, WH Vandenberg, TD TI Use of RAPD analysis to trace the origin of the weevil pathogen Zoophthora phytonomi in North America SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GENETIC-VARIATION; ENTOMOPHTHORACEAE; CURCULIONIDAE; POPULATIONS; ENTOMOPHAGA; ONTARIO; FUNGI AB In North America, the fungal pathogen Zoophthora phytonomi, has been known to cause significant levels of infection in introduced clover leaf weevil populations, Hypera punctata, since 1885. This pathogen was never noted in introduced populations of alfalfa weevil, H. postica, sympatric with clover leaf weevil, until 1973 when it was found in alfalfa weevil in Ontario. From 1973 through 1981, Z. phytonomi was progressively found further south from Ontario. Whether these reports of Z. phytonomi infecting H. postica actually demonstrate spread by a novel genotype has previously been proposed and disputed. PCR-RAPD analysis was used to compare isolates of Z. phytonomi from both hosts in North America, and from H. postica in Israel with Z. radicans and Conidiobolus osmodes as outgroups. Both phenetic and cladistic analyses demonstrate that two main genotypes of Z. phytonomi occur in North America; one genotype including only H. punctata isolates wi:ha second more homogeneous and principally including isolates from H. postica. The genotype principally including isolates from H. postica was more closely related to isolates from H. postica in Israel than to the other North American group, but also included one isolate from H. punctata. Based on affinity with Israeli genotypes, this latter strain may have originated in the Eurasian areas where H. postica is endemic. The degree of host specificity of these two North American genotypes of Z. phytonomi will require further investigation. C1 CORNELL UNIV,BOYCE THOMPSON INST PLANT RES,ITHACA,NY 14853. ARS,USDA,PLANT PROTECT RES INST,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853. CORNELL UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ITHACA,NY 14853. ARS,USDA,BENEFICIAL INSECTS INTRODUCT RES LAB,NEWARK,DE 19713. NR 40 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 100 BP 349 EP 355 PN 3 PG 7 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA UE228 UT WOS:A1996UE22800017 ER PT J AU Palm, ME AF Palm, ME TI Kirramyces phormii comb nov from leaves of Phormium SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID EUCALYPTUS AB Hendersonia phormii, a coelomycetous fungus originally described from leaves of Phormium, is transferred to Kirramyces. The species is redescribed from the host and in culture. Generic relationships are discussed and characters summarized. Kirramyces phormii is compared to and contrasted with other species in that genus and a key is provided to species of Kirramyces. RP Palm, ME (reprint author), USDA,APHIS,SYSTEMAT BOT & MYCOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 100 BP 373 EP 376 PN 3 PG 4 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA UE228 UT WOS:A1996UE22800021 ER PT J AU Myers, RH Schaefer, EJ Wilson, PWF DAgostino, R Ordovas, JM Espino, A Au, R White, RF Knoefel, JE Cobb, JL McNulty, KA Beiser, A Wolf, PA AF Myers, RH Schaefer, EJ Wilson, PWF DAgostino, R Ordovas, JM Espino, A Au, R White, RF Knoefel, JE Cobb, JL McNulty, KA Beiser, A Wolf, PA TI Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 association with dementia in a population-based study: The Framingham study SO NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID FAMILIAL ALZHEIMER-DISEASE; E POLYMORPHISM; TYPE-4 ALLELE; CHROMOSOME-19; GENE; FREQUENCY; GENOTYPE; BINDING; LINKAGE AB Apolipoprotein E type 4 allele (apoE epsilon 4) is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the late-onset familial form and in sporadic cases, but the age-associated risk in a randomly sampled elderly population is not established. We examined the association of apoE epsilon 4 with AD and other dementias (mainly multi-infarct or dementia following stroke) in 1,030 persons aged 71 to 100 years in the population-based Framingham Study cohort. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that 55% of the apoE epsilon 4/epsilon 4 homozygotes developed AD by age 80, whereas 27% of apoE epsilon 3/epsilon 4 heterozygotes developed AD by age 85, and 9% of those without a 4 allele developed AD by age 85 years. In comparison with persons without a 4 allele, the risk ratio for AD was 3.7 (95% CI = 1.9 to 7.5) for apoE epsilon 3/epsilon 4 heterozygotes and 30.1 (95% CI: = 10.7 to 84.4) for apoE epsilon 4 homozygotes. ApoE epsilon 2 (2/2, 2/3, or 2/4 genotypes) was associated with an absence of AD. One-half (n = 21) of the 43 AD patients were either homozygous or heterozygous for apoE epsilon 4. We found evidence for an association of apoE epsilon 4 with other dementia, primarily multi-infarct dementia and stroke. The risk ratio is 2.3 (95% CI = 0.9 to 6.1) for non-AD dementias among persons with apoE epsilon 3/epsilon 4. Although the apoE epsilon 4 allele is a potent risk factor for AD and may be associated with other forms of dementia, most apoE epsilon 4 carriers do not develop dementia, and about one-half of AD is not apoE epsilon 4 associated. The low positive predictive value of this marker (0.10) suggests that use of apoE genotyping as a screening test for AD is not supported. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. NHLBI,FRAMINGHAM HEART STUDY,FRAMINGHAM,MA. BOSTON UNIV,DEPT MATH,BOSTON,MA 02215. BOSTON UNIV,VET ADM MED CTR,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,BOSTON,MA 02215. BOSTON UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT BIOSTAT & EPIDEMIOL,BOSTON,MA. RP Myers, RH (reprint author), BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT NEUROL,80 E CONCORD ST,BOSTON,MA 02118, USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HC-38038]; NIA NIH HHS [2R01-AG-08122-06] NR 37 TC 245 Z9 248 U1 0 U2 2 PU LITTLE BROWN CO PI BOSTON PA 34 BEACON STREET, BOSTON, MA 02108-1493 SN 0028-3878 J9 NEUROLOGY JI Neurology PD MAR PY 1996 VL 46 IS 3 BP 673 EP 677 PG 5 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA UB778 UT WOS:A1996UB77800016 PM 8618665 ER PT J AU Booker, FL Anttonen, S Heagle, AS AF Booker, FL Anttonen, S Heagle, AS TI Catechin, proanthocyanidin and lignin contents of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) needles after chronic exposure to ozone SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Pinus taeda (loblolly pine); catechin; proanthocyanidins; lignin; ozone ID PICEA-ABIES L; SPRUCE NEEDLES; SYLVESTRIS L; RESPONSES; SEEDLINGS; ACID; TANNINS; FOREST; FIELD AB Concentrations of soluble and bound phenolic compounds were measured in needles of 3-yr-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees exposed from May to November 1993 to a range of ozone (O-3) concentrations in open-top field chambers. The treatments were charcoal-filtered air (CF), non-filtered air (NF), and NF air with O, added at 1.5 times (NF 1.5) and 2.0 times (NF 2.0) the ambient O-3 concentration for 12 h daily. Average daily (0800-2000 hours) O-3 concentrations in the CF, NF, NF 1.5 and NF 2.0 treatments were c. 29, 47, 76 and 98 nl l(-1), respectively, for the 140 d treatment period. At the end of the treatment period, total phenolic and proanthocyanidin concentrations in the previous year's needles were 25-29% higher in the NF 2.0 treatment compared with the lower O-3 treatments. Catechin concentration increased in the previous pear's needles by as much as 81% between the NF 2.0 treatment and the lower O-3 treatments. Catechin is an effective antioxidant, and elevated levels might confer some protection against O-3 injury. No significant differences in total phenolics and proanthocyanidins in the previous pear's needles were detected among the remaining O-3 treatments, or among any O, treatment for the current year's needles. Lignin content in needles of both years was not significantly affected by O-3 exposure. Changes in the phenolic content of older needles in response to elevated O, could alter plant-pathogen interactions and slow down microbial decomposition, which could contribute to a decline in site soil quality. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, DEPT CROP SCI, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. KUOPIO UNIV, DEPT ECOL & ENVIRONM SCI, KUOPIO, FINLAND. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, DEPT PLANT PATHOL, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. RP N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, USDA ARS, AIR QUAL RES PROGRAM, BOX 7632, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. NR 35 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0028-646X EI 1469-8137 J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 132 IS 3 BP 483 EP 492 DI 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb01868.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UE306 UT WOS:A1996UE30600013 PM 26763644 ER PT J AU Saari, JT AF Saari, JT TI Evidence that dimethyl sulfoxide inhibits defects of copper deficiency by inhibition of glycation SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE copper; glycation; peroxidation; dimethyl sulfoxide ID LIPID-PEROXIDATION; DIETARY COPPER; GROWING-RAT; TISSUES; CERULOPLASMIN; PLASMA; LIVER; ASSAY; IRON; ZINC AB Prior studies have indicated that dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), when fed to rats, can inhibit the cardiac enlargement and anemia of a concurrent dietary copper (Cu) deficiency. Because DMSO is capable of chemically destroying the hydroxyl radical, its inhibition of defects of Cu deficiency was taken as evidence that those defects resulted from oxidative stress. To examine this conclusion further, rats were fed Cu-adequate (6.4 mu g/g) and -deficient (0.5 mu g/g) diets and given water with or without 5% DMSO. Two additional groups of rats were pair-fed to test for the effects of reduced food intake caused by DMSO. To rest for mechanism of action of DMSO, indices of lipid peroxidation and nonenzymatic glycosylation of protein (glycation) were measured. Compared to Cu-adequate rats, Cu-deficient rats were anemic and had enlarged hearts, increased serum malondialdehyde (MDA), increased heart thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TEARS) and an enhanced percentage of glycated hemoglobin (Hb A(1)). Both DMSO administration and pair feeding ameliorated the anemia of Cu deficiency; pair feeding reduced the cardiac enlargement of Cu deficiency. Neither DMSO nor pair feeding inhibited the rise in serum MDA or heart TEARS, but both caused a similar degree of inhibition of the rise in Hb A(1). Although dietary Cu deficiency is associated with an increase in products of peroxidation, the inhibition of defects by DMSO appears to be related to food restriction and inhibition of glycation. RP Saari, JT (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 35 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 16 IS 3 BP 467 EP 477 DI 10.1016/0271-5317(96)00028-0 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA UB311 UT WOS:A1996UB31100011 ER PT J AU Gangloff, MB Glahn, RP Miller, DD VanCampen, DR AF Gangloff, MB Glahn, RP Miller, DD VanCampen, DR TI Assessment of iron availability using combined in vitro digestion and caco-2 cell culture SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE caco-2; iron; in vitro; bioavailability; cell culture ID LINE CACO-2; INVITRO; BIOAVAILABILITY; TUMORS; SYSTEM AB A model for the rapid assessment of iron availability was developed that combines in vitro digestion with iron uptake by Caco-2 cell monolayers. In this method, samples (beef, ascorbic acid, or citric acid) were adjusted to pH 2, labeled with Fe-59, and subjected to pepsin digestion (pH 2, 37 degrees C) for 1 h to simulate gastric digestion. Next, a dialysis bag (12,000-14,000 molecular weight cutoff) containing 150 mM PIPES buffer (pH 6.7) was placed in the digest and incubation continued for 30 min. Then, a pancreatin-bile mixture was added, and incubation was continued for an additional 2 h. The contents of the dialysis bag were removed and an aliquot applied to Caco-2 cell monolayers. After a 60 min incubation, iron that was non-specifically bound to the surface of the monolayer was removed by rinsing with a solution containing bathophenanthrolinedisulfonic acid and sodium dithionite. Cells were then counted for Fe-59 activity to measure uptake. Beef and ascorbic acid enhanced Caco-2 cell iron uptake, whereas citric acid had no effect. These results compare favorably with literature reports of human studies and suggest that a dialyzable factor(s) less than 14,000 daltons, released during beef digestion, was responsible for the iron absorption-enhancing properties of beef. We believe that this system will be useful for studying basic mechanisms of iron absorption and for in vitro estimation of iron bioavailability. C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI,ITHACA,NY 14853. CORNELL UNIV,USDA ARS,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853. NR 16 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 16 IS 3 BP 479 EP 487 DI 10.1016/0271-5317(96)00029-2 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA UB311 UT WOS:A1996UB31100012 ER PT J AU Elliott, N Kieckhefer, R Kauffman, W AF Elliott, N Kieckhefer, R Kauffman, W TI Effects of an invading coccinellid on native coccinellids in an agricultural landscape SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Coccinellidae; Aphididae; biological control; competition ID CLASSICAL BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; EASTERN SOUTH-DAKOTA; APHIDOPHAGOUS COCCINELLIDS; COLEOPTERA; PREDATORS; APHIDS; MAIZE AB Seven native coccinellid species inhabited alfalfa, corn, and small grain fields in eastern South Dakota prior to invasion and establishment of Coccinella septempunctata L. Six species occurred in all crops, however, Adalia bipunctata (L.) occurred only in corn. The structure of native coccinellid communities differed significantly for years prior to compared with years after establishment of C. septempunctata in fields of the three agricultural crops. Differences in community structure were accounted for mainly by reduced abundance of two species, C. transversoguttata richardsoni Brown and Adalia bipunctata (L.). Annual abundance of C. transversoguttata richardsoni averaged 20-32 times lower during post-invasion years than in years prior to invasion, depending on crop; while annual abundance of A. bipunctata averaged 20 times lower in corn after invasion. Addition of C. septempunctata to the community did not result in a significant increase in total abundance of coccinellids in the crops. Coccinellid abundance in agricultural crops may be limited by the total abundance of prey or by the availability of other requisites in the landscape as a whole. Therefore, introduction of a new species, while resulting in reductions in native species populations, may not increase total coccinellid abundance, and may therefore have no net effect on biological control of aphid pests. C1 USDA ARS,NPA,NO GRAIN INSECTS RES LAB,BROOKINGS,SD 57006. USDA,APHIS,OTIS METHODS DEV LAB,OTIS ANGB,CAPE COD,MA. RP Elliott, N (reprint author), USDA,ARS,SPA,PLANT SCI RES LAB,1301 N WESTERN ST,STILLWATER,OK 74075, USA. NR 34 TC 171 Z9 182 U1 0 U2 26 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD MAR PY 1996 VL 105 IS 4 BP 537 EP 544 DI 10.1007/BF00330017 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UB315 UT WOS:A1996UB31500015 PM 28307147 ER PT J AU Dwyer, CP Belant, JL Dolbeer, RA AF Dwyer, CP Belant, JL Dolbeer, RA TI Distribution and abundance of roof-nesting gulls in the Great Lakes region of the United States SO OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HERRING-GULLS; POPULATION; BIOLOGY AB In 1994, we conducted aerial, mail, and telephone surveys to determine the distribution and abundance of roof-nesting gulls in states bordering the Great Lakes. We documented more than 7,922 nesting pairs of gulls at 30 colonies in four states; species composition was 71% ring-billed (Larus delawarensis), 24% herring (L. argentatus), and 5% unknown. Colony size ranged from 1 to 1,003 nesting pairs. Proportions of ring-billed gulls nesting less that 5.0 and more than 10.0 km from the Great Lakes were 31% and 39%, in contrast to 63% and less than 1% for herring gulls, respectively, Maximum distances herring and ring-billed gull colonies were located from the Great Lakes were 23.5 and 58.0 km, respectively. Roof-nesting ring-billed and herring gulls represented approximately 2% and 4%, respectively, of the total nesting population for these species in the U.S. portion of the Great Lakes, As previous surveys of colonial waterbirds in the Great Lakes did not document roof-nesting gull colonies, future surveys should include potential inland colony sites, particularly roofs and other urban habitats to obtain more accurate estimates of total population size and to monitor population trends of roof-nesting gulls. C1 USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,SANDUSKY,OH 44870. NR 21 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 5 PU OHIO ACAD SCIENCE PI COLUMBUS PA 1500 W 3RD AVE SUITE 223, COLUMBUS, OH 43212-2817 SN 0030-0950 J9 OHIO J SCI JI Ohio J. Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 96 IS 1 BP 9 EP 12 PG 4 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA UV054 UT WOS:A1996UV05400003 ER PT J AU Beckett, PR Fiorotto, ML Davis, TA Reeds, PJ AF Beckett, PR Fiorotto, ML Davis, TA Reeds, PJ TI Corticosterone has independent effects on tissue maturation and growth in the suckling rat SO PEDIATRIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DEXAMETHASONE TREATMENT; ENERGY-BALANCE; MESSENGER-RNA; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; PROTEIN; MUSCLE; BIOSYNTHESIS; STIMULATION; APPEARANCE; SUCRASE AB Glucocorticoids are associated with reduced weight gain when used to improve pulmonary function in premature infants. However, tissue maturation is stimulated during normal development by an increase in serum glucocorticoids. We evaluated the effects of glucocorticoid treatment on tissue weight gain and the activity of specific enzymes in the suckling rat, with the hypothesis that these processes are independently regulated. Before the ontogenic surge in corticosterone, 6-d-old rat pups were implanted with a pellet to release corticosterone continuously at 0 (placebo), 48, 120, 240, or 360 mu g/d. We killed the pups at 7, 9, or 12 d of age and measured tissue weights and activities of sucrase and glutamine synthetase. Serum corticosterone concentrations were elevated with dose. Tissue weight gain was proportional to In, serum corticosterone at all ages. In contrast, enzyme indices of tissue maturation did not respond to corticosterone until d 9. Also, intestinal tissue was more sensitive than muscle to the effects of corticosterone on weight but less sensitive to its effects on maturation. We conclude that the immediate response, in terms of weight versus the delayed response of the enzymes and their reciprocal sensitivity in muscle and gut, indicates that these processes are independently regulated. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,USDA ARS,HOUSTON,TX 77030. RP Beckett, PR (reprint author), TEXAS CHILDRENS HOSP,6621 FANNIN,MC 3-2351,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. NR 37 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0031-3998 J9 PEDIATR RES JI Pediatr. Res. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 39 IS 3 BP 395 EP 400 DI 10.1203/00006450-199603000-00004 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TX026 UT WOS:A1996TX02600004 PM 8929857 ER PT J AU Klish, WJ Baker, SS Flores, CA Georgieff, MK Lake, AM Leibel, RL Udall, JN Cheney, M Daniels, PN Harris, SS Hubbard, VS Levin, E Prendergast, A Smith, AE Yetley, E Yip, R Zlotkin, S Lauer, RM Bell, EF AF Klish, WJ Baker, SS Flores, CA Georgieff, MK Lake, AM Leibel, RL Udall, JN Cheney, M Daniels, PN Harris, SS Hubbard, VS Levin, E Prendergast, A Smith, AE Yetley, E Yip, R Zlotkin, S Lauer, RM Bell, EF TI Aluminum toxicity in infants and children SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID CHRONIC-RENAL-FAILURE; PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; CALCIUM ACETATE; ENCEPHALOPATHY; DIALYSIS; INTOXICATION; ACCUMULATION; HYDROXIDE; UREMIA; BONE C1 BUR NUTR SCI,OTTAWA,ON,CANADA. USDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. NIDDKD,BETHESDA,MD 20892. NICHHD,BETHESDA,MD 20892. AMER DIETET ASSOC,CHICAGO,IL. US FDA,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. CDCP,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 35 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD MAR PY 1996 VL 97 IS 3 BP 413 EP 416 PG 4 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TY580 UT WOS:A1996TY58000024 ER PT J AU Ivie, GW Beier, RC AF Ivie, GW Beier, RC TI Isopimpinellin is not phototoxic in a chick skin assay SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LINEAR FUROCOUMARINS PSORALENS; FURANOCOUMARIN; RESISTANCE; INSECTS AB Synthetic isopimpinellin (5,8-dimethoxypsoralen), confirmed to contain as impurities only trace quantities at most of psoralen, bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen) and xanthotoxin (8-methoxypsoralen), is not phototoxic when tested in a chick skin bioassay system. These findings are at variance with earlier studies showing isopimpinellin to be phototoxic against chick skin and support the conclusion that isopimpinellin is photobiologically inactive. As recently proposed by others, the several reports of isopimpinellin photoactivity are most likely attributable to contamination by small amounts of highly active psoralens such as bergapten or xanthotoxin. RP Ivie, GW (reprint author), USDA ARS,2881 F&B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 63 IS 3 BP 306 EP 307 DI 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb03031.x PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA TZ947 UT WOS:A1996TZ94700011 PM 8881335 ER PT J AU Acevedo, A Skadsen, RW Scandalios, JG AF Acevedo, A Skadsen, RW Scandalios, JG TI Two barley catalase genes respond differentially to light SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE antioxidants; barley; gene expression; Hordeum vulgare; maize; photoresponse; Zea mays ID HORDEUM-VULGARE-L; DEFICIENT MUTANT; MAIZE; EXPRESSION; TOBACCO AB Cloned catalase probes from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) were used to examine catalase gene expression in greened and etiolated leaves of several barley lines. Etiolated leaves had greater levels of an mRNA detected by barley Cat1, compared with greened leaves, in all lines. In contrast, a Cat2-like mRNA (homologous to Cat2 of maize) was induced by light and accumulated to high levels in greened leaves, compared to the negligible levels detected in etiolated leaves. This suggests that barley contains light-inducible and light-repressible catalase genes. In the catalase-deficient barley mutant RPr 79/4, no hybridization signal was detected when RNA from greened or etiolated leaves was probed with maize Cat2, indicating that this mutant is deficient for the light-induced Cat mRNA. In etiolated seedlings of both RPr 79/4 and its motherline, the level of the Cat1 mRNA increased coordinately with a steady increase in catalase activity. Even though the mutant RPr 79/4 was able to grow to maturity in normal air, it sustained chlorosis and significant head sterility probably due to the lack of a light-inducible catalase. Although the mutant RPr 79/4 is not completely lacking catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), the loss of the CAT-1 isozyme is evidently harmful. This observation underscores the protective role of catalases in plants. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT GENET,RALEIGH,NC 27695. INTA,CICA,INST GENET,RA-1712 CASTELAR,BUENOS AIRES,ARGENTINA. ARS,USDA,MWA,CEREAL CROPS RES UNIT,MADISON,WI 53706. OI Acevedo, Alberto/0000-0002-6415-7504 NR 17 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 96 IS 3 BP 369 EP 374 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UG643 UT WOS:A1996UG64300003 ER PT J AU Percy, RG Lu, ZM Radin, JW Turcotte, EL Zeiger, E AF Percy, RG Lu, ZM Radin, JW Turcotte, EL Zeiger, E TI Inheritance of stomatal conductance in cotton (Gossypium barbadense) SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE cotton; Gossypium barbadense; inheritance; stomatal conductance ID PHOTOSYNTHESIS; YIELD AB Stomatal conductance in improved Pima cotton cultivars (Gossypium barbadense) has been previously shown to be positively associated with heat resistance and yield potential. In the present study we determined the mode of inheritance of stomatal conductance in crosses of six G. barbadense parents varying in origin, degree of agronomic development and stomatal conductance. Parents included a primitive tropical cotton (B368), two obsolete cultivars (St Vincent V135, Pima 32), one modern commercial line (Pima S-6) and two elite genotypes of the Pima germplasm (P70, P73). These Lines showed distinct differences in stomatal conductance, under greenhouse and field conditions. The primitive B368 had the lowest conductance, and the elite lines the highest. Generation means analysis was used to quantify genetic effects in the crosses P70 x St Vincent V135, Pima S-6 x B368, Pima S-6 x Pima 32, P73 x Pima 32 and P73 x Pima S-6. Best-fit models of the inheritance of stomatal conductance varied in complexity from a simple additive-dominance model in the cross P70 x St. Vincent V135 to models displaying digenic epistatic interactions in the remaining crosses. Significant additive mean effects for stomatal conductance were detected in all crosses. Dominance mean effects were significant in the crosses P73 x Pima 32 and P73 x Pima S-6. Broadsense heritability estimates of stomatal conductance were relatively low (0.16-0.44) in all crosses except Pima 5-6 x B368 (0.74). Results also show that the mode of inheritance of stomatal conductance is multigenic, and may have maternal as well as nuclear components. Recouping higher stomatal conductance levels from genetically wider crosses appears feasible and could proceed at a moderate rate. Fixing higher levels of stomatal conductance in populations from crosses of elite germplasm may be more difficult because of the presence of dominant mean effects and digenic epistatic interactions. C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT BIOL,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. USDA ARS,MARICOPA AGR CTR,MARICOPA,AZ 85239. USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. NR 18 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 96 IS 3 BP 389 EP 394 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UG643 UT WOS:A1996UG64300006 ER PT J AU Burr, KE Tinus, RW AF Burr, KE Tinus, RW TI Use of clones increases the power of physiological experiments on coastal Douglas-fir SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE budbreak; clones; cold hardiness; Douglas-fir; experimental design; Pseudotsuga menziesii; root growth potential; sample size; variability ID PSEUDOTSUGA-MENZIESII; COLD HARDINESS; GROWTH; SEEDLINGS; SPRUCE AB The statistical benefit of reduced variability in experiments with clones was quantified with cold hardy Douglas-fir (Psendotsuga menziesii var. menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) ramets from six clones from a single full-sib family and a check group of open-pollinated seedlings from a bulk seed collection from the same geographic seed source. All groups were cold deacclimated under controlled conditions. The variability in response for physiological attributes (cold hardiness, root growth potential, days to budbreak) was compared within and among groups by using statistical power analyses. Sample sizes required to detect significant differences of varying magnitude between two hypothetical treatment means were calculated. Differences among clones in the average response exhibited for each physiological attribute were large, but within-clone variability was low, relative to the check group of seedlings. Selection of plant material for a hypothetical experiment from this population of several identifiable clones would have consistently resulted in an experiment with greater power than an experiment using these ramets without the clone identities. From a statistical perspective, the best approach to reduce the number of replicates needed to detect treatment differences was selection of experimental plant material from a single clone, especially with prior screening for the most homogeneous clone for the physiological attributes and time periods of interest. However, from a biological perspective, use of a single clone should be approached with caution because of the lack of representation of natural population variability and the possible inability to broadly apply experimental results. RP Burr, KE (reprint author), FOREST SERV, USDA, ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN, FORESTRY SCI LAB, 2500 S PINE KNOLL DR, FLAGSTAFF, AZ 86001 USA. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 96 IS 3 BP 458 EP 466 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UG643 UT WOS:A1996UG64300016 ER PT J AU Wozniak, CA Owens, LD AF Wozniak, CA Owens, LD TI Hydrolysis of glucuronide-based substrates mediated by tungsten, Cu2+, Fe2+, and Zn2+ SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE GUS substrates; metal-mediated catalysis; microprojectile bombardment; transformation; tungsten microcarriers ID HIGH-VELOCITY MICROPROJECTILES; TRANSIENT GENE-EXPRESSION; BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; DNA DELIVERY; STABLE TRANSFORMATION; REPORTER GENE; FOREIGN GENES; CELLS; BOMBARDMENT AB A variety of metal microprojectiles are currently used for carrying foreign DNA into living cells via particle-acceleration techniques. While developing a microprojectile-mediated protocol for transforming cells of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.), formation of a blue precipitate was observed with the indigoqenic substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-glucuronic acid (X-gluc) in the absence of gusA DNA encoding beta-D-glucuronidase (GUS). Tungsten microcarriers, but not gold or silicon carbide, proved capable of catalyzing the cleavage of the glucuronide residue from three histochemical substrates evaluated: X-gluc, salmon X-gluc and magenta X-gluc. Indigo-stained sugarbeet cells were observed following bombardment with tungsten in the absence of DNA. Addition of oxidative catalysts to tungsten microcarriers during substrate incubation had no apparent effect on the metal-mediated catalysis. Treatment of microcarriers with Proteinase K and heat ruled out the presence of enzymes. Microbiological evaluation indicated the absence of contaminating microbes. Similarly, metal-catalyzed hydrolysis of the fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronic acid (4-MUG) was observed in the presence of tungsten spheres but not with gold or silicon carbide particles. With this substrate. hydrolysis also occurred with millimolar concentrations of Cu2+, Fe2+ and Zn2+ ions. Consequently, careful monitoring of DNA-minus controls and avoidance of millimolar concentrations of Cu2+, Fe2+ and Zn2+ ions are recommended in microprojectile bombardment experiments where transient assays for gusA expression are performed. C1 ARS,USDA,PLANT MOLEC BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Wozniak, CA (reprint author), ARS,USDA,NO CROP SCI LAB,POB 5677,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 32 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 96 IS 3 BP 484 EP 490 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UG643 UT WOS:A1996UG64300019 ER PT J AU Wisniewski, M Close, TJ Artlip, T Arora, R AF Wisniewski, M Close, TJ Artlip, T Arora, R TI Seasonal patterns of dehydrins and 70-kDa heat-shock proteins in bark tissues of eight species of woody plants SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE cold acclimation; dehydrins; endoplasmic reticulum binding protein; heat-shock proteins; HSC70; HSP70; stress proteins; woody plants ID ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; ROBINIA-PSEUDOACACIA; COLD-ACCLIMATION; STORAGE PROTEINS; POLYPEPTIDES; STRESS; TWIGS; GENE AB Although considerable effort has been directed at identifying and understanding the function and regulation of stress-induced proteins in herbaceous plants, reports concerning woody plants are limited. Studies with herbaceous crops have revealed similarities in due types of proteins that accumulate in response to a wide array of abiotic stresses and hormonal cues such as the accumulation of abscisic acid. Many of the identified proteins appear to be related to dehydrins (the D-11 subgroup of late-embryogenesis-abundant proteins). The objective of the present study was to determine if seasonal induction of dehydrins is a common feature In woody plants and to see if seasonal patterns existed for other stress-induced proteins. Bark tissues from eight species of woody plants were collected monthly for a period of 1.5 years. The species included: peach (Prunus persica) cv. Loring; apple (Malus domestica) cv. Golden Delicious; thornless blackberry (Rubus sp.) cv. Chester; hybrid poplar (Populus nigra); weeping willow (Salix babylonica); flowering dogwood (Cornus florida); sassafras (Sassafras albidum); and black locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia). Immunoblots of bark proteins were probed with a polyclonal antibody recognizing a conserved region of dehydrin proteins, and monoclonal antibodies directed against members of the HS70 family of heat-shock proteins. Some proteins, immunologically related to dehydrins, appeared to be constitutive; however, distinct seasonal patterns associated with winter acclimation were also observed in all species. The molecular masses of these proteins varied widely, although similarities were observed in related species (willow and poplar). Identification of proteins using the monoclonal antibodies (HSP70, HSC70, BiP) was more definitive because of their inherent specificity, but seasonal patterns were more variable among due eight species examined. This study represents only a precursory examination of several proteins reported to be stress related in herbaceous plants, but the results indicate that these proteins are also common to woody plants and that further research to characterize their regulation and function in relation to stress adaptation and the perennial life cycle of woody plants is warranted. C1 UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE, DEPT BOT & PLANT SCI, RIVERSIDE, CA 92521 USA. W VIRGINIA UNIV, DIV PLANT & SOIL SCI, MORGANTOWN, WV 26506 USA. RP Wisniewski, M (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 45 WILTSHIRE RD, KEARNEYSVILLE, WV 25430 USA. NR 51 TC 84 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 14 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 96 IS 3 BP 496 EP 505 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UG643 UT WOS:A1996UG64300021 ER PT J AU Rose, PA Lei, B Shaw, AC Barton, DL WalkerSimmons, MK Abrams, SR AF Rose, PA Lei, B Shaw, AC Barton, DL WalkerSimmons, MK Abrams, SR TI Probing the role of the hydroxyl group of ABA: Analogues with a methyl ether at C-1' SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Triticum aestivum L; Gramineac; Clark's Cream; Katepwa; wheat; abscisic acid analogues; antitranspirant; germination inhibition; C-1' methyl ether; acetylenic analogues ID ABSCISIC-ACID ANALOGS; GENE-EXPRESSION; WHEAT EMBRYOS AB (+)-(S)- and (-)-(R)-C-1'-O-methyl abscisic acids and their methylesters, as well as the methyl ethers of the acetylenic analogue of methyl ABA, were synthesized through an enantioselective route, giving a series of optically active, new C-1' substituted analogues with known stereochemistry. In a wheat embryo germination inhibition assay, (-)-C-1'-O-methyl ABA shows high activity, comparable with(+)- and (-)-ABA, whereas(+)-C-1'-O-methyl ABA is less active. In a wheat seedling transpiration assay, both analogues exhibit weak activity although the (+)-ABA-like analogue is more potent than its enantiomer. The anti-transpirant response increases over time, which may indicate that the analogue is being metabolized to ABA in vivo. C1 NATL RES COUNCIL CANADA,INST PLANT BIOTECHNOL,SASKATOON,SK S7N 0W9,CANADA. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,PULLMAN,WA 99164. NR 18 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD MAR PY 1996 VL 41 IS 5 BP 1251 EP 1258 DI 10.1016/0031-9422(95)00781-4 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA UC410 UT WOS:A1996UC41000001 ER PT J AU Fravel, DR Stosz, SK Larkin, RP AF Fravel, DR Stosz, SK Larkin, RP TI Effect of temperature, soil type and matric potential on proliferation and survival of Fusarium oxysporum f sp erythroxyli from Erythroxylum coca SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mycoherbicide ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; TRICHODERMA-HARZIANUM; SUPPRESSIVE SOILS; FIELD CONDITIONS; SP DIANTHI; CROWN ROT; WILT; RHIZOSPHERE; CARNATION; COMPETITION AB Natural epidemics of Fusarium wilt on coca have stimulated interest in the causal agent Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli. Effects of constant and fluctuating temperatures, soil matric potential, and soil type on the proliferation of F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli isolate EN4-FT from an alginate prill formulation were studied. Three or four soils were used: a Galestown gravelly loamy sand (GGLS), Hatboro loamy sand (HLS), and red clay subsoil (RC) were collected in Beltsville, MD. A clay loam soil from a planting of coca in Hawaii (HCL) was substituted for RC soil in some experiments. Frill containing F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli were placed on the surface of GGLS, HLS, or HCL soils and maintained at -10, -100, or -500 kPa for 1 week. Matric potential and soil type significantly affected proliferation of the pathogen into the soils. Proliferation was greatest in HCL soil and least in HLS soil. The population density of F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli at -10 and -100 kPa was approximately 10(4) to 10(5) CFU/g, whereas the population density at -500 kPa was approximately 10(3) CFU/g. During 17 weeks of sampling GGLS, HLS, and RC soils maintained at -50 kPa, F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli proliferated from prill into soil when constant temperatures ranged from 10 to 32 degrees C, resulting in 10(3) to 10(5) CFU/g of soil after 1 wk of incubation. Optimum proliferation was at 25 degrees C in all soils. Compared to other temperatures, lower numbers of propagules were recovered from soils stored at 40 degrees C. Two regimes of fluctuating temperature (cycles of 12 h at 15 degrees C followed by 12 h at 25 degrees C or cycles of 12 h at 25 degrees C followed by 12 h at 35 degrees C) also were tested for their effect on proliferation of F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli from prill into three soils maintained at -50 kPa. Population densities were initially 10(3) to 10(6) CFU/g of soil and declined over the 17-week test period. After 17 weeks, population densities in GGLS soil were greater than in HLS or RC soils in both temperature regimes. In HLS and RC soils, the number of CFU of F. oxysporum f. sp, erythroxyli per g was significantly higher in autoclaved than in nonautoclaved soil, indicating that these two soils were fungistatic. No differences were observed between autoclaved and nonautoclaved soils for HCL and GGLS soils, and these two soils were considered conducive to proliferation of F. oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli. RP Fravel, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOCONTROL PLANT DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 35 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAR PY 1996 VL 86 IS 3 BP 236 EP 240 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-236 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TY391 UT WOS:A1996TY39100001 ER PT J AU Bull, CT Carnegie, SR Loper, JE AF Bull, CT Carnegie, SR Loper, JE TI Pathogenicity of mutants of Erwinia carotovora subsp carotovora deficient in aerobactin and catecholate siderophore production SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chrysobactin ID SOFT ROT ERWINIAS; IRON TRANSPORT; PSEUDOMONAS-SYRINGAE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; CHRYSANTHEMI; SYSTEM; CHRYSOBACTIN; VIRULENCE; BACTERIA; ASSIMILATION AB Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora strain W3C105 produces the hydroxamate siderophore aerobactin and a catecholate metabolite, which previously was not known to function in iron acquisition by the phytopathogen. A region containing catechol biosynthesis genes (cbsEA(+)) of strain W3C105 complements EntA(-) and EntE(-) mutants of Escherichia coli, which are deficient in biosynthesis of the catecholate siderophore enterobactin. Four plasmids containing the cbsEA region mutagenized with Tn3-Spice complemented either the EntA(-) or the EntE(-) mutant of E. coli but not both mutants. Two of the plasmids, in which insertions of Tn3-Spice generated transcriptional fusions of the promoterless ice nucleation reporter gene (inaZ) to a cbs promoter(s), conferred iron-regulated ice nucleation activity on E. coli. One of the Tn3-Spice insertions was introduced into the genome of W3C105 by marker-exchange mutagenesis to generate a mutant deficient in catechol biosynthesis (Cbs(-)). Introduction of the insertion into a previously-derived mutant of W3C105 deficient in aerobactin biosynthesis (Iuc(-)) resulted in a double mutant that produced neither the catechol nor aerobactin (Cbs(-) Iuc(-)). A catechol-producing mutant (Cbs(+) Iuc(-)) grew on a minimal medium containing higher concentrations of the iron-chelator 2,2'-dipyridyl than did a mutant producing neither siderophore (Cbs(-) Iuc(-)), demonstrating that the catechol functions as a siderophore in strain W3C105. Wild-type W3C105 and an aerobactin-producing mutant (Cbs(-) Iuc(+)), however, grew on a minimal medium containing higher concentrations of 2,2'-dipyridyl than did a mutant producing only the catechol (Cbs(+) Iuc(-)), indicating that aerobactin was superior to the catecholate siderophore in competing with 2,2'-dipyridyl for iron. Mutants deficient in the production of either or both siderophores did not differ from the wild-type strain in the capacity to macerate potato tuber tissue or cause aerial stem rot of potato. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. USDA,AGR RES SERV,HORT CROPS RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97330. NR 50 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAR PY 1996 VL 86 IS 3 BP 260 EP 266 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-260 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TY391 UT WOS:A1996TY39100004 ER PT J AU Mayton, HS Olivier, C Vaughn, SF Loria, R AF Mayton, HS Olivier, C Vaughn, SF Loria, R TI Correlation of fungicidal activity of Brassica species with allyl isothiocyanate production in macerated leaf tissue SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biological control; green manures; soilborne pathogens ID RAPESEED; CABBAGE; MUSTARD; ROOT AB Brassica species were tested for production of volatile fungicidal compounds from macerated green leaf tissue. Tissue (10, 20, and 40 g) of one cultivar each of six Brassica species was assayed for inhibition of Fusarium sambacinum. Only cultivars of B. nigra and B. juncea suppressed radial growth (>50% inhibition of control). Plant introduction accessions (PIs) of B. juncea, B. carinata, B. nigra, and B. napus were screened for suppression of F. sambucinum. Only B, nigra, B. juncea, and B. carinata PIs had suppressive activity, but activity varied among PIs within these species. The concentration of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a breakdown product of allyl glucosinolate, in leaf tissue was measured using gas chromatography. AITC was detected in PIs of B. nigra, B. juncea, and B. carinata. Radial growth of F. sambucinum was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with AITC concentrations emitted from Brassica leaf tissue. All Brassica PIs with AITC concentrations greater than 0.10 mg/g of leaf tissue were suppressive to F. sambucinum in radial growth assays. Growth of five other plant pathogenic fungi was also suppressed by a B. juncea cultivar that contained high concentrations of AITC. C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ITHACA,NY 14850. USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 22 TC 137 Z9 153 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAR PY 1996 VL 86 IS 3 BP 267 EP 271 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-267 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TY391 UT WOS:A1996TY39100005 ER PT J AU Jin, H Hartman, GL Nickell, CD Widholm, JM AF Jin, H Hartman, GL Nickell, CD Widholm, JM TI Characterization and purification of a phytotoxin produced by Fusarium solani, the causal agent of soybean sudden death syndrome SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PYRENOPHORA-TRITICI-REPENTIS; NECROSIS; TOXIN; GLYCINES; CITRUS AB A phytotoxic polypeptide identified in culture filtrates of Fusarium solani, the causal agent of soybean sudden death syndrome, was heat unstable, negatively charged, absorbed by 10% charcoal, and destroyed by proteinase K. The toxicity of the culture filtrates and fractions obtained during purification was bioassayed by measuring browning of soybean calli. Purification of the phytotoxin was achieved by Sephadex G-50 gel filtration chromatography followed by ion exchange chromatography on a DE-52 column. The purified protein migrated as a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels with an estimated molecular weight of 17,000. The sequence of the N-terminal 15 amino acids was determined and indicated that a peptide was present. Samples containing this single protein caused browning of soybean calli, necrosis on detached soybean cotyledons and leaves, and yellowing, curling, and drying of attached soybean cotyledons and leaves. C1 USDA ARS,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CROP SCI,URBANA,IL 61801. NR 27 TC 61 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAR PY 1996 VL 86 IS 3 BP 277 EP 282 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-277 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TY391 UT WOS:A1996TY39100007 ER PT J AU Browne, GT Mircetich, SM AF Browne, GT Mircetich, SM TI Effects of month of inoculation on severity of disease caused by Phytophthora spp in apple root crowns and excised shoots SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE collar rot ID SEASONAL-VARIATION; COLLAR ROT; RESISTANCE; ROOTSTOCKS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; COLONIZATION; CULTIVARS; CACTORUM; ASSAY AB Effects of month of inoculation on severity of disease caused by Phytophthora spp. in apple roostock EMLA.106 were studied in excised shoots in vitro and in intact root crowns in an orchard. In both orchard and in vitro assays, 25 successive sets of host tissue were inoculated at monthly intervals with mycelial disks from V8 agar cultures of Phytophthora spp. Crown rot severity was measured in orchard trees as area of bark necrosis after 14 days of incubation, and canker severity was measured in excised shoots as length of bark necrosis after 5 days of incubation. In both assays, P. cactorum and P. cambivora caused very little necrosis in apple incubated during dormancy (December through February) and growth resumption (March). The amount of necrosis in root crowns and excised shoots was much greater following inoculations in late spring (May). Maximum necrosis and subsequent decline in disease development during incubation periods occurred 1 to 3 months later in orchard tree inoculations (August through October) than in excised shoot inoculations (May through August). Crown rot severity after 2 weeks of incubation was not a reliable predictor of disease severity after 13 months of incubation; relatively mild crown rot caused by P. cactorum during and immediately following tree dormancy occasionally continued to develop, resulting in relatively severe crown rot on trees 13 months after inoculation. Under orchard conditions in California, apple root-stock EMLA.106 is apparently susceptible to development of relatively severe crown rot for a longer period of the year than would be expected from short-term indications of susceptibility in excised shoots in vitro. RP Browne, GT (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,USDA,AGR RES SERV,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. NR 18 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAR PY 1996 VL 86 IS 3 BP 290 EP 294 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-290 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TY391 UT WOS:A1996TY39100009 ER PT J AU Tu, SI Patterson, D Shen, SY Brauer, D Hsu, AF AF Tu, SI Patterson, D Shen, SY Brauer, D Hsu, AF TI NADH-linked electron transfer induces Cd2+ movement in corn root plasma membrane vesicles SO PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cadmium transport; corn (Zea mays); electron transfer; NADH-linked redox; root plasma membrane ID CALCIUM-TRANSPORT; MICROSOMES; PLANTS; ATPASE AB The rate of electron transfer from NADH to ferricyanide associated with corn root plasma membrane vesicles was not significantly affected by the presence of Ca2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, or Co2+, However, unlike Ca2+, other tested divalent cations induced an electron transfer-dependent increase in light scattering by the vesicles, The efficacy in inducing the light scattering increase followed the order of Cd2+>Zn2+>Co2+. The extent of the light scattering change increased as the concentration of added Cd2+ increased, Using phase contrast microscopy, the increase in light scattering was related to an expansion of the vesicles. Accompanying the volume increase, a decrease of Cd2+ concentration in the external space was observed by the use of Arsenazo III, a metallochromophore specific for divalent cations, Under a specified electron transfer condition, a similar percentage of decrease over a wide range of initial Cd2+ concentration was detected. The presence of A23187 decreased the rate and extent of light scattering increase and its associated Cd2+ concentration change, However, A23187 had no effect on scattering changes already established by the electron transfer and Cd2+. These results suggest that the NADH linked electron transfer reaction may induce a Cd2+ uptake by the vesicles of corn root plasma membrane with inside-out orientation. RP Tu, SI (reprint author), USDA ARS, NAA, EASTERN REG RES CTR, 600 E MERMAID LANE, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19118 USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0032-0781 J9 PLANT CELL PHYSIOL JI Plant Cell Physiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 37 IS 2 BP 141 EP 146 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA UB450 UT WOS:A1996UB45000005 ER PT J AU Thompson, RB AF Thompson, RB TI Pulse-labelling a cover crop with C-13 to follow its decomposition in soil under field conditions SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE cover crop; C-13; carbon labelling; decomposition; residue ID PLANT-MATERIAL; CARBON; NITROGEN AB A preliminary study was conducted using the stable isotope C-13 to pulse label the cover crop phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia) to examine its decomposition in soil, under field conditions. Plants were grown, in pots, in the greenhouse and after four weeks of growth were labelled with (CO2)-C-13 six times, at 1-2 week intervals. A single chamber was placed over the pots, and (CO2)-C-13 was generated, inside the chamber, by injecting lactic acid into sodium carbonate (99 atom% C-13). For calculating the quantity of Na2CO3 required, a target enrichment of 5 atom% C-13 within the shoots of plants, assuming no respiration losses, was used. When harvested, at flowering, the mean enrichment of the shoot material was 3.0466 atom% C-13, or 1.9654 atom% excess C-13. To assess uniformity of labelling within plants, the shoot of a single plant was divided into leaves and stem from three sections of equal length. Ninety-three percent of this plant's dry matter had a C-13 enrichment within 20 % of the weighted mean. At a held site with sandy soil, C-13 labelled shoot and root material were combined and mixed with soil (0-15 cm). The soil was sampled 16 and 179 days later to determine the recovery of the added excess C-13 in soil total C. The recoveries in soil (0-30 cm) were, respectively, 78 and 40 % at 16 and 179 days; there was appreciable variation associated with the recovery data from day 16, much less so at day 179. Methodological procedures for (i) enhancing the uniformity of labelling with C-13 within plants, acid (ii) minimising variability in the recovery of C-13 from soil are suggested. C1 USDA ARS,UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT VEGETABLE CROPS,SALINAS,CA 93905. RI Thompson, Rodney/G-8950-2013 OI Thompson, Rodney/0000-0002-9323-5911 NR 15 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD MAR PY 1996 VL 180 IS 1 BP 49 EP 55 DI 10.1007/BF00015410 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VD848 UT WOS:A1996VD84800006 ER PT J AU Jones, DL Darrah, PR Kochian, LV AF Jones, DL Darrah, PR Kochian, LV TI Critical evaluation of organic acid mediated iron dissolution in the rhizosphere and its potential role in root iron uptake SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE citrate; iron; organic acids; rhizosphere; root ID LUPINUS-ALBUS L; ZEA-MAYS L; SOIL SOLUTION; MALIC-ACID; DEFICIENCY; EXCRETION; PLANTS; PHYTOSIDEROPHORES; SOLUBILIZATION; REDUCTASE AB Both experimental extractions and theoretical calculations were undertaken to assess whether organic acid-mediated Fe dissolution could play a significant role in elevating the concentration of Fe-complexes in the rhizosphere, and further, whether this could satisfy the Fe demands of a plant utilizing ferric reduction to acquire Fe. Using a mathematical computer model, it was predicted that organic acids released from and diffusing away from the root would result in a solution organic acid concentration at the root surface of between 1 to 50 mu M. Over 99% of the organic acids lost by the root were predicted to remain within 1 mm of the root surface. The experimental results indicated that citrate-mediated Fe dissolution of amorphous Fe(OH)(3), was rapid in comparison with citrate dissolution of the Fe-oxides, Fe2O3 and Fe3O4. The rate of citrate and malate mediated Fe-dissolution was dependent on many factors such as pH, metal cations and phosphate saturation of the Fe(OH)(3) surface. At pH values less than or equal to 6.8, citrate formed stable complexes with Fe and dissolution proceeded rapidly. Under optimal growth conditions for a plant utilizing a reductive-bound mechanism of Fe acquisition (dicots and non-grass monocots), it can be expected that citrate and malate may be able to satisfy a significant proportion of the plant's Fe demand through the formation of plant-available organic-Fe3+ complexes in the rhizosphere. In high pH soils (pH greater than or equal to 7.0), the plant must rely on other sources of Fe, as citrate-mediated Fe dissolution is slow and Fe-citrate complexes are unstable. Alternatively, the root acidification of the rhizosphere could allow the formation of stable Fe-organic complexes. C1 UNIV OXFORD,DEPT PLANT SCI,OXFORD OX1 3RB,ENGLAND. RP Jones, DL (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,USDA ARS,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. RI Jones, Davey/C-7411-2011; OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 36 TC 174 Z9 207 U1 9 U2 44 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD MAR PY 1996 VL 180 IS 1 BP 57 EP 66 DI 10.1007/BF00015411 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VD848 UT WOS:A1996VD84800007 ER PT J AU Entry, JA Reeves, DW Backman, CB Raper, RL AF Entry, JA Reeves, DW Backman, CB Raper, RL TI Influence of wheel traffic and tillage on microbial biomass, residue decomposition and extractable nutrients in a Coastal Plain Soil SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE compaction; microbial biomass; nutrient availability; residue decomposition; tillage; traffic ID LITTER DECOMPOSITION; ORGANIC-MATTER; NITROGEN DYNAMICS; LIGNIN CONTROL; NO-TILL; CARBON; RATES; AGROECOSYSTEMS; AVAILABILITY; FRACTIONS AB The interactive effects of tillage and compaction from wheel traffic were tested on active bacterial and fungal biomass and organic matter decomposition in the planting row at the surface and within the plow layer of a Norfolk loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Kandiudult). This experiment was arranged in a split plot design with four replications. Main plots were compaction: 1) compaction from wheel traffic and 2) no compaction from wheel traffic; subplots were tillage system: 1) conventional tillage and 2) no-tillage. Despite a significant increase in bulk density, compaction from wheel traffic and tillage system had no consistent effects on active bacterial or active fungal biomass either in the top 7.5 cm of soil or in the 15-20 cm depth of soil. Active bacteria and fungal biomass at both depths were usually lower in the winter months than the spring, summer or autumn months. Organic matter decomposition, nutrient mineralization and nutrient availability did not differ among soils that received tillage or compaction from wheel traffic. Organic matter decomposition was greater in all treatments when decomposition bags were buried at 15-20 cm than when they were placed on the surface of the soil. The soil that was sampled was an extremely sandy soil so there was probably not a significant effect of compaction on soil aeration and structure. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SOIL DYNAM LAB,AUBURN,AL 36831. RP Entry, JA (reprint author), AUBURN UNIV,DEPT AGRON & SOILS,202 FUNCHESS HALL,AUBURN,AL 36849, USA. NR 35 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD MAR PY 1996 VL 180 IS 1 BP 129 EP 137 DI 10.1007/BF00015419 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VD848 UT WOS:A1996VD84800015 ER PT J AU Entry, JA Reeves, DW Mudd, E Lee, WJ Guertal, E Raper, RL AF Entry, JA Reeves, DW Mudd, E Lee, WJ Guertal, E Raper, RL TI Influence of compaction from wheel traffic and tillage on arbuscular mycorrhizae infection and nutrient uptake by Zea mays SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE arbuscular mycorrhizae; compaction; tillage; nutrient concentration ID NO-TILL; CONSERVATION TILLAGE; REDUCED TILLAGE; SOIL CARBON; NITROGEN; CORN; SYSTEMS; POPULATIONS; FUNGI; WHEAT AB Interactive effects of seven years of compaction due to wheel traffic and tillage on root density, formation of arbuscular mycorrhizae, above-ground biomass, nutrient uptake and yield of corn (Zea mays L.) were measured on a coastal plain soil in eastern Alabama, USA. Tillage and soil compaction treatments initiated in 1987 were: 1) soil compaction from tractor traffic with conventional tillage (C,CT), 2) no soil compaction from tractor traffic with conventional tillage (NC,CT), 3) soil compaction from tractor traffic with no-tillage (C,NT), and, 4) no soil compaction from tractor traffic with no-tillage (NC,NT). The study was arranged as a split plot design with compaction from wheel traffic as main plots and tillage as subplots. The experiment had four replications. In May (49 days after planting) and June, (79 days after planting), root biomass and root biomass infected with arbuscular mycorrhizae was higher in treatments that received the NC,NT treatment than the other three treatments. In June and July (109 days after planting), corn plants that received C,CT treatment had less above-ground biomass, root biomass and root biomass infected with mycorrhizae than the other three treatments. Within compacted treatments, plants that received no-tillage had greater root biomass and root biomass infected with mycorrhizae in May and June than plants that received conventional tillage. Corn plants in no-tillage treatments had higher root biomass and root biomass infected with mycorrhizae than those in conventional tillage. After 7 years of treatment on a sandy Southeastern soil, the interactive effects of tillage and compaction from wheel traffic reduced root biomass and root biomass infected with mycorrhizae but did not affect plant nutrient concentration and yield. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SOIL DYNAM LAB,AUBURN,AL 36831. RP Entry, JA (reprint author), AUBURN UNIV,DEPT AGRON & SOILS,202 FUNCHESS HALL,AUBURN,AL 36849, USA. NR 37 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 4 U2 18 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD MAR PY 1996 VL 180 IS 1 BP 139 EP 146 DI 10.1007/BF00015420 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VD848 UT WOS:A1996VD84800016 ER PT J AU Griffiths, RP Bradshaw, GA Marks, B Lienkaemper, GW AF Griffiths, RP Bradshaw, GA Marks, B Lienkaemper, GW TI Spatial distribution of ectomycorrhizal mats in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest, USA SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE ectomycorrhizal mats; geographic information system; geostatistical analysis; spatial patterns ID DOUGLAS-FIR STAND; HYPOGEOUS FUNGI; WESTERN MONTANA; OREGON; SOIL; ASSOCIATION; CHEMISTRY AB Ectomycorrhizal mats in forest soils have a wide global distribution and have been noted as potentially important elements in forest soil nutrient cycling. To elucidate the relationship between ectomycorrhizal mats and their environment, we undertook field studies and spatial analyses of mat distributions at different spatial scales. We used two experimental approaches to study mat-forming ectomycorrhizal fungi in coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest in the United States. In the first approach, ectomycorrhizal mats and other forest door features were mapped in 2 x 10 m plots and digitized into a geographical information system (GIS) for spatial pattern analysis. In order to examine larger-scale phenomena, a second approach involving other sites was taken; soil cores were taken along 30-m transects, and distance to the closest living potential host tree was calculated for each core. Mat patterns were studied at two scales: (1) within-stand level (i.e. variability attributed to distribution of other mat species, forest floor attributes, and understory vegetation); and (2) stand level (i.e. variability expressed along a successional gradient). Mat distribution was influenced by: (1) the proximity of one mat to another; (2) the distance from the mat to the closest living tree; (3) the density of living trees in a stand; and (4) the successional stage of the stand. Although GIS analysis indicated that mats of different morphologies did not physically overlap, there was a tendency for clustering of mats. No apparent correlations were observed between forest floor features and mats located within the 2 x 10 m grids. On the scale of tens of meters, mats decreased with distance from the closest potential host tree. Spatial patterns of mat distributions in harvested sites suggest that these mats may persist at least 2 years after their host trees have been cut. For Gautieria mats, total mat area, size, and frequency differed with stand age. This study has demonstrated the importance of both spatial scaling and forest stand age when the natural distribution of mycorrhizal fungi is examined. Results suggest the need for mat research directed at higher-order scales (e.g. stand and watershed) that will provide accurate information for managing forests to ensure their survival and normal function. C1 US FOREST SERV, PACIFIC NW RES STN, FORESTRY SCI LAB, USDA, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. RP Griffiths, RP (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT FOREST SCI, PEAVY HALL 154, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. NR 22 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD MAR PY 1996 VL 180 IS 1 BP 147 EP 158 DI 10.1007/BF00015421 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VD848 UT WOS:A1996VD84800017 ER PT J AU Acock, B Pachepsky, YA AF Acock, B Pachepsky, YA TI Convective-diffusive model of two-dimensional root growth and proliferation SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE chrysanthemum; diffusion; growth; model; roots ID SIMULATION-MODEL; DYNAMIC-MODEL; WATER-UPTAKE; SYSTEMS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; NITROGEN; MAIZE; CROP AB Simulations of crop productivity and environmental quality depend strongly on the root activity model used. Flexible, generic root system models are needed that can easily be coupled to various process-based soil models and can easily be modified to test various hypotheses about how roots respond to their environment. In this paper, we develop a convective-diffusive model of root growth and proliferation, and use it to test some of these hypotheses with data on the growth of roots on potted chrysanthemum cuttings. The proliferation of roots is viewed as a result of a diffusion-like gradient-driven propagation in all directions and convection-like propagation downwards caused by geotropism. The finite element method was used to solve the boundary problem for the convective-diffusive equation. To test hypotheses, we wrote modules in a way that caused a test parameter to be zero, should the hypothesis be rejected. These modules were added or removed to test each hypothesis in turn and in various combinations. The model explained 92% of the variation in the experimental data of Chen and Lieth (1993) on root growth of potted chrysanthemum cuttings. For this dataset the following hypotheses were accepted: (1) root diffusivity (colonization of new soil) did not depend on root density, (2) there was no geotropic trend in root development, (3) potential root growth increased linearly with root density, (4) there were (at least) two classes of roots with different rates of growth and proliferation, and (5) potential root growth rate decreased with distance fl om the plant stem base. C1 DUKE UNIV,DURHAM,NC 27708. RP Acock, B (reprint author), USDA ARS,SYST RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 41 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD MAR PY 1996 VL 180 IS 2 BP 231 EP 240 DI 10.1007/BF00015306 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VE969 UT WOS:A1996VE96900008 ER PT J AU Li, YM Chaney, RL Schneiter, AA Johnson, BL AF Li, YM Chaney, RL Schneiter, AA Johnson, BL TI Effect of field limestone applications on cadmium content of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) leaves and kernels SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE cadmium; limestone; sunflower ID SEWAGE SLUDGE; SOIL; CD; PH; PLANTS; HEALTH; LEVEL; TIME; ZINC AB Nonoilseed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is naturally higher in cadmium (Cd) than many other grain crops. Because raising soil pH usually depresses Cd uptake by most species, a study was designed to determine if application of agricultural limestone to neutralize soil acidity would decrease Cd uptake by sunflower plants grown on different soils in the production area of North Dakota. The field experiments were conducted at 3 locations in 1991 and 2 locations in 1992. At each site, limestone was applied to bring soil pH to 6.5-7.0, or an additional 45 Mg ha(-1) more limestone was applied, and these two treatments were compared to no-lime control. Commercial nonoilseed hybrid 954 was planted in these experiments. The rapid short-term lime-soil reaction occurred in first 12 weeks following limestone application. Mean kernel Cd concentration for each treatment varied from 0.35 to 1.45 mg kg(-1) DW in the first year of the experiments, and from 0.37 to 1.23 mg kg(-1) DW in the experiments of 1992 across all locations. Large variations in kernel Cd levels between locations were obtained. There were no significant differences among control and limestone treatments for kernel Cd, seedling leaf Cd and diagnostic leaf Cd within each location, respectively. In regression analysis, we found that kernel Cd level correlated with diagnostic leaf Cd concentration in each treatment, but poor correlations were obtained among other variables. These results indicated that limestone application did not reduce Cd uptake and transfer to kernels of sunflower, in contrast with most species studied. C1 N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT SCI,FARGO,ND 58105. RP Li, YM (reprint author), USDA ARS,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 30 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD MAR PY 1996 VL 180 IS 2 BP 297 EP 302 DI 10.1007/BF00015313 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VE969 UT WOS:A1996VE96900015 ER PT J AU Bachmann, M Shiraishi, N Campbell, WH Yoo, BC Harmon, AC Huber, SC AF Bachmann, M Shiraishi, N Campbell, WH Yoo, BC Harmon, AC Huber, SC TI Identification of Ser-543 as the major regulatory phosphorylation site in spinach leaf nitrate reductase SO PLANT CELL LA English DT Article ID DEPENDENT PROTEIN-KINASE; AFFINITY-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; PURIFICATION; NADH; EXPRESSION; DOMAIN; CALMODULIN; MODULATION; AMP AB Spinach leaf NADH:nitrate reductase (NR) responds to light/dark signals and photosynthetic activity in part as a result of rapid regulation by reversible protein phosphorylation. We have identified the major regulatory phosphorylation site as Ser-543, which is located in the hinge 1 region connecting the cytochrome b domain with the molybdenum-pterin cofactor binding domain of NR, using recombinant NR fragments containing or lacking the phosphorylation site sequence, Studies with NR partial reactions indicated that the block in electron flow caused by phosphorylation also could be localized to the hinge 1 region. A synthetic peptide (NR6) based on the phosphorylation site sequence was phosphorylated readily by NR kinase (NRk) in vitro. NR6 kinase activity tracked the ATP-dependent inactivation of NR during several chromatographic steps and completely inhibited inactivation/phosphorylation of native NR in vitro. Two forms of NRk were resolved by using anion exchange chromatography. Studies with synthetic peptide analogs indicated that both forms of NRk had similar specificity determinants, requiring a basic residue at P-3 (i.e., three amino acids N-terminal to the phosphorylated serine) and a hydrophobic residue at P-5, Both forms are strictly calcium dependent but belong to distinct families of protein kinases because they are distinct immunochemically. C1 MICHIGAN TECHNOL UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,HOUGHTON,MI 49931. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT BOT,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. UNIV FLORIDA,PROGRAM PLANT MOLEC & CELLULAR BIOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. MICHIGAN TECHNOL UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,HOUGHTON,MI 49931. NR 44 TC 161 Z9 164 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 1040-4651 J9 PLANT CELL JI Plant Cell PD MAR PY 1996 VL 8 IS 3 BP 505 EP 517 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA UD303 UT WOS:A1996UD30300014 PM 8721752 ER PT J AU Su, WP Huber, SC Crawford, NM AF Su, WP Huber, SC Crawford, NM TI Identification in vitro of a post-translational regulatory site in the hinge 1 region of Arabidopsis nitrate reductase SO PLANT CELL LA English DT Article ID MOLYBDENUM COFACTOR; FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; RAPID MODULATION; EXPRESSION; PHOSPHORYLATION; THALIANA; BARLEY; LIGHT; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB Nitrate reductase (NR) is rapidly inactivated by phosphorylation of serine residues in response to loss of light or reduction in CO2 levels. To identify sites within NR protein that play a role in this post-translational regulation, a heterologous expression system and an in vitro inactivation assay for Arabidopsis NR were developed. Protein extracts containing NR kinases and inhibitor proteins were prepared from an NR-defective mutant that had lesions in both the NIA1 and NIA2 NR genes of Arabidopsis. Active NR protein was produced in a Pichia pastoris expression system. Incubation of these two preparations resulted in a Mg-ATP-dependent inactivation of NR that was reversed with EDTA. Mutant forms of NR were constructed, produced in P. pastoris, and tested in the in vitro inactivation assay. Six conserved serine residues in the hinge 1 region df NR, which separates the molybdenum cofactor and heme domains, were specifically targeted for mutagenesis because they are located in a potential regulatory region identified as a target for NR kinases in spinach. A change in Ser-534 to aspartate was found to block NR inactivation; changes in the other five serines had no effect. The aspartate that replaced Ser-534 did not appear to mimic a phosphorylated serine but simply prevented the NR from being inactivated. These results identify Ser-534, located in the hinge 1 of NR and conserved among higher plant NRs, as an essential site for post-translational regulation in vitro. C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, DEPT BIOL, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA. UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, CTR MOLEC GENET, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, DEPT CROP SCI, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, USDA ARS, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. NR 56 TC 79 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 1040-4651 EI 1532-298X J9 PLANT CELL JI Plant Cell PD MAR PY 1996 VL 8 IS 3 BP 519 EP 527 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA UD303 UT WOS:A1996UD30300015 PM 8721753 ER PT J AU Hadi, MZ McMullen, MD Finer, JJ AF Hadi, MZ McMullen, MD Finer, JJ TI Transformation of 12 different plasmids into soybean via particle bombardment SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE Glycine max; recombination; soybean transformation ID TOBACCO MESOPHYLL PROTOPLASTS; STABLE TRANSFORMATION; GLYCINE-MAX; DNA; GENES; INTEGRATION; EXPRESSION; ELECTROPORATION; INHERITANCE; FRAGMENTS AB Particle bombardment offers a simple method for the introduction of DNA into plant cells. Multiple DNA fragments may be introduced on a single plasmid or on separate plasmids (co-transformation). To investigate some of the properties and limits of co-transformation, 12 different plasmids were introduced into embryogenic suspension culture tissue of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] via particle bombardment. The DNAs used for co-transformation included 10 plasmids containing RFLP markers for maize and 2 plasmids separately encoding hygromycin-resistance and beta-glucuronidase. Two weeks following bombardment with the 12 different plasmids, suspension culture tissue was placed under hygromycin selection. Hygromycin-resistant clones were isolated after an additional 5 to 6 weeks. Southern hybridization analysis of 26 hygromycin-resistant embryogenic clones verified the presence of introduced plasmid DNAs. All of the co-transforming plasmids were present in most of the transgenic soybean clones and there was no preferential uptake and integration of any of the plasmids. The copy number of individual plasmids was approximately equal within clones but highly variable between clones. While some clones contained as few as zero to three copies of each plasmid; others clones contained as many as 10 to 15 copies of each of the 12 different plasmids. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,DEPT HORT & CROP SCI,WOOSTER,OH 44691. USDA ARS,CORN & SOYBEAN RES UNIT,WOOSTER,OH 44691. RI Finer, John/N-4713-2014 OI Finer, John/0000-0001-8004-5468 NR 27 TC 102 Z9 119 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD MAR PY 1996 VL 15 IS 7 BP 500 EP 505 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UB449 UT WOS:A1996UB44900010 PM 24178461 ER PT J AU Kummuang, N Smith, BJ Diehl, SV Graves, CH AF Kummuang, N Smith, BJ Diehl, SV Graves, CH TI Muscadine grape berry rot diseases in Mississippi: Disease identification and incidence SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Vitis rotundifolia AB Berry rot diseases of muscadine grapes were monitored throughout the 1991 and 1992 growing seasons on four cultivars (Doreen, Sterling, Carlos, and Cowart) at three locations in south Mississippi. The etiology and symptom development of each berry rot disease were studied. Disease incidence data were collected at 2-wk intervals during both growing seasons. Fruit diseases observed on berries included black rot (Guignardia bidwellii f. muscadinii), bitter rot (Greeneria uvicola), russet (unknown etiology), Macrophoma rot (Botryosphaeria dothidea), and ripe rot (Colletotrichum sp.). Bitter rot was the most important disease in Mississippi, followed closely by black rot. The incidence of Macrophoma rot and ripe rot was low. On leaves, the incidence of black rot was greatest during the middle and late growing seasons. On berries, black rot was most severe as berries approached full size. Cowart and Carlos cultivars were most susceptible to black rot. The incidence of bitter rot on leaves was most severe on young leaves following bud break through the young berry stage, The incidence of bitter rot on berries was severe on small berries, especially those 1 to 3 mm in diameter. The cultivar, Sterling, was most susceptible to bitter rot and russet, but was resistant to black rot. Russet was most severe on full-size berries. G. uvicola was always associated with the russet symptom, and it may be a type of resistance expression by some cultivars to early infection or colonization by this pathogen. Both Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides were identified as causal agents of ripe rot on muscadine grapes in Mississippi. C1 ARS,USDA,SMALL FRUIT RES STN,POPLARVILLE,MS 39470. MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL & PLANT PATHOL,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. NR 19 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 80 IS 3 BP 238 EP 243 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TY829 UT WOS:A1996TY82900002 ER PT J AU Kummuang, N Diehl, SV Smith, BJ Graves, CH AF Kummuang, N Diehl, SV Smith, BJ Graves, CH TI Muscadine grape berry rot diseases in Mississippi: Disease epidemiology and crop reduction SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Vitis rotundifolia AB Four berry rot diseases that can cause severe losses of muscadine grapes in Mississippi were monitored throughout the 1991 and 1992 growing seasons on four cultivars (Doreen, Sterling, Carlos, and Cowart) at three locations in south Mississippi. Bitter rot (Greeneria uvicola) caused significant drop of young, half-size, full-size, and mature berries and was responsible for most of the fruit drop during the two growing seasons. Cultivars Sterling and Cowart had significantly more berry drop associated with this disease than did Doreen. Black rot (Guignardia bidwellii f. muscadinii) did not cause significant berry drop. Macrophoma rot (Botryosphaeria dothidea), ripe rot (Colletotrichum sp.), and russet (unknown etiology) were not generally associated with berry drop of the cultivars in this study. At harvest in 1991, black rot was most severe on Cowart; whereas bitter rot was more severe on Carlos and Sterling cultivars. Incidences of Macrophoma rot and ripe rot were very low both years at ail locations. The incidence of berry diseases at harvest was lower in 1992 than in 1991, probably because of the higher amount of rainfall during the early summer of 1991 compared to 1992. Only conidia of G. uvicola were abundant in rainwater runoff from the vines. Spore traps showed that the highest conidial peak of C. uvicola at Beaumont coincided with the highest peak of bitter rot disease on berries (young stage berries). Only the bitter rot pathogen overwintered in abundance on pedicels, fruit spurs, and mummified berries. C1 ARS,USDA,SMALL FRUIT RES STN,POPLARVILLE,MS 39470. MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL & PLANT PATHOL,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. NR 13 TC 14 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 80 IS 3 BP 244 EP 247 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TY829 UT WOS:A1996TY82900003 ER PT J AU Mathiasen, RL Beatty, JS Hildebrand, DM AF Mathiasen, RL Beatty, JS Hildebrand, DM TI First report of lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe on subalpine fir SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,COLUMBIA RIVER RANGER STN,TROUTDALE,OR 97060. US FOREST SERV,USDA,PORTLAND,OR 97208. RP Mathiasen, RL (reprint author), IDAHO DEPT LANDS,POB 670,COEUR DALENE,ID 83816, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 80 IS 3 BP 342 EP 342 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TY829 UT WOS:A1996TY82900025 ER PT J AU Zhou, DB Kalaitzis, P Mattoo, AK Tucker, ML AF Zhou, DB Kalaitzis, P Mattoo, AK Tucker, ML TI The mRNA for an ETR1 homologue in tomato is constitutively expressed in vegetative and reproductive tissues SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ethylene; ethylene receptor; signal transduction; ETR1; tomato; gene expression ID 2-COMPONENT REGULATORS; ETHYLENE; ABSCISSION; ARABIDOPSIS; MUTATION; YEAST AB Dominant mutations in the Arabidopsis ETR1 gene block the ethylene signal transduction pathway. The ETR1 gene has been cloned and sequenced. Using the ETR1 cDNA as a probe, we identified a cDNA homologue (eTAE1) from tomato. eTAE1 contains an open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 754 amino acid residues. The nucleic acid sequence for the coding sequence in eTAE1 is 74% identical to that for ETR1, and the deduced amino acid sequence is 81% identical and 90% similar. Genomic Southern blot analysis indicates that three or more ETR1 homologues exist in tomato. RNA blots show that eTAE1 mRNA is constitutively expressed in all the tissues examined, and its accumulation in leaf abscission zones was unaffected by ethylene, silver ions (an inhibitor of ethylene action) or auxin. C1 USDA ARS,PLANT MOLEC BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT HORT,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. RI Mattoo, Autar/G-9863-2011 NR 23 TC 97 Z9 124 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 30 IS 6 BP 1331 EP 1338 DI 10.1007/BF00019564 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA UX504 UT WOS:A1996UX50400022 PM 8704141 ER PT J AU Cunningham, SD Ow, DW AF Cunningham, SD Ow, DW TI Promises and prospects of phytoremediation SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLANTS C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,USDA ARS,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,ALBANY,CA 94710. RP Cunningham, SD (reprint author), DUPONT CO INC,CENT RES & DEV,GLASGOW SITE 301,NEWARK,DE 19714, USA. NR 34 TC 447 Z9 516 U1 9 U2 55 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 110 IS 3 BP 715 EP 719 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UA599 UT WOS:A1996UA59900001 ER PT J AU Larsen, PB Tai, CY Kochian, LV Howell, SH AF Larsen, PB Tai, CY Kochian, LV Howell, SH TI Arabidopsis mutants with increased sensitivity to aluminum SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRITICUM-AESTIVUM L; ROOT APICES; TOLERANCE; WHEAT; PHYTOCHELATINS; PHYTOTOXICITY; PHYSIOLOGY; TOXICITY; PLANTS; ACID AB Al-sensitive (als) mutants of Arabidopsis were isolated and characterized with the aim of defining mechanisms of Al toxicity and resistance. Most als mutants selected on the basis of root growth sensitivity to Al were recessive, and together the mutants constituted eight complementation groups. Also, in most als mutants, Al sensitivity appeared to be specific for Al relative to La (another trivalent cation), except als2, which was more sensitive to La than wild type. The tendency of roots on mutant seedlings to accumulate Al was examined by staining with morin and hematoxylin, dyes used to indicate the presence of Al. A significant increase in morin staining was observed in als5, consistent with its increased sensitivity to Al. Unexpectedly, als7 and als4 showed less morin staining, suggesting that the roots on these mutants accumulate less Al than wild type after exposure to Al-containing solutions. Roots of wildtype seedlings produce callose in response to AlCl3 concentrations that inhibit root growth. Only als5 accumulated more callose than wild type in response to low levels (25 mu M) of AlCl3. However, als4 and als7 did not accumulate callose at this AlCl3 concentration even though root growth was significantly inhibited. The lack of callose accumulation in als4 and als7 suggests that there is not an obligatory relationship between callose deposition and Al-induced inhibition of root growth. C1 CORNELL UNIV, BOYCE THOMPSON INST PLANT RES, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. CORNELL UNIV, USDA ARS, US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 41 TC 79 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 110 IS 3 BP 743 EP 751 DI 10.1104/pp.110.3.743 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UA599 UT WOS:A1996UA59900004 PM 8819866 ER PT J AU Glazener, JA Orlandi, EW Baker, CJ AF Glazener, JA Orlandi, EW Baker, CJ TI The active oxygen response of cell suspensions to incompatible bacteria is not sufficient to cause hypersensitive cell death SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SYRINGAE PV SYRINGAE; ERWINIA-AMYLOVORA; K+/H+ EXCHANGE; TOBACCO; HARPIN; PLANTS; ELICITOR; PROTEIN; CLUSTER AB The inoculation of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) suspension cells with bacterial pathogens that elicit the hypersensitive response (HR) in leaves has been shown to elicit production of active oxygen. This response occurs in two phases, the second of which occurs 1 to 3 h after bacterial addition and is unique to HR-causing interactions. The relationship between the phase II active oxygen response and the HR was characterized using Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae and P. fluorescens (pHIR11), which contains a cosmid clone of the hrp/hrm region from P. syringae pv syringae. TnphoA mutations in complementation groups II through XIII of the hrp cluster blocked the phase II active oxygen response, whereas mutations in the group I hrmA locus did not affect phase II. Despite the normal active oxygen response, bacteria with mutations in the hrmA region did not cause the HR in intact tobacco leaves nor did they induce hypersensitive cell death in cell suspensions. The data indicate that the bacteria do not require the hrmA region to elicit active oxygen production, but a full and intact hrp/hrm region is required to elicit hypersensitive cell death. Therefore, the phase II active oxygen response does not directly cause hypersensitive cell death nor is the response itself sufficient to trigger the HR. C1 USDA ARS,MOLEC PLANT PATHOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT BOT,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. NR 22 TC 97 Z9 106 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 110 IS 3 BP 759 EP 763 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UA599 UT WOS:A1996UA59900006 ER PT J AU Mehta, RA Mattoo, AK AF Mehta, RA Mattoo, AK TI Isolation and identification of ripening-related tomato fruit carboxypeptidase SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS; GENE-EXPRESSION; PROTEINS; SPIRODELA; LEAVES; ACIDS AB Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit carboxypeptidase active on N-carbobenzoxy Z-L-phenylalanine-L-alanine was found to constitute a family of isoforms whose abundance changed differentially during ripening. A specific polyclonal antibody against the fruit carboxypeptidase was raised in rabbits and used to purify and identify the protein. The data from immunoaffinity chromatography, immunoinhibition studies, immunoprecipitation of the in vivo- and in vitro-labeled proteins, and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of native isoforms strongly suggest that the fruit carboxypeptidases are monomers or oligomers of 68- and/or 43-kD subunits. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,PLANT MOLEC BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT BIOL SCI,CATONSVILLE,MD 21228. RI Mattoo, Autar/G-9863-2011 NR 39 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 110 IS 3 BP 875 EP 882 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UA599 UT WOS:A1996UA59900019 ER PT J AU Mehta, RA Warmbardt, RD Mattoo, AK AF Mehta, RA Warmbardt, RD Mattoo, AK TI Tomato fruit carboxypeptidase - Properties, induction upon wounding, and immunocytochemical localization SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ETHYLENE; SERINE; LEAVES; STRESS; ACID AB Carboxypeptidase activity was characterized during ripening and wounding of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit. The fruit enzyme shares substrate specificity and susceptibility to the inhibitors diisopropyl fluorophosphate and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride with other plant carboxypeptidases. The abundance and stability of wound-induced carboxypeptidase were developmentally regulated. Oxidative stress caused by cupric ions impaired the membrane permeability in the slices from pink fruit, resulting in leakage of the carboxypeptidase into the medium and in its redistribution in the cell. The patterns of carboxypeptidase activity did not parallel the cupric ion effect on ethylene levels. Immunogold electron microscopy studies indicated that the fruit carboxypeptidase is associated with electron-dense inclusions in the vacuole. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,PLANT MOLEC BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT BIOL SCI,CATONSVILLE,MD 21228. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,PLANT PHOTOBIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RI Mattoo, Autar/G-9863-2011 NR 30 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 110 IS 3 BP 883 EP 892 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UA599 UT WOS:A1996UA59900020 ER PT J AU Hurkman, WJ Tanaka, CK AF Hurkman, WJ Tanaka, CK TI Effect of salt stress on germin gene expression in barley roots SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRANSLATABLE MESSENGER-RNA; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; WHEAT EMBRYOS; ABSCISIC-ACID; COMPARTMENTATION; POLYPEPTIDES; RESISTANCE AB Germin gene expression in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seedlings responds to developmental and environmental cues. During seed germination, germin mRNA levels were maximal 2 d after the start of imbibition in control seedlings and declined to low levels by 6 d. When seeds were sown in the presence of 200 mM NaCl, germin mRNA levels were also maximal after 2 d, but NaCl treatment, which slowed seedling growth, prolonged germin gene expression for an additional 1 d. In 4-d-old seedlings, germin mRNA levels were highest in roots and higher in the vascular transition region than in shoots. In roots of 6-d-old seedlings, germin gene expression was regulated by salt shock and plant growth regulators. Induced germin mRNA levels were maximal 8 h after treatment with NaCl, salicylate, methyl salicylate, or methyl jasmonate and 4 h after treatment with abscisic acid and indoleacetic acid. Like germin mRNA, dehydrin mRNA levels were maximal 8 h after NaCl treatment. In contrast, peroxidase mRNA levels declined to less than control levels within 30 min of treatment. Germin gene expression is regulated developmentally by salt stress and by treatments with plant hormones. Since germin is an oxalate oxidase, these results imply that oxalate has important roles in plant development and homeostasis. RP Hurkman, WJ (reprint author), USDA,ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,CROP IMPROVEMENT & UTILIZAT RES UNIT,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 28 TC 72 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 110 IS 3 BP 971 EP 977 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UA599 UT WOS:A1996UA59900029 ER PT J AU Brewer, L AF Brewer, L TI In the public interest: Symposium introduction SO POLICY STUDIES JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US FOREST SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. US FOREST SERV,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. GOLDEN GATE UNIV,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94105. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU POLICY STUDIES ORGANIZATION PI URBANA PA UNIV ILLINOIS 361 LINCOLN HALL, URBANA, IL 61801 SN 0190-292X J9 POLICY STUD J JI Policy Stud. J. PD SPR PY 1996 VL 24 IS 1 BP 97 EP 99 DI 10.1111/j.1541-0072.1996.tb00553.x PG 3 WC Political Science; Public Administration SC Government & Law; Public Administration GA UW155 UT WOS:A1996UW15500007 ER PT J AU Moore, PA Daniel, TC Edwards, DR Miller, DM AF Moore, PA Daniel, TC Edwards, DR Miller, DM TI Evaluation of chemical amendments to reduce ammonia volatilization from poultry litter SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE acid rain; alum; eutrophication; litter amendments; manure ID BROILER PERFORMANCE; ANIMAL WASTES; QUALITY; SULFATE; CHICKENS; HOUSES; RUNOFF; PLOTS; LAKES AB Ammonia volatilization from poultry litter often causes high levels of atmospheric ammonia in poultry houses, which is detrimental to both farm workers and birds. Ammonia emissions from houses also aggravate environmental problems, such as acid rain, and result in a loss of fertilizer nitrogen. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of litter amendments on ammonia volatilization and to determine the effect of these amendments on nitrogen and phosphorus content in litter. The results of this research indicate that alum [Al-2(SO4)(3) . 18H(2)O], ferrous sulfate (FeSO4 . 7H(2)O), and phosphoric acid (H3PO4) dramatically reduce ammonia volatilization from Litter. The amount of ammonia lost from litter treated with sodium bisulfate (NaHSO4) and a proprietory product made of Ca-Fe silicate with a phosphoric acid coating was not different from the control (untreated litter). Aluminum sulfate (alum) and ferrous sulfate also reduced water soluble P concentrations in litter, whereas phosphoric acid greatly increased water-soluble P levels. The most effective compound evaluated with respect to reducing both ammonia loss and P solubility was alum. C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT AGR ENGN,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT AGRON,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. RP Moore, PA (reprint author), UNIV ARKANSAS,USDA,POULTRY PROD & PROD SAFETY RES UNIT,AGR RES SERV,PLANT SCI 115,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701, USA. NR 47 TC 101 Z9 103 U1 2 U2 20 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 75 IS 3 BP 315 EP 320 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UB862 UT WOS:A1996UB86200005 PM 8778722 ER PT J AU Donoghue, DJ Hairston, H Gaines, SA Bartholomew, MJ Donoghue, AM AF Donoghue, DJ Hairston, H Gaines, SA Bartholomew, MJ Donoghue, AM TI Modeling residue uptake by eggs .1. Similar drug residue patterns in developing yolks following injection with ampicillin or oxytetracycline SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE drug residues; ampicillin; oxytetracycline; model; eggs AB This study was conducted to model the pattern of antibiotic drug uptake within yolks of developing follicles. In two separate experiments, 16 hens were divided into equal groups (n = 8) and injected only once with either 400 mg/kg ampicillin or 200 mg/kg oxytetracycline (OTC: total hens = 32) approximately 1 h after oviposition. Twenty-four hours following injections, hens were euthanatized and the ovaries were collected. Yolks were dissected free from the individual follicles with a blunt probe. Individual large yellow yolks (greater than or equal to 0.2 g) and a pool of 5 small yellow yolks (< 0.2 g) were collected for determination of ampicillin or OTC content. Samples were prepared and assayed using an agar diffusion microbiological method. Selected parameters were not different (P > 0.05) between Experiments 1 and 2 and the data were combined. Results indicate that short-term drug exposure in hens produced incorporation of drug residues in developing yolks in a specific pattern that does not appear to be drug dependent (P > 0.05). These incurred residues are contained in developing yolks that are days to weeks from being ovulated. Drug residues were greater (total microgram content) in some of the less mature yolks vs the largest preovulatory yolk. This may lead to a sequential release of eggs with increasing residue content, even after drug withdrawal. These data were used to construct a model to predict the pattern of incurred residues in formed eggs following a hen's exposure to drugs or other contaminants. C1 US FDA,CTR VET MED,BIOMETR BRANCH,ROCKVILLE,MD 20855. USDA,GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB,AGR RES SERV,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Donoghue, DJ (reprint author), US FDA,AGR RES CTR,CTR VET MED,PHARMACOL & BIOCHEM BRANCH,BLDG 328-A,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 16 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 75 IS 3 BP 321 EP 328 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UB862 UT WOS:A1996UB86200006 PM 8778723 ER PT J AU Arnold, JW Holt, PS AF Arnold, JW Holt, PS TI Cytotoxicity in chicken alimentary secretions as measured by a derivative of the tumor necrosis factor assay SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Salmonella enteritidis; chicken; cytotoxicity; tumor necrosis factor ID FACTOR-ALPHA; SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS; FLUID SECRETION; TNF-ALPHA; INFECTION; CACHECTIN; SUSCEPTIBILITY; MACROPHAGES; TYPHIMURIUM; INDUCTION AB The host immune response to enteric bacterial infections, including salmonellosis, results in inflammatory cells entering the intestine near the site of infection. These cells produce factors, such as cytokines, that are cytotoxic to bacteria-infected cells, resulting in loss of host cells. Ln this study, an assay was developed, based on the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) assay, that measured the cytotoxic activity in alimentary secretions from chickens during a Salmonella enteritidis (SE) infection. Secretions were collected by pilocarpine-induced evacuation from the alimentary tract and clarified by centrifugation. Activity was assessed by the cytotoxic effect of secretions on chicken embryo fibroblasts as target cells. Cytotoxic activity from SE-infected hens was measured at intervals during the first 24 h following infection and daily for the next 10 d. The level of activity varied between hens but was maximal in secretions obtained at 24 h and 10 d after SE infection. Maximal levels of cytotoxic activity in alimentary secretions from hens occurred in response to a dose of 5 x 10(8) cfu/mL of SE. The cytotoxicity in secretions from SE-exposed hens that were deprived of feed was greater than those from control SE-exposed hens by more than fivefold. C1 USDA ARS,SE POULTRY RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30605. RP Arnold, JW (reprint author), USDA,AGR RES SERV,POULTRY PROC & MEAT QUAL,RUSSELL RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 29 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 75 IS 3 BP 329 EP 334 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UB862 UT WOS:A1996UB86200007 PM 8778724 ER PT J AU Branton, SL Lott, BD May, JD Hedin, PA Austin, FW Latour, MA Day, EJ AF Branton, SL Lott, BD May, JD Hedin, PA Austin, FW Latour, MA Day, EJ TI The effects of nonautoclaved and autoclaved water-soluble wheat extracts an the growth of Clostridium perfringens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pentosans; arabinoxylan; chicken; necrotic enteritis; Clostridium perfringens ID NECROTIC ENTERITIS; INTESTINAL FLORA; BROILER-CHICKENS; ALIMENTARY-TRACT; RYE DIETS; SUPPLEMENTATION; PENICILLIN; NUTRIENTS; BACTERIA; AGE AB Clostridium perfringens is the causative agent of necrotic enteritis, a commonly diagnosed disease in chickens that is also observed in turkeys and geese. Two trials were conducted to determine the in vitro effect of filter-sterilized, water-soluble wheat extracts on the growth of C. perfringens. The extracts were either nonautoclaved or autoclaved at 121 C for 40 min and were used to reconstitute thioglycolate broth media. Results of this study suggest that growth of C. perfringens is suppressed in vitro by inclusion of either extract. Glycosyl composition analysis revealed no significant differences in arabinose, xylose, or mannose content between the nonautoclaved and autoclaved extracts. Galactose, glucose, and total glycosyl content were significantly higher in the nonautoclaved extract. C1 USDA,AGR RES SERV,CROP SCI RES LAB,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV,DEPT POULTRY SCI,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. RP Branton, SL (reprint author), USDA,AGR RES SERV,S CENT POULTRY RES LAB,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 75 IS 3 BP 335 EP 338 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UB862 UT WOS:A1996UB86200008 PM 8778725 ER PT J AU Oscar, TP AF Oscar, TP TI Prolonged in vitro exposure of broiler adipocytes to somatostatin enhances lipolysis and induces desensitization of antilipolysis SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE adipocyte; broiler; glucagon; lipolysis; somatostatin ID ADENOSINE-MONOPHOSPHATE ACCUMULATION; ADENYLATE CYCLASE SYSTEM; HETEROLOGOUS DESENSITIZATION; RECEPTOR DESENSITIZATION; PITUITARY-CELLS; DOWN-REGULATION; HORMONE; AGONIST; INHIBITION; MECHANISM AB Adipocytes isolated from abdominal fat of female broilers and maintained in primary culture were used to characterize acute and chronic effects of somatostatin (SRIF) on lipolysis and antilipolysis and to determine whether desensitization and cross-regulation phenomena are involved in the regulation of adipocyte metabolism by SRIF and glucagon. Acute exposure of adipocytes to SRIF resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of basal and glucagon-stimulated lipolysis. The potency and extent of lipolysis inhibition by SRIF were inversely related to the dose of glucagon used to stimulate lipolysis. Preincubation of adipocytes with SRIF induced a dose-response and time-dependent increase in the set-point of lipolysis. Adipocyte sensitivity to glucagon was not altered by SRIF pretreatment. In contrast, preincubation with SRIF reduced adipocyte sensitivity and maximal responsiveness to SRIF, The pattern and extent of antilipolysis attenuation were dependent on the dose and time of preincubation with SRIF as well as on the concentration of glucagon used to acutely stimulate lipolysis. In two experiments, the attenuation of antilipolysis induced by SRIF pretreatment was observed in the absence of enhanced lipolysis, whereas in one experiment enhanced lipolysis was observed in the absence of attenuated antilipolysis. These results indicated that persistent activation of antilipolysis by SRIF increased the set-point of lipolysis by sensitizing (i.e., cross-regulating) lipolysis and by desensitizing antilipolysis. RP Oscar, TP (reprint author), UNIV MARYLAND EASTERN SHORE,USDA ARS,POULTRY FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,1124 TRIGG HALL,PRINCESS ANNE,MD 21853, USA. NR 28 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 75 IS 3 BP 393 EP 401 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UB862 UT WOS:A1996UB86200019 PM 8778735 ER PT J AU Brown, CC Ojok, L Mariner, JC AF Brown, CC Ojok, L Mariner, JC TI Immunohistochemical detection of rinderpest virus: Effects of autolysis and period of fixation SO RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Samples of eyelid, tongue, soft palate and palatine tonsil were collected from calves infected experimentally with rinderpest virus. The tissues were fixed in 10 per cent neutral buffered formalin immediately, 24 or 48 hours post mortem. Then, after three days, 10 days, 28 days or three months in formalin, they were processed into paraffin blocks and examined immunohistochemically for rinderpest viral antigen. The tonsil was the best of the four tissues in providing a consistently positive immunohistochemical signal for the presence of virus, despite autolytic changes and/or prolonged fixation. C1 PAN AFRICAN RINDERPEST CAMPAIGN,NAIROBI,KENYA. RP Brown, CC (reprint author), USDA,APHIS,VS,NVSL,FOREIGN ANIM DIS DIAGNOST LAB,PLUM ISL,NY, USA. NR 4 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON, ENGLAND W1M 0AT SN 0034-5288 J9 RES VET SCI JI Res. Vet. Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 60 IS 2 BP 182 EP 184 DI 10.1016/S0034-5288(96)90016-8 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UA334 UT WOS:A1996UA33400016 PM 8685543 ER PT J AU Nord, M AF Nord, M TI Population, law, and the environment - Hardaway,RN SO RURAL SOCIOLOGY LA English DT Book Review RP Nord, M (reprint author), USDA,SERV ECON RES,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU RURAL SOCIOLOGICAL SOC PI BOZEMAN PA ANNE S WILLIAMS, TREASURER MONTANA STATE UNIV DEPT SOCIOLOGY, BOZEMAN, MT 59717 SN 0036-0112 J9 RURAL SOCIOL JI Rural Sociol. PD SPR PY 1996 VL 61 IS 1 BP 201 EP 202 PG 2 WC Sociology SC Sociology GA UL640 UT WOS:A1996UL64000023 ER PT J AU Vigil, EL Fleming, AL Fang, T Chaney, N Wergin, WP AF Vigil, EL Fleming, AL Fang, T Chaney, N Wergin, WP TI Comparative cytological and biochemical analysis of protein storage vacuoles from cotyledons and radicles of cotton seeds SO SEED SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE EDX; cotton seed; protein body; atomic absorption spectroscopy; radicle; cotyledon; SDS PAGE; electron microscopy ID GLOBOID CRYSTALS; BODIES; BARK AB Protein storage vacuoles (PSVs) from radicles and cotyledons of dry cotton seeds were isolated by differential centrifugation following homogenization in glycerol. Protein complement analysis of isolated PSVs with one dimensional SDS-PAGE gels revealed similar major storage proteins, viz. 53 and 48 kDa, with differences in lower molecular mass proteins. Radicle PSVs have apparently more 35-kDa and less 22-kDa storage protein than do cotyledon PSVs. The mineral composition of whole radicles, cotyledons and isolated PSVs from radicles and cotyledons was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and colorimetric elemental analyses. The concentration of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and phosphate (P) was lower in isolated PSVs from radicles than from cotyledons, resulting in a marked difference in the Mg/Ca and (Mg+Ca)/K ratios in PSVs from these two sources. Analysis of radicle and cotyledon tissue from dry seeds for mineral distribution with EDX and scanning electron microscopy revealed major concentrations of Mg, K and P in PSVs. These observations indicate that PSVs in radicles are similar in protein and mineral composition to PSVs in cotyledons. PSVs in radicles have the potential function as storage organelles to provide minerals and nutrients for radicle growth during imbibition and germination. C1 USDA ARS,ELECTRON MICROSCOPY LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Vigil, EL (reprint author), USDA ARS,CLIMATE STRESS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA WALLINGFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX10 8DE SN 0960-2585 J9 SEED SCI RES JI Deed Sci. Res. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 6 IS 1 BP 31 EP 37 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UA292 UT WOS:A1996UA29200005 ER PT J AU Barro, SC Manfredo, MJ Brown, TC Peterson, GL AF Barro, SC Manfredo, MJ Brown, TC Peterson, GL TI Examination of the predictive validity of CVM using an attitude-behavior framework SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE accessibility; attitude-behavior framework; corresponding specificity; predictive validity; willingness to pay ID CONTINGENT VALUATION; INFORMATION; OBJECT; ACCESSIBILITY; CONSISTENCY; VALUES; MARKET; GOODS AB The contingent valuation method (CVM) has been used to assign monetary value to goods not normally bought and sold in the marketplace. Sometimes this value is used to make inferences about what a person might actually be willing to pay. The relationship between responses to willingness to pay (WTP) questions and a paying behavior was examined in this study using a conceptual framework from attitude theory. Willingness to pay was considered a behavioral intention to pay, and a mock vote on a sales taw initiative was considered a paying behavior. Two factors known to affect the intention-behavior relationship were varied Subjects were provided different levels of information about the good and were asked about their willingness to pay using different question contexts. Increasing the context correspondence between measures of intention and behavior strengthened the relationship. Information did not significantly increase the consistency between intention and behavior. Determining the meaning in behavioral terms of people's responses to WTP questions may be especially important when these responses are taken at face value. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV, HUMAN DIMENS NAT RESOURCES UNIT, FT COLLINS, CO 80523 USA. US FOREST SERV, USDA, ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN, FT COLLINS, CO USA. RP Barro, SC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, USDA, N CENT FOREST EXPT STN, 845 CHICAGO AVE, SUITE 225, EVANSTON, IL 60202 USA. NR 33 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 4 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0894-1920 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR JI Soc. Nat. Resour. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 9 IS 2 BP 111 EP 124 DI 10.1080/08941929609380959 PG 14 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA UJ575 UT WOS:A1996UJ57500001 ER PT J AU Mallants, D Mohanty, BP Jacques, D Feyen, J AF Mallants, D Mohanty, BP Jacques, D Feyen, J TI Spatial variability of hydraulic properties in a multi-layered soil profile SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID STOCHASTIC-PROCESSES; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; UNSATURATED WATER; CONDUCTIVITY; PARAMETERS; FLOW; SIMULATION AB Unsaturated hydraulic properties of field soils are needed for water flow and solute transport calculations in variably saturated soils. The purpose of this study was to quantify the spatial variability and spatial crosscorrelation of estimated parameter values of a flexible retention model that was fitted to measured retention data. Moisture retention characteristic (MRC) curves were measured on 100-cm(3) undisturbed soil cores collected at 180 locations along a 31-m-long transect in a three-layered soil profile at depths of 0.1, 0.5, and 0.9 m. Sampling intervals in the horizontal direction were, alternately, 0.1 and 0.9 m. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-s) was determined on the same soil cores using a constant head permeameter. The drying part of the MRC curves was described by the four-parameter retention model of van Genuchten with fitting parameters, namely theta(r), theta(s), alpha, and n. Spatial variability of the five parameters, theta(r), theta(s), alpha, n, and K-s, was investigated for the three horizons using conventional statistics and geostatistical techniques. Maximum coefficient of variation (CV) was found for K-s, i.e., 599%, 322%, and 897% for the 0.1-, 0.5-, and 0.9-m soil depths, respectively. Macropores and small sampling volume contributed to this large variability of K,. When all three soil depths are considered, residual water content (theta(r)) and shape factor cw showed moderate heterogeneity with a maximum CV of 156 and 53%, respectively. Small spatial heterogeneity was observed for shape factor n and saturated water content theta(s), with a maximum CV of 22 (for 0.1-m depth) and 8% (for 0.9-m depth), respectively. Most hydraulic parameters at different layers exhibited convex experimental semivariograms that could be described by means of spherical models, with a spatial range between 4 and 7 m. The correlation scales for cross-semivariograms for pairs of cross-correlated parameters were found to be of similar magnitude to those pertaining to the direct semivariograms of correlated variables. C1 USDA,ARS,US SALIN LAB,RIVERSIDE,CA. RP Mallants, D (reprint author), KATHOLIEKE UNIV LEUVEN,FAC AGR & APPL BIOL,INST LAND & WATER MANAGEMENT,B-3001 LOUVAIN,BELGIUM. RI Mallants, Dirk/A-5727-2012; Jacques, Diederik/C-5887-2009; OI Mallants, Dirk/0000-0001-7282-1981; Jacques, Diederik/0000-0001-9393-2963 NR 44 TC 100 Z9 105 U1 2 U2 23 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 161 IS 3 BP 167 EP 181 DI 10.1097/00010694-199603000-00003 PG 15 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA UA615 UT WOS:A1996UA61500003 ER PT J AU Ellsworth, TR Shouse, PJ Skaggs, TH Jobes, JA Fargerlund, J AF Ellsworth, TR Shouse, PJ Skaggs, TH Jobes, JA Fargerlund, J TI Solute transport in unsaturated soil: Experimental design, parameter estimation, and model discrimination SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FIELD SCALE TRANSPORT; DISPERSION-EQUATION; STOCHASTIC-ANALYSIS; WATER-FLOW; GROUNDWATER; METHODOLOGY; AQUIFERS; BOUNDARY; BROMIDE; COLUMNS AB The objectives of this study were to: (i) examine the efficacy of two sampling techniques for characterizing solute transport under steady-state water how, (ii) study the variation in transport model parameters with increasing depth of solute leaching, and (iii) perform model discrimination to examine the transport process operative within a field plot. Bromide, NO3-, and Cl- were applied sequentially to a plot instrumented with two sets of 12 solution samplers located at depths of 0.25 and 0.65 m. At the conclusion of the experiment we destructively sampled the entire 2.0 by 2.0 m plot to a depth of 2.0 m. Mass recovery by the solution samplers ranged from 63 to 83% for the three tracers, and recovery by soil excavation ranged from 96 to 105%. The mean solute velocity estimated with the solution sampler data was significantly less than that determined by soil excavation. Mean solute velocity determined from soil excavation implied an effective transport volume equal to 0.82 theta(v) (where theta(v) is volumetric water content) for the three tracers. Solution samplers and soil excavation provided similar measures of vertical dispersion. Both sampling methods revealed a scale-dependent dispersion process in which the dispersivity increased linearly with mean residence time. The depth profiles for all three solutes were accurately described with a stochastic convective lognormal transfer function model (CLT) using the applied mass and two constant parameters (estimated from simultaneous fitting to the depth profiles). C1 USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507. UNIV WESTERN AUSTRALIA,CTR WATER RES,DEPT ENVIRONM ENGN,NEDLANDS,WA 6907,AUSTRALIA. RP Ellsworth, TR (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT NAT RESOURCES & ENVIRONM SCI,1102 S GOODWIN AVE,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 43 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 12 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 60 IS 2 BP 397 EP 407 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA UD996 UT WOS:A1996UD99600008 ER PT J AU Huang, CH Laflen, JM AF Huang, CH Laflen, JM TI Seepage and soil erosion for a clay loam soil SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DETACHMENT; IMPACT; RAINFALL; WATER AB Seepage on a hillslope produces an area susceptible to surface erosion, especially near the bottom of the slope. A laboratory study was conducted to quantify the effects of seepage on soil erosion for the Glynwood clay loam (fine, illitic, mesic Aquic Hapludalf). A 5-m-long, 1.2-m-wide soil box with adjustable slope gradient and water table control was used. A plate was installed in the soil box to force water seepage. Erosion from simulated rainfall and concentrated Bow was studied. For the rainfall experiment, the soil box was set to 10% slope and exposed to a sequence of three multiple-intensity storms, ranging from 25 to 100 mm h(-1), every 2 d. For the concentrated Bow experiment, five inflow rates ranging from 3.8 to 30.2 L min(-1) were applied to 0.2-m-wide Bow channels. Flow experiments were conducted at 5 and 10% slopes and for several different seepage and drainage conditions at the 5% slope. Sediment concentrations under seepage conditions averaged 22% higher than those under free drainage with simulated rainfalls. For concentrated flow conditions, sediment concentrations under seepage were approximately 81% higher at the 10% slope. At the 5% slope, sediment concentrations were six times higher for a surface under 20 cm seepage pressure compared with a surface drained for 7 d. Visually, it was observed that seepage greatly increased soil erosion because of its effects on headcut development. A process-based erosion prediction model, such as WEPP, should be expanded to predict seepage conditions and their effects on headcutting. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SOIL EROS RES LAB,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP Huang, CH (reprint author), PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,1196 SOIL BLDG,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907, USA. NR 18 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 8 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 60 IS 2 BP 408 EP 416 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA UD996 UT WOS:A1996UD99600009 ER PT J AU Stone, DM Robl, JL AF Stone, DM Robl, JL TI Construction and performance of rugged ceramic cup soil water samplers SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB To assess solute concentration changes associated with soil compaction and organic matter removal resulting from forest harvesting, we constructed and field tested ceramic cup soil water samplers designed to withstand the forces of compaction by heavy equipment. They were installed with the cup at either the 30-or 60-cm depth; the vacuum and collection tubes rested on the soil surface during treatment. Moderate compaction consisted of a double pass across the plots with a 19 400 kg crawler tractor (60 kPa ground pressure), advancing one track width (61 cm) each pass. Severe compaction included the moderate treatment followed by a double pass with a 20 455 kg rubber-tired, front-end loader (110-120 kPa), advancing one tire width (52 cm) each pass. Cleats on the tracks of the bulldozer pinched the polyethylene tubes on 25% of the samplers, but they were easily repaired. Severe compaction apparently damaged the ceramic cup on one of the 18 samplers installed at the 30-cm depth. Sample acquisition averaged 86% without reestablishing the vacuum during 3- to 4-wk intervals between collections. The samplers appear well suited for use in studies involving soil compaction by heavy equipment. RP Stone, DM (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXP STN,1831 HIGHWAY 169 E,GRAND RAPIDS,MN 55744, USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 60 IS 2 BP 417 EP 420 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA UD996 UT WOS:A1996UD99600010 ER PT J AU Goldberg, S Forster, HS Godfrey, CL AF Goldberg, S Forster, HS Godfrey, CL TI Molybdenum adsorption on oxides, clay minerals, and soils SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID BORON ADSORPTION; PHOSPHATE ADSORPTION; MOLYBDATE SORPTION; CHEMICAL-MODEL; KAOLINITE; MONTMORILLONITE; INTERFACES; ALUMINUM; EXCHANGE; ILLITE AB Molybdenum adsorption behavior was investigated on various crystalline and x-ray amorphous Al and Fe oxide minerals, clay minerals, CaCO3, and arid-zone calcareous and noncalcareous soils. Molybdenun adsorption on both Al and Fe oxides exhibited a maximum at low pH extending to about pH 4 to 5. Above pH 5 adsorption decreased rapidly, with little adsorption occurring above pH 8. Molybdenum adsorption was higher for the oxide minerals having higher specific surface area and lower crystallinity. Molybdenum adsorption on the clay minerals exhibited a peak near pH 3 and then decreased rapidly with increasing pH until adsorption was virtually zero near pH 7. The magnitude of Mo adsorption on clays increased in the order: kaolinite < illite < montmorillonite. Shifts in point of zero charge were observed on Al and Fe oxides and kaolinite following Mo adsorption, indicating an inner-sphere adsorption mechanism for Mo on these surfaces. Molybdenum adsorption behavior on three arid-zone noncalcareous soils resembled that on clays, exhibiting a peak near pH 3 to 4 and decreasing with increasing pH up to pH 7. This behavior is expected since the oxide content of these soils is low. Molybdenum adsorption on calcite and two calcareous arid-zone soils was low, indicating that CaCO3 is not a significant sink for Mo in soils. RP Goldberg, S (reprint author), USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,450 BIG SPRINGS RD,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507, USA. NR 44 TC 135 Z9 140 U1 2 U2 47 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 60 IS 2 BP 425 EP 432 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA UD996 UT WOS:A1996UD99600013 ER PT J AU He, LM Zelazny, LW Baligar, VC Ritchey, KD Martens, DC AF He, LM Zelazny, LW Baligar, VC Ritchey, KD Martens, DC TI Hydroxyl-sulfate exchange stoichiometry on gamma-Al2O3 and kaolinite SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID VARIABLE-CHARGE SOILS; DISSOLUTION KINETICS; ANION ADSORPTION; ALIPHATIC-ACIDS; ZINC ADSORPTION; SURFACE-CHARGE; FERRIC-OXIDE; FOREST SOIL; ALUMINUM; CALCIUM AB There is a release of OH- from soil colloids with the addition of SO42-. The ratio of moles of OH- released per mole of SO42- adsorbed is referred to as the OH/SO4 exchange stoichiometry. The OH/SO4 stoichiometry not only provides an important constraint on surface complexation models but also is a critical area of research to explain the effects on soil pH from the application of SO42- amendments such as gypsum. The OH/SO4 stoichiometry on gamma-Al2O3 and kaolinite was determined by a back titration method with a pa-stat autotitrator as well as calculated from SO42- adsorption edges at various SO42- concentrations by the thermodynamic approach. The stoichiometry increased with increasing solution pH and SO42- adsorption density. At glow pH, the stoichiometry was low and was similar for gamma-Al2O3 and kaolinite. At higher pH levels, it was higher for gamma-Al2O3 than for kaolinite. The average values of the stoichiometry calculated by the thermodynamic approach were in agreement with those measured by back titration for both gamma-Al2O3 and kaolinite. The thermodynamic approach provides an easier experimental method to evaluate the OH/anion stoichiometry as a function of pH and adsorption density. It also indicated that at low pH levels (<5), the stoichiometry might be overestimated due to dissolution of adsorbents, whereas at higher pH levels (5-8), it might be underestimated because of precipitation of Al hydroxy sulfates and gibbsite. C1 VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL ENVIRONM SCI,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN SOIL & WATER CONSERVAT RES LAB,BECKLEY,WV 25802. NR 69 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 9 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 60 IS 2 BP 442 EP 452 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA UD996 UT WOS:A1996UD99600015 ER PT J AU Rochette, EA Koskinen, WC AF Rochette, EA Koskinen, WC TI Supercritical carbon dioxide for determining atrazine sorption by field-moist soils SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FLUID EXTRACTION; GAS EXTRACTION; ADSORPTION; DESORPTION; LINURON; RETENTION AB Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with carbon dioxide (SF-CO2) has been used effectively as a method for the extraction of pesticides from soils. This study was intended to test its potential as a means of removing atrazine from soil water for quantification, to allow calculation of sorption coefficients (K(d)s) of atrazine in soils having water contents below field capacity. Low-density SF-CO2 removed atrazine from soil solutions without first requiring separation of the solution from the soil. The K(d)s obtained by the SF-CO2 method for the topsoil and the lower root zone samples were 1.21 +/- 0.04 and 1.14 +/- 0.03, respectively, while that of the vadose zone soil was 0.16 +/- 0.00. Desorption was rapid; equilibrium was reattained within 7 min. Desorption K(d)s for the topsoil and lower root zone soil were constant for successive desorption equilibrations, through removal of approximately 25% of the applied atrazine from the system. The SF-CO2 method can be used to determine the effect of changes in water content and temperature on sorption. It was found that little atrazine can be extracted by the SF-CO2 method from desiccated soil though large amounts of water (16%) caused a dramatic increase in the Kd values determined with SF-CO2. The soil solution concentration at 4% soil water content related linearly to the inverse of the temperature (T, K) and the isosteric heat (Delta H-i) was determined to be - 55.2 +/- 1.7 kJ mol(-1). The SF-CO2 method is promising as a technique to characterize herbicide sorption-desorption from field-moist soils. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA, USDA ARS, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA. UNIV IDAHO, DEPT PLANT SOIL & ENTOMOL SCI, MOSCOW, ID 83844 USA. NR 36 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 EI 1435-0661 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 60 IS 2 BP 453 EP 460 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA UD996 UT WOS:A1996UD99600016 ER PT J AU Eash, NS Stahl, PD Parkin, TB Karlen, DL AF Eash, NS Stahl, PD Parkin, TB Karlen, DL TI A simplified method for extraction of ergosterol from soil SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FUNGAL BIOMASS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; DIAMINOPIMELIC ACID; BIOSYNTHESIS; GLUCOSAMINE AB Ergosterol is a sterol common to many fungi and may be useful for estimating fungal biomass in soil. Our objective was to compare three different methods for extracting ergosterol from soil. These included: (i) a published method that involves extraction with methanol, saponification with KOH, and separation with hexane before analysis using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC); (ii) a recently published supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) method; and (iii) a simplified extraction method developed in our laboratory that is similar to method (i) but requires 80 to 90% less reagents. Similar quantities of ergosterol were extracted from both prairie and cropland soil with method (i) and with simplified method (iii). In contrast, the SFE method (ii) did not recover naturally occurring ergosterol from soil. Extraction effciencies of ergosterol standards added to soil were between 75 and 88% for the three procedures, with coefficients of variation of <15% for all methods. Our simplified method substantially reduced cost, extraction time, and chemical waste per sample. Results of this study indicate that the simplified method was the most efficient technique for extraction of ergosterol from soil. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,AMES,IA 50011. RP Eash, NS (reprint author), UNIV TENNESSEE,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,KNOXVILLE,TN 37901, USA. OI Eash, Neal/0000-0001-9141-4302 NR 25 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 15 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 60 IS 2 BP 468 EP 471 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA UD996 UT WOS:A1996UD99600018 ER PT J AU Lindbo, DL Rhoton, FE AF Lindbo, DL Rhoton, FE TI Slaking in fragipan and argillic horizons SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOILS AB Fragipan horizon identification is based on seven field clues, none of which are quantitative in nature. The ability of uncemented horizons (including fragipans) to slake or fracture when immersed in water is the basis for the last of these clues. The objectives of this study are to determine if slaking is unique to fragipan horizons and to quantify slaking in selected horizons from soil of the southern Mississippi Valley Silty Uplands, designated as Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) 134. Clods from Btx1 horizons of Loring and Grenada soils (fine-silty, mixed, thermic Typic Fragiudalfs and fine-silty, mixed, thermic Glossic Fragiudalfs, respectively) and Bt horizons of Memphis soils (fine-silty, mixed, thermic Typic Hapludalfs) were used for comparisons. Slaking was quantified by neighing the air-dried clods and measuring the length of time required for the clod to completely slake after being immersed in water. All of the horizons investigated slaked in water. Although slaking rates varied from site to site, samples from the Btx1 horizon of the Loring and Grenada pedons (2.3 and 1.7 g min(-1), respectively) were significantly lower (slower) than those from the Bt horizon of the Memphis pedons (4.6 g min(-1)). Regression analysis suggests a weak to no relationship of slaking rates to sand content (r(2) = 0.24) and no relationship of slaking rates to silt or clay content, or to extractable Fe or Si. The data presented suggest that quantified slaking rates may be useful in differentiating fragipans, but the data set needs to be expanded to include other parent materials and soils from other MLRAs. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SEDIMENTAT LAB,OXFORD,MS 38655. RP Lindbo, DL (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT SOIL SCI,VERNON G JAMES RES & EXTENS CTR,PLYMOUTH,NC 27962, USA. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 60 IS 2 BP 552 EP 554 PG 3 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA UD996 UT WOS:A1996UD99600030 ER PT J AU Merrill, SD Black, AL Bauer, A AF Merrill, SD Black, AL Bauer, A TI Conservation tillage affects root growth of dryland spring wheat under drought SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL-TEMPERATURE; WINTER-WHEAT; MOISTURE; ZERO AB In dryland cropping, no-tillage ran increase small grain crop growth compared with conventional tillage. Because root systems develop ahead of aboveground growth and are affected by soil environment, observation of root growth will show the mechanisms by which no-till enhances crop growth. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was grown in a spring wheat-winter wheat-sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) rotation begun in 1984 on Temvik-aWilton silt loam (fine-loamy, mixed TS pic and Pachic Haploborolls) under conventional till (CT: spring dishing), minimal till (hlT: spring undercutting) and no-till (NT). Root length growth OULG) was measured by microvideo camera in pressurized-wall minirhizotrons, and soil water was measured by neutron moisture meter. Relative to CT, NT generally enhanced RLG more than aboveground growth; RLG averaged 65, 130, and 145 km/cm(2) in 1988, 1989, and 1990, respectively. In 1988, RLG was 37% greater than hlT (P < 0.1), with CT intermediate. In 1989, RLG was 40% greater in NT than in CT, with ILIT intermediate, and RLG in 1990 was 112% greater in NT than CT (no MT). Final biomass averaged 380, 1730, and 3090 kg/ha in 1988 through 1990, and was 36% greater, not significantly different, and 44% greater in NT than CT, respectively. Root penetration was shallow (1.1 m or less) in dry subsoil, but in each year roots penetrated to greater soil depths under NT than under hlT or CT. Amounts of stored soil water were generally not significantly different among tillages, but more water was depleted in 1990 under NT than CT. Cooler soil under NT (measured in 1989) and superior soil water conservation in the near-surface zone appear to confer a root growth advantage to the NT treatment. RP Merrill, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO GREAT PLAINS RES LAB,POB 459,MANDAN,ND 58554, USA. NR 27 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 4 U2 16 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 60 IS 2 BP 575 EP 583 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA UD996 UT WOS:A1996UD99600034 ER PT J AU Goolsby, J Legaspi, JC Legaspi, BC AF Goolsby, J Legaspi, JC Legaspi, BC TI Quarantine evaluation of exotic parasitoids of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB Nineteen strains of parasitoids belonging to the genera Eretmocerus and Encarsia were evaluated as potential biological control agents of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci on melons. Of these strains, three are undescribed species of Eretmocerus, two collected from Texas and one from Taiwan. Percentage parasitism and numbers of hosts attacked were measured on melon plants in the greenhouse. Percentage parasitism was found to decline with host numbers and was described by an exponential decay function. Highly significant differences were found in both numbers of hosts attacked and in percentages of parasitism among the different strains, but no strong evidence was found to indicate that Eretmocerus species are better parasitoids than Encarsia species, or vice versa. The evaluations indicate that a species of Encarsia nr. pergandiella from Brazil (identification number M94055) appeared to be the most promising parasitoid of B. tabaci in a melon crop. C1 TEXAS AGR EXPTL STN,WESLACO,TX 78596. RP Goolsby, J (reprint author), USDA,MISSION BIOL CONTROL CTR,APHIS,PPQ,POB 2140,MISSION,TX 78753, USA. NR 10 TC 24 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 21 IS 1 BP 13 EP 21 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UJ038 UT WOS:A1996UJ03800002 ER PT J AU Spurgeon, DW Shaver, TN Raulston, JR Lingren, PD AF Spurgeon, DW Shaver, TN Raulston, JR Lingren, PD TI Activity patterns of adult Mexican rice borers (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in sugarcane SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID EOREUMA-LOFTINI LEPIDOPTERA; MATING DISRUPTION; SEX-PHEROMONE; SUPPRESSION; TORTRICIDAE; POPULATION; NOCTUIDAE AB Nocturnal collections of Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) adults in sugarcane were used to evaluate the effects of synthetic pheromone applications on nightly activity patterns. The pheromone treatment differentially influenced captures of the sexes; usually, more females were collected from treated than untreated plots while the opposite trend was observed for males. More flying than sitting moths were captured in both pheromone treated and untreated plots. Peaks of female activity occurred early in the night (2200-2400 h CDT) while males were most active late in the night (0400-0600 h). Pheromone treatment did not influence nightly collection patterns of flying or sitting females or sitting males. Although a change in the collection pattern of flying males in response to the pheromone was demonstrated, differences were small relative to the overall nightly pattern of collection. These results indicate that optimal sampling times for E. loftini adults differ according to moth sex. This information will be useful in developing and evaluating control strategies involving mating disruptants, attractants, or adulticides. C1 USDA ARS,CROP INSECT PESTS MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 21 IS 1 BP 23 EP 32 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UJ038 UT WOS:A1996UJ03800003 ER PT J AU Legaspi, JC Nordlund, DA Legaspi, BC AF Legaspi, JC Nordlund, DA Legaspi, BC TI Tri-trophic interactions and predation rates in Chrysoperla spp attacking the silverleaf whitefly SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID CHRYSOPIDAE; NEUROPTERA AB We investigated tri-trophic interactions among the host plant, the silverleaf whitefly (SLWF), Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring, and the predatory lacewings Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister) and C. carnea (Stephens). B. argentifolii females avoided ovipositing on leaves on which C. rufilabris larvae were previously located. This tendency appeared to increase with increasing exposure time of the predators to The leaves. We measured the effects of host plant on body weight, developmental duration and survival of the lacewing. SLWF reared on cantaloupes and cucumber appeared to be better quality prey than those reared on poinsettia or lima bean. Lacewings that fed on SLWF reared on cucumbers and cantaloupes developed more rapidly, showed increased survival, and weighed more as newly-emerged adults, compared to those reared on poinsettia and lima bean. Lacewings feeding on SLWF reared on poinsettia and lima bean did not survive to the pupal stage. We concluded that SLWF reared on poinsettia or lima bean may have been nutritionally inadequate for C. rufilabris development, or that SLWF may have accumulated plant compounds which were detrimental to the development of the lacewings. There was little difference in predation rates between larvae of C. carnea and C, rufilabris, although C. carnea may consume significantly more whiteflies during certain intervals. Both species consumed from 25 to 75 SLWF daily. C1 USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,BIOL CONTROL PESTS RES UNIT,WESLACO,TX 78596. NR 11 TC 19 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 21 IS 1 BP 33 EP 42 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UJ038 UT WOS:A1996UJ03800004 ER PT J AU Chen, AC Schleider, PG AF Chen, AC Schleider, PG TI An analysis of excretion in the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L) SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID AEDES-AEGYPTI L; TSETSE-FLY; DIURESIS; MUSCIDAE; DIPTERA AB Excretion immediately after a blood meal was studied in the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) by a new, non-invasive technique. The process of excreta formation was recorded on video tape and later analyzed as digitized images. The formation of the excretory droplets takes approximately 0.25 sec. Droplet size, estimated by assuming a spherical shape, ranged from 100 to 400 nl. Size of excretory droplets gradually decreased with time while the time interval between droplets increased. The average rate of excretion was ca. 21 nl/min during the 2-h observation period. This was in close agreement with the loss of body weight during the same period. C1 USDA ARS,SO CROPS RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. RP Chen, AC (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,2881 F&B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 21 IS 1 BP 43 EP 48 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UJ038 UT WOS:A1996UJ03800005 ER PT J AU Hardee, DD Laster, ML AF Hardee, DD Laster, ML TI Current status of backcross sterility in Heliothis virescens (F) SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Review ID TOBACCO BUDWORM LEPIDOPTERA; CORN-EARWORM LEPIDOPTERA; HELICOVERPA-ZEA LEPIDOPTERA; SUBFLEXA GN LEPIDOPTERA; SEX-PHEROMONE CHEMISTRY; VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES; INHERITED STERILITY; ST-CROIX; HYBRID STERILITY; GENETIC-CONTROL AB Because of insecticide resistance, high cost of controls, and the need to reduce pesticide use, attempts have been made to manage tobacco budworm (TBW), Heliothis virescens (F.), with non-insecticidal techniques. One such approach has been the use of sterile male interspecific hybrids produced from crosses between TBW males and Physalis fruitworm, Heliothis subflexa (Guenee) females. In this review, we summarize 20 years of research to develop this technique into a usable system to manage TBW and outline needs for future development. RP Hardee, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO INSECT MANAGEMENT LAB,POB 346,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 147 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 21 IS 1 BP 86 EP 100 PG 15 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UJ038 UT WOS:A1996UJ03800011 ER PT J AU Heise, OU Unwin, JP Klungness, JH Fineran, WG Sykes, M Abubakr, S AF Heise, OU Unwin, JP Klungness, JH Fineran, WG Sykes, M Abubakr, S TI Industrial scaleup of enzyme-enhanced deinking of nonimpact printed toners SO TAPPI JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE deinking; enzymes; flotation; lasers; mixed waste papers (postconsumer papers); toners AB The mixed office waste (MOW) portion of presently under-utilized mixed recovered paper grade contains more than 70% uncoated free sheet, mainly printed with difficult-to-deink toners. Both the cost and difficulty of removing toners from MOW have limited upgrading MOW into printing and writing grades. This paper presents the results of an industrial-scale investigation exploring the benefits of enzyme-enhanced deinking. Since residual toner inks are the primary contaminant remaining in deinked marked pulp, 100% laser-printed white office postconsumer waste was used for these trials. The results of three-deinking trials-two enzyme trials and a control-are presented. The control was similar to the enzyme trials with the exception that a heat-killed enzyme preparation was substituted for the active enzyme. Results showed increased ink removal is achieved at a low level of a commercially available enzyme preparation in combination with a surfactant. The enzyme-enhanced trials also displayed improved drainage and comparable strength when compared with the control There were no significant differences in the quality and treatability of the process water from the various trials. Effluent samples from these trials were lower in oxygen demand and toxicity than effluents from the control. C1 NCASI,KALAMAZOO,MI 49008. USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. RP Heise, OU (reprint author), VOITH SULZER PAPERTECHNOL,CTR TECHNOL,APPLETON,WI 54913, USA. NR 9 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 3 PU TECH ASSN PULP PAPER IND INC PI NORCROSS PA 15 TECHNOLOGY PARK SOUTH, NORCROSS, GA 30092 SN 0734-1415 J9 TAPPI J JI TAPPI J. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 79 IS 3 BP 207 EP 212 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA TY532 UT WOS:A1996TY53200020 ER PT J AU Klungness, JH Sykes, MS Tan, F Abubakr, S Eisenwasser, JD AF Klungness, JH Sykes, MS Tan, F Abubakr, S Eisenwasser, JD TI Effect of fiber loading on paper properties SO TAPPI JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE brightness; calcium carbonate; calcium compounds; carbonates; color reversion; density; dimensional stability; fibers; filler addition; filler retention; mechanical properties; optical properties; paper properties; physical properties; problem solving; properties; retention; reversion; stability; yellowing AB The authors examined the effect on paper properties of fiber-loaded calcium carbonate compared to conventional, direct-loaded calcium carbonate. Research in this area has developed the basic technology for a process of precipitating and loading calcium carbonate within and on papermaking fibers. Scaleup from handsheet to semicommercial scale revealed some technical obstacles. This study focuses on changes in color and brightness, dimensional stability, retention aid demand, and apparent density. Fiber loading offers a practical processing method to decrease the cost of calcium carbonate production and substitute more filler for fiber in the production of printing and writing papers. C1 LIQUID CARBON IND,CHICAGO,IL 60629. RP Klungness, JH (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 8 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU TECH ASSN PULP PAPER IND INC PI NORCROSS PA 15 TECHNOLOGY PARK SOUTH, NORCROSS, GA 30092 SN 0734-1415 J9 TAPPI J JI TAPPI J. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 79 IS 3 BP 297 EP 301 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA TY532 UT WOS:A1996TY53200032 ER PT J AU TraskMorrell, BJ Andrews, BAK Vinyard, BT AF TraskMorrell, BJ Andrews, BAK Vinyard, BT TI Thermoanalytical study of durable press reactant levels on cotton fabrics .2. Finishes based on DMDHEU SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID POLYCARBOXYLIC ACIDS AB Cotton printcloth has been treated with five low- and nonformaldehyde finishes at multiple treatment levels. In Part I, two polycarboxylic acids, butanetetracarboxylic and citric, catalyzed with sodium hypophosphite produced the nonformaldehyde fabric finishes. Three formaldehyde-based finishes have been produced with 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) catalyzed with magnesium chloride/citric acid and are the subject of Part II. Differential scanning calorimetric and thermogravimetric analyses are performed and the results compared with those of untreated and treated controls. Thermal parameters and various parameter ratios are analyzed for progressive changes as agent/catalyst levels increase. Thermal profiles of catalyst controls indicate that the catalyst is a substantial contributor to thermal parameters. We can distinguish between the low and nonformaldehyde Dp finishes, between the three DMDHEU-based finishes, and between the four finish levels. Finish level is the most difficult. Three dimensional comparison graphs of three parameters chosen by means of stepwise discriminate analyses allow finish level assessments to within 2%. The preponderance of evidence after parameter-by-parameter comparisons correctly assigns finish level. A current goal of our research is to identify unknown durable press finishes on cotton fabrics using only thermal analytical techniques. Quality control applications relative to finish and finish level are clearly possible at this time. This study has brought us much closer to realizing our primary goal of finish identification using only thermoanalytical procedures. RP TraskMorrell, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 66 IS 3 BP 172 EP 183 DI 10.1177/004051759606600307 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA TX628 UT WOS:A1996TX62800007 ER PT J AU Redona, ED Mackill, DJ AF Redona, ED Mackill, DJ TI Mapping quantitative trait loci for seedling vigor in rice using RFLPs SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE quantitative trait locus (QTL); RFLP; seedling vigor; shoot growth; Oryza sativa ID MENDELIAN FACTORS; LINKAGE MAP; MAIZE; COLEOPTILE; MESOCOTYL; TOMATO; YIELD AB Improving seedling vigor is an important objective of modern rice (Oryza sativa L.) breeding programs. The purpose of this study was to identify and map quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying seedling vigor-related traits using restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs). An F-2 population of 204 plants was developed from a cross between a low-vigor japonica cultivar 'Labelle' (LBL) and a high-vigor indica cultivar 'Black Gora' (BG). A linkage map was constructed of 117 markers spanning 1496 Haldane cM and encompassing the 12 rice chromosomes with an average marker spacing of 14 cM. The length of the shoots, roots, coleoptile and mesocotyl were measured on F-3 families in slantboard tests conducted at two temperatures (18 degrees and 25 degrees C). By means of interval analysis, 13 QTLs, each accounting for 7% to 38% of the phenotypic variance, were identified and mapped in the two temperature regimes at a log-likelihood (LOD) threshold of 2.5. Four QTLs controlled shoot length, 2 each controlled root and coleoptile lengths and 5 influenced mesocotyl length. Single-point analysis confirmed the presence of these QTLs and detected additional loci for shoot, root and coleoptile lengths, these latter usually accounting for less than 5% of the phenotypic variation. Only 3 QTLs detected both by interval and single-point analyses were expressed under both temperature regimes. Additive, dominant and overdominant modes of gene action were observed. Contrary to what was predicted from parental phenotype, the low-vigor LBL contributed 46% of the positive alleles fdr shoot, root and coleoptile lengths. Positive alleles from the high-vigor parent BG were identified for increased root, coleoptile and mesocotyl lengths. However, BG contributed alleles with only minor effects for shoot length, the most important determinant of seedling vigor in water-seeded rice, suggesting that it would not be an ideal donor parent for introducing faster shoot growth alleles into temperate japonica cultivars. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT AGRON & RANGE SCI,ARS,USDA,DAVIS,CA 95616. RI Mackill, David/C-6368-2014 OI Mackill, David/0000-0003-4224-6781 NR 44 TC 70 Z9 89 U1 2 U2 11 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 92 IS 3-4 BP 395 EP 402 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA UE864 UT WOS:A1996UE86400016 PM 24166263 ER PT J AU Heller, SR AF Heller, SR TI Publishing on the Internet - A proposal for the future SO TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB This TrAC Internet column contains some comments on the mechanics of this column, current electronic publishing and some musings on the future of electronic publishing. I would hope this will stimulate some lively discussions on these matters. RP Heller, SR (reprint author), ARS,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-9936 J9 TRAC-TREND ANAL CHEM JI Trac-Trends Anal. Chem. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 15 IS 3 BP 111 EP 114 DI 10.1016/0165-9936(96)00012-X PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA UA480 UT WOS:A1996UA48000005 ER PT J AU Harvey, BC Nakamoto, RJ AF Harvey, BC Nakamoto, RJ TI Effects of steelhead density on growth of coho salmon in a small coastal California stream SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE ATLANTIC SALMON; INTER-SPECIFIC COMPETITION; EXOTIC RAINBOW-TROUT; NATIVE BROOK TROUT; LARGE WOODY DEBRIS; HABITAT USE; CUTTHROAT TROUT; BROWN TROUT; SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH AB Weight change in age-0 coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch at about natural density was negatively related to the density of juvenile steelhead (anadromous rainbow trout O. mykiss) in a 6-week experiment conducted in July-August 1993 in the north and south forks of Caspar Creek, California. The experiment used 12 enclosed stream sections, each containing a pool and a portion of upstream riffle, with two replicates of three steelhead densities-zero, natural density (Ix), and twice the natural density (2X)-on both the north and south forks. The natural density of coho salmon was about one-sixth the density of steelhead. Coho salmon survival was high (87% overall) and not related to treatments. In the north fork, coho salmon weight change was positive in zero density steelhead treatments, zero in 1X treatments, and negative in 2x treatments. Coho salmon weight change in the south fork was less favorable than in the north fork but was also negatively related to the density of steelhead. These results indicate that under some conditions resource partitioning by salmonid species does not eliminate negative interspecific interactions. RP Harvey, BC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,1700 BAYVIEW DR,ARCATA,CA 95521, USA. NR 40 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 125 IS 2 BP 237 EP 243 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0237:EOSDOG>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA UA766 UT WOS:A1996UA76600009 ER PT J AU Morrison, JE Hendrick, JG Schafer, RL AF Morrison, JE Hendrick, JG Schafer, RL TI Soil forces on coulter and disc-opener combinations SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE soil dynamics; tillage; planters; draft; soil bins AB Two row-crop planter component configurations were tested in soil bin studies at the USDA-Agricultural Research Service, National Soil Dynamics Laboratory for effects of component coupling on draft and vertical forces. At depths in excess of typical planting, both draft and vertical forces were generally greater for the coupled components configuration of an experimental planter than for a traditional separated configuration. For planting depths less than 45 mm in Norfolk sandy loam soil, vertical forces were reduced by coupling. The effects of coupling were mainly to forces on the double-disc components of the planter. Substantial braking increased for the coulter, but decreased for the double discs in the coupled configuration as depth increased When reduced vertical forces occurred with the coupled planter component configuration, this beneficial effect was directly linked with double-disc, but not with coulter braking. Results verify, the undocumented field observation of reduced vertical forces with the experimental planter coupled-configuration in some planting conditions. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SOIL DYNAM LAB,AUBURN,AL 36831. RP Morrison, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS,GRASSLAND SOIL & WATER RES LAB,808 E BLACKLAND RD,TEMPLE,TX 76502, USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 39 IS 2 BP 369 EP 376 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA UJ004 UT WOS:A1996UJ00400001 ER PT J AU Carlton, JB AF Carlton, JB TI Retention phenomenon from saturating plant leaves with agricultural liquids SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE spray; retention; deposition; cotton; drought-stress ID LEAF SURFACES AB A simple handheld field tool called an immersion cell was designed and developed to pursue studies of liquid formulation retention effects with plant leaves. The immersion protocol is one in which a finite leaf disk area is covered with a volume of a liquid formulation. A decanting process removes liquid that is classed as runoff By measuring the runoff volume and comparing it to the original, the maximum liquid retention is obtained. Field studies were carried out to provide data for quantitative analysis. Four types of plants and three different liquid formulations were subjected to the immersion-retention study. Statistical analysis revealed a wide variety of retention phenomena. The analysis permitted a comparison of retention among the four type plants subjected to the three formulations, and separately for both sides of the leaves. Using a standard protocol, tap water was found to have the highest retention potential (mu L/cm(2)) among the formulations on plant species studied. This was true for both the top and bottom of all type plant leaves. Field evidence was established that inducing drought-stress in cotton increased the retention forces that bind an aerial applied danitol/orthene insecticide spray formulation to the leaf surface. This response was anticipated on the basis of early exploratory studies of the retention effects. This research provides a technique/protocol for making a basic measurement regarding the retention forces that interface a liquid formulation with a plant leaf surface. RP Carlton, JB (reprint author), USDA ARS,AREAWIDE PEST MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,2771 F&B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 39 IS 2 BP 393 EP 398 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA UJ004 UT WOS:A1996UJ00400004 ER PT J AU Zhu, H Reichard, DL Fox, RD Brazee, RD Ozkan, HE AF Zhu, H Reichard, DL Fox, RD Brazee, RD Ozkan, HE TI Collection efficiency of spray droplets on vertical targets SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE droplets; collection efficiency; pesticides; computer simulation ID CYLINDRICAL COLLECTOR; DRIFT AB A computational fluid dynamics program (FLUENT) was used to determine the effects of several variables on collection efficiencies of spray droplets directed horizontally toward vertical targets in turbulent air. Variables were: droplet diameter (10 to 600 mu m), wind velocity (0.5 to 8.0 m/s), turbulence intensity (5 to 80%) and target width (6.35 to 50.8 mm), An equation (r(2) = 0.94) was developed to predict the collection efficiencies of water droplets for the variables. Collection efficiency increased with increasing droplet size, wind velocity, and target width, but decreased with increasing turbulence intensity. Collection efficiencies calculated with FLUENT were very close to those determined experimentally in a wind tunnel. The maximum difference between experimental and calculated collection efficiencies was 11.1% for all experimental conditions. C1 USDA ARS,MWA,OARDC,APPLICAT TECHNOL RES UNIT,WOOSTER,OH 44691. OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR ENGN,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. NR 24 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 39 IS 2 BP 415 EP 422 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA UJ004 UT WOS:A1996UJ00400007 ER PT J AU Baffaut, C Nearing, MA Nicks, AD AF Baffaut, C Nearing, MA Nicks, AD TI Impact of CLIGEN parameters on WEPP-predicted average annual soil loss SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE soil erosion; kriging; climate; WEPP; model; simulation; weather generator; CLIGEN AB The combination of the weather generator program CLIGEN and the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model provides a way to predict runoff and erosion for individual rainfall events for long periods of simulation. The purposes of this study were to: 1) investigate the required simulation period necessary to obtain stable long-term annual averages of soil erosion for various environmental conditions; 2) investigate the effects of station-to-station variability of CLIGEN input data on the average annual soil loss predictions obtained from WEPP; and 3) develop methods for reducing unreasonable and undesirable levels of such variation while maintaining the integrity of the models in representing regional trends in erosion differences due to climate. The results showed high variations of the average annual soil loss results when the only changes in the input were the climate parameter values used by CLIGEN from one weather station to another, even when the climate was fairly uniform from station to station. A model was proposed to average climate parameters of the station under consideration with the parameters of the surrounding stations. Results obtained using these averaged input values were much more consistent from one station to another for periods longer than 50 years. For shorter periods (30 years), the annual variability of soil loss was larger than the variability induced by climate parameters and averaging these parameters does not improve the results. A comparison of equal soil loss contours obtained after averaging parameters and isoerodent lines from the RUSLE model showed that both reveal similar trends. In mountainous regions this model was not applied because changes in climate of two adjacent stations were sometimes abrupt. C1 PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,NATL SOIL EROS RES LAB,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. USDA ARS,DURANT,OK 74702. NR 16 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 39 IS 2 BP 447 EP 457 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA UJ004 UT WOS:A1996UJ00400013 ER PT J AU Trooien, TP Wienhold, BJ Reichman, GA AF Trooien, TP Wienhold, BJ Reichman, GA TI Internal drainage through fine-textured subsoils at two sites in North Dakota SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE irrigation; alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.); glacial till soils AB To determine if the internal drainage (downward movement of water out of the root zone) was adequate, we measured the movement of water out of the root zone in bordered plots planted to alfalfa. We applied three water quantity treatments: irrigation plus precipitation equal to one, two, and three times the calculated evapotranspiration (1ET, 2ET, and 3ET); and two irrigation water quality treatments: electrical conductivity (EC(iw)) of 0.1 S/m, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR(iw)) of 4 and EC(iw) = 0.34 S/m, SAR(iw) = 16. Each-treatment was replicated three times. Internal drainage amounts during the irrigation season (1 July to about 1 October) were as great as 843 mm. For the seven years at one site, the internal drainage averaged 585 mm, or 66% of the water applied (irrigation plus precipitation) to the 3ET treatment. Increased water application resulted in increased internal drainage. Irrigation with the 0.34 Sim water resulted in greater internal drainage (compared to irrigation with the 0.1 S/m water) at one site, but not at the other site. The 3ET treatment maintained soil water content near field capacity for the entire irrigation season, but a persistent perched water table was not detected. Internal drainage from the 3ET treatments exceeded the total water applied (irrigation plus precipitation) to the 1ET plots for 9 of the 12 sire years. The tested soils have sufficient internal drainage capacity to allow supplemental irrigation without forming a perched water table. C1 USDA ARS,NO GREAT PLAINS RES LAB,MANDAN,ND 58554. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 39 IS 2 BP 459 EP 464 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA UJ004 UT WOS:A1996UJ00400014 ER PT J AU Hubbard, RK Lowrance, RR AF Hubbard, RK Lowrance, RR TI Solute transport and filtering through a riparian forest SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE riparian forest; water; nitrogen; nutrient filtering; shallow-subsurface flow; bromide ID NITRATE; MOVEMENT; WATER; GROUNDWATER; DRAINAGE; DYNAMICS; UPLAND; LOSSES AB A two and a half year study was conducted to determine the fate of solutes applied to the landscape position just above the upper edge of a forested riparian zone. Nitrate (NO3-N) and bromide (Br) sources were applied to an 18 x 18 m killed grass sod area at the rates of 188 and 336 kg ha(-1) N and Br, respectively. Soil samples were collected four times during the study to determine vertical and lateral transport within the treatment area. Shallow groundwater wells were installed at transect positions 13 and 6 m upslope, and 2, 7, 12, 17, and 22 m downslope from the grass sod-riparian forest interface, There were two sets of wells at each transect position in the treatment area, and three sets of wells at each transect position in the forested riparian zone, The well depths for each set were 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m. Water samples were collected biweekly except for the final six months of the study, when they were collected monthly. Water samples were analyzed for NO3-N and Br content. Mass balance calculations based on soil sample analyses showed that the equivalent of 59 and 78% of the applied NO3-N and Br had left the treatment area after one year. High NO3-N concentrations observed in well waters in the upslope end of the treatment area showed that shallow groundwater entering from upslope was carrying NO3-N in addition to that applied. Comparisons of Br and NO3-N concentrations in the wells and also Br/NO3-N ratios showed that the riparian forest was effectively filtering NO3-N entering from the treatment area. Very little NO3-N was observed in wells 7 and 12 m into the forest. Bromide concentrations observed in the wells were relatively high at 2, 7, and 12 m into the forest. Mean Br/NO3-N ratios showed that some Br had reached as far downslope as 22 m into the riparian forest by the end of the second year of the study. One pulse of Br appeared in the riparian forest 8 to 11 months after application and a second pulse with greater concentrations appeared 16 to 18 months after application. The first pulse is believed to be due to transport via macropore flow, while the second may have been associated with Br initially retained in the soil matrix. Overall the study showed that in areas of the Coastal Plain where shallow lateral water movement is a dominant loss pathway, agrichemicals applied in the spring move downslope during the wet months, and depending on soil type, may take several seasons before completely leaving the upslope area and moving into or through the riparian forest. RP Hubbard, RK (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE WATERSHED RES LAB,POB 946,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 22 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 39 IS 2 BP 477 EP 488 PG 12 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA UJ004 UT WOS:A1996UJ00400016 ER PT J AU Edwards, DR Haan, CT Sharpley, AN Murdoch, JE Daniel, TC Moore, PA AF Edwards, DR Haan, CT Sharpley, AN Murdoch, JE Daniel, TC Moore, PA TI Application of simplified phosphorus transport models to pasture fields in northwest Arkansas SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE runoff; water quality; phosphorus; modeling ID RUNOFF AB Runoff transport of phosphorus (P) is often predicted from simple equations with parameters determined from data applicable primarily to row-cropped and fallow cover conditions. The applicability, accuracy, and precision of such P transport prediction equations under pasture situations are less well defined The objectives of this study were to determine parameters of simplified runoff P transport equations for pasture fields and to assess the accuracy and precision of the equations. Runoff, sediment yield, soluble P transport, and particulate P transport data were collected from four pasture fields in northwestern Arkansas. Runoff event enrichment ratios and extraction coefficients were computed, and confidence limits on respective predicted particulate and soluble P transport were determined. An inverse linear relationship between the natural logarithms of enrichment ratio and sediment yield was found significant for all fields, but the slopes were lower than values reported earlier for general use. Runoff event extraction coefficients were considerably higher than those typically used and were highest for runoff occurring shortly following animal manure application. The 95% confidence limits on predicted soluble and particulate P transport varied in some cases by more than an order of magnitude, indicating that significant imprecision was associated with those predictions. The data suggested that the simplified model of soluble P transport might be a reasonable description of the processes for the fields, but that modification to the particulate P transport prediction method might be necessary to improve the prediction accuracy for low event sediment yields (< 10 kg/ha). C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT AGR & BIOSYST ENGN,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR & BIOSYST ENGN,STILLWATER,OK 74078. USDA ARS,STATE COLL,PA. UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT BIOL & AGR ENGN,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT AGRON,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. PPPSU,USDA ARS,FAYETTEVILLE,AR. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 39 IS 2 BP 489 EP 496 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA UJ004 UT WOS:A1996UJ00400017 ER PT J AU Franti, TG Foster, GR Monke, EJ AF Franti, TG Foster, GR Monke, EJ TI Modeling the effects of incorporated residue on rill erosion .1. Model development and sensitivity analysis SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE modeling; rill erosion; incorporated residue ID CROP RESIDUE; SOIL-EROSION; HYDRAULICS AB A computer simulation model was developed to predict soil erosion rates when incorporated residue acts as a stable grade control in a rill. The length of rill between two stable residue sections was considered an independent control volume. The independent control volumes were linked in series to compute the total sediment load rate from the rill. The model was developed with the assumptions that the sediment delivery is at (I quasi-steady state, the transport capacity is much greater than the sediment load and the rill flow is subcritical. The model simulates the sediment load rates, changes in rill geometry, and final rill geometry. The model sensitivity to hydraulic, soil, and model variables was evaluated. The simulated sediment load rates were most sensitive to changes in the soil critical shear and rill soil erodibility parameters. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SEDIMENTAT LAB,OXFORD,MS. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGR ENGN,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP Franti, TG (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,234 L W CHASE HALL,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 28 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 39 IS 2 BP 535 EP 542 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA UJ004 UT WOS:A1996UJ00400023 ER PT J AU Franti, TG Foster, GR Monke, EJ AF Franti, TG Foster, GR Monke, EJ TI Modeling the effects of incorporated residue on rill erosion .2. Experimental results and model validation SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE modeling; rill erosion; incorporated residue AB Laboratory experiments were conducted to collect erosion rate, soil loss, and rill geometry data to validate a computer model that simulates the effects of incorporated residue on rill erosion. Stable, equally spaced residue elements were incorporated along a single, field-scale rill to examine the effect of spacing on soil loss. The adjusted soil loss per unit length of rill, which emphasized the effect of residue spacing, increased with greater discharge rate and residue spacing. Excess scour at a residue element was negligible for spacings of 1.25 m or greater. Results from computer simulations showed that simulated results compared well to measured sediment load rates and trends in adjusted soil loss per unit length, changes in rill width over time, and final rill width at the residue. However, the simulated results in general underpredicted the total eroded soil volume and average rill width. Based on the experimental results, three out of four basic assumptions of the model were shown to be acceptable. Insufficient information was available to support a fourth assumption that transport capacity was much greater than sediment load all along the rill. C1 AGR RES SERV,USDA,NATL SEDIMENTAT LAB,OXFORD,MS. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGR ENGN,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP Franti, TG (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,234 L W CHASE HALL,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 39 IS 2 BP 543 EP 550 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA UJ004 UT WOS:A1996UJ00400024 ER PT J AU Wills, BL Winistorfer, SG Bender, DA Pollock, DG AF Wills, BL Winistorfer, SG Bender, DA Pollock, DG TI Threaded-nail fasteners - Research and standardization needs SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE nail; threaded; annular; helical; withdrawal; lateral; connections AB Threaded nail fasteners are commonly used in agricultural and commercial post-frame structures, yet there has been insufficient research to fully understand the effect of threads on withdrawal and lateral load resistance, The objective of this article is to review technical information on threaded nail fasteners and to identify problems facing manufacturers, designers, and users of threaded nail fasteners for engineering applications, Recommendations are given concerning research and standardization needs. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT AGR ENGN,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. TRUSJOIST MACMILLAN,TRAVERSE CITY,MI. USDA,FS FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI. NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 39 IS 2 BP 661 EP 668 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA UJ004 UT WOS:A1996UJ00400041 ER PT J AU Williams, GD Bohnhoff, DR Moody, RC AF Williams, GD Bohnhoff, DR Moody, RC TI Locating butt-joints in four-layer, nail-laminated assemblies SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE finite element methods; structural analysis; nail-laminated post; strength; stiffness; timber construction AB Nail-laminated assemblies serve as primary vertical supporting members in most post-frame buildings, and as primary horizontal supporting members in many light wood-frame structures. Some of these structures are built using spliced, four-layer, nail-laminated assemblies, despite the lack of published design information. To better understand four-layer assembly behavior; a finite element program was used to predict load-displacement behavior and high stress regions in four different nail-laminated assembly designs. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted using the same finite element analysis program. The sensitivity analysis was used to determine what effect changes in overall splice length, splice arrangement, joint spacing, and butt-joint reinforcement have on the bending strength and stiffness of the assemblies. The finite element program accurately predicted the load-displacement behavior of the four different laboratory tested nail-laminated post designs and predicted general regions of high stress. Results from the sensitivity analysis indicate that bending strength in 235 mm (nominal 10 in.) deep assemblies decreases rapidly when overall splice length is reduced below 1.83 m (6 ft). In addition, selection of splice arrangement was shown to be dependent on the presence (or absence) of butt-joint reinforcement. Changing from an equal spacing between butt-joints to an uneven joint spacing did not significantly affect assembly strength and stiffness. Results from this study should be helpful to builders and designers in establishing design recommendations for four-layer, nail-laminated assemblies. C1 LESTER BLDG SYST,DIV RES,LESTER PRAIRIE,MN. USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. RP Williams, GD (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT AGR ENGN,460 HENRY MALL,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAR-APR PY 1996 VL 39 IS 2 BP 699 EP 711 PG 13 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA UJ004 UT WOS:A1996UJ00400045 ER PT J AU Ryan, MG Hubbard, RM Pongracic, S Raison, RJ McMurtrie, RE AF Ryan, MG Hubbard, RM Pongracic, S Raison, RJ McMurtrie, RE TI Foliage, fine-root, woody-tissue and stand respiration in Pinus radiata in relation to nitrogen status SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biomass; carbon use efficiency; CO2 efflux; dry matter production; fertilization; irrigation; nitrogen content ID FOREST GROWTH EXPERIMENT; MAINTENANCE RESPIRATION; WATER; FERTILIZATION; PLANTS; CARBON; TEMPERATURE; MODEL; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; AVAILABILITY AB We measured respiration of 20-year-old Pinus radiata D. Don trees growing in control (C), irrigated 0, and irrigated + fertilized (IL) stands in the Biology of Forest Growth experimental plantation near Canberra, Australia. Respiration was measured on fully expanded foliage, live branches, boles, and fine and coarse roots to determine the relationship between CO2 efflux, tissue temperature, and biomass or nitrogen (N) content of individual tissues. Efflux of CO2 from foliage (dark respiration at night) and fine roots was linearly related to biomass and N content, but N was a better predictor of CO2 efflux than biomass. Respiration (assumed to be maintenance) per unit N at 15 degrees C and a CO2 concentration of 400 mu mol mol(-1) was 1.71 mu mol s(-1) mol(-1) N for foliage and 11.2 mu mol s(-1) mol(-1) N for fine roots. Efflux of CO2 from stems, coarse roots and branches was Linearly related to sapwood volume (stems) or total volume (branches + coarse roots) and growth, with rates for maintenance respiration at 15 degrees C ranging from 18 to 104 mu mol m(-3) s(-1). Among woody components, branches in the upper canopy and small diameter coarse roots had the highest respiration rates. Stem maintenance respiration per unit sapwood volume did not differ among treatments. Annual C flux was estimated by summing (I) dry matter production and respiration of aboveground components, (2) annual soil CO2 efflux minus aboveground litterfall, and (3) the annual increment in coarse root biomass. Annual C flux was 24.4, 25.3 and 34.4 Mg ha(-1) year(-1) for the C, I and IL treatments, respectively. Total belowground C allocation, estimated as the sum of (2) and (3) above, was equal to the sum of root respiration and estimated root production in the IL treatment, whereas in the nutrient-limited C and I treatments, total below ground C allocation was greater than the sum of root respiration and estimated root production, suggesting higher fine root turnover or increased allocation to mycorrhizae and root exudation. Carbon use efficiency, the ratio of net primary production to assimilation, was similar among treatments for aboveground tissues (0.43-0.50). Therefore, the proportion of assimilation used for construction and maintenance respiration on an annual basis was also similar among treatments. C1 CSIRO, DIV FORESTRY, CANBERRA, ACT 2600, AUSTRALIA. UNIV NEW S WALES, SCH BIOL SCI, SYDNEY, NSW 2052, AUSTRALIA. RP Ryan, MG (reprint author), USDA, FOREST SERV, ROCKY MT EXPTL STN, 240 W PROSPECT ST, FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA. RI Ryan, Michael/A-9805-2008; Raison, Robert/E-5431-2011; Hubbard, Robert/J-6059-2012 OI Ryan, Michael/0000-0002-2500-6738; NR 58 TC 339 Z9 395 U1 9 U2 48 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 16 IS 3 BP 333 EP 343 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TW791 UT WOS:A1996TW79100002 ER PT J AU Hake, S AF Hake, S TI Shootmeristemless ties the knot SO TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT News Item ID ARABIDOPSIS; GENE; KNOTTED-1; MERISTEM; FATES C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,ALBANY,CA 94710. RP Hake, S (reprint author), USDA,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1360-1385 J9 TRENDS PLANT SCI JI Trends Plant Sci. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 1 IS 3 BP 75 EP 76 DI 10.1016/S1360-1385(96)80036-7 PG 2 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UP299 UT WOS:A1996UP29900002 ER PT J AU Miller, GW AF Miller, GW TI Epicormic branching on central Appalachian hardwoods 10 years after deferment cutting. SO USDA FOREST SERVICE NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPERIMENT STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE epicormic branching; two-age management; deferment cutting AB Epicormic branching was monitored over a 10-year period following deferment cutting in four central Appalachian hardwood stands in West Virginia. Data from 545 codominant residual trees indicated that the average number of epicormic branches on the butt and second 16-foot log sections increased significantly for the first 2 years after treatment. For upper log sections of basswood, northern red oak, and black cherry, significant increases continued from the second to the tenth year. The net effect on quality was that 11 percent of residual trees exhibited a reduction in butt-log grade due to epicormic branching. Of the few grade reductions observed, white oak, northern red oak, and black cherry were the most susceptible. Less than 1 percent of yellow-poplar trees had lower grades due to epicormic branching. RP Miller, GW (reprint author), NE FOREST EXPT STN,TIMBER & WATERSHED LAB,PARSONS,WV, USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU USDA FOREST SERVICE NORTH EASTERN FOREST EXP STATION PI DELAWARE PA 359 MAIN RD, DELAWARE, OH 43015 SN 0502-3491 J9 USDA FOR SERV NE RES JI USDA For. Serv. Northeast. For. Exp. Stn. Res. Pap. PD MAR PY 1996 IS 702 BP 1 EP & PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA UF460 UT WOS:A1996UF46000001 ER PT J AU Miller, RE Obermeyer, EL AF Miller, RE Obermeyer, EL TI Initial and continued effects of a release spray in a coastal Oregon Douglas-fir plantation SO USDA FOREST SERVICE PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE conifer release; plantation growth; herbicide damage; Pseudotsuga menziesii; Alnus rubra; Tsuga heterophylla; Picea sitchensis; precommercial thinning; Oregon, Coast Ranges ID VEGETATION AB Portions of a 4-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) France) plantation were sprayed with herbicide. Five years after spraying, we established 18 plots and used several means to determine retrospectively that six plots probably received full spray treatment and six others received no spray. Various portions of the remaining six plots probably were sprayed. Herbicide reduced number and size of red alder (Alnus rubra Pong.), increased number and size of planted Douglas-fir, damaged terminal shoots of Douglas-fir resulting in more abnormal boles and branching, and increased number of volunteer conifers. Fifteen of the eighteen plots were thinned. In the subsequent 6 years, thinned plots that had received full release at age 4 averaged 9 percent more volume growth (all species) than plots not released. RP Miller, RE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,3625 93RD AVE SW,OLYMPIA,WA 98512, USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU USDA FOR SERV PNW RES STN PI PORTLAND PA 333 SW FIRST AVE, PO BOX 3890, PUBLICATIONS DEPT, PORTLAND, OR 97208 SN 0882-5165 J9 USDA FOR SERV PNW RE JI USDA For. Serv. Pac. Northwest Res. Stn. Res. Pap. PD MAR PY 1996 IS 487 BP U1 EP & PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA UJ309 UT WOS:A1996UJ30900001 ER PT J AU Miller, RE Reukema, DL Hazard, JW AF Miller, RE Reukema, DL Hazard, JW TI Ammonium nitrate, urea, and biuret fertilizers increase volume growth of 57-year-old Douglas-fir trees within a gradient of nitrogen deficiency SO USDA FOREST SERVICE PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE Pseudotsuga menziesii; douglas-fir; Alnus rubra; red alder; nitrogen fertilization; biuret; ammonium nitrate; urea; volume growth ID ADJACENT CONIFER; STANDS; ALDER AB In a nitrogen-deficient plantation in southwest Washington, we (1) compared effects of 224 kg N/ha as ammonium nitrate, urea, and biuret on volume growth of dominant and codominant Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) France); (2) determined how 8-year response of these trees to fertilization was related to their distance from a strip of the plantation interplanted with nitrogen-fixing red alder (Alnus rubra Song.), and (3) observed effects of biuret on understory vegetation. On both sides of the strip centerline, we grouped subject trees into 30 plots of 4 trees each, based on slope position and distance from alder. We randomly assigned three fertilizers and a control within each plot. We analyzed separately data from east and west of the mixed stand centerline. Initial volume differed greatly among the 120 trees on each side, so we used covariance analysis to adjust observed treatment means. Adjusted mean volume growth was increased (p less than or equal to 0.10) by 22 to 28 percent on the east side and by 11 to 14 percent on the west side, with no significant difference in response to the three fertilizers. Only biuret stimulated growth within the mixed stand. Biuret had no visible toxic effect on competing vegetation during 8 years after application. RP Miller, RE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,3625 93RD AVE SW,OLYMPIA,WA 98512, USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU USDA FOR SERV PNW RES STN PI PORTLAND PA 333 SW FIRST AVE, PO BOX 3890, PUBLICATIONS DEPT, PORTLAND, OR 97208 SN 0882-5165 J9 USDA FOR SERV PNW RE JI USDA For. Serv. Pac. Northwest Res. Stn. Res. Pap. PD MAR PY 1996 IS 490 BP U1 EP & PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA UJ310 UT WOS:A1996UJ31000001 ER PT J AU Mansfield, LS Urban, JF AF Mansfield, LS Urban, JF TI The pathogenesis of necrotic proliferative colitis in swine is linked to whipworm induced suppression of mucosal immunity to resident bacteria SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE swine diarrhea; Trichuris suis; Campylobacter jejuni; ileal symbiont intracellularis; mucohemorrhagic enteritis; lymphoglandular complexes ID LARGE-INTESTINE; LYMPHOID-TISSUE; TRICHURIS-SUIS; PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY; GNOTOBIOTIC PIGS; EPITHELIUM; ENTERITIS; CALVES AB Mucohemorrhagic enteritis syndrome in swine has a complex etiology with largely unknown pathogenesis. We have observed that inoculation of pigs with swine whipworm, Trichuris suis, initiates an interaction with resident bacterial flora to induce mucohemorrhagic enteritis, The role of bacteria in this mixed infection was demonstrated using 4 treatment groups. One group of pigs was inoculated with 2500 embryonated T. suis eggs alone, while a second group received T. suis eggs along with broad spectrum antibiotic treatment. Two other control groups of pigs were uninoculated and were either treated with antibiotic or untreated. Pigs inoculated with T. suis eggs exhibited diarrhea, mucosal edema, inflammatory cell infiltration, bacterial accumulation at the site of worm attachment in the proximal colon, and intestinal adenomatosis associated with the intracellular Ileal symbiont intracellularis bacteria. In addition, enlarged lymphoglandular complexes (LGCs) containing numerous extracellular bacteria, eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils were observed in the distal colon. The other group of pigs that was inoculated with T. suis but treated with antibiotics had lesions localized to the site of worm attachment and histologically normal LGCs with no invasive bacteria in the distal colon. The groups of uninoculated pigs, with or without antibiotic treatment, exhibited no pathology or bacterial invasion. It appears that the complex pathogenesis of necrotic proliferative colitis in pigs may be linked to worm induced suppression of mucosal immunity to resident bacteria. Further, the association between bacteria, lymphocytes and macrophages in the LGCs of pigs infected with T. suis suggests an antigen-processing role for these structures in the colon. Further, the complex pathogenesis of necrotic proliferative colitis in pigs may be linked to worm induced suppression of mucosal immunity to resident bacteria. C1 USDA ARS,PIL,HELMINTH DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Mansfield, LS (reprint author), MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,E LANSING,MI 48824, USA. OI Mansfield, Linda S./0000-0002-7523-7577; Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 NR 30 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 50 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 17 DI 10.1016/0165-2427(95)05482-0 PG 17 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA UK538 UT WOS:A1996UK53800002 PM 9157675 ER PT J AU Stabel, JR Goff, JP Whipple, DL Ackermann, MR Reinhardt, TA AF Stabel, JR Goff, JP Whipple, DL Ackermann, MR Reinhardt, TA TI Low calcium diet and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 infusion modulate immune responses during Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in beige mice SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mycobacterium paratuberculosis; calcium; vitamin D-3 ID VITAMIN-D; PARATHYROID-HORMONE; PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; LYMPHOCYTE-T; HYPERCALCEMIA; GROWTH; CELLS; INTERLEUKIN-6; PROLIFERATION AB A 12-month study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding a low calcium (Ca) diet or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 (1,25(OH)(2)D-3) infusion on the persistence of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection using a mouse model, Male beige mice 6-8 weeks of age were assigned to one of the following treatments: (1) non-infected, (2) infected, (3) non-infected/1,25(OH)(2)D-3, (4) infected/1,25(OH)(2)D-3, and (5) infected/low Ca (0.15%) diet, Infected mice were inoculated intravenously with live M. paratuberculosis. At 1, 6 and 12 months postinfection, mice in Treatments 3 and 4 were implanted subcutaneously with mini-osmotic pumps to deliver 1,25(OH)(2)D-3. Infusion with 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 exacerbated M. paratuberculosis infection in most tissues at all time points, Mice infused with 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 had higher bacterial counts in spleen, liver, and ileum compared with control infected mice after 1 month of infection. In contrast, feeding a low Ca diet reduced the number of viable organisms cultured from the liver and ileum of infected mice, Plasma Ca and 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 were increased in mice infused with 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 at all time points but values for low Ca mice were not different than for non-infused mice. Splenocyte production of TNF, IL-1 and IL-6 was higher for mice fed the low Ca diet compared with control infected mice after 1 month of infection, Inducible IL-6 activity remained higher for this treatment at 6 months postinfection. These results suggest that feeding a low Ca diet to mice chronically infected with M. paratuberculosis appears to enhance their ability to clear the infection in a manner distinct from any effect of 1,25(OH)(2)D-3. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AVIAN DIS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. RP Stabel, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,LEPTOSPIROSIS & MYCOBACTERIOSIS RES UNIT,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. RI Reinhardt, Timothy/A-7536-2009 OI Reinhardt, Timothy/0000-0001-5552-2509 NR 35 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 50 IS 1-2 BP 127 EP 143 DI 10.1016/0165-2427(95)05484-7 PG 17 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA UK538 UT WOS:A1996UK53800012 PM 9157678 ER PT J AU Mengeling, WL Vorwald, AC Lager, KM Brockmeier, SL AF Mengeling, WL Vorwald, AC Lager, KM Brockmeier, SL TI Diagnosis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome using infected alveolar macrophages collected from live pigs SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus; pig RRSV; alveolar macrophages; pulmonary lavage; diagnosis ID SYNDROME PRRS VIRUS; LELYSTAD VIRUS; SWINE INFERTILITY; AGENT AB A highly sensitive method of detecting infection of live pigs with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was developed by testing alveolar macrophages collected by pulmonary lavage, Five pigs were exposed by oronasal inoculation or by contact to PRRSV when they were 10 (1 pig) or 14 weeks (4 pigs) of age. Diagnostic samples (alveolar macrophages and sera) were collected from each pig just before exposure to PRRSV. During the next 9 weeks sera were collected at weekly intervals and alveolar macrophages were collected at weeks 2 and 4-9. Both sera and alveolar macrophages were suitable for detecting early infection, but alveolar macrophages were clearly the better sample after longer intervals, Virus was last isolated from serum at week 4 (from 1 of 5 pigs), whereas it was isolated from the alveolar macrophages of 4 of the 5 pigs at week 4 and from at least 2 pigs at each of the weekly intervals thereafter (i.e. weeks 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 postexposure). The most sensitive method of testing alveolar macrophages for PRRSV was cocultivation with MARC145 cells. None of the pigs had any clinical signs after exposure to PRRSV or as a result of pulmonary lavage and there was no evidence that repeated pulmonary lavage caused anything other than a mild, transient (mild hyperemia) tissue reaction. RP Mengeling, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,VIROL SWINE RES UNIT,POB 70,2300 DAYTON AVE,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 29 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 49 IS 1-2 BP 105 EP 115 DI 10.1016/0378-1135(95)00173-5 PG 11 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA UF864 UT WOS:A1996UF86400010 PM 8861647 ER PT J AU Kelley, LC Crowell, WA Puette, M Langheinrich, KA Self, AD AF Kelley, LC Crowell, WA Puette, M Langheinrich, KA Self, AD TI A retrospective study of multicentric bovine renal cell tumors SO VETERINARY PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cattle; immunohistochemistry; kidney; renal cell carcinoma; uromodulin ID CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA AB Tissues from twenty mature cows with primary renal cell tumors were submitted over an 11-year period because of gross lesions detected during routine slaughter and inspection. Tumors visualized grossly were multiple and bilateral in seven cattle, multiple within one kidney in four cattle, and solitary in nine cattle. The tumors were primarily cortical, yellow-orange to tan, proliferative, well circumscribed, and extended above the capsular surface of the kidney. Tumors were microscopically multiple even when grossly described as solitary lesions, except in one cow. Twelve tumors (60%) were microscopically multiple in one kidney, seven tumors (35%) were multiple and bilateral, and only one cow (5%) exhibited extrarenal metastasis. Tumors from nineteen cows were composed of eosinophilic granular epithelial cells; tumors from one cow were clear cell type. Each tumor contained several histologic patterns. Corpora amylacea, proteinaceous secretions, and hemosiderin were characteristic findings in bovine renal cell carcinoma. All 20 cows with renal cell tumors exhibited positive immunoreactivity to uromodulin (Tamm-Horsfall protein). C1 UNIV GEORGIA,COLL VET MED,ATHENS,GA. RP Kelley, LC (reprint author), USDA,DIV PATHOL,EASTERN LAB,FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV,RUSSELL RES CTR,POB 6085,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 47 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER COLL VET PATHOLOGIST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0300-9858 J9 VET PATHOL JI Vet. Pathol. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 33 IS 2 BP 133 EP 141 PG 9 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA UE230 UT WOS:A1996UE23000002 PM 8801706 ER PT J AU Entry, JA Vance, NC Hamilton, MA Zabowski, D Watrud, LS Adriano, DC AF Entry, JA Vance, NC Hamilton, MA Zabowski, D Watrud, LS Adriano, DC TI Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with low concentrations of radionuclides SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article ID RADIOACTIVE CESIUM; RADIOCESIUM; ACCUMULATION; SR-90 AB Ecosystems throughout the world have been contaminated with radionuclides by aboveground nuclear testing, nuclear reactor accidents and nuclear power generation. Radioisotopes characteristic of nuclear fission, such as Cs-137 and Sr-90, that are released into the environment can become more concentrated as they move up the food chain often becoming human health hazards. Natural environmental processes will redistribute long lived radionuclides that are released into the environment among soil, plants and wildlife. Numerous studies have shown that Cs-137 and Sr-90 are not removed from the top 0.4 meters of soil even under high rainfall, and migration rate from the top few centimeters of soil is slow. The top 0.4 meters of the soil is where plant roots actively accumulate elements. Since plants are known to take up and accumulate Cs-137 and Sr-90, removal of these radionuclides from contaminated soils by plants could provide a reliable and economical method of remediation. One approach is to use fast growing plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi combined with soil organic amendments to maximize the plant accumulation and removal of radionuclides from contaminated soils, followed by harvest of above-ground portion of the plants. High temperature combustion would be used to oxidize plant material concentrating Cs-137 and Sr-90 in ash for disposal. When areas of land have been contaminated with radionuclides are large, using energy intensive engineering solutions to remediate huge volumes of soil is not feasible or economical. Plants are proposed as a viable and cost effective method to remove radionuclides from the soils that have been contaminated by nuclear testing and nuclear reactor accidents. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW RES STN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. IDAHO NATL ENGN LAB,IDAHO FALLS,ID 83415. UNIV WASHINGTON,COLL FOREST RESOURCES,SEATTLE,WA 98195. US EPA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,TERR ECOL BRANCH,CORVALLIS,OR 97333. UNIV GEORGIA,SAVANNAH RIVER ECOL LAB,AIKEN,SC 29802. RP Entry, JA (reprint author), AUBURN UNIV,DEPT AGRON & SOILS,AUBURN,AL 36849, USA. NR 40 TC 69 Z9 84 U1 2 U2 22 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 88 IS 1-2 BP 167 EP 176 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA UE413 UT WOS:A1996UE41300011 ER PT J AU Clay, DE Clay, SA Moorman, TB BrixDavis, K Scholes, KA Bender, AR AF Clay, DE Clay, SA Moorman, TB BrixDavis, K Scholes, KA Bender, AR TI Temporal variability of organic C and nitrate in a shallow aquifer SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE denitrification; soluble organic C; rate constants ID CARBON; DENITRIFICATION; REDUCTION; SOILS AB The loading of organic substrates into shallow aquifers may follow seasonal cycles, which will impact the transport and fate of agrichemicals. The objective of this research was to measure temporal changes in the groundwater dissolved organic C (DOC) and nitrate concentrations. Groundwater monitoring wells were installed and sediment samples from the aquifer were collected in 1991. Sediment samples were used to evaluate denitrification potentials, while water samples were collected at periodic intervals in 1992 and 1993 from the surface of the aquifer. Water samples were analyzed for nitrate-N and DOC-C. Denitrification was observed in sediment amended with nitrate and incubated under anaerobic conditions at 10 degrees C. Addition of algae lazed biomass increased denitrification, establishing that denitrification was substrate limited. In the aquifer, DOC concentrations followed seasonal patterns. DOC concentrations were highest following spring recharge and then decreased. Peak timing indicates that freezing and thawing were responsible for seasonal DOC patterns. These findings show that seasonally driven physical processes, such as freezing and thawing, influence organic substrate transport from surface to subsurface environments, and that this process should be taken into account when assessing agrichemical detoxification rates in shallow aquifers. C1 USDA ARS,MIWA,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,AMES,IA. RP Clay, DE (reprint author), S DAKOTA STATE UNIV,BROOKINGS,SD 57007, USA. NR 18 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 30 IS 3 BP 559 EP 568 DI 10.1016/0043-1354(95)00198-0 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA TU580 UT WOS:A1996TU58000008 ER PT J AU Woolhiser, DA Smith, RE Giraldez, JV AF Woolhiser, DA Smith, RE Giraldez, JV TI Effects of spatial variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity on Hortonian overland flow SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SOIL-WATER PROPERTIES; INFILTRATION; RAINFALL; RUNOFF AB Many field investigations have documented the existence of significant spatial variability of the saturated hydraulic conductivity K-s in typical catchments, and several modeling studies have examined the effects of this variability on Hortonian surface runoff. However, these modeling studies had limitations, and some could not deal adequately with possible runoff/run-on phenomena where areas of low saturated hydraulic conductivities K-s are upstream of areas of higher K-s. The kinematic wave equations with interactive Smith-Parlange infiltration are solved by a finite-difference scheme on a characteristic computational net. It is shown that runoff hydrographs are strongly affected by trends in hydraulic conductivity, particularly for small runoff events. The results also show that Smith and Hebbert [1979] mislabeled outflow hydrographs, resulting in incorrect conclusions about the effects of linear trends in K-s. A simple technique is introduced to account for flow concentration in rills and the resulting reduced effective wetted areas subject to infiltration after rainfall ceases. It is shown that this mechanism has a major impact on runoff peaks, volumes, and time to peak for cases where K-s increases downslope. C1 UNIV CORDOBA,DEPT AGRON,E-14080 CORDOBA,SPAIN. COLORADO STATE UNIV,ARS,USDA,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. RP Woolhiser, DA (reprint author), COLORADO STATE UNIV,ENGN RES CTR,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,FOOTHILLS CAMPUS,FT COLLINS,CO 80523, USA. NR 20 TC 98 Z9 99 U1 3 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 32 IS 3 BP 671 EP 678 DI 10.1029/95WR03108 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA TX708 UT WOS:A1996TX70800016 ER PT J AU Bailey, SW Hornbeck, JW Driscoll, CT Gaudette, HE AF Bailey, SW Hornbeck, JW Driscoll, CT Gaudette, HE TI Calcium inputs and transport in a base-poor forest ecosystem as interpreted by Sr isotopes SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC INPUTS; WEATHERING RATES; STRONTIUM; SR-87/SR-86; WATERSHEDS; CHEMISTRY; RATIOS; SR-87 AB Depletion of Ca in forests and its effects on forest health are poorly quantified. Depletion has been difficult to document due to limitations in determining rates at which Ca becomes available for ecosystem processes through weathering, and difficulty in determining changes in ecosystem storage. We coupled a detailed analysis of Sr isotopic composition with a mass balance at Cone Pond Watershed, New Hampshire, in order to further constrain estimates of these processes. Strontium acted as an analog for Ca in most processes except translocation of nutrients within forest vegetation. Variability in mineralogic and Sr isotopic composition of bedrock and soils complicated assessment of the Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio released to solution by weathering reactions. By conducting a mass balance on atmospherically derived Ca, it is possible to distinguish Ca weathering losses from Ca leached from ecosystem pools. The calcium weathering rate estimated by this method was less than half of that determined by mass balance assuming steady state conditions. C1 SYRACUSE UNIV,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,SYRACUSE,NY 13244. UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,INST STUDY EARTH OCEANS & SPACE,DURHAM,NH 03824. RP Bailey, SW (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,USDA,RR1,BOX 779,CAMPTON,NH 03223, USA. RI Driscoll, Charles/F-9832-2014; OI Bailey, Scott/0000-0002-9160-156X; Driscoll, Charles/0000-0003-2692-2890 NR 36 TC 146 Z9 159 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 32 IS 3 BP 707 EP 719 DI 10.1029/95WR03642 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA TX708 UT WOS:A1996TX70800019 ER PT J AU Linz, GM Blixt, DC Bergman, DL Bleier, WJ AF Linz, GM Blixt, DC Bergman, DL Bleier, WJ TI Response of ducks to glyphosate-induced habitat alterations in wetlands SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE cattails; dabbling ducks; diving ducks; glyphosate; waterfowl; wetlands; habitat management; Typha ID INVERTEBRATES; WATERFOWL; SUCCESS; DAKOTA; MARSH AB The effects of glyphosate herbicide-induced changes in wetland emergent vegetation (largely cattails, Typha spp.) on densities of ducks (Anatinae) were assessed in northeastern North Dakota. In 1990 and 1991, 17 cattail-dominated wetlands were randomly assigned to 0% (reference wetlands), 50%, 70%, or 90% areal spray coverages with glyphosate herbicide. Densities of green-winged teal (Anas crecca), blue-winged teal (Anas discors), gadwalls (Anas strepera), and ruddy ducks (Oxyura jamaicensis) were similar among treatments during both post-treatment years (P greater than or equal to 0.1). One year post-treatment, mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and northern pintail (Anas acuta) abundances did not differ among treatments (P greater than or equal to 0.1), whereas two years post-treatment their abundances were greater in the sprayed wetlands than in the reference wetlands (P less than or equal to 0.1). Densities of northern shovelers (Anas clypeata) and redheads (Ayrhya americana) differed among treatments in both post-treatment years, with the 50% sprayed wetlands harboring more ducks than did the other three treatments. Percent coverage and hectares of open water were positively correlated with numbers of diving ducks (Aythyini and Oxyurini) (P less than or equal to 0.1). Dabbling duck (Anatini and Cairinini) numbers correlated positively with hectares of open water and dead vegetation, whereas their numbers were negatively correlated with percent coverage of live vegetation (P less than or equal to 0.1). Results of this study suggest that numbers of ducks were positively influenced by creating a mosaic of open water, live vegetation, and dead vegetation with glyphosate herbicide. RP Linz, GM (reprint author), N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,N DAKOTA FIELD STN,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. RI Bergman, David/C-6874-2015 OI Bergman, David/0000-0002-6757-643X NR 25 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 11 PU SOC WETLAND SCIENTISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E TENTH ST, P O BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD MAR PY 1996 VL 16 IS 1 BP 38 EP 44 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UD998 UT WOS:A1996UD99800005 ER PT J AU Masters, RE Wilson, CW Bukenhofer, GA Payton, ME AF Masters, RE Wilson, CW Bukenhofer, GA Payton, ME TI Effects of pine-grassland restoration for red-cockaded woodpeckers on white-tailed deer forage production SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE forage production; forest management; Odocoileus virginianus; Picoides borealis; prescribed fire; red-cockaded woodpecker; white-tailed deer; wildlife stand improvement ID SOUTHERN AB We determined the effects of management for red-cockaded woodpecker (Picoides borealis on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) forage production on pine-oak sites in the Ouachita Highlands of western Arkansas. Wildlife stand improvement (WSI; thinning of midstory and some codominant trees) and burning were primary management techniques used for woodpecker habitat improvement. We compared other grass, panicum (Panicum spp.), sedge (Carer spp., Scleria spp.), non-legume forbs, legumes, preferred woody, non-preferred woody and total standing crop response during 2 years in untreated pine-hardwood stands with that in treated stands after WSI and in 3 growing seasons following WSI and prescribed fire. Plant groups contributing to deer forage (panicum, sedge, forb, legume, and preferred woody standing crop) were increased by WSI 6-fold and by WSI and fire >7-fold over control stands (434-520 kg/ha versus 69 kg/ha). The standing crop of preferred woody browse was greater than or equal to 20% of total standing crop in all stands, and was increased by 4-9 times by WSI or WSI and fire. Wildlife stand improvement alone increased herbaceous plant production. Fire further enhanced forb and legume production but initially caused declines in panicum, low-preference woody, and total woody standing crop. Total standing crop was up to 6 times greater on WSI-treated stands than control treatments (988 vs. 159 kg/ha), and this response was related to stand basal area and time since burned. Management of stands for pine-bluestem renewal should be patterned after presettlement landscape conditions using growing and dormant season burns and a periodic burn interval versus set 3-year dormant season burns. We recommend retaining mature oak-pine stands on mesic sites for acorn production within a mosaic of WSI and burned sites that dominate on xeric sites. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,OUACHITA NATL FOREST,WALDRON,AR 72958. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT STAT,STILLWATER,OK 74078. RP Masters, RE (reprint author), OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT FORESTRY,STILLWATER,OK 74078, USA. NR 43 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1996 VL 24 IS 1 BP 77 EP 84 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA UG779 UT WOS:A1996UG77900017 ER PT J AU Nelson, MD Buech, RR AF Nelson, MD Buech, RR TI A test of 3 models of Kirtland's warbler habitat suitability SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Dendroica kirtlandii; habitat models; habitat suitability; Kirtland's warbler AB We tested 3 models of Kirtland's warbler (Dendroica kirtlandii) habitat suitability during a period when we believe there was a surplus of good quality breeding habitat. A jack pine canopy-cover model was superior to 2 jack pine stem-density models in predicting Kirtland's warbler habitat use and non-use. Estimated density of birds in high- and medium-class habitat was higher for the canopy-cover model (4.4 birds/100 ha in high class, 2.9 birds/100 ha in medium class) than for either stem-density model (2.2-2.5 birds/100 ha in high class, 1.2-1.7 birds/100 ha in medium class). Lower bird density was estimated in low- class habitat for the canopy-cover model (0.3 birds/100 ha) than for the stem-density models (0.7 birds/100 ha). Overall estimated density of male Kirtland's warblers on the Mack Lake wildfire area was 1.3-1.5 birds/100 ha. For all 3 models, Kirtland's warblers selected territories that contained 16-27% low-, 23-49% medium-, and 32-50% high-class suitability habitat. There was no correlation between territory size and proportion of territory in each habitat class. Even though many male Kirtland's warblers included low-class habitat in their territories, >97% of those birds also included medium- or high-class habitat. This study confirmed the importance of high stem density and high canopy cover to Kirtland's warbler habitat occupancy of young jack pine habitat regenerated from wildfire. However, low-class stem-density or low-class canopy-cover habitat also was included in territories, even though additional high- and medium-class habitat was available and apparently unoccupied. Therefore, habitat managed for Kirtland's warblers should contain medium- and low- as well as high-class habitat patches in juxtaposition. RP Nelson, MD (reprint author), ARS,USDA,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,1992 FOLWELL AVE,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 11 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1996 VL 24 IS 1 BP 89 EP 97 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA UG779 UT WOS:A1996UG77900019 ER PT J AU Phillips, RL AF Phillips, RL TI Evaluation of 3 types of snares for capturing coyotes SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Canis latrans; capture; coyote; evaluation; snare AB During March 1992-January 1994, I evaluated the effectiveness of 3 types of lethal neck snares (Denver Wildlife Research Center [DWRC] prototype, Gregerson (R), and Kelley) for capturing coyotes (Canis latrans) and releasing larger nontarget species. Field tests were conducted by Animal Damage Control personnel (trappers) in Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota, Three hundred seventy-four coyotes, 91 deer (Odocoileus spp.), and 6 domestic cows or carves were captured during the study. The Kelley snare had the highest capture rate (97%) followed by the DWRC prototype (89%) and Gregerson (87%). All snare locks were effective in releasing substantial numbers of nontarget species. Trapper experience and expertise on the proper use and placement of snares is important in reducing accidental captures. RP Phillips, RL (reprint author), US ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,POB 25266,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 7 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1996 VL 24 IS 1 BP 107 EP 110 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA UG779 UT WOS:A1996UG77900021 ER PT J AU Phillips, RL Gruver, KS AF Phillips, RL Gruver, KS TI Performance of the Paws-I-Trip(TM) pan tension device on 3 types of traps SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Canis latrans; coyote; effectiveness; pan tension; selectivity; trapping RP Phillips, RL (reprint author), US ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,POB 25266,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 0 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1996 VL 24 IS 1 BP 119 EP 122 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA UG779 UT WOS:A1996UG77900023 ER PT J AU Burns, RJ Zemlicka, DE Savarie, PJ AF Burns, RJ Zemlicka, DE Savarie, PJ TI Effectiveness of large livestock protection collars against depredating coyotes SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Canis latrans; compound 1080; coyotes; livestock protection collars; sheep; toxicant AB We investigated effectiveness of large livestock protection collars (LLPC's) to kill coyotes (Canis latrans) that attacked sheep. The LLPC, designed for sheep and goats >22.7 kg, contained the same formulation of Compound 1080 as the smaller collar (LPC) registered by the Environmental Protection Agency in 1985. In 32 tests involving 19 sheep wearing LLPC's, 12 coyotes made 14 neck or throat attacks. In 10 of the 14 attacks (71%), LLPC's were punctured and all 10 coyotes died. Coyotes that punctured collars showed signs of intoxication in an average of 203 minutes and died an average of 93 minutes later. Time to death did not differ among coyotes that punctured 1 collar compartment versus 2 compartments. The LLPC was more effective in deterring coyote predation on large sheep than the previously registered small LPC. RP Burns, RJ (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA,ANIM DAMAGE CONTROL ECOL & BEHAV APPLICAT PROJECT,APHIS,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1996 VL 24 IS 1 BP 123 EP 127 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA UG779 UT WOS:A1996UG77900024 ER PT J AU Phillips, RL Mullis, C AF Phillips, RL Mullis, C TI Expanded field testing of the No 3 Victor Soft Catch(R) trap SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Canis latrans; capture; coyote; padded jaw trap; performance AB We evaluated the performance of the No. 3 Victor Soft Catch (R) trap in comparison to 3 other types of unpadded traps used for capturing coyotes (Canis latrans). We captured 412 coyotes in 7 western slates from September 1991 to October 1992. Capture rates were similar among the 4 types tested. We found that the No. 3 Victor Soft Catch trap was as effective as other unpadded traps used for capturing coyotes under a variety of trapping conditions in the western United States. C1 USDA,NEW MEXICO ANIM DAMAGE CONTROL PROGRAM,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87113. RP Phillips, RL (reprint author), USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,POB 25266,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 4 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SPR PY 1996 VL 24 IS 1 BP 128 EP 131 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA UG779 UT WOS:A1996UG77900025 ER PT J AU Clark, L AF Clark, L TI Trigeminal repellents do not promote conditioned odor avoidance in European starlings SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS; BIRD REPELLENTS; METHYL ANTHRANILATE; CHEMICAL-STRUCTURE; METHIOCARB; RESPONSES AB Birds, and in particular European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), avoid consumption of quid and food treated with the natural plant products, methyl anthranilate and o-aminoacetophenone. Avoidance is an unlearned response most likely mediated via chemically sensitive fibers of the trigeminal nerve. The trigeminal nerve codes for chemical irritation and pain. Starlings are not repelled by the odor of the compounds, nor is olfaction important in the avoidance response. Moreover, starlings fail to learn to avoid the odor of the repellents, even after direct oral contact with liquid repellent. While trigeminal irritants can be powerful repellents, the absence of associative learning for these repellents will influence the application strategy for formulation and use. More broadly, the difference in learning abilities associated with bigeminal repellents and those commonly responsible for conditioned avoidance learning have implications for the structure of chemical defenses of fruits and the prevention of untimely frugivory. C1 ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,USDA,MONELL CHEM SENSES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. NR 35 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 7 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 108 IS 1 BP 36 EP 52 PG 17 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA TZ818 UT WOS:A1996TZ81800003 ER PT J AU Haman, HJ Linz, GM Bleier, WJ Carlson, RB AF Haman, HJ Linz, GM Bleier, WJ Carlson, RB TI Colony-site and nest-site use by common grackles in North Dakota SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID AVAILABILITY DATA AB We searched 638 quarter sections (0.8 x 0.8 km) For Common Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) nesting sites in Benson County, North Dakota, in 1989 and 1990. We found 3596 active nests in 202 colonies on 177 quarter sections. Colonies in shelterbelts next to inhabited farmsteads were found at greater than expected frequencies (P less than or equal to 0.05), whereas colonies in vegetation associated with potholes and miscellaneous habitats (woods, ravines, railroad easements, and lakesides) occurred below expected frequencies. Nest sites in stands of vegetation >100 m from farmstead residences occurred less frequently than expected (P less than or equal to 0.05). Within colonies, nest sites in blue spruce (Picea pungens), Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila) and black poplar (Populus nigra) were found at greater than expected frequencies (P less than or equal to 0.05) according to these species' availabilities, while green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica). American elm (Ulmus americana), and Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) were used below expected frequencies. The Common Grackle's preference for shelterbelts near inhabited farmsteads affected the physical and vegetative characteristics of colony sites and nest sites; with the exception of hawthorn (Crataegus rotundifolia), colonized stands had species compositions typically found in multi-rowed farmstead shelterbelts in North Dakota. C1 N DAKOTA STATE UNIV, DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR, USDA, N DAKOTA FIELD STN, FARGO, ND 58105 USA. N DAKOTA STATE UNIV, DEPT ENTOMOL, FARGO, ND 58105 USA. RP Haman, HJ (reprint author), N DAKOTA STATE UNIV, DEPT ZOOL, FARGO, ND 58105 USA. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 2 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 108 IS 1 BP 104 EP 114 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA TZ818 UT WOS:A1996TZ81800009 ER PT J AU Meyers, JM Arendt, WJ Lindsey, GD AF Meyers, JM Arendt, WJ Lindsey, GD TI Survival of radio-collared nestling Puerto Rican Parrots SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID HURRICANE HUGO; FOREST C1 NATL BIOL SERV,PATUXENT ENVIRONM SCI CTR,PALMER,PR 00721. US FOREST SERV,IND INST TROP FORESTRY,RIO PIEDRAS,PR 00928. NATL BIOL SERV,PATUXENT ENVIRONM SCI CTR,LAUREL,MD 20708. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 4 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD MAR PY 1996 VL 108 IS 1 BP 159 EP 163 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA TZ818 UT WOS:A1996TZ81800016 ER PT J AU Irwin, PL King, G Hicks, KB AF Irwin, PL King, G Hicks, KB TI Polymerized cyclomaltoheptaose (beta-cyclodextrin, beta-CDn) inclusion complex formation with chlorogenic acid: Solvent effects on thermochemistry and enthalpy entropy compensation SO CARBOHYDRATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cyclomaltoheptaose; beta-cyclodextrin; chlorogenic acid; thermodynamics; binding; water activity; molecular modelling; enthalpy-entropy compensation ID ALPHA-CYCLODEXTRIN; CALORIMETRIC TITRATION; MOLECULAR RECOGNITION; FORCE-FIELD; OLIGOSACCHARIDES; THERMODYNAMICS; BINDING AB The inclusion of chlorogenic acid (CA) by epichlorohydrin-polymerized cyclomaltoheptaose (beta-cyclodextrin, beta-CDn) was studied with regard to temperature, solvent, and water activity (a(H2O) similar to mole fraction X(H2O) = 0.8-1 using MeOH as the diluent; 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer). We discovered that the extreme convex curvature in K (the apparent stability constant) as The latter finding argues that a function of temperature was nearly eliminated at the lowest X(H2O). The latter finding argues that this unusual CD behavior in aqueous media was due to perturbations in beta-CD's spatial organization in the polymeric matrix with temperature. dependence of K on X(H2O) (K = K'X(H2O)(z)), that the beta-CDn . CA complex's stoichiometric coefficient, z, for water, varied between 5 and 8, depending on the temperature of the solution (K' = 400-800 M(-1); T similar to 295-315 K). Our determinations of z were similar to those reported previously for beta-CD .