FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Kelman, A Cook, RJ AF Kelman, A Cook, RJ TI The role of a competitive research grants program for agriculture, food, and natural resources SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 USDA,NATL RES INITIAT COMPETIT GRANTS PROGRAM,CSREES,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP Kelman, A (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,BOX 7616,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 46 IS 7 BP 533 EP 540 DI 10.2307/1312931 PG 8 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA UU955 UT WOS:A1996UU95500012 ER PT J AU Winkelhausen, E Pittman, P Kuzmanova, S Jeffries, TW AF Winkelhausen, E Pittman, P Kuzmanova, S Jeffries, TW TI Xylitol formation by Candida boidinii in oxygen limited chemostat culture SO BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article ID D-XYLOSE; PICHIA-STIPITIS; FERMENTATION; YEAST; SHEHATAE; METABOLISM; TROPICALIS; AERATION; GROWTH AB Production of xylitol by Candida boidinii NRRL Y-17213 occurs under conditions of an oxygen limitation. The extent to which substrate is converted to xylitol and its coproducts (ethanol, other polyols, acetic acid), and the relative flow rates of substrate to energetic and biosynthetic pathways is controlled by the degree of oxygen limitation. With decrease in oxygen concentration in the inlet gas, for a constant dilution rate of 0.05 1/h, the specific oxygen uptake rate decreased from 1.30 to 0.36 mmol/gh Xylitol was not produced at specific oxygen uptake rates above 0.91 mmol/gh. Upon shift to lower oxygen rates, specific xylitol production rate increased more rapidly than specific ethanol production rate: C1 FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53703. RI Jeffries, Thomas/I-8576-2012 OI Jeffries, Thomas/0000-0001-7408-4065 NR 17 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 0141-5492 J9 BIOTECHNOL LETT JI Biotechnol. Lett. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 18 IS 7 BP 753 EP 758 DI 10.1007/BF00127883 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA UX079 UT WOS:A1996UX07900003 ER PT J AU Greene, RV Griffin, HL Cotta, MA AF Greene, RV Griffin, HL Cotta, MA TI Utility of alkaline protease from marine shipworm bacterium in industrial cleansing applications SO BIOTECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EXTRACELLULAR ENDOGLUCANASE AB An alkaline protease, previously isolated from a symbiotic bacterium found in the gland of Deshayes of marine shipworm, was evaluated as a cleansing additive. The protease nearly doubled the cleaning power of a standard phosphate detergent at temperatures up to 50 degrees C as determined by fabric swatch assays. The enzyme was, however, ineffective at 70 degrees C. In both fresh and seawater, it was also an efficient presoak. The cleaning power of a non-phosphate detergent was significantly improved by added protease, independent of the pH range 10 to 12. The enzyme degraded lysozyme, the major protein contaminant of contact lenses, more extensively than subtilisin and was effective in solutions containing hydrogen peroxide, often employed to sterilize lenses. The protease was unusually stable in sodium perborate, as well as hydrogen peroxide, and retained good activity in the presence of sodium hypochloride. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FEREMENTAT BIOCHEM RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP Greene, RV (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOPOLYMER RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. OI Cotta, Michael/0000-0003-4565-7754 NR 15 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 2 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 0141-5492 J9 BIOTECHNOL LETT JI Biotechnol. Lett. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 18 IS 7 BP 759 EP 764 DI 10.1007/BF00127884 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA UX079 UT WOS:A1996UX07900004 ER PT J AU Rosebrough, RW AF Rosebrough, RW TI Crude protein and supplemental dietary tryptophan effects on growth and tissue neurotransmitter levels in the broiler chicken SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE protein; tryptophan; neurotransmitters; chicken ID SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS-SYSTEM; FOOD-INTAKE; PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS; RAT; PLASMA; BRAIN; CATECHOLAMINES; NOREPINEPHRINE; STIMULATION; LIPOGENESIS AB Indian River male broiler chickens growing from 7 to 28 d of age were fed on diets containing 120, 210 and 300 g crude protein/kg diet and 0, 1.67 or 16.7 g added tryptophan (TRP)/kg diet. The hypothesis tested was that crude protein levels and TRP would affect both growth and neurotransmitter metabolism. Heart, brain and pancreatic neurotransmitter (noradrenaline (NA), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxy-indole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA)) concentrations were determined by HPLC separation and electrochemical detection. Malate dehydrogenase (2-oxoglutarate decarboxylating) (NADP+) (MDH(NADP+); EC 1.1.1.40), isocitrate dehydrogenase (NADP+) ICD(NADP+); EC1.1.1.42) and aspartate aminotransferase (AAT; EC2.6.1.1) activities were also measured. Supplemental TRP decreased growth and feed intake, Increasing dietary crude protein decreased MDH(NADP+), but increased (ICD(NADP+) and AAT activities. Additional dietary TRP decreased MDH(NADP+) activity, but had no effect on other enzyme activities. Cardiac NA concentrations were directly related to dietary crude protein levels while pancreatic levels were inversely related. An increase in dietary crude protein decreased both brain NA and DA. Supplemental dietary TRP increased both 5-HIAA and 5-HT. Changes in feed intake caused by different levels of both dietary crude protein and TRP are accompanied;by altered levels of neurotransmitters. The present study indicates that much larger amounts of TRP are required to make simultaneous changes in feed intake and neurotransmitters. RP Rosebrough, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,GROWTH BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 30 TC 17 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 4 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0007-1145 J9 BRIT J NUTR JI Br. J. Nutr. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 76 IS 1 BP 87 EP 96 DI 10.1079/BJN19960011 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VB345 UT WOS:A1996VB34500009 PM 8774219 ER PT J AU Rogerson, CT Samuels, GJ AF Rogerson, CT Samuels, GJ TI Mycology at the New York Botanical Garden, 1895-1995 SO BRITTONIA LA English DT Article AB A review of the first 100 years of studies on fungi (including lichens) at The New York Botanical Garden is presented. C1 ARS,SYSTEMAT BOT & MYCOL LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Rogerson, CT (reprint author), NEW YORK BOT GARDEN,BRONX,NY 10458, USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0007-196X J9 BRITTONIA JI Brittonia PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 48 IS 3 BP 389 EP 398 DI 10.1007/BF02805308 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VN225 UT WOS:A1996VN22500017 ER PT J AU Sample, BE Butler, L Zivkovich, C Whitmore, RC Reardon, R AF Sample, BE Butler, L Zivkovich, C Whitmore, RC Reardon, R TI Effects of bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var Kurstaki and defoliation by the gypsy moth [Lymantria dispar (L) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)] on native arthropods in West Virginia SO CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID FOLIVOROUS INSECTS; LEPIDOPTERA; COMMUNITY; POPULATIONS; BAT; COMPETITION; REDUCTIONS; NOCTUIDAE; QUALITY; LARVAE AB Impacts of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) and defoliation by gypsy moth [Lymantria dispar (L.)] on native, non-target arthropods were evaluated in eastern West Virginia from 1990 to 1992. Adult and larval arthropods were collected by foliage sampling and light-trapping at 24 20-ha (50-acre) plots, representing six replicates of four treatments: unsprayed, gypsy moth absent (control); unsprayed, gypsy moth present (defoliation); sprayed, gypsy moth absent; and sprayed, gypsy moth present. Pre-treatment data were collected in 1990. In May 1991, one application of Btk was made to 12 plots at a dosage of 14.4 BIU/ha (36 BIU/acre). Post-treatment data were collected in 1991 and 1992. With few exceptions, detectable effects from Btk application were restricted to Lepidoptera. Although abundance and species richness of larval and adult non-target Lepidoptera decreased at all plots between 1990 and 1992, abundance and species richness were reduced at Btk-treated plots relative to untreated plots. Richness and abundance of some larval and adult Lepidoptera declined at defoliation plots. Although the short-term (<1 year) impacts of Btk application on non-target Lepidoptera are negative, the long-term effects (>1 year) of reduced abundance of gypsy moth larvae may be beneficial for some native species. Although Btk application and defoliation reduce abundance of native Lepidoptera, environmental conditions such as weather may have a greater influence on population fluctuations. C1 W VIRGINIA UNIV,DIV FORESTRY,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506. W VIRGINIA UNIV,DIV PLANT & SOIL SCI,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506. USDA,FOREST SERV,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506. NR 60 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC CANADA PI OTTAWA PA 393 WINSTON AVE, OTTAWA ON K2A 1Y8, CANADA SN 0008-347X J9 CAN ENTOMOL JI Can. Entomol. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 128 IS 4 BP 573 EP 592 PG 20 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VC559 UT WOS:A1996VC55900003 ER PT J AU Vasavada, U Cook, K AF Vasavada, U Cook, K TI Short-run dynamics of machinery demand in Canadian agriculture SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS-REVUE CANADIENNE D ECONOMIE RURALE LA English DT Article ID ERROR-CORRECTION; TIME-SERIES; PARTIAL ADJUSTMENT; MONEY DEMAND; UNIT-ROOT; MODELS; SPECIFICATION; COINTEGRATION; SASKATCHEWAN; STATIONARITY AB Based on the hypothesis of intertemporal cost minimization, this paper develops an error correction model to explain short-run dynamics of machinery demand in aggregate Canadian agricultural production. The estimated model is subjected to a rigorous sequence of hypothesis tests to check for its statistical validity. In addition, various versions of the model that are nested within the most general model are also tested. Structural parameters of the intertemporal cost minimization problem are recovere from the parameter estimates. C1 AID,WASHINGTON,DC 20005. RP Vasavada, U (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,1301 NEW YORK AVE NW,RM 508,WASHINGTON,DC 20005, USA. NR 33 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 4 PU CANADIAN AGR ECON & FARM MANAGEMENT SOC PI OTTAWA PA 151 SLATER ST SUITE 907, OTTAWA ON K1P 5H4, CANADA SN 0008-3976 J9 CAN J AGR ECON JI Can. J. Agric. Econ.-Rev. Can. Econ. Rural. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 44 IS 2 BP 139 EP 150 DI 10.1111/j.1744-7976.1996.tb00189.x PG 12 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA VP734 UT WOS:A1996VP73400003 ER PT J AU Mims, CW Doudrick, RL AF Mims, CW Doudrick, RL TI Ultrastructure of spermatia and spermatium ontogeny in the rust fungus Cronartium quercuum f sp fusiforme SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE transmission electron microscopy; pycnidia; pycnidiospores; spermogonia ID CULTURE AB Spermogonia of Cronartium quercuum f.sp. fusiforme developed just beneath the bark on galled regions of infected pine seedlings. Spermogonia consist of flattened, spreading, island-like masses of fungal tissue covered with a thin layer of liquid containing large numbers of spermatia. Spermatia arose in an annellophoric fashion from the tips of long, slender sporogenous cells produced in a distinct layer. Each sporogenous cell contained a large prominent nucleus that underwent mitosis as each spermatium initial developed. One of the resulting nuclei moved into the initial while the other remained in the sporogenous cell. Once a spermatium was delimited, it was pushed away from the tip of the sporogenous cell as another spermatium initial developed below it. Once delimited, a spermatium underwent specific morphological changes as it matured. A mature spermatium was subpyriform in shape and surrounded by a thin wall. In addition to a single large nucleus each spermatium contained ribosomes, mitochondria, lipid bodies, strands of endoplasmic reticulum, vacuole-like inclusions, and many small vesicles that packed its base. C1 US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,SO INST FOREST GENET,SAUCIER,MS 39574. RP Mims, CW (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 74 IS 7 BP 1050 EP 1057 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UY563 UT WOS:A1996UY56300008 ER PT J AU White, EE Foord, BM Kinloch, BB AF White, EE Foord, BM Kinloch, BB TI Genetics of Cronartium ribicola .2. Variation in the ribosomal gene cluster (vol 74, pg 461, 1996) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Correction, Addition C1 US FOREST SERV,SW RANGE & EXPT STN,BERKELEY,CA 94701. RP White, EE (reprint author), NAT RESOURCES CANADA,PACIFIC FORESTRY CTR,506 W BURNSIDE RD,VICTORIA,BC V8Z 1M5,CANADA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 74 IS 7 BP 1193 EP 1193 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UY563 UT WOS:A1996UY56300022 ER PT J AU Thies, WG Nelson, EE AF Thies, WG Nelson, EE TI Reducing Phellinus weirii inoculum by applying fumigants to living Douglas-fir SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID METHYLISOTHIOCYANATE; CHLOROPICRIN; TREES; SURVIVAL; STUMPS; VORLEX; BOLES AB In 1982, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) trees were placed in three disease classes based on signs and symptoms of laminated root rot caused by Phellinus weirii (Murr.) Gilb. Eight fumigation treatments and an untreated check were applied to ive replicate trees within each disease class. The dose applied to each tree was based on the estimated biomass in the below found portion of the bole, large roots, and first 2.4 m of the above ground bole. The highest dosages tested were 1.5 g of methylisothiocyanate (MITC), 6.7 mL of chloropicrin (trichloronitromethane), and 6.7 mL of Vorlex (v/v 20% MITC, 80% chlorinated C-3 hydrocarbons)/kg biomass. In 1991 the roots of all surviving trees were excavated (roots of other trees were excavated at time or death), dissected, and sampled for viable Phellinus weirii. Twenty-four of the 30 trees treated with the two highest dosages of chloropicrin were killed, presumably by the fumigant. None of 45 trees treated with MITC and only 3 of 15 trees treated with Vorlex did, as did 3 of 15 untreated check trees. Volume of stained and decayed roots occupied by viable Phellinus weirii was reduced 78-90% by MITC or Vorlex compared with reductions of 51-65% by chloropicrin at the two lower, less phytotoxic doses, and 9% for untreated checks. RP Thies, WG (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 26 IS 7 BP 1158 EP 1165 DI 10.1139/x26-129 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA UY550 UT WOS:A1996UY55000006 ER PT J AU Hedman, CW VanLear, DH Swank, WT AF Hedman, CW VanLear, DH Swank, WT TI In-stream large woody debris loading and riparian forest seral stage associations in the southern Appalachian Mountains SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; DYNAMICS; ECOSYSTEMS; WASHINGTON AB Large woody debris (LWD) is an important ecological component of mountain streams. However, the relation of LWD loading and riparian forest composition is poorly understood in the southern Appalachians. In this study, 500-m reaches of 11 riparian forest-stream systems representing a 300-year sere were inventoried quantitative estimates and descriptions of in-stream LWD. Loading volumes ranged from 7.1 to 31.2 m(3)/100 m or stream, or between 3.6 and 13.2 kg/m(2). LWD loadings were highly variable during midseral stages of plant community succession, primarily because of the wide range in loading of American chestnut (Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.). Loadings increased linear in late-successional through old-growth systems over a 165-year interval. Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere) and American chestnut were the most dominant carry-over LWD species in midsuccessional stream systems. Loading of eastern hemlock LWD increased from midsuccessional through old-growth stages as the species became dominant in the riparian forest. Without carry-over debris, LWD loadings would be extremely low in midsuccessional stream systems. American chestnut was-a major component of LWD in midsuccessional stream systems, despite the fact that it has been unavailable for recruitment for decades. C1 CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,CLEMSON,SC 29634. US FOREST SERV,COWEETA HYDROL LAB,SE FOREST EXPT STN,USDA,OTTO,NC 28763. RP Hedman, CW (reprint author), INT PAPER,SOUTHLANDS EXPT FOREST,719 SOUTHLANDS RD,BAINBRIDGE,GA 31717, USA. NR 22 TC 66 Z9 69 U1 1 U2 10 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 26 IS 7 BP 1218 EP 1227 DI 10.1139/x26-136 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA UY550 UT WOS:A1996UY55000013 ER PT J AU Cain, MD Barnett, JP AF Cain, MD Barnett, JP TI An 8-year field comparison of naturally seeded to planted container Pinus taeda, with and without release SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article AB A field study compared genetically improved, container loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) with naturally seeded loblolly pines through eight growing seasons on a cutover site in southern Arkansas, U.S.A. Measurement pines on 6 of 12 plots were released from woody and herbaceous competition within a 61-cm radius of each tree stem. On natural pine plots, only Ist-year pine seedlings were selected for measurement based on quality standards and their spacing. Woody competition was controlled by hand cutting for 5 consecutive years, and herbaceous competition was controlled with herbicides for 4 consecutive years. Release treatments increased 8-year survival by 50% for natural pines and by 35% for planted pines. Greater gains (343-391%) in individual tree volumes were achieved within regeneration techniques, as a result of release, than were achieved with the two regeneration techniques. In addition, stand volume gains of 647% and 910% were achieved by planted and natural pines, respectively, as a result of release. Eight years after field establishment, stand volume index averaged 46% higher on planted plots than on natural plots. Degree of overtopping was a better predictor of pine performance than live-crown ratio. C1 US FOREST SERV, USDA, SO RES STN, PINEVILLE, LA 71361 USA. RP Cain, MD (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, USDA, SO RES STN, MONTICELLO, AR 71656 USA. NR 44 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 26 IS 7 BP 1237 EP 1247 DI 10.1139/x26-138 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA UY550 UT WOS:A1996UY55000015 ER PT J AU Enebak, SA Ostry, ME Wyckoff, GW Li, B AF Enebak, SA Ostry, ME Wyckoff, GW Li, B TI Mortality of hybrid triploid aspen in Wisconsin and Upper Michigan SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article AB In eight field trials in Upper Michigan and Wisconsin, mortality of hybrid triploid aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx. x Populus tremula L.) was 93% by age 25, which was nearly twice that of native diploid and triploid aspen. Symptoms of decline observed on individuals of the hybrid triploid families included branch dieback, thinning crowns, and eventually tree death. The fungus Lahmia kunzei (Koerb.) (Syn. Parkerella populi (Funk)) was found associated with a number or families from one specific hybrid triploid cross (T-1-58 x Ta-10). Symptoms of rough, black bark developed on 3% of the trees from this particular cross 10 years after planting and increased to 92% at age-25. Neighboring hybrid diploids of P. tremuloides x P. tremula and native triploids and diploids neither exhibited rough bark symptoms associated with L. kunzei nor showed symptoms of decline like those observed on the hybrid triploids. Mortality of native triploids and diploids in these trials was 41% and 58%, respectively, which was primarily caused by hypoxylon canker. Thinning crowns caused by branch dieback and tree, mortality without the presence of L. kunzei has been common on the male tetraploid parent (Ta-10) in clone banks and seed orchards in Minnesota and Wisconsin. This parent was Collected from an oceanic region near Ekebo. Sweden, and it, along with its hybrid progeny, appear to be poorly adapted to the climate of Upper Michigan. Minnesota and Wisconsin, resulting in the high mortality of the hybrid triploids in these trials, The origin of the fungus L. kunzei and the nature of its specificity to T-1-58 x Ta-10 hybid triploid cross are unknown. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,N CENT EXPT STN,GRAND RAPIDS,MN 55744. US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,USDA,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 26 IS 7 BP 1304 EP 1307 DI 10.1139/x26-145 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA UY550 UT WOS:A1996UY55000022 ER PT J AU Larsen, RC Kaiser, WJ Klein, RE AF Larsen, RC Kaiser, WJ Klein, RE TI Alfalfa, a non-host of pea enation mosaic virus in Washington state SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Medicago sativa L; legumes; virus survey; pea enation mosaic virus AB Extensive surveys were conducted in Washington Stale during a 6-yr period between 1988 and 1994 in an attempt to locate reservoirs of pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV). Many of the peas (Pisum sativum L.), chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.), lentils (Lens culinaris Medic.), or faba beans (Vicia faba L.) collected during the survey, and which expressed symptoms of virus infection, tested positive for PEMV when assayed by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). PEMV could not, however, be detected by ELISA in any of 3230 alfalfa samples collected from eight counties in Washington State, even when samples were taken from alfalfa fields adjacent to infected pea, lentil, or chickpea fields where the virus was present. Dot blot hybridizations using a 4556 nucleotide cDNA fragment of PEMV RNA 1 containing the coat protein region produced strong reactions with positive controls, and did not detect the virus in 597 alfalfa samples tested in 1994. Fifty-six attempts to transmit PEMV into and out of alfalfa by aphid and mechanical transmissions were unsuccessful, while successful transmissions to and from pea and faba bean, or chickpea were made routinely. Our inability to detect PEMV in, or transmit the virus to alfalfa suggests that alfalfa is not currently a host. The overwintering epidemiologically significant reservoir host(s) of PEMV in the Pacific Northwest remains unknown. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,WESTERN REG PLANT INTRO STN,USDA ARS,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP Larsen, RC (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,CTR IRRIGATED AGR RES & EXTENS CTR,USDA ARS,24106 N BUNN RD,PROSSER,WA 99350, USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AGR INST CANADA PI OTTAWA PA SUITE 907 151 SLATER ST, OTTAWA ON K1P 5H4, CANADA SN 0008-4220 J9 CAN J PLANT SCI JI Can. J. Plant Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 76 IS 3 BP 521 EP 524 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VE518 UT WOS:A1996VE51800029 ER PT J AU Pedersen, JF Martin, CR Felker, FC Steele, JL AF Pedersen, JF Martin, CR Felker, FC Steele, JL TI Application of the single kernel wheat characterization technology to sorghum grain SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ENDOSPERM AB A single kernel wheat characterization system (SKWCS) was recently developed by the USDA, ARS Grain Marketing Research Laboratory and is currently being marketed by Perten Instruments North America, Inc. This device has been shown to accurately measure individual seed hardness, moisture, and size of wheat. The objective of this study was to determine if the SKWCS technology could be applied to the measurement of sorghum grain. Grains from 64 sorghum plots gown at Mead, NE in 1992 were characterized using a prototype SKWCS at the USDA, ARS Grain Marketing Research Laboratory. Problems encountered were primarily associated with the single kernel feeder mechanism. Occasionally, two sorghum seeds were fed to the crushing device instead of a single kernel. These double sampling events were easily detected by examination of the size data, and software limits could be set to exclude such double sampling events from the data set. If broken seeds were not removed prior to measurement of the grain, errors in hardness and size values also occurred. These errors could usually be detected by examination cf the data, and eliminated by adjustment of software limits. Inspection and hand cleaning of samples is highly recommended prior to characterization. Based on our results, SKWCS technology can be successfully applied to sorghum seed. C1 ARS,USDA,NPA ENGN RES,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,MANHATTAN,KS 66502. ARS,USDA,MWA NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61064. RP Pedersen, JF (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS WHEAT SORGHUM & FORAGE RES,344 KEIM,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 9 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 73 IS 4 BP 421 EP 423 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UY844 UT WOS:A1996UY84400002 ER PT J AU Hanson, RE IslamFaridi, MN Percival, EA Crane, CF Ji, YF McKnight, TD Stelly, DM Price, HJ AF Hanson, RE IslamFaridi, MN Percival, EA Crane, CF Ji, YF McKnight, TD Stelly, DM Price, HJ TI Distribution of 5S and 18S-28S rDNA loci in a tetraploid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) and its putative diploid ancestors SO CHROMOSOMA LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; RIBOSOMAL GENES; CHROMOSOME; EVOLUTION; DNA; GENOME AB The most widely cultivated species of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, is a disomic tetraploid (2n=4x=52). It has been proposed previously that extant A- and D-genome species are most closely related to the diploid progenitors of the tetraploid. We used fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to determine the distribution of 5S and 18S-28S rDNA loci in the A-genome species G. herbaceum and G. arboreum, the D-genome species G. raimondii and G. thurberi, and the AD tetraploid G. hirsutum. High signal-to-noise, single-label FISH was used to enumerate rDNA loci, and simultaneous, dual-label FISH was used to determine the syntenic relationships of 5S rDNA loci relative to 18S-28S rDNA loci. These techniques provided greater sensitivity than our previous methods and permitted detection of six new G. hirsutum 18S-28S rDNA loci, bringing the total number of observed loci to 11. Differences in the intensity of the hybridization signal at these loci allowed us to designate them as major, intermediate, or minor 18S-28S loci. Using genomic painting with labeled A-genome DNA, five 18S-28S loci were localized to the C. hirsutum A-subgenome and six to the D-subgenome. Four of the 11 18S-28S rDNA loci in G. hirsutum could not be accounted for in its presumed diploid progenitors, as both A-genome species had three loci and both D-genome species had four. G. hirsutum has two 5S rDNA loci, both of which are syntenic to major 18S-28S rDNA loci. All four of the diploid genomes we examined contained a single 5S locus. In G. herbaceum (A(1)) and G. thurberi (D-1), the 5S locus is syntenic to a major 18S-28S locus, but in C. arboreum (A(2)) and G. raimondii (D-5), the proposed D-genome progenitor of G. hirsutum, the 5S loci are syntenic to minor and intermediate 18S-28S loci, respectively. The multiplicity, variation in size and site number, and lack of additivity between the tetraploid species and its putative diploid ancestors indicate that the behavior of rDNA loci in cotton is nondogmatic, and considerably more complex and dynamic than previously envisioned. The relative variability of 18S-28S rDNA loci versus 5S rDNA loci suggests that the behavior of tandem repeats can differ widely. C1 USDA ARS,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT BIOL,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. RP Hanson, RE (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT SOIL & CROP SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843, USA. RI McKnight, Thomas/C-1395-2010; OI Stelly, David/0000-0002-3468-4119 NR 22 TC 129 Z9 150 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0009-5915 J9 CHROMOSOMA JI Chromosoma PD JUL PY 1996 VL 105 IS 1 BP 55 EP 61 DI 10.1007/BF02510039 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA UY858 UT WOS:A1996UY85800007 PM 8662259 ER PT J AU Lillehoj, HS Trout, JM AF Lillehoj, HS Trout, JM TI Avian gut-associated lymphoid tissues and intestinal immune responses to Eimeria parasites SO CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID INTRA-EPITHELIAL LYMPHOCYTES; MEDIATED CYTO-TOXICITY; GAMMA-DELTA-RECEPTORS; NATURAL-KILLER CELLS; T-CELL; PEYERS PATCHES; INTRAEPITHELIAL LYMPHOCYTES; FUNCTIONAL-PROPERTIES; COCCIDIAL INFECTIONS; MURINE MACROPHAGES AB Coccidiosis, an intestinal infection caused by intracellular protozoan parasites belonging to several different species of Eimeria, seriously impairs the growth and feed utilization of livestock and poultry. Host immune responses to coccidial infection are complex. Animals infected with Eimeria spp. produce parasite-specific antibodies in both the circulation and mucosal secretions. However; it appears that antibody-mediated responses play a minor role in protection against coccidiosis. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that cell mediated immunity plays a major role in resistance to infection. T lymphocytes appeal to respond to coccidial infection through both cytokine production and a direct cytotoxic attack on infected cells. The exact mechanisms by which T cells eliminate the parasites, however, remain unclear. Although limited information is available on the intestinal immune system of chickens, got lymphoid tissues have evolved specialized features that reflect their role as the first line of defense at mucosal surfaces, including both immunoregulatory cells and effector cells. This review summarizes our current understanding of the avian intestinal immune system and mucosal immune responses to Eimeria spp., providing an overview of the complex cellular and molecular events involved in intestinal immune responses to enteric pathogens. RP Lillehoj, HS (reprint author), USDA ARS, INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI, IMMUNOL & DIS RESISTANCE LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 118 TC 171 Z9 185 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0893-8512 EI 1098-6618 J9 CLIN MICROBIOL REV JI Clin. Microbiol. Rev. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 9 IS 3 BP 349 EP + PG 1 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UV839 UT WOS:A1996UV83900006 PM 8809465 ER PT J AU Eddlestone, SM Hoskins, JD Hosgood, G Dubey, JP AF Eddlestone, SM Hoskins, JD Hosgood, G Dubey, JP TI Untitled SO COMPENDIUM ON CONTINUING EDUCATION FOR THE PRACTICING VETERINARIAN LA English DT Editorial Material ID INFECTION; CATS; TOXOPLASMOSIS; RESPONSES; DIAGNOSIS C1 USDA ARS, PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB, INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI, BELTSVILLE, MD USA. RP Eddlestone, SM (reprint author), LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, SCH VET MED, DEPT VET CLIN SCI, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU VETERINARY LEARNING SYSTEMS PI YARDLEY PA 780 TOWNSHIP LINE RD, YARDLEY, PA 19067-4200 USA SN 0193-1903 J9 COMP CONT EDUC PRACT JI Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 18 IS 7 BP 774 EP + PG 0 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UZ362 UT WOS:A1996UZ36200004 ER PT J AU McFerson, JR Lamboy, WF Kresovich, S AF McFerson, JR Lamboy, WF Kresovich, S TI Assessing user perceptions of genetic resource collections in crucifer crops SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID CONSERVATION; DIVERSITY AB Germplasm collections worldwide are increasing in both size and quality, but quantitative data on user needs and their perceptions of collection management are limited. Such information would enable more effective planning and management by collection curators. In 1991, we surveyed and analyzed the opinions of 47 scientists working with crucifer crops, including oilseed Brassica napus L. and B. mpa L., vegetable coles [B. oleracea subsp. italica (broccoli), B. oleracea subsp. capitata L. (cabbage), B. rapa subsp. pekinensis Lour. (Chinese cabbage), etc.], and wild and weedy relatives. Survey respondents were located in 19 countries and represented a broad range of institutional affiliations, professional interests, educational backgrounds, and research programs. Significant differences occurred among respondents' opinions on various activities (acquisition, preservation and distribution, documentation, and research). Respondents utilized genetic resources from all gene pool categories, obtained them from an array of sources, and expected to increase their use about 30% by 1994. Nearly 80% of respondents maintained a germplasm collection for their own use. They estimated ex situ genebanks held <50% of total genetic diversity of crucifers and were dissatisfied with collection documentation. About 80% used biotechnological techniques and projected an increased use of gene pools comprising F-1 fertile relatives, F-1 semi-sterile and sterile related species, and genetic stocks. Respondents felt that research that focused on identification and transfer of new and useful traits would enhance crucifer germplasm collections. Our survey results provided a current, systematic assessment of germplasm users' expectations, but curators must have the scientific and managerial skills to reconcile those expectations with limited resources. RP McFerson, JR (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,USDA,ARS,PLANT GENET RESOURCES UNIT,GENEVA,NY 14456, USA. NR 36 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 36 IS 4 BP 831 EP 838 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UV549 UT WOS:A1996UV54900001 ER PT J AU Gauch, HG Zobel, RW AF Gauch, HG Zobel, RW TI Optimal replication in selection experiments SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID YIELD TRIALS; PREDICTION; SUCCESS AB The efficiency and selection gain of yield trial experiments is affected by experimental design. A larger number of genotypes, G, increases the chances of including markedly superior genotypes, and a larger number of replications, R, reduces errors and thereby increases the chances of correctly identifying truly superior material. But assuming that cost rises approximately as the number of plots GR, containing research cost imposes a tradeoff between G and R. This paper gives tables specifying the number of replications that optimizes selection of genotypes with the highest true yields. It also quantifies the impact of suboptimal choices. Even with an optimal level of replication, the value of a selection experiment rises logarithmically with the number of plots and hence the cost. Since benefits from more data follow this severe law of diminishing returns, statistical strategies for decreasing errors and improving selections are quite important. C1 ARS,USDA,NAA,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP Gauch, HG (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 34 TC 20 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 36 IS 4 BP 838 EP 843 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UV549 UT WOS:A1996UV54900002 ER PT J AU McKendry, AL Tague, DN Finney, PL Miskin, KE AF McKendry, AL Tague, DN Finney, PL Miskin, KE TI Effect of 1BL.1RS on milling and baking quality of soft red winter wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID 1B/1R TRANSLOCATION; DOUGH STICKINESS; PROTEIN; 1BL/1RS; GLUTENIN; LINES AB Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeders worldwide have used the 1BL.1RS translocation as a source of genes for disease resistance, broad adaptation, and enhanced yield potential. Although it appears to have detrimental effects on hard wheat baking quality, there are no known reports of its impact on soft wheat quality. This study was designed to investigate the effects of 1BL.1RS on milling and baking quality in soft red Hinter wheat and to evaluate the interaction of these effects with environment and genetic background. Grain from 1BL.1RS and nonrye sister lines, derived in the F-9 from two experimental lines, SW85*294 and SW85*5626, was evaluated in five Missouri environments. In both genetic backgrounds, 1BL.1RS was associated with significant reductions in adjusted hour yield and overall milling quality and a significant increase in alkaline water retention capacity, which may be detrimental to soft wheat baking quality. Test weight in 1BL.1RS lines was reduced by 11.6 kg m(-3) in SW85*294 but was not affected in SW85*5626. In the SW85*5626 background, 1BL.1RS increased softness equivalent 1.3 percentage units but had no affect in SW85*294, Neither hour protein content nor overall baking quality was affected by the presence of 1BL.1RS. For all traits, the effect of the genetic background was large compared with the effect of 1BL.1RS. Variation among the 1BL.1RS lines was significant in both genetic backgrounds and led to the conclusion that in these lines, the negative effects of 1BL.1RS could be overcome by selection. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,USDA,ARS,SOFT WHEAT QUAL LAB,WOOSTER,OH 44691. AGRIPRO SEEDS INC,BROOKSTON,IN 47923. RP McKendry, AL (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT AGRON,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. NR 20 TC 35 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 36 IS 4 BP 848 EP 851 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UV549 UT WOS:A1996UV54900004 ER PT J AU Bai, DP Reeleder, R Brandle, JE AF Bai, DP Reeleder, R Brandle, JE TI Production and characterization of tobacco addition lines carrying Nicotiana debneyi chromosomes with a gene for resistance to black root rot SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BURLEY TOBACCO; ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; RAPID METHOD; N-DEBNEYI; INHERITANCE; EXPRESSION; TABACUM; DNA AB Black root rot, caused by Chalara elegans Nag. Raj and Kendrick (syn: Thielaviopsis basicola [Berk. and Broome] Ferr.), is a common soil-borne fungal disease in cultivated tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L., 2n = SSTT = 48). Only polygenic partial resistance to this disease is available in the original tobacco genomes; however, Nicotiana debneyi Domin, a tetraploid relative of tobacco (2n = XXYY = 48) has complete resistance to a wide spectrum of black root rot biotypes. A fertile somatic hybrid between N, tabacum 'Delgold' and N. debneyi was previously produced and was used to transfer the N. debneyi black root rot resistance into tobacco. Tobacco addition lines carrying the N. debneyi chromosomes with the gene for black root rot resistance were produced after two generations of backcrossing to the recurrent tobacco parent followed by two generations of selfing. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analyses of the disomic (2n = 50) addition lines and 14 monosomic (2n = 49) addition lines derived there from provided strong evidence that the two N. debneyi chromosomes in the 2n = 50 addition lines were identical. However, the tobacco genetic background apparently prevented homologous pairing of these chromosomes or caused their desynapsis. Lagging chromosomes at anaphase I and micronuclei at telophase I were observed. Transmission rates of the N. debneyi chromosomes through the egg and pollen of the addition lines were 8.1 and 10.1%, respectively. The N. debneyi chromosomes in the addition lines occasionally paired with tobacco chromosomes, and therefore, translocation lines with black root rot resistance (2n = 24 II) may be obtained in the self-pollinated progeny by crossing-over. Seventeen RAPD markers were found to be associated with the N. debneyi chromosomes in the addition lines and these should be useful in monitoring further transfer of N. debneyi chromosome fragments into the tobacco genomes. C1 AGR & AGRI FOOD CANADA,PEST MANAGEMENT RES CTR DELHI,DELHI,ON N4B 2W9,CANADA. RP Bai, DP (reprint author), ARS,USDA,SP RANGE STN 2000 18TH ST,WOODWARD,OK 73801, USA. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 36 IS 4 BP 852 EP 857 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UV549 UT WOS:A1996UV54900005 ER PT J AU Asay, KH Mayland, HF Clark, DH AF Asay, KH Mayland, HF Clark, DH TI Response to selection for reduced grass tetany potential in crested wheatgrass SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GENETIC-VARIABILITY; HIGH-MAGNESIUM AB Grass tetany (hypomagnesemia) has caused substantial economic losses in ruminant animals grazing crested wheatgrass (Agropyron spp.) and other cool-season (C3) grasses. This malady Is most prevalent in early lactating animals grazing forage that is deficient in Mg, Ca, and carbohydrates and with high levels of K. The K/(Ca + Mg) ratio expressed as moles of charge is often used to estimate the grass tetany potential of forage samples. Previous studies have shown that heritable variation exists in crested wheatgrass populations for traits associated with grass tetany, and research was conducted to determine the genetic response to selection for these traits. Selections were made during 1985 from two crested wheatgrass breeding populations in Utah ('1-28' and 'Hycrest') based on a reduced grass tetany potential (RTP) index, which incorporates the K/(Ca + Mg) ratio along with concentrations of Ca, Mg, and K. Mean values for the K/(Ca + Mg) were reduced by 5% in I-28 and 11% in Hycrest after one cycle of selection. Narrow-sense heritability values based on actual genetic advance and parent-progeny regression ranged from 0.62 to 0.82 in analyses of data combined across two sampling dates and two years (1988 and 1989). Genetic response to selection on the basis of RTP index was closely associated with the K/(Ca + Mg) ratio and concentrations of Ca and Mg but not with levels of K. Correlations between the K/(Ca + Mg) ratio and crude protein content and digestibility suggested that selection for RTP would Likely be accompanied by improved forage quality in the Hycrest breeding population. C1 ARS,USDA,SNAKE RIVER CONSERVAT RES CTR,KIMBERLY,ID 83341. RP Asay, KH (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,ARS,USDA,FRRL,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 36 IS 4 BP 895 EP 900 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UV549 UT WOS:A1996UV54900013 ER PT J AU Heitholt, JJ Meredith, WR Williford, JR AF Heitholt, JJ Meredith, WR Williford, JR TI Comparison of cotton genotypes varying in canopy characteristics in 76-cm vs 102-cm rows SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PLANT DENSITIES; LINT YIELD; NARROW; SYSTEMS AB Our previous findings with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) indicated that a leaf shape variant with reduced leaf area (okra-leaf) yielded more in 51-cm rows than in 102-cm rows. Yield of a normal-leaf type was unaffected, The objectives of this study were to determine whether this same response would occur with genotypes varying in canopy characteristics when grown in rows spaced 76 and 102 cm. From 1991 to 1993, seven to 14 genotypes (including two okra-leaf and one ultra-short season type) were grown in the field in 76- and 102-cm row spacings. The 1991 part of the study encompassed lour soil types and the 1992 and 1993 study was grown on a Bosket fine sandy loam. Irrigation was provided when necessary to minimize water stress. The percentage of photosynthetic photon Bur density (PPFD) intercepted and yield were determined. The 76-cm row spacing intercepted significantly more PPFD than 102-cm rows up until 80 d after planting. Row spacing did not affect yield in either an excellent environment (1991, 1475 kg ha(-1)) or in a stressed environment (1993, 905 kg ha(-1)). However, 76-cm rows outyielded 102-cm rows by 15% in 1992 (1280 vs. 1100 kg ha(-1)), For each year, the genotype x row-spacing interaction was not significant. However, the combined analysis (1992, 1993) indicated that the P > F for the genotype x row-spacing interaction was 0.12. This was due to a trend for the cultivars to respond to 76-cm rows (9% increase) whereas the okra-leaf types did not respond to 76-cm rows, Despite genetic differences in morphology and canopy architecture, genotype x row-spacing interactions may not be important when comparing 76- and 102-cm rows in some U.S. Mid-South environments. RP Heitholt, JJ (reprint author), ARS,USDA,POB 345,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 36 IS 4 BP 955 EP 960 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UV549 UT WOS:A1996UV54900023 ER PT J AU Serraj, R Sinclair, TR AF Serraj, R Sinclair, TR TI Processes contributing to N-2-fixation insensitivity to drought in the soybean cultivar Jackson SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GLYCINE-MAX L; NITROGEN-FIXATION; C2H2 REDUCTION; WATER-STRESS; NODULES; OXYGEN; SENSITIVITY; SOLUTES; MALATE AB Previous research has shown that N-2 fixation in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is sensitive to drought and begins to decrease at relatively high soil water contents. The Pact that N-2 fixation rates decrease with soil water deficits in advance of other physiological processes causes an important constraint on soybean performance. Recent evidence, however, indicates possible genetic variation within soybean for this trait. The cultivar Jackson reportedly has N-2 fixation activity that was relatively drought insensitive. The objective of this research was to investigate the physiological basis of this unique response in Jackson in comparison with the drought-sensitive cultivar Biloxi. Experiments were carried out with plants grown in pots in a greenhouse and exposed to drought by soil dehydration. The drought tolerance of N-2 fixation In Jackson was confirmed, as well as in one of its parents, 'Volstate'. Interestingly, Jackson as either the rootstock or scion in grafting studies conferred drought tolerance. Enriching the atmosphere with oxygen around the nodules resulted in a complete recovery of nodule activity in moderately drought-stressed plants and in partial recovery as the stress severity Increased. Elevated oxygen also induced a substantial stimulation of acetylene-reduction rates in Jackson well-watered plants. Finally, Jackson was found to have lower levels of ureides in petioles in well-watered plants than in a sensitive cultivar, and the accumulation of ureides under drought was much Less in Jackson. These results demonstrated that N metabolism, physiology, and genetic background are important in accounting for unique behavior of N-2 fixation in Jackson under water-deficit conditions. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,ARS,USDA,AGRON DEP,AGRON PHYSIOL LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. FAC SCI SEMLALIA,DEPT BIOL,LAB PHYSIOL VEGETALE,MARRAKECH,MOROCCO. NR 32 TC 54 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 6 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 36 IS 4 BP 961 EP 968 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UV549 UT WOS:A1996UV54900024 ER PT J AU Zaifnejad, M Clark, RB Ritchey, KD Baligar, VC Parrish, DJ AF Zaifnejad, M Clark, RB Ritchey, KD Baligar, VC Parrish, DJ TI Growth, photosynthesis, and water relations of wheat grown on acid soil amended with coal combustion by-products SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ALUMINUM; SUBSOIL; BARLEY; INCREASE; WINTER; STRESS; OXISOL; DEPTH; LIME AB Aluminum toxicity often reduces plant growth on acid soils, and coal combustion by-product (CCBPs) can partially mitigate acid soil effects. Columns containing acidic (pH 4.7) Lily soil (Typic Hapludult) were amended in the upper 15 cm with CCBPs, lime, or both. Amendments were, in grams per kilogram, (i) none (Check); (ii) 3.98 dolomitic limestone (Lime); (iii) 15.88 high-gypsum hue gas desulfurization byproduct (FGD); (iv) 3.98 + 15.88 combination of Lime + FGD; (v) 15.88 high-gypsum FGD by-product containing similar to 6% Mg(OH)(2) (FGD + Mg); and (vi) 6.45 fluidized bed combustion by-product (FBC). The soil columns were leached with 138 cm of deionized water. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.,'Arthur') was grown in the columns for 34 d with no additional water. Plants grown in Check and FGD treatments had lowest and similar shoot and root dry matter (DM) and leaf area. Leaf areas and DM for FBC, FGD + Mg, Lime, and Lime + FGD plants were similar and 13 to 17 times higher than for Check plants. Total root length (RL) was highest for FBC plants, which was about six-fold higher than FGD plants, while total RL of plants grown with other amendments was about half that of FBC plants. Specific RL was highest for FGD plants. Plants grown on Lime, Lime + FGD, FGD + Mg, and FBC treatments had higher leaf photosynthetic rates, chlorophyll, and ET and lower leaf temperatures than Check and FGD plants. Even though DM of FGD plants was low, they had the highest leaf relative water content (RWC) and leaf water potential (LWP). Amendments increased soil pH and reduced acid soil stress. Higher mineral nutrient concentrations were noted in shoots of plants grown on amended soil, except for the FGD plants, which had lower Mg and higher B than considered optimal. Some but not all CCBPs benefitted plants grown on acid soil. C1 ARS, USDA, APPALACHIAN SOIL & WATER CONSERVAT RES LAB, BECKLEY, WV 25802 USA. VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV, DEPT CROP & SOIL ENVIRONM SCI, BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 USA. NR 39 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 36 IS 4 BP 968 EP 974 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UV549 UT WOS:A1996UV54900025 ER PT J AU Karlen, DL Hunt, PG Matheny, TA AF Karlen, DL Hunt, PG Matheny, TA TI Fertilizer (15)nitrogen recovery by corn, wheat, and cotton grown with and without pre-plant tillage on Norfolk loamy sand SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID COASTAL-PLAIN SOIL; NITROGEN MANAGEMENT; USE EFFICIENCY; WINTER-WHEAT; NO-TILLAGE; N-15; NITRATE; FATE; LYSIMETER; LOSSES AB Cropping systems must efficiently use N inputs to be sustainable environmentally and economically. This research was conducted to determine the fate of N-15 fertilizer that was applied to corn (Zea mayr L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), or cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown In a 2-yr, three-crop rotation on Norfolk (Typic Kandiudult) loamy sand. A total of 48, 2.3- by 2.3-m microplots were established, half into plots that received surface tillage (disked) and half into non-dished plots. Corn and wheat received a split application of urea [CO(NH2)(2)] plus ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solution (UAN) that had a 5 atom percent (ATM%) N-15 isotopic label. Cotton was fertilized with NH4NO3 containing a 5 ATM% label. The amounts of N-15 removed in the harvested portion of treated and subsequent crops, recycled in crop residues, or remaining in the upper 90 cm of the soil profile were determined. Corn, wheat, and seed cotton yields ranged from 1485 to 7410, 1850 to 2270, and 120 to 2510 kg ha(-1), respectively, with significant differences caused primarily by seasonal rainfall or temperature extremes. No-till significantly increased cotton yield, presumably because of water conservation. Crop removal accounted for 20 to 34% of the fertilizer N-15, while another 20% was accounted for by soil profile analysis to a depth of 90 cm. Approximately 50% of the N-15 was apparently lost through denitrification, volatilization, or leaching below the root zone. Most of this loss appeared to occur during the cropping season in which the N-15 was applied. This suggests that for optimum fertilizer efficiency and environmental sustainability, crop production practices on Coastal Plain soils must account for all N sources that plants can draw upon, and should accommodate several fertilizer N management options including split applications, injection beneath the soil surface, and/or using less mobile forms. C1 ARS,USDA,SOIL & WATER CONSERVAT RES CTR,FLORENCE,SC 29502. RP Karlen, DL (reprint author), ARS,USDA,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,2150 PAMMEL DR,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 31 TC 39 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 12 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 36 IS 4 BP 975 EP 981 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UV549 UT WOS:A1996UV54900026 ER PT J AU McKendry, AL Tague, DN Somers, DJ AF McKendry, AL Tague, DN Somers, DJ TI Aluminum tolerance of 1BL.1RS and 1AL.1RS near-isolines in soft red winter wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID TRANSLOCATIONS; TRITICALE; GERMPLASM; CULTIVARS; TOXICITY; RYE AB Some cultivars containing the 1BL.1RS wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-rye (Secale cereale L.) translocation are presumed tolerant to aluminum (Al) toxicity, but whether this tolerance is due to genes on 1RS or to genes in the wheat genome is not clear. A set of backcross-six, F-2-derived F-4 near-isolines containing either the 'Kavkaz'-derived 1BL.1RS or 'Amigo'-derived 1AL.1RS translocation were developed in five soft red winter wheat backgrounds at Columbia, MO between 1988 and 1992. The presumed contribution of 1RS to Al tolerance expressed in solution culture was measured using a split-plot design, replicated four times. Seedlings were grown for 4 d in an aerated, low-ionic-strength, hydroponic solution at pH 4.0 containing no phosphorus. Whole-plot treatments included 1 mg L(-1) Al as AlCl3 and a zero Al control. The longest seminal root of each seedling was measured and averaged across seven seedlings per isoline. Root tolerance index (RTT), calculated as the mean seminal root length in the Al treatment divided by the mean seminal root length in the control, provided a measure of Al tolerance. Higher RTI values indicated greater Al tolerance. Mean RTI values for each background, averaged across 1AL.1RS and 1BL.1RS isolines, ranged from 0.63 in 'MO 11728' to 0.24 in 'Caldwell'. 1AL.1RS significantly reduced Al tolerance in 'Becker', Caldwell and 'MO 10501', but had no effect on Al tolerance in MO 11728 and 'Pioneer 2551'. 1BL.1RS had no effect on Al tolerance in any genetic background. Neither the Kavkaz- nor the Amigo-derived IRS segment contained genes for Al tolerance when grown in solution culture, and improved Al tolerance previously reported in 1BL.1RS cultivars was due to coincidental major genes on the wheat genome. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, USDA ARS, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. RP McKendry, AL (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI, DEPT AGRON, COLUMBIA, MO 65211 USA. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 36 IS 4 BP 987 EP 990 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UV549 UT WOS:A1996UV54900028 ER PT J AU Heatherly, LG AF Heatherly, LG TI Yield and germinability of seed from irrigated and nonirrigated early- and late-planted MG IV and V soybean SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CLAY SOIL; DROUGHT STRESS; GLYCINE-MAX; GERMINATION; CULTIVARS; GROWTH AB Drought stress in the midsouthern USA reduces yield of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] planted in May and June and sometimes affects germination of harvested seed. Irrigation often increases yield, and may also increase seed germinability. Field experiments were conducted on Sharkey clay (Vertic Haplaquept, very-fine, montmorillonitic, termic) in 1992, 1993, and 1994 at Stoneville, MS. The objective was to determine the effects of earlier-than-normal (April) and normal (May) planting dates on yield and germinability of harvested seed of Maturity Group (MG) IV and V soybean cultivars grown in nonirrigated (NI) and furrow-irrigated (I) environs. In 1992, germination of seed of all cultivars harvested from the NI (14-73%) and I (36-77%) 15 April plantings was lower than that of seed harvested from the 27 May plantings. In 1993 and 1994, germination of all harvested seed averaged more than 90%. Without irrigation, seed yield from the April plantings exceeded that from the May plantings every year. The difference was greatest in 1992 (3170 vs. 2190 kg ha(-1)) and least in 1993 (1432 vs 1295 kg ha(-1)). In 1992, the 4195 kg ha(-1) average yield with irrigation from the 15 April planting exceeded the 2979 kg ha(-1) average yield from the 27 May planting. In 1994, yield of all irrigated cultivars in the 21 April planting equalled or exceeded the yield of the same cultivars planted on 13 May. Yields of MG V cultivars were equal to or greater than those of MG TV cultivars in both I and NI plantings in all Sears. These results demonstrate that April vs. normal May plantings of both MG IV and V cultivars can increase yields when grown with and without irrigation in the midsouthern USA. RP Heatherly, LG (reprint author), USDA ARS,SOYBEAN RES UNIT,POB 343,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 23 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 36 IS 4 BP 1000 EP 1006 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UV549 UT WOS:A1996UV54900031 ER PT J AU Bhattramakki, D Sachs, MM Kriz, AL AF Bhattramakki, D Sachs, MM Kriz, AL TI Expression of genes encoding globulin and prolamin storage proteins in kernels of Illinois long term chemical selection strains SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ZEIN GENE; OPAQUE-2 MUTATION; MAIZE; DNA; ORGANIZATION; POLYMERASE; SEQUENCES; ALLELES AB Seed storage protein genes represent an interesting model system to study the structure and function of nuclear genes in higher plants. The Illinois long term chemical selection strains of maize (Zea mays L.) were used in the present study with an objective to investigate the expression of genes encoding seed storage proteins. Analysis of the endosperm proteins by SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) indicated a general trend in the level of certain polypeptides in different protein selection strains, As percent protein increased as a function of selection, the level of alpha-zeins also increased. Embryo protein profiles of IHP (Illinois High Protein) and ILP (Illinois Low Protein) analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analysis indicated that these populations lack detectable globulin1 (GLB1) protein. However, PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification of DNA from IHP plants and subsequent Southern hybridization with a radiolabeled oligonucleotide probe specific for glb1 intron2 confirmed that the glb1 gene is present in the MP population. The glb1 gene expression patterns were analyzed using embryos from different developmental stages of maize kernels of both MP and ILP strains. Levels of glb1 transcripts were 10-fold lower in IHP and 30-fold lower in ILP at 26 DAP as compared with standard functional alleles from maize inbred lines W64A and Va26. Tn conclusion, we have analyzed a null variant of globulin1 protein in Illinois long term chemical selection strains which would serve as tool to study the molecular basis of gene regulation. C1 DEKALB GENET CORP,MYSTIC,CT 06335. UNIV NEBRASKA,SCH BIOL SCI,LINCOLN,NE 68588. UNIV NEBRASKA,CTR BIOTECHNOL,LINCOLN,NE 68588. UNIV ILLINOIS,USDA ARS,DEPT CROP SCI,URBANA,IL 61801. NR 33 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 36 IS 4 BP 1029 EP 1036 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UV549 UT WOS:A1996UV54900036 ER PT J AU Hultquist, SJ Vogel, KP Lee, DJ Arumuganathan, K Kaeppler, S AF Hultquist, SJ Vogel, KP Lee, DJ Arumuganathan, K Kaeppler, S TI Chloroplast DNA and nuclear DNA content variations among cultivars of switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L. SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L.,, is a native, cross-pollinated, morphologically diverse species with an array of ploidy levels and ecotypes, Switchgrass is found throughout most of the USA and Canada, primarily east of the Rocky Mountains and south of Hudson Bay, The objective of this research was to determine if chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) occur among switchgrass cultivars and experimental strains that differ in ploidy level or ecotype classification, Eighteen switchgrass cultivars or experimental strains representative of reported ecotypes, ploidy levels, and the geographical range of switchgrass were surveyed for cpDNA polymorphisms by means of four restriction endonucleases and 20 sorghum cpDNA probes, One polymorphism was detected which was associated with the lowland-upland ecotype classification, The lowland cultivars contained a restriction site change that was not present in the upland cultivars, The two cytotypes discovered have been designated as the U (upland) or L (lowland) cytotype, The lowland cultivars had 3 pg DNA/nuclei as measured by Bow cytometry while the upland types had either 3 or 6 pg DNA/nuclei. There were no cpDNA polymorphisms among the upland cultivars regardless of ploidy level as measured by DNA content, These results demonstrate that cpDNA differs among switchgrasses and that this variation is associated with ecotype variation but not with nuclear DNA content. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT AGRON,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV NEBRASKA,CTR GRASSLAND STUDIES,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV NEBRASKA,CTR BIOTECHNOL,LINCOLN,NE 68583. OI Kaeppler, Shawn/0000-0002-5964-1668 NR 23 TC 92 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 9 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 36 IS 4 BP 1049 EP 1052 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UV549 UT WOS:A1996UV54900039 ER PT J AU Tinker, NA Mather, DE Rossnagel, BG Kasha, KJ Kleinhofs, A Hayes, PM Falk, DE Ferguson, T Shugar, LP Legge, WG Irvine, RB Choo, TM Briggs, KG Ullrich, SE Franckowiak, JD Blake, TK Graf, RJ Dofing, SM Maroof, MAS Scoles, GJ Hoffman, D Dahleen, LS Kilian, A Chen, F Biyashev, RM Kudrna, DA Steffenson, BJ AF Tinker, NA Mather, DE Rossnagel, BG Kasha, KJ Kleinhofs, A Hayes, PM Falk, DE Ferguson, T Shugar, LP Legge, WG Irvine, RB Choo, TM Briggs, KG Ullrich, SE Franckowiak, JD Blake, TK Graf, RJ Dofing, SM Maroof, MAS Scoles, GJ Hoffman, D Dahleen, LS Kilian, A Chen, F Biyashev, RM Kudrna, DA Steffenson, BJ TI Regions of the genome that affect agronomic performance in two-row barley SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; VARYING CHARACTERS; GENETIC-MARKERS; MAJOR GENES; PARAMETERS; ISOZYME AB Quantitative trait locus (QTL) main effects and QTL by environment (QTLxE) interactions for seven agronomic traits (grain yield, days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, lodging severity, kernel weight, and test weight) were investigated in a two-row barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cross, Harrington/TR306. A 127-point base map was constructed from markers (mostly RFLP) scored in 146 random double-haploid (DH) lines from the Harrington/TR306 cross. Field experiments involving the two parents and 145 random DH lines were grown in 1992 and/or 1993 at 17 locations in North America. Analysis of QTL was based on simple and composite interval mapping. Primary QTL were declared at positions where both methods gave evidence for QTL. The number of primary QTL ranged from three to six per trait, collectively explaining 34 to 52% of the genetic variance. None of these primary QTL showed major effects, but many showed effects that were consistent across environments. The addition of secondary QTL gave models that explained 39 to 80% of the genetic variance. The QTL were dispersed throughout the barley genome and some were detected in regions where QTL have been found in previous studies. Eight chromosome regions contained pleiotropic loci and/or linked clusters of loci that affected multiple traits. One region on chromosome 7 affected all traits except days to heading. This study was an intensive effort to evaluate QTL in a narrow-base population grown in a large set of environments. The results reveal the types and distributions of QTL effects manipulated by plant breeders and provide opportunities for future testing of marker-assisted selection. C1 MCGILL UNIV,DEPT PLANT SCI,ST ANNE BELLEVUE,PQ H9X 3V9,CANADA. UNIV SASKATCHEWAN,DEPT CROP SCI & PLANT ECOL,SASKATOON,SK S7N 5A8,CANADA. UNIV GUELPH,DEPT CROP SCI,GUELPH,ON N1G 2W1,CANADA. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,PULLMAN,WA 99164. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. ALBERTA WHEAT POOL,CALGARY,AB T2P 2P5,CANADA. WG THOMPSON & SONS LTD,BLENHEIM,ON N0P 1A0,CANADA. AGR & AGRI FOOD CANADA,BRANDON,MB R7A 5Y3,CANADA. SIDC,OUTLOOK,SK S0L 2N0,CANADA. AGR & AGRI FOOD CANADA,OTTAWA,ON K1A 0C6,CANADA. UNIV ALBERTA,DEPT AGR FOOD & NUTR SCI,EDMONTON,AB T6G 2P5,CANADA. N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & WEED SCI,FARGO,ND 58105. N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,FARGO,ND 58105. MONTANA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,BOZEMAN,MT 59715. UNIV ALASKA,PALMER,AK 99645. VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. USDA ARS,ABERDEEN,ID 83210. USDA ARS,FARGO,ND 58105. SWP,SASKATOON,SK S7N 3R2,CANADA. UNIV SASKATCHEWAN,CTR CROP DEV,SASKATOON,SK S7N 5A8,CANADA. RI Mather, Diane/A-1857-2009; OI Mather, Diane/0000-0001-7506-2589; Steffenson, Brian/0000-0001-7961-5363 NR 29 TC 165 Z9 179 U1 1 U2 17 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 36 IS 4 BP 1053 EP 1062 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UV549 UT WOS:A1996UV54900040 ER PT J AU Wilhelm, WW McMaster, GS AF Wilhelm, WW McMaster, GS TI Spikelet and floret naming scheme for grasses with a spike inflorescence SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID WINTER-WHEAT; VEGETATIVE DEVELOPMENT; LEAF APPEARANCE; GROWTH-STAGES; BARLEY AB Effective schemes to name uniquely and define parts of grass plants allow researchers to communicate results of their experiments accurately and precisely. Naming schemes for vegetative parts of grass plants have been developed; however, no system exists to name uniquely parts of the inflorescence. In this report, we present a method to extend existing systems to name parts of grass spikes. Spikelet positions are denoted by the letter S and numbered acropetally along the rachis. For example, the third spikelet position from the base of the rachis is named S3. Likewise, floret positions along the rachilla are named F (or C after fertilization) and numbered acropetally from the base to tip. The second caryopsis (floret) in the spikelet at the third spikelet position on a spike would be named S3C2. This simple scheme, when combined with the system for naming tiller, leaves, and roots, will allow all plant parts to be named uniquely. If the caryopsis in the previous example was produced on the tiller formed in the axil of the first leaf on the main stem, the complete description of the caryopsis is T1S3C2. Using this system, researchers and practitioners can communicate precisely findings on development, growth, and functional characteristics of plants and plant parts. C1 ARS,USDA,GREAT PLAINS SYST RES UNIT,FT COLLINS,CO 80522. RP Wilhelm, WW (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,ARS,USDA,117 KEIM HALL,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 36 IS 4 BP 1071 EP 1073 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UV549 UT WOS:A1996UV54900043 ER PT J AU Shine, JM Deren, CW Tai, PYP Miller, JD Glaz, B Comstock, JC AF Shine, JM Deren, CW Tai, PYP Miller, JD Glaz, B Comstock, JC TI Registration of 'CP 84-1591' sugarcane SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 ARS,USDA,SUGARCANE FIELD STN,CANAL POINT,FL 33438. UNIV FLORIDA,EVERGLADES RES & EDUC CTR,BELLE GLADE,FL 33430. FLORIDA SUGAR CANE LEAGUE INC,CLEWISTON,FL 33440. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 36 IS 4 BP 1075 EP 1075 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UV549 UT WOS:A1996UV54900046 ER PT J AU Johnson, DE McGaughey, WH AF Johnson, DE McGaughey, WH TI Contribution of Bacillus thuringiensis spores to toxicity of purified cry proteins towards Indianmeal moth larvae SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INSECTICIDAL CRYSTAL PROTEINS; MANDUCA-SEXTA; ENDOTOXINS; LEPIDOPTERA; RESISTANCE; PYRALIDAE; TOXINS; MODE AB The influence of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki HD-1 spores upon the toxicity of purified Cry1Ab and Cry1C crystal proteins toward susceptible and BT-resistant Indianmeal moth (IMM, Plodia interpunctella) larvae was investigated. With susceptible larvae, HD-1 spores were toxic in the absence of crystal protein and highly synergistic (approximately 35- to 50-fold) with either Cry1Ab or Cry1C protein. With BT-resistant IMM larvae, HD-1 spores were synergistic with Cry1Ab and Cry1C protein in all three resistant strains examined. Synergism was highest (approximately 25- to 44-fold) in insects with primary resistance toward Cry1C (IMM larvae with resistance to B. thuringiensis subsp, aizawai or entomocidus). However, HD-1 spores also synergized either Cry1Ab or Cry1C toxicity toward larvae resistant to B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki at a lower level (approximately five- to sixfold). With susceptible larvae, the presence of spores reduced the time of death when combined with each of the purified Cry proteins. Without spores, the speed of intoxication and eventual death or larvae treated with Cry1C and Cry1Ab proteins was much slower than for the HD-1 preparation containing both spores and crystals together. Neither spores nor toxin dose affected the mean time of death of resistant larvae treated with either Cry1Ab or Cry1C toxins. Both Cry1Ab and Cry1C toxins appeared to reduce feeding and consequently toxin consumption. RP Johnson, DE (reprint author), ARS,USDA,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,1515 COLL AVE,MANHATTAN,KS 66502, USA. NR 25 TC 35 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 33 IS 1 BP 54 EP 59 DI 10.1007/s002849900074 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UP180 UT WOS:A1996UP18000011 ER PT J AU Stetler, LD Saxton, KE AF Stetler, LD Saxton, KE TI Wind erosion and PM(10) emissions from agricultural fields on the Columbia Plateau SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on the Response of Aeolian Processes to Global Climate Change CY MAR 24-29, 1994 CL DESERT STUDIES CTR, ZZYZX, CA HO DESERT STUDIES CTR DE soil erosion; PM(10) emissions; dry land farming; Columbia Plateau AB Research to investigate relations between simultaneous processes of soil erosion by wind and PM(10) emissions from dry land fields on the Columbia Plateau, Washington, has been initiated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and Washington State University. Dry land agriculture is the primary cropping system worldwide but is constantly threatened by erosive winds which reduce the soil resource and/or remove fines which are the most active soil portion for plant production. Soils on the Columbia Plateau are very fine-grained containing more than 4 per cent of freely occurring aggregates or particles less than 10 mu m aerodynamic diameter. Analysis from eight wind events show that significant relations exist between total mass of soil in both horizontal (saltation) and vertical (suspension) transport. The data suggest that by limiting horizontal soil erosion, emitted dust can be simultaneously reduced. Aggressive conservation tillage can be an effective weapon in reducing soil erosion by maintaining surface residue and roughness. RP Stetler, LD (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, USDA, AGR RES SERV, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. NR 25 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 21 IS 7 BP 673 EP 685 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199607)21:7<673::AID-ESP664>3.0.CO;2-V PG 13 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA UX591 UT WOS:A1996UX59100007 ER PT J AU Scatena, FN Walker, RT Homma, AKO deConto, AJ Ferreira, CAP Carvalho, RD daRocha, ACPN Santos, AIMD deOliveira, PM AF Scatena, FN Walker, RT Homma, AKO deConto, AJ Ferreira, CAP Carvalho, RD daRocha, ACPN Santos, AIMD deOliveira, PM TI Cropping and fallowing sequences of small farms in the ''terra firme'' landscape of the Brazilian Amazon: A case study from Santarem, Para SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 90th Annual Meeting of the Association-of-American-Geographers CY MAR 27-APR 02, 1994 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Assoc Amer Geographers DE Amazonia; cropping/fallowing practices; land rotation; shifting agricultural model ID AGRICULTURE AB This paper analyzes field survey results and develops a conceptual model of the factors that influence cropping and fallowing practices on small farms in the terra firme landscape near Santarem, Brazil. A multi-fallow cultivation system that used rice, corn and bitter manioc in various relay-intercropping combinations was the most common cultivation practice observed. Five different types of fallow vegetation were identified and used by the farmers: (1) mature forest vegetation greater than 20 years old; (2) secondary forest vegetation 8 to 1? years old; (3) young secondary forest vegetation 3 to 6 years old; (4) brushy vegetation 2 to 4 years old; and (5) weed vegetation less than 2 years old. Distinct relay-intercropping sequences were associated with each of these fallows. We suggest that the selection of fallow length and cropping sequence is subject to the following general constraints: (1) the productivity of the landscape as determined by soil, water and climate; (2) ecological requirements and risks associated with particular crops; (3) land availability and the costs of site preparation, and cultural treatments; (4) the availability of hired labor; (5) the age structure of the families, their subsistence requirements and preferences for particular crops, leisure and non-farm-related production activities: and (6) local economic conditions including land values, access to credit and non-farm-related employment, and the conditions of commodity markets. To maximize agricultural production and general household utility given these constraints, the farmers have several options, including: (1) varying the length of fallows, (2) varying the types and sequences of crops that are planted following a given fallow; (3) modifying the clearing and cultivation practices; (4) improving subsequent yields by managing regeneration within a fallow; (5) developing diversified land use systems that contain combinations of pasture, perennials, semi-permanent annuals, areas of extractive reserves and true shifting cultivation; and (6) increasing production through the use of external inputs like fertilizer, irrigation and farm machinery. Most farmers in the study area have chosen to modify cropping sequences and vary the lengths of natural fallows rather than using expensive external inputs. Our data suggest that a major factor in selecting a fallow length is the cost of land clearance and preparation. Moreover, since clearing costs are dramatically reduced for young secondary vegetation, the reduction in site preparation costs over several short rotations compensates for the lost production caused by using short fallows instead of long fallows. C1 FLORIDA STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOG,TALLAHASSEE,FL 32306. EMPRESA BRASILEIRA PESQUISA AGROPECUARIA,CTR PESQUISA AGROFLORESTAL AMAZONIA ORIENTAL,BR-66240 BELEM,PARA,BRAZIL. SUPERINTENDENCIA DESENVOLVIMENTO AMAZONIA,BELEM,PARA,BRAZIL. RP Scatena, FN (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,INST TROP FORESTRY,CALL BOX 25000,RIO PIEDRAS,PR 00928, USA. NR 35 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8009 J9 ECOL ECON JI Ecol. Econ. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 18 IS 1 BP 29 EP 40 DI 10.1016/0921-8009(95)00055-0 PG 12 WC Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA UY554 UT WOS:A1996UY55400004 ER PT J AU Hof, J Flather, CH AF Hof, J Flather, CH TI Accounting for connectivity and spatial correlation in the optimal placement of wildlife habitat SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE landscape structure; nonlinear programming; patchy environments; spatial patterns ID NATURE RESERVES; POPULATION; CONSERVATION; DYNAMICS; SURVIVAL AB This paper investigates optimization approaches to simultaneously modelling habitat fragmentation and spatial correlation between patch populations. The problem is formulated with habitat connectivity affecting population means and variances, with spatial correlations accounted for in covariance calculations. Population with a pre-specified confidence level is then maximized in nonlinear programs that define habitat patches as circles (fixed shape) or rectangles (variable shape). The ideas and model formulations are demonstrated in a case example with a maximum of four habitat patches. Spatial layout of habitat is strongly sensitive to species dispersal characteristics and the spatial correlation structure resulting from different environmental disturbance agents. RP Hof, J (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. RI Flather, Curtis/G-3577-2012 OI Flather, Curtis/0000-0002-0623-3126 NR 25 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 88 IS 1-3 BP 143 EP 155 DI 10.1016/0304-3800(95)00082-8 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UR061 UT WOS:A1996UR06100014 ER PT J AU Carlson, TN Bunce, JA AF Carlson, TN Bunce, JA TI Will a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration lead to an increase or a decrease in water consumption by crops? SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE agricultural ecosystems; carbon; greenhouse gases; water dynamics ID STOMATAL CONTROL; TRANSPIRATION; CO2; CONDUCTANCE; RESISTANCE; GROWTH; PLANT AB Simulations with a soil/vegetation/atmosphere (SVAT) model for normal midlatitude summertime conditions corn and soybeans in order to assess the effect of doubling CO2 concentration on transpiration. A second purpose of this short communication is to emphasize that feedback processes present in the plant canopy but absent in the laboratory can lead to divergence between experimental and simulated results. In contrast with results reported by Cure and Acock (1986), increases in stomatal resistance commensurate with a doubling of CO2 concentration produced negligible changes in simulated transpiration. When we take account of the effect of biomass increases brought about by a CO2 doubling, a small seasonal increase in transpiration is indicated. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,CLIMATE STRESS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Carlson, TN (reprint author), PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT METEOROL,503 WALKER BLDG,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA. NR 22 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 88 IS 1-3 BP 241 EP 246 DI 10.1016/0304-3800(95)00110-7 PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UR061 UT WOS:A1996UR06100020 ER PT J AU Stewart, RE Spicer, LJ Hamilton, TD Keefer, BE Dawson, LJ Morgan, GL Echternkamp, SE AF Stewart, RE Spicer, LJ Hamilton, TD Keefer, BE Dawson, LJ Morgan, GL Echternkamp, SE TI Levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins, luteinizing hormone and IGF-I receptors, and steroids in dominant follicles during the first follicular wave in cattle exhibiting regular estrous cycles SO ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN CHORIONIC-GONADOTROPIN; ANTRAL FOLLICLES; STIMULATING-HORMONE; OVARIAN FOLLICLES; GRANULOSA-CELLS; GENE-EXPRESSION; FLUID; HEIFERS; RAT; LOCALIZATION AB Objectives of this study were to determine if concentrations of steroids, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), and IGF binding proteins (IGFBP) in follicular fluid and numbers of LH and IGF-I receptors change during growth of the dominant follicle. Ovarian follicular development was monitored daily via ultrasound in lactating Holstein cows. Animals underwent bilateral ovariectomy when the dominant follicle was first identified (days 4-6; estrus = day 0; early; n = 5) or when it stopped growing (days 8-12; late; n = 8). All follicles were classified as dominant (DF), large (LG; greater than or equal to 6 mm in diameter, excluding DF) or small (SM; < 6 mm), follicular fluid was aspirated, and theca and granulosa cells were collected. Levels of IGFBP-2, assessed via ligand blotting, were greater (P < 0.05) in LG and SM follicles compared with DF in early cows. Levels of IGFBP-3 in follicular fluid were unaffected by follicle class. Numbers of specific I-125-hCG/LH binding sites in thecal cells were greater (P < 0.01) in DF compared with LG and SM follicles of both early and late cows. Numbers of specific I-125-hCG/LH binding sites in granulosa cells were similar for follicle sizes in early cows, but, in late cows, were greater (P < 0.01) in DF compared with SM follicles and were severalfold greater (P < 0.01) in late DF compared with early DF. Numbers of receptors for IGF-I in thecal cells were 2-fold greater (P < 0.05) in DF and LG compared with SM in late cows. Numbers of IGF-I receptors in granulosa cells were unaffected by size or growth of follicles, but were severalfold greater than in theca cells. Concentrations of estradiol were severalfold greater (P < 0.01) in DF compared with LG and SM in both early and late cows. Concentrations of androstenedione in early cows were greater (P < 0.05) in DF and SM compared with LG follicles. Concentrations of progesterone and IGF-I did not differ (P > 0.10) among follicle classes, but both were greater (P < 0.10) in late LG compared with early LG follicles. Concentrations of IGF-II in follicular fluid did not differ (P > 0.10) between early and late cows but were greater (P < 0.10) in SM than DF or LG follicles. We conclude that low amounts of IGFBP-2 and increased thecal binding sites for hCG/LH appear to be related to establishment of the dominant follicle during the first follicular wave in cattle exhibiting regular estrous cycles during late lactation. C1 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV, DEPT ANIM SCI, STILLWATER, OK 74048 USA. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV, DEPT MED & SURG, STILLWATER, OK 74048 USA. USDA, US MEAT ANIM RES CTR, CLAY CTR, NE 68933 USA. NR 56 TC 120 Z9 121 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0013-7227 EI 1945-7170 J9 ENDOCRINOLOGY JI Endocrinology PD JUL PY 1996 VL 137 IS 7 BP 2842 EP 2850 DI 10.1210/en.137.7.2842 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA UR955 UT WOS:A1996UR95500025 PM 8770905 ER PT J AU Uri, ND AF Uri, ND TI Changing crude oil price effects on US agricultural employment SO ENERGY ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE agriculture; crude oil price; employment; USA ID UNEMPLOYMENT; MACROECONOMY; TESTS AB The effect of changes in the price of crude oil on agricultural employment in the USA between 1947 and 1995 is investigated. After reviewing previous assessments of the issue, the existence of an empirical relationship between agricultural employment and crude oil price changes is established using Granger causality. Subsequently, the nature of the relationship is estimated with the results suggesting that at least three full years are required before the measurable effects of a percentage change in the real price of crude oil on the change in agricultural employment are exhausted. Finally, the structural stability of the functional relationship between the change in agricultural employment and changes in the price of crude oil, the percentage changes in expected net farm income, realized technological innovation, and the wage rate is studied. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,NAT RESOURCES & ENVIRONM DIV,1301 NEW YORK AVE NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20005, USA. NR 40 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0140-9883 J9 ENERG ECON JI Energy Econ. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 18 IS 3 BP 185 EP 202 DI 10.1016/0140-9883(96)00018-7 PG 18 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA VK341 UT WOS:A1996VK34100003 ER PT J AU Wan, CG Sosebee, RE McMichael, BL AF Wan, CG Sosebee, RE McMichael, BL TI Lateral root development and hydraulic conductance in four populations of Gutierrezia sarothrae SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE ecotype; root growth; drought avoidance; hydraulic architecture; desert shrub ID SOIL-WATER EXTRACTION; DROUGHT RESISTANCE; XYLEM EMBOLISM; WOODY-PLANTS; DEEP ROOTS; LIFT; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; GROWTH; STRESS; MORPHOLOGY AB We hypothesize that drought-avoidance in Gutierrezia sarothrae populations is characterized by well-developed lateral roots. Root growth and hydraulic conductance were studied in four populations of Gutierrezia sarothrae. Seedlings from a Malta, Idaho (ID) seed source had four times higher root/shoot ratio (P < 0.05), but only 17% hydraulic conductance of those from Tahoka, Texas (TA) seed source. Consequently, transpiration surface area of the ID seedlings was 17% that of the TA seedlings. There was no difference in total root length between the seedlings, but hydraulic conductance per unit root length was 3.8 fold greater (P < 0.05) in the TA seedlings, which was accompanied by a lower specific lateral root length (P < 0.05), thus greater lateral root diameters. A parallel experiment with adult plants from New Mexico (NM) and Plains, Texas (PL) and the above two populations showed that whole-plant hydraulic conductance was ordered as NM > TA=PL > LD. The NM and TA populations had lower specific lateral root length (P < 0.05), thus larger-diameter laterals, than the ID population. The NM population had similar transpiration surface area and total root length as that of the TA population, but a greater lateral root biomass (P < 0.05) than the latter. Because of higher hydraulic conductance in the NM population, its xylem water potential declined more slowly than that of the Texas and Idaho populations as soil moisture deficit developed. Stem hydraulic conductance was positively correlated with xylem water potential. Therefore, the NM population was able to maintain a higher stem conductance during drought, which was associated with its higher whole-plant hydraulic conductance and greater carbon partitioning in the stems. The drought avoidance mechanism in the NM plants was characterized by an efficient water transport system due to greater lateral root biomass and more stems per unit leaf area. The higher root/shoot ratio in desert populations (NM and LD) as compared with that of the semiarid rangeland populations (TA and FL) does not ensure more effective water acquisition. Rather, root morphological modifications such as accelerated secondary thickening of lateral roots may play an important role in enhancing water-acquisition capability of the root systems of Gutierrezia sarothrae. C1 USDA ARS,CROPPING SYST RES LAB,LUBBOCK,TX 79401. RP Wan, CG (reprint author), TEXAS TECH UNIV,DEPT RANGE & WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT,LUBBOCK,TX 79409, USA. NR 35 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 36 IS 2 BP 157 EP 165 DI 10.1016/0098-8472(96)01008-8 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UX060 UT WOS:A1996UX06000004 ER PT J AU Duke, ER Doehlert, DC AF Duke, ER Doehlert, DC TI Effects of heat stress on enzyme activities and transcript levels in developing maize kernels grown in culture SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE maize; heat stress; enzymes; gene expression ID ENDOSPERM CELL-DIVISION; BARLEY ALEURONE CELLS; MESSENGER-RNAS; THERMAL ENVIRONMENT; INVERTASE ACTIVITY; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; STARCH SYNTHESIS; WHEAT ENDOSPERM; SHOCK; TEMPERATURE AB Heat stress can cause decreased grain yields and increased susceptibility in maize to the aflatoxin-producing fungus, Aspergillus flavus. We hypothesized that heat stress may affect gene expression in developing kernels, thereby affecting enzyme activities and storage product accumulation. To test this hypothesis, maize (Zea mays L. hybrid B73xMo17) kernels were cultured in vitro and grown at 25 (control), 30, and 35 degrees C. At 5-day intervals, developing kernels were analyzed for levels of gene expression and enzyme activity. Message levels of all genes evaluated, including Shrunken-1, Shrunken-2, Brittle-2, Aldolase, Waxy, alpha-Zein, beta-Zein, and Opaque-2 were reduced 65 to 80% after 5 days at 35 degrees C. In contrast, of the 17 enzymes assayed, only the activities of adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADP-Glc) pyrophosphorylase, aldolase, aspartate aminotransferase, add invertase, and acid phosphatase were decreased by heat-stress. Although the decrease in ADP-Glc pyrophosphorylase activity corresponded well with its decreased mRNA, aldolase activity only loosely corresponded to its mRNA levels, and sucrose synthase activity was not affected by growth temperature, although its transcript was reduced by 80%. We suggest that the declines in enzyme activities in the heat-stressed kernels are a result of declines in transcript. The differing responses df enzyme activities to the heat stress may reflect differences in protein turnover. In a subsequent experiment, we tested the hypothesis that heat stress may interfere with the ability of a maize kernel to generate pathogenesis-response proteins. We found that the activity of the pathogenesis-related protein, chitinase, was increased two-fold in cultured kernels grown at 25 degrees C by treatment with salicylic acid. However, the salicylate-induced increase in chitinase activity was inhibited in kernels grown at 35 degrees C. These results suggest that heat stress inhibits the induction of pathogenesis-related proteins in the maize kernel, and may, thereby, interfere with the ability of the kernel to defeat pathogen invasion. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,FT LAUDERDALE RES & EDUC CTR,FT LAUDERDALE,FL 33314. N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,WHEAT QUAL LAB,FARGO,ND 58105. NR 36 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 36 IS 2 BP 199 EP 208 DI 10.1016/0098-8472(96)01004-0 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UX060 UT WOS:A1996UX06000008 ER PT J AU Harwell, MA Long, JF Bartuska, AM Gentile, JH Harwell, CC Myers, V Ogden, JC AF Harwell, MA Long, JF Bartuska, AM Gentile, JH Harwell, CC Myers, V Ogden, JC TI Ecosystem management to achieve ecological sustainability: The case of south Florida SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE ecosystem management; sustainability; ecological risk assessment; Everglades; South Florida ID SCIENCE AB The ecosystems of South Florida are unique in the world. The defining features of the natural Everglades (large spatial scale, temporal patterns of water storage and sheetflow, and low nutrient levels) historically allowed a mosaic of habitats with characteristic animals. Massive hydrological alterations have halved the Everglades, and ecological sustainability requires fundamental changes in management. The US Man and the Biosphere Human-Dominated Systems Directorate is conducting a case study of South Florida using ecosystem management as a framework for exploring options for mutually dependent sustainability of society and the environment. A new methodology was developed to specify sustainability goals, characterize human factors affecting the ecosystem, and conduct scenario/consequence analyses to examine ecological and societal implications South Florida has sufficient water for urban, agricultural, and ecological needs, but most water drains to the sea through the system of canals; thus, the issue is not competition for resources but storage and management of water. The goal is to reestablish the natural system for water quantity, timing, and distribution over a sufficient area to restore the essence of the Everglades. C1 US BUR CENSUS,DIV POPULAT,WASHINGTON,DC 20233. USDA ARS,FOREST ENVIRONM RES,WASHINGTON,DC 20090. S FLORIDA WATER MANAGEMENT DIST,OFF EXECUT DIRECTOR,W PALM BEACH,FL 33416. RP Harwell, MA (reprint author), UNIV MIAMI,ROSENSTIEL SCH MARINE & ATMOSPHER SCI,CTR MARINE & ENVIRONM ANAL,MIAMI,FL 33149, USA. NR 46 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 20 IS 4 BP 497 EP 521 DI 10.1007/BF01474652 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UR950 UT WOS:A1996UR95000006 ER PT J AU Kinde, H Hietala, SK Bolin, CA Dowe, JT AF Kinde, H Hietala, SK Bolin, CA Dowe, JT TI Leptospiral abortion in horses following a flooding incident SO EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE horse; leptospirosis; acute renal disease ID EQUINE FETUSES; INFECTION; INTERROGANS; STILLBORN; FOALS; FARM C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,SCH VET MED,DAVIS,CA 95616. USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,LEPTOSPIROSIS MYCOBACTERIOSIS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. RP Kinde, H (reprint author), CALIF VET DIAGNOST LAB SYST,SAN BERNARDINO BRANCH,SAN BERNARDINO,CA, USA. NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL LTD PI NEWMARKET PA GRASEBY HOUSE, ENXING ROAD, NEWMARKET, SUFFOLK, ENGLAND CB8 0AU SN 0425-1644 J9 EQUINE VET J JI Equine Vet. J. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 28 IS 4 BP 327 EP 330 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UX099 UT WOS:A1996UX09900013 PM 8818599 ER PT J AU Sujkowski, LS Goodwin, SB Fry, WE AF Sujkowski, LS Goodwin, SB Fry, WE TI Changes in specific virulence in Polish populations of Phytophthora infestans: 1985-1991 SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE virulence; migration; selection; population genetics; potato late blight ID SEXUAL REPRODUCTION; UNITED-STATES; GENE FLOW; MIGRATION; RESISTANCE; FUNGUS AB Ninety-five isolates of Phytophthora infestans collected throughout Poland during 1985-1991 and characterized for multilocus genotypes based on mating type, allozymes and DNA fingerprint, were analyzed for specific virulence to differential potato cultivars carrying ten major resistance genes. The multilocus analysis led to three groupings. The first group contained 22 isolates of a clonal lineage (PO-1) that is postulated to have been present in Europe during most of the twentieth century, but PO-1 isolates were recovered in Poland only during 1985-1988. This group contained, on average, virulence to 5.5 specific resistance genes per isolate. The second group consisted of 30 isolates in a clonal lineage (PO-4) that had not been detected before 1988, PO-4 isolates had virulence to a mean of 6.5 resistance genes per isolate. The third group was composed of 43 isolates representing 38 multilocus genotypes also not detected before 1988. These diverse genotypes had virulence to an average of 6.7 specific resistance genes per isolate. More than half (53%) of the PO-4 isolates shared a single pathotype. The group of 43 isolates was dominated by two pathotypes: the most common one (47% of the isolates) was the same pathotype that dominated PO-4 isolates; the next most common one (21%) differed from the most common one by the absence of virulence to resistance gene R5. The recent immigrant isolates (not detected before 1988) generally had virulence to a greater number of specific resistance genes than did isolates in the previous population [detected before 1988 (PO-1)]. Recent immigrant populations were dominated by one or two pathotypes, so their pathotypic diversity values were somewhat less than that of the previous population. C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ITHACA,NY 14853. POTATO RES INST,DEPT GENET & PARENTAL LINE BREEDING,PL-05832 ROZALIN,POLAND. PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. NR 24 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1873 J9 EUR J PLANT PATHOL JI Eur. J. Plant Pathol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 102 IS 6 BP 555 EP 561 DI 10.1007/BF01877022 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VB083 UT WOS:A1996VB08300006 ER PT J AU Duffus, JE Liu, HY Wisler, GC Li, RH AF Duffus, JE Liu, HY Wisler, GC Li, RH TI Lettuce chlorosis virus - A new whitefly-transmitted closterovirus SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bemisia; LIYV; viruses; whitefly transmission; yellowing virus ID INFECTIOUS YELLOWS VIRUS; PLANT-VIRUSES; SWEET-POTATO; PURIFICATION; SQUASH AB A previously undescribed virus disease of lettuce, sugarbeets, other crop and weed hosts was found in the southwest desert regions of U.S.A. Affected lettuce and sugarbeet hosts exhibited interveinal yellowing, stunting, rolling, and brittleness of affected leaves. Since 1990, yellowing symptoms on desert lettuce and sugarbeet were shown to be induced by a mixture of lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV) and this previously undescribed virus termed lettuce chlorosis virus (LCV). LCV is a closterovirus with flexuous, filamentous particles 800-850 nm long. The virus is transmitted efficiently by both Bemisia biotypes. LCV differs significantly from LIYV and other previously described viruses in host range (LCV does not infect the Cucurbitaceae), insect transmission, and serology. RP Duffus, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS,US AGR RES STN,SALINAS,CA 93905, USA. NR 17 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1873 J9 EUR J PLANT PATHOL JI Eur. J. Plant Pathol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 102 IS 6 BP 591 EP 596 DI 10.1007/BF01877027 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VB083 UT WOS:A1996VB08300011 ER PT J AU Amir, J Sinclair, TR AF Amir, J Sinclair, TR TI Cereal cyst nematode effects on wheat water use, and on root and shoot growth SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE cereal cyst nematode; wheat; fallow; transpiration; root growth; Triticum aestivum; Heterodera avenae ID MEDITERRANEAN-TYPE ENVIRONMENT; USE EFFICIENCY; ARID ENVIRONMENT; SOIL; BARLEY AB Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is grown in many arid regions using fallow management whereby no crop is grown in alternate cropping seasons. Although fallowing is important in increasing the availability of water and nitrogen to crops in many environments, experiments in Israel revealed that water carryover from the fallow season for wheat production was rare. This paper examines the possibility that improved water use, and improved root and shoot growth, result from soil sanitation of cereal cyst nematode (CCN, Heterodera avenae Well.) in the fallow season. Pot experiments in controlled environments revealed a dramatic, negative effect of various populations of CCN on wheat root growth. The decrease in root growth was associated with decreased shoot growth and decreased rates of transpiration. Mechanical pruning of roots mimicked the effects of CCN infestation indicating that root pruning is probably the primary damage of CCN. In the field, dry weight yields of wheat were maintained even in continuous wheat management when a soil biocide was used to control CCN. It is proposed that the success of the fallow management is based on the fact that CCN cysts hatch in wet soil during rainy periods of the fallow year but fail to produce a new generation of cysts because no host plants are present. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,USDA ARS,AGRON PHYSIOL LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. AGR RES ORG,GILAT REG EXPT STN,IL-85200 BET DAGAN,ISRAEL. NR 21 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 47 IS 1 BP 13 EP 19 DI 10.1016/0378-4290(96)00008-1 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VF365 UT WOS:A1996VF36500002 ER PT J AU Amir, J Sinclair, TR AF Amir, J Sinclair, TR TI A straw mulch system to allow continuous wheat production in an arid climate SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE wheat; cereal cyst nematode; straw mulch; no-till; Triticum aestivum; Heterodera avenae ID ENVIRONMENT; YIELD AB Cereal Cyst Nematode (CCN, Heterodera avenae Well.) has been shown to be a devastating pest for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in dryland regions. Fallowing in the season preceding the cropping season has been hypothesized to sanitize the soil of CCN and allow wheat production. This paper explores management options that might allow the continuous production of wheat in these regions. In a 20-year study in the Negev, Israel, on a sandy loam, loessial, soil, it was found that in those seasons with high rainfall there was virtually no decrease in annual wheat yields for continuous crops as compared to biennial fallow yields obtained with the conventional wheat system. The hypothesis that high soil water content substantially alleviates the damage resulting from CCN infestation was confirmed in a pot study. A practical solution for maintaining high soil water content in the field was to leave a straw mulch on the soil surface to decrease soil evaporation. A chopper was added to a grain harvester to finely chop the straw so that it settles to the soil surface through the stubble, and a no-till drill was used for sowing through the straw. The straw-mulch system was shown to result in annual yields from continuous wheat that were equivalent to yields in alternate years with the conventional fallow wheat system, thereby doubling wheat production in this dryland region. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,USDA ARS,AGRON PHYSIOL LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. AGR RES ORG,GILAT REG EXPT STN,IL-85200 BET DAGAN,ISRAEL. NR 30 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 47 IS 1 BP 21 EP 31 DI 10.1016/0378-4290(96)00009-3 PG 11 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VF365 UT WOS:A1996VF36500003 ER PT J AU Sinclair, TR Amir, J AF Sinclair, TR Amir, J TI Model analysis of a straw mulch system for continuous wheat in an arid climate SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE wheat; straw mulch; model; cereal cyst nematode ID YIELD; ENVIRONMENT; GROWTH AB Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in some dryland regions is severely limited by the cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae Well.). Conventional fallow management during a wet period has been shown to allow hatching of the cysts during the fallow season and thereby sanitize the soil for the subsequent wheat crop. Recently a straw mulch (SM) management has been introduced into a long-term experiment in the Negev region of Israel. This management ameliorated the nematode damage and allowed continuous wheat production. Only three seasons of successful experimentation exist with the SM system so questions remain about its performance over seasons with differing weather conditions. A simple, mechanistic, wheat model was extended to simulate wheat development and growth when the crop is grown on nematode-infested soils. Incorporating statements describing inhibition of rooting depth as a result of nematode activity resulted in good agreement between simulations and 16 seasons of yield observations on continuous wheat. The effect of SM was simulated simply by decreasing soil evaporation and this resulted in higher levels of soil water and decreased nematode inhibition of rooting. Good agreement was obtained between the three seasons of experimental data and simulations of the SM system, with predicted grain yield within 10% of observations. Over 16 seasons, simulations of the SM system indicated substantial grain yield increases over continuous wheat in all but the highest-yielding season. Simulations in 14 seasons with conventional fallow management revealed that annual yields of SM were equivalent to biennial yields of the fallow system, resulting in a predicted doubling of wheat production for this dryland region of the Negev. C1 AGR RES ORG,GILAT REG EXPT STN,IL-85200 BET DAGAN,ISRAEL. RP Sinclair, TR (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,USDA ARS,AGRON PHYSIOL LAB,POB 110840,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 47 IS 1 BP 33 EP 41 DI 10.1016/0378-4290(96)00010-X PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VF365 UT WOS:A1996VF36500004 ER PT J AU Kanneganti, B Kanneganti, VR AF Kanneganti, B Kanneganti, VR TI Orchardgrass response to different types, rates and application patterns of dairy manure SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE nitrogen; manure; grass; apparent nitrogen efficiency; apparent nitrogen recovery; Dactylis glomerata ID AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION; NITROGEN ACCUMULATION; CORN; BIOMASS; SLURRY; FIELD AB Manure management is a difficult task on many intensive dairy farms. Crops that can utilize large quantities of manure N, yield quality forage with larger rates of manure application, and allow manure spreading at different times in a year can simplify that task. A study was conducted in 1990 and 1991 on a Copake sandy loam soil (mixed mesic) in New Milford, Connecticut. The objectives were: (1) to measure and compare dry matter (DM) response of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) to different amounts and application times of N fertilizer and liquid and solid cattle manure; and (2) to determine crop uptake of fertilizer and manure N. Fertilizer and liquid and solid manure were applied to the soil surface annually in amounts of 150, 300 or 450 kg N ha(-1) in one, two or four equal applications. Orchardgrass dry matter production increased over the entire range of N amounts from all sources. Yields varied from approximately 2500 kg DM ha(-1) for control plots (0 kg N) to 10600 kg for plots receiving 450 kg N ha(-1) either as fertilizer or liquid manure. Crop response to liquid manure application was greater in year one with abundant rainfall than in year two with dry conditions during most of the growing season, whereas crop response to solid manure application improved in the second year, due to the availability of residual organic N. Orchardgrass was more sensitive to the timing of fertilizer N application than to manure N application. Despite the large differences in weather patterns experienced during this study, analysis of application patterns indicated that manure could be applied throughout the growing season to crop stubble (post-harvest) with comparable rates of uptake overall. N uptake in control plots averaged 56 kg N ha(-1) for both years, compared to 340 kg N ha(-1) for fertilizer plots, 250 kg N ha(-1) for liquid manure plots and 190 kg N ha(-1) for solid manure plots receiving 450 kg total N ha(-1). C1 USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Kanneganti, B (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT AGRON & RANGE SCI,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 47 IS 1 BP 43 EP 52 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VF365 UT WOS:A1996VF36500005 ER PT J AU Quinn, TP Nielsen, JL Gan, C Unwin, MJ Wilmot, R Guthrie, C Utter, FM AF Quinn, TP Nielsen, JL Gan, C Unwin, MJ Wilmot, R Guthrie, C Utter, FM TI Origin and genetic structure of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, transplanted from California to New Zealand: Allozyme and mtDNA evidence SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID RAINBOW-TROUT; ATLANTIC SALMON; POPULATIONS; PATTERNS; PACIFIC; MANAGEMENT; MIGRATION; EVOLUTION; DISTANCE; STOCKS AB Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, transplanted from the Sacramento River, California, to the Waitaki River catchment of New Zealand at the turn of the century rapidly colonized many South Island rivers. Allozyme genotype and mtDNA haplotype frequencies were obtained from tissue samples from chinook salmon in Waitaki, Rakaia, Waimakariri, and Clutha rivers in New Zealand and compared with data from populations in the Sacramento River to provide further information on the origin of the NZ populations and to ascertain the genetic changes that have taken place since the transplant. Neither allozyme nor mtDNA unequivocally identified an ancestral ''seasonal'' run (fall, winter, or spring) for the NZ chinook salmon. Sacramento River samples collectively diverged from the NZ samples at allozyme loci, and mtDNA indicated greater similarity between NZ samples and fall-run rather than winter and spring runs from the Sacramento River. Significant variation was detected by mtDNA analysis between only two of the four populations within NZ, one of which has been landlocked by an impassable dam since 1956. The allozyme data identified significant variation within NZ, although less than has been documented among Sacramento River populations. The NZ populations also showed less genetic diversity (mean number of alleles per locus, proportion of loci that were polymorphic, and mean heterozygosity) than the Sacramento River populations. These lower values are consistent with a population bottleneck in the first generations after transplantation into the Waitaki River catchment and with founder effects during the formation of populations in the other NZ rivers. The combination of genetic differences and phenotypic variation among the NZ populations indicates that Pacific salmon populations can develop rapidly after colonizing suitable habitat. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC SW RES STN,ALBANY,CA 94710. STANFORD UNIV,HOPKINS MARINE STN,PACIFIC GROVE,CA 93950. NATL INST WATER & ATMOSPHERE,CHRISTCHURCH,NEW ZEALAND. NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERV,AUKE BAY LAB,JUNEAU,AK 99801. RP Quinn, TP (reprint author), UNIV WASHINGTON,SCH FISHERIES,POB 357980,SEATTLE,WA 98195, USA. NR 60 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 94 IS 3 BP 506 EP 521 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA UU710 UT WOS:A1996UU71000010 ER PT J AU Voss, KA Bacon, CW Meredith, FI Norred, WP AF Voss, KA Bacon, CW Meredith, FI Norred, WP TI Comparative subchronic toxicity studies of nixtamalized and water-extracted Fusarium moniliforme culture material SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CORN-BASED PRODUCTS; FUMONISIN B-1; ESOPHAGEAL CANCER; CONTAMINATED CORN; RATS; LEUKOENCEPHALOMALACIA; MYCOTOXINS; FOODS; CARCINOGENICITY; HEPATOTOXICITY AB Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme, F. proliferatum and other Fusarium species, which are commonly found on corn, cause a variety of species-specific toxicoses, and have been linked to human oesophageal cancer in areas of southern Africa and China where corn is a dietary staple. The effect of nixtamalization, the process by which masa flour is produced by alkaline hydrolysis of corn, on the organ-specific toxicity of F. moniliforme culture material containing fumonisin B-1 (FB1) was studied and the effectiveness of nixtamalization and water extraction for detoxifying culture material was compared. Male rats (n = 10/group) were fed diets containing 5% culture material equivalent weights of nixtamalized culture material (NX diet) providing 58 ppm hydrolysed FB1 but no FB1, water-extracted culture material (WE diet) providing 8 ppm FB1, or untreated culture material (CM diet) providing 71 ppm FB1 for 4 wk. An additional control group was fed a diet containing sound seed corn. Serum chemical and histopathological findings confirmed that the nixtamalized culture material was hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic. Hepatopathy was found in all rats fed the NX or CM diets. The lesions were qualitatively similar in these two groups, but were noticeably less severe in rats fed the NX diet. In contrast, only one rat fed the WE diet exhibited mild hepatopathy. Mild-to-moderate nephropathy resembling that induced by FB1 was found in all rats fed the NX, WE or CM diet. Thus, the organ-specific effects of nixtamalized culture material, containing no detectable FB1, were similar to those of the FB1-containing diet prepared from untreated culture material. Furthermore, nixtamalization was not as effective as water extraction as a detoxification method. Copyright (C) 1996 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Voss, KA (reprint author), USDA ARS,TOXICOL & MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,S ATLANTIC AREA,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 36 TC 61 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 34 IS 7 BP 623 EP & DI 10.1016/0278-6915(96)00024-5 PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA VE024 UT WOS:A1996VE02400005 PM 8761355 ER PT J AU Zhang, JW Cregg, BM AF Zhang, JW Cregg, BM TI Variation in stable carbon isotope discrimination among and within exotic conifer species grown in eastern Nebraska, USA SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE the Great Plains; temperate conifers; Pinaceae; Cupressaceae; Provenance test; water-use efficiency ID WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; PSEUDOTSUGA-MENZIESII; GAS-EXCHANGE; PLANTS AB The study involved the measurement of stable-carbon isotope discrimination and specific leaf area on foliage of mature trees of 11 conifer species grown in a common-garden in eastern Nebraska, USA. Each species was represented by three to six trees from at least three populations. Carbon isotope discrimination differed significantly among species (F = 31.41, P < 0.0001) and among populations within species (F = 1.65, P < 0.035). Of the all Species, members of the Pinaceae family (Abies, Larix, Picea, Pinus, Pseudotsuga) had much higher discrimination (Delta = 18.87, SE = 0.08, n = 141) than species in the Cupressaceae family (Juniperus) (Delta = 16.26, SE = 0.12, n = 18). A deciduous conifer, Larix (Delta = 19.09, SE = 0.20, n = 16), did not differ significantly from evergreen members of the Pinaceae family. Although specific leaf area differed among species (F = 152.62, P < 0.0001), it was not correlated with discrimination (r = 0.24, P > 0.14). Annual height growth, specific leaf area, and annual precipitation of seed sources were intercorrelated (0.60 less than or equal to r less than or equal to 0.67, P < 0.01). No correlation was significant between Delta and the precipitation or evapotranspiration of the seed sources. The results indicate that these species have different genetic structures and acclimation processes. Selecting for better adapted genotypes based on carbon isotope discrimination must be species specific. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,NATL AGROFORESTRY CTR,LINCOLN,NE 68583. RP Zhang, JW (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT FORESTRY FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,E CAMPUS UNL,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 34 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 83 IS 3 BP 181 EP 187 DI 10.1016/0378-1127(96)03723-1 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VC087 UT WOS:A1996VC08700005 ER PT J AU Gregoire, TG Valentine, HT AF Gregoire, TG Valentine, HT TI Sampling methods to estimate stem length and surface area of tropical tree species SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE importance sampling; randomized branch sampling; auxiliary information ID VOLUME AB Sampling strategies to provide unbiased estimates of individual tree characteristics have received increased attention in the past decade. Sampling-based estimation is appealing for many tropical species owing to the dearth of appropriately fitted models from which one can obtain an accurate prediction of these characteristics. Two methods, namely randomized branch sampling and importance sampling, are described in this paper. Their application to estimate surface (bark) area and average stem length is elucidated. Extensions to a stratified design are briefly discussed. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,LOUIS C WYMAN FORESTRY SCI LAB,DURHAM,NH 03824. RP Gregoire, TG (reprint author), VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,COLL FORESTRY & WILDLIFE RESOURCES,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061, USA. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 83 IS 3 BP 229 EP 235 DI 10.1016/0378-1127(96)03720-6 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VC087 UT WOS:A1996VC08700009 ER PT J AU Spelter, H AF Spelter, H TI Emerging nonwood building materials in residential construction SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The residential and low-rise building markets in Canada and the United States have been traditionally dominated by frame-style wood construction. Recent fluctuations in timber markets, however, have contributed to an upsurge in the volatility and level of lumber prices, which has stimulated interest among builders in alternative building materials. This report describes the development of steel, concrete, and sandwich panel wall systems, and compares their costs to that of wood-frame construction. In-place cost comparisons suggest that at this time wood systems continue to offer the most economical method of construction. However, lifetime cost savings can favor nonwood systems, so their attractiveness depends on an individual's payback expectation. RP Spelter, H (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 46 IS 7-8 BP 29 EP 36 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA VB865 UT WOS:A1996VB86500011 ER PT J AU Felton, CC DeGroot, RC AF Felton, CC DeGroot, RC TI The recycling potential of preservative-treated wood SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ANAEROBIC DECHLORINATION; GRANULAR SLUDGE; PENTACHLOROPHENOL; CCA; DEGRADATION; BIODEGRADATION; METABOLISM; BONDS; PINE AB This paper is an assessment of the potential for recycling spent, preservative-treated wood products. Approximately 6 x 10(6) m(3) of wood treated with chromated copper arsenate (CCA), pentachlorophenol, and creosote are disposed of annually and about 19 x 10(6) m(3)/year will be available for recycling by 2020. Currently, about 1.3 x 10(6) m(3)/year of creosote-treated railroad ties and 2 x 10(6) m(3) of utility poles treated with pentachlorophenol and creosote are available for recycling. The balance is primarily from CCA-treated dimension lumber and the amount is forecasted to increase significantly due to its use in housing and decking. The recent expansion of the wood recycling industry has not included preservative-treated wood because of technical problems and regulatory uncertainties. The most viable recycling option for wood treated with arsenic is probably composite manufacturing, but problems such as characterization of comminution emissions and adhesive compatibility remain. Composting is also a potentially viable option, particularly for pentachlorophenol- and creosote-treated wood, although comminution emissions need to be characterized and questions need to be answered about the effects of microbial growth inhibition from the potentially large preservative concentrations. C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI. NR 89 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 9 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 46 IS 7-8 BP 37 EP 46 PG 10 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA VB865 UT WOS:A1996VB86500012 ER PT J AU Chow, P Bao, ZZ Youngquist, JA Rowell, RM Muehl, JH Krzysik, AM AF Chow, P Bao, ZZ Youngquist, JA Rowell, RM Muehl, JH Krzysik, AM TI Effects of two fiber treatments on properties of hemlock hardboard SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The effects of fiber treatments (stream and acetylation), resin content: and wax content on mechanical and physical properties of dry-process hardboard made from hemlock were investigated, Sixty 10-inch by 10-inch by 0.125-inch boards were tested. Various board properties such as modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength parallel to the surface, internal bond, water absorption, thickness swelling, and linear expansion were studied. Test results showed that both acetylation and steam pretreatment improved board dimensional stability. This demonstrates that both treatments reduce the hygroscopicity of the hemlock fibers. Water absorption, thickness swelling, and linear expansion were reduced greatly by acetylation. Increasing resin content significantly improved board mechanical and physical properties. However, some mechanical properties of the boards were somewhat decreased by the fiber treatment of acetylation. C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. RP Chow, P (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT NAT RESOURCES & ENVIRONM SCI,W-512A TURNER HALL,1102 S GOODWIN AVE,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 46 IS 7-8 BP 62 EP 66 PG 5 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA VB865 UT WOS:A1996VB86500016 ER PT J AU Gupta, R Ethington, RL Green, DW AF Gupta, R Ethington, RL Green, DW TI Mechanical stress grading of dahurian larch structural lumber SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PROPERTY AB The objective of this study was to test a method under development for assigning allowable properties to foreign species graded by American Lumber Standard machine-stress-rated (MSR) rules. The method was tested on dahurian larch (Larix dahurica), a major softwood species that grows in the Russian Far East and could be marketed in the United States. The relationship of tensile strength to bending strength for the test sample of dimension lumber was readily validated as similar to that for temperate softwoods from the United States and Canada. The results also showed a good relationship between bending strength and modulus of elasticity. Shear and compression perpendicular-to-grain strength values were weakly related to specific gravity, but barely met validation criteria. Edge-knot class and short-span flatwise modulus of elasticity were good sorting criteria for bending strength, as they are for MSR domestic lumber. Three published MSR grades representing a wide range of qualities were readily qualified. Tensile allowable stress was a limiting property. Achieving this property required the setting of boundaries that made the highest grade relatively rich in bending strength and stiffness and the lower grades relatively rich in tension. The sample could be sorted correctly into three selected grades nearly on the basis of edge-knot limitations alone. This study shows that this method can be used to machine stress rate dahurian larch into an array of existing domestic grades. C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. RP Gupta, R (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST PROD,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 46 IS 7-8 BP 79 EP 86 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA VB865 UT WOS:A1996VB86500019 ER PT J AU Harnly, JM AF Harnly, JM TI Instrumentation for simultaneous multielement atomic absorption spectrometry with graphite furnace atomization SO FRESENIUS JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Colloquium on Spectroscopy CY AUG 27-SEP 01, 1995 CL LEIPZIG, GERMANY ID DETECTOR AB Graphite furnace-atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) is restricted to the determination of 4 to 6 elements simultaneously due to the limitations of hollow cathode lamps. However, a consideration of prototype continuum source instruments and recent advances in the fields of spectrometer and detector technology suggests that a multielement GF-AAS instrument, with the multielement versatility associated with atomic emission spectrometry, is possible. Such a multielement instrument would employ a continuum source and provide 1.) multielement determinations for 30 to 40 elements, 2.) wavelength and time integrated absorbance measurements which are independent of the source width, 3.) detection limits comparable to line source AAS with the potential for another order of magnitude improvement using atomization at elevated pressures, 4.) extended calibration ranges limited only by the memory of the atomizer, and 5.) high resolution inspection of the spectra surrounding the analytical wavelength. Such an instrument could provide figures of merit comparable to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer with considerably less complexity. RP Harnly, JM (reprint author), ARS,USDA,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,FOOD COMPOSIT LAB,BLDG 161,BARC E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 23 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0937-0633 J9 FRESEN J ANAL CHEM JI Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 355 IS 5-6 BP 501 EP 509 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA UV610 UT WOS:A1996UV61000013 ER PT J AU Grauke, LJ Thompson, TE AF Grauke, LJ Thompson, TE TI Variability in pecan flowering SO FRUIT VARIETIES JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID JUGLANS-REGIA L; DEVELOPMENTAL BASIS; DIFFERENTIATION; HETERODICHOGAMY; MORPHOLOGY; WALNUT AB Efficient pecan orchard design requires accurate information concerning flowering patterns of cultivars. Methods of evaluating pecan flowering vary widely in the literature, and may influence reported patterns. Critical aspects of pecan flowering are reviewed, especially, as they relate to monitoring bloom. Dichogamy patterns are reported for 13 pecan cultivars observed over four years at Shreveport, LA. Patterns of flowering varied between years, with dates of inner scale split, pollen shed, and stigma receptivity being related to seasonal growing degree day accumulations. Cultivars did not flower in identical sequence in all years, but did consistently exhibit either protogyny or protandry. Data from 12 cultivars collected at Brownwood, TX in 1992 are evaluated in relation to previous reports of flowering for those cultivars in the 1972 and 1974 seasons. Dichogamy data for three consecutive years from New Mexico are also evaluated for patterns due to season. At all locations, date of first bloom varied by year. Pollen shed and pistil receptivity for a cultivar varied in relation to bloom dates of other cultivars in different years. Two cultivars may have altered patterns of bloom overlap in different seasons. When designing orchard configurations, planners should rely on observations made over several seasons, and from trees as close as possible to the proposed orchard location. Rather than attempting to pick two cultivars that closely overlap bloom, or choosing a certain number of protandrous and protogynous cultivars, it may be preferable to select multiple cultivars to provide early mid-, and late-season pollen, with the pistillate receptivity period of key cultivars in the orchard being heavily targeted. RP Grauke, LJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,RT 2,BOX 133,SOMERVILLE,TX 77879, USA. NR 27 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 103 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 SN 0091-3642 J9 FRUIT VARIETIES J JI Fruit Var. J. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 50 IS 3 BP 140 EP 150 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VA617 UT WOS:A1996VA61700002 ER PT J AU Beckman, TG Sherman, WB AF Beckman, TG Sherman, WB TI The non-melting semi-freestone peach SO FRUIT VARIETIES JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Since the unconfirmed report by Blake nearly 60 years ago, the combination of non-melting flesh with the freestone trait in peach has been a long sought goal of breeders. Non-melting flesh, semi-freestone peach selections were found in 1992 and confirmed on budded trees fruiting in 1995. These unique phenotypes are segregants from two sources: Fla. 9-20C and Fla. 9-26C. Crosses of open-pollinated selections from both sources with 'Oro A' have also produced non-melting semi-freestone selections. Test crosses are in progress to determine the specific genotypes of these selections and that of their progenitors. At this time we assume their genotype to be non-melting freestone (F_mm) which would be consistent with the original hypothesis of 2 genes. each with 2 alleles. RP Beckman, TG (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE FRUIT & TREE NUT RES LAB,111 DUNBAR RD,BYRON,GA 31008, USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 103 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 SN 0091-3642 J9 FRUIT VARIETIES J JI Fruit Var. J. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 50 IS 3 BP 189 EP 193 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA VA617 UT WOS:A1996VA61700008 ER PT J AU Handler, AM Gomez, SP AF Handler, AM Gomez, SP TI The hobo transposable element excises and has related elements in tephritid species SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; GENETIC-MARKERS; CLONING VECTORS; TRANSFORMATION; DIPTERA; INSECTS; POPULATIONS; ACTIVATOR; MARINER; STRAINS AB Function of the Drosophila melanogaster hobo transposon in tephritid species was tested in transient embryonic excision assays. Wild-type and mutant strains of Anastrepha suspensa, Bactrocera dorsalis, B. cucurbitae, Ceratitis capitata, and Toxotrypana curvicauda all supported hobo excision or deletion both in the presence and absence of co-injected hobo transposase, indicating a permissive state for hobo mobility and the existence of endogenous systems capable of mobilizing hobo. In several strains hobo helper reduced excision. Excision depended on hobo sequences in the indicator plasmid, though almost all excisions were imprecise and the mobilizing systems appear mechanistically different from hobo. hobo-related sequences were identified in all species except T. curvicauda. Parsimony analysis yielded a subgroup including the B. cucurbitae and C. capitata sequences along with hobo and Hermes, and a separate, more divergent subgroup including the A. suspensa and B. dorsalis sequences. All of the sequences exist as multiple genomic elements, and a deleted form of the B. cucurbitae element exists in B, dorsalis. The hobo-related sequences are probably members of the hAT transposon family with some evolving from distant ancestor elements, while others may have originated from more recent horizontal transfers. RP Handler, AM (reprint author), ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,USDA,1700 SW 23RD DR,GAINESVILLE,FL 32608, USA. NR 45 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD JUL PY 1996 VL 143 IS 3 BP 1339 EP 1347 PG 9 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA UU742 UT WOS:A1996UU74200026 PM 8807305 ER PT J AU Wise, RP Dill, CL Schnable, PS AF Wise, RP Dill, CL Schnable, PS TI Mutator-induced mutations of the rf1 nuclear fertility restorer of T-cytoplasm maize alter the accumulation of T-urf13 mitochondrial transcripts SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID MALE-STERILE CYTOPLASM; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; FUNGAL TOXINS; ZEA-MAYS; PROTEIN; RECOMBINATION; SENSITIVITY; EXPRESSION; METHOMYL; URF13 AB Dominant alleles of the rf1 and rf2 nuclear-encoded fertility restorer genes are necessary for restoration of pollen fertility in T-cytoplasm maize. To further characterize fertility restoration mediated by the Rf1 allele, 123,500 gametes derived from plants carrying the Mutator transposable element family were screened for rf1-mutant alleles (rf1-m) Four heritable rf1-m alleles were recovered from these populations. Three rf1-m alleles were derived from the progenitor allele Rf1-IA153 and one was derived from Rf1-Ky21. Cosegregation analysis revealed 5.5- and 2.4-kb Mu1-hybridizing EcoRI restriction fragments in all of the male-sterile and none of the male-fertile plants in families segregating for rf1-m3207 and rf1-m3310, respectively. Mitochondrial RNA gel blot analyses indicated that all four rf1-m alleles in male-sterile plan ts cosegregated with the altered steady-state accumulation of 1.6- and 0.6-kb T-urf13 transcripts, demonstrating that these transcripts are Rf1 dependent. Plants carrying a leaky mutant, rf1-m7323, revealed variable levels of Rf1-associated, T-urf13 transcripts and the degree of pollen fertility. The ability to obtain rf1-m derivatives from Rf1 indicates that Rf1 alleles produce a functional gene product necessary for the accumulation of specific T-urf13 transcripts in T-cytoplasm maize. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,INTERDEPT GENET PROGRAM,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ZOOL & GENET,AMES,IA 50011. RP Wise, RP (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,USDA ARS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,351 BESSEY HALL,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 38 TC 31 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 4 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD JUL PY 1996 VL 143 IS 3 BP 1383 EP 1394 PG 12 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA UU742 UT WOS:A1996UU74200030 PM 8807309 ER PT J AU Hanson, MA Gaut, BS Stec, AO Fuerstenberg, SI Goodman, MM Coe, EH Doebley, JF AF Hanson, MA Gaut, BS Stec, AO Fuerstenberg, SI Goodman, MM Coe, EH Doebley, JF TI Evolution of anthocyanin biosynthesis in maize kernels: The role of regulatory and enzymatic loci SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; ZEA GRAMINEAE; GENE FLOW; SEQUENCES; MAYS; C1; PIGMENTATION; VIVIPAROUS-1; POLYMORPHISM; CHLOROPLAST AB Understanding which genes contribute to evolutionary change and the nature of the alterations in them are fundamental challenges in evolution. We analyzed regulatory and enzymatic genes in the maize anthocyanin pathway as related to the evolution of anthocyanin-pigmented kernels in maize from colorless kernels of its progenitor, teosinte. Genetic tests indicate that teosinte possesses functional alleles at all enzymatic loci. At two regulatory loci, most teosintes possess alleles that encode functional proteins, but ones that are not expressed during kernel development and not capable of activating anthocyanin biosynthesis there. We investigated nucleotide polymorphism at one of the regulatory loci, c1. Several observations suggest that c1 has not evolved in a strictly neutral manner, including an exceptionally low level of polymorphism and a biased representation of haplotypes in maize. Curiously, sequence data show that most of our teosinte samples possess a promoter element necessary for the activation of the anthocyanin pathway during kernel development, although genetic tests indicate that teosinte c1 alleles are not active during kernel development. Our analyses suggest that the evolution of the purple kernels resulted from changes in cis regulatory elements at regulatory loci and not changes in either regulatory protein function nor the enzymatic loci. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT PLANT BIOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RUTGERS STATE UNIV,CTR THEORET & APPL GENET,DEPT PLANT SCI,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT AGRON,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. UNIV MISSOURI,USDA ARS,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. NR 51 TC 103 Z9 108 U1 0 U2 7 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD JUL PY 1996 VL 143 IS 3 BP 1395 EP 1407 PG 13 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA UU742 UT WOS:A1996UU74200031 PM 8807310 ER PT J AU DeVault, JD Hughes, KJ Leopold, RA Johnson, OA Narang, SK AF DeVault, JD Hughes, KJ Leopold, RA Johnson, OA Narang, SK TI Gene transfer into corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) embryos SO GENOME RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HOBO TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT; MALARIA CONTROL; DROSOPHILA; TRANSFORMATION; TRANSPOSITION; LEPIDOPTERA; INSECTS AB Transposable elements with short inverted repeats at their termini have been identified in a number of diverse insect species and have proven to be useful gene delivery Vectors for the transformation of Drosophila melanogaster. In this report we examine the ability of the D. melanogaster hobo element to transpose in lepidopteran species. A Trichoplusia ni (cabbage looper) and a Helicoverpa tea (corn earworm) embryonic cell line were found to be capable of supporting productive transposition of the hobo element as measured by a plasmid-based excision assay. Furthermore, hobo transposition was detected in H. zea embryos in a manner consistent with that seen for the cell line. In both cases, transposition I excision was found to be independent of vector-encoded transposase functions, indicating that endogenous genes are involved in hobo mobility. Finally, we demonstrate the stable insertion of the bacterial lacZ gene into the H. zea genome, These data demonstrate that hobo elements are capable of transgressing species boundaries and functioning in non-drosophilid cellular environments. More importantly, this represents the first description of a genetic transformation system for a lepidopteran species. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP DeVault, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOSCI RES LAB,DEPT INSECT GENET & BIOCHEM,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB PRESS PI PLAINVIEW PA 1 BUNGTOWN RD, PLAINVIEW, NY 11724 SN 1054-9803 J9 GENOME RES JI Genome Res. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 6 IS 7 BP 571 EP 579 DI 10.1101/gr.6.7.571 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA UX136 UT WOS:A1996UX13600001 PM 8796344 ER PT J AU Alexander, EB Burt, R AF Alexander, EB Burt, R TI Soil development on moraines of Mendenhall Glacier, southeast Alaska .1. The moraines and soil morphology SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article AB Soils on a sequence of well drained Neoglacial moraines up to 240 years-old, plus an older soil, were sampled to investigate soil development through the initial stages of podzolization. Pebbles and cobbles in the moraines are about 75 to 80% granitic rock. Computations based on minerals observed optically and on chemical analyses indicate that plagioclase and quartz are the predominant minerals in the fine-earth. The climate is perhumid. Leaching of the moraines may have begun before they were free of glacial ice, but little organic matter accumulated under the initial vegetative cover of sparse dwarf fireweed (IO-year site). As alder thicket developed, organic matter accumulated rapidly in Oi, Oe, and A horizons (38-year site). As spruce trees began to replace alder, organic matter was lost from the surface mineral soil to form an E horizon and an incipient Bs horizon formed below it, an Oa horizon formed, and the A horizon disappeared (70- and 90-year sites). Organic acid leaching continued, to form a spodic Bhs horizon in spruce forest (240-year site) and a spodic Bh horizon in spruce-hemlock forest (> 240-year site). Homblende has been etched slightly within 240 years, apatite has been lost from E horizons and free-Fe, presumeably in ferrihydrite, has accumulated in B horizons. The younger moraine soils, both with and without incipient Bs horizons, are Typic Cryorthents and the 240-year-old and older soils with spodic Bhs and Bh horizons are Typic Haplocryods. They are expected to accumulate more organic matter and become Andic Humicryods, which is the most common subgroup of soils in the area. C1 USDA,NRCS,LINCOLN,NE 68588. NR 30 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 5 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD JUL PY 1996 VL 72 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 17 DI 10.1016/0016-7061(96)00021-3 PG 17 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VC957 UT WOS:A1996VC95700001 ER PT J AU Burt, R Alexander, EB AF Burt, R Alexander, EB TI Soil development on moraines of Mendenhall Glacier, southeast Alaska .2. Chemical transformations and soil micromorphology SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article ID NORTHEASTERN JAPAN; PODZOL FORMATION; SPODIC HORIZONS; SPODOSOLS; PHOSPHORUS; ALLOPHANE; ALUMINUM; PODZOLIZATION; IMOGOLITE; FORMS AB Soils on Holocene-age moraines of the Mendenhall Glacier in southeast Alaska range from morphologically undeveloped to soils having field-identified spodic horizons that are more strongly expressed with increasing soil age. A soil chronosequence was sampled to study development of spodic features and to compare the expression of these features with chemical and micromorphological properties, Organic C accumulates rapidly in these soils, with O horizons forming within 38 yr, Organic C is highly correlated with cation exchange capacity (R(2) = 0.92), variable charge (R(2) = 0.94), extractable acidity (R(2) = 0.83), and 1500-kPa water retention (R(2) = 0.97), The pH of the IO-yr old pedon is acidic with a soil pH (H2O) ranging from 5.0 to 6.4, The pH decreases with soil age, with the lowest pH in horizons at the organic/mineral contact. Increases in dithionite-citrate, sodium pyrophosphate, and acid-oxalate extractable Fe (Fe-o) are most evident in the > 240-yr old soil. Depth trends for these measured properties within pedons are most distinctive for Fe-o which increases from surface mineral horizons (A or E) to underlying horizons in all pedons. The Fe-o/Fe-d ratio increases with soil age in B horizons, and in pedons 170 yr, this ratio ranges from 0,3 to 0.5 in the E horizons and from 0.4 to 0.83 in B horizons immediately below, These data indicate a greater proportion of poorly crystalline Fe in illuvial horizons with increasing soil age. Allophane content is low (less than or equal to 6 g kg(-1)) in these pedons, and there is no consistent increase with soil age. The optical density of acid-oxalate extract (ODOE) and Al-o + 1/2 Fe-o are sensitive and consistent chemical indicators of spodic development. The ODOE increases with soil age in B horizons (0.06 to 0.56). The Al-o + 1/2 Fe-o also increases with soil age in B horizons(1.2 to 4.5 g kg(-1)) and within pedons from E to B horizons. Nonoccluded Ca-bound P (195 to 49 mg kg(-1)) and total P (700 to 300 mg kg(-1)) decrease in E horizons relative to underlying horizons with soil age. Surface horizons of the younger pedons are predominantly aggregates of uncoated sand-sized grains with few organic constituents. Early processes of eluviation are evidenced by the etching of mineral grains in the E horizon of the 70-yr old pedon. There is no optical evidence of Fe-oxide accumulation in these soils, with the exception of the BC horizon of the > 240-yr old pedon. This chronosequence study indicates that spodic development is achieved within a relatively short period of time in soils of this region. RP Burt, R (reprint author), NATL RESOURCES CONSERVAT SERV,USDA,NATL SOIL SURVEY CTR,LINCOLN,NE 68508, USA. NR 44 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD JUL PY 1996 VL 72 IS 1-2 BP 19 EP 36 DI 10.1016/0016-7061(96)00022-5 PG 18 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VC957 UT WOS:A1996VC95700002 ER PT J AU Sternberg, PD Anderson, MA Graham, RC Beyers, JL Tice, KR AF Sternberg, PD Anderson, MA Graham, RC Beyers, JL Tice, KR TI Root distribution and seasonal water status in weathered granitic bedrock under chaparral SO GEODERMA LA English DT Article ID HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; FOREST; OREGON; ROCK AB Soils in mountainous terrain are often thin and unable to store sufficient water to support existing vegetation through dry seasons. This observation has led to speculation about the role of bedrock in supporting plant growth in natural ecosystems, since weathered bedrocks often have appreciable porosity and, like soil, can store and transmit water. This study, within a chaparral ecosystem in southern California, was designed to determine the extent of rooting within weathered granitic bedrock and to measure the relative contributions of soil and weathered bedrock to water-use by chaparral shrubs(Adenostoma fasciculatum Hook and Am., Arctostaphy los glandulosa Eastw., and Ceanorhrts greggii A. Gray). The rooting pattern was mapped from the wall of a trench excavated into the weathered bedrock. Water contents of soil-weathered bedrock profiles were measured at one to four week intervals for two years using a neutron probe. Chaparral roots penetrate deeply (greater than or equal to 4 m) into the weathered bedrock and are largely confined to joint traces. During summer dry seasons, the shrubs extracted 39.4 cm of water from a 2.9-m-thick zone of weathered bedrock - accessing nearly ten times as much water as from the 0.35-m-thick soil (Typic Xerorthents). Although it is commonly neglected in ecological inventories and analyses, weathered bedrock can be an essential ecosystem component, particularly where soils are thin and seasonal drought occurs. C1 UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT SOIL & ENVIRONM SCI,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521. US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507. NR 27 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-7061 J9 GEODERMA JI Geoderma PD JUL PY 1996 VL 72 IS 1-2 BP 89 EP 98 DI 10.1016/0016-7061(96)00019-5 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VC957 UT WOS:A1996VC95700007 ER PT J AU Schultz, BW Tausch, RJ Tueller, PT AF Schultz, BW Tausch, RJ Tueller, PT TI Spatial relationships among young Cercocarpus ledifolius (curlleaf mountain mahogany) SO GREAT BASIN NATURALIST LA English DT Article DE Cercocarpus; litter; mountain mahogany; seedling recruitment; spatial relationships; maturity class ID CENTRAL NEVADA; ESTABLISHMENT; WESTERN AB This study analyzed spatial location patterns of Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt. (curlleaf mountain mahogany) plants, classified as current-year seedling, established seedling, juvenile, and immature individuals, at a central Nevada study site. Most current-year seedlings were located in mahogany stands in which large, mature individuals had. tile greatest abundance. These stands had greater litter cover and a thicker layer of litter than areas with few current-year seedlings. Most established young Cercocarpus were located in adjacent Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana (mountain big sagebrush) communities, or in infrequent canopy gaps between relatively few large, mature Cercocarpus. We discuss potential roles of plant litter, root growth characteristics, nurse plants, and herbivory in the establishment and renewal of Cercocarpus communities. C1 UNIV NEVADA,DEPT ENVIRONM & RESOURCE SCI,RENO,NV 89512. US FOREST SERV,USDA,INTERMT FOREST & RANGE STN,RENO,NV 89512. RP Schultz, BW (reprint author), UNIV NEVADA,DESERT RES INST,CTR BIOL SCI,BOX 60220,RENO,NV 89506, USA. NR 26 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV PI PROVO PA 290 LIFE SCIENCE MUSEUM, PROVO, UT 84602 SN 0017-3614 J9 GREAT BASIN NAT JI Gt. Basin Nat. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 56 IS 3 BP 261 EP 266 PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VC446 UT WOS:A1996VC44600009 ER PT J AU OBrien, R Keller, CK Smith, JL AF OBrien, R Keller, CK Smith, JL TI Multiple tracers of shallow ground-water flow and recharge in hilly loess SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTAL CHLORIDE; UNSATURATED ZONE; DESERT SOILS; TRITIUM; MOVEMENT; LANDSCAPE; PROFILES; NITRATE; LIQUID; TILL AB Vertical profiles of tritium and nitrate pore-water concentrations were determined to similar to 8 m depth across two loess hillslopes. Mean recharge fluxes, estimated from chloride mass balance, are 5-10 times larger at the mid- and toe-slope positions than at the top-slope; the magnitudes of the values compare reasonably with results from other methods. The tritium and nitrate profiles exhibit multiple peaks which indicate that piston flow is not the sole flow process in this system. Results of a simple I-D mixing model suggest that infiltration-exfiltration cycles in zones of plant root activity explain the shallow tritium peaks. Deeper peaks result from preferential vertical and/or lateral flow. The importance of these dispersive processes is underlined by great dilution of observed tritium concentrations, relative to expected concentrations assuming piston flow. In this setting, chloride is useful as a recharge estimator while tritium and nitrate serve as tracers of landscape-scale water movement. C1 OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,DIV ENVIRONM SCI,OAK RIDGE,TN 37831. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,LAND MANAGEMENT & WATER CONSERVAT RES UNIT,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP OBrien, R (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT GEOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. RI Keller, C/B-3205-2012 NR 57 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 34 IS 4 BP 675 EP 682 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1996.tb02055.x PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA UV866 UT WOS:A1996UV86600017 ER PT J AU Wiens, D Nickrent, DL Shaw, CG Hawksworth, FG Hennon, PE King, EJ AF Wiens, D Nickrent, DL Shaw, CG Hawksworth, FG Hennon, PE King, EJ TI Embryonic and host-associated skewed adult sex ratios in dwarf mistletoe SO HEREDITY LA English DT Article DE dwarf mistletoes; flowering plants; sex ratios; Viscum ID PERMANENT TRANSLOCATION HETEROZYGOSITY; VISCUM-ALBUM; ARCEUTHOBIUM-CAMPYLOPODUM; BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; DIOECIOUS PLANTS; VISCACEAE; DIFFERENTIATION; POPULATION; CALIFORNIA AB Embryonic sex ratios were determined for the first time in dioecious flowering plants by utilizing malate dehydrogenase (Mdh-3) as a genetic marker. In three populations of Arceuthobium tsugense ssp. tsugense (hemlock dwarf mistletoe) the embryonic sex ratio was 1:1, as it also was at first reproduction. Mixed-age, adult sex ratios of these and other populations from Oregon to south-eastern Alaska, however, were significantly female-biased (59 per cent) on western hemlock, its primary host. We suggest that these female-skewed, adult sex ratios are the result of increased longevity among females. On a secondary host, noble fir, the embryonic and the adult sex ratios were both 1:1. On still another secondary host, shore pine, the embryonic sex ratio is unknown, but the adult sex ratio was significantly male-biased (55.1 per cent). Host environment apparently influences adult sex ratios in hemlock dwarf mistletoe. However, in the European mistletoe Viscum album, a gametic system apparently controls the production of the adult female-predominant sex ratios (69.9 per cent) at fertilization (or perhaps by abortion during embryogenesis). In V. album, the sex ratio of progeny raised from seed is already similarly biased at first reproduction (67.3 per cent), and the sex ratios are not influenced by host shifts. C1 UNIV UTAH,DEPT BIOL,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84112. WHITE MT RES STN,BISHOP,CA 93514. SO ILLINOIS UNIV,DEPT PLANT BIOL,CARBONDALE,IL 62901. FORESTRY SCI LAB,PACIFIC NW FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,JUNEAU,AK 99801. US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FT COLLINS,CO 80526. NR 59 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0018-067X J9 HEREDITY JI Heredity PD JUL PY 1996 VL 77 BP 55 EP 63 DI 10.1038/hdy.1996.108 PN 1 PG 9 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA UU876 UT WOS:A1996UU87600008 ER PT J AU Andrews, BAK AF Andrews, BAK TI Chloroacetate catalysis of esterification cross-link finishing of cotton fabrics for durable press SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ACIDS AB Chloroacetate salts have been evaluated as catalysts for durable press finishing of cotton by polycarboxylic acids. These salts are promising as replacement catalysts for phosphorus-containing salts. The advantage of the chloroacetate salts is 2-fold: first, cost of the finishing process should be less if the expensive sodium hypophosphite catalyst is not needed, and, second, elimination of phosphorus from the finishing effluent will prevent a potential environmental problem. The textile properties (appearance and whiteness) of fabrics produced from treatments with polycarboxylic acids and chloroacetates are similar to those from treatments with phosphate catalysis and from other commercially available non-formaldehyde processes. However, they are not as good as those from treatment with polycarboxylic acids and sodium hypophosphite catalysis. Sodium salts of both monochloroacetate and dichloroacetate are effective. There is little shade change on sulfur-dyed fabrics from these treatments. The shelf life of catalyst solutions and polycarboxylic acid-catalyst solutions is excellent. A possible off-shade problem on white fabrics from use of these catalysts can be prevented by inclusion of certain boron compounds in the treating bath. RP Andrews, BAK (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,MID S AREA,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 35 IS 7 BP 2395 EP 2398 DI 10.1021/ie950470f PG 4 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA UW700 UT WOS:A1996UW70000036 ER PT J AU Cheville, NF Olsen, SC Jensen, AE Stevens, MG Florance, AM Houng, HSH Drazek, ES Warren, RL Hadfield, TL Hoover, DL AF Cheville, NF Olsen, SC Jensen, AE Stevens, MG Florance, AM Houng, HSH Drazek, ES Warren, RL Hadfield, TL Hoover, DL TI Bacterial persistence and immunity in goats vaccinated with a purE deletion mutant or the parental 16M strain of Brucella melitensis SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; SHIGELLA-FLEXNERI; ABORTUS INFECTION; MICE; PROTECTION; RESPONSES AB To evaluate host responses, young goats were inoculated subcutaneously with a genetic deletion mutant (Delta purE201) of Brucella melitensis (n = 6), its virulent parental strain 16M (n = 6), or saline (n = 6). No clinical evidence of brucellosis was seen in any goat. Serum antibody titers peaked at postinoculation day (PID) 14. Bacteria in lymph nodes that drained sites of vaccination reached peak numbers of >10(6) CFU/g in both infected groups at PID 7 and progressively declined to PID 84. At necropsy, bacteria were present in mammary lymph nodes or spleen of 33% of goats given virulent 16M but in none of goats given the purE mutant. Lymphadenitis, most severe in goats given 16M, involved depletion of lymphocytes and germinal centers, proliferation of lymphoblasts, and vasculitis. By PID 28, lymph node architecture was restored; there was marked germinal center formation and medullary plasmacytosis. Brucellar antigens, detected with immunoperoxidase techniques, were prominent in capsular granulomas but not in lymph node cortices. Ultrastructurally, bacteria were found in macrophages (>97%) and small Lymphocytes (<3%); but not in large lymphocytes. Bacteria were intact in small lymphocytes but in macrophages were in various stages of degradation. The Delta purE phenotype of Delta purE201 was preserved during infection of goat lymph nodes. Unlike Salmonella spp. purE mutants, strain Delta purE201 may be a candidate for efficacy testing; it produced immune responses, was cleared from visceral tissues, and produced less severe pathologic changes than its wild-type parent. C1 USDA,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010. WALTER REED ARMY INST RES,DEPT BACTERIAL DIS,WASHINGTON,DC 20307. ARMED FORCES INST PATHOL,DEPT INFECT & PARASIT DIS,WASHINGTON,DC 20306. RP Cheville, NF (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT VET PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 32 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 64 IS 7 BP 2431 EP 2439 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA UT657 UT WOS:A1996UT65700010 PM 8698463 ER PT J AU Deng, MY Cliver, DO Day, SP Fratamico, PM AF Deng, MY Cliver, DO Day, SP Fratamico, PM TI Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli detected in foods by PCR and an enzyme-linked oligonucleotide probe SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli; heat-labile enterotoxin gene; polymerase chain reaction; enzyme-linked oligonucleotide probe hybridization; food samples ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; THERMOSTABLE DNA-POLYMERASE; VIBRIO-CHOLERAE; AMPLIFICATION; TOXIN; IDENTIFICATION; SEQUENCE; STRAINS; SUBUNIT; HUMANS AB A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and an enzyme-linked oligonucleotide probe hybridization assay were developed for the detection of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in ground beef, chicken, pork and raw milk. Two synthetic primers, one of which was biotinylated, were used in the PCR to amplify a fragment of the E. coli heat-table enterotoxin (LT) gene. The identity of the amplified products was confirmed by liquid hybridization using a horseradish peroxidase-linked internal oligonucleotide probe in a 96-well microplate coated with streptavidin. The final quantitation of the PCR products was performed by a colorimetric reaction. Under established conditions (including 1 min at 60 degrees C for primer annealing and extension in PCR cycles), this method detected all 7 LT-producing E. coli pathogenic for humans, but did not detect all 7 LT-positive E. coli of animal origin, 3 E. coli strains that do not produce LT, and 9 other bacteria. Under less stringent PCR conditions (55 degrees C for annealing and extension), 2 strains of LT-producing E. coli of porcine origin were detected while the results of other bacterial strains remained unchanged. In pure cultures, the detection limit of the method was 1.4 colony forming units (CFU). Prior to PCR amplification, all food samples inoculated with an LT-producing ETEC, were subjected to enrichment in brain heart infusion broth for 8 h at 37 degrees C. From these cultures, 10 mu l was heated at 95 degrees C for 10 min and directly used in the PCR. An initial inoculum of as few as 1.2 to 12 CFU of the LT-producing ETEC per 25 g (or ml) of food sample gave a positive reaction. C1 USDA ARS, MICROBIAL FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT, EASTERN REG RES CTR, WYNDMOOR, PA 19038 USA. UNIV WISCONSIN, INST FOOD RES, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. VIROMED LABS INC, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55343 USA. NR 31 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 EI 1879-3460 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 30 IS 3 BP 217 EP 229 DI 10.1016/0168-1605(96)00942-7 PG 13 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA VB144 UT WOS:A1996VB14400002 PM 8854176 ER PT J AU Baker, SS Rugh, CL Whitmore, FW Kamalay, JC AF Baker, SS Rugh, CL Whitmore, FW Kamalay, JC TI Genes encoding 11S-globulin-like proteins are expressed in the megagametophyte soon after fertilization in eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT; INTERIOR SPRUCE; MOLECULAR-CLONING; STORAGE PROTEINS; EMBRYOGENESIS; SEEDS; COMPETENCE AB The nucleotide sequence of two cDNA clones synthesized from eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) ovule mRNA showed significant sequence homology to the legumins, which correspond to the 11S-globulins of several angiosperms. Northern hybridizations with one of the cDNA clones, named Gib-2 (P. strobus 11S-globulin-like clone 2), revealed that the mRNA was present in the ovules from the early globular stage of embryogenesis through the mature seed stage but not in unfertilized ovules. Gib mRNA was found in the megagametophyte of ovules containing late-stage globular embryos by filter-bound RNA and tissue print hybridization experiments. No Gib mRNA was found in in vitro-cultured globular stage embryos with attached suspensors, sporophytic ovule tissues, whole seedlings, or mature needles. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,WARNELL SCH FOREST RESOURCES,ATHENS,GA 30602. OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,DIV FORESTRY,WOOSTER,OH 44691. USDA,FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,DELAWARE,OH 43015. RP Baker, SS (reprint author), UNIV DETROIT,DEPT BIOL,POB 19900,DETROIT,MI 48219, USA. NR 38 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 157 IS 4 BP 453 EP 461 DI 10.1086/297362 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VA801 UT WOS:A1996VA80100010 ER PT J AU Nakamura, LK AF Nakamura, LK TI Paenibacillus apiarius sp nov SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA AB The name ''Bacillus apiarius'' Katznelson 1955 was not included on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names and thus lost standing in bacterial nomenclature, The genetic homogeneity of ''B, apiarius'' strains was assessed by determining their G + C contents by the buoyant density method and by measuring the levels of DNA relatedness by spectrophotometric reassociation procedures, The G + C contents of the 15 strains examined, ranged from 52 to 54 mol%. DNA reassociation revealed the presence of two clusters, each with high levels of intragroup relatedness (60 to 100%), One cluster consisted of six strains highly related to Bacillus thiaminolyticus, and the other consisted of nine strains related to the designated type strain of ''B, apiarius.'' The strains in the second cluster were not closely related genetically to the type strains of organisms frequently associated with honey bees (namely, Paenibacillus alvei, Paenibacillus larvae, Bacillus laterosporus, and Paenibacillus pulvifaciens), The ''B, apiarius'' strains in the second cluster were also phenotypically homogeneous and distinguishable from the previously described species, Comparative analyses of the 16S rRNA gene DNA sequence showed that the proper phylogenetic position of the second cluster was in the genus Paenibacillus, These findings justify the proposal of a new species with the name Paenibacillus apiarius. The type strain is NRRL NRS-1438. RP Nakamura, LK (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,MICROBIAL PROPERTIES RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61614, USA. NR 19 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 46 IS 3 BP 688 EP 693 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UW652 UT WOS:A1996UW65200011 PM 8782677 ER PT J AU Feresu, SB Korver, H Riquelme, N Baranton, G Bolin, CA AF Feresu, SB Korver, H Riquelme, N Baranton, G Bolin, CA TI Two new leptospiral serovars in the hebdomadis serogroup isolated from Zimbabwe cattle SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESTRICTION-ENDONUCLEASE ANALYSIS; FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS; HARDJO-BOVIS; DNA HYBRIDIZATION; RIBOSOMAL DNA; INTERROGANS; IDENTIFICATION; PCR; PROBE; ICTEROHAEMORRHAGIAE AB Four strains belonging to the genus Leptospira serogroup Hebdomadis were isolated from Zimbabwe cattle at slaughter. These isolates were subjected to cross-agglutinin absorption tests and to restriction fragment length polymorphism and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analyses of their genomic DNAs. One of these strains represents a new serovar, for which the name mhou is proposed; strain SBF 40 is the reference strain of this serovar. The other three strains belong to a second new serovar, for which the name marondera is proposed; the reference strain of this serovar is strain SBF 5. The three strains of serovar marondera could be differentiated by their restriction fragment polymorphism and pulsed-field gel electrophoretic patterns. C1 ROYAL TROP INST,NH SWELLENGREBEL LAB TROP HYG,1105 AZ AMSTERDAM,NETHERLANDS. INST PASTEUR,UNITE BACTERIOL MOLEC & MED,F-75724 PARIS 15,FRANCE. USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,LEPTOSPIROSIS & MYCOBACTERIOSIS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. RP Feresu, SB (reprint author), UNIV ZIMBABWE,DEPT BIOL SCI,MP 167,MT PLEASANT,HARARE,ZIMBABWE. FU FIC NIH HHS [IF05TW4154-01] NR 45 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 46 IS 3 BP 694 EP 698 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UW652 UT WOS:A1996UW65200012 PM 8782678 ER PT J AU Labeda, DP AF Labeda, DP TI DNA relatedness among verticil-forming Streptomyces species (formerly Streptoverticillium species) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACID; CLUSTER; CLASSIFICATION; STRAINS; GENERA AB Levels of DNA relatedness among 35 strains of Streptomyces species originally classified in the genus Streptoverticillium were determined spectrophotometrically. These strains represent eight of the phenotypic cluster groups described for the genus Streptoverticillium in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Average linkage clustering of the DNA relatedness data resulted in 20 clusters including 13 single-member clusters, at a level of relatedness of >70%. Several species could be reduced to synonymy on the basis of DNA homology data, but these taxa were not generally equivalent to the clusters suggested by phenotypic numerical taxonomy data. RP Labeda, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,MICROBIAL PROPERTIES RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 18 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 46 IS 3 BP 699 EP 703 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UW652 UT WOS:A1996UW65200013 ER PT J AU Whitcomb, RF Gasparich, GE French, FE Tully, JG Rose, DL Carle, P Bove, JM Henegar, RB Konai, M Hackett, KJ Adams, JR Clark, TB Williamson, DL AF Whitcomb, RF Gasparich, GE French, FE Tully, JG Rose, DL Carle, P Bove, JM Henegar, RB Konai, M Hackett, KJ Adams, JR Clark, TB Williamson, DL TI Spiroplasma syrphidicola sp nov, from a syrphid fly (Diptera: Syrphidae) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLASS MOLLICUTES; CLASSIFICATION; SUBGROUPS AB Spiroplasma sp. strain EA-1(T) (T = type strain) (subgroup VIII-1), which was isolated from the syrphid by Eristalis arbustorum, was serologically distinct from other spiroplasma species, groups, and subgroups. The cells of this strain, as revealed by dark-field light microscopy, were short, helical, and motile. An electron microscopic examination revealed wall-less cells delimited by a single membrane. The unusually short cells passed through 220-nm filter pores with no reduction in titer. The organisms grew well in SM-1, M1D, and SP-4 liquid media. Growth also occurred in conventional horse serum medium and 1% serum fraction medium. Strain EA-1(T) grew at temperatures between 10 and 41 degrees C, and optimum growth occurred at 32 degrees C. The doubling time at the optimal temperature was 1.0 h. The strain catabolized glucose and hydrolyzed arginine but did not hydrolyze urea. The guanine-plus-cytosine content of the DNA was 30 +/- 1 mol%. The genome size was about 1,230 kbp. Strain EA-1 (= ATCC 33826), which represents subgroup VIII-1, is designated the type strain of a new species, Spiroplasma syrphidicola. C1 GEORGIA SO UNIV,DEPT BIOL,STATESBORO,GA 30460. NIAID,FREDERICK CANC RES FACIL,MOLEC MICROBIOL LAB,MYCOPLASMA SECT,FREDERICK,MD 21702. INRA,F-33883 VILLENAVE DORNON,FRANCE. SUNY