(+)-limonene (z similar to 7), soluble beta-CD . CA (z similar to 6) or obtained by molecular dynamics calculations for beta-CD . CA reported herein (z similar to 5) However, beta-CDn . CA's z values did show a significant positive correlation with temperature not evident in equivalent solution experiments. Calculations of Delta H and Delta S at various X(H2O) values show linear enthalpy-entropy compensation (Delta H plotted against Delta S) but with a slope (T-c = partial derivative Delta H/partial derivative Delta S similar to 228 K) significantly less than T-c values determined from either standard aqueous thermodynamic experiments (T-c similar to 305 K on either beta-CD or beta-CDn) or variable X(H2O) (T-c similar to 272 K) experiments. To the best of our knowledge, this is the smallest T-c value detected in a multitude of CD . guest studies. This evident solvent effect on T-c strongly argues that the chemical part process of inclusion complex formation involves changes in the solvation of the beta-CDn's binding site. RP USDA ARS, EASTERN REG RES CTR, 600 E MERMAID LANE, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19118 USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0008-6215 EI 1873-426X J9 CARBOHYD RES JI Carbohydr. Res. PD FEB 28 PY 1996 VL 282 IS 1 BP 65 EP 79 DI 10.1016/0008-6215(95)00377-0 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA TY967 UT WOS:A1996TY96700006 PM 8721737 ER PT J AU Zaki, SR Shieh, WJ AF Zaki, SR Shieh, WJ TI Leptospirosis associated with outbreak of acute febrile illness and pulmonary haemorrhage, Nicaragua, 1995 SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 MINIST HLTH,MANAGUA,NICARAGUA. PAN AMER HLTH ORG,WASHINGTON,DC. USDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. RP Zaki, SR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 5 TC 93 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 7 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD FEB 24 PY 1996 VL 347 IS 9000 BP 535 EP 536 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91167-8 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TW697 UT WOS:A1996TW69700037 PM 8596276 ER PT J AU Kang, YJ Uthus, EO AF Kang, YJ Uthus, EO TI Suppression of plasma estradiol and progesterone concentrations by buthionine sulfoximine in female rats SO BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE buthionine sulfoximine; glutathione; estradiol; progesterone; ovary ID GLUTATHIONE; THIOLS AB Glutathione (GSH) is an important factor involved in the resistance of tumor cells to anticancer agents. Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a specific inhibitor of GSH synthesis, effectively decreases cellular GSH concentrations both in vitro and in vivo. Depletion of GSH by BSO sensitizes a variety of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore, BSO has been on clinical trial as an anticancer adjuvant. For this purpose, it is important to understand the effect of BSO treatment not only on the sensitivity of tumor cells to anticancer agents, but also on the metabolism and function of normal tissues. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of BSO treatment on GSH concentrations in the blood, liver, and ovary, and changes in concentrations of ovarian hormones and other important components in plasma. Female Sprague-Dawley rats, 90 days of age, were treated with 2.0 mmol/kg BSO in saline by intraperitoneal injection, twice daily for 7 days. This treatment depressed GSH concentrations in the blood, liver, and ovary by 95, 75, and 85%, respectively. Several blood components were measured, These included red blood cells, hemoglobin, ceruloplasmin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume and hemoglobin concentration, alkaline phosphatase, urea nitrogm, creatine and creatinine, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, triiodothyronine (T-3), thyroxine (T-4), and hormones including estradiol, progesterone, and prolactin. BSO treatment significantly (P < 0.05) elevated and lowered plasma concentrations of ceruloplasmin and urea nitrogen, respectively. More importantly, plasma concentrations of estradiol and progesterone were decreased markedly (P < 0.05) in the BSO-treated animals. The hormonal results suggest that investigations on the role of BSO-induced GSH depletion in the treatment of malignancies both with and without hormone dependence in women should be undertaken. C1 USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202. RP Kang, YJ (reprint author), UNIV N DAKOTA,SCH MED,DEPT PHARMACOL & TOXICOL,POB 9037,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0006-2952 J9 BIOCHEM PHARMACOL JI Biochem. Pharmacol. PD FEB 23 PY 1996 VL 51 IS 4 BP 567 EP 570 DI 10.1016/0006-2952(95)02221-X PG 4 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA TV998 UT WOS:A1996TV99800023 PM 8619904 ER PT J AU Caldwell, CR AF Caldwell, CR TI Utilization of glass HPLC autosampler vials as cuvettes in an iodometric assay of hydroperoxides SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article RP Caldwell, CR (reprint author), USDA,BARC W,CLIMATE STRESS LAB,BLDG 046A,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD FEB 15 PY 1996 VL 234 IS 2 BP 234 EP 236 DI 10.1006/abio.1996.0081 PG 3 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA TW972 UT WOS:A1996TW97200020 PM 8714607 ER PT J AU DiezGonzalez, F Russell, JB AF DiezGonzalez, F Russell, JB TI The regulation of thiomethylgalactoside transport in Clostridium acetobutylicum P262 by inducer exclusion and inducer expulsion mechanisms SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Clostridium acetobutylicum; inducer expulsion; catabolite regulation ID PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE SYSTEM; BETA-GALACTOSIDASE; INDUCTION; BACTERIA AB Clostridium acetobutylicum P262 had phosphotransferase systems for glucose and lactose, and the lactose system was inducible. When C. acetobutylicum P262 was provided with glucose and lactose, the cultures grew in a diauxic fashion, and glucose was used preferentially. Cells grown on lactose took up thiomethylgalactoside, and retained this non-metabolizable lactose analog for long periods of time, Because glucose inhibited thiomethylgalactoside uptake and caused the efflux of thiomethylgalactoside that had already been taken up, it appeared that C. acetobutylicum P262 had inducer exclusion and inducer expulsion mechanisms similar to those found in lactic acid bacteria. C1 CORNELL UNIV,MICROBIOL SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853. CORNELL UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI,ITHACA,NY 14853. USDA,ARS,ITHACA,NY 14853. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD FEB 15 PY 1996 VL 136 IS 2 BP 123 EP 127 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TY901 UT WOS:A1996TY90100004 ER PT J AU Stanton, TB Trott, DJ Lee, JI McLaren, AJ Hampson, DJ Paster, BJ Jensen, NS AF Stanton, TB Trott, DJ Lee, JI McLaren, AJ Hampson, DJ Paster, BJ Jensen, NS TI Differentiation of intestinal spirochaetes by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis analysis and 16S rRNA sequence comparisons SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Serpulina; Brachyspira; Treponema; spirochaete; 16S rRNA; multilocus enzyme electrophoresis ID HYODYSENTERIAE COMB-NOV; TREPONEMA-HYODYSENTERIAE; GEN-NOV; SYSTEMATICS; SPIROCHETE; INNOCENS; DYSENTERY; SERPULA AB Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE) analysis and comparisons of nearly complete 16S rRNA gene sequences (1416 nucleotide positions) were used to evaluate phylogenetic relationships among Serpulina hyodysenteriae strain, B78(T), S. innocens strain B256(T), Brachyspira Aalborgi strain 513A(T), and eight uncharacterised strains of swine, avian, and human intestinal spirochaetes, From MEE analysis, nine strains could be assigned to five groups containing other intestinal spirochaetes (genetic distances between groups = 0.6-0.9). Chicken spirochaete strain C1 and B. aalborgi 513A(T) represented unique electrophoretic types and formed their own MEE groups. Despite MEE differences, the 11 strains had highly similar (96.3-99.9%) 165 rRNA sequences. These findings point out limitations of both MEE analysis and 16S rRNA sequence comparisons when used as solitary techniques for classifying intestinal spirochaetes related to Brachyspira/Serpulina species. C1 MURDOCH UNIV,SCH VET STUDIES,MURDOCH,WA 6150,AUSTRALIA. FORSYTH DENT CTR,BOSTON,MA 02115. RP Stanton, TB (reprint author), USDA,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,ARS,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. RI Hampson, David/A-9464-2008 OI Hampson, David/0000-0002-7729-0427 NR 25 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD FEB 15 PY 1996 VL 136 IS 2 BP 181 EP 186 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TY901 UT WOS:A1996TY90100013 PM 8869502 ER PT J AU Shang, F Gong, X Taylor, A AF Shang, F Gong, X Taylor, A TI Regulation of ubiquitin conjugation activity in response to oxidative stress in bovine lens epithelial cells SO INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 HNRC,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0146-0404 J9 INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI JI Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. PD FEB 15 PY 1996 VL 37 IS 3 BP 900 EP 900 PG 1 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA TX397 UT WOS:A1996TX39700898 ER PT J AU Taylor, A Jacques, P Lahav, M Lee, Y Hankinson, S Willett, W AF Taylor, A Jacques, P Lahav, M Lee, Y Hankinson, S Willett, W TI Associations between risk for cataract and long-term ascorbate supplementation SO INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0146-0404 J9 INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI JI Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. PD FEB 15 PY 1996 VL 37 IS 3 BP 1072 EP 1072 PG 1 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA TX397 UT WOS:A1996TX39701070 ER PT J AU JahngenHodge, J Obin, M Nowell, T Taylor, A AF JahngenHodge, J Obin, M Nowell, T Taylor, A TI H2O2 damage to intact retina in vitro: GSH/GSSG modulates activity of the ubiquitin (Ub)-dependent pathway (UDP). SO INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0146-0404 J9 INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI JI Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. PD FEB 15 PY 1996 VL 37 IS 3 BP 3676 EP 3676 PG 1 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA TX397 UT WOS:A1996TX39703670 ER PT J AU Edwards, RB Hammond, BR Johnson, EJ Russell, RM Krinsky, NI Yeum, KJ Snodderly, DM AF Edwards, RB Hammond, BR Johnson, EJ Russell, RM Krinsky, NI Yeum, KJ Snodderly, DM TI Dietary modification of macular pigment density SO INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 SCHEPENS EYE RES INST,BOSTON,MA. HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0146-0404 J9 INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI JI Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. PD FEB 15 PY 1996 VL 37 IS 3 BP 4211 EP 4211 PG 1 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA TX397 UT WOS:A1996TX39704205 ER PT J AU Obin, M JahngenHodge, J Nowell, T Taylor, A AF Obin, M JahngenHodge, J Nowell, T Taylor, A TI Evidence for ubiquitinylated opsin and transducin in bovine rod outer segments (ROS) SO INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TUFTS UNIV,HNRCA,USDA,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0146-0404 J9 INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI JI Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. PD FEB 15 PY 1996 VL 37 IS 3 BP 4269 EP 4269 PG 1 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA TX397 UT WOS:A1996TX39704263 ER PT J AU Borza, DB Tatum, FM Morgan, WT AF Borza, DB Tatum, FM Morgan, WT TI Domain structure and conformation of histidine proline-rich glycoprotein SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID RAY CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; CIRCULAR-DICHROISM; HEPARIN BINDING; POLYPROLINE-II; HEME; IDENTIFICATION; PLASMINOGEN; MECHANISM; SEQUENCE; CYSTATIN AB The complete primary structure of rabbit plasma histidine-proline-rich glycoprotein (HPRG), also known as histidine-rich glycoprotein, was determined by a combination of cDNA and peptide sequencing. Limited proteolysis with plasmin yielded three disulfide-linked fragments that were further purified. Reduction of the disulfide bonds with dithiothreitol under nondenaturing conditions releases the central, histidine-proline-rich domain, which contains 15 tandem repeats of the pentapeptide [H/P]-[H/P]PHG. The N-terminal fragment (295 amino acids), consisting of two cystatin-like modules, is bound to the proline-rich C-terminal fragment (105 amino acids) via a buried disulfide bond whose reduction requires prior denaturation. Far-UV circular dichroism spectra revealed beta-sheet with some alpha-helix, polyproline-II helix, and random coil in the secondary structure of the N-terminal, central, and C-terminal domains, respectively. The modular architecture of HPRG suggests that it may have several independent binding sites and that its biological role may be to bring two or more ligands together. The histidine-proline-rich domain, which contains 34 of the 53 histidine residues of HPRG, binds heparin and has an isoelectric point of 7.15 and a relatively high apparent pK(a) (7.0) of its histidine residues, and thus it probably mediates the interaction between HPRG and heparin, which is strikingly sensitive to pH in the range 7.0-7.4 [Peterson et al. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 7567-7574]. Solvent perturbation and second-derivative UV spectroscopy of HPRG revealed changes in the environment of tryptophan residues upon lowering the pH. This transition had a midpoint at pH 6.0 and required the disulfide bond bridging the histidine-proline-rich domain to the N/C fragment. The data are consistent with the mutual repulsion of protonated histidine residues in the histidine-proline-rich region causing a conformational change transmitted to the rest of the molecule via the disulfide bond. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,SCH BIOL SCI,DIV BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,KANSAS CITY,MO 64110. USDA,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-37570] NR 46 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD FEB 13 PY 1996 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1925 EP 1934 DI 10.1021/bi952061t PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA TV600 UT WOS:A1996TV60000028 PM 8639676 ER PT J AU Lee, K Buhr, J Hausman, GJ Wright, T Dean, R AF Lee, K Buhr, J Hausman, GJ Wright, T Dean, R TI Expression of c-Fos in subcutaneous adipose tissue of the fetal pig SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE adipocyte; c-Fos; development; transcription factor ID GENE-EXPRESSION; ADIPOCYTE DIFFERENTIATION; BINDING-SITE; PROTEIN; TRANSCRIPTION; INDUCTION; ENHANCER; MOUSE; CELLS; IDENTIFICATION AB Subcutaneous adipose tissue from fetal pigs was examined for c-Fos expression in developing adipocytes. Enhanced c-Fos expression was found in the nuclei of adipocytes and cells closely associated with fat cell clusters from 75 and 105 day old fetuses. 50 day old fetuses which had no adipocytes showed no enhanced c-Fos expression in undifferentiated cells. c-Fos expression in adipocytes was not transient, but persisted through the gestational period from 75 to 105 days. The timing of c-Fos induction appears to be closely related to adipocyte differentiation and was found only in developing adipocytes and cells closely associated with fat cell clusters and was not found in independent stromal-vascular cells. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT ANIM & DAIRY SCI,ATHENS,GA 30602. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT POULTRY SCI,ATHENS,GA 30602. USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30613. RI Lee, Kichoon/G-2234-2012 NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0300-8177 J9 MOL CELL BIOCHEM JI Mol. Cell. Biochem. PD FEB 9 PY 1996 VL 155 IS 1 BP 31 EP 35 DI 10.1007/BF00714330 PG 5 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA TV022 UT WOS:A1996TV02200004 PM 8717436 ER PT J AU Narang, N Joseph, JA Ayyagari, PV Gerber, M Crews, FT AF Narang, N Joseph, JA Ayyagari, PV Gerber, M Crews, FT TI Age-related loss of cholinergic-muscarinic coupling to PLC: Comparison with changes in brain regional PLC subtypes mRNA distribution SO BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE muscarinic receptor; phospholipase C; phosphoinositide; PLC-mRNA; in situ hybridization; aging; Fisher rat; brain; signal transduction ID PHOSPHOLIPASE-C; RAT-BRAIN; PHOSPHOINOSITIDE TURNOVER; VENTRAL HIPPOCAMPUS; CORTICAL MEMBRANES; RECEPTOR SUBTYPES; DEPENDENT CHANGES; HYDROLYSIS; CARBACHOL; ACTIVATION AB Activation of phospholipase C (PLC) coupled to phosphoinositide (PtdIns) hydrolysis occurs through one of the two pathways. One of the major pathways for the neurotransmitter signaling involves phosphoinositide (PtdIns) specific and G-protein dependent PLC-beta, which stimulates the formation of inositol triphosphate (IP3) and inositol tetraphosphate (IP4). Another pathway through the stimulation of calcium influx can directly activate all of the PLC isozymes. At least three isozymes of PLC have been characterized in the brain; PLC-A (alpha), PLC-I (beta) and PLC-II (gamma), which are shown to be localized differentially in brain regions. Muscarinic-cholinergic signals are mediated in large part through the hydrolysis of PtdIns by PLC. To investigate changes in muscarinic coupling to PLC during aging, we examined carbachol stimulated and calcium stimulated PtdIns hydrolysis in cerebral cortical membranes in young, middle aged and old rats. In order to determine whether PtdIns hydrolysis changes correspond to PLC isozyme expression in these animals, we examined three subtypes of PLC mRNA expression in brain sections of young and old rats using in situ hybridization technique. Our study indicated decreased carbachol-induced PLC activity in the cerebral cortex and, in contrast, increased PLC-beta mRNA in the frontal cortex and superficial cortical layer of aged rats. PLC-alpha mRNA was decreased in hippocampal regions of older rats. These studies suggest that during aging there is an uncoupling of muscarinic stimulated PtdIns hydrolysis, which is accompanied by an increased PLC-beta mRNA and decreased PLC-alpha mRNA that may represent compensatory changes in PLC expression. C1 UND, DEPT NEUROSCI, GRAND FORKS, ND USA. UND, DEPT PHARMACOL, GRAND FORKS, ND USA. TUFTS UNIV, HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. UNIV FLORIDA, DEPT PHARMACOL & THERAPEUT, GAINESVILLE, FL USA. RP Narang, N (reprint author), NEUROPSYCHIAT RES INST, 700 1ST AVE S, FARGO, ND 58103 USA. NR 44 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8993 J9 BRAIN RES JI Brain Res. PD FEB 5 PY 1996 VL 708 IS 1-2 BP 143 EP 152 DI 10.1016/0006-8993(95)01272-9 PG 10 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA TW703 UT WOS:A1996TW70300019 PM 8720870 ER PT J AU Kanazin, V Blake, T Shoemaker, RC AF Kanazin, V Blake, T Shoemaker, RC TI Organization of the histone H3 genes in soybean, barley and wheat SO MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE histone H3; introns; multigene families; nucleotide sequence ID GENOMIC ORGANIZATION; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCES; INTERVENING SEQUENCES; H-4 GENES; DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION; HIGHER-PLANTS; SMALL SUBUNIT; CODON USAGE; INTRON; FAMILIES AB Several variants of the replacement histone H3 genes from soybean, barley and wheat have been cloned and sequenced. Analysis of segregating populations in barley and soybean, as well as analysis of clones isolated from a soybean genomic library, suggested that these genes are dispersed throughout the genome. Several genes contain introns located in similar positions, but of different lengths and sequence. Comparison of mRNA levels in different tissues revealed that the intron-containing and intronless genes have different expression patterns. The distribution of the introns in the histone H3 genes across several plant species suggests that some of the introns might have been lost during the evolution of the gene family. Sequence divergence among introns and gene-flanking sequences in cloned gene variants allowed us to use them as specific probes for localizing individual gene copies and analyzing the genomic distribution of these variants across a range of genotypes. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS FCR,AMES,IA 50011. MONTANA STATE UNIV,PLANT SOIL & EVIRONM SCI DEPT,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. NR 52 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0026-8925 J9 MOL GEN GENET JI Mol. Gen. Genet. PD FEB 5 PY 1996 VL 250 IS 2 BP 137 EP 147 DI 10.1007/BF02174172 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA TV772 UT WOS:A1996TV77200002 PM 8628212 ER PT J AU Cheung, AK AF Cheung, AK TI New gene targets for engineering pseudorabies virus vaccines SO AGRI-PRACTICE LA English DT Article AB Pseudorabies is an economically important disease of pigs. Efforts to control the viral agent responsible for the disease are under way worldwide. The eventual eradication of pseudorabies virus may depend on the development of new improved vaccines with predetermined characteristics. RP Cheung, AK (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,VIROL SWINE RES UNIT,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU VETERINARY PRACTICE PUBL CO PI SANTA BARBARA PA 7 ASHLEY AVE SOUTH, SANTA BARBARA, CA 93103-9989 SN 0745-452X J9 AGRI-PRACTICE JI Agri-Pract. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 17 IS 2 BP 16 EP 19 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Veterinary Sciences GA TY541 UT WOS:A1996TY54100004 ER PT J AU Prueger, JH Hipps, LE Cooper, DI AF Prueger, JH Hipps, LE Cooper, DI TI Evaporation and the development of the local boundary layer over an irrigated surface in an arid region SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL GREAT PLAINS; ADVECTION; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION AB Heterogeneous landscapes common to arid and semi-arid regions are often characterized by a horizontal advection of sensible heat from dry surfaces to wet surfaces which modifies the evaporation and water balance of moist areas. This study centered around a well-watered alfalfa field surrounded locally by arid surfaces, but within a large complex of irrigated fields where both local and regional scale advection were present. Latent and sensible heat flux densities were measured using eddy correlation at four different locations within the same field. Tethered balloons were used to obtain vertical profiles of temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction from the surface to heights of 50 m at the leading and downwind edges of the field. Results show that sensible heat flux and turbulence intensity were strongly correlated indicating the dependence of sensible heat transfer on turbulence. Evaporation in excess of the equilibrium rate was governed by turbulence intensity and the advection of sensible heat. Growth of the local boundary layer above the alfalfa canopy as defined by temperature and humidity profiles averaged about 30 m over a 450 m traverse. The height of the developed local boundary layer was strongly correlated to the intensity of turbulence. Short-term evaporation rates were calculated from the upwind and downwind profiles of humidity and wind, using a modified vapor budget technique, and found to average approximately 10% lower than the measured evaporation rates. The contribution to evaporation from the advection of sensible heat was also calculated from the upwind and downwind profiles and found to range between 28-90% of the total evaporation. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,LOGAN,UT 84322. LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87544. RP Prueger, JH (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,2150 PAMMEL DR,AMES,IA 50011, USA. OI Hipps, Lawrence/0000-0002-7658-8571 NR 17 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 78 IS 3-4 BP 223 EP 237 DI 10.1016/0168-1923(95)02234-1 PG 15 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UB516 UT WOS:A1996UB51600004 ER PT J AU Erickson, EH Buchmann, SL AF Erickson, EH Buchmann, SL TI Using the United States global positioning system to map the location of apiaries SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Commercial and hobbyist beekeepers can use the public accessible Defense Department satellite network (United States NAVSTAR Global Positioning System or GPS) to establish, find, map and then relocate their apiaries. By employing inexpensive hand-held satellite signal receivers, beekeepers can instantly obtain latitude, longitude and elevational information for their apiaries. These receivers also allow beekeepers to locate and map apiary or individual hive locations with greater accuracy than is possible using topographic maps or mileage and directional information. Additionally driving routes between home, work place and apiaries can be registered with ''waypoints'' allowing new employees to quickly find a distant apiary without first being shown the way. The GPS signals the end of lost apiaries and wasted time and money trying relocate distant sites. RP Erickson, EH (reprint author), USDA ARS,CARL HAYDEN BEE RES CTR,2000 E ALLEN RD,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 136 IS 2 BP 124 EP 126 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UA382 UT WOS:A1996UA38200019 ER PT J AU Huang, KS AF Huang, KS TI Nutrient elasticities in a complete food demand system SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE complete food demand system; nutrient elasticities ID NUTRITION AB This study explores the linkage of the determinants of food choice with consumer nutrient availability by developing a procedure to measure changes in nutrient availability as the demand for food items change. It uses demand elasticities from traditional demand analysis to estimate elasticities of changes in the nutritional content of consumer diets. The procedure is applied to estimate nutrient elasticities for fifteen nutrients in response to changes in thirty-five food prices and per capita income. RP Huang, KS (reprint author), USDA,SERV ECON RES,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 17 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 78 IS 1 BP 21 EP 29 DI 10.2307/1243775 PG 9 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA UL108 UT WOS:A1996UL10800003 ER PT J AU Hertel, TW Stiegert, K Vroomen, H AF Hertel, TW Stiegert, K Vroomen, H TI Nitrogen-land substitution in corn production: A reconciliation of aggregate and firm-level evidence SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE elasticity of substitution; microsimulation; nitrogen fertilizer; producer heterogeneity ID FERTILIZER; DEMAND AB In this paper we seek to reconcile low farm-level substitution elasticity between nitrogen. fertilizer, and land, with larger industry-level values for the corn sector, This is accomplished with a micro-simulation model which identities twenty-three heterogeneous groups of corn Farmers based on survey data for Indiana. After controlling for soil quality, slope, crop rotation, and natural nitrogen sources, considerable variation in fertilizer application rates remains. Model simulations indicate that the estimated substitution elasticity at the state level (1.15) is consistent with very low farm-level substitutability. The difference is attributable to compositional changes in the wake of relative price shocks. These compositional effects are potentially very important but they are ignored in most policy analyses. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR ECON,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. USDA,ECON RES SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. RP Hertel, TW (reprint author), PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGR ECON,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907, USA. NR 30 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 78 IS 1 BP 30 EP 40 DI 10.2307/1243776 PG 11 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA UL108 UT WOS:A1996UL10800004 ER PT J AU Cooper, JC Keim, RW AF Cooper, JC Keim, RW TI Incentive payments to encourage farmer adoption of water quality protection practices SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE bivariate probit; double hurdle; incentive payments; sample selection; water quality ID CHOICE CONTINGENT VALUATION; WELFARE EVALUATIONS; CONSUMPTION; MODEL AB Farmers can be encouraged to voluntarily adopt environmentally sound management practices through the use of incentive payments, This paper uses both a bivariate probit with sample selection model and a double hurdle model on data from a survey of farmers to predict farmer adoption of the practices as a function of the payment offer. The five management practices addressed here are integrated pest management, legume crediting, manure testing, split applications of nitrogen and soil moisture testing. Also estimated are models that predict the acreage on which these practices would be applied given the decision to accept the incentive payments estimated. C1 USDA,NAT RESOURCE ECON DIV,ECON RES SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. RP Cooper, JC (reprint author), USDA,FOOD & CONSUMER ECON DIV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 19 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 6 U2 20 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 78 IS 1 BP 54 EP 64 DI 10.2307/1243778 PG 11 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA UL108 UT WOS:A1996UL10800006 ER PT J AU Cravo, ML Gloria, LM Selhub, J Nadeau, MR Camilo, ME Resende, MP Cardoso, JN Leitao, CN Mira, FC AF Cravo, ML Gloria, LM Selhub, J Nadeau, MR Camilo, ME Resende, MP Cardoso, JN Leitao, CN Mira, FC TI Hyperhomocysteinemia in chronic alcoholism: Correlation with folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin B-6 status SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE homocysteine; chronic alcoholism; folate; vitamin B-6; pyridoxal phosphate; vitamin B-12 ID PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE; RISK FACTOR; FOLIC-ACID; METABOLISM; DEFICIENCY; ACETALDEHYDE; COBALAMIN; DISEASE; INVITRO; ETHANOL AB Serum homocysteine concentrations have been shown to be a sensitive functional indicator of intracellular folate, vitamin B-12, and vitamin B-6 status. Chronic alcoholism is known to interfere with one-carbon metabolism, for which the above vitamins serve as coenzymes. In the present study, these vitamins were assessed in 32 chronic alcoholics and 31 healthy volunteers by measuring blood vitamin concentrations as well as serum homocysteine concentrations. In chronic alcoholics, serum pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and red blood cell folate concentrations were significantly lower than in the control subjects (P < 0.001 and P = 0.008, respectively). Mean serum homocysteine was twice as high in chronic alcoholics than in nondrinkers (P < 0.001). Beer consumers had significantly lower concentrations of homocysteine compared with drinkers of wine or spirits (P = 0.05). These results suggest that by interfering with folate or vitamin B-6 metabolism, chronic alcohol intake may impair the disposal of homocysteine through the transmethylation or transsulfuration pathways. C1 INST PORTUGUES ONCOL FRANCISCO GENTIL,MOLEC BIOL LAB,P-1093 LISBON,PORTUGAL. HOSP SANTA MARIA,SERV MED 2,LISBON,PORTUGAL. HOSP SANTA MARIA,SERV PSIQUIATRIA,LISBON,PORTUGAL. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BIOAVAILABIL LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP Cravo, ML (reprint author), INST PORTUGUES ONCOL FRANCISCO GENTIL,SERV GASTROENTEROL,RUA PROFESSOR LIMA BASTO,P-1093 LISBON,PORTUGAL. OI Cravo, Marilia/0000-0001-8309-4599 NR 43 TC 206 Z9 214 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 63 IS 2 BP 220 EP 224 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TR793 UT WOS:A1996TR79300011 PM 8561063 ER PT J AU Schaefer, EJ Lichtenstein, AH LamonFava, S Contois, JH Li, ZG Goldin, BR Rasmussen, H McNamara, JR Ordovas, JM AF Schaefer, EJ Lichtenstein, AH LamonFava, S Contois, JH Li, ZG Goldin, BR Rasmussen, H McNamara, JR Ordovas, JM TI Effects of National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 diets relatively high or relatively low in fish-derived fatty acids on plasma lipoproteins in middle-aged and elderly subjects SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE low-density lipoprotein; high-density lipoprotein; triacylglycerols; fatty acids; National Cholesterol Education Program; diet ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; LDL PARTICLE-SIZE; LOW-DENSITY; SERUM-LIPIDS; OIL; MORTALITY; WOMEN; TRIAL; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; PRECIPITATION AB The effects of two National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Step 2 diets (less than or equal to 30% of energy as total fat, < 7% of energy as saturated fat, and < 200 mg cholesterol/d), one relatively high and the other relatively low in fish-derived fatty acids, on plasma lipoprotein concentrations and blood pressure were compared in 22 men and women with a mean (+/- SD) age of 63 +/- 10 y. Subjects were placed on a baseline diet similar to the diet currently consumed in the United States (35% of energy as total fat, 14% Of energy as saturated fat, 35 mg cholesterol/MJ) for 6 wk and then on either an NCEP Step 2 diet relatively high in fish (Step 2 high-fish, n = 11) or relatively low in fish (Step 2 low-fish, n = 11) for 24 wk. All food and drinks were provided. Compared with baseline values, consumption of both the Step 2 high-fish and the Step 2 low-fish diets under weight-stable conditions was associated with significant decreases in plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (-14% and -19%, respectively), low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (-15% and -20%, respectively), and high-density-lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (-11% and -17%, respectively). Postprandial, but not fasting, triacylglycerol concentrations were significantly reduced during consumption of the Step 2 high-fish diet. There were no significant changes in these indexes after consumption of the Step 2 low-fish diet compared with the baseline diet. LDL particle size decreased significantly (-12%) only in subjects on the Step 2 low-fish diet. Both Step 2 diets caused small but significant reductions in diastolic blood pressure. Our results indicate that NCEP Step 2 diets relatively high or relatively low in fish are both effective in significantly reducing total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations without changes in the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol under controlled weight-stable conditions in middle-aged and elderly subjects. A beneficial effect on diastolic blood pressure was also observed. C1 TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,DIV ENDOCRINOL DIABET METAB & MOLEC MED,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT FAMILY MED & COMMUNITY HLTH,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP Schaefer, EJ (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,LIPID METAB LAB,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL39326] NR 54 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 63 IS 2 BP 234 EP 241 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TR793 UT WOS:A1996TR79300013 PM 8561065 ER PT J AU Wu, DY Meydani, SN Meydani, M Hayek, MG Huth, P Nicolosi, RJ AF Wu, DY Meydani, SN Meydani, M Hayek, MG Huth, P Nicolosi, RJ TI Immunologic effects of marine- and plant-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in nonhuman primates SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE nonhuman primates; n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids; eicosapentaenoic acid; docosahexaenoic acid; alpha-linolenic acid; immune response ID IMMUNE STATUS; DIETARY-FAT; FISH; RAT; ENRICHMENT; TOCOPHEROL; GROWTH; PLASMA; MICE AB The effect of marine- and plant-derived n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on T cell-mediated immune response was studied in cynomolgus monkeys. Animals were first fed a 14-wk baseline diet; 10 animals were then fed diets containing 1.3% or 3.3% of energy as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) plus docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) while the other 10 were fed diets containing 3.5% or 5.3% of energy as a-linolenic acid (ALA) for two consecutive 14-wk periods. Both diets significantly decreased the percentage of T cells (except 1.3% EPA + DHA), T helper cells (except 1.3% EPA + DHA and 3.5% ALA), and T suppressor cells. Proliferative response of lymphocytes to T cell mitogens significantly increased after the diet containing 3.3% EPA + DHA. Interleukin 2 production significantly increased after the diets containing 1.3% and 3.3% EPA + DHA. No significant changes in mitogenic response or interleukin 2 production were found after ALA diets. Feeding 1.3% or 3.3% EPA + DHA or 5.3% ALA significantly suppressed prostaglandin E(2) production in response to T cell mitogens. Plasma tocopherol concentrations were decreased significantly only in monkeys fed ALA diets. We conclude that after adjustment for the tocopherol concentration, marine-derived n-3 PUFAs but not plant-derived n-3 PUFAs increased T cell-mediated mitogenic response and interleukin 2 production. This is most likely due to diet-induced quantitative differences in cellular fatty acid composition and, thus, in prostaglandin E(2) production and tocopherol status. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,NUTR IMMUNOL LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. KRAFT GEN FOODS INC,CTR TECHNOL,GLENVIEW,IL 60025. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,LOWELL,MA. NR 27 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 63 IS 2 BP 273 EP 280 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TR793 UT WOS:A1996TR79300019 PM 8561071 ER PT J AU Young, CR Wittum, TE Stanker, LH Perino, LJ Griffin, DD Littledike, ET AF Young, CR Wittum, TE Stanker, LH Perino, LJ Griffin, DD Littledike, ET TI Serum haptoglobin concentrations in a population of feedlot cattle SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BOVINE HAPTOGLOBIN; CALVES AB Objective-To determine serum haptoglobin concentrations in a population of feedlot cattle and evaluate their usefulness in predicting subsequent clinical respiratory tract disease. Design-Prospective longitudinal study. Animals-366 beef calves. Procedure-Serum samples were obtained at feedlot entry and 40 and 65 days on feed (DOF). Calves were observed daily for clinical signs of respiratory tract disease. The lungs of 144 of the calves were evaluated at slaughter for the presence of gross lesions of pneumonia. Results-58% of the calves had detectable serum haptoglobin concentration in at least 1 sample. The proportion of calves with detectable haptoglobin were similar at each sample collection time. A higher proportion of the calves had values > 10 mg/dl at 40 DOF. The proportion of calves observed with clinical disease during the 10-day period after the 40 DOF sample increased (P < 0.10) as serum haptoglobin concentration increased. At 65 DOF, calves with serum haptoglobin value > 10 mg/dl had a higher (P < 0.05) rate of subsequent clinical respiratory tract disease than did calves with lower values. The proportion of calves with gross pulmonary lesions slaughter increased (P < 0.05) from 39% among calves without detectable serum haptoglobin concentration in any of the 3 samples to 63% among calves with at least 1 observed value > 10 mg/dl. Conclusions-We observed associations between serum haptoglobin concentration and subsequent clinical respiratory tract disease and pulmonary lesions at slaughter. However, serum haptoglobin concentration alone is not adequate for prediction of clinical disease. Clinical Relevance-The usefulness for cross-sectional sampling of serum haptoglobin concentration as a diagnostic tool for clinical respiratory tract disease in feedlot cattle appears to be limited. C1 USDA ARS,US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT VET & BIOMED SCI,GREAT PLAINS VET EDUC CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. RP Young, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,2881 F&B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 15 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 57 IS 2 BP 138 EP 141 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA TT897 UT WOS:A1996TT89700009 PM 8633796 ER PT J AU DiCarlo, AL Paape, MJ Miller, RH AF DiCarlo, AL Paape, MJ Miller, RH TI Reactivity of purified complement component 3b with bovine neutrophils and modulation of complement receptor 1 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; CHEMOTACTIC FACTORS; HEMOLYTIC-ACTIVITY; ZYMOSAN PARTICLES; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; INTERFERON-GAMMA; MILK LEUKOCYTES; C3B RECEPTORS; FC-RECEPTORS; LEU-PHE AB Objective-To study binding of purified complement component C3b to bovine blood and mammary neutrophils (PMN) after various treatments and determine their ability to modulate receptor numbers. Design-Cell isolation, activation, and flow cytometric studies. Animals-Healthy lactating Holstein cattle. Procedure-Complement component C3b (18,300 kd) was isolated from bovine serum by column chromatography, and flow cytometric assays using fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled C3b were developed to evaluate binding to PMN complement receptor 1. Multiple substances were tested to determine their overall effect on C3b binding to PMN. Blood and milk PMN were isolated by differential centrifugation and exposed to optimal concentrations of recombinant human C5a, formyl-methyl leucyl phenylalanine, recombinant bovine interferon-gamma, variable concentrations of phorbol myristate acetate 10.01 to 100 ng), calcium ionophore A23187, serum-opsonized zymosan, zymosan-activated serum (ZAS), zymosan-activated plasma (ZAP), and hydrocortisone acetate (25 and 70 ngi. Additionaiiy, mammary and blood PMN were preincubated in skim milk and whey. Results-Variable concentrations of phorbol myristate acetate caused a dose-dependent increase in percentage of PMN binding C3b, and increased the amount of C3b bound per ceil. Significant increases were observed after PMN treatment with calcium ionophore, serum opsonized zymosan, ZAS, and ZAP; conversely, incubation of PMN with hydrocortisone acetate resulted in reduced overall binding of C3b. Mammary PMN consistently bound more C3b, which was attributed to their activation during migration into the mammary gland. Binding of C3b was inhibited by skim milk. Activation of blood PMN with PMA, ZAS, and ZAP elicited larger responses than those observed for mammary PMN. Conclusions-Moduiation of complement receptors on bovine PMN is possible, Additionally, significant difference between the level of binding of C3b to blood and milk PMN, with milk PMN having higher binding, may be attributable to migration of PMN into the mammary gland, causing increased receptor expression. Clinical Relevance-Contribution to a greater understanding of the role of complement in bovine immunologic systems, leading to testing for in vive enhancement of bovine immune responses to invading pathogens. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ANIM SCI,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. USDA ARS,MILK SECRET & MASTITIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 52 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 57 IS 2 BP 151 EP 156 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA TT897 UT WOS:A1996TT89700012 PM 8633799 ER PT J AU Wesley, RD Woods, RD AF Wesley, RD Woods, RD TI Induction of protective immunity against transmissible gastroenteritis virus after exposure of neonatal pigs to porcine respiratory coronavirus SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; LACTOGENIC IMMUNITY; INFECTION; SWINE AB Objective-To test the ability of porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) to induce protective immunity to antigenically related transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) in neonatal pigs. Design-Neonatal pigs were exposed to PRCV when they were 2, 4, or 6 days old and challenge-exposed to virulent TGEV at 10 days of age. Animals-34 hysterectomy-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs. Procedure-After challenge exposure, clinical signs were observed, body weight, antibody response, and virus shedding were measured, and mortality was determined. Results-After exposure to PRCV, principals had a slightly slower rate of weight gain than did controls; with 1 exception (a PRCV-exposed pig that was dyspneic for 1 day), principals and controls remained clinically normal until shortly after challenge exposure, when ail pigs became listless and anorectic and developed watery diarrhea. However, by day 3, most of the pigs that had been exposed to PRCV when they were either 2 or 4 days old began to recover and most (15/18) survived. Conversely, the clinical condition of most of the other pigs worsened and most (14/16) died. Pigs exposed to PRCV when they were 2 or 4 days old also differed from all other pigs in that they had serum virus-neutralizing antibodies for PRCV and TGEV at the time of challenge exposure. Conclusions-The PRCV can induce protective immunity to TGEV in neonatal pigs and such immunity develops at or about 6 days after exposure to PRCV. Moreover, protective immunity may be coincident with the appearance of virus-neutralizing antibody. Clinical Relevance-Exposure to PRCV should enhance a TGE herd vaccination program. RP Wesley, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS, NATL ANIM DIS CTR, VIROL SWINE RES UNIT, POB 70, AMES, IA 50010 USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 57 IS 2 BP 157 EP 162 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA TT897 UT WOS:A1996TT89700013 PM 8633800 ER PT J AU Gasbarre, LC Leighton, EA Bryant, D AF Gasbarre, LC Leighton, EA Bryant, D TI Reliability of a single fecal egg per gram determination as a measure of individual and herd values for trichostrongyle nematodes of cattle SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GENETIC-CONTROL; PEPSINOGEN; CALVES AB Objectives-To determine precision fa single fecal egg count, to evaluate the necessity of repeated testing to ascertain the number of parasite eggs found per gram of fecal material (EPG) of a given animal, and to infer the number of cattle that must be sampled to estimate the mean EPG value of a given herd. Design-Calves born in 4 successive years were tested for 3 consecutive days in May, July, and September to determine their fecal EPG value. Results were analyzed to determine important sources of variance in the EPG values. Animals-427 Black Angus calves. Procedures-Nematode EPG values were determined by zinc sulfate flotation of fecal samples taken from the rectum. Variance components were estimated by restricted maximal likelihood procedures. Results-The largest source of variation in fecal egg counts arose from differences among calves. Variation associated with sampling within calf was larger than that associated with year of sampling or day when samples were taken. Repeatability of EPG determinations was between 0.4 and 0.7. Conclusions-Collection of 3 replicate samples reduced variance associated with a single calf mean by 25 to 30%. Additional replication would further reduce the variance, but at a diminishing rate. To accurately estimate mean EPG for a herd, a randomly drawn sample should be similar in composition to the herd and include at least 1 animal from the high EPG group, which often constitutes 15 to 20% of the calves. To ensure that, on average, 95% of the samples drawn contain 1 or more animals with high EPG, the sample must include 15 to 20 animals within the grazing group under study. C1 C BAR GRP,GREAT FALLS,VA 22066. UNIV MARYLAND,RES & EDUC CTR,QUEENSTOWN,MD 21658. RP Gasbarre, LC (reprint author), USDA ARS,LPSI,PARASITE IMMUNOBIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 15 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 57 IS 2 BP 168 EP 171 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA TT897 UT WOS:A1996TT89700015 PM 8633802 ER PT J AU Honeycutt, CW Clapham, WM Leach, SS AF Honeycutt, CW Clapham, WM Leach, SS TI Crop rotation and N fertilization effects on growth, yield, and disease incidence in potato SO AMERICAN POTATO JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE nitrogen fertilizer replacement value; nitrogen nutrition; rotation effect; Rhizoctonia solani; black scurf; stem canker; legume ID NITROGEN-UTILIZATION; LEGUME; CORN; MANAGEMENT AB Crop rotation can be an effective mechanism for reducing disease incidence and contributing nitrogen (N) to succeeding crops. Interactions of plant pathogen suppression and soil nutrient availability may also exist, adding to the cropping system complexity. This study examined the impact of crop rotation, N fertilization, and their interaction on growth, yield, and Rhizoctonia solani incidence in potato (Solanum tuberosum L. Norwis). Potato was grown continuously and in two-year rotations with annual alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. Nitro), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), white lupin (Lupinus albus L. Ultra), and oat (Avena sativa Astro). Fertilizer was banded at potato planting with 0, 45, 90, 135, 180, or 225 kg N ha(-1) as (NH4)(2)SO4. Approximately 58% of continuous potato possessed stem lesions caused by R. solani, but only 12 to 22% of potato stems from other rotations possessed lesions. Tuber dry weight was affected by crop rotation in 1989, a dry year, but not in 1990. Apparent N fertilizer replacement values for hairy vetch, Nitro alfalfa, white lupin, and oat were 65, 43, 26, and 11 kg N ha(-1), respectively. All crop rotations studied appeared to enhance potato production by reducing stem infection by R solani. Vetch and alfalfa provide additional benefits through their N contributions. RP Honeycutt, CW (reprint author), UNIV MAINE,USDA ARS,NEW ENGLAND PLANT SOIL & WATER LAB,ORONO,ME 04469, USA. NR 35 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 10 PU POTATO ASSN AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE 114 DEERING HALL, ORONO, ME 04469 SN 0003-0589 J9 AM POTATO J JI Am. Potato J. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 73 IS 2 BP 45 EP 61 DI 10.1007/BF02854760 PG 17 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TW734 UT WOS:A1996TW73400001 ER PT J AU Sanford, LL Domek, JM Cantelo, WW Kobayashi, RS Sinden, SL AF Sanford, LL Domek, JM Cantelo, WW Kobayashi, RS Sinden, SL TI Mortality of potato leafhopper adults on synthetic diets containing seven glycoalkaloids synthesized in the foliage of various Solanum species SO AMERICAN POTATO JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Empoasca fabae; chaconine; solanine; leptine; solasonine; solamargine; tomatine ID ALPHA-CHACONINE; RESISTANCE; WILD AB The glycoalkaloids solanine, chaconine, leptine I, leptine II, solasonine, solamargine, and tomatine, synthesized in the foliage of various Solanum species, were tested in synthetic diets for their effects on potato leafhopper adults, Empoasca fabae (Harris), at concentrations of 0.03%, 0.09%, and 0.27%. Percent mortality was recorded after a 72 hr feeding period. At the lowest concentration (0.03%), tomatine in the diet resulted in the highest adult mortality (95%) with mortalities ranging from 10% to 41% in the other glycoalkaloid diets. At the highest concentration (0.27%) mortalities ranged from 69% to 100% with no significant (P>.05) differences among the diets. Mortality varied the most among the glycoalkaloid diets at the 0.09% concentration. Chaconine, ubiquitously found with solanine in Solanum tuberosum L., caused significantly (P less than or equal to.05) higher mortality (59%) than did solanine (8%). Mortalities with solasonine and solamargine in the diets (55% and 54%, respectively) were not significantly (P>.05) different from the mortality with chaconine in the diet. Including leptines I and II in diets resulted in lower mortalities (28% and 30%, respectively). Mortality was significantly (P less than or equal to.05) the highest (97%) with tomatine in the diet. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ENTOMOL,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. RP Sanford, LL (reprint author), USDA ARS,INST PLANT SCI,VEGETABLE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 29 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU POTATO ASSN AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE 114 DEERING HALL, ORONO, ME 04469 SN 0003-0589 J9 AM POTATO J JI Am. Potato J. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 73 IS 2 BP 79 EP 88 DI 10.1007/BF02854762 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA TW734 UT WOS:A1996TW73400003 ER PT J AU Beckett, PR WrayCahen, D Davis, TA Copeland, KC AF Beckett, PR WrayCahen, D Davis, TA Copeland, KC TI Enzyme assay for the rapid determination of plasma lysine SO ANALYTICAL COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID AMINO-ACIDS; INSULIN; ELECTRODE AB The enzymic determination of lysine, using saccharopine dehydrogenase, has been modified to determine plasma lysine concentrations in approximately 5 min. The correlation between lysine concentration determined by using HPLC and this enzymic assay was high (r(2) = 0.92). The main interfering compound was leucine which, at 250 mu mol 1(-1), inhibited the rate measured with lysine by 17%. One application of this method allows plasma lysine to be 'clamped' under hyperinsulinemic euglycemic conditions, The technique may be applicable to the bedside investigation of the roles of hormones and nutrition in the regulation of protein metabolism. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,HOUSTON,TX 77030. RP Beckett, PR (reprint author), TEXAS CHILDRENS HOSP,DEPT PEDIAT,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4WF SN 1359-7337 J9 ANAL COMMUN JI Anal. Commun. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 33 IS 2 BP 47 EP 50 DI 10.1039/ac9963300047 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA UE374 UT WOS:A1996UE37400001 ER PT J AU Keim, NL Canty, DJ Barbieri, TF Wu, MM AF Keim, NL Canty, DJ Barbieri, TF Wu, MM TI Effect of exercise and dietary restraint on energy intake of reduced-obese women SO APPETITE LA English DT Article ID RESTING METABOLIC-RATE; WEIGHT-LOSS; FOOD-INTAKE; FOLLOW-UP; OVERWEIGHT WOMEN; MENSTRUAL-CYCLE; EXPENDITURE; MAINTENANCE; RELAPSE; FAT AB Self-selected food intake of 15 reduced-obese women living in a metabolic ward was studied for 14 consecutive days to determine the effect of exercise and other metabolic and behavioral variables on energy intake. A choice of prepared food items were offered at breakfast, lunch and dinner, and a variety of additional food items were available continuously 24 h/day. Subjects performed either moderate intensity aerobic exercise (A-EX) (n = 8) expending 354 +/- 76 kcal/session or low intensity resistance weight training (R-EX) (n = 7) expending 96 +/- 4 kcal/session, 5 days/week. Mean energy intakes (kcal/day, +/- SEM) of the exercise groups were similar: 1867 +/- 275 for A-EX, 1889 +/- 294 for R-EX. Mean energy intakes of individuals ranged from 49 to 157% of the predetermined level required for weight maintenance. Resting metabolic rate per kg(0.75) and the Eating Inventory hunger score contributed significantly to the between subject variance in energy intake, whereas exercise energy expenditure did not. Regardless of exercise, eight women consistently restricted their energy intake (undereaters), and seven others consumed excess energy (overeaters). Overeaters were distinguished by higher Eating Inventory disinhibition (p = 0.023) and hunger (p = 0.004) scores. The overeaters' diet had a higher fat content, 34 +/- 1 energy %, than that of undereaters, 27 +/- 1 energy % (p = 0.007). Also, overeaters took a larger percentage of their daily energy intake in the evening, 13 +/- 2%, compared to undereaters, 7 +/- 1% (p = 0.005). We conclude that the Eating Inventory is useful for identifying reduced-obese women at risk of overeating, and these individuals may benefit from dietary counselling aimed at reducing fat intake and evening snacking. (C) 1996 Academic Press Limited C1 NYU, DEPT NUTR FOOD & HOTEL MANAGEMENT, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA. RP Keim, NL (reprint author), USDA ARS, WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR, POB 29997, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94129 USA. NR 54 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0195-6663 J9 APPETITE JI Appetite PD FEB PY 1996 VL 26 IS 1 BP 55 EP 70 DI 10.1006/appe.1996.0005 PG 16 WC Behavioral Sciences; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Behavioral Sciences; Nutrition & Dietetics GA TW157 UT WOS:A1996TW15700005 PM 8660033 ER PT J AU McCormick, SP Hohn, TM Desjardins, AE AF McCormick, SP Hohn, TM Desjardins, AE TI Isolation and characterization of Tri3, a gene encoding 15-O-acetyltransferase from Fusarium sporotrichioides SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRICHODIENE SYNTHASE; TRICHOTHECENE MYCOTOXINS; GIBBERELLA-PULICARIS; MOLECULAR-CLONING; POST-TRICHODIENE; MET2 GENE; BIOSYNTHESIS; SEQUENCE; STRAIN AB An acetyltransferase gene (Tri3) was isolated from Fusarium sporotrichioifes by complementation of a previously identified Tri3(-) mutant and shown to be closely linked to three other trichothecene biosynthetic pathway genes, Comparison of the Tri3 sequence with its cDNA revealed the presence of four introns, The Tri3 cDNA contains a 1,539-bp open reading frame that encodes a protein with a molecular mass of 57,418 Da. Regulation of Tri3 transcription in liquid cultures appeared identical to that of other trichothecene pathway genes. Disruption of the Tri3 gene resulted in the accumulation of deacetylated calonectrins rather than T-2 toxin. The results of whole-cell feeding experiments with Tr3(-) strains suggested that 15-O-acetylation is blocked. Cell-free feeding experiments confirmed that Tri3(-) strains are able to acetylate a trichothecene C-3 hydroxyl group but are unable to acetylate a trichothecene C-15 hydroxyl group. Our results show that Tri3 encodes an acetyltransferase that converts 15-decalonectrin to calonectrin. RP McCormick, SP (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 24 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 62 IS 2 BP 353 EP 359 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA TT690 UT WOS:A1996TT69000008 PM 8593041 ER PT J AU Cary, JW Wright, M Bhatnagar, D Lee, R Chu, FS AF Cary, JW Wright, M Bhatnagar, D Lee, R Chu, FS TI Molecular characterization of an Aspergillus parasiticus dehydrogenase gene, norA, located on the aflatoxin biosynthesis gene cluster SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONVERSION; CLONING; STERIGMATOCYSTIN AB An Aspergillus parasiticus cDNA library was screened with monoclonal antibody raised against a purified A. parasiticus 43-kDa protein demonstrating norsolorinic acid reductase (NOR) activity. One immunopositive clone contained a cDNA insert of 1,418 bp. DNA sequence analysis of this cDNA identified an open reading frame of 1,167 bp that represented the nord gene. The deduced amino acid sequence of the norA coding region consisted of 388 residues capable of encoding a polypeptide of 43.7 kDa. Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA from A. parasiticus indicated that there may be an additional copy of norA. Western blot (immunoblot) analysis of crude protein extracts of A. parasiticus mycelia demonstrated a band of reactivity at 43 kDa only when the fungus was grown in a medium conducive to aflatoxin biosynthesis. Northern (RNA) blot analysis of total RNA from the fungus demonstrated a band of hybridization at about 1.5 kb. As observed with the fungal NORA protein, the norA transcript was present only when the fungus was grown in medium conducive to aflatoxin biosynthesis. Hybridization of the norA cDNA,with cosmid DNAs known to encompass a major portion of the A. parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway gene cluster placed the norA gene coding region just upstream of the ver-1 gene. The deduced amino acid sequence of norA had 49% aminoacid identity with that of an aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase (aad) gene from Phanerochaete chrysosporium. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT FOOD MICROBIOL & TOXICOL,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,FOOD RES INST,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Cary, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,1100 ROBERT E LEE BLVD,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 34 TC 51 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 62 IS 2 BP 360 EP 366 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA TT690 UT WOS:A1996TT69000009 PM 8593042 ER PT J AU Daane, LL Molina, JAE Berry, EC Sadowsky, MJ AF Daane, LL Molina, JAE Berry, EC Sadowsky, MJ TI Influence of earthworm activity on gene transfer from Pseudomonas fluorescens to indigenous soil bacteria SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PLASMID TRANSFER; NONSTERILE SOIL; RECOMBINANT BACTERIA; LUMBRICUS-TERRESTRIS; MICROCOSM; RHIZOBIUM; SURVIVAL; TRACT AB We have developed a model system to assess the influence of earthworm activity on the transfer of plasmid pJP4 from an inoculated donor bacterium, Pseudomonas fluorescens C5t (pJP4), to indigenous soil microorganisms. Three different earthworm species (Lumbricus terrestris, Lumbricus rubellus, and Aporrectodea trapezoides), each with unique burrowing, casting, and feeding behaviors, were evaluated. Soil columns were inoculated on the surface with 10(8) cells per g of soil of the donor bacterium, and after a 2-week incubation period, donor, transconjugant, and total bacteria were enumerated at 5-cm-depth intervals. Transconjugants were confirmed by use of colony hybridization with a mer gene probe. In situ gene transfer of plasmid pJP4 from P. fluorescens C5t to indigenous soil bacteria was detected in all inoculated microcosms. In the absence of earthworms, the depth of recovery was limited to the top 5 cm of the column, with approximately 10(3) transconjugants per g of soil. However, the total number of transconjugants recovered from soil was significantly greater in microcosms containing either L. rubellus or A. trapezoides, with levels reaching about 10(5) CFU/g of soil. In addition, earthworms distributed donor and transconjugant bacteria throughout the microcosm columns, with the depth of recovery dependent on the burrowing behavior of each earthworm species. Donor and transconjugant bacteria were also recovered from earthworm casts and inside developing cocoons. Transconjugant bacteria from the indigenous soil microflora were classified as belonging to Acidovorax spp., Acinetobacter spp., Agrobacterium spp., Pasteurella spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Xanthomonas spp. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL WATER & CLIMATE,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT ECOL EVOLUT & BEHAV,ST PAUL,MN 55108. USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,AMES,IA 50011. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT MICROBIOL,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. RI Sadowsky, Michael/J-2507-2016; OI Sadowsky, Michael/0000-0001-8779-2781; molina, jean-alex/0000-0002-5510-3109 NR 41 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 62 IS 2 BP 515 EP 521 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA TT690 UT WOS:A1996TT69000033 PM 8593052 ER PT J AU Keel, C Weller, DM Natsch, A Defago, G Cook, RJ Thomashow, LS AF Keel, C Weller, DM Natsch, A Defago, G Cook, RJ Thomashow, LS TI Conservation of the 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol biosynthesis locus among fluorescent Pseudomonas strains from diverse geographic locations SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BLACK ROOT-ROT; GRAMINIS VAR TRITICI; GNOTOBIOTIC CONDITIONS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; COTTON SEEDLINGS; DAMPING-OFF; SUPPRESSION; TOBACCO; BIOCONTROL; PURIFICATION AB The broad-spectrum antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (PHL) is a major determinant in the biological control of a range of plant pathogens by many fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. A 4.8-kb chromosomal DNA region from Pseudomonas fluorescens Q2-87, carrying PHL biosynthetic genes, was used as a probe to determine if the PHL biosynthetic locus is conserved within PBL-producing Pseudomonas strains of worldwide origin. The phl gene probe hybridized with the genomic DNA of all 45 PHL producing Pseudomonas strains tested, including well-characterized biocontrol strains from the United States and Europe and strains isolated from disease suppressive soils from Switzerland, Washington, Italy, and Ghana. The PHL producers displayed considerable phenotypic and genotypic diversity. Two phenotypically distinct groups were detected. The first produced PHL, pyoluteorin, and hydrogen cyanide and consisted of 13 strains from almost all locations sampled in the United States, Europe, and Africa. The second produced only PHL and HCN and consisted of 32 strains from the U.S. and European soils. Analysis of restriction patterns of genomic DNA obtained after hybridization with the phl gene probe and cluster analysis of restriction patterns of amplified DNA coding for 16S rRNA (ARDRA) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers indicated that the strains that produced both PHL and pyoluteorin were genetically highly similar. In contrast, there was more diversity at the genotypic level in the strains that produced PHL but not pyoluteorin. ARDRA analysis of these strains indicated two clusters which, on the basis of RAPD analysis, split into several subgroups with additional polymorphisms. In general, the occurrence of phenotypically and genotypically similar groups of PHL producers did not correlate with the geographic origin of the isolates, and highly similar strains could be isolated from diverse locations worldwide. C1 SWISS FED INST TECHNOL,INST PLANT SCI PHYTOPATHOL,CH-8092 ZURICH,SWITZERLAND. USDA ARS,ROOT DIS & BIOL CONTROL RES UNIT,PULLMAN,WA 99164. NR 60 TC 202 Z9 215 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 62 IS 2 BP 552 EP 563 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA TT690 UT WOS:A1996TT69000038 PM 8593055 ER PT J AU OBrien, DJ Craig, JC AF OBrien, DJ Craig, JC TI Ethanol production in a continuous fermentation membrane pervaporation system SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EXTRACTIVE FERMENTATION AB The productivity of ethanol fermentation processes, predominantly based on batch operation in the U.S. fuel ethanol industry, could be improved by adoption of continuous processing technology. In this study, a conventional yeast fermentation was coupled to a flat-plate membrane pervaporation unit to recover continuously an enriched ethanol stream from the fermentation broth. The process employed a concentrated dextrose feed stream controlled by the flow rate of permeate from the pervaporation unit via liquid-level control in the fermenter. The pervaporation module contained 0.1 m(2) commercially available polydimethylsiloxane membrane and consistently produced a permeate of 20%-23% (w/w) ethanol while maintaining a level of 4%-6% ethanol in a stirred-tank fermenter. The system exhibited excellent operational stability. During continuous operation with cell densities of 15-23 g/l, ethanol productivities of 4.9-7.8 gl(-1) h(-1) were achieved utilizing feed streams of 269-619 g/l glucose. Pervaporation flux and ethanol selectivities were 0.31-0.79 lm(-2) h(-1) and 1.8-6.5 respectively. RP OBrien, DJ (reprint author), USDA,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 15 TC 70 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 44 IS 6 BP 699 EP 704 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA TW103 UT WOS:A1996TW10300002 ER PT J AU Reeves, JB AF Reeves, JB TI Solid-state matrix effects on near-infrared spectra: Interactions of glucose and sucrose with amylose, amylopectin, cellulose, and starch - Implications for near-infrared calibrations SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE near-infrared; spectral interactions; matrix effects AB The objective of this work was to explore the question of how the interactions between carbohydrate monomers and polymers affect near-infrared spectra and to evaluate the implications of such effects with respect to the development of near-infrared calibrations. The effects of the presence of amylopectin, amylose, cellulose, and starch during the drying of glucose and sucrose on the resulting spectra were investigated. Sugars in various molar ratios with polymers were dried in a rotating mixer and then reground, and spectra from 10,000 to 4000 cm(-1) were taken. In addition, spectra of identical mixtures prepared by mixing previously ground sugars and polymers were taken for comparison. Results on samples prepared either by simple mixing of sugars and carbohydrate polymers or by grinding mixtures produced by drying sugars in the presence of polymers indicated that interactions occur between the substances in question. Although simple mixtures of sugars with cellulose, amylose, amylopectin, or starch showed some spectral changes in the spectra of the sugars, in general, the spectra obtained by spectral subtraction were considerably more similar to those of the pure sugars than were those obtained for materials dried together. RP Reeves, JB (reprint author), USDA ARS,NUTR CONSERVAT & METAB,BLDG 200,ROOM 124,BARC E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 8 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA PO BOX 1438, FREDERICK, MD 21701 SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 50 IS 2 BP 154 EP 160 DI 10.1366/0003702963906465 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA TV879 UT WOS:A1996TV87900006 ER PT J AU Esau, BD Snyder, GW Portis, AR AF Esau, BD Snyder, GW Portis, AR TI Differential effects of N- and C-terminal deletions on the two activities of rubisco activase SO ARCHIVES OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE photosynthesis; enzyme regulation; rubisco; ATP hydrolysis; recombinant DNA ID CARBOXYLASE OXYGENASE ACTIVASE; SPINACH; EXPRESSION; ATP; HYDROLYSIS; ASSAY; GENES AB Spinach (Spinacea oleracea) leaf ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco) activase was subjected to limited proteolysis with trypsin and directed deletions were made by modifying the spinach rubisco activase cDNA and expressing the 41-kDa isoform in Escherichia coli. Protein exposed to trypsin displayed a more rapid loss of the ability to promote the activation of decarbamylated rubisco than ATP hydrolysis (e.g., 10 and 50% activity remaining, respectively, after 1 h). A series of N-terminal deletions exhibited near abolition of rubisco activation after the 12th residue, a conserved tryptophan, was deleted. Conversely, a deletion of 19 residues at the C-terminus increased rubisco activation with little effect on ATP hydrolysis, resulting in an increased efficiency of activation. The C-terminal deletion mutant was further modified by a site-directed mutation in the ATP binding region (Q109E) which was previously observed to increase the efficiency of activation (J. B. Shen and W. L. Ogren, 1991, Plant Physiol. 99, 1201-1207). The efficiency of activation with this double mutant was greater than that for either of the original mutants. The results indicate that a conserved tryptophan in the N-terminal portion of rubisco activase is critical for promotion of the activation of rubisco, consistent with a possible role in interaction with rubisco. The C-terminus appears to have a regulatory effect on both rubisco activation and ATP hydrolysis. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT PLANT BIOL,URBANA,IL 61801. USDA ARS,PHOTOSYNTH RES UNIT,URBANA,IL 61801. NR 19 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0003-9861 J9 ARCH BIOCHEM BIOPHYS JI Arch. Biochem. Biophys. PD FEB 1 PY 1996 VL 326 IS 1 BP 100 EP 105 DI 10.1006/abbi.1996.0052 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA TT885 UT WOS:A1996TT88500014 PM 8579356 ER PT J AU Beard, CM Barnard, RJ Robbins, DC Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ AF Beard, CM Barnard, RJ Robbins, DC Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ TI Effects of diet and exercise on qualitative and quantitative measures of LDL and its susceptibility to oxidation SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE LDL phenotype; antioxidants; LDL density; LDL subfractions ID LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; LOW-FAT DIET; PLASMA TRIGLYCERIDE CONCENTRATION; PARTICLE-SIZE; SERUM-LIPIDS; INVITRO OXIDATION; APOLIPOPROTEIN-B; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIC SUBJECTS; ENHANCED SUSCEPTIBILITY AB The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an intensive diet and exercise program on the quantity and quality of LDL as well as its susceptibility to in vitro oxidation. The diet was low in fat (<10% kcal) and cholesterol (<100 mg/d), while high in complex, unrefined carbohydrates (>70% kcal) and fiber (35 g/1000 kcal). The study was composed of 80 participants in a 3-week residential program where food was provided ad libitum and there was daily aerobic exercise, primarily walking. In each subject, preparticipation and postparticipation fasting blood samples were drawn and LDL was isolated via density gradient ultracentrifugation. LDL particle diameter was determined by gradient gel electrophoresis of serum (n=23). Isolated LDL was either separated into 6 subfractions by saline gradient equilibrium ultracentrifugation (n=26) or subjected to in vitro copper oxidation (n=32). Significant reductions (P<.01) in serum levels of cholesterol (20%), LDL-cholesterol (20%), HDL-cholesterol (17%), triglycerides (26%), and glucose (16%) as well as in body weight (4%) were noted for the total population. The mean particle diameter of the LDL increased (24.2 +/- 0.2 to 25.1 +/- 0.14 nm, P<.01) and was correlated with the reduction in serum triglycerides (r=.58, P<.01). Six of 22 subjects changed in LDL phenotype from B (less than or equal to 25.5 nm) to A (>25.5 nm). The percentage of LDL-cholesterol carried in the more dense subfractions fell significantly, while that carried by the less dense fractions increased. Initial oxidation levels fell (21%), while the lag time before copper-induced oxidation increased (13%). Reductions were observed in both the rate of oxidation (16%) and peak oxidation (20%). AU of these changes should result in a dramatic reduction in the risk for atherosclerosis and its clinical sequelae. C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT PHYSIOL SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095. MEDLANTIC RES INST,WASHINGTON,DC. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 69 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 1079-5642 J9 ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS JI Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 16 IS 2 BP 201 EP 207 PG 7 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA TV417 UT WOS:A1996TV41700003 PM 8620333 ER PT J AU Taylor, DB Peterson, RD MoyaBorja, GE AF Taylor, DB Peterson, RD MoyaBorja, GE TI Population genetics and gene variation in screwworms (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from Brazil SO BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Cochliomyia hominivorax; population genetics; isozymes ID AMERICA; MEXICO; NORTH; FLY AB Allozyme variation in New World screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), populations from Brazil was examined. Variability was observed in 8 of 13 enzyme loci and the frequency of the most common allele was < 0.95 for seven loci. Observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.159 and 0.165, respectively. Comparisons of the Brazilian populations with previously studied populations from Costa Rica resulted in Nei's genetic distances of between 0.000 and 0.006, with the greatest distance being between populations within Brazil. Comparisons with Mexican populations using only three loci resulted in genetic distances less than or equal to 0.031. Goodness-of-fit statistics for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and Wright's F statistics indicated small deviations from expected equilibrium genotype frequencies and low levels of differentiation between populations within Brazil. Differentiation among screwworm populations from Brazil, Costa Rica, and Mexico was minimal. C1 FED UNIV RIO DE JANEIRO,BR-21945 RIO JANEIRO,BRAZIL. RP Taylor, DB (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,DEPT ENTOMOL,MIDWEST LIVESTOCK INSECTS RES LAB,ROOM 305,PLANT IND BLDG,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. RI Taylor, David/G-6025-2014 OI Taylor, David/0000-0002-4378-4867 NR 21 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0006-2928 J9 BIOCHEM GENET JI Biochem. Genet. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 34 IS 1-2 BP 67 EP 76 DI 10.1007/BF02396241 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA UF900 UT WOS:A1996UF90000006 PM 8935994 ER PT J AU Ambriz, SJ Strand, MR Burkholder, WE AF Ambriz, SJ Strand, MR Burkholder, WE TI Behavioral response of the parasitoid Lariophagus distinguendus (Forst) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) to extracts from cocoons of Lasioderma serricorne Fab (Coleoptera anobiidae) and their effects on subsequent oviposition responses SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Lariophagus distinguendus; Lasioderma serricorne; stored product beetle; biological control; response to host cocoon ID FORAGING BEHAVIOR; SAY HYMENOPTERA; HOST SELECTION; EXPERIENCE; KAIROMONE; SEMIOCHEMICALS; RECOGNITION; BRACONIDAE; MOTH; WASP AB Antennation and oviposition responses of the parasitoid Lariophagus distinguendus (Forst) females to water and organic solvent extracts from cocoons of Lasioderma serricorne Fab. were studied in the laboratory. A combination of water and methylene chloride extracts elicited the strongest antennation and probing responses. Responses increased with extract dose. Oviposition onto beetle pupae through artificial cocoons made from cellulose domes was studied as a function of prior experience of the wasps and of the presence of host cocoon extracts on the domes. Wasps that had oviposited into normal cocoons oviposited readily through domes that were treated with the water and methylene chloride extracts of cocoons, but untreated domes were ignored. Inexperienced naive wasps oviposited far less readily than experienced wasps. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT ENTOMOL,USDA ARS,STORED PROD INSECTS RES UNIT,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Ambriz, SJ (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT ENTOMOL,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 31 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD FEB PY 1996 VL 6 IS 1 BP 51 EP 56 DI 10.1006/bcon.1996.0007 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA TV033 UT WOS:A1996TV03300007 ER PT J AU Shishkoff, N Bruckart, WL AF Shishkoff, N Bruckart, WL TI Water stress and damage caused by Puccinia jaceae on two Centaurea species SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE biological control; Centaurea solstilialis; Centaurea calcitrapa; yellow starthistle; purple starthistle; drought stress; water stress; weed control; Puccinia jaceae; Chondrilla juncea; rush skeletonweed; Puccinia chondrillina ID YELLOW STARTHISTLE; INFECTION AB The effect of water stress and disease damage to Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle) and C. calcitrapa (purple starthistle) caused by isolates of the rust Puccinia jaceae was investigated under greenhouse conditions. Inoculated and noninoculated plants were placed under water stress, defined as reversible wilting; control plants received normal daily watering. Effects of drought stress and infection by P.jaceae were measured in terms of root biomass, lifespan of leaves with different disease severity levels, and the number of living and dead rosette leaves. Drought stress reduced root dry weights, leaf lifespan, and total number of rosette leaves of both yellow and purple starthistles. Infection by rust also reduced leaf lifespan and total rosette leaves of both species, but it only affected root biomass of yellow starthistle. The only significant interaction between drought stress and rust infection occurred with the leaf lifespan of purple starthistle, but this consisted of drought-stressed leaves having short lifespans at all infection levels. Results with P. chondrillina a rust fungus that has been used successfully for biological control of Chondrilla juncea (rush skeletonweed) were similar to those of P. jaceae on yellow starthistle for root biomass and leaf lifespan. Data from these experiments with drought-stressed plants reinforced the previous conclusions that P. jaceae has promise as a biocontrol agent of yellow starthistle. The damage caused by P. jaceae was similar to that caused by P. chondrillina on skeletonweed in comparative studies. C1 USDA ARS,FOREIGN DIS WEED SCI RES UNIT,FREDERICK,MD 21702. NR 18 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD FEB PY 1996 VL 6 IS 1 BP 57 EP 63 DI 10.1006/bcon.1996.0008 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA TV033 UT WOS:A1996TV03300008 ER PT J AU Antolin, MF Guertin, DS Petersen, JJ AF Antolin, MF Guertin, DS Petersen, JJ TI The origin of gregarious Muscidifurax (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in North America: An analysis using molecular markers SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE gregarious oviposition; Muscidifurax; filth fly parasitoids; Pteromalidae; RAPD-PCR ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA; DNA; OVIPOSITION; ZARAPTOR; BEHAVIOR; DIPTERA AB Parasitic wasps of the genus Muscidifurax (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) are pupal parasitoids of various diptera and are important biological control agents of flies that breed in accumulated animal wastes and garbage. Most species of Muscidifurax, including both North American species Muscidifurax raptor and Mudscidifurax zaraptor, oviposit a single egg on each host (solitary oviposition). Recent collections in the central United States, however, have revealed populations of Muscidifurax with gregarious oviposition. Previously, the only known gregarious Muscidifurax was the South American species Muscidifurax raptorellus, which is gregarious in Chile but solitary in Peru. We have developed species-specific molecular markers for the genus Muscidifurax by RAPD-PCR and have used these markers to identify the origin of gregariousness in North America. Banding patterns from three of four primers clearly distinguished M. raptor, M. zaraptor, and M. raptorellus, and those from the gregarious North American population most closely resembled those of South American M. raptorellus. We conclude that the appearance of gregarious oviposition in central North America resulted from the introduction of gregarious M. raptorellus, rather than a novel development of gregariousness within existing populations of M. raptor or M. zaraptor. Gregarious Muscidifurax are very aggressive in the laboratory and are effective biological control agents, but how they interact with other parasitoid species that attack dipteran pupae in the field remains unknown. (C) 1996 Academic Press,Inc. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,MIDWEST LIL,LINCOLN,NE 68506. RP Antolin, MF (reprint author), COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,FT COLLINS,CO 80523, USA. NR 28 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD FEB PY 1996 VL 6 IS 1 BP 76 EP 82 DI 10.1006/bcon.1996.0010 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA TV033 UT WOS:A1996TV03300010 ER PT J AU Pingel, RL Lewis, LC AF Pingel, RL Lewis, LC TI The fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin in a corn ecosystem: Its effect on the insect predator Coleomegilla maculata De Geer SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Beauveria bassiana; Coleomegilla maculata; nontarget organisms; integrated pest management ID OSTRINIA-NUBILALIS LEPIDOPTERA; PYRALIDAE; HUBNER AB Isolate ARSEF 3113, of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, has potential as a control agent in an integrated pest management program in corn for the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), but its impact on beneficial insects must also be considered. This isolate ARSEF 3113 was tested in the field and laboratory for its compatibility with the coccinellid, Coleomegilla maculata De Geer. Fourth instars of C. maculata were exposed by direct contact with a granular formulation of B. bassiana containing 1.1 x 10(8) conidia per gram. No mortality of C. maculata was observed, nor was the fungus isolated from any of the exposed coccinellids. Coleomegilla maculata populations and indigenous B. bassiana on corn plants and in the soil also were monitored in held plots under three tillage systems. Results suggested a spatial and temporal specificity for B. bassiana. When C. maculata density was highest, B. bassiana was not isolated from corn plant tissues (leaf collar). We concluded that isolate ARSEF 3113 is compatible with C. maculata in managing O. nubilalis in an Iowa corn ecosystem. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,CORN INSECTS RES UNIT,GENET LAB,USDA ARS,AMES,IA 50011. RP Pingel, RL (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ENTOMOL,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 18 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD FEB PY 1996 VL 6 IS 1 BP 137 EP 141 DI 10.1006/bcon.1996.0017 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA TV033 UT WOS:A1996TV03300017 ER PT J AU Cook, SMF Linden, DR AF Cook, SMF Linden, DR TI Effect of food type and placement on earthworm (Aporrectodea tuberculata) burrowing and soil turnover SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE earthworm; burrowing; residue; bioturbation; Aporrectodea tuberculata; microcosms ID LUMBRICIDAE; RESIDUE; DECOMPOSITION; INFILTRATION; REDUCTION; TILLAGE AB Subsurface-dwelling Aporrectodea tuberculata, a common earthworm in Upper-Midwest (USA) agricultural fields, may be a significant component of agroecosystems with regard to soil mixing and preferential transport of water and chemicals. In this study we looked at effects of food residue placement and food type on A. tuberculata burrowing and soil turnover in two-dimensional Evans box microcosms. Four food residue placements mimicked patterns induced by primary tillage and two food types, readily available and natural food sources, with no food as a control. An average earthworm population of 100 earthworms m(-2) was calculated to generate 1058 km ha(-1) of new burrows and turnover 7.9 Mg ha(-1) of soil in 1 week of activity at 20 degrees C. Burrowing was random until food sources were encountered, at which time burrowing appeared to center around the food source. C1 USDA ARS,MWA,SOIL & WATER MANAGEMENT UNIT,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP Cook, SMF (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL SCI,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 22 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD FEB PY 1996 VL 21 IS 3 BP 201 EP 206 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA TY597 UT WOS:A1996TY59700013 ER PT J AU Halvorson, JJ Smith, JL Papendick, RI AF Halvorson, JJ Smith, JL Papendick, RI TI Integration of multiple soil parameters to evaluate soil quality: A field example SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE soil quality; multiple variables; non-parametric geostatistics ID MICROBIAL BIOMASS; SITE QUALITY; INDEX; INDICATOR; CARBON; RATIO AB Development of a method to assess and monitor soil quality is critical to soil resource management and policy formation. To be useful, a method for assessing soil quality must be able to integrate many different kinds of data, allow evaluation of soil quality based on alternative uses or definitions and estimate soil quality for unsampled locations. In the present study we used one such method, based on non-parametric geostatistics. We evaluated soil quality from the integration of six soil variables measured at 220 locations in an agricultural field in southeastern Washington State. We converted the continous data values for each soil variable at each location to a binary variable indicator transform based on thresholds. We then combined indicator transformed data for individual soil variables into a single integrative indicator of soil quality termed a multiple variable indicator transform (MVIT). We observed that soil chemical variables, pools of soil resources, populations of microorgansims, and soil enzymes covaried spatially across the landscape. These ensembles of soil variables were not randomly distributed, but rather were systematically patterned. Soil quality maps calculated by kriging showed that the joint probabilities of meeting specific MVIT selection were influenced by the critical threshold values used to transform each individual soil quality variable and the MVIT selection criteria. If MVIT criteria adequately reflect soil quality then the kriging can produce maps of the probabilty of a soil being of good or poor quality. RP Halvorson, JJ (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,215 JOHNSON HALL,PULLMAN,WA 99165, USA. NR 25 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD FEB PY 1996 VL 21 IS 3 BP 207 EP 214 DI 10.1007/BF00335937 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA TY597 UT WOS:A1996TY59700014 ER PT J AU Conley, AJ Corbin, CJ Hinshelwood, MM Liu, Z Simpson, ER Ford, JJ Harada, N AF Conley, AJ Corbin, CJ Hinshelwood, MM Liu, Z Simpson, ER Ford, JJ Harada, N TI Functional aromatase expression in porcine adrenal gland and testis SO BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article ID ENCODING HUMAN AROMATASE; CYTOCHROME-P-450; FETAL; PIG; IDENTIFICATION; IMPLANTATION; PROGESTERONE; DEFICIENCY; FEMALE; ENZYME AB The expression of aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450(arom)) in the adrenal glands, testes, and placentas of fetal and newborn pigs was investigated. Western immunoblot analysis detected a single 48-50-kDa protein band in these tissues as well as in other porcine tissues known to express P450(arom) including Day 12 tubular conceptuses, theca interna, and granulosa. Slight differences in migration suggested that the P450 protein expressed in the testis was larger than that in the adrenal gland, which was, in turn, larger than that in placenta, theca, and granulosa. Consistent with P450(arom) expression in these tissues, a cDNA encoding porcine P450(arom) hybridized to a 2.3-kb transcript in Northern analyses of porcine blastocysts, placentas, and fetal and newborn adrenal glands and testes, as well as in theca and granulosa tissues from preovulatory follicles. No differences in transcript size were detectable among tissues. The identity of P450(arom) transcripts was confirmed by sequence analysis of partial cDNA clones amplified from porcine fetal adrenal glands, testes, and placentas according to the RACE procedure. The sequences of the adrenal and testis clones were identical but differed from the placental sequence, which represented the first 85 amino acids of porcine P450(arom). Specifically, the adrenal and testis clones expressed transcripts that resembled the ovarian isoform of porcine P450(arom) rather than the porcine placental isoform, predicting a two-amino acid deletion and 12 predicted amino acid substitutions. P450(arom) activity was examined to further define expression in these tissues. Activity in adrenal, testis, and placental homogenates was inhibited by 4-hydroxyandrostenedione (4OH-A4) whereas inhibition by etomidate was demonstrated in the adrenal and testis homogenates but not in the placental homogenates. The sensitivity of activity in the newborn porcine adrenal glands and testes to inhibition by etomidate was similar to that of ovarian P450(arom) activity. The level of P450(arom) activity was highest in the placenta and lowest in the adrenal gland, and no effect of fetal sex was noted in either tissue. Immunocytochemical studies localized the expression of P450(arom) in the adrenal gland of newborns to cells at the corticomedullary junction and, with greater intensity, to cells around the developing medullary lobules. The same cells expressed cytochrome P450 17 alpha-hydroxylase, the expression of which also extended throughout the zona fasciculata. The interstitial cells were the site of P450(arom) expression in the testis, but no expression could be detected in any cells within the spermatic tubules. These data demonstrate that fetal and newborn porcine adrenal glands and testes express an active P450(arom) that resembles the isoform expressed in the ovary. The localization of adrenal expression suggests a possible role in medullary maturation and function in the fetal and newborn pig. C1 N DAKOTA STATE UNIV, FARGO, ND 58105 USA. UNIV TEXAS, SW MED CTR, DALLAS, TX 75235 USA. USDA ARS, MEAT ANIM RES CTR, CLAY CTR, NE 68933 USA. FUJITA HLTH UNIV, TOYOAKE, AICHI 47011, JAPAN. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD13234] NR 34 TC 85 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC STUDY REPRODUCTION PI MADISON PA 1691 MONROE ST,SUITE # 3, MADISON, WI 53711-2021 USA SN 0006-3363 EI 1529-7268 J9 BIOL REPROD JI Biol. Reprod. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 54 IS 2 BP 497 EP 505 DI 10.1095/biolreprod54.2.497 PG 9 WC Reproductive Biology SC Reproductive Biology GA TQ575 UT WOS:A1996TQ57500030 PM 8788204 ER PT J AU Alaimo, MH Kumosinski, TF AF Alaimo, MH Kumosinski, TF TI Hydrophobic interactions in molecular dynamics simulations of surfactants and proteins SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA,ERRC,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 70 IS 2 BP MP138 EP MP138 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA TZ682 UT WOS:A1996TZ68201020 ER PT J AU Singh, K Kumosinski, TF GrothVasselli, B Farnsworth, P AF Singh, K Kumosinski, TF GrothVasselli, B Farnsworth, P TI Biophysical properties of refined alpha crystallin models. SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV MED & DENT NEW JERSEY,SCH MED,NEWARK,NJ 07103. USDA ARS,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 70 IS 2 BP MAMC3 EP MAMC3 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA TZ682 UT WOS:A1996TZ68200717 ER PT J AU MoraGutierrez, A Kumosinski, TF Farrell, HM AF MoraGutierrez, A Kumosinski, TF Farrell, HM TI Interactions between sugars and the whole caseins, bovine and caprine, determined by O-17 AND C-13 NMR. SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 PRAIRIE VIEW A&M UNIV,CARC,PRAIRIE VIEW,TX 77446. USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 70 IS 2 BP TU191 EP TU191 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA TZ682 UT WOS:A1996TZ68201709 ER PT J AU Unruh, JJ Kumosinski, TF Farrell, HF AF Unruh, JJ Kumosinski, TF Farrell, HF TI FTIR studies on the secondary structural changes during thermal gelation of beta-lactoglobulin SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 70 IS 2 BP TU440 EP TU440 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA TZ682 UT WOS:A1996TZ68201961 ER PT J AU Tu, SI Patterson, DL Brauer, D Hsu, AF AF Tu, SI Patterson, DL Brauer, D Hsu, AF TI The effect of Cd2+ on the functional relationship between the NADH-linked electron transfer and the H+-ATPase in plant root plasma membrane vesicles. SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,NAA,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 70 IS 2 BP WP209 EP WP209 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA TZ682 UT WOS:A1996TZ68202394 ER PT J AU Moyes, RB Kirch, H DeLoach, JR AF Moyes, RB Kirch, H DeLoach, JR TI Enhanced biological activity of human recombinant interleukin 2 coupled to mouse red blood cells as evaluated using the mouse Meth A sarcoma model SO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; CARRIER ERYTHROCYTES; KILLER CELLS; ACTIVATION; CANCER; CD2; EXPRESSION; LIPOSOMES; INVIVO; ROUTE AB In order to circumvent the toxicity associated with high-dose interleukin 2 (IL2) administration and its rapid clearance from the circulation, a carrier system for IL2 is needed. Red blood cells (RBCs) coated with recombinant interleukin 2 (rlL2) provide a means of delivering IL2 into the system in a continuous low-dose manner which, in turn, maintains a low, potentially non-toxic, IL2 concentration, Murine RBCs coated with rIL2 (RBCs-rIL2) are able to induce cytotoxic activity in mouse spleen cells in vitro against malignant murine YAC-I cells (53-62% cytotoxicity) using less than 4500 i.u./10(9) RBCs per mouse. Cytotoxicity (21-31%) becomes apparent upon cytotoxic testing of spleens cells stimulated in vivo. Using the murine Meth A sarcoma model, the effectiveness of this RBC-rIL2 vehicle is demonstrated in vivo by a 84% reduction in tumour size as compared with the soluble-rIL2-treated mice. Moreover, the RBC-rIL2 vehicle is able to induce tumoricidal cytotoxicity with very low rlL2 concentrations (about 10 000 i.u. of rIL2/mouse). These results indicate that rIL2 retains its biological activity when bound to the RBC and therefore could prove useful as a therapeutic delivery system for cancer treatment. RP Moyes, RB (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,USDA,2881 F&B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 33 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU PORTLAND PRESS PI LONDON PA 59 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON, ENGLAND W1N 3AJ SN 0885-4513 J9 BIOTECHNOL APPL BIOC JI Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 23 BP 29 EP 36 PN 1 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA TV586 UT WOS:A1996TV58600007 PM 8867894 ER PT J AU Saha, BC Bothast, RJ AF Saha, BC Bothast, RJ TI Glucose tolerant and thermophilic beta-glucosidases from yeasts SO BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FUNGAL AB Forty-eight yeast strains belonging to the genera Candida, Debaryomyces, Kluyveromyces and Pichia (obtained from the ARS Culture Collection, Peoria, IL) were screened for production of extracellular glucose tolerant and thermophilic beta-glucosidase activity using p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucoside as substrate. Enzymes from 15 yeast strains showed very high glucose tolerance (< 50% inhibition at 30%, w/v glucose). The optimal temperatures and pH for these beta-glucosidase activities varied from 30 to 65 degrees C and pH 4.5 to 6.5. The beta-glucosidases from all these yeast strains hydrolyzed cellobiose. RP Saha, BC (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FERMENTAT BIOCHEM RES UNOT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 7 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 0141-5492 J9 BIOTECHNOL LETT JI Biotechnol. Lett. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 18 IS 2 BP 155 EP 158 DI 10.1007/BF00128671 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA TV581 UT WOS:A1996TV58100008 ER PT J AU Huang, JK Keudell, KC Seong, SJ Klopfenstein, WE Wen, L Bagby, MO Norton, RA Vesonder, RF AF Huang, JK Keudell, KC Seong, SJ Klopfenstein, WE Wen, L Bagby, MO Norton, RA Vesonder, RF TI Conversion of 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid to 12,15-, 12,16- and 12,17-dihydroxyoctadecanoic acids with Bacillus sp U88 SO BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OLEIC-ACID AB A new microbial isolate, Bacillus sp. U88, transformed 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid to 12,15-, 12,16- and 12,17-dihydroxyoctadecanoic acids when grown aerobically in 1% yeast extract medium at 30 degrees C and shaken at 250 rpm for 5 days. These three dihydroxyfatty acids were derivatized with Trimethylsilyl ether and identified by GC-MS analysis. The yield of 12,15-, 12,16- and 12,17-dihydroxyoctadecanoic acids after 5 day incubation were 2.8%, 7.1% and 1.1%, respectively. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. WESTERN ILLINOIS UNIV,DEPT CHEM,MACOMB,IL 61455. WESTERN ILLINOIS UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,MACOMB,IL 61455. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 0141-5492 J9 BIOTECHNOL LETT JI Biotechnol. Lett. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 18 IS 2 BP 193 EP 198 DI 10.1007/BF00128678 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA TV581 UT WOS:A1996TV58100015 ER PT J AU Maddox, DM Joley, DB Supkoff, DM Mayfield, A AF Maddox, DM Joley, DB Supkoff, DM Mayfield, A TI Pollination biology of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis) in California SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE Centaurea; pollination; yellow starthistle AB Various facets of the pollination biology affecting achene production of Centaurea solstitialis L. were examined. Production of viable achenes commenced in capitula bagged or excised in the late flowering stage (F-2 midstage). In all studies in which capitula were prevented from crossing, only one plant had a high level of achene production, all others producing either a few achenes or none at all. Achene production in plants allowed to cross was high and significantly greater than in plants prevented from crossing. Persistent low levels of self-fertilization in most plants indicated that there was selection against inbreeding. The pollen presentation mechanism for C. solstitialis was similar to that of other Centaurea spp. described previously. The most commonly observed insect visitors of yellow starthistle capitula were Hymenoptera spp., especially the European honeybee. C1 ARS,USDA,ALBANY,CA 94710. CALIF DEPT FOOD & AGR,BIOL CONTROL PROGRAM,SACRAMENTO,CA 95832. CALIF DEPT PESTICIDE REGULAT,SACRAMENTO,CA 95814. NR 25 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 9 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 74 IS 2 BP 262 EP 267 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TV960 UT WOS:A1996TV96000011 ER PT J AU Gilliam, FS Adams, MB Yurish, BM AF Gilliam, FS Adams, MB Yurish, BM TI Ecosystem nutrient responses to chronic nitrogen inputs at Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID SOIL SOLUTION; SATURATION; ACIDIFICATION; DEPOSITION; ADDITIONS; PLANT AB Among the current environmental concerns for forests of the eastern United States is nitrogen (N) saturation, a result of excessive inputs of N associated with acidic deposition. We studied nutrient responses on N-treated and untreated watersheds of the Fernow Experimental Forest, West Virginia, to test for evidence of N saturation on the treated watershed. The watersheds were WS7 (23-year-old even-aged control), WS4 (mature mixed-aged control), and WS3 (23-year-old even-aged treatment). WS3 has received aerial applications of (NH4)(2)SO4 from 1989 to the present (a total of 4 years for the study period) at 3 x ambient inputs of N and S (54 and 61 kg . ha(-1). year(-1), respectively). Base-flow stream samples were collected weekly from each watershed and analyzed for NO3- and Ca2+. Mineral soil was incubated in situ, placed in bags, and buried about every 30 days during the growing season in each of seven sample plots within each watershed. Moist samples of soil from the bags were analyzed for extractable NH4+ and NO3-. In addition, forest floor material and leaves of an herbaceous species (Viola rotundifolia Michx.) from each plot were analyzed for N and other nutrients. Viola rotundifolia was present on all 21 plots and used as an additional indicator of N availability and soil fertility. Foliage tissue was sampled from overstory tree species (Liriodendron tulipifera L., Prunus serotina Ehrh., Betula lenta L., and Acer rubrum L.) from WS3 and WS7 and analyzed for nutrient content. Results from the 1993 growing season showed few, if any, differences among watersheds for (1) N content and C/N ratio of the mineral soil and forest floor and (2) relative proportion of NH4+ and NO3- produced in the buried bags. Nitrification rates were equally high in soils of all watersheds; N concentrations were significantly higher in foliage tissue of overstory tree species and of V. rotundifolia in the treatment versus control watersheds; plant tissue Ca was significantly lower for the treatment watershed than for the control watersheds. Our results support the conclusions of earlier studies that high amounts of ambient N deposition have brought about N saturation on untreated watersheds at the Fernow Experimental Forest. This is suggested by minimal differences among watersheds in N mineralization and nitrification and soil and forest floor N. However, aggravated N saturation on our treated watershed can be seen in differences in plant tissue nutrients among watersheds and streamflow data, indicating increased losses of NO3- with accompanying losses of Ca2+ in response to further N additions to a N-saturated system. C1 US FOREST SERV, TIMBER & WATERSHED LAB, PARSONS, WV 26287 USA. RP Gilliam, FS (reprint author), MARSHALL UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, HUNTINGTON, WV 25755 USA. NR 43 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 26 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 26 IS 2 BP 196 EP 205 DI 10.1139/x26-023 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TY154 UT WOS:A1996TY15400005 ER PT J AU Miller, RE Scott, W Hazard, JW AF Miller, RE Scott, W Hazard, JW TI Soil compaction and conifer growth after tractor yarding at three coastal Washington locations SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article AB We measured soil density and tree growth after wet-season, ground-based yarding on fine-textured soils at three clear-cut sites. Four treatment conditions were sampled on or near four skid trails (replicates): nontilled and tilled primary skid trails, and adjacent slash-created areas; the fourth treatment was secondary skid trails at two locations and a logged-only control at the third location. The 16 treatment plots were split into 4 subplots, each randomly assigned to a species - stock type and planted with 30 seedlings. Tree data through year 8 after planting were analyzed as a randomized block, split-plot design. Compared with nontrail areas, bulk density in the 0- to 8-cm depth on primary skid trails after logging averaged 41-52% greater. Eight years later, bulk density in the 0- to 30-cm depth of primary skid trails still exceeded that outside trails by about 20%, yet tree survival was similar except for western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) having poorer survival on nontilled trails at one location. Average tree height and volume of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France var. menziesii), Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.), and hemlock (except height at one location) did not differ among treatments. Observed differences among treatment means were small. Power analyses indicated that 20% or larger differences in tree height or volume were detectable with 30-95% power. C1 WEYERHAEUSER CO,TACOMA,WA 98477. STAT CONSULTING SERV,BEND,OR 97701. RP Miller, RE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,2625 93RD AVE SW,OLYMPIA,WA 98512, USA. NR 23 TC 45 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 26 IS 2 BP 225 EP 236 DI 10.1139/x26-026 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TY154 UT WOS:A1996TY15400008 ER PT J AU Ingersoll, CA Wilson, MV Thies, WG AF Ingersoll, CA Wilson, MV Thies, WG TI Effects of Phellinus weirii gaps on early successional vegetation following timber harvest SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article AB A 65-year-old stand in northwestern Washington dominated by Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France was harvested by clear-cutting in 1987. Before harvest, canopy gaps caused by the root-disease fungus Phellinus weirii (Murr.) Gilbn. covered about 22% of stand area. Five years after harvest, overall plant species composition of former gaps differed significantly from adjacent areas of previously intact forest. Forbs and trees were more abundant, and ferns less abundant, in areas of previously intact forest than in former gaps. In contrast, total cover, species diversity, and the abundance of plant species groups (defined by distributional and life history characteristics) did not differ significantly between areas of previously intact forest and former gaps. Plant species responded individualistically to timber harvesting in gaps and intact forest. These results show that development of root-disease gaps may influence understory patterns during early succession following harvest. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Ingersoll, CA (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 26 IS 2 BP 322 EP 326 DI 10.1139/x26-036 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TY154 UT WOS:A1996TY15400018 ER PT J AU Murphy, PA Shelton, MG AF Murphy, PA Shelton, MG TI An individual-tree basal area growth model for loblolly pine stands SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID CONIFERS AB Tree basal area growth has been modeled as a combination of a potential growth function and a modifier function, in which the potential function is fitted separately from open-grown tree data or a subset of the data and the modifier function includes stand and site variables. We propose a modification of this by simultaneously fitting both a growth component and a modifier component. The growth component can be any function that approximates tree growth patterns, and the logistic function is chosen as the modifier component. This approach can be adapted to a variety of stand conditions, and its application is demonstrated using data from an uneven-aged loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) study located in Arkansas and Louisiana. RP Murphy, PA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,MONTICELLO,AR 71656, USA. NR 21 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 26 IS 2 BP 327 EP 331 DI 10.1139/x26-037 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TY154 UT WOS:A1996TY15400019 ER PT J AU Liao, CH McCallus, DE Wells, JM Tzean, SS Kang, GY AF Liao, CH McCallus, DE Wells, JM Tzean, SS Kang, GY TI The repB gene required for production of extracellular enzymes and fluorescent siderophores in Pseudomonas viridiflava is an analog of the gacA gene of Pseudomonas syringae SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE response regulator; signal transduction; soft-rot bacteria; enzyme production ID PV SYRINGAE; LEMA GENE; MUTAGENESIS; BACTERIA; CLONING AB Two genes, designated repA and repB, are involved in the regulation of the synthesis of extracellular pectate lyase, protease, and alginate in Pseudomonas viridiflava. The repA gene has been shown to encode a protein highly homologous to several bacterial sensors in the two-component regulator family including the LemA of Pseudomonas syringae. In this study, the repB locus, initially identified in a 6.3-kb EcoRI genomic fragment of P. viridiflava, was further characterized. Results obtained from restriction mapping, deletion subclonings, and mini-Mu-LacZ fusions indicated that the repB gene was contained within a 0.8-kb HindIII-PstI region. Sequence analysis of this repB region revealed the presence of an open reading frame, which was predicted to encode a protein similar or identical to the gacA response regulator found in P. syringae and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The repB gene of P. viridiflava also regulated the production of fluorescent siderophores, in addition to the aforementioned extracellular enzymes and alginate. The repB or gacA homologs were detected in the genomes of nine other strains of P. viridiflava, P. fluorescens, and P. syringae included in the study. The data presented here and earlier indicate that the repA/repB gene regulatory system of P. viridiflava is analogous to the lemA/gacA system of P. syringae and P. fluorescens. C1 NATL TAIWAN UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,TAIPEI 10764,TAIWAN. KOREA GINGSENG & TOBACCO RES INST,SUWON EXPT STN,SUWON 440600,SOUTH KOREA. RP Liao, CH (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 23 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 42 IS 2 BP 177 EP 182 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA TX276 UT WOS:A1996TX27600011 PM 8742358 ER PT J AU Roberts, DP Marty, AM Dery, PD Hartung, JS AF Roberts, DP Marty, AM Dery, PD Hartung, JS TI Isolation and modulation of growth of a colonization-impaired strain of Enterobacter cloacae in cucumber spermosphere SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Enterobacter cloacae; environmental containment; spermosphere; proliferation; biological control ID PREEMERGENCE DAMPING-OFF; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; PYTHIUM-ULTIMUM; BACTERIA; IDENTIFICATION; MICROORGANISMS; RHIZOSPHERE; TRANSPOSON; SELECTION; RICE AB Enterobacter cloacae A-46 was isolated for use in an environmental containment strategy for genetically modified derivative strains with enhanced biocontrol activity. The population of E. cloacae A-46, a transposon mutant of the plant beneficial bacterium E. cloacae 501R3, increased 10-fold (significant increase at P less than or equal to 0.05) in cucumber spermosphere when applied to cucumber seeds along with casamino acids. In contrast, strain A-46 was incapable of proliferation in cucumber spermosphere in the absence of casamino acids. Populations of strain A-46 also failed to increase in corn, cowpea, sunflower, and wheat spermospheres in the absence of casamino acids, while populations of strain 501R3 increased 3162-, 512-, 1698-, and 93-fold, respectively. In addition, the persistence of strain A-46 in corn, cucumber, and sunflower rhizospheres and in natural soil was greatly reduced compared with the parental strain 501R3. C1 USDA,AGR RES STN,FRUIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Roberts, DP (reprint author), USDA,AGR RES STN,BIOCONTROL PLANT DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 42 IS 2 BP 196 EP 201 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA TX276 UT WOS:A1996TX27600015 PM 8742359 ER PT J AU Su, CM Evans, LJ AF Su, CM Evans, LJ TI Soil solution chemistry and alfalfa response to CaCO3 and MgCO3 on an acidic Gleysol SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE alfalfa; liming; soil solution chemistry; immiscible displacement; plant nutrition ID PH ERRORS; WATER AB Soil acidity is a limiting factor for forage production. Liming is a common agricultural practice for acid soils, yet there is limited information on the effects of soil solution chemistry in response to liming. Soil from the Ap horizon of an Orthic Humic Gleysol was amended with 0, 2.5 or 5.0 g CaCO3 kg(-1) and 2.1 or 4.2 g MgCO3 kg(-1) to determine the changes due to liming in soil solution composition before planting and after three cuts of alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.). The soil solution samples were extracted by immiscible displacement with C2Cl4. The low equivalent rate of CaCO3 and MgCO3 decreased the concentrations of Fe from 889 to less than 22 mu M, Mn from 286 to less than 6 mu M, Al from 45 mu M to undetectable level before plant growth. Soil pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), Cu and NH4-N concentrations in the soil solutions extracted after the third cut of alfalfa were increased compared with those measured before planting. Concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn, Zn, Fe, Al, NO3-N, SO4 and Si were all decreased after the third cut compared with those measured before planting. Step-wise multiple regression analysis indicated that the dry matter (DM) yield of the first cut was positively correlated to NO3-N and negatively correlated to Mn concentration in the soil solutions (R(2) = 0.65**); whereas the DM yield of the second and third cuts and of the roots were negatively correlated with Mn concentrations (R(2) = 0.75**, 0.63**, and 0.60**, respectively). The regression analysis supported visual Mn toxicity, suggesting that Mn toxicity, not Al concentration, was the main limitation to alfalfa growth in unlimed soil. C1 UNIV GUELPH,DEPT LAND RESOURCE SCI,GUELPH,ON N1G 2W1,CANADA. RP Su, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,450 W BIG SPRINGS RD,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507, USA. NR 32 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 5 PU AGR INST CANADA PI OTTAWA PA SUITE 907 151 SLATER ST, OTTAWA ON K1P 5H4, CANADA SN 0008-4271 J9 CAN J SOIL SCI JI Can. J. Soil Sci. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 76 IS 1 BP 41 EP 47 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA UA402 UT WOS:A1996UA40200007 ER PT J AU Heath, JP AF Heath, JP TI Epithelial cell migration in the intestine SO CELL BIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE cell locomotion; crypt; cytoskeleton; electron microscopy; enterocytes; epithelium; immunofluorescence; intestine; matrix; mitosis; morphogenesis; villus; wound healing ID GROWTH-FACTOR; WOUND CLOSURE; RESTITUTION; MOVEMENT; INVITRO; INJURY; MODEL; CULTURE; REPAIR; MUCOSA AB Despite significant advances in our understanding of the roles of the cytoskeleton and matrix receptors in cell locomotion, derived largely from in vitro studies on the movement of epithelial cell sheets and isolated cells, the mechanism of epithelial cell migration in the adult intestine remains an enigma. The primary function of the epithelial cell cytoskeleton seems to be in the maintenance of the apical region of the epithelium facing the gut lumen. There we find the brush border, with its associated enzymes, and the intercellular adhesion complexes that give the epithelium its cohesiveness and its barrier function. Curiously, there is little in the way of an organized cytoskeleton in the basal region of the epithelium adjacent to the basement membrane on which the epithelium is presumed to migrate. In this short review, I focus on what is known about epithelial migration from our understanding of the structure of the epithelium and from studies on wound healing, and indicate some avenues for future study. (C) 1996 Academic Press Limited C1 BAYLOR COLL MED, CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR, USDA, ARS, DEPT CELL BIOL, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. RP BAYLOR COLL MED, CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,USDA,ARS,DEPT PEDIAT, 1100 BATES ST, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. NR 43 TC 104 Z9 105 U1 2 U2 18 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1065-6995 EI 1095-8355 J9 CELL BIOL INT JI Cell Biol. Int. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 20 IS 2 BP 139 EP 146 DI 10.1006/cbir.1996.0018 PG 8 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA UD760 UT WOS:A1996UD76000007 PM 8935158 ER PT J AU Fries, GF AF Fries, GF TI A model to predict concentrations of lipophilic chemicals in growing pigs SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins, PCB and Related Compounds CY NOV 21-25, 1994 CL KYOTO, JAPAN AB A model was devised to examine predicted residue concentrations in the fat of growing pigs under various exposure scenarios. A single body fat pool and transfer rates proportional to concentrations were assumed. When exposure was a constant concentration in the diet, predicted concentrations in fat were maximum at about 30 kg body weight and then declined slowly until the typical 100 kg slaughter weight was reached. Declines in concentrations of recalcitrant compounds in fat of animals moved to a clean environment can be accounted for by dilution in the expanding fat pool. Model simulantions suggest that alterations in feeding and management to produce leaner animals may lead to greater transmission of residues to humans. RP Fries, GF (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 18 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD FEB PY 1996 VL 32 IS 3 BP 443 EP 451 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(95)00232-4 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TX425 UT WOS:A1996TX42500003 PM 8907221 ER PT J AU Winters, D Cleverly, D Meier, K Dupuy, A Byrne, C Deyrup, C Ellis, R Ferrario, J Harless, R Lesse, W Lorber, M McDaniel, D Schaum, J Walcott, J AF Winters, D Cleverly, D Meier, K Dupuy, A Byrne, C Deyrup, C Ellis, R Ferrario, J Harless, R Lesse, W Lorber, M McDaniel, D Schaum, J Walcott, J TI A statistical survey of dioxin-like compounds in United States beef: A progress report SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins, PCB and Related Compounds CY NOV 21-25, 1994 CL KYOTO, JAPAN ID FOOD AB The USEPA and the USDA have completed the first statistically designed survey of the occurrence and concentration of CDDs and CDFs in the fat of beef animals raised for human consumption in the United States. Back fat was sampled from 63 carcasses at federally inspected slaughter establishments nationwide. The sample design called for sampling beef animal classes in proportion to national annual slaughter statistics. All samples were analyzed using a modification of EPA method 1613, using isotope dilution, High Resolution GC/MS to determine the rate of occurrence of 2,3,7,8-substituted CDDs/CDFS. The whole weight method detection limits ranged from 0.05 ng kg(-1) for TCDD to 3 ng kg(-1) for OCDD. The results of this survey showed a mean concentration (reported as I-TEQ, lipid adjusted) in U.S. beef animals of 0.35 ng kg(-1) and 0.89 ng kg(-1) when either non-detects are treated as 0 value or assigned a value of 1/2 the detection limit, respectively. C1 US EPA,OFF RES & DEV,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. US EPA,OFF PREVENT PESTICIDES & TOX SUBSTANCES,WASHINGTON,DC 20460. US EPA,OFF PREVENT PESTICIDES & TOX SUBSTANCES,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BAY ST LOUIS,MS 39529. USDA,FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. NR 8 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD FEB PY 1996 VL 32 IS 3 BP 469 EP 478 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(95)00234-0 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TX425 UT WOS:A1996TX42500006 PM 8907224 ER PT J AU Kim, HL Calhoun, MC Stipanovic, RD AF Kim, HL Calhoun, MC Stipanovic, RD TI Accumulation of gossypol enantiomers in ovine tissues SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gossypol enantiomers; lamb tissues; cottonseed; HPLC ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; METABOLISM; RESOLUTION AB Tissue residue levels of gossypol enantiomers in cottonseed-fed and lethally intoxicated lambs were determined by the high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection method. Gossypol was derivatized with (+)-2-amino-1-propanol and separated with a reversed-phase C18 column and the elution of analytes was monitored at 254 nm. The highest residue level was found in the liver tissue (318-416 ng total gossypol/mg dry tissue), and the residue of (-)-gossypol was higher than (+)-gossypol in the heart, muscle and spleen. The detection limit was 2 ng, and the detector response of gossypol-amine adducts was linear between 2 and 100 ng enantiomers. C1 TEXAS AGR EXPTL STN,SAN ANGELO,TX 76901. USDA ARS,SO CROPS RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. RP Kim, HL (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT VET PHYSIOL & PHARMACOL,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843, USA. NR 22 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0305-0491 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 113 IS 2 BP 417 EP 420 DI 10.1016/0305-0491(95)02061-6 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA UD428 UT WOS:A1996UD42800027 PM 8653593 ER PT J AU Salinas, J Souriau, A DeSa, C Andersen, AA Rodolakis, A AF Salinas, J Souriau, A DeSa, C Andersen, AA Rodolakis, A TI Serotype 2-specific antigens from ruminant strains of Chlamydia pecorum detected by monoclonal antibodies SO COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Chlamydia pecorum; serotype 2; ruminants; antigens; monoclonal antibodies ID OUTER-MEMBRANE PROTEIN; MICROIMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TEST; OVINE ORIGIN; SP-NOV; PSITTACI; DIFFERENTIATION; DIVERSITY; ABORTION AB A panel of 25 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) selected from seven different cellular fusions was used to study the antigenic relationships among a group of 18 ruminant serotype 2 strains of Chlamydia pecorum by indirect microimmunofluorescence test: The antigenic relationships between the strains of C. psittaci serotype 1 and strains of serotype 2 C, pecorum were also studied, as well as the C. pecorum strains and an avian and a feline strain of C. psittaci. Only the genus-specific MAb, used as a positive control, reacted with all the tested strains. Six MAbs reacted with all the C. pecorum serotype 2 strains, but only one of them recognized an 80 kDa protein in Western blot. With these 18 serotype 2 strains, 16 different patterns were established, underlying the high heterogeneity of this group. Only the three caprine strains exhibited the same profile. None of the MAbs reacted with the serotype 1 strains, or the feline isolate of C. psittaci, but two of them recognized the avian strain. We discuss the possibility that the serotype 2-specific antigens represent C. pecorum species-specific antigens that could be used for diagnosis. C1 INRA,F-37380 NOUZILLY,FRANCE. UNIV MURCIA,FAC VET,DEPT PATOL ANIM,E-30100 MURCIA,SPAIN. USDA,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AVIAN DIS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. NR 28 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0147-9571 J9 COMP IMMUNOL MICROB JI Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 19 IS 2 BP 155 EP 161 DI 10.1016/0147-9571(95)00029-1 PG 7 WC Immunology; Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA UB977 UT WOS:A1996UB97700007 PM 8814978 ER PT J AU Hummel, JW Gaultney, LD Sudduth, KA AF Hummel, JW Gaultney, LD Sudduth, KA TI Soil property sensing for site-specific crop management SO COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE soil organic matter; soil nitrate; soil moisture; depth-to-claypan; cation exchange capacity ID ORGANIC-MATTER CONTENT; REFLECTANCE; NITROGEN; CARBON; COLOR AB Site-specific crop management (SSCM) aims to improve production efficiency by adjusting crop inputs, especially fertilizers and agro-chemicals, to varying local conditions within a field. Sensors are needed to obtain site-specific data on factors affecting crop growth and yields, such as nutrient status, weed pressure, soil moisture status, landscape position, soil organic matter (SOM) content, soil acidity, and depth to a restrictive layer. Two SOM sensors have been licensed for commercial development: (1) a single-wavelength sensor that must be recalibrated for the soils and moisture conditions that prevail at the time of use, and (2) a multiple-wavelength sensor which can utilize a single calibration to predict SOM over a range of soil moistures and a range of soil types that occur within a geographical range of several hundreds of kilometers. The single-wavelength sensor requires operator acceptance of the need for frequent recalibration, but is relatively inexpensive and rugged. The multiple-wavelength sensor uses a single calibration applicable over a broader range of soil types and soil moistures, and can also be used to sense soil moisture and cation exchange capacity (CEC), but uses complex technology. A simple inexpensive sensor that can classify soils according to soil moisture has also been developed. Sensors for other soil parameters are being sought, and progress has been reported on nutrient and depth-to-claypan sensing. C1 DUPONT CO INC,NEWARK,DE 19714. USDA ARS,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. RP Hummel, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS,1304 W PENN AVE,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 35 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1699 J9 COMPUT ELECTRON AGR JI Comput. Electron. Agric. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 14 IS 2-3 BP 121 EP 136 DI 10.1016/0168-1699(95)00043-7 PG 16 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Agriculture; Computer Science GA TY158 UT WOS:A1996TY15800003 ER PT J AU Birrell, SJ Sudduth, KA Borgelt, SC AF Birrell, SJ Sudduth, KA Borgelt, SC TI Comparison of sensors and techniques for crop yield mapping SO COMPUTERS AND ELECTRONICS IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE yield monitor; mapping; kriging; precision agriculture AB The implementation of site-specific crop management is dependent on the variations in yield and yield potential within a field. Crop yield maps are important for both the implementation and evaluation of site-specific crop management strategies. Management decisions and evaluations based on yield maps must take into consideration the accuracy and resolution of the maps. An impact-based yield monitor and a volumetric yield monitor were compared. The effect of different dynamic models of combine grain flow on the calculated instantaneous yields were investigated. Both simple time delay models and first order models could be used to model the grain flow. In general, a simple time delay model with minimal smoothing provided the best yield maps. Yield maps developed using different methods of Kriging and other mapping techniques were compared. The maps showed the same general trends. However, localized yield features were represented differently due to the methods used for developing the maps and the degree of smoothing. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,USDA ARS,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. RP Birrell, SJ (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT AGR ENGN,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. NR 10 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1699 J9 COMPUT ELECTRON AGR JI Comput. Electron. Agric. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 14 IS 2-3 BP 215 EP 233 DI 10.1016/0168-1699(95)00049-6 PG 19 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Agriculture; Computer Science GA TY158 UT WOS:A1996TY15800009 ER PT J AU Iverson, GC Warnock, SE Butler, RW Bishop, MA Warnock, N AF Iverson, GC Warnock, SE Butler, RW Bishop, MA Warnock, N TI Spring migration of Western Sandpipers along the Pacific Coast of North America: A telemetry study SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Western Sandpiper; Calidris mauri; migration; telemetry; Pacific Coast; length-of-stay ID LONG-DISTANCE FLIGHTS; LENGTH; MIGRANT; WADERS; STAY; MASS AB We studied the migratory movements of radio-equipped Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) along a 4,000 km stretch of the west coast of North America from California to Alaska during the 1992 spring migration. A total of 77 shorebirds were radio-tagged at San Francisco Bay, CA; Bolinas Lagoon, CA; Fraser River Delta, British Columbia; and the Stikine River Delta, AK. Daily aerial and ground monitoring from mid-April to late May at banding sites as well as the Copper River Delta provided data on length of stay of individual shorebirds and migration times between study areas. Fifty-eight shorebirds were detected beyond banding sites for a 74% net relocation rate. The proportion of birds detected along the migration route increased with latitude: Grays Harbor, WA (3.4%); Fraser River, British Columbia (8.6%); Stikine River, AK (28.6%); and Copper River, AK (62.3%). Length of stay averaged three days per site. We failed to detect differences in length of stay among sites or between sexes. A condition index calculated as body mass standardized for body size was a poor indicator of length of stay at a site or migration time among sites. An estimated 26% of radio-equipped birds were never relocated suggesting that migrant birds use smaller dispersed wetlands as well as the major intertidal wetland complexes we studied. We conclude that most spring migrant Western Sandpipers use a short-flight hopping migration strategy rather than a few sustained long flights. The short-flight strategy emphasizes the importance of maintaining a continuous complex of intertidal wetland habitats along the migration route to ensure shorebird conservation. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,STIKLINE AREA,TONGASS NATL FOREST,PETERSBURG,AK 99833. NATL BIOL SERV,CALIF PACIFIC SCI CTR,DIXON,CA 95620. CANADIAN WILDLIFE SERV,PACIFIC WILDLIFE RES CTR,DELTA,BC V4K 3Y3,CANADA. US FOREST SERV,USDA,COPPER RIVER DELTA INST,PACIFIC NW RES STN,CORDOVA,AK 99574. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DAVIS,CA 95616. SAN DIEGO STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,SAN DIEGO,CA 92812. NR 52 TC 77 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 19 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD FEB PY 1996 VL 98 IS 1 BP 10 EP 21 DI 10.2307/1369502 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA TX706 UT WOS:A1996TX70600002 ER PT J AU Mech, LD AF Mech, LD TI Recovering wolf populations SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Letter RP Mech, LD (reprint author), N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,NATL BIOL SERV,1992 FOLWELL AVE,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI CAMBRIDGE PA 238 MAIN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 10 IS 1 BP 6 EP 7 PG 2 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TX280 UT WOS:A1996TX28000006 ER PT J AU Silver, WL Brown, S Lugo, AE AF Silver, WL Brown, S Lugo, AE TI Effects of changes in biodiversity on ecosystem function in tropical forests SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DYNAMICS; BIOMASS AB Changing land use in the tropics has resulted in vast areas of damaged and degraded lands where biodiversity has been reduced. The majority of research on biodiversity has been focused on population and community dynamics and has rarely considered the ecosystem processes that are intimately related We present a framework for examining the effects of changes in biodiversity on ecosystem function in natural managed, and damaged tropical forests. Using a whole-ecosystem approach, the framework identifies key nutrient and energy cycling processes and critical junctures or pathways, termed interfaces, where resources are concentrated and transferred between the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem. Processes occurring at these interfaces, and the organisms or attributes participating in these processes, exert a strong influence on ecosystem structure. We use examples from Puerto Rico, Southern China, Dominica, and Nicaragua to illustrate bow the functional diversity framework can be applied to critically examine the effects of changes in biodiversity on ecosystem function, and the relative success or failure of rehabilitation strategies. The few available data suggest that functional diversity, and not just species richness, is important in maintaining the integrity of nutrient and energy fluxes. High species richness, however, may increase ecosystem resiliency following disturbance by increasing the number of alternative pathways for the flow of resources. We suggest ways in which the framework of functional diversity can be used to design research to examine the effects of changes in biodiversity on ecosystem processes and in the design and evaluation of ecosystem management and land rehabilitation projects in the tropics. C1 US FOREST SERV, INT INST TROP FORESTRY, RIO PIEDRAS, PR 00928 USA. US EPA, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. RI Silver, Whendee/H-1118-2012 NR 31 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 22 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 10 IS 1 BP 17 EP 24 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10010017.x PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TX280 UT WOS:A1996TX28000010 ER PT J AU Hagan, JM VanderHaegen, WM McKinley, PS AF Hagan, JM VanderHaegen, WM McKinley, PS TI The early development of forest fragmentation effects on birds SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AVIAN NEST PREDATION; BREEDING SUCCESS; SITE FIDELITY; ISOLATED WOODLOTS; NEW-JERSEY; HABITAT; COMMUNITIES; CONSERVATION; PATTERNS; AREA AB The early development of forest fragmentation effects on forest organisms is poorly understood partly because most fragmentation studies have been done in agricultural or suburban landscapes, long after the onset of fragmentation. We develop a temporal model of forest fragmentation effects on densities of forest-breeding birds and provide data from an active industrial forest landscape to test the model. The model and our empirical data indicate that densities of several forest-dwelling bird species can increase within a forest stand soon after the onset of fragmentation as a result of displaced individuals packing into remaining habitat. Along with higher densities in the newly formed fragments; pairing success in one species, the Ovenbird (Seiurus aurocapillus), was lower in fragments that nonfragments, possible due to behavioral dysfunction resulting from high densities. Thus, density was inversely related to productivity. The duration and extent of increased densities following onset of fragmentation depends on many factors, including the sensitivity of a species to edge and area effects, the duration and rate of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the proximity of a forest stand to the disturbance. Incipient forest fragmentation may affect populations differently from later stages of fragmentation when the geometry of the landscape has reached a more stable configuration. Our model and data indicate, for reasons unrelated to traditional edge effects, that large tracts of forest can be important because they are relatively free from the variety of plant and animal population dynamics that might take place near new edges, including the encroachment of individuals displaced by habitat loss. C1 US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,ORONO,ME 04473. RP Hagan, JM (reprint author), MANOMET OBSERV,POB 1770,MANOMET,MA 02345, USA. NR 63 TC 134 Z9 138 U1 8 U2 28 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI CAMBRIDGE PA 238 MAIN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 10 IS 1 BP 188 EP 202 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10010188.x PG 15 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TX280 UT WOS:A1996TX28000026 ER PT J AU Edwards, TC Deshler, ET Foster, D Moisen, GG AF Edwards, TC Deshler, ET Foster, D Moisen, GG TI Adequacy of wildlife habitat relation models for estimating spatial distributions of terrestrial vertebrates SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB In the U.S. National Biological Service's gap analysis, potential distributions of terrestrial vertebrate species are based on the synthesis of wildlife habitat relation data and then modeled using a vegetation cover map derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper imagery. Using long-term species lists from eight National Parks in Utah we evaluated the adequacy of the wildlife habitat relations data generated by gap analysis in predicting species distributions at landscape scales. Omission and commission error rates were estimated for major taxonomic groups and for each national park. Depending on the taxonomic group, omission error ranged from 0 to 25%, whereas commission error ranged from 4 to 33%. Error rates were highest in amphibians and reptiles and lowest for birds and mammals. In general the error rate declined as the size of the park increased. The Utah wildlife habitat relation models performed well when used to predict the presence or absence of terrestrial vertebrates in eight national parks in Utah and should provide valuable information for making conservation decisions. They also provide a measure of support for the use of these models within the gap analysis framework. Although it is likely that accuracy of wildlife habitat relation models will vary from state to state, and even considerably within a state, the modeling process seems robust enough to provide a reasonably high level of accuracy for use in conservation planning at the ecoregion level. C1 NO ARIZONA UNIV,COLORADO PLATEAU RES STN,NATL BIOL SERV,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86011. NATL PK SERV,BRYCE CANYON,UT 84717. US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,OGDEN,UT 84401. RP Edwards, TC (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,UTAH COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,NATL BIOL SERV,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 37 TC 73 Z9 78 U1 4 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI CAMBRIDGE PA 238 MAIN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 10 IS 1 BP 263 EP 270 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10010263.x PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TX280 UT WOS:A1996TX28000032 ER PT J AU Benson, DM Matthews, GA Naranjo, S Turner, RG AF Benson, DM Matthews, GA Naranjo, S Turner, RG TI Untitled SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI & TECHNOL,IPARC,DEPT BIOL,ASCOT SL5 7PY,BERKS,ENGLAND. USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. BRITISH SOC PLANT BREEDERS,ELY CB4 7ND,ENGLAND. RP Benson, DM (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,BOX 7616,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 15 IS 1 BP 3 EP 3 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(96)90016-2 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UB388 UT WOS:A1996UB38800001 ER PT J AU Mason, JR Clark, L AF Mason, JR Clark, L TI Grazing repellency of methyl anthranilate to snow geese is enhanced by a visual cue SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE Chen caerulescens; damage; goose; grazing; methyl anthranilate; mimicry; Rejex-It; repellent ID CANADA AB Methyl anthranilate (Rejex-It AG-36) is formulated as a commercial goose repellent. Frequent reapplications of this product are often necessary, and the cost/application is high (greater than or equal to $300.00/ha). The present experiment tested the possibility that the repellency of methyl anthranilate might be enhanced by the addition of visual cues. Twelve 0.4 ha plots were assigned randomly to three treatment groups. Plots in the first group (n = 4) were sprayed with 10% Vapor Guard (an agrochemical adhesive). Plots in the second group (n = 4) were treated with a mixture of methyl anthranilate (3.4 kg/ha) and Vapor Guard. Plots in the third group (n = 4) were sprayed with a mixture of methyl anthranilate, white paint pigment (titanium oxide, TiO3, 0.9 kg/l) and Vapor Guard. From 28 November 1994 to 19 December 1995, all plots were visited at 7 day intervals to collect snow goose (Chen caerulescens) droppings along transects. Examination of feces weights/transect meter at 7 days post-treatment showed that both methyl anthranilate formulations reduced goose activity. At 14 and 21 days post-treatment, however, dropping weights were significantly lower in plots treated with methyl anthranilate and TiO3 than in plots treated with formulated methyl anthranilate alone. These results show that visual cues can enhance the durability of methyl anthranilate repellency. C1 MONELL CHEM SENSES CTR,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. NR 20 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 7 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 15 IS 1 BP 97 EP 100 DI 10.1016/0261-2194(95)00124-7 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UB388 UT WOS:A1996UB38800016 ER PT J AU Tang, HV Pring, DR Muza, FR Yan, B AF Tang, HV Pring, DR Muza, FR Yan, B TI Sorghum mitochondrial orf25 and a related chimeric configuration of a male-sterile cytoplasm SO CURRENT GENETICS LA English DT Article DE sorghum; mitochondrial DNA; orf25; cytoplasmic male sterility ID OPEN READING FRAME; RIBOSOMAL-PROTEIN; TOBACCO MITOCHONDRIA; CO-TRANSCRIPTION; GENE; SEQUENCE; MAIZE; GENOME; DNA; EXPRESSION AB We describe fundamental characteristics of sorghum mitochondrial orf25, urf209, and a related chimeric configuration, orf265/130, which is restricted to the IS1112C source of cytoplasmic male sterility in sorghum. Transcripts of urf209 are edited at ten nucleotides, resulting in nine amino-acid changes predicted from genomic sequences. The cDNA-predicted polypeptide product is 23.6 kDa, while Western blot analyses identify a product of 20 kDa. Transcription of urf209 is characterized by one or two transcripts, dependent on nuclear background, but this difference is not related to male fertility status. The orf265/130 chimeric region includes 288 bp 95% identical to sequences 5' to maize T-cytoplasm T-urf13 and atp6, which includes a common transcription initiation site, and terminates with a recombinational event involving urf209. The urf209 similarity extends 189 bp, followed by sequences duplicated 5' to sorghum atp6-2. Sequences immediately 3' to the atp6-2 similarity include a second in-frame start codon, defining orf130. Structural features 5' to orf130 are shared with motifs found 5' to several translated mitochondrial open reading frames. The orf265/orf130 configuration is uniquely transcribed, and transcripts of orf130 exhibit one silent RNA editing event. Transcription in somatic cells is not altered by male fertility status. C1 UNIV FLORIDA, USDA ARS, CROP GENET & ENVIRONM RES UNIT, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA. UNIV FLORIDA, DEPT PLANT PATHOL & PLANT MOLEC, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA. UNIV FLORIDA, CELLULAR BIOL PROGRAM, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA. NR 46 TC 17 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0172-8083 EI 1432-0983 J9 CURR GENET JI Curr. Genet. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 29 IS 3 BP 265 EP 274 DI 10.1007/BF02221557 PG 10 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA TW383 UT WOS:A1996TW38300009 ER PT J AU Somkuti, GA Dominiecki, ME Steinberg, DH AF Somkuti, GA Dominiecki, ME Steinberg, DH TI Sensitivity of Streptococcus thermophilus to chemical permeabilization SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BETA-GALACTOSIDASE; LACTOSE HYDROLYSIS; LACTASE; THERMOSTABILITY; PURIFICATION; MILK AB Streptococcus thermophilus cultures were treated with conjugated and unconjugated bile salts and tested for beta-galactosidase activity, Na-deoxycholate and chenodeoxycholate were more efficient permeabilizing agents than cholate, and all three bile salts were superior to their corresponding glyco- and tauro-conjugates, Treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate resulted in the highest measurable beta-galactosidase levels in permeabilized cells, whereas response to Triton X-100 was variable and strain dependent. Na-deoxycholate, chenodeoxycholate, and sodium dodecyl sulfate caused cell injury and arrested culture growth for 4 h or longer, The nongrowing permeabilized biomass of S. thermophilus was used to hydrolyze lactose in aqueous solutions and milk. RP Somkuti, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 32 IS 2 BP 101 EP 105 DI 10.1007/s002849900018 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TM932 UT WOS:A1996TM93200009 ER PT J AU Smith, LG Hake, S Sylvester, AW AF Smith, LG Hake, S Sylvester, AW TI The tangled-1 mutation alters cell division orientations throughout maize leaf development without altering leaf shape SO DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE cytokinesis; leaf development; maize; tangled-1 ID ARABIDOPSIS EMBRYO; BUILDING-BLOCKS; APICAL LAYERS; PLANT ORGANS; GENE; PATTERNS; FORM; DIFFERENTIATION; ONTOGENY AB It is often assumed that in plants, where the relative positions of cells are fixed by cell walls, division orientations are critical for the generation of organ shapes, However, an alternative perspective is that the generation of shape may be controlled at a regional level independently from the initial orientations of new cell walls. In support of this latter view, we describe here a recessive mutation of maize, tangled-1 (tan-1), that causes cells to divide in abnormal orientations throughout leaf development without altering overall leaf shape, In normal plants, leaf cells divide either transversely or longitudinally relative to the mother cell axis; transverse divisions are associated with leaf elongation and longitudinal divisions with leaf widening, In tan-1 mutant leaves, cells in all tissue layers at a wide range of developmental stages divide transversely at normal frequencies, but longitudinal divisions are largely substituted by a variety of aberrantly oriented divisions in which the new cell wall is crooked or curved. Mutant leaves grow more slowly than normal, but their overall shapes are normal at all stages of their growth. These observations demonstrate that the generation of maize leaf shape does not depend on the precise spatial control of cell division, and support the general view that mechanisms independent from the control of cell division orientations are involved in the generation of shape during plant development. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,USDA,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,ALBANY,CA 94710. UNIV IDAHO,DEPT BIOL SCI,MOSCOW,ID 83843. NR 46 TC 154 Z9 161 U1 1 U2 4 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4DL SN 0950-1991 J9 DEVELOPMENT JI Development PD FEB PY 1996 VL 122 IS 2 BP 481 EP 489 PG 9 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA TY517 UT WOS:A1996TY51700008 PM 8625799 ER PT J AU Sokolov, VA Kindiger, B Dewald, C Khatypova, IV AF Sokolov, VA Kindiger, B Dewald, C Khatypova, IV TI A comparative analysis of apomictic reproduction in maize-tripsacum hybrids and gamagrass SO DOKLADY AKADEMII NAUK LA Russian DT Article C1 USDA,RES STN,WOODWARD,OK. RP Sokolov, VA (reprint author), RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST CYTOL & GENET,NOVOSIBIRSK 630090,RUSSIA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MEZHDUNARODNAYA KNIGA PI MOSCOW PA 39 DIMITROVA UL., 113095 MOSCOW, RUSSIA SN 0869-5652 J9 DOKL AKAD NAUK+ JI Dokl. Akad. Nauk PD FEB PY 1996 VL 346 IS 6 BP 845 EP 847 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA UD995 UT WOS:A1996UD99500032 ER PT J AU Cole, DN Landres, PB AF Cole, DN Landres, PB TI Threats to wilderness ecosystems: Impacts and research needs SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Review DE ecological impact; ecological restoration; nature preservation; research needs; threats; wilderness ID PREVIOUSLY FISHLESS LAKE; CANYON-NATIONAL-PARK; BROWN-HEADED COWBIRD; NATURE RESERVES; BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY; EXTERNAL THREATS; CUTTHROAT TROUT; CLIMATE-CHANGE; AIR-POLLUTION AB One of the primary purposes of designated wilderness areas is protection of natural ecosystems. However, the ecological integrity of these most protected of public lands is threatened by direct and indirect effects of human activities both internal and external to wilderness. Accelerated research programs on threats to wilderness are needed to realize the purposes for which wilderness was established and to improve our understanding of natural ecosystems. This paper reviews current knowledge and critical research needs for some of the most significant threats to wilderness ecosystems: (1) recreational use and its management; (2) livestock grazing and its management; (3) fire management: (4) introduction of alien species; (5) diversion and impoundment of water; (6) emission of atmospheric pollutants; and (7) management of adjacent lands. Some of these threats cause highly disruptive localized impacts, whereas some have a more widespread effect. Other threats are highly significant because they threaten rare or irreplaceable ecological attributes. Ecological science needs to be applied to improve evaluations of wilderness conditions, improve efforts to protect wilderness ecosystems from further degradation, and improve efforts to restore the integrity of disturbed systems. RP Cole, DN (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, ALDO LEOPOLD WILDERNESS RES INST, POB 8089, MISSOULA, MT 59807 USA. NR 144 TC 120 Z9 126 U1 11 U2 54 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1990 M STREET NW, STE 700, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1051-0761 EI 1939-5582 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 6 IS 1 BP 168 EP 184 DI 10.2307/2269562 PG 17 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TU567 UT WOS:A1996TU56700026 ER PT J AU Rumble, MA Anderson, SH AF Rumble, MA Anderson, SH TI Microhabitats of Merriam's Turkeys in the Black Hills, South Dakota SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE food resources; forest management; habitat selection; Meleagris gallopavo merriami; Merriam's Turkeys; microhabitat relationships ID MIXED-GRASS PRAIRIE; WILD TURKEY; HABITAT SELECTION; ROOSTING HABITAT; BLUE GROUSE; AVAILABILITY; WINTER; OREGON; COLORADO; FORESTS AB Merriam's Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo merriami) are associated with ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forests in the western United States, but are not native to the ponderosa pine forest of the Black Hills, South Dakota. The Black Hills population was established by transplanting birds from New Mexico and Colorado between 1948 and 1951. Despite being outside its original range, this population provides a unique opportunity to assess mechanisms of habitat selection because the age of the population is known and literature indicates that it is more productive than other populations, We studied micro-habitats of Merriam's Turkeys in the Black Hills, South Dakota between 1986 and 1991. We found few differences in microhabitats among diurnal time periods or between sexes. Cluster analysis of variables at turkey microhabitats indicated two groups, broadly interpreted as summer and winter microhabitats. Winter microhabitats of turkeys had less understory vegetation and more overstory cover than random sites, which in turn had less understory and more overstory cover than summer microhabitats. Both random sites and winter microhabitats had higher basal area of ponderosa pine than summer microhabitats, Summer microhabitats had trees with the largest dbh. Random sites had more small and large woody debris than sites used by turkeys. Tree density at random sites was more than two times greater than at winter microhabitats and more than three times greater than at summer microhabitats. Turkeys preferred southern exposures during winter. Production of pine seed, a major food item of turkeys, differed among years. There was a strong relationship between abundance of pine seeds and microhabitats selected by turkeys. Basal area of microhabitats between October and March was positively correlated with annual ponderosa pine seed production. Abundance of ponderosa pine seeds at turkey microhabitats during this period was at least four times the estimated average annual production. Management prescriptions for ponderosa pine of basal area less than or equal to 18 m(2)/ha will reduce winter habitat for turkeys. Summer habitats are more compatible with timber management goals far ponderosa pine in the Black Hills. C1 UNIV WYOMING,COOPERAT FISH & WILDLIFE RES UNIT,FISH & WILDLIFE SERV,USDI,LARAMIE,WY 82071. RP Rumble, MA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,501 E ST JOE,RAPID CITY,SD 57701, USA. NR 61 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 6 IS 1 BP 326 EP 334 DI 10.2307/2269576 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TU567 UT WOS:A1996TU56700040 ER PT J AU Cohen, AC Henneberry, TJ Chu, CC AF Cohen, AC Henneberry, TJ Chu, CC TI Geometric relationships between whitefly feeding behavior and vascular bundle arrangements SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE vascular bundles; feeding preferences; salivary sheaths ID LEAF AB This study revealed strong evidence that nymphs of the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring, are obligate feeders on vascular bundles and that there are large differences between different host plants as to the availability of vascular bundles to silverleaf whitefly nymphs. The relationship between nymphs and leaf vascular bundles was studied using 1) leaf sectioning and 2) techniques of leaf clearing of intact leaves. A geometric model is presented of the feeding relationship of vascular bundle-using homopterans. The relative abundance of vascular bundles was examined in six species of host plants that varied from highly preferred to tolerably acceptable. Included in order of acceptance were cantaloupe, cotton, hibiscus, broccoli, lantana and lettuce. The length of vascular bundle per 1.0 mm(2) of leaf surface ranged from about 10 mm in cantaloupe to 2.8 mm in lettuce. Salivary sheaths were found to connect with vascular bundles in 100% of the intact nymphs examined by the staining and clearing technique. However only 64% of those examined by the sectioning technique appeared to be connected to vascular bundles. This indicates that the sectioning technique leads to a high rate of error, causing an underestimation of the importance of direct contact with vascular bundles. About 50% of epidermal stylet penetrations were through epidermal cells; the remaining 50% went through intercellular junctions. On cotton leaves, the distance between the point of labial contact with the leaf surface and the nearest point of the vascular bundle rarely exceeded 60 mu m. Our studies show that while 50% of lettuce leaf-surface was beyond 60 mu m of a vascular bundle, only 10% of cantaloupe leaf surface area was outside of the 60 mu m range. In cotton, mean distance from labium to the nearest point of the vascular bundle was 40.9 mu m (SEM=2.66, N=50, range 0-80 mu m). Over 98% of all salivary sheaths went to minor veins (78% to single-filament vascular bundles, nearly 20% to double filament bundles). Fewer than 2% went to bundles with 3 or more filaments. RP Cohen, AC (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,4135 E BROADWAY RD,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 20 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 78 IS 2 BP 135 EP 142 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TW224 UT WOS:A1996TW22400003 ER PT J AU Dix, ME Cunningham, RA King, RM AF Dix, ME Cunningham, RA King, RM TI Evaluating spring cankerworm (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) preference for Siberian elm clones SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ulmus pumila; defoliation; resistance; tolerance; host synchronization; survival ID LEAF BEETLE; NUTRITIONAL INDEXES; LUTEOLA COLEOPTERA; CHRYSOMELIDAE; SUITABILITY AB We evaluated the preferences of larval spring cankerworm, Paleacrita vernata (Peck), for 36 Siberian elm, Ulmus pumila L., clones in laboratory experiments. These clones were selected for superior morphological characteristics, apparent nonpreference by cankerworms, or possible disease resistance. First-instar larvae consumed less leaf area of clones 030, 053, 400, 422, and 425 than most of the other 31 clones evaluated, and more leaf area of clones 026, 038, 067, 406, 411, 11737, and to a lesser extent 23 other clones. Third- and 4th-instars were less selective in their choice of leaves. Trichome density apparently influenced leaf area consumed. Clones 030, 043, 050, 053, 400, 425, and 422 had more trichomes per leaf than the other clones. Leaf maturity preferences varied among elm clones; clones with expanding leaves were preferred over clones with more mature leaves. Larval survival on 050, 053, 400, and 425 was lower than most of the other clones. Techniques for comparing feeding preferences can be used in tree improvement programs of Siberian elm. C1 USDA ARS,NO GREAT PLAINS RES LAB,MANDAN,ND 58554. US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FT COLLINS,CO 80526. RP Dix, ME (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NATL AGROFORESTRY CTR,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 25 IS 1 BP 58 EP 62 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TX578 UT WOS:A1996TX57800008 ER PT J AU Legaspi, JC ONeil, RJ Legaspi, BC AF Legaspi, JC ONeil, RJ Legaspi, BC TI Trade-offs in body weights, egg loads, and fat reserves of field-collected Podisus maculiventris (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Podisus maculiventris; lipids; fat reserves; trade-off ID EPILACHNA-VARIVESTIS; HEMIPTERA; PREDATOR; SAY; PREY; FECUNDITY; BEETLE; SIZE AB The spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say), was collected in 8 field sites in Indiana during the summers of 1987-1989. The insects were collected using both pheromone traps and sweep nets. Insect weights were recorded for all 3 yrs, and egg loads and lipid content in the fat body were recorded for 1988 and 1989. Analysis of the weights revealed that females were heavier than males. Female body weight, egg load, and lipid content were compared against corresponding measurements of predators subjected to different prey regimens in the laboratory. These comparisons indicate that field populations often had measurements similar to predators provided 1 prey item every 3-9 d. Predators collected during the summer of 1988 revealed higher mean lipid content, smaller egg loads, and lower weights than those collected in 1989. These traits, together with the relative scarcity of predators found in 1988, suggest that the predators were responding to greater food stress by conserving energy reserves in the fat body and diverting then away from reproduction. We discuss possible implications of these observations. C1 USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,BIOL CONTROL PESTS RES UNIT,WESLACO,TX 78596. NR 30 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 25 IS 1 BP 155 EP 164 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TX578 UT WOS:A1996TX57800023 ER PT J AU MoralesRamos, JA Greenberg, SM King, EG AF MoralesRamos, JA Greenberg, SM King, EG TI Selection of optimal physical conditions for mass propagation of Catolaccus grandis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) aided by regression SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE boil weevil; biological control; augmentation; parasitoid ID BOLL-WEEVIL COLEOPTERA; BURKS HYMENOPTERA; CURCULIONIDAE; PARASITOIDS; INCREASE AB Effects of temperature, relative humidity, and photoperiod on developmental time, reproductive potential, and rate of increase of Catolaccus grandis (Burks) were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Polynomial multiple regression models were used to estimate optimal levels of the 3 physical factors studied to maximize die reproductive potential and rate of increase of C. grandis. Net reproductive rate (R(o)) was used as a measure of reproductive potential, and its maximum value occurred at 27 degrees C, 63% RH, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Maximum value of the intrinsic rate of increase (r(m)) of C. grandis occurred at 29 degrees C, 66% RH, and 16:8 (L:D) h. Shortest developmental time within the physical factor levels studied was estimated to occur at 30 degrees C, 67% RH, and 16:8 (L:D) h. Fecundity of C. grandis is maximized at 26 degrees C, 68% RH, and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h according to regression model estimates. RP MoralesRamos, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOL CONTROL PESTS RES UNIT,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. OI Morales-Ramos, Juan/0000-0002-3506-3859 NR 31 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 25 IS 1 BP 165 EP 173 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TX578 UT WOS:A1996TX57800024 ER PT J AU Henneberry, TJ Jech, LF Burke, RA Lindegren, JE AF Henneberry, TJ Jech, LF Burke, RA Lindegren, JE TI Temperature effects on infection and mortality of Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) larvae by two entomopathogenic nematode species SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Steinernema riobravis; Steinernema carpocapsae; pink bollworm; entomopathogenic nematodes ID STEINERNEMA AB Steinernema riobravis Cabanillas, Poinar & Raulston infected pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), larvae over a temperature range of 15.6-38.0 degrees C. At temperatures >21.0 degrees C, mortality occurred in 24-72 h, but substantial mortality at 15.6 degrees C did not occur until 2-6 d later. In some cases, temperatures of 35.6 and 38.0 degrees C pink bollworm larval mortality by S. riobravis and S. carpocapsae (Weiser) was lower than temperatures ranging from 21.0 to 32.2 degrees C. The adverse effects on efficacy were greater for S. carpocapsae than for S. riobravis. Temperatures of 32.2 degrees C and higher and exposure for 48 h or more often resulted in decreased numbers of nematode killed larvae with living nematodes and increased numbers of dead larvae with dead or no nematodes. RP Henneberry, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,4135 E BROADWAY RD,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 25 IS 1 BP 179 EP 183 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TX578 UT WOS:A1996TX57800026 ER PT J AU Purcell, MF VanNieuwenhoven, A Batchelor, MA AF Purcell, MF VanNieuwenhoven, A Batchelor, MA TI Bionomics of Tetrastichus giffardianus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): An endoparasitoid of tephritid fruit flies SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tetrastichus giffardianus; biological control; demographics ID FLY AB Tetrestichus giffardianus Silvestri is a gregarious endoparasitoid of tephritid fruit flies in Hawaii. Although widely established in Hawaii, it has been largely overlooked in field surveys. Our objectives were to develop an efficient rearing technique for T. giffardianus, and to determine basic bionomic and demographic parameters, necessary in future augmentative and/or classical biological control programs. Exposure of 5- and 6-d-old Ceratitis capitata (Weidemann) larvae to parasitoids at a 5:1 host:parasitoid ratio resulted in relatively high parasitism rates (>55%). Increasing exposure times to parasitoids for greater than or equal to 8 h did not reduced emergence rates. T. giffardianus successfully developed in Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), B. latifrons (Hendel), B. cucurbitae (Coquillet) and C. capitata. Parasitism was highest in B. dorsalis (37%) and lowest in B. cucurbitae (5%). The longevity of ovipositing females was 60% lower than females deprived of hosts. Each female parasitized 9.1 C. cayitata larvae in her lifetime and 0.8 +/- 0.13 larvae were parasitized per day. At 26 degrees C, gross and net reproductive rates were 57.3 and 42.6 progeny per female per day, respectively. Peak parasitism of hosts occurred in 2-d old females, followed by a 2nd peak in 6- to 8-d-old C1 USDA ARS,TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE RES LAB,HILO,HI 96720. NR 28 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 25 IS 1 BP 198 EP 206 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TX578 UT WOS:A1996TX57800029 ER PT J AU Williams, MW Baron, JS Caine, N Sommerfeld, R Sanford, R AF Williams, MW Baron, JS Caine, N Sommerfeld, R Sanford, R TI Nitrogen saturation in the Rocky Mountains SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; SIERRA-NEVADA; COLORADO; ALPINE; CHEMISTRY; ACIDIFICATION; CATCHMENTS; PATTERNS; SNOWMELT AB Nitrogen saturation is occurring throughout high-elevation catchments of the Colorado Front Range. Annual inorganic N loading in wet deposition to the Front Range of similar to 4 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) is about twice that of the Pacific States and similar to many sites in the northeastern United States. In the last ten years at Niwot Ridge/Green Lakes Valley and Glacier Lakes, annual minimum concentrations of NO3- in surface waters during the growing season have increased from below detection limits to similar to 10 mu equiv L(-1), indicating that these two catchments are at the threshold of N saturation. The Loch Vale watershed is N saturated, with annual minimum concentrations of NO3- in surface waters generally above 10 mu equiv L(-1); annual volume-weighted mean (VWM) concentrations of 16 mu equiv L(-1) in surface waters are greater than that of similar to 11 mu equiv L(-1) NO3- in wet deposition. At these high-elevation catchments, there has been a shift in ecosystem dynamics from an N-iimited system to an N-saturated system as a result of anthropogenically fixed N in wetfall and dryfall. Results from the Western Lakes Survey component of the National Surface Water Survey show that N saturation is a regional problem in the Colorado Front Range, with many lakes having (NO3-) concentrations greater than 10 mu equiv L(-1). Foliar N:P ratios in bristlecone pine increase with elevation in the Colorado Front Range, indicating that at higher elevations P is translocated from foliar tissue more efficiently than N and that increasing atmospheric deposition of N with elevation is causing a change from N limitation to P limitation in the highest-elevation bristlecone pines. Current concepts of critical loads need to be reconsidered since only modest atmospheric loadings of N are sufficient to induce N leaching to surface waters in high-elevation catchments of the western United States. C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT GEOG,BOULDER,CO 80309. COLORADO STATE UNIV,NATL BIOL SERV,FT COLLINS,CO 80310. COLORADO STATE UNIV,NAT RESOURCE ECOL LAB,FT COLLINS,CO 80310. US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FT COLLINS,CO 80312. UNIV DENVER,DEPT SCI BIOL,DENVER,CO 80313. RP Williams, MW (reprint author), UNIV COLORADO,INST ARCTIC & ALPINE RES,CAMPUS BOX 450,BOULDER,CO 80309, USA. RI Baron, Jill/C-5270-2016; OI Baron, Jill/0000-0002-5902-6251; Sanford, Robert/0000-0003-2391-9231 NR 45 TC 198 Z9 199 U1 1 U2 36 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 30 IS 2 BP 640 EP 646 DI 10.1021/es950383e PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TT496 UT WOS:A1996TT49600057 ER PT J AU Buyckx, M Dupont, JL Durnin, JVGA FerroLuzzi, A Roberts, SB Schurch, B Shetty, PS AF Buyckx, M Dupont, JL Durnin, JVGA FerroLuzzi, A Roberts, SB Schurch, B Shetty, PS TI Report of the working group on general principles of assessing energy requirements SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IDECG Workshop on Energy and Protein Requirements CY OCT 31-NOV 04, 1994 CL LONDON SCH HYG & TROP MED, LONDON, ENGLAND SP Int Dietary Energy Consultat Grp HO LONDON SCH HYG & TROP MED DE energy requirements; energy expenditure; methodology; research needs C1 NESTLE FDN,IDECG,CH-1001 LAUSANNE,SWITZERLAND. FAO,FOOD POLICY & NUTR DIV,I-00100 ROME,ITALY. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. YORKHILL HOSP,DEPT HUMAN NUTR,GLASGOW G3 8SJ,LANARK,SCOTLAND. IST NAZL NUTR,I-00179 ROME,ITALY. TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER USDA HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. LONDON SCH HYG & TROP MED,CTR HUMAN NUTR,LONDON WC1H 0BT,ENGLAND. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0954-3007 J9 EUR J CLIN NUTR JI Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 50 SU 1 BP S186 EP S187 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TY696 UT WOS:A1996TY69600011 PM 8641259 ER PT J AU Dewey, KG Beaton, G Fjeld, C Lonnerdal, B Reeds, P Brown, KH Heinig, MJ Ziegler, E Raiha, NCR Axelsson, IEM AF Dewey, KG Beaton, G Fjeld, C Lonnerdal, B Reeds, P Brown, KH Heinig, MJ Ziegler, E Raiha, NCR Axelsson, IEM TI Protein requirements of infants and children SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IDECG Workshop on Energy and Protein Requirements CY OCT 31-NOV 04, 1994 CL LONDON SCH HYG & TROP MED, LONDON, ENGLAND SP Int Dietary Energy Consultat Grp HO LONDON SCH HYG & TROP MED DE protein; amino acids; nutrition; nitrogen; catch-up growth; diet quality ID FORMULA-FED INFANTS; PLASMA AMINO-ACIDS; BREAST-FED INFANTS; CATCH-UP GROWTH; NITROGEN-BALANCE RESPONSE; DIETARY UREA NITROGEN; COWS MILK FORMULA; TERM INFANTS; ENERGY-REQUIREMENTS; REDUCED-PROTEIN C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,PROGRAM INT NUTR,DAVIS,CA 95616. UNIV TORONTO,FAC MED,DEPT NUTR SCI,TORONTO,ON M5S 1A8,CANADA. INT ATOM ENERGY AGCY,SECT NUTR & HLTH RELATED ENVIRONM STUDIES,A-1400 VIENNA,AUSTRIA. BAYLOR COLL MED,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,HOUSTON,TX 77030. UNIV IOWA,DEPT PEDIAT,DIV NUTR,IOWA CITY,IA 52242. LUND UNIV,MALMO GEN HOSP,DEPT PEDIAT,S-21401 MALMO,SWEDEN. RP Dewey, KG (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT NUTR,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. NR 146 TC 81 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 6 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0954-3007 J9 EUR J CLIN NUTR JI Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 50 SU 1 BP S119 EP S150 PG 32 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TY696 UT WOS:A1996TY69600008 PM 8641256 ER PT J AU Dupont, JL Durnin, JVGA FerroLuzzi, A Roberts, SB Schurch, B Shetty, PS AF Dupont, JL Durnin, JVGA FerroLuzzi, A Roberts, SB Schurch, B Shetty, PS TI Report of the working group on energy requirements of older individuals SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IDECG Workshop on Energy and Protein Requirements CY OCT 31-NOV 04, 1994 CL LONDON SCH HYG & TROP MED, LONDON, ENGLAND SP Int Dietary Energy Consultat Grp HO LONDON SCH HYG & TROP MED DE energy requirements; energy expenditure; physical activity; research needs C1 NESTLE FDN,IDECG,CH-1001 LAUSANNE,SWITZERLAND. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. YORKHILL HOSP,DEPT HUMAN NUTR,GLASGOW G3 8SJ,LANARK,SCOTLAND. IST NAZL NUTR,I-00179 ROME,ITALY. TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER USDA HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. LONDON SCH HYG & TROP MED,CTR HUMAN NUTR,LONDON WC1H 0BT,ENGLAND. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0954-3007 J9 EUR J CLIN NUTR JI Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 50 SU 1 BP S192 EP S192 PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TY696 UT WOS:A1996TY69600014 PM 8641262 ER PT J AU Roberts, SB AF Roberts, SB TI Energy requirements of older individuals SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IDECG Workshop on Energy and Protein Requirements CY OCT 31-NOV 04, 1994 CL LONDON SCH HYG & TROP MED, LONDON, ENGLAND SP Int Dietary Energy Consultat Grp HO LONDON SCH HYG & TROP MED DE energy metabolism; body composition; isotopes; metabolizable energy ID DOUBLY LABELED WATER; ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; EXPENDITURE; HUMANS; MEN; WOMEN RP Roberts, SB (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER USDA HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 20 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0954-3007 J9 EUR J CLIN NUTR JI Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 50 SU 1 BP S112 EP S118 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TY696 UT WOS:A1996TY69600007 PM 8641255 ER PT J AU Cutter, CN Siragusa, GR AF Cutter, CN Siragusa, GR TI Reductions of Listeria innocua and Brochothrix thermosphacta on beef following nisin spray treatments and vacuum packaging SO FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANTIBOTULINAL EFFECTIVENESS; PEDIOCOCCUS-ACIDILACTICI; ANTILISTERIAL ACTIVITY; PEDIOCIN ACH; MONOCYTOGENES; MEAT; SAUSAGE; NITRITE; GROWTH; BACON AB Sections of UV sterilized lean and adipose tissues from the surfaces of post-rigor (24 h post-mortem) beef carcasses were inoculated with Brochothrix thermosphacta or Listeria innocua to obtain approximately 4 . 50 log(10) cfu cm(-2) and subjected to spray treatments with sterile water or nisin (5000 AU ml(-1)). Untreated and spray treated samples were vacuum-packaged, and incubated at 4 degrees C for up to 4 weeks. Bacterial populations from untreated vacuum-packaged tissues and spray treated, vacuum-packaged tissues were enumerated on non-selective and selective media at 0, 7, 14, 21 or 28 days. Nisin spray treatments of lean and adipose vacuum-packaged tissues reduced the numbers of L. innocua up to 2 . 83 log(10) cfu cm(-2). Additionally, nisin sprays and vacuum packaging effectively suppressed L. innocua during the 4-week incubation such that the remaining bacteria did not grow to the same level as untreated or water-treated, vacuum-packaged tissues. Nisin spray treatments and vacuum packaging of lean and adipose tissues reduced B. thermosphacta to undetectable levels. Data from this study demonstrate that nisin spray treatments followed by vacuum packaging under refrigerated conditions could increase the shelf life by suppressing or inhibiting the growth of undesirable bacteria present on fresh beef. (C) 1996 Academic Press Limited. RP Cutter, CN (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 28 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0740-0020 J9 FOOD MICROBIOL JI Food Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 13 IS 1 BP 23 EP 33 DI 10.1006/fmic.1996.0003 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA UC260 UT WOS:A1996UC26000003 ER PT J AU Dean, TJ Baldwin, VC AF Dean, TJ Baldwin, VC TI The relationship between Reineke's stand-density index and physical stem mechanics SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE stand density; canopy dynamics; foliage density; live-crown ratio; specific gravity; loblolly pine ID SAPWOOD AREA; LEAF-AREA; LODGEPOLE PINE; ALLOMETRY; BIOMASS; CROWNS; SIZE; FORM AB Data from 358 plots from long-term, growth-and-yield studies established in loblolly pine plantations were used to test the hypothesis that the value of Reineke's stand-density index (SDI) represents the amount of bending stress generated in the stems by wind action on the canopy. By assuming constant bending stress in stems as a function of height and a linear relationship between canopy depth and mean tree spacing, SDI can be expressed in terms of foliage density (leaf area per unit volume of space, F), mean live-crown ratio (C-r), and canopy depth (C-d). The equation is SDI = a[F(1/C-r - 0.5)](0.53) C-d(0.12) where a is a constant. Foliage density was calculated as leaf area index divided by canopy depth. An initial test of the equation was conducted by fitting the model SDI = beta(O)[F(1/C-r - 0.5)](beta 1) to the growth-and-yield data. The factor C-d was not included in the model because of its mathematical relationship to F. The fitted equation explained 76% of the variation in SDI and estimated beta(1) as 0.51, which was not significantly different from the derived exponent, 0.53. Residuals from the fitted equation were unbiased with respect to foliage density and mean live-crown ratio. Further analysis revealed that species variation in maximum values of SDI increased linearly with decreasing wood specific gravity, providing additional evidence that density indexes are related to physical stem mechanics. C1 US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,PINEVILLE,LA 71360. RP Dean, TJ (reprint author), LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR AGR,LOUISIANA AGR EXPT STN,SCH FORESTRY WILDLIFE & FISHERIES,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803, USA. NR 41 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 81 IS 1-3 BP 25 EP 34 DI 10.1016/0378-1127(95)03666-0 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA UF885 UT WOS:A1996UF88500003 ER PT J AU Leak, WB Smith, ML AF Leak, WB Smith, ML TI Sixty years of management and natural disturbance in a New England forested landscape SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE forest ecosystem; succession; migration; climate change ID NEW-HAMPSHIRE; RED SPRUCE; TRENDS AB Changes in species composition of overstory trees (percent of basal area) and size class were monitored over 60 years on 441 cruise plots located on the Bartlett Experimental Forest, a 1052 ha experimental forest in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. The plots were analyzed by elevation class, landtype (deciduous and coniferous), and year (1931-32, 1939-40, and 1991-92) within managed and unmanaged stands. The primary changes in species composition over the 60-year period were due to natural succession, which resulted in marked increases (doubling) of the eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) component, and consistent decreases in paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), yellow birch (B. alleghaniensis Britton) (at medium or low elevations), and aspen (Populus spp.). Timber management resulted in small decreases in the beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) and red spruce ( Picea rubens Sarg.) component and slight increases in sugar maple( Acer saccharum Marsh,), Natural disturbances (beech-bark disease and hurricane damage) had only minor effects on species occurrence, No consistent evidence of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) decline was detected. Eastern hemlock, a climatically sensitive species in northern New England with a limited elevational range, increased dramatically at moderate to low elevations, but showed little tendency to invade the highest elevation class; apparently, the warming trend reported elsewhere in New Hampshire is not occurring, or the species are not responding in terms of changes in elevational distribution. The results emphasize the resilience of New England forests and their resistance to exogenous disturbance. RP Leak, WB (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,POB 640,DURHAM,NH 03824, USA. NR 23 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 81 IS 1-3 BP 63 EP 73 DI 10.1016/0378-1127(95)03662-8 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA UF885 UT WOS:A1996UF88500006 ER PT J AU Cain, MD AF Cain, MD TI Growth expectations from alternative thinning regimes and prescribed burning in naturally regenerated loblolly-shortleaf pine stands through age 20 SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE crown scorch; growth; yield; thinning; Pinus echinata Mill; Pinus taeda L AB Pine growth was monitored for 14 years after mechanically strip-thinning a dense, naturally regenerated, even-aged stand of 6-year-old loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) and shortleaf pines (Pinus echinata Mill.) that averaged 41 000 trees per hectare in southeastern Arkansas, USA. Prescribed winter bums were conducted biennially between ages 9 and 20 years. A commercial thinning during the 17th growing season left a residual stocking of either 19.5 m(2) ha(-1) or 494 crop trees ha(-1) in merchantable-sized (> 9.0 cm dbh) pines on plots that were precommercially thinned and on plots that were not. Precommercial thinning enhanced pine growth in total height and in diameter at breast height (dbh, taken at 1.37 m) through stand age 20 years, At age 20, present net value (PNV) averaged highest on plots that were precommercially thinned at age 6 then commercially thinned to 494 crop trees per hectare after 16 years because of increased production in sawtimber (trees over 24 cm dbh). The second highest PNV at age 20 was on unmanaged control plots because no costs were incurred for precommercial thinning, hardwood injection, prescribed burning, or timber sale administration. Within each thinning treatment, pine dbh growth decreased in the 18th and 20th year relative to an increase in the degree of crown, scorch from prescribed winter bums that were conducted after 17 and 19 years, respectively. RP Cain, MD (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,MONTICELLO,AR 71656, USA. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 81 IS 1-3 BP 227 EP 241 DI 10.1016/0378-1127(95)03605-9 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA UF885 UT WOS:A1996UF88500020 ER PT J AU Scheerer, CE Bush, RJ West, CD AF Scheerer, CE Bush, RJ West, CD TI The use of substitute material pallets for grocery distribution SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Trends in pallet material substitution in the U.S. grocery distribution industry were investigated through 444 mailed questionnaires and 20 interviews with persons involved in pallet decisions at grocery distribution centers. Results indicated that all responding companies (100%) are using solid wood pallets for sending goods to their customers. However, some are also using substitutes (plastic, corrugated paperboard, and wood composite pallets). Plastic is the most common substitute material and is used by approximately 22 percent of the responding companies. The most commonly used plastic pallet is the twin-sheet thermoform type. Many interviewees claim that their main reason for switching to plastic pallets is the cost savings resulting from long pallet life. The majority of the responding companies plan to continue using solid wood pallets. However, the number of companies planning to use some plastic pallets is estimated to increase to 37.2 percent by 1997. C1 VIRGINIA TECH,DEPT WOOD SCI & FOREST PROD,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. RP Scheerer, CE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPT STA,241 MERCER SPRINGS RD,PRINCETON,WV 24740, USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 46 IS 2 BP 29 EP 36 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA TU905 UT WOS:A1996TU90500027 ER PT J AU Loehnertz, SP Cooz, IV Guerrero, J AF Loehnertz, SP Cooz, IV Guerrero, J TI Hardwood sawing technology in five tropical countries SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB In this study, hardwood sawing technology was identified in five tropical countries: Ghana, Brazil, Venezuela, Indonesia, and Malaysia. The density of the wood and presence of silica make it a challenge to saw many tropical hardwoods. The bandsaw is the most commonly used machine and is employed in many sizes and configurations. Sawblade parameters and operating procedures vary according to the nature of the species being sawn and are influenced as much by local custom as technical knowledge of the process. The most commonly reported problems include poor saw maintenance, lack of trained personnel, obsolete equipment, and inadequate sawtooth geometry and wear resistance. C1 INST FORESTAL LATINOAMER,MERIDA,VENEZUELA. CO NACL REFORESTAC,NIRGUA,VENEZUELA. RP Loehnertz, SP (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 46 IS 2 BP 51 EP 56 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA TU905 UT WOS:A1996TU90500030 ER PT J AU Thomas, RE AF Thomas, RE TI ROMI-RIP: An analysis tool for RIP-first roughmill operations SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB ROMI-RIP is a computer software package designed for use by researchers and rip-first roughmill operators. ROMI-RIP allows users to examine the interactions and impacts of various roughmill operations, including arbor type and setup, cutting bill, lumber mix, and cut-off saw setup and cutting strategies. RP Thomas, RE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPT STA,ROUTE 2,BOX 562-B,PRINCETON,WV 24740, USA. NR 11 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 46 IS 2 BP 57 EP 60 PG 4 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA TU905 UT WOS:A1996TU90500031 ER PT J AU Gatchell, CJ Wiedenbeck, JK Walker, ES AF Gatchell, CJ Wiedenbeck, JK Walker, ES TI The effects of crosscutting before gang-ripping on dimension part yields from No 1 and 2a Common red oak lumber SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CROOK AB Mills should have the option to crosscut red oak lumber prior to gang-ripping to remove crook and worthless material and to take advantage of the quality differences between board ends, At least half of No. 1 and 2A Common red oak boards will have end-to-end yield differences of at least 10 percent. Preprocessing will cause a slight decrease in overall yield but will allow greater control of the material fed to the gang ripsaw. It also appears that fewer short lengths will be generated from the better sections of the boards. RP Gatchell, CJ (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NORTHEASTERN FOREST EXPT STA,RT 2,BOX 562-B,PRINCETON,WV 24740, USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 46 IS 2 BP 61 EP 66 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA TU905 UT WOS:A1996TU90500032 ER PT J AU Harrington, CA AF Harrington, CA TI Editor's annual report SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material RP Harrington, CA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. RI Harrington, Constance/G-6161-2012 NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 42 IS 1 BP 1 EP 1 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TU853 UT WOS:A1996TU85300001 ER PT J AU Miller, DR Wang, YS Ducharme, KM Yang, XS Mierzejewski, K McManus, MA Reardon, RE AF Miller, DR Wang, YS Ducharme, KM Yang, XS Mierzejewski, K McManus, MA Reardon, RE TI Some atmospheric turbulence and stability effects on aerial spray penetration into hardwood forest canopies SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Bacillus thuringiensis; aerosols; meteorology; deposition ID PLANT CANOPIES; FSCBG MODEL; OAK FOREST; DEPOSITION AB Vertical profiles of wind, turbulence, and stability were measured in and above a partially foliated 16 m tall, oak forest during a series of single-swath, aerial spray trials. The distribution of cross-swath spray deposits was sampled after each application at the top of the canopy and below the canopy. Spray penetration to the canopy top and through the canopy was highly dependent on the relative intensity of mechanically generated turbulence (due to wind across a rough surface) to that of thermally generated turbulence (due to warm air rising) in the unstable roughness sublayer above the canopy. In conditions with mechanical turbulence dominant, termed mixed convection conditions (u* > 1 m s(-1) and -0.01 > Ri > -1), the amount and consistency of material reaching the canopy top was higher than during periods with thermal turbulence dominant, termed free convection conditions (u* < 1 m s(-1) and Ri < -1). A greater proportion of the material penetrated through the canopy in the free convection conditions. The relationship of the structure of the Reynolds stress in the roughness sublayer to the spray behavior is discussed. C1 SCI SYST & APPLICAT INC,GREENBELT,MD. PENN STATE UNIV,PESTICIDES RES LAB,STATE COLL,PA. US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,HAMDEN,CT. US FOREST SERV,NATL FOREST HLTH CTR,MORGANTOWN,WV. RP Miller, DR (reprint author), UNIV CONNECTICUT,DEPT NAT RESOURCES MANAGEMENT & ENGN,STORRS,CT, USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 42 IS 1 BP 93 EP 101 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TU853 UT WOS:A1996TU85300011 ER PT J AU Hof, J Bevers, M Pickens, J AF Hof, J Bevers, M Pickens, J TI Chance-constrained optimization with spatially autocorrelated forest yields SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID COEFFICIENTS AB This note investigates the implications of spatially autocorrelated yields on forest management optimization procedures and results. The problem is defined and analyzed conceptually, followed by a simple case example demonstration. It is concluded that spatial arrangements may be quite important in managing risk and uncertainty in forest ecosystems. C1 MICHIGAN TECHNOL UNIV,HOUGHTON,MI 49931. RP Hof, J (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,3825 E MULBERRY,FT COLLINS,CO 80524, USA. NR 12 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 42 IS 1 BP 118 EP 123 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA TU853 UT WOS:A1996TU85300013 ER PT J AU Yu, GX Bush, AL Wise, RP AF Yu, GX Bush, AL Wise, RP TI Comparative mapping of homoeologous group 1 regions and genes for resistance to obligate biotrophs in Avena, Hordeum, and Zea mays SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE disease resistance; colinearity; Gramineae; cereals ID BARLEY CHROMOSOME-5; LINKAGE MAPS; MAIZE; GENOMES; SORGHUM; TOMATO; WHEAT; LOCUS; RICE; RUST AB The colinearity of markers linked with resistance loci on linkage group A of diploid oat, on the homoeologous groups in hexaploid oat, on barley chromosome 1H, and on homoeologous maize chromosomes was determined. Thirty-two DNA probes from homoeologous group 1 chromosomes of the Gramineae were tested. Most of the heterologous probes detected polymorphisms that mapped to linkage group A of diploid oat, two linkage groups of hexaploid oat, barley chromosome 1H, and maize chromosomes 3, 6, and 8. Many of these DNA markers appeared to have conserved linkage relationships with resistance and prolamin loci in Avena, Hordeum, and Zea mays. These resistance loci included the Pea crown rust resistance cluster in diploid oat, the R203 crown rust resistance locus in hexaploid oat, the MIa powdery mildew resistance cluster in barley, and the rp3, wsm1, wsm2, mdm1, ht2, and htn1 resistance loci in maize. Prolamin encoding loci included Ayn in diploid oat and Hor1 and Hor2 in barley. A high degree of colinearity was revealed among the common RFLP markers on the small chromosome fragments among these homoeologous groups. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,USDA,AGR RES SERV,FIELD CROPS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,INTERDEPARTMENTAL GENET PROGRAM,AMES,IA 50011. NR 45 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD FEB PY 1996 VL 39 IS 1 BP 155 EP 164 DI 10.1139/g96-021 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA TX638 UT WOS:A1996TX63800021 PM 18469884 ER PT J AU Shain, DH Stone, RT Yoo, J Zuber, MX AF Shain, DH Stone, RT Yoo, J Zuber, MX TI Characterization of a single-locus minisatellite DNA in Xenopus laevis SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE repetitive DNA; minisatellite DNA; VNTR; evolution; tetraploid; polymorphic ID GENE; ACTIVATION AB We have cloned a minisatellite tandem array (XTA) from Xenopus laevis that contains approximately 200 copies of the 20-bp repeat 5'-CCAACAGCCTGCCCATCCAT-3'. The XTA sequence is present only once per haploid genome and is polymorphic with respect to repeat number and location of flanking restriction endonuclease sites. Although the 20-bp repeat has not previously been described, flanking sequences suggest that it lies proximal to coding regions in the Xenopus genome. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. FU NINDS NIH HHS [NS33804] NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD FEB PY 1996 VL 39 IS 1 BP 230 EP 233 DI 10.1139/g96-031 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA TX638 UT WOS:A1996TX63800031 PM 8851808 ER PT J AU Hunt, HW Elliott, ET Detling, JK Morgan, JA Chen, DX AF Hunt, HW Elliott, ET Detling, JK Morgan, JA Chen, DX TI Responses of a C-3 and a C-4 perennial grass to elevated CO2 and temperature under different water regimes SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE acclimation; Bouteloua gracilis; carbon allocation; climate change; elevated CO2; nitrogen limitation; Pascopyrum smithii; shortgrass steppe ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; TALLGRASS PRAIRIE; NITROGEN CONCENTRATION; SHORTGRASS PRAIRIE; GROWTH-RESPONSE; TUSSOCK TUNDRA; RISING CO2; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ECOSYSTEMS; ROOT AB An experiment was carried out to determine the effects of elevated CO2, elevated temperatures, and altered water regimes in native shortgrass steppe. Intact soil cores dominated by Bouteloua gracilis, a C-4 perennial grass, or Pascopyrum smithii, a C-3 perennial grass, were placed in growth chambers with 350 or 700 mu L L(-1) atmospheric CO2, and under either normal or elevated temperatures. The normal regime mimicked field patterns of diurnal and seasonal temperatures, and the high-temperature regime was 4 degrees C warmer. Water was supplied at three different levels in a seasonal pattern similar to that observed in the field. Total biomass after two growing seasons was 19% greater under elevated CO2, with no significant difference between the C-3 and C-4 grass. The effect of elevated CO2 on biomass was greatest at the intermediate water level. The positive effect of elevated CO2 on shoot biomass was greater at normal temperatures in B. gracilis, and greater at elevated temperatures in P. smithii. Neither root-to-shoot ratio nor production of seed heads was affected by elevated CO2. Plant tissue N and soil inorganic N concentrations were lower under elevated CO2, but no more so in the C-3 than the C-4 plant. Elevated CO2 appeared to increase plant N limitation, but there was no strong evidence for an increase in N limitation or a decrease in the size of the CO2 effect from the first to the second growing season. Autumn samples of large roots plus crowns, the perennial organs, had 11% greater total N under elevated CO2, in spite of greater N limitation. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT RANGELAND ECOSYST SCI,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. ARS,CROPS RES LAB,USDA,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. RP Hunt, HW (reprint author), COLORADO STATE UNIV,NAT RESOURCE ECOL LAB,FT COLLINS,CO 80523, USA. RI Detling, James/I-1691-2013 NR 68 TC 64 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 27 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOB CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 2 IS 1 BP 35 EP 47 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2486.1996.tb00047.x PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TZ782 UT WOS:A1996TZ78200004 ER PT J AU Beck, D Singh, BP AF Beck, D Singh, BP TI Scientific cooperation between the United States and Central and Eastern Europe and the newly independent states SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 FT VALLEY STATE COLL,AGR RES STN,FT VALLEY,GA 31030. RP Beck, D (reprint author), FOREIGN AGR SERV,USDA,ROOM 3222,S BLDG,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1996 VL 31 IS 1 BP 13 EP 17 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA TV680 UT WOS:A1996TV68000002 ER PT J AU Wisniewski, M AF Wisniewski, M TI Recent advances in plant responses to stress: Bridging the gap between science and technology: Introduction to the colloquium SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Colloquium on Recent Advances in Plant Responses to Stress - Bridging the Gap Between Science and Technology, at the 91st ASHS Annual Meeting CY AUG 07, 1994 CL CORVALLIS, OR SP ASHS, Environm Stress Physiol Working Grp, ASHS, Dev Physiol Working Grp, ASHS, Genet & Germplasm Working Grp, ASHS, Growth Regulators Fruit & Nut Prod Working Grp, ASHS, Postharvest Working Grp, ASHS, Root Growth & Rhizosphere Dynam Working Grp, ASHS, Water Utilizat & Management Working Grp, ASHS, Mineral Nutr Working Grp, ASHS, Plant Dormancy Working Grp RP Wisniewski, M (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,USDA,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1996 VL 31 IS 1 BP 30 EP 31 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA TV680 UT WOS:A1996TV68000005 ER PT J AU AbdulBaki, AA Teasdale, JR Korcak, R Chitwood, DJ Huettel, RN AF AbdulBaki, AA Teasdale, JR Korcak, R Chitwood, DJ Huettel, RN TI Fresh-market tomato production in a low-input alternative system using cover-crop mulch SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE rye; hairy vetch; crimson clover; nematodes; macronutrients; sustainable agriculture ID HAIRY VETCH AB A low-input sustainable agricultural system for the production of staked, fresh-market field tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is described. The system uses winter annual cover crops to fix N, recycle leftover nutrients, produce biomass, and prevent soil erosion throughout the winter and spring. Yields of tomato plants grown in hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), and rye (Secale cereale L.) plus hairy vetch mulches were higher than those grown in the conventional black polyethylene (BP) mulch system in 2 of 3 years. Fruit were heavier with the plant mulches than with BP mulch. Eight weeks after transplanting, N levels in tomato leaves were higher with plant than with BP mulch, although the plant mulch plots received only 50% of the N applied to the BP plots. The cover crops had no effect on populations of five phytoparasitic nematode species. C1 ARS,USDA,WEED SCI LAB,INST PLANT SCI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. ARS,USDA,FRUIT LAB,INST PLANT SCI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. ARS,USDA,NEMATOL LAB,INST PLANT SCI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP AbdulBaki, AA (reprint author), ARS,USDA,VEGETABLE LAB,INST PLANT SCI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 30 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 20 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1996 VL 31 IS 1 BP 65 EP 69 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA TV680 UT WOS:A1996TV68000013 ER PT J AU Wood, BW AF Wood, BW TI Canopy morphology of pecan cultivars SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Carya illinoinensis; shape; size; form; branch angles; trunks; light interception ID CLUSTER-ANALYSIS METHOD AB Canopy morphology of 83 pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] cultivars differed in structural, Size, and form characteristics. Cluster analysis identified two to five distinct classes for canopy height and diameter and their ratio, inclination angles for both major limbs and young shoots with lower-order structures, branch types, and canopy form and volume, Cultivar-related variability in these traits may have the potential for the improvement of pecan cultivars for factors such as light interception, cooling, air movement, and fruiting; thus, there is potential for identifying the development of canopy characteristics adapted to specific site conditions or cultural/management strategies. RP Wood, BW (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,USDA,SE FRUIT & TREE NUT RES LAB,BYRON,GA 31008, USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1996 VL 31 IS 1 BP 139 EP 142 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA TV680 UT WOS:A1996TV68000033 ER PT J AU AbdulBaki, AA Haroon, SA Chitwood, DJ AF AbdulBaki, AA Haroon, SA Chitwood, DJ TI Temperature effects on resistance to Meloidogyne spp in excised tomato roots SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Lycopersicon esculentum; Meloidogyne incognita; Meloidogyne arenaria; root explant culture; nematode; resistance ID HEAT-STABLE RESISTANCE; LYCOPERSICON; INCOGNITA; PERUVIANUM; GENOTYPES; GENE; MI AB Resistance to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp,) in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants has been reported to break down at soil temperatures >28C. We evaluated in vitro root explants of tomato heterozygous (Mimi), homozygous (MiMi) at the Mi locus, or lacking the Mi-1 gene for resistance to Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood and Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood at 28, 31, 34, and 37C. Genotypes Ace-55 UF and Rutgers, lacking the dominant allele, were susceptible to M. incognita and M. arenaria at all temperatures. Genotypes possessing the dominant allele (heterozygous or homozygous) were equally resistant to both nematode species. The resistance level in these genotypes was maintained fully at 31C, partially maintained at 34C, and lost at 37C. Resistance in the heat-tolerant Mi-heterozygous accession CLN 475-BC1F2-265-4-19 was not different from that of the heat-sensitive genotypes, As temperature increased, the genotypes differed in their sensitivity to resistance conferred by the Mi-1 locus. C1 AGR RES SERV,USDA,INST PLANT SCI,NEMATOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. AGR RES SERV,USDA,INST PLANT SCI,VEGETABLE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1996 VL 31 IS 1 BP 147 EP 149 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA TV680 UT WOS:A1996TV68000035 ER PT J AU Nyczepir, AP Okie, WR AF Nyczepir, AP Okie, WR TI Occurrence of peach tree short life on a field site with no history of peach production SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Criconemella xenoplax; Prunus persica RP Nyczepir, AP (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,USDA,SE FRUIT & TREE NUT RES LAB,111 DUNBAR RD,BYRON,GA 31008, USA. NR 3 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD FEB PY 1996 VL 31 IS 1 BP 163 EP 163 PG 1 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA TV680 UT WOS:A1996TV68000041 ER PT J AU Buck, NL AF Buck, NL TI Calibration of dielectric constant probes using salt solutions of unknown conductivity SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article AB A new procedure for calibrating dielectric constant sensors was developed which used air, distilled water, and two saline solutions as references but did not require knowledge of the loss factors of the saline solutions, The use of the saline solutions was necessitated when a short circuit was found to be unsatisfactory as a calibration reference, When properly calibrated and handled, a set of gold-plated sensors measured dielectric constants to +/-1% or better over a range of 50 to 150 MHz. The precision of the sensors declined below 50 MHz. RP Buck, NL (reprint author), USDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20090, USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 45 IS 1 BP 84 EP 88 DI 10.1109/19.481316 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA TU610 UT WOS:A1996TU61000014 ER PT J AU Endres, S Whitaker, RED Ghorbani, R Meydani, SN Dinarello, CA AF Endres, S Whitaker, RED Ghorbani, R Meydani, SN Dinarello, CA TI Oral aspirin and ibuprofen increase cytokine-induced synthesis of IL-1 beta and of tumour necrosis factor-alpha ex vivo SO IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BLOOD MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; ACUTE LUNG INJURY; GENE-EXPRESSION; PROSTAGLANDIN PRODUCTION; INVITRO; INTERLEUKIN-1; IL-1-ALPHA; INHIBITION; IL-1; MONOCYTES AB We investigated the effect of oral aspirin and ibuprofen on the ex vivo synthesis of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha), IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy volunteers. Seven volunteers took 325 mg of aspirin daily for 14 days. Three weeks after ending aspirin medication, ex vivo IL-1 beta and TNF synthesis induced by exogenous IL-1 alpha was elevated threefold compared to the pre-aspirin value (P = 0.01 and P = 0.005, respectively). Using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a stimulus, no influence of oral aspirin was observed. The increase in cytokine synthesis did not parallel decreased synthesis of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). Seven weeks after discontinuation of aspirin, cytokine and PGE-(2) production returned to pre-aspirin levels. Another seven volunteers took 200 mg of ibuprofen daily for 12 days. Again, there was no effect on LPS- or Staphylococcus epidermidis-induced cytokine synthesis. However, IL-1 alpha-induced synthesis of IL-1 beta was elevated to a mean individual increase of 538% (P < 0.001) and synthesis of TNF was elevated to 270% (P < 0.001) at the end of ibuprofen medication and 2 weeks after discontinuation of ibuprofen. There were parallel increases in PGE(2) and both returned to their pre-ibuprofen levels 5 weeks after slopping. Although inhibitors of cyclo-oxygenase blunt PGE(2)-mediated symptoms such as fever and pain, we conclude that short term use of either aspirin or ibuprofen results in a 'rebound' increase in cytokine-induced cytokine synthesis that is not observed in LPS-induced cytokines. C1 TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI15614]; NINDS NIH HHS [NNSO7RRO7179-11] NR 38 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0019-2805 J9 IMMUNOLOGY JI Immunology PD FEB PY 1996 VL 87 IS 2 BP 264 EP 270 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.472535.x PG 7 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA TW130 UT WOS:A1996TW13000014 PM 8698389 ER PT J AU Pugh, GW Tabatabai, LB AF Pugh, GW Tabatabai, LB TI Variation in Brucella abortus 2308 infection in BALB/c mice induced by prior vaccination with salt-extractable periplasmic proteins from Brucella abortus 19 SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID ZN SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; MONOPHOSPHORYL LIPID-A; MURINE BRUCELLOSIS; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; 5 STRAINS; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; INDUCTION; VIRULENT; IMMUNOGENICITY; PROTECTION AB The study compared the immune and protective responses induced in BALB/c mice vaccinated with six salt-extractable periplasmic protein fractions (Brucella cell surface proteins [BCSP]) of Brucella abortus 19 and later challenge exposed with B. abortus 2308. BCSP70 was precipitated with ammonium sulfate at 70% saturation, and BCSP100 was precipitated with ammonium sulfate at 100% saturation by use of supernatant fluid of BCSP70 that had been precipitated with 70% ammonium sulfate. Four subfractions were separated from BCSP100 by anion-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) from Salmonella typhimurium Re mutant strain was used as a potential immune response modifier in some vaccines. Reduced or increased numbers of CFU and increased spleen size in the principal groups of mice relative to that of the nonvaccinated control group were considered protectiveness or virulence (survival) criteria. Results indicated that vaccines prepared from BCSP70 and BCSP100 were moderately protective and immunogenic. The subfractions designated BCSP100-A through BCSP100-D purified by anion-exchange HPLC were not protective when MPL was not used as an immune response modifier. However, two subfractions were associated with significant (P < 0.05) increases in CFU per spleen and splenomegaly in vaccinated mice compared with those in nonvaccinated challenge-exposed mice. MPL enhanced protection or was neutral when used with BCSP70, BCSP100, BCSP100-C, and BCSP100-D. Serologic results of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicated that MPL modulated the immunoglobulin G responses induced by BCSP70, BCSP100, and subfraction BCSP100-B vaccines only. The overall results suggest that certain proteinaceous periplasmic fractions might serve as virulence or survival factors in B. abortus infections. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010. NR 60 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 64 IS 2 BP 548 EP 556 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TQ486 UT WOS:A1996TQ48600026 PM 8550206 ER PT J AU Benedict, MQ Levine, BJ Ke, ZX Cockburn, AF Seawright, JA AF Benedict, MQ Levine, BJ Ke, ZX Cockburn, AF Seawright, JA TI Precise limitation of concerted evolution to ORFs in mosquito Hsp82 genes SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE heat shock; malaria vector; genetics; stress response; HSP90; gene conversion ID HEAT-SHOCK; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; DEVELOPMENTAL REGULATION; SEQUENCE; RECOMBINATION; CONVERSION AB Two Hsp82 genes were isolated from the malaria vector Anopheles albimanus in a single lambda phage clone, The two genes are in a head-to-head arrangement separated by approx. 0.9 kbp. Northern hybridizations and 5' RACE demonstrate that both genes are transcribed, have moderate levels of constitutive transcription, and are also heat-inducible with maximum transcript accumulation occurring after 40 degrees C heat shocks. Both genes have typical heat-shock promoters and conserved intron boundaries in the untranslated leaders. The open reading frames are 99.6% identical differing in only nine silent nucleotide positions in the 2166 bp ORFs. However, precisely outside the ORFs, the flanking DNB of the two genes shows no evidence of common derivation, The high degree of identity between the two ORFs appears to be a result of gene conversion occurring by a process similar to that previously suspected in the A. albimanus Hsp70 genes and several D. melanogaster genes arranged as palindromes. This process probably involves a stem-loop intermediate and is restricted in extent by flanking sequence divergence. These Hsp82 genes clearly demonstrate the extreme precision with which gene conversion can lead to protein-coding-region homogeneity yet allow flanking DNA divergence. C1 UNIV ARIZONA,CTR INSECT SCI,TUCSON,AZ 85721. EMORY UNIV,DEPT BIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. RI Cockburn, Andrew/B-1354-2009 OI Cockburn, Andrew/0000-0002-1636-9019 NR 19 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0962-1075 J9 INSECT MOL BIOL JI Insect Mol. Biol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 5 IS 1 BP 73 EP 79 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2583.1996.tb00042.x PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA TU419 UT WOS:A1996TU41900009 PM 8630537 ER PT J AU Li, QJ Zheng, WH Gong, H Adams, TS AF Li, QJ Zheng, WH Gong, H Adams, TS TI Oostatic activity in extracts prepared from thoracic ganglia and ovaries of the housefly, Musca domestica vicina (Arthropoda: Insecta: Diptera) SO INVERTEBRATE REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE Dot-ELISA; immunohistochemistry; neurosecretory cells; oostatic hormone; trypsin modulating oostatic factor; vitellogenesis; vitellogenin; yolk deposition ID CORPORA CARDIACA; EGG DEVELOPMENT; HORMONE; LOCUST; BIOSYNTHESIS; MATURATION; MOSQUITOS; BULLATA; MIDGUT AB Aqueous extracts prepared from thoracic ganglia and ovaries had oostatic activity when injected into the housefly, Musca domestica vicina. The amount of extractable oostatic hormone in the ovary increased linearly during vitellogenesis with the highest levels occurring in the postvitellogenic ovary. The oostatic hormone content in the thoracic ganglia from flies of different ages fit a parabolic curve with higher levels at emergence and 72 h and lower levels at 36 and 48 h. Aedes aegypti trypsin modulating oostatic factor (TMOF) had oostatic activity when injected into Musca domestica vicina. TMOF antibody reacted with ovarian and thoracic ganglion extracts in dot-ELISA assays. Neurosecretory cells in the periphery of the thoracic ganglion reacted with TMOF antibody. C1 ACAD SINICA,INST ZOOL,BEIJING 100080,PEOPLES R CHINA. ARS,BIOSCI RES LAB,USDA,STATE UNIV STN,FARGO,ND 58103. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT SCIENCE SERVICES/BALABAN PUBLISHERS PI REHOVOT PA PO BOX 2039, REHOVOT, ISRAEL SN 0168-8170 J9 INVERTEBR REPROD DEV JI Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 29 IS 3 BP 249 EP 255 DI 10.1080/07924259.1996.9672520 PG 7 WC Reproductive Biology; Zoology SC Reproductive Biology; Zoology GA VT851 UT WOS:A1996VT85100010 ER PT J AU Gallardo, M Jackson, LE Schulbach, K Snyder, RL Thompson, RB Wyland, LJ AF Gallardo, M Jackson, LE Schulbach, K Snyder, RL Thompson, RB Wyland, LJ TI Production and water use in lettuces under variable water supply SO IRRIGATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LINE-SOURCE SPRINKLER; EVAPORATIVE FLUX; IRRIGATION; CROP; ROOT; SOIL; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; NITROGEN; COTTON; BARLEY AB The effects of a variable water supply on the water use, growth and yield of two crisphead and one romaine (i.e., Cos) lettuce cultivar were examined in a field experiment using a line source sprinkler system that produced a range of water regimes that occur in growers fields. Four locations at increasing distances from the main line were monitored through the season (i.e., from thinning to harvest, 28-63 days after planting (DAP)). These locations at the end of the season corresponded to: (1) rewatering to field capacity (FC); (2) watering with a volume 13% below that required in the field capacity treatment (0.87*FC); (3) 30% below FC (0.70*FC); and (4) 55% below FC (0.45*FC. A linear production function for dry matter accumulation and fresh weight vs. crop evapotranspiration (ET(c)) was determined for lettuce during this period, giving a water use efficiency for dry matter of 1.86 g m(-2) mm(-1) and for fresh weight of 48 g m(-2) mm(-1). For lettuce irrigated to field capacity, ET(c) between thinning and harvest was 146 mm; maximum crop coefficients of 0.81-1.02 were obtained at maturity (55-63 DAP). For the three irrigation treatments receiving the largest water application, ET(c) was higher in the Cos culivar than in the two crisphead lettuce cultivars which had similar ET(c). Plant fresh weight was more sensitive than dry weight to reduction in water supply. In the FC treatment, root length density and soil water extraction were greatest in the top 0-45 cm, and decreased rapidly below 45 cm depth. Soil water extraction by roots increased at lower depths when irrigation was reduced. Instantaneous rates of leaf photosynthesis and leaf water potential showed no response to the irrigation treatments in this study, despite differences in biomass production. Evaporation was determined to be the major component of ET(c) for 45 of the 63 days of the growing season. The large loss of water by evaporation during mid-season and the apparent insensitivity of lettuce to the volume of irrigation during this period may provide an opportunity for reducing irrigation applications. C1 USDA ARS,UNIV CALIF,DEPT VEGETABLE CROPS,SALINAS,CA 93905. RI Jackson, Louise/A-3562-2010; Thompson, Rodney/G-8950-2013; Gallardo, Marisa/C-3668-2015 OI Thompson, Rodney/0000-0002-9323-5911; Gallardo, Marisa/0000-0002-9031-8762 NR 50 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0342-7188 J9 IRRIGATION SCI JI Irrig. Sci. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 16 IS 3 BP 125 EP 137 DI 10.1007/BF02215620 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA UE969 UT WOS:A1996UE96900004 ER PT J AU Zeringue, HJ Brown, RL Neucere, JN Cleveland, TE AF Zeringue, HJ Brown, RL Neucere, JN Cleveland, TE TI Relationships between C-6-C-12 alkanal and alkenal volatile contents and resistance of maize genotypes to Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE lipoxygenase products; volatiles; aldehydes; antifungal; aflatoxin ID LEAF-DERIVED VOLATILES; LIPOXYGENASE PATHWAY; HYBRID MAIZE; CONTAMINATION AB An association was found between C-6-C-12 alkanal and alkenal volatile contents in several maize genotypes and aflatoxin contamination. Volatiles generated from untreated, ground, field resistant (R) maize kernels contained in an inverted lid of a Petri dish affected growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus when spores were inoculated on potato dextrose agar in a closed, sealed Petri dish assay. Volatiles from the ground maize genotypes were purged onto Tenax columns and analyzed by GC/MS; C-6-C-12 aldehydes were more prominent in the GC/MS total ion chromatograms of the R genotypes. Maize genotypes that exhibited a greater inhibition of aflatoxin production in the inverted lid assay also exhibited a larger concentration of linoleic acid in their fatty acid profiles. These results suggest the correlation of decay products of polyunsaturated fatty acids and plant disease resistance and indicate that the lipoxygenase pathway may contribute to this resistance. RP Zeringue, HJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, SO REG RES CTR, POB 19687, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70179 USA. NR 30 TC 60 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 44 IS 2 BP 403 EP 407 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TW708 UT WOS:A1996TW70800003 ER PT J AU Cameron, RG Grohmann, K AF Cameron, RG Grohmann, K TI Purification and characterization of a thermally tolerant pectin methylesterase from a commercial valencia fresh frozen orange juice SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE citrus; pectin methylesterase; pectinesterase; glycoprotein; thermally tolerant protein; orange juice ID BETA-FRUCTOSIDASE; PECTINESTERASES; OLIGOSACCHARIDES; FRUIT AB A thermally tolerant form of pectin methylesterase (TT-PME) has been purified from a commercially available Valencia fresh frozen orange juice by gel filtration, heparin, and concanavalin A chromatography. TT-PME represented 8.3% of total PME activity in the solubilized dialysis precipitate. This TT-PME retained 83.3 +/- 1.1% relative activity after a 2 min incubation in an 80 degrees C water bath and 49.2 +/- 4.1% relative activity after a 60 s incubation in a 95 degrees C water bath. It also retained 3.3 +/- 0.6% and 8.3 +/- 1.5% relative activity at pH 3.5 and 4.5, respectively. It had a native molecular mass of 40.1 kDa (gel filtration chromatography) and a denatured M(r) of 42.7 +/- 0.1. Binding to concanavalin A and treatment with PNGase F suggests it is an N-linked glycoprotein. After extended deglycosylation with PNGase F, polypeptide bands at M(r) 41.7 +/- 0.6 (n = 4) and 40.1 +/- 0.4 (n = 4) were observed. RP Cameron, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS, CITRUS & SUBTROP PROD LAB, 600 AVE S NW, POB 1909, WINTER HAVEN, FL 33883 USA. NR 24 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 44 IS 2 BP 458 EP 462 DI 10.1021/jf950416+ PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TW708 UT WOS:A1996TW70800011 ER PT J AU DeMilo, AB Lee, CJ Moreno, DS Martinez, AJ AF DeMilo, AB Lee, CJ Moreno, DS Martinez, AJ TI Identification of volatiles derived from Citrobacter freundii fermentation of a trypticase soy broth SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE lure; bacterial metabolites; Mexican fruit fly; Anastrepha ludens; citrobacter freundii; analysis of volatiles ID ANASTREPHA-LUDENS DIPTERA; PROTEIN INSECT BAITS; FRUIT-FLIES; TEPHRITIDAE; ATTRACTANTS; AMMONIA; FLY AB Twenty-two compounds emanated as volatiles from an 8-day fermentation of trypticase soy broth by Citrobacter freundii, American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 8090), were identified by dynamic headspace analysis techniques. Compound identifications were made on the basis of a comparison of Kovats indices and GC/MS spectra for unknowns and authentic samples. Of the compounds identified, nine were pyrazines, four were alcohols, two were aldehydes, two were ketones, two were esters, two were sulfides, and one was phenol. In decreasing order, the five most abundant compounds in the volatiles were 3-methyl-1-butanol (91.1%), phenol (5.00%), 2,5-dimethylpyrazine and phenethyl alcohol (each 1.18%), and 2-methyl-1-propanol (0.38%). Low molecular weight amines (ammonia, methyl- and ethylamine) were not detected in the volatiles. Pyrazines identified in the bacteria-produced supernatant (BPS) were generated almost exclusively by heating (autoclaving) the broth; their formation did not seem to be influenced by bacterial action. Laboratory bioassay of 4- and 8-day BPS derived from C. freundii against mixed sexes of adult Mexican fruit flies, Anastrepha ludens, showed the supernatants were comparable in attractancy to a 30% NuLure solution. C1 USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,WESLACO,TX 78596. USDA,PPQ,APHIS,MISS METHODS DEV CTR,EDINBURG,TX 78539. RP DeMilo, AB (reprint author), USDA ARS,INST PLANT SCI,INSECT CHEM ECOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 21 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 4 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 44 IS 2 BP 607 EP 612 DI 10.1021/jf950525o PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TW708 UT WOS:A1996TW70800037 ER PT J AU McCarty, JC Hedin, PA Stipanovic, RD AF McCarty, JC Hedin, PA Stipanovic, RD TI Cotton Gossypium spp plant gossypol contents of selected GL(2) and GL(3) alleles SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cotton; Gossypium spp; plant gossypol; alleles ID TOBACCO BUDWORM; RESISTANCE; ANILINE AB The gossypol content of cotton Gossypium spp. has been of interest to plant breeders because those that have high levels often carry resistance to the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens (F.). However, its presence in seed has economic disadvantages to the seed and oil processing industry. Previously, two alleles which control plant gossypol, GL(2) and GL(3), were successfully transferred from several sources to a common background, XG-15. GL(3) has now been transferred from G. raimondii (Ulbr.), a Peruvian wild diploid species, and G. davidsonii (Kell), a Mexican wild diploid species, into G. hirsutum (Upland) cottons. The plant bud tissue resulting from these crosses is relatively high in gossypol, while seed is relatively low. C1 USDA ARS,CROP SCI RES LAB,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. USDA ARS,SO CROPS RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 44 IS 2 BP 613 EP 616 DI 10.1021/jf9505887 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TW708 UT WOS:A1996TW70800038 ER PT J AU Rose, BG Buckley, SA KampsHoltzapple, C Beier, RC Stanker, LH AF Rose, BG Buckley, SA KampsHoltzapple, C Beier, RC Stanker, LH TI Ceftiofur sodium: Monoclonal antibody development and cross-reactivity studies with structurally related cephalosporins SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Ceftiofur; immunoassay; monoclonal antibody; residue analysis ID S-TRIAZINE HERBICIDES; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; HAPTEN SYNTHESIS; MILK; CATTLE; DESFUROYLCEFTIOFUR; PHARMACOKINETICS; SENSITIVITY; SPECIFICITY; METABOLITE AB Monoclonal antibodies were prepared against ceftiofur using its hydrolyzed form, desfuroylceftiofur, as the hapten. Desfuroylceftiofur was prepared in situ and conjugated directly to maleimide-activated carrier proteins bovine serum albumin and keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Balb/c mice were immunized with the desfuroylceftiofur-KLH conjugate (KLH-SMCC-desCef), Splenic lymphocytes from these mice were fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells to produce hybridomas. Two stable monoclonal antibodies, Cef-68 and Cef-116, of subclasses IgG(2a) and IgG(1), respectively, were isolated. An indirect competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ciELISA) was developed for the quantitative detection of ceftiofur in liquid samples using a heterologous assay system to provide a more sensitive ELISA. Detection limits for ceftiofur were 32 and 0.3 ppb for the two clones Cef-68 and Cef-116, respectively. The ciELISA described here provides a sensitive assay for the detection of ceftiofur. Cross-reactivity studies with a variety of related cephalosporins and penicillins indicated that only a limited number of the cephalosporins and none of the penicillins that were tested competed in the ciELISA. C1 USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. NR 29 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 44 IS 2 BP 622 EP 627 DI 10.1021/jf950596n PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TW708 UT WOS:A1996TW70800040 ER PT J AU Cole, NA AF Cole, NA TI Metabolic changes and nutrient repletion in lambs provided with electrolyte solutions before and after feed and water deprivation SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE electrolytes; lambs; deprivation; stress; minerals ID BEEF STEERS; NITROGEN-METABOLISM; BLOOD METABOLITES; CARCASS YIELD; SHEEP; TRANSPORT; POTASSIUM; CALVES; SUPPLEMENTATION; BULLS AB Providing feeder calves and lambs with electrolyte solutions before and(or) after a transport period could potentially reduce tissue shrink and speed repletion of nutrients and weight that are lost during transport. This trial was conducted to determine metabolic changes and nutrient repletion in lambs provided with electrolyte solutions before and after feed and water deprivation. Solutions were 1) deionized water, 2) ES1 (g/10 L: NaCl, 2.0; K carbonate, 2.8; Mg sulfate . 7H(2)O, 2.0; equal mixture of amino acids [Lys, Thr, Phe, His, Trp, Met, Leu, Ile, and Val], .45; and phosphoric acid to pH 7.0), 3) ES2 (twice the concentrations as in ES1), and ES3 (g/10 L: NaCl 2.0; K carbonate, 8.0; Mg sulfate . 7H(2)O, 4.0; amino acid mixture from ES1,.45; and phosphoric acid to pH 7.0). Eight Suffolk x Hampshire crossbred lambs (average BW 35 +/- 2 kg) were used in an 8 x 8 Latin square design with treatments arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial. Main treatments consisted of two predeprivation electrolyte solutions (deionized water or ES1) and four realimentation electrolyte solutions (deionized water, ES1, ES2, and ES3). Lambs were limit-fed (600 g/d, as-fed basis) before and after a 3-d feed and water deprivation phase. Lambs provided the ES1 solution during the pre-deprivation phase had greater (P < .05) Na, Mg, and Zn retention during the pre-deprivation phase, had greater (P < .05) Na and Mg losses during the 3-d deprivation phase, and had greater (P < .05) cumulative Na, Cu, and Fe retentions than lambs given deionized water during the pre-deprivation phase. Compared to lambs provided water, lambs provided the ES1 solution during the realimentation phase had greater Na retention but similar K, Mg, and water retentions. However, when the concentration of electrolytes in the solution was doubled (i.e., ES2 solution), Na, K, and Mg retentions were increased (P < .05) compared with those of lambs provided deionized water or the ES1 solution. These results suggest that as the length or severity of the stress period increases, the concentration of electrolytes in the electrolyte solution may need to be increased to improve nutrient balance. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,TEXAS AGR EXPT STN,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. RP Cole, NA (reprint author), USDA ARS,CONSERVAT & PROD RES LAB,PO DRAWER 10,BUSHLAND,TX 79012, USA. NR 32 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 74 IS 2 BP 287 EP 294 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UB195 UT WOS:A1996UB19500002 PM 8690663 ER PT J AU Hammond, AC Olson, TA Chase, CC Bowers, EJ Randel, RD Murphy, CN Vogt, DW Tewolde, A AF Hammond, AC Olson, TA Chase, CC Bowers, EJ Randel, RD Murphy, CN Vogt, DW Tewolde, A TI Heat tolerance in two tropically adapted Bos taurus breeds, Senepol and Romosinuano, compared with Brahman, Angus, and Hereford cattle in Florida SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef breeds; cattle; heat tolerance; subtropics; temperament; temperature ID RECTAL TEMPERATURE; BODY-TEMPERATURE; BEEF-CATTLE; CALVES; RESPONSES; CORTISOL; COWS AB Two trials were conducted with heifers to determine heat tolerance among temperate Bos taurus (Angus, Hereford), Bos indicus (Brahman), tropical Bos taurus (Senepol, Romosinuano), and the reciprocal crosses of Hereford and Senepol. Differences among breeds in temperament score, circulating concentrations of cortisol, and blood packed cell volume were also investigated. Trial 1 used 43 Angus, 28 Brahman, 12 Hereford, 23 Romosinuano, 16 Senepol, 5 Hereford x Senepol (H x S), and 5 Senepol x Hereford (S x H) heifers. Trial 2 used 36 Angus, 31 Brahman, 9 Hereford, 14 Senepol, 19 H x S, and 10 S x H heifers. On the hottest summer date in Trial 1, rectal temperature of Angus was greater (P < .001) than that of Brahman, Senepol, or Romosinuano. Rectal temperature and plasma cortisol were significantly less in Senepol than in Brahman, suggesting that the differences in rectal temperature between these breeds may be due to differences in stress response possibly related to differences in temperament. Reciprocal crosses of Hereford and Senepol had rectal temperatures nearly as low as that of Senepol and displayed substantial heterosis (-9.4%, P < .05) in log(10) rectal temperature on the hottest summer date. On both the hottest and coolest dates in Trial 1, Angus heifers had significantly faster respiration rates than Brahman, Romosinuano, or Senepol heifers, and Brahman had significantly slower respiration rates than Romosinuano or Senepol. On the hottest summer date in Trial 2, rectal temperature in Angus heifers was greater (P < .001) than in Brahman or Senepol heifers. Reciprocal crosses of Hereford and Senepol had rectal temperatures similar to that of Senepol, and heterosis for log(10) rectal temperature was similar to that in Trial 1 (-9.8%, P < .05). Considering rank order among breeds, Brahman always had the slowest respiration rate and greatest packed cell volume. Brahman had significantly greater temperament scores and plasma cortisol concentrations than Angus or Senepol, except that plasma cortisol was not different between Brahman and Senepol on the hottest summer date. On this date, rectal temperature did not differ between Brahman and Senepol, which supports the hypothesis that there is a relationship between response to stress and rectal temperature that helps explain differences in rectal temperature between Brahman and Senepol. The results of these trials demonstrate heat tolerance of the Senepol and Romosinuano, two Bos taurus breeds. Furthermore, the results suggest a substantial level of dominance of the Senepol's ability to maintain constant body temperature in a hot environment as measured by rectal temperature in crosses with a nonadapted breed. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. TEXAS AGR EXPTL STN,OVERTON,TX 75684. UNIV MISSOURI,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. CTR AGRON TROP INVEST & ENSENANZA,TURRIALBA,COSTA RICA. RP Hammond, AC (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES STN,22271 CHINSEGUT HILL RD,BROOKSVILLE,FL 34601, USA. NR 38 TC 101 Z9 103 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 74 IS 2 BP 295 EP 303 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UB195 UT WOS:A1996UB19500003 PM 8690664 ER PT J AU Pfister, JA Price, KW AF Pfister, JA Price, KW TI Lack of maternal influence on lamb consumption of locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sheep; poisonous plants; locoweed; learning; food preferences; food acceptability ID FOOD SELECTION; AVERSION; PERSISTENCE; PREFERENCES; ABILITY AB Locoweeds (Oxytropis and Astragalus spp.) are toxic plants found on many rangelands. Preferences for locoweed are learned; livestock often initially reject the plant, but learn to eat locoweed after continued exposure. Maternal influences are important in shaping diet selection in young animals. We studied the influence of ewe consumption of locoweed on lamb selection of the plant. Twenty-four ewes were divided into three treatment groups (n = 8): 1) ewes conditioned to eat locoweed (Oxytropis sericea) and avoid sodgrass (Pea pratensis) (Loco+Sod-); 2) ewes conditioned to avoid locoweed and eat sodgrass (Loco-Sod+); and 3) ewes conditioned to eat sodgrass and not exposed to locoweed (Loco0Sod+). A control group (n = 8) was composed of orphan lambs with no maternal influence (Orphans). All ewes were exposed to locoweed and(or) sodgrass without their lambs for 1 wk. Lambs were exposed to either locoweed or sodgrass with ewes for 5 min/d for 6 d. After weaning, lambs were tested for preferences by offering both locoweed and sodgrass for 3 min/d for 5 d; lambs were then offered only locoweed for 5 min/d for 5 d. Sodgrass was preferred by lambs. Lambs in the Loco+Sod- treatment group tended (P = .06) to take more bites of locoweed than lambs in the Loco0Sod+ group. Also, lambs in the Loco0Sod+ and Loco-Sod+ groups tended (P = .07) to take fewer locoweed bites compared with Orphans. Even though these results tended towards significance, the magnitude of the effect was small. There were no treatment effects when locoweed was offered alone. Although exposure with the mother did not strongly influence lambs to eat (or avoid) locoweed, all lambs ate some locoweed during testing. Short-term maternal influence does not seem to be sufficient to condition a preference for locoweed in lambs. RP Pfister, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,POISONOUS PLANT RES LAB,1150 E 1400 N,LOGAN,UT 84341, USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 74 IS 2 BP 340 EP 344 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UB195 UT WOS:A1996UB19500008 PM 8690669 ER PT J AU Hausman, GJ Wright, JT AF Hausman, GJ Wright, JT TI Cytochemical studies of adipose tissue-associated blood vessels in untreated and thyroxine-treated hypophysectomized pig fetuses SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fetus; hypophysectomy; capillaries; adipocytes; cytochemistry ID FETAL PIGS; DIFFERENTIATION; LIPOGENESIS AB Fetal hypophysectomy (hypox) slightly enhances lipid accretion in adipose tissue and markedly increases fat cell size and de novo lipogenesis. Thyroxine (T-4) treatment (14 to 20 d) had no influence on fat cell size but markedly increased lipogenesis, lipid accretion, and apparent fat cell number in hypox fetuses. Although vascular development is intimately associated with preadipocyte development in the fetus, little is known concerning the regulation of vascular development per se by T-4 and other adipogenic hormones. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the development of qualitative traits of the adipocyte-associated vasculature after fetal hypox with and without T-4 treatment. Type IV collagen immunoreactivity of and lectin binding by capillaries in large fat cell clusters was reduced by hypox, and binding of the soybean agglutinin lectin was completely lost. Reactivity for cytosolic markers in capillaries was also reduced by fetal hypox. These blood vessel traits were not influenced by T-4 treatment. The quantitative aspects of capillary development in large fat cell clusters were not influenced by hypox or T-4 treatment. On a qualitative basis, blood vessels in the skin and in small fat cell clusters were not affected by hypox. Lectin binding by adipocytes was enhanced by hypox regardless of the size of clusters, and T-4 augmented this response to hypox. These studies demonstrate that endocrine regulation of the differentiation of the adipocyte-associated vasculature is more complex than the endocrine regulation of adipocyte differentiation per se. RP Hausman, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 74 IS 2 BP 354 EP 362 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UB195 UT WOS:A1996UB19500010 PM 8690671 ER PT J AU Wooldridge, GL Musselman, RC Sommerfeld, RA Fox, DG Connell, BH AF Wooldridge, GL Musselman, RC Sommerfeld, RA Fox, DG Connell, BH TI Mean wind patterns and snow depths in an alpine-subalpine ecosystem as measured by damage to coniferous trees SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE air flow; complex terrain; Krummholz; surface wind; tree deformation; wind speed ID TIMBERLINE CONIFERS; MORTALITY AB 1. Deformations of Engelmann spruce and subalpine fir trees were surveyed for the purpose of determining climatic wind speeds and directions and snow depths in the Glacier Lakes Ecosystem Experiments Site (GLEES) in the Snowy Range of southeastern Wyoming, USA. Tree deformations were recorded at 50- and 100-m grid intervals over areas of c. 30 ha and 300 ha, respectively, over the GLEES. 2. The climatic mean wind speed was estimated to be 7.4 m s(-1); the mean air flow was predominantly westerly. The snow depths ranged from less than 0.2 m to 5.5 m, depending on topographic features and vegetative architecture. 3. Compared with snow depth surveys, precipitation measurements, and a degree-day snow depth model, the average snow depth estimated by the tree deformation method was 70% of the long-term mean. 4. The tree deformation method was useful for detailed estimates of wind speed, wind direction, and snow depth at a fine scale in complex terrain where meteorological instrumentation and snow survey data are minimal. C1 US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,USDA,FT COLLINS,CO 80526. NR 22 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0021-8901 J9 J APPL ECOL JI J. Appl. Ecol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 33 IS 1 BP 100 EP 108 DI 10.2307/2405019 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UE984 UT WOS:A1996UE98400012 ER PT J AU Bentz, BJ Vandygriff, J Johnson, K AF Bentz, BJ Vandygriff, J Johnson, K TI Taxonomic characters for differentiating cohabitating larvae of Dendroctonus ponderosae and Ips pini (Col, Scolytidae) SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE ENTOMOLOGIE LA English DT Article AB Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins and Ips pini (Say) are often found cohabitating in Pinus spp. hosts, especially when D. ponderosae is in the endemic population phase. Although the adult stages are morphologically distinct, distinguishing between the species is difficult when only the larval stages are present. Using field collected specimens, several taxonomic characters of the larvae were identified which may be used to differentiate the two species. These results have application in studies of endemic D. ponderosae populations and competitive interactions between I. pini and D. ponderosae populations. RP Bentz, BJ (reprint author), USDA,FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,860 N 1200E,LOGAN,UT 84321, USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-2048 J9 J APPL ENTOMOL JI J. Appl. Entomol.-Z. Angew. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 120 IS 1 BP 19 EP 21 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TW716 UT WOS:A1996TW71600003 ER PT J AU Perkowski, SZ Sloane, PJ Spath, JA Elsasser, TH Fisher, JK Gee, MH AF Perkowski, SZ Sloane, PJ Spath, JA Elsasser, TH Fisher, JK Gee, MH TI TNF-alpha and the pathophysiology of endotoxin-induced acute respiratory failure in sheep SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE endotoxemia; pulmonary hypertension; acute lung injury; tumor necrosis factor; interleukin-6 ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; AWAKE SHEEP; LUNG INJURY; PLASMA; ENDOTHELIN; SEPSIS; PERMEABILITY; RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; RESPONSES; ARTERIES AB We studied changes in cardiovascular and pulmonary function during prolonged endotoxemia in conscious sheep. Sheep with chronic lung lymph fistulas received a 12-h infusion of Escherichia coli endotoxin (10 ng . kg(-1). min(-1)) and allowed to recover for 12 h. Supportive therapies were withheld. Prolonged endotoxemia without volume support caused systemic hypotension associated with reduced cardiac output and increased systemic vascular resistance, pulmonary hypertension, and acute lung injury with progressive respiratory failure. Plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) concentrations increased transiently. Sustained pulmonary hypertension and increased pulmonary and systemic vascular resistances contributed to a poor outcome in 9 of 34 sheep (26%). Plasma TNF-alpha concentrations were significantly greater in survivors with sustained pulmonary hypertension and in nonsurviving sheep than in surviving sheep without pulmonary hypertension. Endotoxin (1 ng/ml) increased neutrophil expression of TNF-alpha in vitro. Addition of interleukin-6 prevented this response. Synthesis and release of TNF-alpha may be an important proximal event influencing the development of sustained pulmonary hypertension and progressive respiratory failure with endotoxemia. Interleukin-6 may contribute to the phasic nature of the TNF-alpha response. C1 THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIV,JEFFERSON MED COLL,DEPT MED,DIV PULM MED & CRIT CARE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19107. THOMAS JEFFERSON UNIV,JEFFERSON MED COLL,DEPT PHYSIOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19107. USDA,RUMINANT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Perkowski, SZ (reprint author), UNIV PENN,SCH VET MED,DEPT CLIN STUDIES,3850 SPRUCE ST,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104, USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-34014] NR 34 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 80 IS 2 BP 564 EP 573 PG 10 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA UE824 UT WOS:A1996UE82400029 PM 8929600 ER PT J AU Hobbs, SE Wolf, WW AF Hobbs, SE Wolf, WW TI Developments in airborne entomological radar SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INSECTS AB Radar has been used to study insect flight for over 20 years. Radar, especially airborne radar, is unrivaled in its ability to observe the spatial organization of insect migration. This paper reports methods of data collection and analysis used by current airborne entomological radar systems and, in particular, the method used to review the data collected and visualize any large-scale structures detected. Examples of data from recent U.S. Department of Agriculture field experiments are presented to illustrate the analysis techniques. The data review method allows further data collection and analysis to be focused on areas of particular interest and thus significantly enhances the utility of airborne entomological radar. C1 USDA,AGR RES SERV,COLLEGE STN,TX. RP Hobbs, SE (reprint author), CRANFIELD UNIV,COLL AERONAUT,DEPT AEROSP SCI,BEDFORD MK43 OAL,ENGLAND. NR 7 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 13 IS 1 BP 58 EP 61 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(1996)013<0058:DIAER>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA UB899 UT WOS:A1996UB89900007 ER PT J AU Premakumar, R Jacobitz, S Ricke, SC Bishop, PE AF Premakumar, R Jacobitz, S Ricke, SC Bishop, PE TI Phenotypic characterization of a tungsten-tolerant mutant of Azotobacter vinelandii SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID 2ND ALTERNATIVE NITROGENASE; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; STRUCTURAL GENES; RHODOBACTER-CAPSULATUS; MOLYBDENUM TRANSPORT; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; FIXATION SYSTEM; CLUSTER; MOBILIZATION AB A tungsten-tolerant mutant strain (CA6) of Azotobacter vinelandii first described in 1980 (P. E. Bishop, D. M. L. Jarlenski, and D. R. Hetherington, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:7342-7346, 1980) has been further characterized. Results from growth experiments suggest that both nitrogenases 1 and 3 are utilized when CA6 grows in N-free medium containing Na2MoO4. Strain CA6.1.71, which lacks both nitrogenases 2 and 3, grew as well as strain CA in N-free medium containing Na2MoO4 after an initial lag. This indicates that nitrogenase 1 is fully functional in strain CA6. nifH-lacZ and anfH-lacZ transcriptional fusions were expressed in CA6 in the presence of Na2MoO4. Thus, in contrast to wild-type strain CA, transcription of the anfHDGK gene cluster in strain CA6 is not repressed by Mo. Expression of the vnfD-lacZ fusion was the same in both strains CA and CA6. In agreement with the results obtained with lac fusions, subunits of both nitrogenases 1 and 3 were found in protein extracts of CA6 cells grown in N-free medium containing Na2MoO4. How ever, CA6 cells, cultured in the presence of Na2WO4, accumulated nitrogenase 3 proteins without detectable amounts of nitrogenase 1 proteins. This indicates that expression of Mo-independent nitrogenase 3 is the basis for the tungsten tolerance phenotype of strain CA6. A measure of Mo accumulation as a function of time showed that accumulation by strain CA6 was slower than that for strain CA. When Mo accumulation was studied as a function of Na2MoO4 concentration, the two strains accumulated similar amounts of Mo in the concentration range of 0 to 1 mu M Na2MoO4 during a 2-h period. Within the range of 1 to 5 mu M Na2MoO4. Mo accumulation by strain CA increased linearly with increasing concentration whereas no further increases were observed for strain CA6. These results are consistent with the possibility that the tungsten tolerance mutation carried by CA6 is in a Mo transport system. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. NR 39 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 178 IS 3 BP 691 EP 696 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TR392 UT WOS:A1996TR39200017 PM 8550501 ER PT J AU Economos, CD Nelson, ME Fiatarone, MA Dallal, GE Heymsfield, SB Wang, J RussellAulet, M Yasumura, S Ma, RM Vaswani, AN Pierson, RN AF Economos, CD Nelson, ME Fiatarone, MA Dallal, GE Heymsfield, SB Wang, J RussellAulet, M Yasumura, S Ma, RM Vaswani, AN Pierson, RN TI A multicenter comparison of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometers: In vivo and in vitro measurements of bone mineral content and density SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BODY-COMPOSITION; PHOTON-ABSORPTIOMETRY; NORMAL WOMEN; PRECISION; MASS; PERFORMANCE; LUNAR; DENSITOMETERS; INSTRUMENTS; INVITRO AB As part of a multicenter research project, we compared dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (CXA) instruments at three research centers (sites 1, 2, and 3) to determine both intra- and intersite variability of bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and bone area (BA), Scans of the total body and lumbar spine were performed in duplicate on five humans (in vivo), and scans of the total body were performed on two whole body phantoms with artificial skeletons and thickness overlays (in vitro) at all sites over 15 days, The average intrasite variability in two consecutive total body BMD measurements, expressed as a percent difference, was significantly higher in vitro) 1.74 +/- 1.97%, than in vivo, 0.71 +/- 038% (p < 0.05), Average intrasite variability of the in vivo lumbar spine BMD was 1.08 +/- 1.12%, The intersite coefficients of variation for all BMD, BMC, and BA measurements were < 2.0%. The total body BMD from site 2 was systematically lower than at sites 1 and 3 both in vivo and in vitro (p < 0.05) with no differences in BMC and Bk Although significant, the total body BMD differences between sites were small (< 1.2%) in vivo compared with in vitro (< 2.6%) and are encouraging for the comparison and pooling of human data from multicenter trials, provided that appropriate standardized cross-calibration and analysis procedures are applied. C1 TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER USDA HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. ST LUKES ROOSEVELT HOSP,BODY COMPOSIT UNIT,NEW YORK,NY 10025. BROOKHAVEN NATL LAB,UPTON,NY 11973. WINTHROP UNIV HOSP,OSTEOPOROSIS RES CLIN,MINEOLA,NY. FU NIA NIH HHS [T32AG-00209]; NIDDK NIH HHS [P01-DK42618] NR 43 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI CAMBRIDGE PA 238 MAIN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 11 IS 2 BP 275 EP 285 PG 11 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA TT568 UT WOS:A1996TT56800016 PM 8822352 ER PT J AU Oliver, JE Waters, RM Harrison, DJ AF Oliver, JE Waters, RM Harrison, DJ TI Semiochemicals via epoxide inversion SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE enantiomer; chirality; pheromone; disparlure AB A sequence of reactions is presented for inverting the configurations of both epoxide carbons in 1,2-disubstituted epoxides. As examples, (+)-disparlure was converted to its enantiomer, (-)-disparlure, and exo-endo conversion of a cyclohexene oxide was demonstrated. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT NEUROBIOL & HORMONE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Oliver, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT CHEM ECOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 22 IS 2 BP 287 EP 294 DI 10.1007/BF02055099 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UA173 UT WOS:A1996UA17300010 PM 24227410 ER PT J AU Snyder, MA Fineschi, B Linhart, YB Smith, RH AF Snyder, MA Fineschi, B Linhart, YB Smith, RH TI Multivariate discrimination of host use by dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium vaginatum subsp cryptopodum: Inter- and intraspecific comparisons SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dwarf mistletoe; Arceuthobium vaginatum; ponderosa pine; Pinus ponderosa; lodgepole pine; Pinus contorta; parasitic plants; moneterpenes; differential selection; host resistance; host chemistry ID SELECTIVE HERBIVORY; ABERTS SQUIRREL; PONDEROSA PINE AB The parasitic dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium vaginatum attacks Pinus ponderosa as its primary host and P. contorta as an occasional host. Within ponderosa pine stands there is also differential parasitism among individual trees. We compared biochemical features of phloem and xylem oleoresin between infected individuals of the two pine species (N = 15 for each species) and also between infected (N = 30) and nearby uninfected (N = 30) ponderosa pine conspecifics. There were significant differences in chemical features, both at the interspecific (P. ponderosa vs. P. contorta) and intraspecific (P. ponderosa) levels. Discriminant function analysis based on chemical features of phloem correctly classified all trees used in the analysis as either P. ponderosa or P. contorta, and 95% of all ponderosa pine trees as either parasitized or nonparasitized. Monoterpene composition of oleoresin was distinct between species, and differences between parasitized and nonparasitized P. ponderosa were also significant. Many of the observed chemical differences are probably constitutive, although levels of nonstructural carbohydrates and alpha-pinene may change in response to dwarf mistletoe infection. Biochemical differences at the intraspecific level were distinct from interspecific differences. Patterns of differential attack can have genetic consequences upon both the parasite and its hosts, and, in the process, may contribute to the evolution of host races of the parasite and to the evolution of host resistance within ponderosa pine. C1 UNIV COLORADO,DEPT ENVIRONM POPULAT & ORGAN BIOL,BOULDER,CO 80309. US FOREST SERV,CORVALLIS,OR. NR 24 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 6 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 22 IS 2 BP 295 EP 305 DI 10.1007/BF02055100 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UA173 UT WOS:A1996UA17300011 PM 24227411 ER PT J AU Bolin, CA Zuerner, RL AF Bolin, CA Zuerner, RL TI Correlation between DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms in Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona type kennewicki and host animal source SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENDONUCLEASE ANALYSIS; SOUTH WEST; SEROGROUP; CLASSIFICATION; ENGLAND AB Isolates (n = 147) of Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona type kennewicki from cattle, swine, horses, and wildlife were analyzed by DNA restriction endonuclease analysis. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms were identified in DNA digested with HpaII, and the restriction fragment length polymorphisms were correlated with the host animal source of the isolates. These results will be useful in understanding the epidemiology of serovar pomona infections in livestock. RP Bolin, CA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,LEPTOSPIROSIS & MYCOBACTERIOSIS RES UNIT,POB 70,2300 N DAYTON RD,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 13 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 34 IS 2 BP 424 EP 425 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TQ538 UT WOS:A1996TQ53800036 PM 8789028 ER PT J AU Kudva, IT Hatfield, PG Hovde, CJ AF Kudva, IT Hatfield, PG Hovde, CJ TI Escherichia coli O157:H7 in microbial flora of sheep SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SHIGA-LIKE TOXINS; RUMEN CONTENTS AB We found naturally occurring, potentially virulent Escherichia coli O157:H7 strains in sheep. The incidence of E. coli O157:H7 was transient and ranged from 31% of sheep in June to none in November. The use of a sensitive culture technique and the choice of the proper sampling season were both essential for detecting this bacterium in sheep. DNA hybridizations showed that 80% of the E. coli O157:H7 isolates had at least two of the Shiga-like toxin types I or II or the attaching-effacing lesion genes. C1 UNIV IDAHO,DEPT MICROBIOL MOLEC BIOL & BIOCHEM,MOSCOW,ID 83843. USDA ARS,SHEEP EXPT STN,DUBOIS,ID 83423. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI33981] NR 20 TC 155 Z9 160 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 34 IS 2 BP 431 EP 433 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TQ538 UT WOS:A1996TQ53800039 PM 8789031 ER PT J AU Tremblay, GF Broderick, GA Abrams, SM AF Tremblay, GF Broderick, GA Abrams, SM TI Estimating ruminal protein degradability of roasted soybeans using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE roasted soybeans; protein degradability; near infrared reflectance spectroscopy ID LACTATING DAIRY-COWS; NITROGEN; INVITRO; QUALITY; FORAGE; RUMEN; DIGESTIBILITY; DEGRADATION; PREDICTION; SOLVENT AB Heat treatment by roasting is used extensively in the Midwest to increase RUP of whole soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.). Samples of roasted soybeans (n = 266) were collected from different suppliers in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan to determine the value of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for estimating RUP. Samples were analyzed for DM, total N, protein dispersibility index, and RUP using an inhibitor in vitro procedure. Samples were milled (1 mm), and near infrared reflectance spectra were collected. Scans from 121 samples (calibration set) were used to develop calibration equations. Standard errors and coefficients of multiple determination for calibration of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy using conventional chemical assays were, respectively, 0.26 and 0.97 (DM), 0.05 and 0.99 (total N), 1.60 and 0.71 (protein dispersibility index), and 0.98 and 0.90 (RUP). A validation set of 145 samples then was used to evaluate the accuracy of calibration equations for estimating chemical composition. Standard errors and coefficients of determination for validation were, respectively, 0.63 and 0.86 (DM), 0.12 and 0.86 (total N), 3.52 and 0.52 (protein dispersibility index), and 1.54 and 0.70 (RUP). Protein dispersibility index was poorly correlated (r(2) = 0.28) to RUP estimated by inhibitor in vitro. Results indicated that near infrared reflectance spectroscopy might be used to estimate DM, total N, and RUP in roasted soybeans. C1 USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. AGR & AGRI FOOD CANADA,RES FARM,NORMANDIN,PQ G0W 2E0,CANADA. NUTR PROFESSIONALS INC,MADISON,WI 53705. NR 30 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 79 IS 2 BP 276 EP 282 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA UD920 UT WOS:A1996UD92000014 ER PT J AU Meinert, TR Norman, HD Dickinson, FN AF Meinert, TR Norman, HD Dickinson, FN TI Consideration of percentage of milk shipped for calculation of total lactation yields from various morning and evening plans of milk sampling SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genetic evaluations; innovative testing plans; accuracy; test day AB Milk yield recorded on DHI test day was compared with data on milk shipped from Texas and Minnesota herds for an innovative DHI test plan referred to as alternate a.m.-p.m. without a timer. Controls were yields for test day and for milk shipped from official DHI herds in Texas, Illinois, Minnesota, and several northeastern US states. Herd milk yield for a test day as a percentage of milk shipped was considered to be an indicator of the accuracy of the DHI recording plans. Mean percentage of milk shipped was 103 for all plans and regions. When herd test days with missing values were excluded, the percentages of herd test days within 96 to 110% of milk shipped were 77 for Texas and 82 for Minnesota innovative plans and 82 for Texas, 82 for Minnesota, 79 for Illinois, and 81 for northeastern official plans. Analysis indicated that the percentage of milk shipped was consistent across herd sizes, data source, and milk yield. Eight hypothetical testing plans were examined with or without adjustment of lactation yields for percentage of milk shipped. Estimates of variance components of lactation milk yields were computed and compared using a multitrait animal model. Adjustment of records for percentage of milk shipped would decrease mean milk yields by 3%, could result in better estimates of actual milk produced, but would have little effect on accuracy of genetic evaluations. C1 NATL DHIA,COLUMBUS,OH 43231. RP Meinert, TR (reprint author), USDA ARS,ANIM IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 79 IS 2 BP 291 EP 300 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA UD920 UT WOS:A1996UD92000016 PM 8708090 ER PT J AU Moss, JI Scott, JG AF Moss, JI Scott, JG TI Tetrodotoxin protects German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) from type I pyrethroid and carbamate insecticide poisoning SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mode of action; organophosphate; nicotine; muscarine ID DDT; DELTAMETHRIN; INHIBITION; RESISTANT; MEMBRANES; DIAZEPAM; STRAINS; CHANNEL; MOUSE; BRAIN AB Injection of a sublethal dose (0.1 mu g) of tetrodotoxin (TTX), a sodium channel blocker, was shown to block activity in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), ventral cord in vivo and in situ. TTX provided partial protection from the toxicity of type I pyrethroids, carbamates and DDT, but little protection from type II pyrethroids, organophosphates, nicotine or muscarine. Pretreatment with sublethal doses of permethrin or cypermethrin resulted in a 1.7- to 2.6-fold synergism of bendiocarb, but did not substantially change the toxicity of chlorpyrifos or malathion. C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP Moss, JI (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,POB 14565,1600 SW 23RD DR,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 37 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 89 IS 1 BP 51 EP 55 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TV705 UT WOS:A1996TV70500009 ER PT J AU Toba, HH Moffitt, HR AF Toba, HH Moffitt, HR TI Posttreatment development and fertility of nondiapausing codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae and their progeny following gamma irradiation SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cydia pomonella; larval irradiation; quarantine treatment ID QUARANTINE TREATMENT AB Nondiapausing coding moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), larvae were exposed to gamma irradiation at a rate of 14.3-15.7 Gray (Gy)/min. Based on percentages of larvae that developed to pupae, adults, and physically normal adults, sensitivity to radiation increased with increasing dose and decreasing age, and females were more sensitive than males. The effect of radiation on insects is often delayed in that it occurs in developmental stages subsequent to that on which the treatment is applied. A study to determine the minimum dose required to produce detrimental effects on subsequent developmental stages showed that LD(99)s (95% upper confidence limit) were 233 (284) Gy to prevent pupation and 126 (147) Gy to prevent adult emergence. At 60 Gy, only infertile males developed to physically normal adults from treated larvae. Thus, an irradiation treatment that prevents surviving individuals from mating and producing fertile progeny still serves the purpose of preventing establishment of a quarantine pest. Adults of both sexes from larvae treated at 40 Gy were fertile, and single-pair reciprocal crosses of their adult progeny with untreated moths showed no evidence of delayed or F-1 sterility. RP Toba, HH (reprint author), USDA ARS,YAKIMA,WA 98902, USA. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 89 IS 1 BP 56 EP 62 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TV705 UT WOS:A1996TV70500010 ER PT J AU Ellsbury, MM Jackson, JJ Woodson, WD Beck, DL Stange, KA AF Ellsbury, MM Jackson, JJ Woodson, WD Beck, DL Stange, KA TI Efficacy, application distribution, and concentration by stemflow of Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) suspensions applied with a lateral-move irrigation system for corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) control in maize SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Diabrotica spp.; biological control; entomopathogenic nematodes; root injury ID ENTOMOGENOUS NEMATODE; LARVAE COLEOPTERA AB Efficacy of the 'Mexican' and 'All' strains of Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) was determined after application through a lateral-move irrigation system when rootworms were in the 2nd-3rd instars. Control of rootworms by nematodes applied through the irrigation system was compared with control by hand-applied nematode preparations in the row and with terbufos and chlorpyrifos applied just after planting. Root injury ratings were highest in both years for plants from untreated control plots and were significantly lower in the terbufos treatments compared with all other treatments. In 1992, hand application of the All and Mexican strains resulted in significantly lower root injury than did application of the All strain through the irrigation system. Uniformity of nematode application through the irrigation system was characterized over time and distance using the Christiansen uniformity coefficient, which ranged from 68 to 87% within the zone of nematode application. Partitioning of water the corn canopy, particularly by stemflow, increased the concentration and total numbers nematodes delivered to the target area at the base of the corn plant. Total numbers of nematodes in stemflow water collected at the plant base were greater by approximate to 3.1 and 4.6 times than total numbers of nematodes collected at ground or canopy levels, respectively. Total volume of water reaching the soil by stem flow also was approximate to 3.9 times greater than the amounts applied above the canopy. RP Ellsbury, MM (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO GRAIN INSECTS RES LAB,NO PLAINS AREA,RURAL ROUTE 3,BROOKINGS,SD 57006, USA. NR 23 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 89 IS 1 BP 74 EP 81 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TV705 UT WOS:A1996TV70500013 ER PT J AU Robacker, DC Martinez, AJ Garcia, JA Diaz, M Romero, C AF Robacker, DC Martinez, AJ Garcia, JA Diaz, M Romero, C TI Toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis to Mexican fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anastrepha ludens; Bacillus thuringiensis; biological insecticides ID MOSQUITO LARVAE AB The toxicity of 55 isolates of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) was tested on larvae of Mexican fruit fly Anastrepha ludens (Loew). The 7 isolates that were most toxic to larvae as centrifugation pellets were tested against adult dies as either pellets or acetone/lactose precipitates made from resuspended pellets. The 5 isolates most toxic to adult flies were an unidentified Guatemalan isolate, and 4 isolates from larvae that died after eating pellets from isolates HD 565 (serovar 5a5c; subsp. canadensis), HD 199 (serovar 10; subsp. darmstadiensis), HD 567 (serovar 14; subsp. israelensis), and HD 1 (serovar 3a3b; subsp. kurstaki). These 5 isolates killed 65-80% of adults in 10 d after feeding on them for 2 d, compared with 2.7% mortality in controls. The other two isolates (an isolate from a larva that died after eating pellets from HD 146 [serovar 10; darmstadiensis] and a second unidentified Guatemalan isolate) killed 40% of adults in the same experiment. Isolates that were most toxic to larvae were not necessarily most toxic to adults and vice versa. The toxic principals were characterized as endotoxins based on their water insolubility and heat lability. C1 USDA,MISSION PLANT METHODS DEV CTR,EDINBURG,TX 78539. MED FRUIT FLY REARING PLANT,MOSCAMED PROGRAMS,SAN MIGUEL PETAPA,GUATEMALA. RP Robacker, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS,2301 S INT BLVD,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 25 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 89 IS 1 BP 104 EP 110 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TV705 UT WOS:A1996TV70500017 ER PT J AU Lopez, JD Bull, DL Lingren, PD AF Lopez, JD Bull, DL Lingren, PD TI Feeding of adult Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on dry sucrose SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE corn earworm; adult control; feeding behavior; feeding stimulant; attracticide ID CORN-ROOTWORM COLEOPTERA; CHRYSOMELIDAE; EARWORM; BAITS AB Dry sucrose was evaluated for its potential as a feeding substrate for corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). This study is part of a large-scale effort to incorporate use of feeding attractants or stimulants for adults into programs to manage populations of H. tea on crops or on an areawide basis. The ability of adult H. tea to feed on dry sugar was demonstrated in bioassays with milled, granulated [C-14] sucrose. We found that a liquid secreted by adults through the proboscis facilitated ingestion of dry sucrose. Because these tests also demonstrated that the liquid was not regurgitated from the crop, the only other possible source is the salivary glands. Thus, salivation is an important factor in ingestion of dry sugars by adult H. tea. The ability of adult H. tea to feed on dry sugars is important in that it may simplify development of formulations of attracticides that induce feeding because application of dry materials that incorporate feeding attractants or stimulants that will persist under field conditions may be simpler than applying materials in a liquid phase. RP Lopez, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO CROPS RES LAB,AREAWIDE PEST MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,2771 F&B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 89 IS 1 BP 119 EP 123 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TV705 UT WOS:A1996TV70500019 ER PT J AU Soderstrom, EL Brandl, DG Mackey, BE AF Soderstrom, EL Brandl, DG Mackey, BE TI High temperature alone and combined with controlled atmospheres for control of diapausing codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in walnuts SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE codling moth; heat; controlled atmospheres ID QUARANTINE TREATMENTS AB High temperature alone and combined with controlled atmospheres were effective in killing diapausing codling moth larvae, Cydia pomonella (L.). Larvae were exposed to atmospheres of air, 0.5% oxygen (O-2) in nitrogen (N-2), 0.5% O-2 + 10% carbon dioxide (CO2) in N-2, or to 98% CO2 in air, at temperatures of 39, 41, 43, or 45 degrees C and 60% RH. LT(95)s were estimated for each atmosphere-temperature combination and fit to an asymptotic mathematical model to describe the effect of temperature. Higher temperature caused a more rapid kill. The decreasing order of effectiveness was 98% CO2, the two 0.5% O-2 atmospheres,which were intermediate in effectiveness and not substantially different from each other, and air. RP Soderstrom, EL (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,COMMOD PROTECT & QUARANTINE INSECT RES UNIT,2021 S PEACH AVE,FRESNO,CA 93727, USA. NR 13 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 89 IS 1 BP 144 EP 147 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TV705 UT WOS:A1996TV70500024 ER PT J AU Hardee, DD Weathersbee, AA Gillespie, JM Snodgrass, GL Quisumbing, AR AF Hardee, DD Weathersbee, AA Gillespie, JM Snodgrass, GL Quisumbing, AR TI Performance of trap designs, lures, and kill strips for the boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anthonomus grandis grandis; cotton; trapping; pheromones AB A series of experiments was conducted to determine the most effective traps, lures, and kill strips for deploying against the bell weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman. The results indicated that Hardee traps or the Hereon Bell Weevil Scout baited with either of two 2-wk lures were comparable and the best combinations for use in bell weevil monitoring and eradication programs. Either kill strip used in traps was equally effective and is recommended for convenience in servicing traps. RP Hardee, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO INSECT MANAGEMENT LAB,POB 346,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 13 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 89 IS 1 BP 170 EP 174 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TV705 UT WOS:A1996TV70500028 ER PT J AU Chu, CC Henneberry, TJ Weddle, RC Natwick, ET Carson, JR Valenzuela, C Birdsall, SL Staten, RT AF Chu, CC Henneberry, TJ Weddle, RC Natwick, ET Carson, JR Valenzuela, C Birdsall, SL Staten, RT TI Reduction of pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) populations in the Imperial Valley, California, following mandatory short-season cotton management systems SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pectinophora gossypiella; short-season cotton; cultural control; diapause larvae; moth migration AB A cotton management program in the Imperial Valley, California, was specifically designed to reduce pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), populations in the area by optimizing the host-free period. The program established 1 March as the earliest planting date, 1 September for defoliant or plant growth regulator application and 1 November for cotton stalk destruction and plowdown. In-season gossyplure-baited pink bollworm male moth activity monitoring and immature green cotton boil inspections for larval infestation were encouraged as decision making aids to determine the need for additional control action. Male pink bollworm moth catches in gossyplure-baited Lingren and delta sticky traps were substantially reduced each year from 1990 to 1994 following the initiation of the management program in 1989. Fewer larvae per cotton boil occurred in the years from 1990 to 1992. Fiber quality of commercial cotton sampled was also improved from 1989 to 1994, as compared with the 1984 to 1988 average. Male moth trap catches in gossyplure-baited traps placed around the perimeter of the Imperial Valley suggest that pink bollworm moth migration into the valley occurred from surrounding cotton growing areas during the growing season. Highest numbers of moths were caught in perimeter traps directionally placed toward cotton growing areas in the Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico, and Bard-Winterhaven and Pale Verde, CA. Cotton production, in general, was reduced during 1989-1994 in these areas and may have contributed partially to reduced populations in Imperial Valley. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. IMPERIAL CTY AGR COMMISSIONERS OFF,EL CENTRO,CA 92243. UNIV CALIF COOPERAT EXTENS,HOLTVILLE,CA 92250. USDA ARS,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. RP Chu, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,BRAWLEY,CA 92227, USA. NR 23 TC 18 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 89 IS 1 BP 175 EP 182 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TV705 UT WOS:A1996TV70500029 ER PT J AU Johnson, JA Gill, RF Valero, KA May, SA AF Johnson, JA Gill, RF Valero, KA May, SA TI Survival of navel orangeworm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) during pistachio processing SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Amyelois transitella; pistachio; postharvest; high-temperature ID PLODIA-INTERPUNCTELLA; GRANULOSIS-VIRUS AB The potential survival of the navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker), in pistachios after commercial processing was estimated by sampling nuts from 2 different driers. In total, 1,980 kg of pistachios (approximate to 880,000 open nuts) were sampled over 3 yr. No live navel orangeworm were found and only 1 dead adult was discovered. Samples from drum driers, which received floaters, had an average of 10.7 dead navel orangeworm per Idiogram of nuts, whereas samples from the fan driers had an average of 1.9 dead navel orangeworm per kilogram of nuts. The occurrence of moths in traps baited with virgin, laboratory-reared females suggests that some navel orangeworm survive processing, but it was not possible to determine the source of the moths. Commercial pistachio drying was simulated in a forced-air oven with an air temperature of 90 degrees C. Nut temperatures during laboratory oven drying exceeded 60 degrees C after 45 min, when nut moisture levels were >26%. Nut temperatures were >60 degrees C for 2.25 h before nut moisture content approached appropriate storage levels. Limited survival of navel orangeworm eggs (2.82%) and pupae (3.33%) occurred after 30 min of oven exposure, when not all nut temperatures had exceeded 60 degrees C. No navel orangeworm survived oven exposures of 1 h or longer. Our results show that survival of navel orangeworm in processed pistachios is very low and should not be of major concern to processors. RP Johnson, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,2021 S PEACH AVE,FRESNO,CA 93727, USA. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 89 IS 1 BP 197 EP 203 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TV705 UT WOS:A1996TV70500032 ER PT J AU Hagstrum, DW Flinn, PW Shuman, D AF Hagstrum, DW Flinn, PW Shuman, D TI Automated monitoring using acoustical sensors for insects in farm-stored wheat SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Rhyzopertha dominica; Sitophilus oryzae; Tribolium castaneum; stored products; sampling; acoustical detection ID COLEOPTERA; TENEBRIONIDAE; POPULATIONS; CUCUJIDAE AB An automated method using cables with acoustical sensors was compared with the conventional grain sampling method for monitoring insect populations in wheat stored in 1 or 2 bins on each of 6 farms in Kansas. Seven flexible cables, each with 20 sensors 15 cm apart, were installed vertically in the grain mass along a transect across the diameter of the bin. A computer collected and stored the data. The automated system detected insects in all of the bins in which insects were found in grain samples and provided a good estimate of infestation level. Lesser grain beetle, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) was the dominant species, and red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) were also detected. The number of times that insect sounds were detected was correlated with insect density in grain samples over a density range of 0-17 insects per kilogram. Insects were most abundant in the top center of the wheat stored in bins, and only a few sensors in this area were needed for early detection. Insects were found in grain samples at 5-37 sensor locations in any bin, but locations differed between bins. Insects were found in grain samples at a total of 50 sensor locations in 10 bins. Sensors will need to be distributed over a representative portion of a bin to determine insect infestation levels accurately. C1 USDA ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. RP Hagstrum, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,1515 COLL AVE,MANHATTAN,KS 66502, USA. RI Flinn, Paul/B-9104-2013 NR 10 TC 36 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 89 IS 1 BP 211 EP 217 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA TV705 UT WOS:A1996TV70500034 ER PT J AU SadrudDin, S Loeb, MJ Hakim, RS AF SadrudDin, S Loeb, MJ Hakim, RS TI In vitro differentiation of isolated stem cells from the midgut of Manduca sexta larvae SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE insect; Manduca sexta; growth factors; proliferative cells; gut ID HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS LEPIDOPTERA; MOTH; TRANSPORT; INVITRO; GROWTH AB Isolated spherical stem cells from midguts of pharate fourth-instar larvae of Manduca sexta proliferated in vitro in the presence of 1 ng ml(-1) 20-hydroxyecdysone and cocultured fat body tissue or cell-free fat body extract from M. sexta, Lymantria dispar or Heliothis virescens. In this environment, the stem cells were able to undergo mitosis and increase in number, However, stem cells were only able to differentiate to mature goblet and columnar cells when cell-free conditioned medium, taken from midgut cell cultures containing mature cells as well as stem cells and differentiating forms, was introduced into the culture medium, The presence of early and mature goblet cells, lying randomly on their sides, suggested that cell polarity developed in vitro as an intrinsic property of individual cells rather than with reference to an external inductive material, The differentiation factor (or factors) from the conditioned medium appears to include a heat-stable, peptide-like molecule of 10 kDa or less. C1 USDA,INSECT NEUROBIOL & HORMONE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. HOWARD UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT ANAT,WASHINGTON,DC 20059. NR 25 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4DL SN 0022-0949 J9 J EXP BIOL JI J. Exp. Biol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 199 IS 2 BP 319 EP 325 PG 7 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA TU983 UT WOS:A1996TU98300006 ER PT J AU Miller, AJ Call, JE Bowles, BL AF Miller, AJ Call, JE Bowles, BL TI Sporostatic, sporicidal, and heat-sensitizing action of maleic acid against spores of proteolytic Clostridium botulinum SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE maleic acid; Clostridium botulinum; spores; thermal resistance; dipicolinic acid ID ANTIBOTULINAL PROPERTIES; MICROORGANISMS; PURIFICATION; INHIBITION; OUTGROWTH; OUTBREAK; TOXIN AB The antibotulinal potential of maleic acid was investigated in an uncured turkey product and model systems. There was a dose-related delay in neurotoxin detection, with no toxin developing after 40 days at 28 degrees C with 500 or 1,500 Clostridium botulinum spores per g and 2% maleic acid. Anaerobic and aerobic microflora were suppressed by maleic acid, and pH remained constant during the incubation period. Sporicidal and sporostatic concentrations were 19.5 and 2.4 mM, respectively, in broth. The 8-day sporostatic levels were >5 and 2 mM for canned chicken and beef broths, respectively. Dipicolinic acid release was reduced by 50% with 0.25 mM maleic acid. Maleic acid also lowered spore thermal resistance at 80 degrees C. These data indicate that maleic acid inactivates C. botulinum spores, delays spore outgrowth, and reduces thermal resistance. RP Miller, AJ (reprint author), USDA,EASTERN REG RES CTR,AGR RES SERV,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 42 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 59 IS 2 BP 115 EP 120 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA TX823 UT WOS:A1996TX82300001 ER PT J AU Dorsa, WJ Cutter, CN Siragusa, GR Koohmaraie, M AF Dorsa, WJ Cutter, CN Siragusa, GR Koohmaraie, M TI Microbial decontamination of beef and sheep carcasses by steam, hot water spray washes, and a steam-vacuum sanitizer SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE beef; steam; steam-vacuum; washes; interventions ID SURFACES; TEMPERATURE; REDUCTION; ACID AB Three separate studies were conducted to determine the effectiveness of various temperature water spray washes (W-t), wash and steam combinations (WtS), and vacuum and wash combinations (VWt) for reducing fecal bacteria on sheep and beef carcasses. W-t of 15.6, 54.4, and 82.2 degrees C were administered to sheep carcasses contaminated with feces, using a hand-held spray nozzle. Initial carcass bacterial populations of approximately 2.5, 4, and 6 log CFU/cm(2) were subjected to all wash combinations. W-82.2 and W82.2S reduced 6 log CFU/cm(2) bacterial populations as much as 4.0 log cycles. When carcasses were subjected to WtS and W-82.2, the initial contamination levels (4 and 6 log CFU/cm(2)) had little effect on final bacterial levels (2.7 to 3.3 log CFU/cm(2)). However, uninoculated carcasses with initial bacterial populations of 2.5 log CFU/cm(2) experienced a 1.5-log-cycle reduction when subjected to WtS and W-82.2. It is possible that hydration of a carcass before and during interventions affords some protection to bacteria. The next study used a commercial carcass washer to apply a hot water (72 degrees C), low pressure (20 psi) wash in combination with a high pressure (125 psi), warm water (30 degrees C) wash (W-72/30). Reductions on beef of 2.7, 3.3, and 3.4 log cycles for aerobic plate count (APC), coliforms, and E. coli populations, respectively, were observed. When a commercial steam-vacuum was used in conjunction with W-72/30, reductions of 3.1, 4.2, and 4.3 log cycles for APC, coliforms, and E. coli populations, respectively, were achieved. Implementation of these interventions could reduce the amount of trimming needed on carcass-processing lines and would increase the microbial safety of beef carcasses. 0 RP Dorsa, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 14 TC 96 Z9 97 U1 3 U2 11 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 59 IS 2 BP 127 EP 135 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA TX823 UT WOS:A1996TX82300003 ER PT J AU Trail, AC Fleming, HP Young, CT McFeeters, RF AF Trail, AC Fleming, HP Young, CT McFeeters, RF TI Chemical and sensory characterization of commercial sauerkraut SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CABBAGE AB Canned sauerkraut from eight U.S. companies was analyzed for salt, titratable acidity (TA), fermentation substrates and end products, volatile sulfur compounds and sensory characteristics. The TA ranged from 0.9-1.5%, while salt content ranged from 1.4-2.0%, which was lower than in previous surveys. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to monitor lactic, acetic, malic, succinic, propionic and butyric acids, mannitol, ethanol, propanol, glycerol, glucose, fructose and sucrose. Low concentrations of propionic acid, propanol and glycerol were found. These three compounds are not characteristic of lactic acid fermentations. No butyric acid was detected. GC analysis revealed seven main sulfur compounds (hydrogen sulfide, methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, dimethyl disulfide, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) and dimethyl trisulfide) and sh other organic compounds (methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, 2propanol, acetaldehyde and ethyl acetate) in the headspace of sauerkraut juice. A profile panel characterized aroma, flavor and after-taste of sauerkraut with ten distinct notes. The sour, sulfur and salt notes had the greatest impact on sauerkraut flavor. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,FOOD FERMENTAT LAB,RALEIGH,NC 27695. NR 18 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 7 U2 23 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 19 IS 1 BP 15 EP 30 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.1996.tb00402.x PG 16 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA UC466 UT WOS:A1996UC46600002 ER PT J AU Bathurst, JC Cooley, KR AF Bathurst, JC Cooley, KR TI Use of the SHE hydrological modelling system to investigate basin response to snowmelt at Reynolds Creek, Idaho SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DISTRIBUTED MODELING SYSTEM; UPLAND CATCHMENT; EUROPEEN; RUNOFF; INFILTRATION AB The first test of the snowmelt component of the Systeme Hydrologique Europeen (SHE) hydrological modelling system is reported, in which the SHE is used to simulate a 12 1/2 day period of snowmelt runoff for a 40 ha subbasin of the Reynolds Creek rangeland research basin in Idaho. The results show the SHE to be capable of successfully simulating hydrograph responses caused by snowmelt generated by heat inputs, especially net radiation and sensible heat transfer. The results also show how, in the absence of previous field studies of basin response, the SHE can be used to investigate different hypotheses of basin behaviour. In this case, four hypotheses of basin response are examined, based on different representations of the soil permeability and subsurface flow pathways: (1) impermeable (frozen) ground surface; (2) fully permeable soil profile throughout the basin; (3) reduced soil permeability away from the channel; (4) rapid, near-channel subsurface response. Comparison of the measured and simulated hydrographs supports Hypothesis 4, with a possible cause of the response being the rapid conversion. of a near-surface, tension-saturated capillary fringe into a pressure-saturated zone by the infiltrating meltwater. In the absence of direct measurements of net radiation and wind gradient, indirectly derived values are used as input to the snowmelt component. The implications which the uncertainty attached to these values holds for the simulation results is investigated in sensitivity tests which show that, with sensible heat transfer forming the major heat flux to the snowpack, greater uncertainty is introduced into the simulation results by the uncertainty in the wind gradient than by the uncertainty in the net radiation. The snowmelt simulations are based on an energy-budget option: a test of a temperature-based (degree-day) option shows comparable accuracy but only through empirical fitting. Overall the study shows that a greater hydrological expertise is required in operating SHE-type models compared with simpler models. C1 USDA ARS,NW WATERSHED RES CTR,BOISE,ID 83712. RP Bathurst, JC (reprint author), UNIV NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,WATER RESOURCE SYST RES UNIT,NEWCASTLE TYNE NE1 7RU,TYNE & WEAR,ENGLAND. NR 34 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 175 IS 1-4 BP 181 EP 211 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(96)80011-4 PG 31 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA UB599 UT WOS:A1996UB59900010 ER PT J AU Hou, CT Ahlgren, JA Brown, W Nicholson, JJ AF Hou, CT Ahlgren, JA Brown, W Nicholson, JJ TI Production of an extracellular polysaccharide by Agrobacterium sp DS3 NRRL B-14297 isolated from soil SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE extracellular polysaccharide; Agrobacterium; viscous polysaccharide ID METHYLATION ANALYSIS; OLEIC-ACID; RHIZOBIUM; EXOPOLYSACCHARIDES; COMPOUND AB A bacterium isolated from soil and identified as Agrobacterium sp produced a water-soluble extracellular polysaccharide capable of producing highly viscous solutions, Gas chromatographic analysis revealed a sugar composition of glucose, galactose and mannose in the molar ratio of 7.5:2.4:1, together with 3.7% (w/w) pyruvic acid, Methylation analyses showed the presence of (1 --> 3)-, (1 --> 4)- and (1 --> 6)-linked glucose, (1 --> 3)- and (1 --> 4, 1 --> 6)-linked galactose and a small portion of (1 --> 3)-linked mannose residues. Succinic acid was not present. The molecular weight of the polysaccharide was estimated by light scattering to be 2 x 10(6) Da. The viscosity of solutions containing the polysaccharide remained constant from pH 3 to 11, and decreased by 50% when heated from 5 to 55 degrees C, Maximum yield of the polysaccharide, 20 g L(-1), was reached in 48 h at 30 degrees C incubation. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOPOLYMER RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP Hou, CT (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,OIL CHEM RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0169-4146 J9 J IND MICROBIOL JI J. Indust. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 16 IS 2 BP 129 EP 133 DI 10.1007/BF01570073 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA UE693 UT WOS:A1996UE69300006 PM 8730576 ER PT J AU Liu, JG Stipanovic, RD Benedict, CR AF Liu, JG Stipanovic, RD Benedict, CR TI Synthesis of a tritium labeled photolabile analogue of farnesyl diphosphate: (E,E)-[1-H-3]-(2-diazo-3-trifluoropropionyloxy)geranyl diphosphate (DATFP-GDP) SO JOURNAL OF LABELLED COMPOUNDS & RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS LA English DT Article DE farnesyl diphosphate analogue; DATFP-GDP; tritium; (E,E)-(2-diazo-3-trifluoro-proprionyloxy)geranyl diphosphate ID PYROPHOSPHATE; SYNTHETASE; GOSSYPOL AB Tritiated (E,E)-(2-diazo-3-trifluoropropionyloxy)geranyl diphosphate (DATFP-GDP) has been used as a photolabile analogue of(E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate (E,E-FDP) for an aid in isolating enzymes utilizing E,E-FDP as a substrate. We now report an alternative method of synthesizing this probe in which the tritium label is introduced in the step just before the introduction of the diphosphate group. Thus, DATFP-geraniol is oxidized to DATFP-geranial with activated manganese dioxide. The tritium label is introduced by reduction of the aldehyde with NaBT4. The DATFP-group successfully withstands both of these steps. The overall yield for these two steps is 69%. Diphosphorylation of the resulting alcohol afforded DATFP-[1-H-3]-GDP in 8% yield with a specific activity of 48.6 mu Ci/mu mol and radiochemical purity of 94%. C1 USDA ARS, SO CROPS RES LAB, COLLEGE STN, TX 77845 USA. TEXAS A&M UNIV, DEPT BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77840 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0362-4803 J9 J LABELLED COMPD RAD JI J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 38 IS 2 BP 139 EP 148 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1344(199602)38:2<139::AID-JLCR817>3.0.CO;2-3 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Medicinal; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Chemistry GA TR412 UT WOS:A1996TR41200004 ER PT J AU Gellman, ST Zielinski, WJ AF Gellman, ST Zielinski, WJ TI Use by bats of old-growth redwood hollows on the north coast of California SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE bats; roosting; tree cavity; redwood ID MYOTIS-YUMANENSIS; VESPERTILIONIDAE; CHIROPTERA; SELECTION AB Use by bats of basal hollows in old-growth redwoods was indexed using the weight of guano collected on water-permeable screens (guano traps) installed inside the trees. Twenty-six trees were systematically selected from a stand that flanks both sides of an interstate highway in Del Norte Co., California. Traps were checked for guano once a month for 18 months. The quantity of guano collected each month and that every tree was used suggests that the trees served either as day roosts by small numbers of bats or as temporary night roosts. Although bats could not be identified on the basis of characteristics of guano, three fecal morphotypes were identified. Guano was found in all 26 trees during most of the sample periods; the greatest deposition occurred May through August. Surprisingly, there was a substantial amount of fresh guano collected from most trees during winter months. When all trees were considered, weight of guano was not significantly related to diameter at breast height (dbh) of the tree during summer, winter, or annually, but was related to the internal volume of the hollow during summer and annually. Trees closer to perennial streams had greater weight of guano, but only during summer. The most frequently used trees had greater hollow volumes, greater diameters, and were closer to water than the least-frequently used trees, Although other potential roost sites on redwood trees were not sampled, our work indicates that large hollows are important roost sites. The relationship between weight of guano and size of hollow suggests that forests lacking trees large enough to contain these hollows will provide fewer roosting opportunities that could affect the abundance and diversity of bats. C1 HUMBOLDT STATE UNIV,DEPT WILDLIFE,ARCATA,CA 95521. RP Gellman, ST (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC SW EXPT STN,REDWOOD SCI LAB,ARCATA,CA 95521, USA. NR 38 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 77 IS 1 BP 255 EP 265 DI 10.2307/1382726 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA TW086 UT WOS:A1996TW08600023 ER PT J AU Karmaker, AC Schneider, JP AF Karmaker, AC Schneider, JP TI Mechanical performance of short jute fibre reinforced polypropylene SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article C1 USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,FOREST SERV,MADISON,WI 53705. RP Karmaker, AC (reprint author), UNIV CONNECTICUT,U-136,STORRS,CT 06269, USA. NR 5 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 0261-8028 J9 J MATER SCI LETT JI J. Mater. Sci. Lett. PD FEB 1 PY 1996 VL 15 IS 3 BP 201 EP 202 DI 10.1007/BF00274450 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA UA901 UT WOS:A1996UA90100006 ER PT J AU Berry, DL Schoofs, GM Schwass, DE Molyneux, RJ AF Berry, DL Schoofs, GM Schwass, DE Molyneux, RJ TI Genotoxic activity of a series of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in primary hepatocyte-mediated V79 cell mutagenesis and DNA repair assay SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL TOXINS LA English DT Article ID GROUNDSEL SENECIO-RIDDELLII; PRIMARY CULTURES; RAT HEPATOCYTES; MAMMALIAN-CELLS; CYTO-TOXICITY; CATTLE; LIVER; MUTAGENICITY; CARCINOGENS; LASIOCARPINE AB The genotoxicity of a series of macrocyclic diester pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), isolated from species of the plant genus Senecio, was determined in the Chinese hamster V79 HGPRT cell mutagenesis system and primary rat hepatocyte-DNA repair assay. The alkaloids senecionine (1), seneciphylline (2), riddelliine (3) and monocrotaline (4) were cytotoxic to primary rat hepatocytes as shown by elevated lactate dehydrogenase levels in the medium; were mutagenic to Chinese hamster V79 cells in the presence of S9 or primary hepatocytes; and were able to induce DNA repair synthesis in hepatocytes. The N-oxide derivative of riddelliine (5), and the dehydroaminoalcohol, retronecine (6), were cytotoxic to primary hepatocytes; were cytotoxic but not mutagenic to V79 cells; and were not active in the hepatocyte-DNA repair assay. The combination of cytotoxicity, V79 cell mutagenesis and DNA repair activity indicates that riddelliine and other structurally-related PAs occurring in Senecio species are likely to be hepatocellular carcinogens as well as cytotoxic agents. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. NR 43 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ALAKEN, INC PI FT COLLINS PA 305 W MAGNOLIA ST, STE 196, FT COLLINS, CO 80521 SN 1058-8108 J9 J NAT TOXINS JI J. Nat. Toxins PD FEB PY 1996 VL 5 IS 1 BP 7 EP 24 PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology GA TW834 UT WOS:A1996TW83400002 ER PT J AU Gaffield, W Keeler, RF AF Gaffield, W Keeler, RF TI Craniofacial malformations induced in hamsters by steroidal alkaloids SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL TOXINS LA English DT Article ID NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; MATERNAL INGESTION; VERATRUM-CALIFORNICUM; CONIUM-MACULATUM; POISON HEMLOCK; SPINA-BIFIDA; NEWBORN PIGS; INDUCTION; LAMBS; ACID AB Data on jervane, solanidane and spirosolane alkaloid-induced teratogenicity in hamsters is summarized and reviewed. The embryolethality of these steroidal alkaloids is discussed with respect to pre- and post-implantation death. Craniofacial malformations induced by steroidal alkaloids are tabulated and the relationship of malformation pattern to mechanisms of terata induction is noted. Relative teratogenic potencies (RTP) are assigned to jervanes, solanidanes and spirosolanes by conversion of literature data to equimolar doses compared to the powerful Veratrum teratogen, jervine, and the nonteratogenic spirosolane, tomatidine. RTP values are: jervine (100), 12 beta,13 alpha-dihydrojervine (65), 22S,25R-solanidanes (50), cyclopamine (47), alpha-chaconine (43), 5 alpha,6,12 beta,13 alpha-tetrahydrojervine (40), 22R,25S-solanidine (32), solanidine-N-oxide (32), alpha-solanine (32), 5 alpha,6-dihydrosolanidine (9), muldamine (9), solasodine (6), 5 alpha,6-dihydrosolasodine (4), tomatine (1), tomatidine (0). C1 USDA ARS,POISONOUS PLANT RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84321. USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. NR 39 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU ALAKEN, INC PI FT COLLINS PA 305 W MAGNOLIA ST, STE 196, FT COLLINS, CO 80521 SN 1058-8108 J9 J NAT TOXINS JI J. Nat. Toxins PD FEB PY 1996 VL 5 IS 1 BP 25 EP 38 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology GA TW834 UT WOS:A1996TW83400003 ER PT J AU Hoy, JB Koehler, PG Patterson, RS AF Hoy, JB Koehler, PG Patterson, RS TI A microcomputer-based system for real-time analysis of animal SO JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE METHODS LA English DT Article DE orientation; movement pattern; image subtraction; motion analysis; open-field behavior ID MOVEMENT AB A microcomputer-based video system for tracking, recording, and analyzing the movement of animals in two dimensions on variegated background in real-time has been developed and validated, both mechanically and with moving animals. Hardware and software (donationware) costs are low, Specimens visualized as small as 3 pixels long may be tracked in an arena that is 240 x 320 pixels in size. The results of tracking a mechanical moving spot are compared with a theoretical circular path. Comparisons between frame-by-frame human observation and computer generated X-Y coordinates are also presented. Applications of the tracking system include insect toxicology and pheromone bioassay, vertebrate locomotion studies, and basic research on taxes and kineses. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,INST FOOD & AGR SCI,DEPT ENTOMOL & NEMATOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. RP Hoy, JB (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 11 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0270 J9 J NEUROSCI METH JI J. Neurosci. Methods PD FEB PY 1996 VL 64 IS 2 BP 157 EP 161 DI 10.1016/0165-0270(95)00121-2 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA UB260 UT WOS:A1996UB26000003 PM 8699876 ER PT J AU Qureshi, AA Pearce, BC Nor, RM Gapor, A Peterson, DM Elson, CE AF Qureshi, AA Pearce, BC Nor, RM Gapor, A Peterson, DM Elson, CE TI Dietary alpha-tocopherol attenuates the impact of gamma-tocotrienol on hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase activity in chickens SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE gamma-tocotrienol; alpha-tocopherol; 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase; cholesterol; chickens ID CHOLESTEROL-METABOLISM; HUMANS; SERUM AB The concentration-dependent impact of gamma-tocotrienol on serum cholesterol can be traced to the posttranscriptional down-regulation of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity, gamma-Tocotrienol also suppresses tumor growth. Palmvitee, the tocopherol and tocotrienol-rich fraction of palm oil, is the sole commercial source of gamma-tocotrienol. Contrary to the universal findings of the efficacy of gamma-tocotrienol there are conflicting reports of the impact of Palmvitee on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity, serum cholesterol concentrations and tumor development, These conflicting reports led us to examine the impact of alpha-tocopherol on the cholesterol-suppressive action of gamma-tocotrienol. Control and experimental diets were fed to groups of White Leghorn chickens (n = 10) for 26 d. The control diet was supplemented with 21 nmol alpha-tocopherol/g. All experimental diets provided 141 nmol of blended tocols/g diet, The alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocotrienol concentrations of the experimental diets ranged from 21 to 141 and 0 to 120 nmol/g, respectively, We now report that including alpha-tocopherol in tocol blends containing adequate gamma-tocotrienol to suppress 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity results in an attenuation of the tocotrienol action (P < 0.001). A summary of results from studies utilizing different Palmvitee preparations shows that effective preparations consist of 15-20% alpha-tocopherol and similar to 60% gamma-(and delta-) tocotrienol, whereas less effective preparations consist of greater than or equal to 30% alpha-tocopherol and 45% gamma- (and delta-) tocotrienol. C1 BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB PHARMACEUT RES INST,WALLINGFORD,CT 06492. PALM OIL RES INST MALAYSIA,KUALA LUMPUR 50720,MALAYSIA. USDA ARS,CEREAL CROPS RES,MADISON,WI 53705. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT NUTR SCI,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Qureshi, AA (reprint author), ADV MED RES,MADISON,WI 53719, USA. NR 27 TC 98 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 126 IS 2 BP 389 EP 394 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TU525 UT WOS:A1996TU52500003 PM 8632210 ER PT J AU Hackman, AM Pond, WG Mersmann, HJ Wong, WW Krook, LP Zhang, SD AF Hackman, AM Pond, WG Mersmann, HJ Wong, WW Krook, LP Zhang, SD TI Obese pigs fed a high cholesterol diet from birth to 2 months are less susceptible than lean pigs to atherosclerosis SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE cholesterol; atherosclerosis; infant; obesity; pigs ID HEART-DISEASE; LIPIDS; PLASMA; DEATH; RISK AB Dietary cholesterol in infancy may alter cholesterol metabolism and the propensity to develop atherosclerosis. This study examined the effects of a 1% cholesterol diet (HC) vs. a no-cholesterol diet (NC) during the first 2 mo of life on pigs selectively bred for leanness or obesity. Three lean and three obese pigs received the no-cholesterol diet, and four lean and four obese pigs received the 1% cholesterol diet from d 1. Lean and obese pigs fed the no-cholesterol diet showed no increase in serum lipid concentrations, nor did they develop atherosclerosis. Obese pigs fed the 1% cholesterol diet developed significantly higher serum total cholesterol (TC) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) at 35 d than lean pigs fed the 1% cholesterol diet. By d 55, only HDL-C remained significantly higher in the obese pigs, resulting in a higher (P < 0.1) TC/HDL-C ratio in the lean pigs. Atherosclerotic plaque formation in the aorta was more extensive in the lean pigs. Cholesterol synthesis measured in vivo and at termination was equally suppressed in lean and obese pigs fed the 1% cholesterol compared with pigs fed the no-cholesterol diet. We conclude that genetic differences in the response of these lean and obese pigs to a high cholesterol diet render obese pigs less susceptible to atherosclerosis despite higher serum TC concentrations. The persistent elevation of HDL-C in obese pigs is the most likely mechanism of protection. C1 BAYLOR UNIV,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,HOUSTON,TX 77030. CORNELL UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT PATHOL,ITHACA,NY 14853. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 126 IS 2 BP 564 EP 573 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TU525 UT WOS:A1996TU52500025 PM 8632232 ER PT J AU Werman, MJ Bhathena, SJ AF Werman, MJ Bhathena, SJ TI Effects of changes in dietary energy density and the amount of fructose on indices of copper status and metabolic parameters in male rats SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE energy; fructose; copper deficiency; male rat; superoxide dismutase ID FEMALE RATS; DEFICIENCY; CARBOHYDRATE; RESTRICTION; SEVERITY; MODULATION; MORTALITY; LIPIDS AB This study was conducted to rest the effects of changes in dietary energy density and fructose content on the signs of copper deficiency in rats. For 7 weeks male weanling rats were fed ad libitum diets prepared with adequate (95 mu mol Cu/kg of diet) or low (9.5 mu mol Cu/kg of diet) copper levels that were of different energy density and fructose levels. Rats fed the copper-deficient diet with a higher energy density and a high fructose level showed the characteristic abnormalities of copper deficiency. These include reduced body weight; enlarged heart, fiver, and testes; atrophy of the pancreas; a low hepatic copper level; a low hemoglobin level; anemia; reduced red blood cell and hepatic superoxide dismutase activity; elevated serum cholesterol, triacylglycerol, glucose and blood urea nitrogen levels; elevated hepatic iron; and mortality. Lowering the energy density and/or reducing the fructose level improved many of the the signs associated with copper deficiency and prevented mortality. Reducing the energy density of the diet and the fructose level produced a marked improvement,lt in the activity of the copper-dependent antioxidative enzyme, superoxide dismutase, in liver and red blood cells. It is possible that this improvement in copper-dependent antioxidative enzyme activity is partly responsible for the improvement in the signs of copper deficiency. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,METAB NUTRIENT INTERACT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. TECHNION ISRAEL INST TECHNOL,DEPT FOOD ENGN & BIOTECHNOL,IL-32000 HAIFA,ISRAEL. NR 45 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 7 IS 2 BP 118 EP 124 DI 10.1016/0955-2863(95)00185-9 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA TX293 UT WOS:A1996TX29300008 ER PT J AU Sasai, K Lillehoj, HS Matsuda, H Wergin, WP AF Sasai, K Lillehoj, HS Matsuda, H Wergin, WP TI Characterization of a chicken monoclonal antibody that recognizes the apical complex of Eimeria acervulina sporozoites and partially inhibits sporozoite invasion CD8(+) T lymphocytes in vitro SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; ULTRASTRUCTURAL-LOCALIZATION; TENELLA; ANTIGENS; IDENTIFICATION; ORGANELLES; MEROZOITES; TRANSPORT; IMMUNITY; OOCYSTS AB A Stable chicken hybridoma secreting a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that detects the apical complex of Eimeria acervulina sporozoites has been developed by fusing a thymidine kinase (TK)-deficient chicken myeloma with spleen cells from chickens immunized with sporozoite antigen. The mAb, designated as 6D-12-G10, recognized the apical complex of a sporozoite of 20-21 kDa molecular mass on western blots. Immunoelectron microscopic examination revealed that mAb 6D-12-G10 stained the conoid antigen. Furthermore, mAb 6D-12-G10 inhibited the invasion of sporozoites into CD8(+) T cells in vitro. These results suggest that the conoid may play an important role in the recognition and invasion of host cells by Eimeria sporozoites. C1 USDA,ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE IMMUNOBIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 27 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 82 IS 1 BP 82 EP 87 DI 10.2307/3284120 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA TV067 UT WOS:A1996TV06700015 PM 8627507 ER PT J AU Lichtenfels, JR Hoberg, EP Pilitt, PA Craig, TM AF Lichtenfels, JR Hoberg, EP Pilitt, PA Craig, TM TI The synlophe and other structural characteristics of Sarwaria bubalis (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) from cattle in Guyana SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CUTICULAR RIDGE-PATTERNS; DOMESTIC RUMINANTS; NORTH-AMERICA; KEY; REDESCRIPTION; OSTERTAGIINAE AB The synlophe (longitudinal, surface cuticular ridges) of Sarwaria bubalis is described for the first time. It is a tapering lateral synlophe of about 40 ridges. The synlophe of S. bubalis is similar to that of Ostertagia ostertagi but markedly different from that of species of Spiculopteragia and Mazamastrongylus. New information is provided also on the structure of the esophagus and perivulval pores. The esophageal valve is more than twice as long as wide. The bilateral perivulval pores were located 192-267 mu m posterior to the vulva and dorsal to the lateral lines. The new information will be useful in a study of the generic level systematics of the Ostertagiinae. Sarwaria bubalis appears to be well established in tropical South America where it infects its normal host, the Asian water buffalo Bubalus bubalis, as well as domestic cattle Bos taunts and mixed breed cattle B. taurus x Bos indicus. RP Lichtenfels, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 25 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 82 IS 1 BP 146 EP 154 DI 10.2307/3284131 PG 9 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA TV067 UT WOS:A1996TV06700026 PM 8627485 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Hamir, AN Niezgoda, M Rupprecht, CE AF Dubey, JP Hamir, AN Niezgoda, M Rupprecht, CE TI A Sarcocystis neurona-like organism associated with encephalitis in a striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; DISTEMPER VIRUS-INFECTION; RACCOON PROCYON-LOTOR AB A Sarcocystis neurona-like organism was associated with granulomatous encephalitis in an ataxic male juvenile striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) from Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Various stages of schizonts and merozoites of S. neurona were seen within some of the granulomata. C1 UNIV PENN,SCH VET MED,NEW BOLTON CTR,KENNETT SQ,PA 19348. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 11 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 82 IS 1 BP 172 EP 174 DI 10.2307/3284135 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA TV067 UT WOS:A1996TV06700030 PM 8627490 ER PT J AU Khrustalev, AV Hoberg, EP AF Khrustalev, AV Hoberg, EP TI Carmine-propionic acid stain for elucidation of fine cellular structure in nematodes SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Carmine-propionic acid staining was found to enhance the elucidation of cellular membranes in the esophagus and genital tract and the structure of sperm in strongylate nematodes. This regressive staining technique may also have general utility for differentiation of cellular membranes and nuclear structure in other taxa of parasitic helminths. C1 KI SKRJABIN HELMINTHOL INST,CENT HELMINTHOL MUSEUM,MOSCOW 117259,RUSSIA. RP Khrustalev, AV (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOSYSTEMAT & NATL PARASITE COLLECT UNIT,BARC E,BLDG 1180,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 82 IS 1 BP 176 EP 178 DI 10.2307/3284137 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA TV067 UT WOS:A1996TV06700032 PM 8627492 ER PT J AU Morales, JA Pena, MA Dubey, JP AF Morales, JA Pena, MA Dubey, JP TI Disseminated toxoplasmosis in a captive porcupine (Coendou mexicanus) from Costa Rica SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article AB An adult porcupine (Coendou mexicanus) from the National Zoo, San Jose, Costa Rica, died because of toxoplasmosis involving the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys. Toxoplasma gondii was found in lesions and the diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining with T. gondii-specific polyclonal rabbit antibodies. This is a new host record for T. gondii. C1 USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Morales, JA (reprint author), UNIV NACL,ESCUELA MED VET,CATEDRA PATOL,HEREDIA,COSTA RICA. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 82 IS 1 BP 185 EP 186 DI 10.2307/3284140 PG 2 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA TV067 UT WOS:A1996TV06700035 PM 8627495 ER PT J AU Murrell, D AF Murrell, D TI James Hendricks - 23 October 1920 7 October 1995 - In memoriam SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Item About an Individual RP Murrell, D (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 82 IS 1 BP 189 EP 189 PG 1 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA TV067 UT WOS:A1996TV06700037 ER PT J AU Booth, SL Pennington, JAT Sadowski, JA AF Booth, SL Pennington, JAT Sadowski, JA TI Food sources and dietary intakes of vitamin K-1 (phylloquinone) in the American diet: Data from the FDA Total Diet Study SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-MILK; K DEFICIENCY; COWS MILK; OSTEOCALCIN; INFANTS AB Objective To identify important food sources and estimate dietary intake of vitamin K-1 (phylloquinone) in the American can diet. Design Core foods from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Total Diet Study (TDS), which was based on the 1987-88 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey (NFCS), were analyzed for vitamin K-1. These nutrient values were then applied to the FDA TDS consumption model. Subjects Of the NFCS participants within the 14 selected age-gender groups, 3,634 who had 3 days of dietary data were included in the FDA TDS consumption model. Main outcome measures Vitamin K-1 intakes were estimated for each of the age-gender groups. the percentage contribution of each food item to total intake of vitamin K-1 was calculated from the FDA TDS model. Results Of the 14 age-gender groups selected, the 25- to 30-year-old women and men consumed less than the current Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for vitamin K. In contrast, formula-fed infants had estimated vitamin K-1 intakes six times greater than the RDA. All other groups consumed amounts within the recommended daily intakes but lower than 90 mu g/day. The top contributors to total vitamin K-1 intake were dark-green vegetables, although the fats and oils added to mixed dishes and desserts were also important contributors. The proportion of vitamin K-1 obtained horn vegetables increased with age. Applications The data identify important dietary sources of vitamin K-1 in the American diet. This knowledge can be used to develop dietary assessment instruments for use in epidemiologic studies. C1 TUFTS UNIV,SCH NUTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. US FDA,DIV NUTR,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. RP Booth, SL (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 39 TC 86 Z9 88 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSN PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 96 IS 2 BP 149 EP 154 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(96)00044-2 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA UQ841 UT WOS:A1996UQ84100012 PM 8557941 ER PT J AU Kronick, PL Page, AR AF Kronick, PL Page, AR TI Recovery of properties of staked leather on storage SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Staking is carried out by repeatedly stretching leather by small amounts. We have investigated the mechanism and reversibility of staking by measuring the emission of acoustic signals while leather was repeatedly stretched at different humidities. The first stretch was accompanied by the largest number of acoustic pulses, the acoustic emission accompanying the succeeding ones being reduced by almost 90%, and the leather was softer (modulus was decreased) after the first stretch. The most significant finding was that, when the stretched leather was stored for three months, its acoustic emissions and stiffness recovered. This means that staking, unlike fatliquor-softening, is not a permanent treatment if the leather is maintained in a dry environment, such as that found indoors in northern climates in winter. RP Kronick, PL (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 91 IS 2 BP 39 EP 46 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA UD663 UT WOS:A1996UD66300001 ER PT J AU Bailey, DG Birbir, M AF Bailey, DG Birbir, M TI The impact of halophilic organisms on the grain quality of brine cured hides SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Halophilic organisms have long been thought to be associated with reduced grain quality of brine cured cattle hides. However, a direct correlation of the presence of halophiles and damage to surface of the grain has not been previously reported. In this research, a fresh cattle hide was cured in saturated brine to which an innoculum of several isolates of extremely halophilic organisms were added. These halophilic organisms were previously isolated from commercially brine-cured hides. After curing, samples prepared from the hide were stored at three different temperatures, 39 degrees F, 70 degrees F and 106 degrees F. Half of the samples were tanned after four weeks of storage and the remainder of the samples were tanned after seven weeks. Physical testing showed that there was no difference in physical strength between the inoculated and uninoculated samples. Grain damage was observed visually in the samples held for seven weeks at 106 degrees F. Scanning electron micrographs clearly show the nature of this damage. RP Bailey, DG (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 10 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 91 IS 2 BP 47 EP 51 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA UD663 UT WOS:A1996UD66300002 ER PT J AU Warner, K Nelsen, T AF Warner, K Nelsen, T TI AOCS collaborative study on sensory and volatile compound analyses of vegetable oils SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE canola oil; corn oil; flavor; gas chromatography; low-erucic acid rapeseed oil; oxidation; sensory evaluation; soybean oil; sunflower oil; volatile compound ID STABILITY AB An AOCS collaborative study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of sensory analysis and gas chromatographic analyses of volatile compounds in measuring vegetable oils for levels of oxidation that ranged from none to high. Sixteen laboratories from industry, government, and academia in Canada and the United States participated in the study to evaluate the flavor quality and oxidative stability of aged soybean, corn, sunflower, and canola (low-erucic acid rapeseed) oils. Analytical methods included sensory analyses with both flavor intensity and flavor quality scales and gas-chromatographic volatiles by direct injection, static headspace, and dynamic headspace (purge and trap) techniques. Sensory and volatile compound data were used to rank each of the oils at four levels of oxidation-none, low, moderate, and high. For soybean, canola, and sunflower oils, 85-90% of laboratories correctly ranked the oils by either analysis. For corn oil, only 60% of the laboratories ranked the samples according to the correct levels of oxidation by either analysis. Variance component estimates for flavor scores showed that the variation between sensory panelists within laboratories was lowest for the unaged oils. As storage time increased, the variance also increased, indicating that differences among panelists were greater for more highly oxidized oils. Between-laboratory variance of sensory panel scores was significantly lower than within-laboratory variance. RP Warner, K (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 13 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 73 IS 2 BP 157 EP 166 DI 10.1007/BF02523889 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TW548 UT WOS:A1996TW54800001 ER PT J AU Hron, RJ Kuk, MS Wan, PJ AF Hron, RJ Kuk, MS Wan, PJ TI Quick method for estimating free gossypol in cottonseed, meats, collets, and extracted meals SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE analysis; cottonseed; environment; gossypol; plant breeder; polyphenol; spectrophotometer AB A method for estimating free gossypol (FC) has been developed that decreases sample-determination time from over 2 h to about 25 min per sample. With auto pipetters and bottle-top dispensers, six sample determinations can be completed in approximately 50 min. The method consisted of adding water and acetone separately to a fixed sample weight, mixing, filtering, diluting with 65% acetone, and reading absorbance on a spectrophotometer. Absorbance was plotted against the official American Oil Chemists' Society's FC; method for samples that contained FC between 0.02 and 0.9%. Quadratic least squares regression for 31 samples had a correlation coefficient of r(2) = 0.986 and a standard error of estimated FG of 0.032%. RP Hron, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 73 IS 2 BP 199 EP 202 DI 10.1007/BF02523895 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TW548 UT WOS:A1996TW54800007 ER PT J AU Chang, MK Conkerton, EJ Chapital, DC Wan, PJ Vadhwa, OP Spiers, JM AF Chang, MK Conkerton, EJ Chapital, DC Wan, PJ Vadhwa, OP Spiers, JM TI Chinese melon (Momordica charantia L) seed: Composition and potential use SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Chinese melon seed; eleostearic acid; meal; oil; protein; tung oil AB Chinese melon (Momordica charantia L.), also known as bitter gourd, is a tropical crop, grown throughout Asian countries for use as food and medicinals. In 1993, four cultivars of Chinese melon were grown in Mississippi and the seeds were collected. Oil contents of the seeds ranged from 41 to 45% and the oils contained 63-68% eleostearic acid and 22-27% stearic acid. Industrially important tung oil, a ''fast-dry ing oil'' used in paints and varnishes, contains 90% eleostearic and 2-3% stearic acid. The ratio of stearic to eleostearic in Chinese melon seed oil is ten times greater than that in tung oil. The higher ratio should reduce the rate of drying and crosslinking and could be advantageous in the paint industry. The defatted meals contained 52-61% protein and would be a good source of methionine. C1 ALCORN STATE UNIV,ALCORN,MS. USDA ARS,SMALL FRUITS RES LAB,POPLARVILLE,MS. RP Chang, MK (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,1100 ROBERT E LEE BLVD,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 14 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 73 IS 2 BP 263 EP 265 DI 10.1007/BF02523907 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TW548 UT WOS:A1996TW54800019 ER PT J AU Hayes, DG Kleiman, R AF Hayes, DG Kleiman, R TI A detailed triglyceride analysis of Lesquerella fendleri oil: Column chromatographic fractionation followed by supercritical fluid chromatography SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Lesquerella oil; supercritical fluid chromatography; triglyceride analysis AB The triglyceride structure of oil from Lesquerella fendleri, a potential new U.S. crop, rich in C-20 hydroxy fatty acids, was examined by silica gel column chromatographic fractionation followed by supercritical fluid chromatography. The analysis confirmed previous findings derived by our research group, but provided further detail. The analysis demonstrated the presence of trihydroxy triglyceride, which contained all of the oil's C-18 hydroxy acyl groups (present at less than 0.5% in the oil). Lipolysis indicated that these groups were located solely at the 2-position. In addition, a strong correlation was detected between the presence of alpha-linolenic (18:3(9,12,15))and auricolic (20:2(11,17) OH14) acids in triglycerides. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 7 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 73 IS 2 BP 267 EP 269 DI 10.1007/BF02523908 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TW548 UT WOS:A1996TW54800020 ER PT J AU Sessa, DJ Nelsen, TC Kleiman, R Arquette, JD AF Sessa, DJ Nelsen, TC Kleiman, R Arquette, JD TI Differential scanning calorimetry index for estimating level of saturation in transesterified wax esters SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE differential scanning calorimetry; index of saturation; jojoba wax; transesterified wax esters ID DSC; COUNTRY; ORIGIN; NUTS AB Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms of fatty esters can give valuable information on melting characteristics and heats-of-fusion enthalpy (Delta H). A series of jojoba liquid wax esters was constructed by transesterifying native jojoba oil with 5-50% completely hydrogenated jojoba wax esters. This series, when subjected to a standardized DSC tempering method with heating/cooling cycles, exhibited an excellent correlation for level of saturation based on area changes in endothermic Delta H. Endothermic events were recorded for native (Delta H-A) and completely hydrogenated (Delta H-C) jojoba wax esters. A third endotherm, Delta H-B, was observed when they were transesterified. Based on a multiple regression program, the best fit (R(2) = 0.98) using Delta H data was: % saturation = 16.847 - 0.162 (Delta H-A) + 0.209 (Delta H-B) + 0.600 (Delta H-C). Standard errors for predictions were approximately 1.045 at 0% saturation, 0.770 at 25% saturation, and 1.158 at 50% saturation. Endothermic events A, B, and C each represent the respective di-unsaturated, monounsaturated, and saturated contents of wax esters in the transesterified blends. This was verified by measuring the dropping points for both the native and completely hydrogenated wax esters. These findings provide an index which can predict the degree of saturation in transesterified wax ester blends and serves as a research tool in process and product developments. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,NEW CROPS RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. INT FLORA TECHNOL LTD,GILBERT,AZ 85233. USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOMETR SERV,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP Sessa, DJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PLANT POLYMER RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 73 IS 2 BP 271 EP 273 DI 10.1007/BF02523909 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TW548 UT WOS:A1996TW54800021 ER PT J AU Brown, MS Molyneux, RJ AF Brown, MS Molyneux, RJ TI Effects of water and mineral nutrient deficiencies on pyrrolizidine alkaloid content of Senecio vulgaris flowers SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE pyrrolizidine alkaloids; Senecio vulgaris; range; weed; water; nutrient; toxicity ID PLANTS AB The flowers of Senecio vulgaris contain the alkaloids senecionine, seneciphylline, and their N-oxides, compounds which are toxic to some grazing animals. Deficiencies of water, mineral nutrients, or both did not significantly alter concentrations of the individual alkaloids. However, more favourable growing conditions resulted in a greater quantity of flowers, which animals find quite palatable, so that each of these plants was potentially more toxic because it contained a larger total amount of the alkaloids. RP Brown, MS (reprint author), USDA,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 7 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 70 IS 2 BP 209 EP 211 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199602)70:2<209::AID-JSFA485>3.0.CO;2-7 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA TU929 UT WOS:A1996TU92900010 ER PT J AU Picchioni, GA Watada, AE Whitaker, BD AF Picchioni, GA Watada, AE Whitaker, BD TI Quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of plant phospholipids and glycolipids using light-scattering detection SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID LIPID CLASSES; HPLC; SEPARATION; IDENTIFICATION AB Application of the evaporative light-scattering principle to quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses of plant membrane lipids has received little study. Light-scattering detection response curves were generated for nine classes of plant membrane phospholipid and glycolipids. Quantitative results obtained by HPLC/light-scattering detection and conventional lipid analytical methods (thin-layer chromatography and lipid-P assay) were in close agreement, confirming the reliability of HPLC/evaporative light-scattering detection (ELSD) analyses. Only three of the nine plant lipid classes gave linear detector response functions above 10 mu g injected lipid mass. This finding contradicts earlier precepts involving light-scattering detection of lipids. At a given mass, appreciable variation in ELSD signal intensity and detection limit was found to exist among the various plant membrane lipid classes. The variation in detector response among plant lipid classes is an important consideration in achieving accurate quantitative results in plant lipid analyses. C1 USDA,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Picchioni, GA (reprint author), LOUISIANA TECH UNIV,DEPT AGR SCI TECHNOL & EDUC,POB 10198,RUSTON,LA 71272, USA. NR 21 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD FEB PY 1996 VL 31 IS 2 BP 217 EP 221 DI 10.1007/BF02522623 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA TV938 UT WOS:A1996TV93800013 PM 8835411 ER PT J AU Smith, TPL Alexander, LJ Sonstegard, TS Yoo, J Beattie, CW Broom, MF AF Smith, TPL Alexander, LJ Sonstegard, TS Yoo, J Beattie, CW Broom, MF TI Construction and characterization of a large insert bovine YAC library with five-fold genomic coverage SO MAMMALIAN GENOME LA English DT Article ID CLONES C1 AGRES,MOLEC BIOL UNIT,DEPT BIOCHEM,DUNEDIN,NEW ZEALAND. UNIV OTAGO,CTR GENE RES,DUNEDIN,NEW ZEALAND. RP Smith, TPL (reprint author), USDA ARS,US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 11 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0938-8990 J9 MAMM GENOME JI Mamm. Genome PD FEB PY 1996 VL 7 IS 2 BP 155 EP 156 DI 10.1007/s003359900039 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA TV274 UT WOS:A1996TV27400014 PM 8835536 ER PT J AU Cuchel, M Schwab, US Jones, PJH Vogel, S LammiKeefe, C Li, ZL Ordovas, J McNamara, JR Schaefer, EJ Lichtenstein, AH AF Cuchel, M Schwab, US Jones, PJH Vogel, S LammiKeefe, C Li, ZL Ordovas, J McNamara, JR Schaefer, EJ Lichtenstein, AH TI Impact of hydrogenated fat consumption on endogenous cholesterol synthesis and susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein to oxidation in moderately hypercholesterolemic individuals SO METABOLISM-CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL LA English DT Article ID VITAMIN-E CONTENT; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; PLASMA-LIPOPROTEINS; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; DEUTERATED WATER; HEALTHY-SUBJECTS; LINOLEIC-ACID; PARTICLE-SIZE; TRANS; HUMANS AB The effects of replacing corn oil with corn oil margarine in stick form on endogenous cholesterol synthesis and susceptibility of low density lipoprotein (LDL) to oxidation were assessed in 14 middle-aged and elderly men and women aged 63 +/- 12 years (mean +/- SD) with moderate hypercholesterolemia (mean LDL-cholesterol [LDL-C], 4.24 +/- 0.59 mmol/L at the time of recruitment). Subjects consumed each of two diets for 32 day periods, one enriched in corn oil, which contained 30% of energy as fat (7% saturated fatty acid [SFA], 9% monounsaturated fatty acid [MUFA] [0.4% 18:1n9 trans], and 11% polyunsaturated fatty acid [PUFA]) and 85 mg cholesterol/4.2 MJ, and one enriched in stick corn oil margarine, which contained 30% fat (8% SFA, 12% MUFA [4.2% 18:1n9 trans], and 8% PUFA) and 77 mg cholesterol/4.2 MJ. Both diets were isocaloric and supplied by a metabolic research kitchen. Mean total cholesterol levels were lowest (P = .039) when subjects consumed the corn oil-enriched diet (5.01 +/- 0.51 mmol/L) as compared with the margarine enriched diet (5.30 +/- 0.58 mmol/L). LDL-C levels were 3.24 +/- 0.51 and 3.50 +/- 0.54 mmol/L when subjects consumed corn oil- and margarine-enriched diets, respectively (P = .058). There were no significant differences in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) or triglyceride concentrations between the two experimental periods. Consumption of the margarine enriched diet versus the corn oil-enriched diet tended to result in lower cholesterol fractional synthetic rates ([C-FSRs] 0.0466 +/- 0.0175 and 0.0668 +/- 0.0298, respectively, P = .080) and cholesterol absolute synthetic rates ([C-ASRs] 1.1761 +/- 0.5375 and 1.6954 +/- 0.8685, respectively, P = .092); however, differences did not reach statistical significance. Consumption of the margarine enriched diet versus the corn oil-enriched diet resulted in a significantly higher concentration of alpha-tocopherol in both plasma and LDL (P = .004 and P = .011, respectively). LDL particle size tended to be smaller after subjects consumed the margarine enriched diet versus the corn oil-enriched diet (P = .103). Susceptibility of LDL to oxidation was similar after consumption of the corn oil- and margarine-enriched diets. These data Suggest that an increased rate of endogenous cholesterol synthesis did not contribute to the higher plasma cholesterol concentrations during the period when subjects consumed the margarine enriched diet. Therefore, the increase in cholesterol concentration resulting from margarine consumption was likely attributable, at least in part, to a decreased catabolic rate of cholesterol. Additionally, susceptibility of LDL to in vitro oxidation was not altered by consumption of hydrogenated fat. (C) 1996 by W.B. Saunders Company C1 TUFTS UNIV,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,JEAN MAYER US DEPT AGR,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. MCGILL UNIV,SCH DIETET & HUMAN NUTR,ST ANNE BELLEVUE,PQ,CANADA. UNIV CONNECTICUT,DEPT NUTR SCI,STORRS,CT. OI Jones, Peter/0000-0001-5887-2846; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL39326] NR 62 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0026-0495 J9 METABOLISM JI Metab.-Clin. Exp. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 45 IS 2 BP 241 EP 247 DI 10.1016/S0026-0495(96)90061-X PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA TV615 UT WOS:A1996TV61500019 PM 8596497 ER PT J AU McNutt, TL Johnson, LA AF McNutt, TL Johnson, LA TI Flow cytometric sorting of sperm: Influence on fertilization and embryo fetal development in the rabbit SO MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE flow sorting; fertilization; embryo; fetus; sperm ID CHROMOSOME-BEARING; SEX PRESELECTION; X-CHROMOSOME; SPERMATOZOA; INVITRO; OOCYTES; DNA; CAPACITATION; INSEMINATION; SWINE AB Viable, intact rabbit sperm, prepared, processed, and flow cytometrically sorted, were used in this study to determine the influence of flow sorting on fertilization and embryo development. In experiment I, flow-sorted or control (unstained and unsorted) sperm were surgically inseminated into the uterine horn of hormonally primed does (10 to 12 does per time point). At 42 hr postsurgical insemination, flushed embryos were assessed for development. Fetal development was determined at day 7, day 14, and day 21 post-surgical insemination. Embryos resulting from does surgically inseminated with control sperm at 42 hr post-insemination were observed to be at the early morula stage of development (>16 cell), whereas embryos from does inseminated with flow sorted sperm were at the 8- to 16-cell stage. No difference was observed between treatments at day 7, 14, or 21, however, there was a significant decrease in fetus number per doe inseminated with flow-sorted sperm over time. In experiment II, mature oocytes were flushed from the oviducts of superovulated does and coincubated in vitro (IVF) with flow-sorted or control rabbit sperm. Oocytes observed at 6 hr post-coincubation exhibited swollen sperm heads in the cytoplasm, demonstrating that fertilization had occurred (2 PN + T). There was a higher percentage of fertilized oocytes by 8 hr post-coincubation for both control (31%) and flow-sorted sperm (31%) when used for IVF. By 10 and 12 hr post-coincubation, little difference was observed in the number of fertilized oocytes between sperm treatments (52% and 66% for control vs. 57 and 54% for flow-sorted, respectively). These studies demonstrate that flow-sorted sperm are capable of fertilizing mature oocytes under in vitro conditions. In addition they show that flow sorting may not negatively influence fertilization events, but likely interferes during early embryonic and fetal development. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.* C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR E,GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 23 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 1040-452X J9 MOL REPROD DEV JI Mol. Reprod. Dev. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 43 IS 2 BP 261 EP 267 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199602)43:2<261::AID-MRD16>3.0.CO;2-6 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology GA TT627 UT WOS:A1996TT62700016 PM 8824925 ER PT J AU Hammel, KE AF Hammel, KE TI Extracellular free radical biochemistry of ligninolytic fungi SO NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BASIDIOMYCETE PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM; ROT FUNGUS; MANGANESE PEROXIDASE; DEGRADATION; LIGNINASE; OXIDATION; METHOXYBENZENES; ENZYME; WOOD AB Higher filamentous fungi are the primary degraders of lignin in nature. Research has shown that fungi employ several types of free radical chemistry to break down this,abundant and recalcitrant wood polymer. Fungal ligninolytic mechanisms play an essential role in global carbon cycling, and may also serve as inspiration for new, environmentally friendly biomimetic catalysts. RP Hammel, KE (reprint author), USDA, FOREST PROD LAB, MADISON, WI 53705 USA. RI Hammel, Kenneth/G-1890-2011 OI Hammel, Kenneth/0000-0002-2935-5847 NR 28 TC 13 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1144-0546 J9 NEW J CHEM JI New J. Chem. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 20 IS 2 BP 195 EP 198 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA511 UT WOS:A1996UA51100005 ER PT J AU Weinstock, IA Atalla, RH Reiner, RS Moen, MA Hammel, KE Houtman, CJ Hill, CL AF Weinstock, IA Atalla, RH Reiner, RS Moen, MA Hammel, KE Houtman, CJ Hill, CL TI A new environmentally benign technology and approach to bleaching kraft pulp. Polyoxometalates for selective delignification and waste mineralization SO NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID OXIDATION; LIGNIN; CHEMISTRY; DIOXYGEN; PHENOLS AB A new technology based on polyoxometalates for bleaching and processing wood pulp in conjunction with paper manufacture is presented. In four Unit Operations not only is kraft pulp selectively delignified by polyoxometalates in an anaerobic process, but also all organic waste from the bleaching step is mineralized to CO2 and H2O by polyoxometalates in a complex aerobic process. The sum of the Unit Operations is the selective conversion of kraft pulp into a bleached pulp with attractive papermaking profiles (strength indices, mechanical properties, etc.), plus CO2 and H2O. Studies using dimeric lignin models link lignin fragmentation during anaerobic polyoxometalate delignification to a combination of oxidative and hydrolytic steps. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT CHEM ENGN,MADISON,WI 53706. EMORY UNIV,DEPT CHEM,ATLANTA,GA 30322. RP Weinstock, IA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,DEPT AGR,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. RI Hammel, Kenneth/G-1890-2011; Houtman, Carl/I-4469-2012 OI Hammel, Kenneth/0000-0002-2935-5847; NR 34 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 8 PU GAUTHIER-VILLARS PI PARIS PA S P E S-JOURNAL DEPT, 120 BD ST GERMAIN, F-75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1144-0546 J9 NEW J CHEM JI New J. Chem. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 20 IS 2 BP 269 EP 275 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA UA511 UT WOS:A1996UA51100015 ER PT J AU Jacob, RA AF Jacob, RA TI On the biologic significance of vitamin C interaction with ceruloplasmin SO NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material ID ASCORBIC-ACID RP Jacob, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,MICRONUTRIENTS UNIT,POB 29997,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94129, USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0899-9007 J9 NUTRITION JI Nutrition PD FEB PY 1996 VL 12 IS 2 BP 126 EP 127 DI 10.1016/S0899-9007(97)85051-5 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA UN298 UT WOS:A1996UN29800013 PM 8724386 ER PT J AU House, WA VanCampen, DR Welch, RM AF House, WA VanCampen, DR Welch, RM TI Influence of dietary sulfur-containing amino acids on the bioavailability to rats of zinc in corn kernels SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE zinc absorption; methionine; corn kernels; rats ID RAW AGRICULTURAL CROPS; UNITED-STATES; PROTEIN; ZN-65; IRON; METHIONINE; ELEMENTS; COPPER; WHEAT; AVAILABILITY AB A whole-body radioassay method was used to assess effects of supplemental dietary amino acids on absorption by rats of zinc in two varieties of corn kernels labeled either intrinsically or extrinsically with Zn-65. Corn genotypes were a normal type (Nor-corn) with one row of cells in the aleurone layer of the kernel and a variety (Mal-corn) that had multiple rows of cells in the aleurone. In experiment 1, rats fed a basal diet containing 15% soy protein absorbed 64% of the Zn-65 provided extrinsically in test meals. When provided test meals that contained intrinsically labeled Nor-corn or Mal-corn kernels, the rats absorbed 64 and 57% of the intrinsic Zn-65, respectively. In rats fed diets that contained supplemental lysine, methionine, or both lysine and methionine, absorption of extrinsic Zn-65 averaged 69, 82 and 86% of the dose, respectively. In experiment 2, rats fed the basal diet absorbed 57 and 53% of the intrinsic Zn-65 in Nor-corn and Mal-corn kernels, respectively, but rats fed supplemental methionine or cysteine absorbed 73% of the intrinsic Zn-65 in either the Nor-corn or Mal-corn kernels. Supplemental methionine or cysteine fed to rats that were marginally zinc deficient enhanced the absorption of Zn-65 provided in test meals in the form of either intrinsically labeled corn kernels or as Zn-65-labeled zinc sulfate. RP House, WA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. NR 42 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 16 IS 2 BP 225 EP 235 DI 10.1016/0271-5317(96)00007-3 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TV846 UT WOS:A1996TV84600007 ER PT J AU Roberts, SB Greenberg, AS AF Roberts, SB Greenberg, AS TI The new obesity genes SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID APOLIPOPROTEIN-B GENE; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; POLYMORPHISM; ANIMALS; HUMANS; WOMEN AB Individual susceptibility to obesity is recognized to be influenced significantly by genetic inheritance. Recently, candidate obesity genes have been identified that may contribute to the inheritance of body fat mass and the partitioning of fat between central and peripheral fat depots. In studies of animal models of obesity, the genetic basis for obesity in the obese (Ob/Ob) mouse, the Fat mouse, and the Yellow (V-vy) mouse has been identified Further research is needed to determine whether abnormalities in these genes contribute to human obesity as well. In studies of humans, sequence variation in at least six genes has been linked to increased body fatness and/or susceptibility to obesity. In addition, five other encoding genes have been linked to a disproportionate storage of fat in the abdominal region. These genes identified in studies of humans are currently thought to be modifying or background genes, each separately conferring a modest increase in susceptibility to fatness. Further research is needed to identify additional candidate genes that confer susceptibility to obesity and to determine the relative importance of each one in a range of human populations with distinct environments. RP Roberts, SB (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER USDA HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG 12829]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK 46124, DK 46200] NR 49 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST NORTH AMERICA PI WASHINGTON PA ONE THOMAS CIRCLE, N W, 9TH FLOOR, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 54 IS 2 BP 41 EP 49 PN 1 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA UJ759 UT WOS:A1996UJ75900001 PM 9053823 ER PT J AU Shimabukuro, RH Hoffer, BL AF Shimabukuro, RH Hoffer, BL TI Induction of ethylene as an indicator of senescence in the mode of action of diclofop-methyl SO PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WILD OAT; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; LOLIUM-RIGIDUM; MEMBRANE; INHIBITORS; METABOLISM; HERBICIDES; HALOXYFOP; RESISTANT; WHEAT AB Diclofop-methyl (DM) is an effective inducer of ethylene in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula), a dicotyledonous weed, and oat (Avena saliva), a DM-susceptible monocotyledon. Ethylene was not induced in resistant wheat (Triticum aestivum) which metabolizes and detoxifies DM very rapidly. Immature leafy spurge leaves were resistant to DM, whereas mature leaves were highly susceptible with death occurring within 6-7 days following application of 4.5 mM DM, contrary to the premise of the ACCas hypothesis. DM induced significant ethylene production in immature and mature leaves (278 and 616% of control, respectively) within 7 hr after DM application. Metabolism and detoxification of DM did not differ between immature and mature leaves and a putative ACCase was resistant to inhibition by DM in both tissues. The most likely mechanism of action of DM is the induction of accelerated senescence with lipid peroxidation and free radical oxidation as the lethal process. Ethylene production in normal or accelerated (hypersensitive response reaction) senescence appears to be a consequence of lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen (free radical) formation. DM (4.5 mM) and 2,4-D (2.0, 3.0 and 4.5 mM) applied separately induced significant production of ethylene in oat (232 and ca. 300% of control, respectively) after 7 hr of treatment. All applied concentrations of 2,4-D, except for 0.75 mM, reversed DM phytotoxicity in oat when applied as combinations. The reversal of DM phytotoxicity by 2,4-D was accompanied by the absence of DM-induced ethylene. Therefore, 2,4-D appears to reverse DM phytotoxicity by preventing lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen formation as indicated by the absence of DM-induced ethylene. When DM phytotoxicity was not reversed (4.5 mM DM plus 0.75 mM 2,4-D) ethylene production in oat was approximately equal to the sum of ethylene induced by DM and 2,4-D applied separately. Therefore, induction of accelerated senescence appears to be a major mechanism of lethality by DM that is correlated to its action on the membrane to initiate a series of multiple responses. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. RP Shimabukuro, RH (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOSCI RES LAB,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 44 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0048-3575 J9 PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYS JI Pest. Biochem. Physiol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 54 IS 2 BP 146 EP 158 DI 10.1006/pest.1996.0018 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA UM334 UT WOS:A1996UM33400007 ER PT J AU Sanden, EM Britton, CM Everitt, JH AF Sanden, EM Britton, CM Everitt, JH TI Total ground-cover estimates from corrected scene brightness measurements SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID BIOMASS AB Total ground-cover estimates from spectral reflectance data were studied using a scene brightness factor, corrected for variations in soil moisture content. Red and near-infrared radiometer readings were collected from ground level on a bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] rangeland in south Texas. A soil line was developed to obtain brightness factor and correction factor values that were correlated to total ground-cover measurements. Data were collected under two conditions: (1) when the soil was dry and vegetation senescent, and (2) under wet soil and green vegetation conditions. Although the correction factor did not improve the correlation between brightness measurements and total ground cover, overall correlations were high. The best correlation (r = 0.87) was obtained when vegetation was near peak greenness and the soil was saturated. This study suggests that under certain conditions scene brightness measurements can provide relatively accurate total ground-cover estimates. C1 TEXAS TECH UNIV,DEPT RANGE & WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT,LUBBOCK,TX 79409. USDA ARS,REMOTE SENSING RES UNIT,WESLACO,TX 78596. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 62 IS 2 BP 147 EP 150 PG 4 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA TT607 UT WOS:A1996TT60700037 ER PT J AU Edwards, MC Steffenson, BJ AF Edwards, MC Steffenson, BJ TI Genetics and mapping of barley stripe mosaic virus resistance in barley SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE disease resistance; Hordeum vulgare ID GENES AB The inheritance of resistance to barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) in barley was investigated in the Steptoe/Morex doubled haploid population developed by the North American Barley Genome Mapping Project. The number of resistant (66) and susceptible (84) progeny approximated a 1:1 ratio, indicating that a single gene was involved in conferring resistance to BSMV strain CV42 in Morex barley. This resistance gene was mapped to the centromeric region of the plus (short) arm of chromosome 1, based on its linkage to molecular markers on the Steptoe/Morex map, and was found to cosegregate with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) marker ABC455. Marker ABG011 was located 6.1 centimorgans (cM) distal to the resistance locus. The nearest opposite flanking marker mapped was Amy2, located at a distance of 8.1 cM and on the other side of the centromere. The identification of a cosegregating marker may facilitate both the selection for BSMV resistance in barley breeding programs and the high resolution mapping of the centromeric region in the vicinity of this locus. C1 N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,FARGO,ND 58105. RP Edwards, MC (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,USDA,NO CROP SCI LAB,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. OI Steffenson, Brian/0000-0001-7961-5363 NR 23 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD FEB PY 1996 VL 86 IS 2 BP 184 EP 187 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-184 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TU725 UT WOS:A1996TU72500009 ER PT J AU Duffy, BK Simon, A Weller, DM AF Duffy, BK Simon, A Weller, DM TI Combination of Trichoderma koningii with fluorescent pseudomonads for control of take-all on wheat SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biological control; plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria; root disease; soilborne pathogens; Triticum aestivum ID GRAMINIS VAR TRITICI; SOILBORNE PLANT-PATHOGENS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; SAPROPHYTIC GROWTH; NONPATHOGENIC FUSARIUM; SUPPRESSION; SOIL; RHIZOSPHERE; HARZIANUM; BACTERIA AB Trichoderma koningii significantly reduced the severity of take-all of wheat caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in growth-chamber experiments and slightly enhanced the growth of wheat in the absence of G. graminis var. tritici. In field trials, T. koningii applied to the seed furrow increased the yield of spring wheat by 65% at Mt. Vernon, WA, and reduced crown root infection by G. graminis var. tritici on winter wheat by 40% at Pullman, WA. T. koningii was generally more suppressive of take-all than Pseudomonas fluorescens Q29z-80 or a mixture of P. fluorescens and P. putida strains at both sites. In field trials, the combination of Z koningii and Q29z-80 increased yield compared to Q29z-80 alone but was not different from T. koningii alone. In growth-chamber experiments, combinations of T. koningii and any of six bacterial treatments provided substantially better disease control than the bacterial treatments applied alone. Combinations of T. koningii and certain bacterial treatments (e.g., P. chlororaphis 30-84, P. fluorescens Q2-87, and a four strain mixture) provided greater suppression of take-all than T. koningii alone. All combinations of T. koningii and fluorescent pseudomonads were compatible. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, DEPT PLANT PATHOL, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. CSIRO, DIV SOILS, GLEN OSMOND, SA 5064, AUSTRALIA. USDA ARS, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. NR 47 TC 116 Z9 137 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD FEB PY 1996 VL 86 IS 2 BP 188 EP 194 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-188 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TU725 UT WOS:A1996TU72500010 ER PT J AU Keyser, JD AF Keyser, JD TI Painted bison robes: The missing link in the biographic art style lexicon SO PLAINS ANTHROPOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Plains Indian art; biographic art style; painted bison robes; biographic art lexicon; plains iconography ID ROCK ART; PLAINS; COLLECTION; TEXAS AB Northern Plains Biographic style Indian art was done in rock art, hide paintings, and ledger books. Rock art and ledger art have been well studied and a preliminary lexicon to help interpret these drawings has been defined. Biographic robe art, although not as well known to scholars of Plains Indian art, provides the missing link to further develop the Biographic art lexicon. The importance of painted robes derives from their early date, coupled with the refinement and flexibility of robe art for illustrating nuances of detail. RP Keyser, JD (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,POB 3623,PORTLAND,OR 97208, USA. NR 75 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLAINS ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOC PI LINCOLN PA 410 WEDGEWOOD DRIVE, LINCOLN, NE 68510 SN 0032-0447 J9 PLAINS ANTHROPOL JI Plains Anthropol. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 41 IS 155 BP 29 EP 52 PG 24 WC Anthropology SC Anthropology GA UA624 UT WOS:A1996UA62400003 ER PT J AU Thompson, RB AF Thompson, RB TI Using calcium carbide with the acetylene inhibition technique to measure denitrification from a sprinkler irrigated vegetable crop SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE acetylene inhibition; calcium carbide; denitrification; nitrogen; vegetable production ID NITROUS-OXIDE; FIELD MEASUREMENT; SOIL CORE; LOSSES; RATES AB The use of calcium carbide (CaC2) pellets as a source of acetylene (C2H2) for the C2H2 inhibition technique to measure denitrification in the field was examined in a sandy loam soil cropped to lettuce. CaC2 was used in combination with vented closed chambers. Three grams of 2-4 mm CaC2 pellets were inserted at 7 and 20 cm for raised beds, and 6 and 15 cm for furrows, in four holes located at right angles, 2.5 cm outside a 20 cm dia. chamber pushed 4 cm into the soil. Acetylene concentrations were determined in the centre of the chamber 1.0 and 4.0 hours after applying CaC2, in beds (two dates) and furrows (one date) at different depths to 20 and 15 cm, respectively, for beds and furrows. At soil matric potentials of ca. 0.01 and ca. 0.06 MPa, soil C2H2 concentrations were >1.0 % (v/v) for all determinations. Weekly measurements of denitrification were made from a sprinkler irrigated lettuce crop for 8 weeks. Measurements were made 24 hours after irrigation and on one occasion 48 hours after. Measured mean rates of denitrification were generally <100 g N ha(-1) d(-1), much less than published data following furrow irrigation of vegetable crops in a nearby region. In another sandy loam soil at ca. 0.08 MPa, soil C2H2 concentrations were greater than or equal to 2.0 % at 5 and 15 cm, 1.0 and 6.0 hours after adding CaC2. Using CaC2 to generate C2H2 in soil is a convenient approach for field measurements where the C2H2 inhibition technique is used with chambers to determine the nitrous oxide flux. In comparison with C2H2 supply via probe systems, CaC2 overcomes the requirement for cylinders of pressurised C2H2 gas and complex on-site plumbing. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT VEGETABLE CROPS,USDA ARS,SALINAS,CA 93905. RI Thompson, Rodney/G-8950-2013 OI Thompson, Rodney/0000-0002-9323-5911 NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD FEB PY 1996 VL 179 IS 1 BP 9 EP 16 DI 10.1007/BF00011637 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA UG441 UT WOS:A1996UG44100002 ER PT J AU Benjamin, JG Ahuja, LR Allmaras, RR AF Benjamin, JG Ahuja, LR Allmaras, RR TI Modelling corn rooting patterns and their effects on water uptake and nitrate leaching SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE corn; modelling; nitrate; root; water ID SPATIAL VARIABILITY; HEAT-TRANSPORT; EVAPORATION; SURFACE; FLOW; DENSITY; COTTON; CROP; ROW AB Water and nitrogen absorption by corn (Zea mays L.) are partly determined by the region in the soil containing roots and, as a result, rooting patterns could change water availability and leaching of nitrates. A two-dimensional model of corn root growth was developed and linked to a two-dimensional model for water, heat acid solute transport in soil. The model was calibrated with root distribution and soil environment data obtained in a Mollisol at Lamberton, MN. Changing the root growth parameters allowed the model to be used to compare water uptake and NO3 leaching between a shallow, dense root system and a deep, sparse root system. For the rainfall conditions used in model validation, the model predicted a small amount of water absorption from lower in the soil profile with the deep, sparse root system compared with the shallow root system, but that most of the water for transpiration would come from shallow depths directly below the plant. Nitrate leaching was almost identical for both root systems. However, the model predicted reduced downward movement of N when plant uptake of water occurred than with no plant water uptake. The bulk volume of soil explored by the root system may be more important for determining water availability and possible plant water stress during dry periods than for decreasing fertilizer or pesticide leaching. The model should be useful for other examinations of water and chemical movement in the soil by including the effects of the plant in the system. The model also allows at least a preliminary examination of soil management effects on water and nutrient availability. C1 SOIL & WATER MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP Benjamin, JG (reprint author), USDA ARS,GREAT PLAINS SYST RES UNIT,301 S HOWES,POB E,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 31 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD FEB PY 1996 VL 179 IS 2 BP 223 EP 232 DI 10.1007/BF00009332 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VD846 UT WOS:A1996VD84600009 ER PT J AU Senock, RS Ham, JM Loughin, TM Kimball, BA Hunsaker, DJ Pinter, PJ Wall, GW Garcia, RL LaMorte, RL AF Senock, RS Ham, JM Loughin, TM Kimball, BA Hunsaker, DJ Pinter, PJ Wall, GW Garcia, RL LaMorte, RL TI Sap flow in wheat under free-air CO2 enrichment SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Triticum aestivum; evapotranspiration; plant water use; sap flow gauge ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; WATER-USE; TRANSPIRATION; GROWTH; RESPONSES; BALANCE; COTTON AB The effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration on plant water use are best evaluated on plants grown under field conditions and with measurement techniques that do not disturb the natural function of the plant, seat balance sap flow gauges were used on individual main stems of wheat (Triticum aestivun L. cv Yecora rojo) grown under normal ambient conditions (control) and in a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) system in Arizona with either high (control+high H2O=CW; FACE+high H2O=FW) or low (control+low H2O=CD; FACE+low H2O=FD) irrigation regimens, Over a 30d period (stem elongation to anthesis), combinations of treatments were monitored with 10-40 gauges per treatment, The effects of increased CO2 on tiller water use were inconsistent in both the diurnal patterns of sap flow and the statistical analyses of daily sap flow (F-tot), Initial results suggested that the reductions in F-tot from CO2 enrichment were small (0-10%) in relation to the H2O treatment effect (20-30%), For a 3d period, F-tot of FW was 19-26% less than that of CW (P=0.10). Examination of the different sources of variation in the study revealed that the location of gauges within the experimental plots influenced the variance of the sap flow measurements, This variation was probably related to positional variation in subsurface drip lines used to irrigate plots, A sampling design was proposed for use of sap flow gauges in FACE systems with subsurface irrigation that takes into account the main treatment effects of CO2 enrichment and the other sources of variation identified in this study, Despite the small and often statistically non-significant differences in F-tot between the CW and FW treatments, cumulative water use of the FW treatment at the end of the first three test periods ranged from 7 to 23% lower than that of the CW treatment, Differences in sap flow between FW and CW compared well with treatment differences in evapotranspiration. The results of the study, based on the first reported sap flow measurements of wheat, suggest that irrigation requirements for wheat production, in the present climatic regimen of the south-western US, may be predicted to decreases lightly because of increasing atmospheric CO2. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,EVAPOTRANSPIRAT LAB,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT STAT,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. KANSAS STATE UNIV,STAT LAB,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. USDA ARS,US WATER CONSERVAT LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. NR 38 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 19 IS 2 BP 147 EP 158 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1996.tb00236.x PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TW191 UT WOS:A1996TW19100003 ER PT J AU Berry, C VanEck, JM Kitto, SL Smigocki, A AF Berry, C VanEck, JM Kitto, SL Smigocki, A TI Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of commercial mints SO PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE LA English DT Article DE callus; DNA slot blot hybridization; Mentha; polymerase chain reaction; Southern analysis; tissue culture ID TUMEFACIENS; REGENERATION; PLANTS AB Commercial peppermint (P) (Mentha x piperita L. cv. Black Mitcham), native spearmint (NS) (M. spicata L.) and Scotch spearmint (SS) (M. x gracillis Sole cv Baker) petioles and orange mint (OM) (M. citrata Ehrh.) leaf disks were cocultivated with a number of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains. P, SS and OM initiated tumor-like callus tissue on growth regulator-free MS medium after cocultivation with strain A281, a hypervirulent agropine strain containing Ti plasmid pTiBo542. Callus did not initiate from explants cocultivated with strain C58, a virulent nopaline strain; with A 136, a plasmidless strain, or from uninoculated controls. A281-derived callus was maintained on growth regulator-free medium in the absence of antibiotics for up to two years with no bacterial outgrowth. No shoots regenerated from any of the tumors on regeneration medium. Five of seven OM callus lines assayed gave a positive signal for agropine. DNA extracted from OM tumor tissue hybridized to a DNA probe specific to the T-DNA region of pTi plasmid. Genomic Southern analysis of DNA from tumors of P and SS indicated that one to a few copies of the T-DNA integrated into the mint chromosomes. PCR amplification of genomic DNA with primers specific for one of the T-DNA encoded genes yielded fragments that, when analyzed by restriction enzyme mapping and on Southern blots, corresponded to the cytokinin biosynthesis gene ipt. These results demonstrate transformation of three species of mint and the potential for using A. tumefaciens to transfer economically important genes into commercial mint cultivars. C1 USDA ARS,PLANT MOLEC BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Berry, C (reprint author), UNIV DELAWARE,COLL AGR SCI,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,DELAWARE AGR EXPT STN,NEWARK,DE 19717, USA. NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6857 J9 PLANT CELL TISS ORG JI Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 44 IS 2 BP 177 EP 181 DI 10.1007/BF00048197 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA UN777 UT WOS:A1996UN77700014 ER PT J AU Smith, BJ Magee, JB Gupton, CL AF Smith, BJ Magee, JB Gupton, CL TI Susceptibility of rabbiteye blueberry cultivars to postharvest diseases SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID COLLETOTRICHUM AB Thirteen rabbiteye cultivars were surveyed for postharvest berry rots during the 1992, 1993, and 1994 harvest seasons. Disease incidence and severity were low, with <30% of berries displaying decay symptoms after 5 days incubation at 25 degrees C with 100% relative humidity (RH). Although Botrytis fruit rot and ripe rot were equally severe in 1992, ripe rot was the most common postharvest disease in 1993 and 1994. Menditoo, Homebell, Beckyblue, and Premier blueberries had more than 40% rotted fruit, while Briteblue, Southland, and Tifblue had less than 16%. The pathogen associated with ripe rot was identified as Colletotrichum acutatum rather than the more commonly reported pathogen, C. gloeosporioides. When ripe berries from all 13 cultivars were inoculated with a conidial suspension of C. acutatum and incubated for 5 days at 25 degrees C and 100% RH, all were infected with ripe rot. Tifblue, Delite, Premier, and Menditoo scored the highest for ripe rot, while Southland, Centurion, Woodard, Bluebell, and Homebell scored the lowest. Generally, inoculated berries from late-season harvests scored higher for ripe rot than did berries from earlier harvests. Two of the cultivars most susceptible to ripe rot, Tifblue and Premier, account for most of the rabbiteye blueberry production in the southeastern United States. RP Smith, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SMALL FRUIT RES STN,POB 287,POPLARVILLE,MS 39470, USA. NR 14 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 80 IS 2 BP 215 EP 218 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA TT751 UT WOS:A1996TT75100020 ER EF