STONY BROOK,DEPT ANAT SCI,STONY BROOK,NY 11794. RP Whitcomb, RF (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR E,INSECT BIOCONTROL LAB,BLDG 465,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 34 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 46 IS 3 BP 797 EP 801 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UW652 UT WOS:A1996UW65200028 PM 8782692 ER PT J AU Williams, EL Kleiboeker, SB Reddy, PG Clouser, DF Lehmkuhl, HD AF Williams, EL Kleiboeker, SB Reddy, PG Clouser, DF Lehmkuhl, HD TI Molecular characterization of a caprine adenovirus SO INTERVIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE caprine adenovirus; cloning; restriction mapping ID RESTRICTION-ENDONUCLEASE ANALYSIS; PORCINE ADENOVIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCES; DNA; CLONING; VECTORS; GENOME AB Restriction endonuclease site maps were constructed for the genome of a caprine adenovirus (GAdV), strain NC90-7261, which was isolated in 1990 from a 3-year-old goat with encephalitis. Genomic GAdV DNA was digested with seven restriction endonucleases (RE). Genomic DNA libraries of GAdV were constructed by cloning BamHI and HindIII restriction fragments into a plasmid vector. Using cloned GAdV genomic fragments as probes in Southern blot hybridizations, an RE site map was constructed. The position of several clones was confirmed by limited nucleotide sequencing and the location of several RE sites was determined by single or double RE digestions of cloned fragments. The size of the GAdV genome was determined to be 28.2 kbp. The restriction pattern described in this report is different from that of other adenoviruses. Although the genomic organization of this GAdV is likely to be similar to that of other adenoviruses, the overall level of sequence similarity is low. C1 ARS,AFRICAN SWINE FEVER VIRUS RES GRP,PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR,USDA,NAA,GREENPORT,NY 11944. TUSKEGEE UNIV,SCH VET MED,DEPT MICROBIOL,TUSKEGEE,AL 36088. ARS,VIROL SWINE RES UNIT,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,USDA,AMES,IA. ARS,RESP & NEUROL DIS RES UNIT,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,USDA,AMES,IA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0300-5526 J9 INTERVIROLOGY JI Intervirology PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 39 IS 4 BP 275 EP 279 PG 5 WC Virology SC Virology GA WM501 UT WOS:A1996WM50100009 PM 9078469 ER PT J AU Willis, RB Montgomery, ME Allen, PR AF Willis, RB Montgomery, ME Allen, PR TI Improved method for manual, colorimetry determination of total Kjeldahl nitrogen using salicylate SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE total Kjeldahl nitrogen; ammonia; salicylate; NBS standard tomato leaves; NBS standard bovine liver; NBS standard pine needles ID SOIL EXTRACTS; AMMONIUM-NITROGEN; DIGESTS AB A manual colorimetric method for analyzing ammonia or total Kjeldahl nitrogen is described that eliminates irreproducibility due to variability in time between additions of reagents. Variability is negligible when trisodium phosphate is substituted in the buffer in place of the usual disodium phosphate and sodium hydroxide. The resulting procedure is very simple and reliable and uses salicylate, which is the most environmentally acceptable of the alter native colorimetric reagents. Only two reagents are used, the first containing trisodium phosphate, salicylate, and sodium nitroprusside and I;he second containing hypochlorite, The accuracy of the method was verified in two ways: first, by analyzing the digestate of three NBS standards and comparing the results to tl-ie NBS certified value; second, by analyzing the digestate of in-house samples and comparing the results using this procedure to the results using two other colorimetric procedures. RP Willis, RB (reprint author), USDA FS,NEFES,51 MILL POND RD,HAMDEN,CT 06514, USA. NR 21 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 5 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 44 IS 7 BP 1804 EP 1807 DI 10.1021/jf950522b PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UY274 UT WOS:A1996UY27400035 ER PT J AU Hoagland, PD Parris, N AF Hoagland, PD Parris, N TI Chitosan/pectin laminated films SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE films; chitosan/lactic acid; pectin ID MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; WATER; MEMBRANES; PECTIN AB Chitosan/lactic acid films were cast upon pectin films with either glycerol or lactic acid as plasticizer to give clear laminated films with dynamic mechanical properties similar to those for pectin films alone. To prevent fungal growth, lactic acid was used to replace glycerol in the pectin film without significant change in dynamic mechanical properties. The storage modulus and loss modulus of chitosan/pectin laminated films were significantly greater than respective moduli of chitosan films alone. Water vapor permeation of pectin or chitosan films, made with lactic acid, was unchanged by lamination. RP Hoagland, PD (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 25 TC 78 Z9 86 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 44 IS 7 BP 1915 EP 1919 DI 10.1021/jf950162s PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UY274 UT WOS:A1996UY27400056 ER PT J AU Mersie, W Seybold, C AF Mersie, W Seybold, C TI Adsorption and desorption of atrazine, deethylatrazine, deisopropylatrazine, and hydroxyatrazine on Levy wetland soil SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE atrazine; deethylatrazine; hydroxyatrazine ID MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; SURFACE-WATER; DEGRADATION; HERBICIDES; DEALKYLATION; METABOLITES; TRANSPORT; ZONE AB The adsorption and desorption of atrazine, and its three metabolites, deethylatrazine (DEA), deisopropylatrazine (DIA), and hydroxyatrazine (HA), on Levy wetland soil were measured using the batch equilibration technique. Solution concentrations for each chemical were 1.3, 3.8, 6.6, and 13.2 mu mol L(-1). Four 24-h period desorptions for each concentration were conducted immediately after adsorption. The adsorption of all the chemicals conformed to linear isotherms. Adsorption coefficients decreased in the order RA (109.7) > atrazine (38.6) > DIA (26.3) > DEA (22.1). The organic carbon partition coefficients (K-oc) for HA, atrazine, DIA, and DEA were 1500, 440, 290, and 240 L kg(-1), respectively. Percent of chemical desorbed was about 29% for DEA, 24% for atrazine, 23% for DIA, and 16% for HA. The slopes of all desorption isotherms were less than their respective adsorption slopes, indicating hysteresis. Atrazine and its metabolites were relatively more strongly adsorbed and the binding was less reversible in the Levy wetland soil than what has been reported for agricultural soils. C1 USDA,NAT RESOURCES CONSERVAT SERV,PETERSBURG,VA 23806. RP Mersie, W (reprint author), VIRGINIA STATE UNIV,AGR RES STN,PETERSBURG,VA 23806, USA. NR 31 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 44 IS 7 BP 1925 EP 1929 DI 10.1021/jf950370k PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UY274 UT WOS:A1996UY27400058 ER PT J AU Champ, PA Bishop, RC AF Champ, PA Bishop, RC TI Evidence on the accuracy of expenditures reported in recreational surveys SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE expenditure diaries; expenditure surveys; recreation AB This article discusses the results of four experiments to test the accuracy of recreational expenditures reported in surveys relative to expenditures reported in diaries. We found few situations in which the reported expenditures in the surveys and diaries differed significantly. In general, we conclude that individuals are able to accurately report recreational expenditures in ex post mail surveys. Given the wide usage of survey expenditure data by economists, we find this result encouraging. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT AGR ECON,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Champ, PA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV RES,ROCKY MT STN,FT COLLINS,CO, USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O E BRUCE GODFREY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 SN 0162-1912 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 21 IS 1 BP 150 EP 159 PG 10 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA VB493 UT WOS:A1996VB49300012 ER PT J AU Wiseman, BR Snook, ME AF Wiseman, BR Snook, ME TI Flavone content of silks from commercial corn hybrids and growth responses of corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea) larvae fed silk diets SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lepidoptera; Noctuidae; Helicoverpa tea; antibiosis; plant resistance; maysin; chlorogenic acid ID DEVELOPMENTAL PARAMETERS; NOCTUIDAE LARVAE; LEPIDOPTERA; MAYSIN; RESISTANT AB Silks of commercial corn hybrids (ranging in maturity from 60-65 d to mid-silk) were evaluated against feeding response of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa tea (Boddie), larvae. Flavone (maysin, chlorogenic acid, and apimaysin plus 3'methoxymaysin) content was determined for each hybrid from 2-d-old pollinated silks. Significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) differences among hybrids were found in the weight of larvae fed silk diets of the commercial hybrids. In 50 out of 74 comparisons, larvae that fed on silk diets with formalin weighed significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) more than those that fed on silk diets without formalin. Varying concentrations of formalin used in the diet up to 10X did not appear to react with maysin: maysin and maysin content were identical after the formalin was added to maysin, indicating no reaction had occurred. Consistent, significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) negative correlations were found between weight of larvae feeding on silk diets with and without formalin and maysin and chlorogenic acid among the four maturity groups tested but not for apimaysin plus 3'methoxymaysin. Several hybrids (Hyperformer HS9843, Stanford S88B, N C + X6485, Zimmerman Z63W, Pioneer 3140, Ag America 6714, and ICI Garst H8285) possessed silks that exhibited high antibiosis against larvae of the corn earworm. Silks of some hybrids did not contain sufficient amounts of maysin or other flavones to account for the observed reduction in growth of larvae, e.g., N C + X6485 and Zimmerman Z63W in the short-season hybrids and SSI UTN 318 in the preliminary-season hybrids. Silks of Zimmerman Z63W produced small larvae and had less maysin and apimaysin + 3'methoxymaysin than silks of the susceptible standard Stowell's Evergreen. RP Wiseman, BR (reprint author), USDA ARS,INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 SN 0735-939X J9 J AGR ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Entomol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 13 IS 3 BP 231 EP 241 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA VD485 UT WOS:A1996VD48500008 ER PT J AU Goenaga, R Singh, U AF Goenaga, R Singh, U TI Estimation of leaf area of taro [Colocasia esculenta (L) Schott] from linear measurements SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO LA English DT Article RP Goenaga, R (reprint author), ARS,USDA,TROP AGR RES STN,MAYAGUEZ,PR 00681, USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU COLL AGRICULTURAL SCI, AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STN PI RIO PIEDRAS PA UNIV PUERTO RICO, MAYAGUEZ CAMPUS, RIO PIEDRAS, PR 00928 SN 0041-994X J9 J AGR U PUERTO RICO JI J. Agric. Univ. P. R. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 80 IS 3 BP 183 EP 185 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA WX292 UT WOS:A1996WX29200009 ER PT J AU Helm, R Cockrell, G Stanley, JS Brenner, RJ Burks, W Bannon, GA AF Helm, R Cockrell, G Stanley, JS Brenner, RJ Burks, W Bannon, GA TI Isolation and characterization of a clone encoding a major allergen (Bla g Bd90K) involved in IgE-mediated cockroach hypersensitivity SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cockroach allergens; cockroach sensitivity; cDNA library; mRNA ID AMERICAN PERIPLANETA-AMERICANA; GERMAN BLATTELLA-GERMANICA; MOLECULAR-CLONING; FECAL EXTRACTS; WHOLE-BODY; IDENTIFICATION; ASTHMA; PURIFICATION; CHILDREN; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB Previous studies have established that atopic individual living in cockroach-infested housing become sensitized to cockroach aeroallergens and produce IgE antibodies to a variety of proteins. We describe the isolation of a complementary DNA clone from an expression library, constructed with messenger RNA from German (Blattella germanica) cockroaches, which encodes a major allergen involved in mediating cockroach hypersensitivity. Approximately 0.2% of the clones from a lambda ZAP XR cDNA library bound IgE from a patient with cockroach sensitivity A randomly selected subset of these clones revealed that they were either different isolates of the same gene or members of a closely related gene family. One of the largest clones (a 4 kb insert) from this subset, Bla g Bd90k hybridized to a single mRNA of approximately the same size. DNA sequence analysis showed that this gene consisted of seven 576 bp tandem repeats with a short unique region at either end. No significant sequence homologies were found between the cockroach clone and any other gene reported in the GenBank database. Serum from 17 of 22 (77%) patients with cockroach hypersensitivity identified IgE-binding recombinant protein expressed from clone Bla g Bd90K in Escherichia coli XL-Blue cells as determined by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/immunoblot analysis. This recombinant protein migrates with a molecular weight (90 kd) apparently similar to one identified in whole body extracts. We have identified and isolated a cDNA that encodes a major cockroach allergen (Bla g Bd90K) present in German cockroaches. C1 UNIV ARKANSAS MED SCI HOSP,DEPT PEDIAT,LITTLE ROCK,AR. UNIV ARKANSAS MED SCI HOSP,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOPHYS,LITTLE ROCK,AR. USDA,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL. NR 39 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 98 IS 1 BP 172 EP 180 DI 10.1016/S0091-6749(96)70240-3 PG 9 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA VA692 UT WOS:A1996VA69200021 PM 8765832 ER PT J AU Bellows, RA Genho, PC Moore, SA Chase, CC AF Bellows, RA Genho, PC Moore, SA Chase, CC TI Factors affecting dystocia in Brahman-Cross heifers in subtropical southeastern United States SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE dystocia; pelvic Area; body size; birth weight; heifers ID BIRTH-WEIGHT; BEEF-CATTLE; CONCEPTUS; TRAITS; DAM AB This study was conducted to determine relative relationships among factors affecting dystocia in Brahman-cross heifers. Body and pelvic measurements were obtained in mid-June (when heifers were approximately 17 mo old), 45 d after a 60-d breeding season. Heifers studied were 207 Red Brangus, 209 Simbrah, and 250 Braford bred to Black Angus bulls; calving began on December 1. Heifers grazed stockpiled bahia and hemarthria grass or ryegrass supplemented with 0.9 kg of 32% protein cottonseed meal and 1.8 kg of mill-run black strap molasses daily during calving. Calvings were scored (1 = no difficulty to 4 = major difficulty). A random sample of birth weights were obtained on 131 and 210 calves in 1992 and 1993. Data were analyzed within year by SAS procedures. Breed differences in dam size and pelvic measurements were highly significant. Residual correlations between body weight and pelvic area were .20 and .35 (both P <.01) for 1991 and 1992. Dystocia incidence was 6.9% in 1992 and 10.5% in 1993, with higher incidence in males than in females (1992, 10.6 vs 3.1%, P = .08; 1993, 15.6 vs 4.2%, P <.01, male vs female, respectively). Male birth weight exceeded (P <.01) that of females (26.7 vs 24.3 kg, 1992; 28.1 vs 26.1 kg, 1993). Correlations among dam size and calf birth weight were not significant. Birth weight was significantly correlated with dystocia score (.19 and .49, 1992 and 1993). Path analyses of influences on dystocia found birth weight, dam heart girth, and body weight significant in 1992, but only birth weight significant in 1993. Regression of calving score on birth weight was curvilinear and significant in both years, with the birth weight inflection point at 22 kg. We conclude that dam body size data obtained following the breeding season were of minor value in determining dystocia, but birth weight was consistently important. C1 DESERT CATTLE & CITRUS RANCHES,ST CLOUD,FL 34773. USDA ARS,BROOKSVILLE,FL 34601. RP Bellows, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS,FT KEOGH LARRL,RT 1,BOX 2021,MILES CITY,MT 59301, USA. NR 17 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 74 IS 7 BP 1451 EP 1456 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UX578 UT WOS:A1996UX57800001 PM 8818787 ER PT J AU Snelling, WM MacNeil, MD Kress, DD Anderson, DC Tess, MW AF Snelling, WM MacNeil, MD Kress, DD Anderson, DC Tess, MW TI Factors influencing genetic evaluations of linebred hereford cattle in diverse environments SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; genetic analysis; linear models ID EMPIRICAL BAYES METHODS; VARIANCE; HETEROGENEITY; MODEL; PREDICTION; COMPONENTS; SELECTION; HERDS AB Data from four closely related Line 1 Hereford herds were used to estimate variance components and predict EPD for birth weight (BWT), weaning weight (WWT), and postweaning gain (PWG). Herds were located in diverse environments and differed in level of phenotypic performance. Within-herd BWT analyses considered effects of inbreeding of calf and dam, sex, age of dam (AOD), and contemporary group as fixed and direct and maternal additive genetic effects and permanent environmental effects due to dam as random. The model for WWT included these effects and age of calf. The model for PWG included inbreeding of calf, contemporary group, and direct additive genetic effects. Across-herd analyses were conducted with additional models. The first considered herd-specific inbreeding, sex, and AOD effects. A second model pooled these effects across herds, and a third included pooled sex and AOD effects but ignored inbreeding. Across-herd EPD, including and ignoring inbreeding, were predicted for WWT preadjusted with standard adjustments for Hereford cattle. Within-herd analyses indicated potential for heterogenous genetic and environmental variances across herds. Across-herd variance component estimates were consistent, regardless of the model. Estimates of genetic trends indicated potential for bias in genetic evaluations resulting from choice of model. Differences in magnitude of fixed effects between herds were observed. Genetic evaluations were different when pooled or herd-specific fixed effects were used. Allowance for individual herd differences in fixed effects in across-herd evaluations is suggested. C1 USDA ARS,FT KEOGH LARRL,MILES CITY,MT 59301. MONTANA STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. NO AGR RES CTR,HAVRE,MT 59501. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009 NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 74 IS 7 BP 1499 EP 1510 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UX578 UT WOS:A1996UX57800008 PM 8818794 ER PT J AU Wheeler, TL Shackelford, SD Koohmaraie, M AF Wheeler, TL Shackelford, SD Koohmaraie, M TI Sampling, cooking, and goring effects on Warner-Bratzler shear force values in beef SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef; cooking; core sampling; measurement; shearing; tenderness ID LONGISSIMUS DORSI MUSCLE; TENDERNESS; STEAKS; LOCATION; PALATABILITY AB A series of experiments was conducted to determine the effects of various factors on Warner-Bratzler shear force measurement of cooked beef. As the extent of thawing of frozen steaks before cooking for shear force evaluation increases (-2 vs 12 degrees C), shear force decreases (P <.05; 7.34 vs 5.99 kg). Location within the longissimus thoracis et lumborum from which steaks were obtained (caudal, medial, or cranial) did not affect(P >.05) shear force (5.21, 5.15, or 5.26 kg, respectively) or any sensory trait. Mean shear force of longissimus steaks cooked to either a constant temperature of 70 degrees C (6.97 kg) or for a constant time of 30 min (6.38 kg) was not different (P = .06), but shear force repeatability was higher for steaks cooked to constant temperature (.79 vs .53). Mean shear force (6.20 vs 6.33 kg) and shear force repeatability (.74 vs .68) of longissimus steaks cooked by either electric broiler or convection oven broiler, respectively, were not different(P >.05). Meat cores obtained perpendicular to the steak surface, from one location within the muscle, had lower (P <.05) mean shear force (3.41 vs 4.17 kg) and much less repeatable shear force (.12 vs .66) than cores obtained parallel to muscle fiber orientation. Use of more than five cores per animal did not significantly increase repeatability of mean shear force. Numerous factors must be carefully controlled to ensure measurement of shear force is as accurate and repeatable as possible. RP Wheeler, TL (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 34 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 74 IS 7 BP 1553 EP 1562 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UX578 UT WOS:A1996UX57800014 PM 8818800 ER PT J AU Baldwin, RL Jesse, BW AF Baldwin, RL Jesse, BW TI Propionate modulation of ruminal ketogenesis SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sheep; volatile fatty acids; rumen; metabolism; isolation; ruminal epithelium ID RUMEN EPITHELIUM; TISSUES; CATTLE; SHEEP AB The ruminal epithelium is the primary source, through the metabolism of butyrate, of circulating ketone bodies in fed ruminants. Volatile fatty acid metabolism was investigated in short-term (2-h) incubations of isolated sheep ruminal epithelial cells. Ruminal epithelial cells were isolated from ruminal papillae via serial tryptic digestion. Cells were incubated in the presence of various combinations of butyrate (0,.5, 1, 5, 10, or 25 mM), propionate (0,.1,.5, 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, or 100 mM), acetate(0,.5, 1, 5, 25, 50, or 100 mM), and succinate (0, 5, 15, 50 mM) to evaluate the effects of these substrates on butyrate metabolism. Variables measured included beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-HBA) and acetoacetate (AcAc) production from butyrate, [C-14]butyratc oxidation to (CO2)-C-14, and lactate and pyruvate formation from propionate and succinate. Butyrate oxidation to CO2, beta-HBA and total ketones produced (nanomoles of butyrate metabolized per 106 cells per minute) were linear over the 2-h incubation period (y =.805X + 2.24, r(2) = .78; y = 1.02X - 9.1, r(2) = .72; and y = 2.238X - 11.76, r(2) = .65, respectively). Acetate inhibited beta-HBA formation from butyrate (P < .05) when present at concentrations greater than 5 mill, although a dose-dependence was not consistently exhibited. However, butyrate oxidation to beta-HBA was stimulated (P < .05) by propionate while acetoacetate production declined (P < .05), resulting in no net change in ketone body production (P > .05). A concomitant increase in lactate and pyruvate production was noted with increasing concentrations of propionate. Succinate addition also increased lactate production by the ruminal epithelial cells. In contrast to propionate, succinate addition resulted in a decrease in beta-HBA formation from butyrate (P < .05). Butyrate metabolism by isolated ruminal epithelial cells is influenced by other VFA produced in the rumen,and propionate-induced stimulation of beta-HBA from butyrate does not seem to be mediated via succinate but rather is a result of a shift in the mitochondrial NADH/NAD status. C1 RUTGERS STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903. RP Baldwin, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,NUTR CONSERVAT & METAB LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 21 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 74 IS 7 BP 1694 EP 1700 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UX578 UT WOS:A1996UX57800031 PM 8818817 ER PT J AU Short, RE Grings, EE MacNeil, MD Heitschmidt, RK Haferkamp, MR Adams, DC AF Short, RE Grings, EE MacNeil, MD Heitschmidt, RK Haferkamp, MR Adams, DC TI Effects of time of weaning, supplement, and sire breed of calf during the fall grazing period on cow and calf performance SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; grazing; supplementation; age at weaning ID NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; WINTER-RANGE FORAGE; BEEF-CATTLE; DIGESTIBILITY; NUTRITION; PROTEIN; ENERGY; GROWTH; DIETS AB A 4-yr experiment was conducted to determine effects of protein supplementation, age at weaning, and calf sire breed on cow and calf performance during fall grazing. Each year 48 pregnant, crossbred cows nursing steer calves ((x) over bar calving date April 8) were assigned to a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial experiment replicated in three native range pastures. Treatment factors were: 1) no supplement(NS) or an individually fed supplement (S, 3 kg of a 34% protein supplement fed to cows every 3rd d); 2) calves weaned at the beginning (W, mid to late September) or at the end (NW, mid to late December) of the trial each year; or 3) calves sired by Hereford or Charolais bulls. Data were adjusted for cow size (initial hip height and initial and final weights and condition scores) by analyses of covariance using principal component coefficients as covariates. Change in cow weight and condition score were increased by S and W (P <.01), but these responses interacted and were not the same each year (yr x S, year x W, and year x S x W, P <.01). Forage intake was decreased (P <.1) by S and W. Total intake (forage + supplement) was not affected by S but was decreased by W (P <.1). Digestibility of OM was decreased by S (P <.01). Some carryover effects of treatments were observed the next spring in cow weight, condition score, and birth weight (NW decreased birth weight by 2 kg, P <.01), but there were no effects by the next fall on weaning weights or pregnancy rates. Milk yield decreased during the experimental period, and S maintained higher milk production in late lactation (P <.01). Calf ADG was increased by S and Charolais sires (P <.01). Efficiency (grams of output/megacalorie of input) was not affected by sire breed but was enhanced by S (P <.01). Our conclusions are that 1) effects of feeding a 34% protein supplement to cows were to increase calf gains and improve persistency of lactation and efficiency; 2) delaying weaning decreased cow weight and condition score; 3) effects of weaning age and protein supplementation were highly dependent on forage and environmental conditions in any given year; and 4) whatever effects existed in a given year did not carry over to effects on next year's production as measured by pregnancy rates and weaning weights. RP Short, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS,FT KEOGH LIVESTOCK & RANGE RES LAB,RT 1,BOX 2021,MILES CITY,MT 59301, USA. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009 NR 33 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 74 IS 7 BP 1701 EP 1710 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UX578 UT WOS:A1996UX57800032 PM 8818818 ER PT J AU Fiddler, W Pensabene, JW AF Fiddler, W Pensabene, JW TI Supercritical fluid extraction of volatile N-nitrosamines in fried bacon and its drippings: Method comparison SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID RECOVERY; COOKING; FAT AB N-Nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), known animal carcinogens, are consistently formed in bacon during frying. As a result, commercial bacon has been subject to regulatory monitoring and compliance for the past 20 years to ensure that N-nitrosamines do not exceed the 10 ppb violative level, Currently, time-consuming distillation-solvent extraction and solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods are used for this purpose, With an emphasis on reducing solvent use, we investigated supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) for isolation of volatile nitrosamines common to fried bacon, Eighteen fried bacon samples were analyzed for NPYR and NDMA by SFE, SPE, mineral oil distillation (MOD), and low-temperature vacuum distillation (LTVD) methods, using the same gas chromatographic-chemiluminescence detection (thermal energy analyzer) conditions, The range of values for SFE was 0.7 to 20.2 ppb for NPYR and none detected (ND) to 2.4 ppb for NDMA, Analysis of variance of the NPYR data showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between SFE and SPE results and significant differences between these and those obtained by MOD and LTVD. Overall, SFE was superior to the other methods with the highest recoveries, best repeatability, rapidity of analysis, and solvent-sparing characteristics. Similar results were obtained for SFE after comparison with distillation and SPE methods for determining the same nitrosamines in fried bacon drippings. RP Fiddler, W (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 22 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 79 IS 4 BP 895 EP 901 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UX853 UT WOS:A1996UX85300016 PM 8757448 ER PT J AU Lynch, JM Barbano, DM Fleming, JR AF Lynch, JM Barbano, DM Fleming, JR TI Comparison of Babcock and ether extraction methods for determination of fat content of cream: Collaborative study SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB A modified Mojonnier ether extraction method for determination of the fat content of cream was developed based on the method for milk (AOAC Official Method 989.05). The cream Babcock method (AOAC Official Method 920.111B-C) was modified to harmonize with the milk Babcock method (AOAC Official Method 989.04) and to clarify procedural details. Using the AOAC collaborative study format, 10 laboratories tested 9 pairs of blind duplicate heat-treated cream samples with a fat range of 30-45% using both methods. The statistical performance (invalid and outlier data removed) was as follows: mean % fat = 37.932, S-r = 0.125, S-R = 0.151, RSD(r) = 0.330, RSD(R) = 0.398, r = 0.354, and R = 0.427 for the ether extraction method. For the Babcock method, mean % fat = 38.209, S-r = 0.209, S-R = 0.272, RSD(r) = 0.548, RSD(R) = 0.712, r = 0.592, and R = 0.769. Average test results for fat from the Babcock method were 0.277% (absolute fat) greater than for the Mojonnier ether extraction method. The difference between methods, as a percentage of the average fat content of the samples, was 0.73%. This agrees with differences observed between the 2 methods for milk when 10 to 17 laboratories tested 7 milk samples in blind duplicate at bimonthly intervals over a 4-year period (average difference 0.029% fat, 0.78% as a percentage of average fat content). The Mojonnier ether extraction and Babcock methods for fat in cream have been adopted by AOAC INTERNATIONAL. The new Babcock method replaced the AOAC Official Method 920.111B-C. C1 USDA,TEXAS MILK MARKETING SERV,CARROLLTON,TX 75006. RP Lynch, JM (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,NE DAIRY FOODS RES CTR,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 9 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 79 IS 4 BP 907 EP 916 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UX853 UT WOS:A1996UX85300018 PM 8757450 ER PT J AU Whitaker, T Giesbrecht, F Wu, J AF Whitaker, T Giesbrecht, F Wu, J TI Suitability of several statistical models to simulate observed distribution of sample test results in inspections of aflatoxin-contaminated peanut lots SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID FARMERS STOCK PEANUTS; SHELLED PEANUTS; UNITED-STATES; EXPORT MARKET; VARIABILITY; PLANS AB The acceptability of 10 theoretical distributions to simulate observed distribution of sample aflatoxin test results was evaluated by using 2 parameter estimation methods and 3 goodness of fit (GOF) tests. All theoretical distributions were compared with 120 observed distributions of aflatoxin test results of farmers' stock peanuts. For a given parameter estimation method and GOF test, the negative binomial distribution had the highest percentage of statistically acceptable fits. The log normal and Poisson-gamma (gamma shape parameter = 0.5) distributions had slightly fewer but an almost equal percentage of acceptable fits. For the 3 most acceptable statistical models, the negative binomial had the greatest percentage of best or closest fits. Both the parameter estimation method and the GOF test had an influence on which theoretical distribution had the largest number of acceptable fits. All theoretical distributions, except the negative binomial distribution, had more acceptable fits when model parameters were determined by the maximum likelihood method. The negative binomial had slightly more acceptable fits when model parameters were estimated by the method of moments. The results also demonstrated the importance of using the same GOF test for comparing the acceptability of several theoretical distributions. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT STAT,RALEIGH,NC 27695. AGR MKT SERV,USDA,STAT BRANCH,WASHINGTON,DC 20204. RP Whitaker, T (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,BOX 7625,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 36 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 79 IS 4 BP 981 EP 988 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UX853 UT WOS:A1996UX85300029 ER PT J AU Tatham, AS Fido, RJ Moore, CM Kasarda, DD Kuzmicky, DD Keen, JN Shewry, PR AF Tatham, AS Fido, RJ Moore, CM Kasarda, DD Kuzmicky, DD Keen, JN Shewry, PR TI Characterisation of the major prolamins of tef (Eragrostis tef) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana) SO JOURNAL OF CEREAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE tef; millet, prolamin, N-terminal sequences ID PROTEINS; POACEAE; EVOLUTION; SEEDS AB The major prolamins of tef (Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn subsp. coracana) were purified and characterised by SDS-PAGE, amino acid analysis and N-terminal amino acid sequencing. These studies indicate that the major prolamins of tef and finger millet are similar to the a-prolamins of the Panicoideae (maize, sorghum and Coix), although they are classified in a separate sub-family of the Poaceae, the Chloridoideae. (C) 1996 Academic Press Limited C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. UNIV LEEDS,DEPT BIOCHEM,LEEDS LS2 9JT,W YORKSHIRE,ENGLAND. RP Tatham, AS (reprint author), UNIV BRISTOL,LONG ASHTON RES STN,DEPT AGR SCI,IACR,BRISTOL BS18 9AF,AVON,ENGLAND. NR 19 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 14 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0733-5210 J9 J CEREAL SCI JI J. Cereal Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 24 IS 1 BP 65 EP 71 DI 10.1006/jcrs.1996.0038 PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA UW927 UT WOS:A1996UW92700007 ER PT J AU Jones, TH Torres, JA Spande, TF Garraffo, HM Blum, MS Snelling, RR AF Jones, TH Torres, JA Spande, TF Garraffo, HM Blum, MS Snelling, RR TI Chemistry of venom alkaloids in some Solenopsis (Diplorhoptrum) species from Puerto Rico SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE venom; alkaloids; Solenopsis; Puerto Rico ID POISON FROGS DENDROBATIDAE; PHASE INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; FIRE ANT VENOMS; SKIN ALKALOIDS; MONOMORIUM; INDOLIZIDINES; PYRROLIZIDINES; QUINOLIZIDINES; PUMILIOTOXINS; EVOLUTION AB A number of 15-carbon alkaloids have been identified in venom extracts of four Puerto Rican species of ants in the genus Solenopsis (Diplorhoptrum). Workers of a species from El Verde produced the cis and trans isomers of 2-methyl-6-nonylpiperidine with the latter isomer predominating. The same compounds were identified in queens of a species from Rio Grande, but in this species no alkaloids were detected in worker extracts. Workers of a Diplorhoptrum species collected on Mona Island produced primarily a trans-2-methyl-6-(Z-4-nonenyl)piperidine, 3, with smaller amounts of the cis isomer, whereas the major compound found in the queens of the same species on Mona Island was (5Z,9Z)-3-hexyl-5-methylindolizidine, identical with the alkaloid produced by queens of a species collected on Cabo Rojo. Surprisingly, workers of the Cabo Rojo species produced (5Z,9Z)- and (5E,9E)-3-butyl-5-propylindolizidine (4 and 5, respectively) reported earlier as the 223AB indolizidines from skins of dendrobatid frogs. The possible significance of the qualitative and quantitative differences in the venom alkaloids synthesized by queens and workers is discussed as is the possibility that ants containing such alkaloids may serve as a dietary source for the skin alkaloids used by certain frogs in chemical defense. C1 US FOREST SERV,INT INST TROP FORESTRY,RIO PIEDRAS,PR 00928. UNIV PUERTO RICO,DEPT BIOL,SAN JUAN,PR 00931. NIDDK,NIH,BIOORGAN CHEM LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT ENTOMOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. LOS ANGELES CTY MUSEUM NAT HIST,LOS ANGELES,CA 90007. RP Jones, TH (reprint author), VIRGINIA MIL INST,DEPT CHEM,LEXINGTON,VA 24450, USA. NR 41 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 22 IS 7 BP 1221 EP 1236 DI 10.1007/BF02266962 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VD011 UT WOS:A1996VD01100002 PM 24226081 ER PT J AU Hammack, L AF Hammack, L TI Corn volatiles as attractants for northern and western corn rootworm beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Diabrotica spp) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae; Diabrotica barberi; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera; Zea mays; corn rootworm; host finding; monoterpene; isoprenoid; attractant; kairomone; synergism; geranylacetone; alpha-terpineol ID VIRGIFERA-VIRGIFERA LECONTE; CUCURBITA-MAXIMA DUCHESNE; EAR WORM ATTRACTANTS; HELIANTHUS-ANNUUS L; IDENTIFICATION; OVIPOSITION; BLOSSOMS; 6-METHOXY-2-BENZOXAZOLINONE; MANAGEMENT; COMPONENTS AB Synthetic corn volatiles and selected analogs were tested in commercial corn fields for attractiveness to feral northern (NCR, Diabrotica barberi) and western corn rootworm beetles (WCR, D. virgifera virgifera). Two new attractants, geranylacetone and a-terpineol, were identified among corn terpenes and compared at four stages in crop development with the phenylpropanoid standards cinnamyl alcohol and 4-methoxy-cinnamaldehyde, with each component at 30 mg/trap. Dose-response relationships (0.1-100 mg/trap) and efficacy of two-component blends (30 mg/component) Cere also examined. More beetles were captured on traps baited with (+)- than (-)-alpha-terpineol, but the difference was statistically significant only for WCR. Captures with geranylacetone or (+)-alpha-terpineol were directly proportional to the logarithm of the attractant dose. WCR females were attracted to as little as 0.1 mg of either compound. WCR males required greater than or equal to 1.0 mg of (+)-alpha-terpineol and were not attracted to geranylacetone at any dose. NCR required greater than or equal to 0.3 mg of either attractant and showed less marked response differences between the sexes than did WCR. Geranylacetone and cinnamyl alcohol were equally effective attractants, whereas (+)-alpha-terpineol was significantly less attractive to WCR but more attractive to NCR than was 4-methoxycinnamaldehyde. Corn terpenes and phenylpropanoid standards produced similar seasonal response patterns in that captures tended to rise in each case as the season progressed, except during silking when no compound was attractive. Mixing corn terpenes or phenylpropanoid standards synergized responses of WCR females, but (+)-alpha-terpineol suppressed attraction of NCR females to geranylacetone. RP Hammack, L (reprint author), USDA ARS, NO GRAIN INSECTS RES LAB, BROOKINGS, SD 57006 USA. NR 46 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 22 IS 7 BP 1237 EP 1253 DI 10.1007/BF02266963 PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VD011 UT WOS:A1996VD01100003 PM 24226082 ER PT J AU Leonhardt, BA Mastro, VC Leonard, DS McLane, W Reardon, RC Thorpe, KW AF Leonhardt, BA Mastro, VC Leonard, DS McLane, W Reardon, RC Thorpe, KW TI Control of low-density gypsy moth (Lepidoptera:Lymantriidae) populations by mating disruption with pheromone SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gypsy moth; Lymantria dispar; disparlure; pheromone; mating disruption; laminate flakes; forest pest; aerial application ID RACEMIC DISPARLURE; SUCCESS; COUNTS AB This four-year study demonstrated that low-density populations of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), were effectively suppressed by annual aerial application of 75 g of racemic disparlure per hectare formulated in plastic laminate Bakes. These tests also showed that, when plots were treated with 150 g of pheromone per hectare in 1990 only and left untreated for the following three years, populations continued to be suppressed in 1991-1993 as compared with the controls. Although none of the plots were treated in 1994, population assessment continued and showed that the gypsy moth population density remained low in the plots that had been treated annually for the preceding four years. The laminate Rakes released an average of 0.48 g disparlure per day per hectare from each of the two applications in 1990, and 0.72 g per day per hectare from the single application in each of the following three years (1991-1993). Only 27-40% of the applied pheromone dose was emitted during male moth flight. C1 US FOREST SERV,ASHEVILLE,NC 28802. US FOREST SERV,MORGANTOWN,WV 26505. RP Leonhardt, BA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 27 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 6 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 22 IS 7 BP 1255 EP 1272 DI 10.1007/BF02266964 PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VD011 UT WOS:A1996VD01100004 PM 24226083 ER PT J AU Warthen, JD Klun, JA DeVilbiss, ED AF Warthen, JD Klun, JA DeVilbiss, ED TI Structure-activity relationship observations for the bagworm moth pheromone SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE SAR; Psychidae; Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis; bagworm moth; sex pheromone; (R)-2-pentyl decanoate; Chem-X; molecular modeling ID SEX-PHEROMONE AB Structure-activity relationship (SAR) observations were made for the bagworm moth pheromone, (R)-2-pentyl decanoate, and a series of analogs with modifications in the alcohol portion of the molecule. Observed attractiveness of these analogs was related to molecular structure and their physical attributes using computational chemistry. Electrostatic potential and Van der Waals (VdW) electrostatic coded surface three-dimensional (3D) maps of the molecular mechanics (MM) minimized lowest energy conformation of the pheromone show that size, shape, charge distribution, and chirality of the molecule are related to attractiveness. RP Warthen, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS,INSECT CHEM ECOL LAB,BARC W,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 22 IS 7 BP 1315 EP 1324 DI 10.1007/BF02266968 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VD011 UT WOS:A1996VD01100008 PM 24226087 ER PT J AU Jewett, DK Bjostad, LB AF Jewett, DK Bjostad, LB TI Dichloromethane attracts diabroticite larvae in a laboratory behavioral bioassay SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Diabrotica virgifera virgifera; Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi; Diabrotica balteata; Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae; semiochemical; structure-activity; host-finding; carbon dioxide; corn; soybeans ID CORN-ROOTWORM LARVAE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; AGGREGATION PHEROMONE; HALOGENATED ANALOGS; HOST LOCATION; COLEOPTERA; CHRYSOMELIDAE; SEMIOCHEMICALS; COMPONENTS; RECEPTORS AB A two-choice laboratory behavioral bioassay was used to demonstrate that dichloromethane elicits the dose-dependent attraction of second-instar western and southern corn rootworms. Preliminary data suggest that second-instar banded cucumber beetles are also attracted to dichloromethane. An eluotropic series of 10 materials, including distilled water, ethanol, methanol, acetone, ethyl dichloroacetate, dichloromethane, diethyl ether, benzene, hexadecane, and hexane, was tested for attraction of western corn rootworm larvae. Dichloromethane was the only one attractive at all doses tested, and orthogonal comparisons revealed a quadratic trend (convex) for responses of larvae to increasing dose. Benzene and hexadecane also attracted larvae, but significantly fewer than dichloromethane, and only at three doses and one dose, respectively. Orthogonal comparisons revealed no linear or quadratic trend for responses of larvae to increasing doses of either compound. Dichloromethane is the first organic compound demonstrated to attract western corn rootworm larvae in the absence of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide has previously been reported to attract western corn rootworm larvae either independently or when combined with other organic compounds, and the sensitivity of our bioassay was tested by demonstrating the dose-dependent attraction of western corn rootworm larvae to carbonated water as a carbon dioxide source. We have also demonstrated the attraction of southern corn rootworm larvae to carbon dioxide and propose that carbon dioxide and dichloromethane behave analogously when they interact with chemoreceptor sites on larvae. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV, DEPT ENTOMOL, FT COLLINS, CO 80523 USA. RP Jewett, DK (reprint author), USDA ARS, INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB, POB 748, TIFTON, GA 31793 USA. NR 37 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 22 IS 7 BP 1331 EP 1344 DI 10.1007/BF02266970 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VD011 UT WOS:A1996VD01100010 PM 24226089 ER PT J AU Zhi, JG Melia, AT Guerciolini, R KossTwardy, SG Passe, SM Rakhit, A Sadowski, JA AF Zhi, JG Melia, AT Guerciolini, R KossTwardy, SG Passe, SM Rakhit, A Sadowski, JA TI The effect of orlistat on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin in healthy volunteers SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VITAMIN-K; LIPASE INHIBITOR; TETRAHYDROLIPSTATIN; PLASMA; ABSORPTION; LIVER; BONE; FAT AB To assess the effect of orlistat on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin, a third-party blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, two-way crossover study was performed in 12 healthy volunteers. Each participant received single 30-mg oral doses of racemic warfarin sodium (Coumadin; DuPont Pharma, Wilmington, DE) administered on the eleventh day of treatment with 120 mg orlistat (treatment A) and placebo (treatment B) three times a day for 16 days; the two treatments were separated by a 3-week washout period. Serial blood samples were collected before and at appropriate intervals after each dose of warfarin to determine plasma concentrations of R-warfarin and S-warfarin and blood prothrombin time (PT) and plasma Factor VII concentration. In addition, serum concentrations of vitamin K-1 and its epoxide and of osteocalcin and its undercarboxylated form were measured before breakfast on days -7, 1, 4, 6, and 10. Equivalent results between treatments with orlistat and placebo were found with regard to all pharmacokinetic parameters of R- and S-warfarin (except for time to maximum concentration of R-warfarin). Pharmacodynamic parameters of warfarin (PT and Factor VII) and vitamin K nutritional status parameters (ratios of Vitamin K-1 to vitamin K-1 epoxide and undercarboxylated osteocalcin to osteocalcin) also were unaltered by orlistat. Orlistat administered at doses of 120 mg three times daily did not significantly alter the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single 30-mg oral dose of warfarin in healthy volunteers. C1 TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER US DEPT AGR,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP Zhi, JG (reprint author), HOFFMANN LA ROCHE INC,DEPT CLIN PHARMACOL,340 KINGSLAND ST,NUTLEY,NJ 07110, USA. NR 21 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0091-2700 J9 J CLIN PHARMACOL JI J. Clin. Pharmacol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 36 IS 7 BP 659 EP 666 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA VA010 UT WOS:A1996VA01000014 PM 8844450 ER PT J AU McMurtry, JP Francis, GL Upton, Z Walton, PE Rosselot, G Caperna, TJ Brocht, DM AF McMurtry, JP Francis, GL Upton, Z Walton, PE Rosselot, G Caperna, TJ Brocht, DM TI Plasma clearance and tissue distribution of labelled chicken and human IGF-I and IGF-II in the chicken SO JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROWTH-FACTOR-I; FACTOR-BINDING-PROTEINS; MUSCLE SATELLITE CELLS; FACTOR RECEPTORS; DEVELOPMENTAL REGULATION; DOMESTIC-FOWL; DNA-SYNTHESIS; INSULIN; HORMONE; SERUM AB The metabolic clearance of chicken IGF-I (cIGF-I), cIGF-II, human IGF-I (hIGF-I), and hIGF-II was examined in the chicken using I-125-labelled growth factors. Superose-12 chromatography of plasma collected at 7.5 min post-infusion revealed peaks of radioactivity corresponding to 150 and 43 kDa and unbound tracer. Statistical analysis of trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-precipitable radioactivity in sequential plasma samples as well as following chromatography of the same samples revealed that clearance of the radiolabelled peptides followed an apparent triphasic pattern. The close similarity of the individual chromatographically defined pools in their clearance rate compared with the three components described by TCA precipitation strongly suggested their identity. Both free I-125-labelled cIGF-II (3.11 min) and hIGF-II (3.01 min) were cleared at a greater rate than their IGF-I counterparts. Unbound hIGF-I was cleared at a greater rate than cIGF-I (4.45 vs 5.66 min respectively). A similar pattern for clearance was evident in the radiolabelled growth factors associated with the 43 kDa component, although at a longer half-life. There was no difference in the apparent clearance of the radiolabelled growth factors associated with the 150 kDa component between IGF-I or -II or between species. Analysis of the chromatographic profiles of radioactive IGF-I peptides complexed to serum proteins versus those bound to labelled IGF-II peptides revealed the presence of a large molecular mass binding protein in vivo. Ligand blotting of chicken serum determined that a binding protein with a mass of 70 kDa was detectable with I-125-IGF-II probes only, and was not present in pig serum. In addition, tissue uptake of I-I25-cIGF-I and -II was evaluated. Similar patterns of tissue distribution and uptake were observed for I-125-cIGF-I and -II, except that cIGF-II uptake by the liver exceeded that of I-125-cIGF-I at 15 min post-infusion. The rank order of tissue distribution was as follows: kidney>testis>heart>liver>pancreas>small intestine>cartilage>bursa>gizzard>leg muscle>breast muscle>brain. We conclude from these studies that the clearance of IGFs from the compartments identified in blood and the potential target tissues is dependent on their interactions with IGF-binding proteins and receptors. C1 COOPERAT RES CTR TISSUE GROWTH & REPAIR, ADELAIDE, SA 5000, AUSTRALIA. CSIRO, DIV HUMAN NUTR, ADELAIDE, SA 5000, AUSTRALIA. UNIV CHILE, INST NUTR & TECNOL ALIMENTOS, SANTIAGO DE COMPOSTELA, SPAIN. RP McMurtry, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR E, GROWTH BIOL LAB, BLDG 200, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. RI Upton, Zee/I-9777-2012 NR 45 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU BIOSCIENTIFICA LTD PI BRISTOL PA EURO HOUSE, 22 APEX COURT WOODLANDS, BRADLEY STOKE, BRISTOL BS32 4JT, ENGLAND SN 0022-0795 J9 J ENDOCRINOL JI J. Endocrinol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 150 IS 1 BP 149 EP 160 DI 10.1677/joe.0.1500149 PG 12 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA UX096 UT WOS:A1996UX09600019 PM 8708556 ER PT J AU Liu, JY Ross, RJ AF Liu, JY Ross, RJ TI Energy criterion for fatigue strength of wood structural members SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article ID CREEP-RUPTURE; POLYETHYLENE AB This report describes a mathematical model for fatigue strength of cellulosic materials under sinusoidal loading. The model is based on the Reiner-Weissenberg thermodynamic theory of strength in conjunction with a nonlinear Eyring's three-element model. This theory states that failure depends on a maximum value of the intrinsic free energy that can be stored elastically in a volume element of the material. The three-element mechanical model, which consists of a linear spring and an Eyring dashpot, provides a good description of rheological material properties. The strength model system was able to predict rupture occurence of polymers and wood structural members under constant and ramp loading with satisfactory results. For sinusoidal loading, the present study shows the strength model system can predict time at fracture as a function of applied mean stress, amplitude of cyclic stress, and stress frequency. Numerical examples with model parameters evaluated for small Douglas-fir beams are presented. RP Liu, JY (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 SN 0094-4289 J9 J ENG MATER-T ASME JI J. Eng. Mater. Technol.-Trans. ASME PD JUL PY 1996 VL 118 IS 3 BP 375 EP 378 DI 10.1115/1.2806823 PG 4 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA UZ900 UT WOS:A1996UZ90000018 ER PT J AU Clarke, SR Debarr, GL AF Clarke, SR Debarr, GL TI Impacts of red imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on striped pine scale (Homoptera: Coccidae) populations SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Toumeyella pini; Solenopsis invicta; scale insect ant association ID LOBLOLLY-PINE; SEED ORCHARDS; LIFE-HISTORY; PSEUDOCOCCIDAE; GEORGIA AB Loblolly pines, Pinus taeda L., were banded in three seed orchards in Georgia to prevent the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Buren), from tending infestations of striped pine scales, Toumeyella pini (King). Ant activity had no effect on female scale insect survival as numbers per shoot were never significantly different between check and banded trees in any of the orchards. Parasitism of females rarely differed between treatments, with higher rates twice in one orchard on unbanded trees and once in another orchard on banded trees. There also appeared to be no treatment effects on predator numbers. Coincident populations of the mealybug Oracella acuta (Lobdell) and the woolly pine scale, Pseudophilippia quaintancii Cockerell, on the shoots also were unaffected by the presence of fire ants. C1 US FOREST SERV, FORESTRY SCI LAB, USDA, ATHENS, GA 30602 USA. NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 31 IS 3 BP 229 EP 239 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VD579 UT WOS:A1996VD57900001 ER PT J AU Solomon, W Lambert, L Bell, MR AF Solomon, W Lambert, L Bell, MR TI Susceptibility of five plant defoliators to celery looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) nuclear polyhedrosis virus SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE nuclear polyhedrosis virus; soybean; lepidopterous pests; susceptibility ID VELVETBEAN CATERPILLAR LEPIDOPTERA; INSECTICIDES AB Bioassays were conducted to determine the susceptibility of five lepidopteran defoliators to a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) isolated from the celery Iooper, Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby). Tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), exhibited the greatest susceptibility, LC(50) = 2,328PIB/ml, and velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hubner), exhibited the least susceptibility, LC(50) = 5,176,036 PIB/ml, after 7 d of feeding at the 5 x 10(4) PIB/ml dosage. Corn earworm, Helicoverpa tea (Boddie), soybean looper, Pseudoplusia includens (Walker), and beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), expressed intermediate levels of susceptibility, LC(50) - 11,742, 14,195, 14,614 respectively, after 7 d of feeding at the 5 x 10(4) PIB/ml dosage. These results were consistent at days 10 and 14 indicating the relative activity of the virus against each species. RP Solomon, W (reprint author), ARS,SO INSECT MANAGEMENT LAB,USDA,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 31 IS 3 BP 306 EP 314 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VD579 UT WOS:A1996VD57900008 ER PT J AU Nottingham, SF Chortyk, OT Stephenson, MG AF Nottingham, SF Chortyk, OT Stephenson, MG TI Sugar esters from Nicotiana species as potential insecticides against the sweetpotato whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Bemisia tabaci; Nicotiana gossei; Nicotiana glutinosa; Nicotiana species; sugar esters; biorational insecticide ID CUTICULAR COMPONENTS; SUCROSE ESTERS; SWEET-POTATO; GOSSEI AB Eight Nicotiana species and three species accessions were grown and their sugar esters were isolated. Nicotiana trigonophylla, N. palmeri, and N. glutinosa gave the highest sugar ester yields. Sugar ester isolates were bioassayed at concentrations from 1.0 to 0.05 mg/ml against nymphs of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). The highest mortalities were observed with isolates from N. gossei and N. langsdorffii. As the sugar ester isolate from N. gossei contained both sucrose esters and glucose esters, these were bioassayed separately and both caused high mortality. The isolates of three N. glutinosa accessions varied in sucrose ester and labdane terpenoid content; labdane fractions were less toxic than sucrose ester fractions. Nicotiana glutinosa 24, N. langsdorffii, and N. trigonophylla, in addition to N. gossei, showed good potential as sources of biorational insecticide against whitefly. RP Nottingham, SF (reprint author), ARS,NAT PROD UTILIZAT RES UNIT,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,USDA,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 31 IS 3 BP 331 EP 339 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VD579 UT WOS:A1996VD57900011 ER PT J AU Hamm, JJ Chandler, LD AF Hamm, JJ Chandler, LD TI Effects of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus and a fluorescent brightener on colonies of Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Lepidoptera; Noctuidae; Spodoptera exigua; beet armyworm; virus; nuclear polyhedrosis virus; SPOD-X; fluorescent brightener; Tinopal LPW ID GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; FALL ARMYWORM LEPIDOPTERA; OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS; NOCTUIDAE; LYMANTRIIDAE; ENHANCEMENT; INFECTIVITY; LOOPER AB The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), is an important pest which is difficult to control because it is resistant to nearly all registered insecticides. A new commercial formulation of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus that is pathogenic to beet armyworm larvae, SPOD-X(R), was tested with and without a fluorescent brightener, Tinopal LPW. The effects on larvae from six colonies of the beet armyworm which had recently been established from held collections in Georgia, Alabama and Mississippi were compared with a laboratory colony which had been maintained in the laboratory for 2 years. The LC(50) Was lower in all bioassays with SPOD-X in 0.25% Tinopal LPW than with SPOD-X in water, although in 3 of 12 bioassays the difference was not significant based on overlapping 95% confidence intervals. The mean LC(50) for SPOD-X in water was 376 polyhedral occlusion bodies per cup (surface area 800 mm(2)). The mean LC(50) for SPOD-X in 0.25% Tinopal LPW was 30 polyhedral occlusion bodies per cup. The LC(50) for SPOD-X in water was not significantly different between the laboratory colony and 5 of 6 field-collected colonies when bioassayed concurrently. There was no significant difference in LC(50) for SPOD-X in 0.25% Tinopal LPW between the laboratory colony and any of the field-collected colonies. Thus, Tinopal LPW enhanced the infectivity of SPOD-X for beet armyworm larvae in laboratory tests and reduced the variability of response of the beet armyworm colonies to the virus. RP Hamm, JJ (reprint author), ARS,INSECT BIOL & POPULAT MANAGEMENT RES LAB,USDA,TIFTON,GA 31794, USA. NR 21 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 31 IS 3 BP 355 EP 362 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VD579 UT WOS:A1996VD57900014 ER PT J AU Tatarka, PD AF Tatarka, PD TI Electrical resistance characteristics of starch foams SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLYMER DEGRADATION LA English DT Article DE starch; loose-fill; electrostatics; resistivity; static dissipation; antistatic AB The insulative character of expanded polystyrene loose-fill packing material supports the immobile triboelectric charge on its surface, causing static cling. One beneficial property of starch-based loose-fill is its antistatic behavior, which prevents the buildup of electrostatic charges on the foam surface, resulting in no static cling. This investigation explores the electrical resistance characteristics of plasticized starch materials such as: commercial loose-fill. Electrical resistance standards used in this study to measure surface resistance and static decay properties are ASTM D 257-78, EOS/ESD S-11, and EIA 541. Following these established testing protocols, the electrical resistance of starch-based and expanded polystyrene loose-fill is quantified. Surface resistivity, measured at 12% RH, of starch-based loose-fill products is less than 1.0 x 10(12) Omega per square characteristic of inherently static dissipative materials. RP Tatarka, PD (reprint author), USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, FOOD PHYS CHEM RES UNIT, 1815 N UNIV ST, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. NR 29 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 5 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1064-7546 J9 J ENVIRON POLYM DEGR JI J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 4 IS 3 BP 149 EP 156 DI 10.1007/BF02067449 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA VC286 UT WOS:A1996VC28600002 ER PT J AU Shipitalo, MJ Edwards, WM AF Shipitalo, MJ Edwards, WM TI Effects of initial water content on macropore/matrix flow and transport of surface-applied chemicals SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID NO-TILL SOIL; PREFERENTIAL FLOW; EARTHWORM BURROWS; SIMULATED RAINFALL; BYPASS FLOW; MOVEMENT; INFILTRATION; CHANNELS; QUALITY; BROMIDE AB Pesticides and fertilizers are often broadcast on no-till fields in the spring when soil water content can be quite variable. Soil water content may influence the contribution of macropores and matrix porosity to water movement and chemical transport in subsequent rainfalls. Therefore, we surface-applied SrBr2 . 6H(2)O, atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine), and alachlor [2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide] on nine, 30 by 30 by 30 cm, undisturbed soil blocks obtained from a no-till corn (Zea mays L.) field and maintained at three initial moisture levels 1 h before a 30-mm, 0.5-h simulated rain. To distinguish applied water from resident water and assess interaction of the rainwater with the soil matrix, RbCl was added to the simulated rain as a tracer. Sequential percolate samples were collected from the base of the blocks in approximate to 10-mL increments using a 64-cell grid lysimeter. Flow-weighted concentrations of Cl- and Rb+, respectively, were 75 and 836% higher in percolate from dry (theta = 0.11 kg kg(-1)) than from wet blocks (theta = 0.21 kg kg(-1)), indicating that displacement of resident water and interaction of rainwater with the matrix increased with initial soil mater content. As a result, percolate concentrations of the reactive, surface-applied, constituents (Sr2+, atrazine, alachlor) decreased with increasing soil water content, High block to block variability precluded detection of significant differences in percolate volume and total chemical transport among moisture levels. The relative contribution of macropores to chemical transport and water movement appears to be greatest when tire soil is dry and decreases as the soil becomes wetter. RP Shipitalo, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,N APPALACHIAN EXPT WATERSHED,POB 488,COSHOCTON,OH 43812, USA. OI Shipitalo, Martin/0000-0003-4775-7345 NR 47 TC 57 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 25 IS 4 BP 662 EP 670 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UX569 UT WOS:A1996UX56900031 ER PT J AU Torbert, HA Prior, SA Rogers, HH Schlesinger, WH Mullins, GL Runion, GB AF Torbert, HA Prior, SA Rogers, HH Schlesinger, WH Mullins, GL Runion, GB TI Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide in agroecosystems affects groundwater quality SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID LITTER QUALITY; NITROGEN; DECOMPOSITION; NITRATE; CO2; LOSSES AB Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration has led to concerns about global changes to the environment, One area of global change that has not been addressed is the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 on ground water quality below agroecosystems, Elevated CO2 concentration alterations of plant growth and C/N ratios may modify C and N cycling in soil and affect nitrate (NO3-) leaching to groundwater. This study was conducted to examine the effects of a legume {soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]} and a nonlegume {grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]} CO2-enriched agroecosystems on NO3- movement below the root zone in a Blanton loamy sand (loamy siliceous, thermic, Grossarenic Paleudults). The study was a split-plot design replicated three times with plant species (soybean and grain sorghum) as the main plots and CO2 concentration (approximate to 360 and similar to 720 mu L L(-1) CO2) as subplots using open-top held chambers. Fertilizer application was made with N-15-depleted NH4NO3 to act as a fertilizer tracer, Soil solution samples were collected weekly at 90-cm depth for a 2-yr period arid monitored for NO3-N concentrations. Isotope analysis of soil solution indicated that the decomposition ol organic matter was the primary source of NO3--N in soil solution below the root zone through most of the monitoring period. Significant differences were observed for NO3--N concentrations between soybean and grain sorghum, with soybean having the higher NO3--N concentrations. Elevated CO2 increased total dry weight, total N content, and C/N ratio of residue returned to soil in both years. Elevated CO2 significantly decreased NO3--N concentrations below the root zone in both soybean and grain sorghum. The results of this study indicate that retention of N in organic pools because of elevated atmospheric CO2 could reduce the nitrate concentration in groundwater beneath agroecosystems as indicated by NO3- movement. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SOIL DYNAM LAB,AUBURN,AL 36831. DUKE UNIV,DEPT BOT & GEOL,DURHAM,NC 27706. AUBURN UNIV,DEPT AGRON & SOILS,AUBURN,AL 36849. AUBURN UNIV,DEPT FORESTRY,AUBURN,AL 36849. RP Torbert, HA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BLACKLAND SOIL & WATER RES LAB,808 E BLACKLAND RD,TEMPLE,TX 76502, USA. NR 37 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 25 IS 4 BP 720 EP 726 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UX569 UT WOS:A1996UX56900037 ER PT J AU Pasquarell, GC Boyer, DG AF Pasquarell, GC Boyer, DG TI Herbicides in karst groundwater in southeast West Virginia SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article AB A field study was conducted to determine the karst groundwater impact of herbicide application to feed crops in support oil livestock production in southeast West Virginia, Grab samples were taken on a weekly/biweekly schedule at three resurgences for two agriculturally intensive karst watersheds. Two surface water sites were also sampled, The samples were analyzed for the presence of 12 different analytes: atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine), its two metabolites, desethylatrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-amino-1,2,5-triazine) and desisopropylatrazine (2-chloro-4-amino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine), and nine additional triazine herbicides. Little impact was detected at the two surface water sites. In contrast, 6 of the 10 herbicides were detected in at least two of the three resurgences. Three of them, atrazine (ATR), metolachlor [2-chloro-N(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-acetamide], and simazine [2-chloro-4-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazine], were detected in more than 10% of all samples at all three resurgences, ATR and desethylatrazine (DES) were detected in more than 50% of samples at all three resurgences; median ATR values were 0.060, 0.025, and 0.025 mu g/L. DAR* the ratio of DES to ATR plus DES, was used to differentiate atrazine leaching following storage for long periods in the soil, from transport that bypassed deethylation in the soil through sinkholes and other solutionally developed conduits. DAR* was low (median of <0.5) and highly varied during the periods immediately following ATR application, indicating that significant quantities of ATR were present. In the winter, a release of ATR metabolites from the soil was evidenced by a steadier, and higher DAR* (median of 0.64). The maximum detected ATR concentration was 1.20 mu g/L, which is within the USEPA maximum contaminant level of 3 mu g/L. C1 USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN SOIL & WATER CONSERVAT RES LAB,BECKLEY,WV 25802. CHENGDU UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,STATE KEY LAB HIGH SPEED HYDRAUL,CHENGDU 610065,SICHUAN,PEOPLES R CHINA. NR 27 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 4 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 25 IS 4 BP 755 EP 765 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UX569 UT WOS:A1996UX56900041 ER PT J AU Robbins, CW Hansen, CL Roginske, MF Sorensen, DL AF Robbins, CW Hansen, CL Roginske, MF Sorensen, DL TI Extractable potassium and soluble calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium in two whey-treated calcareous soils SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CHEESE ACID WHEY AB Cheese whey contains 1.0 to 1.4 g K kg(-1) and 5.0 to 10.0 g total salts kg(-1) (electrical conductivity [EC] of 7 to 15 dS m(-1)) and has a pH of 3.3 to 4.6. Much of the 38 x 10(9) L of whey produced in the USA each year is applied to soils. Whey application effect on the K and salinity status of irrigated calcareous soils has not been documented. Objectives of this study were to measure soil pH, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), saturation paste extract (EC(e)), and extractable Ca, Mg, Na, and K changes due to whey application to irrigated calcareous soils at different whey rates and different times of the year. Whey was applied to two calcareous Portneuf silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, mesic, Durixerollic Calciorthids) soils and a calcareous Nibley silty clay loam (fine, mixes, mesic Aquic Argiustolls) soil at rates up to 2200 m(3) ha(-1). These treatments added up to 1050 kg Ca, 200 kg Mg, 790 kg Na, and 2200 kg K ha(-1) during winter-time, growing season, or year-round whey application. Soil bicarbonate-extractable K increased to more than 500 mg K kg(-1) in the surface 0.3 m at the highest whey rates and may induce grass tetany in livestock grazed on high whey-treated pastures. Soil K did not increase below 0.6 m in any treatment. Soil pH and SAR were not affected sufficiently to be of concern under these conditions. The EC(e) increased to nearly 2.0 dS m(-1) in the surface 0.3 m under the highest whey rates and would likely affect salt-sensitive crop yields. After a 1-yr whey application rest period under irrigated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), the EC(e) levels returned to background levels. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT NUTR & FOOD SCI,LOGAN,UT 84322. UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,LOGAN,UT 84322. RP Robbins, CW (reprint author), USDA ARS,NW IRRIGAT & SOILS RES LAB,3793 N,3600 E,KIMBERLY,ID 83341, USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 25 IS 4 BP 791 EP 795 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UX569 UT WOS:A1996UX56900046 ER PT J AU Spencer, WF Singh, G Taylor, CD LeMert, RA Cliath, MM Farmer, WJ AF Spencer, WF Singh, G Taylor, CD LeMert, RA Cliath, MM Farmer, WJ TI DDT persistence and volatility as affected by management practices after 23 years SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SOIL; DEGRADATION; PESTICIDES AB In 1971, an experiment was conducted in a field containing high amounts of residual DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) to evaluate deep plowing, followed by flooding, with and without organic matter applications, as soil and water management tools to reduce total DDT residues and preferentially degrade the residual DDT to DDD [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethane]. The experimental site was revisited in 1994 to determine residual soil concentrations of DDT isomers and their metabolites in soil, soil dust, and the atmosphere. Also, volatilization flux measurements were made to evaluate rates of movement into the atmosphere. Soil concentrations of all DDT isomers and metabolites had decreased in all plots, with p,p'-DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene] the major component of the total remaining residues (DDTR). The total DDTR residues in the surface 75 cm varied from 10 to 28% of their amounts in 1971. The highest concentrations were found in the deep plowed, unflooded plots with DDTR decreasing from 4 mg kg(-1) at 0 to 15 cm to 0.3 mg kg(-1) at 60 to 75 cm. Deep plowing evidently increased DDT persistence by placing it deeper into the soil profile, which protected it from degradation and volatilization. Concentrations of all isomers were lower in the previously hooded plots, Degrading DDT under reducing conditions brought about by flooding lessened or prevented the formation of DDE in the soil thus ultimately reducing its redistribution into the environment. Significant concentrations of both o,p' and p,p'-DDE and DDT were detected in the atmosphere above the plots. Measurable volatilization fluxes were observed over 48-h periods in February and September. Irrigating the soil with 20 mm water dramatically increased the volatilization flux of all the DDT isomers and metabolites, particularly p,p'-DDE. The finding that DDT isomers continue to volatilize from the soil surface has implications for long-range transport of DDT and contaminating forage or foodstuff. The possible health implications from exposure to humans or animals through the air route is unknown. C1 UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT SOIL & ENVIRONM SCI,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521. RP Spencer, WF (reprint author), USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,450 W BIG SPRINGS RD,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507, USA. NR 22 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 25 IS 4 BP 815 EP 821 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UX569 UT WOS:A1996UX56900050 ER PT J AU Henning, FP Wood, CW Rogers, HH Runion, GB Prior, SA AF Henning, FP Wood, CW Rogers, HH Runion, GB Prior, SA TI Composition and decomposition of soybean and sorghum tissues grown under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-MATTER; CO2 LEVELS; NITROGEN; RESPONSES; DYNAMICS; SYSTEMS AB It has been hypothesized that changes in both quantity and quality of plant residue inputs to soils as atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration increases may alter carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) turnover rates and pool sizes, We determined the effect of elevated atmospheric CO2 on plant tissue quality, and flow modifications in tissue quality affect C and N mineralization. Soybean [C-3; Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Stonewall] and sorghum [C-4; Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moen, cv. Savanna 5] were grown under elevated (704.96 +/- 0.33 mu mol CO2 mol(-1)) and ambient (357.44 +/- 0.12 mu mol CO2 mol(-1)) atmospheric CO2 in open-top chambers, Leaf and stem tissues were separated from harvested plants and analyzed for C, N, lignin, and cellulose. Tissues were applied to Norfolk loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Kandiudult) and aerobically incubated for 70-d to determine C and N mineralization, C turnover, relative N mineralization, and C/N mineralized. Elevated CO2 had no effect on plant residue C concentration, but N concentration of soybean leaves and stems and sorghum stems was reduced; however, CO2 enrichment increased C/N ratio and lignin concentration for only sorghum stems and soybean leaves, respectively. Source of plant residue (i.e., produced under either elevated or ambient CO2) had no impact on soil C turnover, relative N mineralization, cumulative C and N mineralization, and C/N mineralized, These data suggest that increasing atmospheric CO2 will have little effect on composition or decomposition of field crop residues. Thus, since CO2 enrichment results in increased photosynthetic C fixation, the possibility exists For increased soil C storage under field crops in an elevated CO2 world. C1 AUBURN UNIV,DEPT AGRON & SOILS,AUBURN,AL 36849. COOPERAT EXTENS SERV,N FULTON GOV,DUNWOODY,GA 30350. USDA ARS,NATL SOIL DYNAM LAB,AUBURN,AL 36831. NR 29 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 25 IS 4 BP 822 EP 827 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UX569 UT WOS:A1996UX56900051 ER PT J AU Yates, SR Gan, J Ernst, FF Wang, D AF Yates, SR Gan, J Ernst, FF Wang, D TI Methyl bromide emissions from a covered field .3. Correcting chamber flux for temperature SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article AB An experiment was conducted to investigate the environmental fate and transport of methyl bromide (MeBr) in agricultural systems. Part of this experiment involved the use of three flow-through chambers to estimate the MeBr flux through a sheet of clear polyethylene plastic covering the field, Using the chamber data, the total mass lost to the atmosphere was estimated to be 96% of the applied mass, and the results were highly variable between chambers (i.e., standard deviation of 298 kg or 35%). The air temperature inside the chamber was found to be much higher than the air temperature outside and was highly correlated with the diurnal variation in incoming solar radiation. Since the diffusion through polyethylene film was found to be strongly dependent on the temperature, a method was developed to correct the chamber Bur density data for enhanced diffusion caused by: increases in the temperature inside the chamber. After correcting for temperature, the estimated total MeBr emission was reduced to approximately 59% (21% standard deviation) of the applied amount, which is about 5% less than was measured using other methods. When chambers are used to measure volatilization of MeBr or other fumigants from fields covered with a sheet of polyethylene plastic, the chambers should be designed to minimize internal heating or some method should be used to correct the volatilization rate for the effects of temperature. RP Yates, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS,PHYS & PESTICIDE RES UNIT,US SALIN LAB,450 W BIG SPRINGS RD,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507, USA. NR 16 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 25 IS 4 BP 892 EP 898 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UX569 UT WOS:A1996UX56900060 ER PT J AU Starr, JL Sadeghi, AM Parkin, TB Meisinger, JJ AF Starr, JL Sadeghi, AM Parkin, TB Meisinger, JJ TI A tracer test to determine the fate of nitrate in shallow groundwater SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID RIPARIAN WETLANDS; DENITRIFICATION; INPUTS AB The effectiveness of shallow groundwater areas to serve as a sink for NO3 is affected by many biological and physical properties. However, the direct impact of these properties on the fate of NO3 in shallow groundwater is not well understood, especially where the soils are intermittently saturated, This study was conducted to assess in situ reaction and transport of NO3-N in an intermittent shallow groundwater system. Tracer experiments were conducted within an imposed constant flowing shallow groundwater. A constant-head, single injection well technique was adapted for this study using multilevel soil water samplers placed at 14 locations around the center injection well. The use of Br as a tracer for NO3-N in these constant-how experiments provided the means to assess in situ NO3-N removal both with and without added C. In experiments without added C, an average NO3 removal rate of 0.33 g N m(-2) d(-1) was estimated. In a second experiment with dextrose added as an added C source, an average NO3 loss rate 1.06 g N m(-2) d(-1) was observed. The observed response to added dextrose indicates that the N removal processes were primarily microbial in origin, i.e., the NO3 was denitrified or immobilized into microbial biomass. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,AMES,IA 50011. RP Starr, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS,NAT RESOURCES INST,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 19 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 25 IS 4 BP 917 EP 923 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UX569 UT WOS:A1996UX56900063 ER PT J AU Augustine, PC Jenkins, MC AF Augustine, PC Jenkins, MC TI Effect of conditioned media from several cell types on invasion by Eimeria adenoeides sporozoites SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE autoradiography; baby hamster kidney cells; turkey cecal cells; turkey coccidium; turkey kidney cells ID MELEAGRIMITIS AB The effect of conditioned media (media aspirated from a variety of cell cultures after 4 d of growth) on cellular invasion by sporozoites of the turkey coccidium, Eimeria adenoeides, was examined. Conditioned medium from turkey kidney cells and baby hamster kidney cells failed to alter invasion. However, conditioned medium from turkey cecal cell cultures produced a significant (P < 0.05), two-fold increase in invasion over control medium in a variety of cell types. Retentates of conditioned medium from the turkey cecal cells that were passed through microconcentrators having molecular mass cutoffs of 50, 100, and 300 kDa similarly enhanced invasion over retentates from control medium. However, retentates from microconcentrators with a cutoff of 1,000 kDa failed to enhance invasion. Pretreatment in conditioned medium, followed by washing of sporozoites prior to inoculation into cultures, did not result in enhanced invasion. Moreover, when the interval between inoculation of sporozoites into cells and fixation of cultures was reduced to less than 3 h, no enhancement of invasion occurred. Conditioned medium from turkey cecal cells that were grown in the presence of S-35-translabel had at least two labeled bands at 150 kDa and > 200 kDa that were absent in conditioned media from turkey kidney and baby hamster kidney cells. RP Augustine, PC (reprint author), USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BLDG 10,ROOM 103 BARC E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 43 IS 4 BP 327 EP 330 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1996.tb03996.x PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VA333 UT WOS:A1996VA33300009 PM 8768437 ER PT J AU Hume, ME Corrier, DE Nisbet, DJ DeLoach, JR AF Hume, ME Corrier, DE Nisbet, DJ DeLoach, JR TI Reduction of Salmonella crop and cecal colonization by a characterized competitive exclusion culture in broilers during grow-out SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE chicken crop; ceca; competitive exclusion; continuous flow; Salmonella ID CHICKS; TYPHIMURIUM; CARCASSES; BACTERIA; LACTOBACILLI; MICROFLORA; RESISTANCE; INFECTION; PROFILE; POULTRY AB Broiler chicks were inoculated by gavage on the day of hatch with a characterized continuous-flow (CF3) competitive-exclusion culture that contained 29 different bacterial isolates to determine the effects on Salmonella cecal and crop colonization during grow-out. Chicks at 3 days old were challenged by gavage with 10(4) Salmonella typhimurium. Propionic acid significantly increased (P less than or equal to 0.001) in the ceca of 3-day-old CF3-treated chicks compared to control chicks. Ceca from market-age control chickens in two trials contained log 2.6 and log 1.4 Salmonella CFU/g of cecal contents, respectively, while log 0.4 Salmonella CFU/g of cecal contents were detected in both trials in ceca from CF3-treated chickens. Percentages of Salmonella culture-positive ceca in the two trials, respectively, were 80% and 60% in controls and 27% in treated chickens in both trials. Crops from market-age control chickens in the two trials averaged log 0.7 Salmonella CFU/g of cecal contents, while crops from treated chickens averaged log 0.4 CFU/g of cecal contents. In trial 1, 60% of control chick crops and 27% of treated chick crops tested Salmonella culture positive. Litter contamination by Salmonella spp. at 5 weeks was reduced significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) in pens of CF3-treated groups compared to litter from control pens. Results indicate that CF3 reduced cecal and crop colonization by S. typhimurium during grow-out, which may reduce the number of Salmonella cells entering the processing plant and decrease the potential for carcass contamination during processing. RP Hume, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,2881 F&B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 27 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 59 IS 7 BP 688 EP 693 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA UZ348 UT WOS:A1996UZ34800002 ER PT J AU Smith, JL AF Smith, JL TI Determinants that may be involved in virulence and disease in Campylobacter jejuni SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY LA English DT Review ID GUILLAIN-BARRE-SYNDROME; ENTEROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA-COLI; HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN; MEDIATES SPECIFIC BINDING; ENTERO-TOXIN PRODUCTION; MILLER FISHER SYNDROME; EPEC ADHERENCE FACTOR; SYNOVIAL-FLUID CELLS; LIGATED ILEAL LOOPS; UREASE BETA-SUBUNIT AB Campylobacter jejuni is the major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in the United States and developed nations. In addition to gastroenteritis, C. jejuni can cause extraintestinal diseases such as the reactive arthritides and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Most of the illnesses induced by C. jejuni are not life-threatening but can be severe and long-lasting. A number of virulence determinants which are believed to be involved in the induction of gastroenteritis, reactive arthritides and Guillain-Barre syndrome have been demonstrated in C. jejuni. These determinants include attachment and invasion molecules, outer membrane proteins, heat shock proteins, flagella, iron acquiring mechanisms, cytotonic and cytotoxic factors, arthritrogenic antigens that may trigger reactive arthritides and bacterial factors that may induce the Guillain-Barre syndrome. The published literature concerning the pathogenic mechanisms of C. jejuni indicates that many of the virulence determinants of the organism are inadequately characterized and the role that they play in causing disease is not clear. RP Smith, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,MICROBIAL FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 199 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 SN 0149-6085 J9 J FOOD SAFETY JI J. Food Saf. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 16 IS 2 BP 105 EP 139 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1996.tb00154.x PG 35 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA UZ560 UT WOS:A1996UZ56000002 ER PT J AU Juneja, VK Marmer, BS Call, JE AF Juneja, VK Marmer, BS Call, JE TI Influence of modified atmosphere packaging on growth of Clostridium perfringens in cooked turkey SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY LA English DT Article ID FOODBORNE PATHOGENS; ENTEROTOXIN; TECHNOLOGY; VEHICLES; FOODS AB Clostridium perfringens containing samples of sterile ground turkey were studied to assess growth under modified atmosphere conditions. Samples were packaged under various atmospheres (CO2/O-2/N-2: 75/5/20, 75/10/15, 75/20/5, 25/20/55, 50/20/30), stored at 4, 15 and 28C, and sampled periodically for growth. Diluted samples were plated on Shahidi Ferguson perfringens agar (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, MI) to determine vegetative cell counts. Temperature abuse (cyclic and static) of the turkey product was also investigated. The results showed that the growth of C. perfringens was slowest under 25-50% CO2/20% O-2/balance N-2 at 15 and 28C. There was no growth at 4C for up to 28 days. Temperature abuse (28C storage) of refrigerated products for 8 h did not permit C. perfringens growth. Use of 25-50% CO2/20% O-2/balance N-2 may extend the shelf-life of turkey, but in the absence of proper refrigeration, it cannot be relied upon to eliminate the risk of C. perfringens food poisoning. RP Juneja, VK (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,MICROBIAL FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 23 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 SN 0149-6085 J9 J FOOD SAFETY JI J. Food Saf. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 16 IS 2 BP 141 EP 150 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1996.tb00155.x PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA UZ560 UT WOS:A1996UZ56000003 ER PT J AU Thayer, DW Boyd, G AF Thayer, DW Boyd, G TI Inactivation of Shewanella putrefaciens by gamma irradiation of red meat and poultry SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY LA English DT Article ID SPOILAGE; SALMONELLA; BACTERIA; CHICKEN; GROWTH; BEEF AB The resistance of Shewanella putrefaciens ATCC 8071, 8072, and 8073 to gamma radiation was determined in the presence and absence of air on mechanically deboned chicken meat (MDCM). The presence or absence of air (oxygen) did not significantly influence resistance to gamma radiation at 5C, and it was very sensitive with a D-10 value of 0.11 +/- 0.002 kilogray (kGy) on MDCM. A high percentage of cells surviving irradiation were shown by impedance measurements to have suffered injury. The bacteria were significantly more resistant to gamma radiation at temperatures below the freezing point. At a dose of 0.8 kGy lowering the temperature of irradiation by 10 degrees increased the survival of this food spoilage organism by a 1.66 log(10). The type of meat (hamburger, ground beef round, ground pork, and ground turkey breast) did not significantly alter resistance of S. putrefaciens to gamma radiation under identical conditions (D-10 value = 0.18 +/- 0.01 kGy). The minimum radiation dose currently approved for poultry in the USA, 1.5 kGy, should eliminate S. putrefaciens from meats. RP Thayer, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,FOOD SAFETY RES,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 SN 0149-6085 J9 J FOOD SAFETY JI J. Food Saf. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 16 IS 2 BP 151 EP 160 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1996.tb00156.x PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA UZ560 UT WOS:A1996UZ56000004 ER PT J AU Fratamico, PM Cooke, PH AF Fratamico, PM Cooke, PH TI Isolation of Bdellovibrios that prey on Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella species and application for removal of prey from stainless steel surfaces SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY LA English DT Article ID BACTERIOVORUS; WATER; RECOVERY AB Predatory bacteria of the genus Bdellovibrio that prey upon Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella species were isolated from soil and savage samples. Bdellovibrio isolates 45k (from soil) and 88e (from savage) attacked and lysed the E. coli and Salmonella strains tested, with log,, reductions ranging from 2.5 to 7.9 CFU/mL after 7h incubation, using a two-membered culture system. The predators showed activity against the bacteria within the temperature range of 19 to 37C. Bdellovibrio isolate 45k reduced a population off. coli dried on stainless steel surfaces by 3.6 log(10) CFU/cm(2) following 24h contact time and at a 10:1 predator to prey ratio and was also effective in reducing the level of biofilm cells. Bdellovibrios can potentially be utilized for removal of bacteria from surfaces of food processing equipment and possibly for controlling the growth of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria in foods. RP Fratamico, PM (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,MICROBIAL FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 28 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 8 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 SN 0149-6085 J9 J FOOD SAFETY JI J. Food Saf. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 16 IS 2 BP 161 EP 173 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1996.tb00157.x PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA UZ560 UT WOS:A1996UZ56000005 ER PT J AU Fleming, HP Thompson, RL McFeeters, RF AF Fleming, HP Thompson, RL McFeeters, RF TI Assuring microbial and textural stability of fermented cucumbers by pH adjustment and sodium benzoate addition SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cucumbers; fermentation; stability; microbial; texture ID ACIDIFIED BULK STORAGE; CALCIUM-CHLORIDE; FERMENTATIONS; INHIBITION; TISSUE AB Acidification of fermented cucumbers with HCl prevented utilization of lactic acid and resultant rise in brine pH (accompanied by formation of butyric, propionic and acetic acids, and n-propanol by spoilage bacteria) when they were stored at 0 or 4.4% NaCl. Firmness retention of the fermented cucumbers was reduced, however, if the brine pH were less than optimum pH 3.5, which assured microbial stability and acceptable firmness retention with 4.4% NaCl. At 0% salt, pH 3.0 insured microbial stability, but resulted in unacceptable firmness. Addition of 0.1% Na benzoate reduced the need to lower pH to assure microbial stability. Results indicated that pH control could be used to reduce the need for salt to insure stability of fermented cucumbers. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI,N CAROLINA AGR RES SERV,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Fleming, HP (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,FOOD FERMENTAT LAB,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 27 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 61 IS 4 BP 832 EP 836 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1996.tb12213.x PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA VB466 UT WOS:A1996VB46600036 ER PT J AU Garcia, M Crawford, JM Latimer, JW RiveraCruz, E Perdue, ML AF Garcia, M Crawford, JM Latimer, JW RiveraCruz, E Perdue, ML TI Heterogeneity in the haemagglutinin gene and emergence of the highly pathogenic phenotype among recent H5N2 avian influenza viruses from Mexico SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEMAGGLUTININ MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEIN; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCES; MUTATION-RATES; A VIRUSES; RNA; VIRULENCE; CLEAVAGE; ATTENUATION; MECHANISM; CHICKENS AB Molecular changes in the haemagglutinin (HA)coding regions and proteolytic cleavage sites from multiple H5N2 subtype viruses isolated during a recent outbreak of avian influenza (Al) in central Mexico have been characterized, Eighteen isolates, collected during a 15 month period (October 1993 to January 1995) from six central states, were sequenced, None of the 18 predicted HA(1) amino acid sequences were identical and changes were not restricted to a specific region of the sequence, Phylogenetic analyses of the HA, sequences demonstrated two virus lineages, designated Puebla and Jalisco, with sequence variation as high as 10.5% for amino acid and 6.2% for nucleotide sequences, During the latter months of the surveillance period, highly pathogenic (HP) strains of Al emerged causing lethal disease in commercial poultry Rocks, In each of the HP strains isolated, the HA protein was cleaved in chicken embryo fibroblast cells in the absence of trypsin, and two alterations not found in earlier non-HP isolates were detected, In the HA protein, HP strains all had a glutamic acid --> lysine substitution at amino acid position 324 and an insertion of arginine and lysine as new residues 325 and 326, The insertion appears to be due to a duplication of the nucleotide sequence AAAGAA at nucleotide positions 965-970 of the HA(1)-coding region, Computer-assisted secondary structure analyses place the target for the insertion in a predicted RNA stem-loop structure, A mechanism is suggested by which the polymerase duplicates the sequence. C1 CAMPANA NACL INFLUENZA AVIAR,COL ACTIPAN VALLE 03230,MEXICO. RP Garcia, M (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE POULTRY RES LAB,934 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 54 TC 175 Z9 191 U1 0 U2 6 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA HARVEST HOUSE 62 LONDON ROAD, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 5AS SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 77 BP 1493 EP 1504 DI 10.1099/0022-1317-77-7-1493 PN 7 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA UY192 UT WOS:A1996UY19200022 PM 8757992 ER PT J AU Ryder, EJ AF Ryder, EJ TI Inheritance of chlorophyll deficiency traits in lettuce SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID LINKAGE; EPISTASIS; GENES AB The inheritance of six chlorophyll deficient mutants of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was studied. Chlorophyll deficient-3 (cd-3) is recessive and epistatic to light green (Ig). Chlorophyll deficient-4 (cd-4) is recessive and linked to an anthocyanin gene. Previously described virescent(vi) is epistatic to cd-4. Dappled (dap) is a recessive allele. Dappled and sickly (si) together appear to be lethal. Virescent is epistatic to dappled and dappled is epistatic to light green. Chlorophyll deficient-5, -6, and -7 (cd-5, cd-6, cd-7) appear to be unlinked recessive alleles, although cd-5 and cd-6 may possibly be allelic. Chlorophyll deficient-5 and/-6 are both epistatic to cd-7. RP Ryder, EJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,1636 E ALISAL ST,SALINAS,CA 93905, USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 87 IS 4 BP 314 EP 318 PG 5 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA VE014 UT WOS:A1996VE01400007 ER PT J AU Jurd, L AF Jurd, L TI New anti-tumor agents .1. Heterocyclic benzodioxole lactones SO JOURNAL OF HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PODOPHYLLOTOXIN; DERIVATIVES AB Morpholino Mannich bases of types 5, 12 react with tetronic acid in aqueous acetic acid to yield uncyclized lactones of types 7, 13. Acetylation and methylation of these products yields monoacetyl monomethyl derivatives which can then be cyclized in alkali to give unsaturated lactones of types 8, 16 and saturated lactones 9b, 15. The hydroxylactone 9a can be synthesized directly by reaction of 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde with sesamol and tetronic acid in methanol. With few exceptions the lactones of. type 8 and 16 have proven to be active inhibitors of tumor growth in the National Cancer Institute in vitro screening program against 60 diverse human cancer cell lines. The lactone 8 is particularly potent, inhibiting in vitro growth of some cancers at concentrations as low as 10(-6)-10(-7) moles/l. RP Jurd, L (reprint author), USDA ARS, WESTERN REG RES CTR, ALBANY, CA 94710 USA. NR 9 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-152X J9 J HETEROCYCLIC CHEM JI J. Heterocycl. Chem. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 33 IS 4 BP 1227 EP 1232 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA VH864 UT WOS:A1996VH86400038 ER PT J AU Blaisdell, FW AF Blaisdell, FW TI Local scour downstream of hydraulic structures SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID SAF STILLING BASINS; RIPRAP DESIGN RP Blaisdell, FW (reprint author), USDA ARS,PLANT SCI & WATER CONSERVAT RES LAB,HYDR ENGN RES UNIT,STILLWATER,OK 74075, USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD JUL PY 1996 VL 122 IS 7 BP 419 EP 420 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:7(419) PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA UT010 UT WOS:A1996UT01000010 ER PT J AU Butt, TM Shields, KS AF Butt, TM Shields, KS TI The structure and behavior of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) hemocytes SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hemocytes; ultrastructure; behavior; coagulation; gypsy moth ID BOMBYX-MORI; GRANULAR CELLS; ULTRASTRUCTURE; PHAGOCYTOSIS; HEMOLYMPH; SILKWORM AB Light and electron microscope observations of gypsy moth larval hemocytes show seven distinct and readily identifiable types of circulating cells: prohemocytes, granulocytes, coagulocytes, adipohemocytes, plasmatocytes, oenocytoids, and spherulocytes. In addition to these seven, a large, motile, highly refractive cell was observed with the light microscope, but little was elucidated about its ontogeny or function. Plasmatocytes, granulocytes, and coagulocytes constituted the largest portion of the hemocyte population. Plasmatocytes were distinguished by their large spindle shape and large dumbbell-shaped nuclei. These cells were motile and rapidly spread out on a glass microscope slide. Granulocytes characteristically contained secretory granules with a microtubular-filamentous substructure. They also contained vacuoles, microtubules, and substantial rough endoplasmic reticulum. Both plasmatocytes and granulocytes were phagocytic. The fragile coagulocytes were distinguished by the dilated perinuclear space, absence of granules, and by ejection of the nucleus from the cell. Spherulocytes contained refractive, membrane-bound inclusions with a crystal-like substructure and a central nucleus. Oenocytoids were typically large, with smooth, hyaline cytoplasm and a tiny eccentric nucleus. These particular cells increased in number just before and during ecdysis. Adipohemocytes contained numerous lipid globules of different sizes; these cells were particularly conspicuous in late instar larvae and pupae. Only the granulocytes and coagulocytes appeared to be important in coagulation. During this process the granular-floccular contents of the granulocytes were extruded by exocytosis while some cells lysed. Coagulocytes were probably the first to lyse. The coagulum was extremely sticky and trapped other hemocytes which subsequently lysed. The debris from these cells was a component of the coagulum which eventually became melanized. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,NE FOREST EXPT STN,NE CTR FOREST HLTH RES,HAMDEN,CT 06514. RP Butt, TM (reprint author), AFRC,INST ARABLE CROPS RES,DEPT ENTOMOL & NEMATOL,HARPENDEN AL5 2JQ,HERTS,ENGLAND. NR 31 TC 10 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 68 IS 1 BP 1 EP 14 DI 10.1006/jipa.1996.0052 PG 14 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA UW196 UT WOS:A1996UW19600001 ER PT J AU Lange, CE Becnel, JJ Razafindratiana, E Przybyszewski, J Razafindrafara, H AF Lange, CE Becnel, JJ Razafindratiana, E Przybyszewski, J Razafindrafara, H TI Johenrea locustae n g, n sp (Microspora: Glugeidae): A pathogen of migratory locusts (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Oedipodinae) from Madagascar SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Johenrea locustae; Locusta migratoria; microspora; taxonomy; biological control; locusts; xenoma; Madagascar ID PHYLUM MICROSPORA; NOSEMATIDAE AB A new microsporidium was isolated from the migratory locust, Locusta migratoria capito, collected in Madagascar. This new species was found to be haplokaryotic throughout development, produced polysporophorous vesicles of parasite origin, and there was conspicuous xenoma formation. The xenoma was a complex structure composed primarily of fat body cells. The wall of the xenoma was bound by a basement membrane beneath which was a region of collagenlike fibers. Multiplication of the parasite occurred by way of both a schizogonic phase and by a sporulation phase. Schizonts divided either directly or with the intervention of paucinucleate plasmodia into additional schizonts. At some point, plasmodia developed (with an increase in size and number of nuclei) into sporogonial plasmodia with typically 16 nuclei. Sporegonial plasmodia elaborated an interfacial envelope within which they underwent sporogony. Sporophorous vesicles normally contained 16 spores but also 8 and rarely 32 spores were formed, Spores were elongate ovoid (sometimes slightly curved) and measured 8.3 by 3.8 mu m (fresh) and 6.9 by 4.2 mu m (fixed). Based on the development of the microsporidium and the features of the xenoparasitic complex, a new species and genus Johenrea locustae n.g., n.sp. is proposed. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 MONTANA STATE UNIV, ENTOMOL RES LAB, BOZEMAN, MT 59717 USA. USDA ARS, MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB, GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 USA. DIRECT PROTECT VEGETAL, MADAGASCAR, MALAGASY REPUBL. DEUTSCH GESELL TECHN ZUSAMMENARBEIT, MADAGASCAR, MALAGASY REPUBL. RP Lange, CE (reprint author), NATL UNIV LA PLATA, CIC CEPAVE, CALLE 2 584, RA-1900 LA PLATA, ARGENTINA. NR 16 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 68 IS 1 BP 28 EP 40 DI 10.1006/jipa.1996.0055 PG 13 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA UW196 UT WOS:A1996UW19600004 ER PT J AU Sophocleous, M Stern, AJ Perkins, SP AF Sophocleous, M Stern, AJ Perkins, SP TI Hydrologic impact of Great Flood of 1993 in south-central Kansas SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID RECHARGE; BALANCE AB The writers analyze the hydrologic budget and quantify the ground-water recharge impact of the Great Flood of 1993 on the Great Bend Prairie aquifer of south-central Kansas. During the summer of 1993, rainfall totals exceeded normal levels by 200% in the northern portion of the study area, while air temperature and evapotranspiration were below normal levels. This extreme event provided the opportunity to revisit previously developed recharge-estimation algorithms. Average ground-water recharge for 1993 at four index sites was estimated at 178 mm using the hybrid water-fluctuation method of Sophocleous. Employing the recharge-estimation multiple-regression methodology of Sophocleous for the area, the writers estimated the 1993 recharge to be 145 mm. Both estimates are higher than the maximum annual recharge observed at the index sites during the 1985-1992 period. A January-July 1993 hydrologic balance analysis resulted in 130 mm of recharge. The recharge caused by the flood was three to more than four times the average annual recharge of the previous eight years. The regression-based recharge-estimation methodology proved to be generally reliable, even under extreme conditions. C1 USDA ARS,RSML,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Sophocleous, M (reprint author), UNIV KANSAS,KANSAS GEOL SURVEY,1930 CONSTANT AVE,LAWRENCE,KS 66047, USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 122 IS 4 BP 203 EP 210 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1996)122:4(203) PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA UY007 UT WOS:A1996UY00700004 ER PT J AU Carroll, JF Schmidtmann, ET AF Carroll, JF Schmidtmann, ET TI Dispersal of blacklegged tick (Acari: Ixodidae) nymphs and adults at the woods-pasture interface SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ixodes scapularis; release/recapture; active dispersal; host exclusion ID IXODES-DAMMINI ACARI; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; CONNECTICUT AB Marked nymphal and adult blacklegged licks, Ixodes scapularis Say, were released in 4 host-exclusion cages and 4 similar control areas, all straddling the woods-pasture interface. Both nymphs and adults were recaptured by flagging at regular intervals outside the cages, having therefore actively dispersed >4.5 m (i.e., without involvement of vertebrates). Nymphs were recaptured much more often (>90%) in the woods than pastures, whereas were 62.8% of recaptured adults were taken in pastures. Females were recaptured in equal numbers in pastures and woods, but 75.4% of recaptured males were in pastures. Adults that dispersed into pastures were recaptured an average of 1.6 and 3.7 m from the woods edge in 1992 and 1993, respectively, and as far as 7-8 m from the woods edge. Nymphs dispersed shorter distances than adults with 66% of the recaptured nymphs found 2-3 m from their release points, and >46% of recaptured adults found >5 m from their release points. Twice as many nymphs were recaptured from the caged than uncaged sites. The lower numbers of nymphs recaptured from control sites compared with caged sites are probably the result of host acquisition; the absence of this discrepancy with the adults may reflect by their ability to move relatively quickly from the host-exclusion cages and became available for host contact. C1 USDA ARS,ARTHROPOL BORNE ANIM DIS LAB,LARAMIE,WY 83071. RP Carroll, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 16 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 9 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 33 IS 4 BP 554 EP 558 PG 5 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA UT917 UT WOS:A1996UT91700007 PM 8699448 ER PT J AU Carroll, JF Mills, GD Schmidtmann, ET AF Carroll, JF Mills, GD Schmidtmann, ET TI Field and laboratory responses of adult Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) to Kairomones produced by white-tailed deer SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE blacklegged tick; white-tailed deer; kairomone ID ODOCOILEUS-HEMIONUS-COLUMBIANUS; NYMPHS AB In a field test, adult blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis Say, of both sexes exhibited an arrestant response to substances associated with external glands on the legs of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann), their principal host. Substances rubbed from the pelage covering tarsal and interdigital glands were applied to artificial vantage points simulating vegetation on which I. scapularis adults wait for host contact. A combination of tarsal substances (applied to the apex of tile simulated vantage point) and interdigital gland substances (applied to the horizontal base) elicited a greater response than either treatment alone. A minimal response was observed on untreated vantage points. In laboratory bioassays using glass tubing as vantage points, substances associated with preorbital glands of deer elicited a strong arrestant response among I. scapularis females, whereas samples rubbed from the forehead, back, and a nonglandular area on deer tarsi evoked weak arrestant responses. These results support the hypothesis that the kairomonal properties of host-generated residues, either in conjunction with or in lieu of the effects of carbon dioxide, help account for the prevalence of host-seeking ticks along animal trails. C1 USDA ARS,ARTHROPOD BORNE ANIM DIS RES LAB,LARAMIE,WY 82071. RP Carroll, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 19 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 33 IS 4 BP 640 EP 644 PG 5 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA UT917 UT WOS:A1996UT91700019 PM 8699460 ER PT J AU Oosumi, T Garlick, B Belknap, WR AF Oosumi, T Garlick, B Belknap, WR TI Identification of putative nonautonomous transposable elements associated with several transposon families in Caenorhabditis elegans SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Tc1; Tc2; Tc5; mariner; nematode; gene evolution ID C-ELEGANS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; TC2 TRANSPOSON; GENE; EXPRESSION; MAIZE; EVOLUTION; REPEAT; GENOME AB Putative nonautonomous transposable elements related to the autonomous transposons Tc1, Tc2, Tc5, and mariner were identified in the C. elegans database by computational analysis. These elements are found throughout the C. elegans genome and are defined by terminal inverted repeats with regions of sequence similarity, or identity, to the autonomous transposons. Similarity between loci containing related nonautonomous elements ends at, or near, the boundaries of the terminal inverted repeats. In most cases the terminal inverted repeats of the putative nonautonomous transposable elements are flanked by potential target-site duplications consistent with the associated autonomous elements. The nonautonomous elements identified vary considerably in size (from 100 bp to 1.5 kb in length) and copy number in the available database and are localized to introns and flanking regions of a wide variety of C. elegans genes. C1 AGR RES SERV, USDA, WESTERN REG RES CTR, ALBANY, CA 94710 USA. SILICON GRAPH, MT VIEW, CA 94039 USA. RI Belknap, William/B-4500-2009 NR 28 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-2844 EI 1432-1432 J9 J MOL EVOL JI J. Mol. Evol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 43 IS 1 BP 11 EP 18 DI 10.1007/BF02352294 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA UY666 UT WOS:A1996UY66600003 PM 8660424 ER PT J AU Boza, JJ Jahoor, F Reeds, PJ AF Boza, JJ Jahoor, F Reeds, PJ TI Ribonucleic acid nucleotides in maternal and fetal tissues derive almost exclusively from synthesis de novo in pregnant mice SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE mice; nucleic acids; uniformly labeled tracers; purine synthesis; pyrimidine synthesis ID DIETARY; PROTEIN; PURINES; RNA; RAT; SPIRULINA; DENOVO; MOUSE AB The contributions of dietary nucleotides and nucleotides synthesized de novo to ribonucleic acid synthesis in vivo were estimated by feeding, from d 13 to 18 of gestation, two groups of five pregnant mice a defined diet that contained either uniformly [(UC)-C-13]-labeled nucleotides or [(UC)-C-13]-algal amino acids isolated from algal biomass. Ribonucleic acid and protein were isolated from mucosa, liver and fetus. Nucleosides and amino acids were isolated and converted to their trimethylsilyl and n-propyl ester, heptaflurobutyramide derivatives, respectively. The isotopic enrichments of all isotopomers were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In the mice that ingested [(UC)-C-13]-nucleotides, the isotopic enrichment of [(UC)-C-13]-purines (0.03-0.2 mol/100 mol) was significantly (P < 0.001) less than that of [(UC)-C-13]-uridine (1.5-4.2 mol/100 mol). [C-13(5)]-Purines (0.1-0.8 mol/100 mol) and [C-13(4)]-uridine (0.2-0.5 mol/100 mol) were detected, showing that some dietary bases and ribose were incorporated via the salvage pathway. In mice that ingested (UC)-C-13-amino acids, the isotopic enrichment (2-4.6 mol/100 mol) of the [C-13(5)]-purines, which derive from [(UC)-C-13]-glycine, was between 73 (liver) and 113% (fetus) of protein-bound C-13(2)-glycine. The isotopic enrichment (0.8-1.6 mol/100 mol) of [C-13(3)]-uridine, an isotopomer that derives from [(UC)-C-13]-aspartate, was 50 (liver) to 126% (mucosa) of [C-13(4)]-protein-bound aspartate. The results suggest that a large majority of the bases incorporated into maternal and fetal ribonucleic acids derive from synthesis de novo. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,ARS,USDA,HOUSTON,TX 77030. NR 32 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 126 IS 7 BP 1749 EP 1758 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA UV421 UT WOS:A1996UV42100001 PM 8683335 ER PT J AU OBrien, KO Abrams, SA Stuff, JE Liang, LK Welch, TR AF OBrien, KO Abrams, SA Stuff, JE Liang, LK Welch, TR TI Variables related to urinary calcium excretion in young girls SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY AND NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE calcium; stable isotopes; sodium; renal excretion; children ID PEAK BONE MASS; CHILDREN; KINETICS; SODIUM AB The relations among dietary and calcium kinetic factors and 24-h urinary mineral excretion were evaluated in a group of 89 healthy girls (51 white and 38 black) aged 4.9-16.7 years. Nutrient intakes were calculated for each participant using a weighed intake of all food and beverage on the day of the 24-h urine collection study and two subsequent 24-h food records. A significant relation was noted between urinary calcium and sodium excretion (r = 0.55; p < 0.0001). No significant relations were found between urinary calcium and (a) calcium intake (r = 0.08), (b) protein intake (r = 0.14), or (c) phosphorus intake (r = 0.11). Urinary calcium was not significantly related to fractional calcium absorption (r = 0.03) or net calcium absorption (r = 0.11), but was significantly associated with the bone calcium deposition rate (r = 0.24 p < 0.03). Using a multiple regression model, both urinary sodium and the bone calcium deposition rate were independent predictors of urinary calcium excretion in this population (r = 0.57; p = 0.0001). A substantial number of the children in this population had urinary calcium excretion >4 mg/kg/day (12%). The incidence of hypercalciuria differed between the racial groups and was markedly higher in the white than in the black children (17.6 vs. 5.3%). Over a range of usual calcium intakes, during the rapid-bone-growth period in childhood and early adolescence, urinary calcium appears relatively unaffected by calcium intake and is most strongly associated with urinary sodium levels. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED, DEPT PEDIAT, USDA ARS, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. TEXAS CHILDRENS HOSP, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. UNIV CINCINNATI, DEPT PEDIAT, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 USA. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 NR 25 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0277-2116 J9 J PEDIATR GASTR NUTR JI J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 23 IS 1 BP 8 EP 12 DI 10.1097/00005176-199607000-00002 PG 5 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics GA UV336 UT WOS:A1996UV33600002 PM 8811516 ER PT J AU Malik, V Watson, MB Malmberg, RL AF Malik, V Watson, MB Malmberg, RL TI A tobacco ornithine decarboxylase partial cDNA clone SO JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ornithine decarboxylase gene; Nicotiana tabaccum partial cDNA clone; sequence analysis; homology analysis ID EXPRESSION AB A partial cDNA clone encoding ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) has been isolated and sequenced from Nicotiana tabaccum. This 961 bp long cDNA contained an open reading frame in only one of the six possible frames. Sequence comparisons have shown it to be very similar with other ODCs, and most similar to that from Datura. The present sequence is a partial sequence containing only 3' half of the cDNA. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT BOT,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP Malik, V (reprint author), USDA,APHIS,UNIT 147,4700 RIVER RD,RIVERDALE,MD 20737, USA. NR 8 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC PLANT BIOCHEM BIOTECH PI NEW DELHI PA DIV BIOCHEM, INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RES INST, NEW DELHI 110 012, INDIA J9 J PLANT BIOCHEM BIOT JI J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 5 IS 2 BP 109 EP 112 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA VL565 UT WOS:A1996VL56500010 ER PT J AU Potter, KN Morrison, JE Torbert, HA AF Potter, KN Morrison, JE Torbert, HA TI Tillage intensity effects on corn and grain sorghum growth and productivity on a vertisol SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article ID CLAY SOILS AB Sustainable production systems and conservation tillage practices are needed to control water erosion on vertisols. Five levels of tillage intensity were tested for 3 yr for effects on growth and yield of corn (Zea mays L.) and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.] on a Houston Black clay soil (fine montmorillonitic, thermic Udic Pellusterts). Tillage intensity treatments included: chisel plow with secondary tillage; disk only; no-till with residue rakes at planting; no-till with midseason cultivation; and no-till. Corn plant populations were greater in tilled treatments than in no-till treatments in 2 of the 3 yr. Corn above-ground biomass production was generally reduced in no-till treatments early in the growing season, but by silking differences among treatments were not significantly different. Corn yielded 840 lb/acre more on average with tillage than with no-till. Plant population differences accounted for much of the difference in corn grain yields, with low plant populations restricting yield in some years. Grain sorghum populations were not consistently affected by tillage intensity, and biomass production was less sensitive to tillage intensity than corn. Grain sorghum yields were as large or larger in no-till treatments than in tilled treatments, except in one instance where population was reduced. RP Potter, KN (reprint author), USDA ARS,808 E BLACKLAND RD,TEMPLE,TX 76502, USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 9 IS 3 BP 385 EP 390 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VF449 UT WOS:A1996VF44900010 ER PT J AU Foster, JG Turner, KE Ernst, CL Ernst, AL AF Foster, JG Turner, KE Ernst, CL Ernst, AL TI Performance of feeder cattle offered a diet containing early-bloom stage flatpea silage SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article ID LATHYRUS-SYLVESTRIS-L; 2,4-DIAMINOBUTYRIC ACID; SHEEP; FORAGES AB Flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris L.) is a long-lived, stress-tolerant, perennial legume that is generally used as a conservation cover crop. The abundant forage produced by this species is rich in protein, but it also contains 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DABA), a neurotoxic nonprotein amino acid. No signs of flatpea toxicity, however, have been reported for cattle consuming flatpea herbage. A study was conducted to compare the performance of growing cattle (Bos taurus) fed a diet containing early-bloom stage flatpea silage with that of cattle fed a corresponding diet containing alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). In a randomized complete block, unbalanced design with unequal replication, 52 crossbred cattle (steers and heifers) that had not previously consumed flatpea were blocked by sex and assigned by weight to pens (four pens of steers and three pens of heifers) of seven or eight animals each. Animals had ad libitum access to water and diets consisting of 30% (dry matter [DM] basis) legume ('Lathco' flatpea or 'Vernal' alfalfa) silage, 30% timothy (Phleum pratense L. 'Climax') silage, and 40% grain (67% oats [Avena sativa L.], 33% corn [Zea mays L.]) for 86 d. Alfalfa and flatpea silages were of similar chemical composition and in vitro organic matter disappearance (IVOMD). Flatpea silage contained 1.1% DABA (DM basis), which did not adversely affect intake of the diet. At the conclusion of the trial (d 86), average daily gain (ADG) was approximately 10% less (P < 0.05) for cattle offered the flatpea diet than for cattle offered the alfalfa diet. Steers gained approximately 10% (P < 0.05) more than heifers, regardless of the diet. Animals offered the flatpea diet had a greater feed/gain (P > 0.10), requiring 7 to 10% more feed (on am as-fed basis) per pound of gain than animals offered the alfalfa diet. The observed weight gains and the absence of signs of flatpea toxicity during the study suggest that flatpea could be a satisfactory substitute for alfalfa in diets for growing beef cattle in regions where edaphic constraints limit alfalfa production. RP Foster, JG (reprint author), USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN SOIL & WATER CONSERV RES LAB,POB 400,BEAVER,WV 25813, USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 9 IS 3 BP 415 EP 418 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA VF449 UT WOS:A1996VF44900017 ER PT J AU Farrell, HM Kumosinski, TF Cooke, PH King, G Hoagland, PD Wickham, ED Dower, HJ Groves, ML AF Farrell, HM Kumosinski, TF Cooke, PH King, G Hoagland, PD Wickham, ED Dower, HJ Groves, ML TI Particle sizes of purified kappa-casein: Metal effect and correspondence with predicted three-dimensional molecular models SO JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE calcium binding; casein structure; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ID PHOTON-CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY; ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; MICELLES; PROTEINS AB kappa-Casein as purified from bovine milk exhibits a rather unique disulfide bonding pattern as revealed by SDS-PAGE. The disulfide-bonded caseins present range from dimer to octamer and above and preparations contain about 10% monomer. All of these heterogenous polymers, however, self-associated into nearly spherical uniform particles with an average radius of 8.9 nm as revealed by negatively stained transmission electron micrographs. Evidence is presented that multivalent cations play a role in the stabilization of these spherical particles. Treatment with EDTA causes disruption of the kappa-casein particles and leads to a broader size distribution as judged by electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The size and shape of the particles are in accord with earlier proposed 3D models for kappa-casein that actually predicted participation of divalent cations in the structure. RP Farrell, HM (reprint author), USDA ARS, EASTERN REG RES CTR, WYNDMOOR, PA 19038 USA. NR 32 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 8 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0277-8033 J9 J PROTEIN CHEM JI J. Protein Chem. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 15 IS 5 BP 435 EP 445 DI 10.1007/BF01886850 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA VK774 UT WOS:A1996VK77400003 PM 8895088 ER PT J AU King, DW Estell, RE Fredrickson, EL Havstad, KM Wallace, JD Murray, LW AF King, DW Estell, RE Fredrickson, EL Havstad, KM Wallace, JD Murray, LW TI Effects of Flourensia cernua ingestion on intake, digesta kinetics, and ruminal fermentation of sheep consuming tobosa SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE browse; dry matter intake; Flourensia cernua; Pleuraphis mutica passage rate; tarbush ID CONDENSED TANNINS; RUMEN; PASSAGE; PROTEIN; YTTERBIUM; INVITRO; STEERS; DIGESTIBILITY; NUTRIENTS; SORGHUM AB Tarbush (Flourensia cernua DC.) contributes substantially to the Chihuahuan Desert shrub biomass, but is browsed sparingly by livestock. This study was designed to assess nutritional benefits and/or toxicosis of ingestion of pre-bloom tarbush leaves by sheep fed a low quality native grass diet. Sixteen ruminally cannulated sheep (46 kg) housed in individual pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments for 28 days. Treatments were ground tobosa grass (Pleuraphis mutica Buckl.) substituted with 0, 10, 20, or 30% (dry matter basis) whole tarbush leaves (19% CP). At 20 and 30% of the diet, tarbush increased (P = 0.0049) dry matter intake during week 3, and sheep consuming 30% tarbush tended to increase dry matter intake during week 2 (P = 0.0559). Dietary tarbush did not affect any variable associated with ruminal fluid kinetics, particulate digesta kinetics, or in situ degradation rates of tobosa dry matter or neutral detergent fiber (P > 0.05). Molar butyrate proportions (P = 0.0032) and total volatile fatty acid concentrations (P = 0.0064) were greater for the 30% tarbush treatments. Ruminal ammonia was greater (P < 0.0029) at 6, 8, and 12 hours postfeeding for the 30% tarbrush treatment. Sheep lost body weight regardless of treatment; however, sheep not fed tarbush tended (P = 0.0945) to lose more weight. Serum clinical profiles (day 0, 7, 15, and 21) confirmed nutritional stress but did not suggest toxicosis. C1 ARS,USDA,JORNADA EXP RANGE,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003. NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM & RANGE SCI,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003. NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,DEPT EXPTL STAT,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003. NR 37 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 49 IS 4 BP 325 EP 330 DI 10.2307/4002591 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UV417 UT WOS:A1996UV41700007 ER PT J AU King, DW Fredrickson, EL Estell, RE Havstad, KM Wallace, JD Murray, LW AF King, DW Fredrickson, EL Estell, RE Havstad, KM Wallace, JD Murray, LW TI Effects of Flourensia cernua ingestion on nitrogen balance of sheep consuming tobosa SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE browse; digestibility; Flourensia cernua; Pleuraphis mutica; nitrogen balance; tarbush ID CONDENSED TANNINS; GOATS; RETENTION; SORGHUM; BROWSE; SHRUBS; GRAIN; DIETS AB Flourensia cernua DC. (tarbush) is a deciduous shrub with potential as a high-protein forage source for livestock. Twenty-four Polypay x Rambouillet wethers housed in metabolism crates were used to evaluate tarbush as a N source for sheep fed a low quality grass diet. Treatments were 100% ground tobosa grass (Pleuraphis mutica Buckl.) or tobosa substituted with 10, 20, or 30% whole pre-bloom tarbush leaves (n = 5) or 26% ground alfalfa (n = 4, Medicago sativa L.) on a dry matter basis (dmb). Sheep were fed ad libitum for 11 days, after which feed was restricted to 1% (dmb) of body weight for 11 days to seduce sorting and maintain uniform intake. Apparent dry matter digestibility was not improved (P = 0.2646) with tarbush or alfalfa. Fecal N was similar (P = 0.1626), but urinary N varied (P = 0.0008) among treatments. Apparent N digestibility differed (P = 0.0042) among treatments (43, 46, 50, 56, and 63% for sheep consuming 0, 10, 20, or 30% tarbush or alfalfa, respectively). All treatments resulted in similar (P = 0.1569) but negative N retentions (-2.4, -2.2, -2.8, -2.0, and -1.5 g day(-1) for sheep consuming 0, 10, 20, or 30% tarbush or alfalfa, respectively). Serum clinical profiles (day 22) confirmed all sheep were nutritionally stressed, but did not indicate toxicosis. Although neither tarbush nor alfalfa N compensated for the low quality basal diet, N from 30% tarbush was utilized with similar efficiency to alfalfa N. The major impediment for using tarbush as a N source appeared to be low palatability. C1 ARS,USDA,JORNADA EXP RANGE,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003. NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM & RANGE SCI,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003. NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,DEPT EXPTL STAT,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003. NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 49 IS 4 BP 331 EP 335 DI 10.2307/4002592 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UV417 UT WOS:A1996UV41700008 ER PT J AU Emmerich, WE Hardegree, SP AF Emmerich, WE Hardegree, SP TI Partial and full dehydration impact on germination of 4 warm-season grasses SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE sideoats grama; buffelgrass; lehmann lovegrass; kleingrass; imbibition; germination enhancement ID POLYETHYLENE-GLYCOL SOLUTION; SEED-GERMINATION; LEHMANN LOVEGRASS; RANGE GRASSES; FILTER-PAPER; EMERGENCE; EXCLUSION; SURVIVAL; ROOT AB Precipitation patterns in the arid southwest U.S. can be highly variable during the summer monsoon season. The ability of germinating seeds to withstand temporary periods of dehydration may determine their potential for successful regeneration under present and future climatic regimes. Germination with short-term hydration and dehydration sequences was compared to constant water potential germination for sideoats grams [Bouteloua curtipendula (Michaux) Torrey], buffelgrass [Cenchrus ciliaris L.], Lehmann lovegrass [Eragrostis lehmanniana Nees], and kleingrass [Panicum coloratum L.]. Seeds were imbibed at -0.2 MPa for 1 to 4 days, then either air dried or partially dehydrated at -3.0 MPa for 1 to 4 days before being returned to the initial imbibition solution for a total 14-day incubation-dehydration period. One day of imbibition at -0.2 MPa advanced germination to a stage that resulted in significant reductions (P<0.05) in total germination from subsequent dehydration. The significant reductions still allowed >48% of the viable seeds to germinate after dehydration. Longer imbibition times also exhibited significant reductions in germination for buffelgrass and kleingrass. For kleingrass air-dried dehydration compared to -3.0 MPa produced significant reductions (P<0.05) in germination with 2-3 days imbibition. The length of the dehydration periods produced significant differences (P<0.05) in total germination for Lehmann lovegrass and kleingrass. Partial dehydration significantly increased germination rate for sideoats grama, buffelgrass, and kleingrass, white air-dried dehydration significantly reduced buffelgrass germination rate. Any dehydration during germination was detrimental and >1-day imbibition followed by dehydration seemed the critical time upon which a dramatic reduction in germination occurs. C1 ARS,USDA,NW WATERSHED RES CTR,BOISE,ID 83712. RP Emmerich, WE (reprint author), ARS,USDA,SW WATERSHED RES CTR,2000 E ALLEN RD,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. NR 31 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 49 IS 4 BP 355 EP 360 DI 10.2307/4002597 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UV417 UT WOS:A1996UV41700013 ER PT J AU Samson, FB Knopf, FL AF Samson, FB Knopf, FL TI Putting ''ecosystem'' into natural resource management SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID FIRE FREQUENCY; CONSERVATION; DISTURBANCE; VEGETATION; DYNAMICS; SYSTEMS; HISTORY C1 USDI,NATL BIOL SURVEY,MIDCONTINENTAL RES CTR,FT COLLINS,CO 80525. RP Samson, FB (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,MISSOULA,MT 59807, USA. NR 46 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 6 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 51 IS 4 BP 288 EP 292 PG 5 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA UV351 UT WOS:A1996UV35100010 ER PT J AU Kitchen, NR Sudduth, KA Drummond, ST AF Kitchen, NR Sudduth, KA Drummond, ST TI Mapping of sand deposition from 1993 midwest floods with electromagnetic induction measurements SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; SOILS AB Sand deposition on river-bottom farmland was extensive from the 1993 Midwest floods. A technique coupling electromagnetic induction (EM) ground conductivity sensing and Global Positioning System (GPS) location data was wed to map sand deposition depth at four sites in Missouri along the Missouri River. A strong relationship between EM redding and probe-measured depth of sand deposition (r(2) values between 0.73-0.94) was found. This relationship differed significantly between sites, so calibration by ground-truthing was required for each sand deposition survey. An example of the sand deposition mapping wing the EM/GPS system is shown for two 50-60 ha (125-150 ac) sites. Such maps can provide valuable detailed information for developing restoration plans for land affected by 1993 Midwest floods. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT AGR ENGN,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. USDA ARS,CROPPING SYST & WATER QUAL RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. RP Kitchen, NR (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT SOIL & ATMOSPHER SCI,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. NR 13 TC 56 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 51 IS 4 BP 336 EP 340 PG 5 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA UV351 UT WOS:A1996UV35100017 ER PT J AU Maier, DE Adams, WH Throne, JE Mason, LJ AF Maier, DE Adams, WH Throne, JE Mason, LJ TI Temperature management of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motsch (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in three locations in the United States SO JOURNAL OF STORED PRODUCTS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE aeration; grain chilling; insect control; integrated pest management ID MOISTURE SHELLED CORN; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; GRAIN; STORAGE; HEAT AB A new simulation model was used to quantify the effect of eight common stored maize management practices on dry matter loss and Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. development using ambient weather conditions for Indianapolis, Indiana, Columbia, South Carolina; and Amarillo, Texas. For each location, good, normal, and poor storage years were identified and evaluated. No aeration was found to be ineffective and undesirable for control of dry matter loss and S. zeamais development in all situations. Fall-chilled aeration proved to be the most effective aeration strategy for all locations and years. However, Indianapolis showed the least benefit compared to ambient fall aeration, while Columbia benefited most. Although only continuous ambient fall aeration was investigated, the results showed that controlling the aeration process holds promise in optimizing this technique, The use of spring warm-up aeration increased the rate of quality deterioration while summer rechilling improved insect control with little increase in dry matter loss. A combination of controlled ambient aeration in the fall and chilled aeration during summer storage has significant potential as a non-chemical preventative pest management technique for an locations and years. Residual pesticides and fumigation of properly cooled maize storages should not be necessary in the United States. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS,N CENT REG,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,MANHATTAN,KS 66502. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP Maier, DE (reprint author), PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGR & BIOL ENGN,1146 ABE,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907, USA. OI Maier, Dirk E/0000-0003-2583-0011 NR 27 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0022-474X J9 J STORED PROD RES JI J. Stored Prod. Res. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 32 IS 3 BP 255 EP 273 DI 10.1016/S0022-474X(96)00014-8 PG 19 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VZ125 UT WOS:A1996VZ12500010 ER PT J AU Ahn, KK Kim, KS Gergerich, RC Jensen, SG Anderson, EJ AF Ahn, KK Kim, KS Gergerich, RC Jensen, SG Anderson, EJ TI Comparative ultrastructure of double membrane-bound particles and inclusions associated with eriophyid mite-borne plant diseases of unknown etiology: A potentially new group of plant viruses SO JOURNAL OF SUBMICROSCOPIC CYTOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE double membrane-bound particles; eriophyid mite; plant virus diseases; symptomatology; ultrastructural cytopathology; viroplasmic inclusions ID ROSE ROSETTE DISEASE; DOUBLE-STRANDED-RNA; DIAGNOSIS AB Occurrence of unique virus-like particles and associated inclusions in five different plant diseases: yellow ringspot of redbud, rose rosette, thistle mosaic, fig mosaic and high plains disease of corn and wheat, is described. Quasi-spherical, double membrane-bound particles (DMPs), 120-200 nm in diameter, were found in the cytoplasm of all cell types in symptomatic leaves of infected plants. No DMPs were observed in symptomless plants. The DMPs in symptomatic thistles were associated with two types of inclusions, electron-dense amorphous material and tubular aggregates. Similar amorphous inclusions were also found in corn and wheat with high plains disease, while tubular inclusions were observed in figs with mosaic symptoms. The particles and inclusions were similar in some aspects to immature particles associated with viroplasms of animal and insect poxviruses and also to the double-enveloped particles of tomato spotted wilt virus associated with viroplasms during early stages of infection, but were unique and unlike any known plant viruses. Based on cytopathology, symptomatology and mite and/or graft-transmissibility, the five diseases described in this paper are potentially caused by virus(es) and the DMPs associated with these diseases may represent virus particles. If the DMPs are indeed viral in nature, they would comprise a new group of plant viruses. C1 UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68583. NR 33 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 5 PU EDITRICE COMPOSITORI BOLOGNA PI BOLOGNA PA VIA STALINGRADO 97/2, I-40128 BOLOGNA, ITALY SN 1122-9497 J9 J SUBMICR CYTOL PATH JI J. Submicrosc. Cytol. Pathol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 28 IS 3 BP 345 EP 355 PG 11 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA UZ101 UT WOS:A1996UZ10100007 ER PT J AU Way, TR Johnson, CE Bailey, AC Raper, RL Burt, EC AF Way, TR Johnson, CE Bailey, AC Raper, RL Burt, EC TI Soil stress state orientation beneath a tire at various loads and inflation pressures SO JOURNAL OF TERRAMECHANICS LA English DT Article AB Stress state transducers (SSTs) were used to determine the orientation of the major principal stress, sigma(1), in soil beneath the centerline of an 18.4R38 radial-pry R-1 drive tire operated at 10% slip. Two soils, a sandy loam and a clay loam, were each prepared twice to obtain two density profiles. One profile of each soil had a hardpan and the soil above the hardpan was loose. The soil in the second profile was loosely tilled. The stress state was determined at a depth of 358 mm in the sandy loam and 241 mm in the clay loam soil. The tire was operated at two dynamic loads (13.2 and 25.3 kN), each at two levels of inflation pressure (41 and 124 kPa). When the orientation of sigma(1) was determined directly beneath the axle, the mean angles of tilt in the direction of travel ranged from 6 to 23 degrees from vertical. Inflation pressure did not significantly affect the angle when the dynamic load was 13.2 kN in the sandy loam soil, and neither inflation pressure nor dynamic load significantly affected the angle in the clay loam soil. When the dynamic load was 25.3 kN in the sandy loam soil, the orientation of the major principal stress determined directly beneath the axle was tilted significantly more in the direction of travel when the tire was at 41 kPa inflation pressure than when at 124 kPa. These changes in stress orientation demonstrate the importance of measuring the complete stress state in soil, rather than stresses along only one line of action. The changing orientation of ol as the tire passes over the soil indicates the soil undergoes kneading and supports future investigation of the contribution of changes in stress orientation to soil compaction. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of ISTVS. RP Way, TR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SOIL DYNAM LAB,POB 3439,AUBURN,AL 36831, USA. NR 13 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0022-4898 J9 J TERRAMECHANICS JI J. Terramech. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 33 IS 4 BP 185 EP 194 DI 10.1016/S0022-4898(97)00003-7 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental SC Engineering GA XF357 UT WOS:A1996XF35700003 ER PT J AU Lu, RF Abbott, JA AF Lu, RF Abbott, JA TI Finite element analysis of modes of vibration in apples SO JOURNAL OF TEXTURE STUDIES LA English DT Article ID DELICIOUS APPLES; MAGNESS-TAYLOR; FIRMNESS MEASUREMENT; SONIC TRANSMISSION; SENSORY METHODS; COMPRESSION; FRUIT AB Three-dimensional finite element models were developed to study modes of vibration in apples. The apple models were created using two mathematical equations, in which the geometry of the apple was described by a four-parameter equation and the core structure by an exponential function. Modal analyses were performed to identify the vibrational modes and to study the effects of material properties, structure (i.e., the skin and core), shape, and size on them. There were three classes of vibrational modes in apples: torsional, spheroidal, and nonaxisymmetric. A majority of modes between 0 and 2000 Hz belonged to the nonaxisymmetric class. The square of natural frequency was linearly related to Young's modulus of the apple. The presence of apple skin could increase the natural frequency by 7% for torsional modes and less than 4% for spheroidal modes. As the elastic modulus of the core was doubled, the natural frequency increased by up to 7% for spheroidal modes and well below 1% for torsional modes. The natural frequency for the first mode of each class decreased by no more than 8% as Poisson's ratio was doubled. Apple shape had a large effect on the natural frequencies of all three mode classes; spheroidal modes, however, were less affected by apple shape. The natural frequencies decreased with increasing apple size, but use of the firmness index f(2)m(2/3), where f is the natural frequency and m is the mass of the apple, minimized the size effect. RP Lu, RF (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSTRUMENTAT & SENSING LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 26 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 5 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 SN 0022-4901 J9 J TEXTURE STUD JI J. Texture Stud. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 27 IS 3 BP 265 EP 286 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4603.1996.tb00075.x PG 22 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA VC051 UT WOS:A1996VC05100003 ER PT J AU Rock, CL Jacob, RA Bowen, PE AF Rock, CL Jacob, RA Bowen, PE TI Update on the biological characteristics of the antioxidant micronutrients: Vitamin C, vitamin E, and the carotenoids SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Review ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; PLASMA BETA-CAROTENE; ASCORBIC-ACID; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; FREE-RADICALS; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE; DIETARY CAROTENOIDS; LIPID-PEROXIDATION AB Under normal circumstances, free radicals that are produced through biological processes and in response to exogenous stimuli are controlled by various enzymes and antioxidants in the body. Laboratory evidence suggests that oxidative stress, which occurs when free radical formation exceeds the ability to protect against them, may form the biological basis of several acute medical problems, such as tissue injury after trauma, and chronic conditions, such as atherosclerosis and cancer. A potential role for the antioxidant micronutrients (vitamin C, vitamin E, and the carotenoids) in modifying the risk for conditions that may result from oxidative stress has stimulated intense research efforts, increased interest in micronutrient supplements, and heightened consumer interest in these compounds. Much remains to be learned, however, about the bioavailability, tissue uptake, metabolism, and biological activities of these micronutrients. These biological characteristics will ultimately determine their clinical usefulness in modulating oxidative stress. Also, whether the antioxidant mechanism explains their relationship with risk for acute and chronic disease in epidemiologic studies remains to be determined. Increased knowledge in this area of nutrition science will have an impact on both clinical dietetics practice and public health nutrition guidelines. C1 USDA ARS, WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94129 USA. UNIV ILLINOIS, DEPT HUMAN NUTR & DIETET, CHICAGO, IL 60680 USA. RP Rock, CL (reprint author), UNIV MICHIGAN, PROGRAM HUMAN NUTR, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA. NR 127 TC 156 Z9 166 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 120 S RIVERSIDE PLZ, STE 2000, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 96 IS 7 BP 693 EP 702 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(96)00190-3 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VF444 UT WOS:A1996VF44400012 PM 8675913 ER PT J AU Hampson, JW Cornell, DG AF Hampson, JW Cornell, DG TI Surface-tension properties of some polydispersed alkyl-substituted polyoxyethylated phenylsulfonamides SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE polyoxyethylated phenylsulfonamide; surface-tension properties ID AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; DETERGENTS; SOAPS AB Twenty-nine laboratory-prepared polydisperse nonionic surfactants, derived from polyoxyethylated N-alkylphenylsulfonamides [R phi SO2N(R') (EO)(n)H], have been characterized. EO is ethyoxylation; R is hydrogen, n-butyl or t-butyl; R' is hexyl, octyl, or decyl; and (EO)(n) is varied from (EO)(4) to (EO)(20). Surface tension in aqueous solution was studied. The critical micelle concentration, surface excess, minimum area per molecule, effectiveness of surface-tension reduction, and free energy of micelle formation were calculated from the surface-tension measurements. The critical micelle concentrations for the derivatives in which R' = hexyl were considerably higher than the corresponding derivatives where R' is octyl or decyl. The greatest surface-tension reduction was found in the R' = n-octyl derivatives where R is t-butyl with (EO)(9) or n-butyl with (EO)(11). RP Hampson, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS,ERRC,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 73 IS 7 BP 891 EP 895 DI 10.1007/BF02517991 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UX995 UT WOS:A1996UX99500010 ER PT J AU AlSafadi, B Simon, PW AF AlSafadi, B Simon, PW TI Gamma irradiation-induced variation in carrots (Daucus carota L) SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE mutagenesis; somaclonal variation ID TISSUE-CULTURE; CELL-CULTURES; SUGAR TYPE; MUTANTS AB Carrot tissue cultures, germinating seed, and dry seed were exposed to gamma radiation. Irradiation accelerated germination of carrot seed in the M(1) generation at low doses (0.5 and 1 krad), whereas higher doses delayed germination, A high negative correlation was observed between dose and survival of plants after seed irradiation, Plant size and root weight were 20% to 35% greater than control plants after seeds, but not tissue cultures, were exposed to low doses of gamma irradiation. Higher doses reduced M(1) plant size by >50% in germinating seed and tissue culture treatments but less for the dry seed treatment. Seed production decreased while phenotypic variation of M(2) plants increased with increasing gamma ray dosage, Root weight and total dissolved solids were highly variable in M(2) families, Less variation was observed in total carotene content and none was seen in sugar type (reducing vs. nonreducing sugars), Induced variation in root color and root shape was also observed, Irradiation of germinating seed and tissue cultures yielded more M(2) variation than irradiation of dry seed, Putative point mutations were not observed, Unirradiated carrot tissue cultures did not yield significant M(2) somaclonal variation. Average root weight of M(2) plants increased with increasing gamma ray dosage, especially for the dry seed treatment. C1 SYRIAN ATOM ENERGY COMMISS,DAMASCUS,SYRIA. RP AlSafadi, B (reprint author), ARS,USDA,VEGETABLE CROPS RES UNIT,DEPT HORT,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 30 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 121 IS 4 BP 599 EP 603 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA UT220 UT WOS:A1996UT22000002 ER PT J AU Havey, MJ Randle, WM AF Havey, MJ Randle, WM TI Combining abilities for yield and bulb quality among long- and intermediate-day open-pollinated onion populations SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Allium cepa; pungency ID GERMPLASM; PUNGENCY AB A factorial mating design, using three male-sterile F-1 lines in testcrosses with a sample of open-pollinated (OP) onion populations, was used to estimate combining abilities and heterosis for bulb yield, size, storage ability, pungency soluble solids content (SSC), and water loss after 3 months in storage. Samples of testcross bulbs were flowered and scored for fertility to estimate frequencies of the nuclear allele maintaining cytoplasmic male sterility. General combining ability (GCA) estimates for OP populations (males) were significant (P < 0.05) for yield, SSC, and proportion of bulbs with diameters >7.5 cm, GCA estimates for female testers were significant for storage ability and proportion of bulbs with diameters <5.0 cm. Male x female interactions (specific combining ability estimates) were significant for SSC and storage ability. Our analyses did not reveal any storage population from which inbreds would likely yield significantly better with the male-sterile tester lines. Spanish OP populations tended to produce testcrosses with larger bulbs, lower pungency and SSC, and poorer storage ability. Heterosis estimates were most often significant for yield and SSC; less often for pungency, storage ability, and bulb size; and not significant for water loss in storage. Overall, significant GCA estimates indicate that superior onion inbreds and populations may be developed using recurrent-selection strategies that increase the frequency of desirable alleles with additive effects. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT HORT,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP Havey, MJ (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT HORT,ARS,USDA,1575 LINDEN DR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 31 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 121 IS 4 BP 604 EP 608 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA UT220 UT WOS:A1996UT22000003 ER PT J AU Scorza, R Cordts, JM Gray, DJ Gonsalves, D Emershad, RL Ramming, DW AF Scorza, R Cordts, JM Gray, DJ Gonsalves, D Emershad, RL Ramming, DW TI Producing transgenic 'Thompson Seedless' grape (Vitis vinifera L) plants SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE disease resistance; transformation ID TRANSFORMATION; ORGANOGENESIS; REGENERATION AB Transgenic grape plants were regenerated from somatic embryos derived from leaves of in vitro-grown plants of 'Thompson Seedless' grape (Vitis vinifera L.) plants, Somatic embryos were either exposed directly to engineered Agrobacterium tumefaciens or they were bombarded twice with 1-mu m gold particles and then exposed to A. tumefaciens. Somatic embryos were transformed with either the lytic peptide Shiva-1 gene or the tomato ringspot virus (TomRSV) coat protein (CP) gene. After cocultivation, secondary embryos proliferated on Emershad/Ramming proliferation (ERP) medium for 6 weeks before selection on ERP medium containing 40 mu g . mL(-1) kanamycin (kan). Transgenic embryos were identified after 3 to 5 months under selection and allowed to germinate and develop into rooted plants on woody plant medium containing 1 mu M 6-benzylaminopurine, 1.5% sucrose, 0.3% activated charcoal, and 0.75% agar. Integration of the foreign genes into these grapevines was verified by growth in the presence of kanamycin (kan), positive beta-glucuronidase(GUS) and polymerase chain-reaction (PCR) assays, and Southern analysis. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,CENT FLORIDA RES & EDUC CTR,INST FOOD & AGR SCI,LEESBURG,FL 34748. CORNELL UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,GENEVA,NY 14456. ARS,USDA,HORT RES LAB,FRESNO,CA 93727. RP Scorza, R (reprint author), ARS,USDA,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,45 WILTSHIRE RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 27 TC 54 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 121 IS 4 BP 616 EP 619 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA UT220 UT WOS:A1996UT22000005 ER PT J AU Grusak, MA Stephens, BW Merhaut, DJ AF Grusak, MA Stephens, BW Merhaut, DJ TI Influence of whole-plant net calcium influx and partitioning on calcium concentration in snap bean pods SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE nutrition; minerals; mineral requirements; green beans; vegetables; hydroponics; roots; human nutrition; bioavailability; health; postharvest ID TRANSPORT; TISSUES; DENSITY; ORIGIN; GROWTH AB Snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are a food source that can contribute to dietary Ca requirements in humans. Factors which might enhance the concentration of Ca in snap bean pods have been investigated by measuring whole-plant net Ca influx, whole-plant Ca partitioning, and various growth parameters in two snap bean cultivars-Hystyle and Lahrador-that differ in pod Ca concentration. Plants were grown hydroponically under controlled environmental conditions while being provided adequate quantities of Ca. The concentration of Ca in pods (dry weight basis) was 52% higher in 'Hystyle', relative to 'Labrador', but net Ca influx throughout crop development or total plant Ca content at three stages of development were similar in both cultivars, demonstrating that pod Ca concentration differences were not due to differences in total plant Ca influx. However,'Hystyle' partitioned more total plant Ca to pods, relative to 'Labrador'. Calcium flux analysis also revealed that daily rates of whole-plant net Ca influx gradually declined throughout the period of pod growth in both cultivars; this decline was not related to whole-plant water influx. These results suggest that enhancements in whole-plant net Ca influx during pod growth and/or enhancements in the xylem transport of absorbed Ca to developing pods could increase the Ca concentration of snap bean pods. RP Grusak, MA (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,ARS,USDA,1100 BATES ST,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. NR 33 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 121 IS 4 BP 656 EP 659 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA UT220 UT WOS:A1996UT22000013 ER PT J AU Glenn, DM Welker, WV Greene, GM AF Glenn, DM Welker, WV Greene, GM TI Sod competition in peach production .1. Managing sod proximity SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Prunus persica; irrigation; fertilization; winter hardiness; nutrition; orchard floor management; yield efficiency ID ROOT RESTRICTION; HIGH-DENSITY; TREE GROWTH; TALL FESCUE; WATER; YIELD AB Mature peach trees were grown in six different-sized vegetation-free areas (VFAs) (0.36 to 13 m(2)) with and without stage 3 drip irrigation for 6 years. As VFA size increased, so did the trunk cross-sectional area, canopy diameter, total yield/tree, large fruit yield/tree, and pruning weight/tree. The yield efficiency of total fruit and large fruit initially increased with the increasing size of VFAs and then remained stable over the range of VFAs. Applying supplemental irrigation increased yield of large fruit and leaf N percentage in all VFAs. Cold hardiness was not affected by VFA size or irrigation treatment, The smaller VFAs resulted in smaller, equally efficient trees. Sod management was an effective, low-cost approach to controlling peach tree size, and, when combined with irrigated, high-density production, potentially increased productivity. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,FRUIT RES & EXTENS CTR,BIGLERVILLE,PA 17307. RP Glenn, DM (reprint author), ARS,USDA,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,45 WILTSHIRE RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 35 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 121 IS 4 BP 666 EP 669 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA UT220 UT WOS:A1996UT22000015 ER PT J AU Glenn, DM Welker, WV AF Glenn, DM Welker, WV TI Sod competition in peach production .2. Establishment beneath mature trees SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE excessive vegetative growth; light penetration; nutrition; orchard floor management; Prunus persica; yield efficiency ID WATER-UPTAKE; TALL FESCUE; GROWTH; YOUNG; PROXIMITY; DENSITY; SYSTEMS AB Planting sod beneath peach trees (Prunus persica) to control excessive vegetative growth was evaluated from 1987 to 1993 in three field studies. Peach trees were established and maintained in 2.5-m-wide vegetation-free strips for 3 years, and then sod was planted beneath the trees and maintained for 5 to 7 years. Reducing the vegetation-free area beneath established peach trees to a 30- or 60-cm-wide herbicide strip with three grass species (Festuca arundinacae, Festuca rubra, Poa trivialis), reduced total pruning weight/tree in 5 of 16 study-years and weight of canopy suckers in 6 of 7 study-years, while increasing light penetration into the canopy. Fruit yield was reduced by planting sod beneath peach trees in 5 of 18 study-years; however, yield efficiency of total fruit and large fruit (kg yield/cm(2) trunk area) were not reduced in one study and in only 1 year in the other two studies. Planting sod beneath peach trees increased available soil water content in all years, and yield efficiency based on evapotranspiration (kg yield/cm soil water use plus precipitation) was the same or greater for trees with sod compared to the 2.5-m-wide herbicide strip. Planting sod beneath peach trees has the potential to increase light penetration into the canopy and may be appropriate for high-density peach production systems where small, efficient trees are needed. RP Glenn, DM (reprint author), ARS,USDA,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,45 WILTSHIRE RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 33 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 121 IS 4 BP 670 EP 675 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA UT220 UT WOS:A1996UT22000016 ER PT J AU DeMoranville, CJ Davenport, JR Patten, K Roper, TR Strik, BC Vorsa, N Poole, AP AF DeMoranville, CJ Davenport, JR Patten, K Roper, TR Strik, BC Vorsa, N Poole, AP TI Fruit mass development in three cranberry cultivars and five production regions SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Vaccinium macrocarpon; growth rate; ambient air temperature AB Fruit mass development in 'Crowley', 'Pilgrim', and 'Stevens' cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) was compared in five states for two seasons. Comparing all locations, 'Stevens' and 'Pilgrim' cranberries had similar growth curves with a faster growth rate than that of 'Crowley'. Regional differences in fruit development were observed, Shorter growing seasons, especially in Wisconsin, were compensated for by more rapid growth rates. Conversely, low initial mass and slower growth rates were compensated for by the longer growing season in the Pacific Northwest. Solar radiation intensity accounted for little of the variability in fruit growth. Neither growing degree days nor numbers of days were good predictors of cranberry fruit fresh mass accumulation. Instead, numbers of moderate temperature days (between 16 and 30 degrees C) appeared to be key, accounting for greater than 80% of the variability in cranberry fresh biomass accumulation. The most rapid growth rates occurred when temperatures were in this range. High temperatures were limiting in New Jersey while low temperatures were limiting in Oregon and Washington. In one of two seasons, low temperatures were limiting in Wisconsin: accumulation of 0.5 g fresh mass took 11 d longer. Massachusetts had the fewest periods of temperature extremes in both seasons, resulting in the shortest number of days required to accumulate 0.5 g fresh mass. C1 OCEAN SPRAY CRANBERRIES INC,LAKEVILLE MIDDLEBORO,MA 02349. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,LONG BEACH RES & EXTENS UNIT,LONG BEACH,WA 98631. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT HORT,USDA ARS,MADISON,WI 53706. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RUTGERS BLUEBERRY & CRANBERRY RES STN,CHATSWORTH,NJ 08019. COOS CTY EXTENS,COQUILLE,OR 97423. RP DeMoranville, CJ (reprint author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,CRANBERRY EXPT STN,POB 569,E WAREHAM,MA 02538, USA. NR 9 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 121 IS 4 BP 680 EP 685 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA UT220 UT WOS:A1996UT22000018 ER PT J AU Eason, G Reinert, RA Simon, JE AF Eason, G Reinert, RA Simon, JE TI Sulfur dioxide-enhanced phytotoxicity of ozone to watermelon SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Citrullus lanatus; melon; air pollution ID INDUCED INJURY; PLANTS; SO2; GROWTH; YIELD AB Three watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] cultivars with different ozone (O-3) sensitivities were grown in a charcoal-filtered greenhouse and exposed in continuous-stirred tank reactor chambers to five levels (0, 100, 200, 300, or 400 nL . L(-1)) of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the presence (80 nL . L(-1)) or absence (0 nL . L(-1)) of ozone (O-3) for 4 hours/day, 5 days/week for 22 days. In the presence of O-3, SO2 increased foliar injury in all three cultivars, but the impact was greatest for the most O-3-sensitive cultivar, 'Sugar Baby,' moderate for 'Crimson Sweet,' and least for the least O-3-sensitive cultivar, 'Charleston Gray.' For all cultivars, SO2 intensified O-3 suppression of leaf area for the first seven mainstem leaves and of dry weights for aboveground and total plant tissues. Root dry weight was independently suppressed by both pollutants, and the root : top ratio was linearly suppressed by SO2 alone. Sulfur dioxide combined with O-3 can be detrimental to crop species such as watermelon. Thus, the potential for SO2 phytotoxicity should not be summarily dismissed, especially in the vicinity of SO2 point sources where O-3 co-occurs. C1 USDA ARS,AIR RESOURCES CONSORTIUM,RALEIGH,NC 27695. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT HORT,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP Eason, G (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,BOX 7616,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 121 IS 4 BP 716 EP 721 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA UT220 UT WOS:A1996UT22000024 ER PT J AU VanBaren, DC Hoberg, EP Botzler, RG AF VanBaren, DC Hoberg, EP Botzler, RG TI Abomasal parasites in tule elk (Cervus elaphus nannodes) from Grizzly Island, California SO JOURNAL OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE tule elk; Cervus elaphus nannodes; abomasal nematodes; Ostertagia leptospicularis; Ostertagia kolchida; Mazamastrongylus pursglovei; Trichostrongylus axei ID SPICULOPTERAGIA-SPICULOPTERA; OSTERTAGIA-LEPTOSPICULARIS; ODOCOILEUS-VIRGINIANUS; NORTH-AMERICA; S-ASYMMETRICA; 1ST REPORT; TRICHOSTRONGYLOIDEA; NEMATODA; CANADA AB Trichostrongylid nematodes were collected from the abomasa of 12 (67%) of 18 tule elk (Cervus elaphus nannodes) collected from the Grizzly island Wildlife Area, California, in August to September 1994; overall mean (+/- 1 SD) intensity was 44.9 +/- 40.0 of abomasal nematodes per host. Three species of nematodes were found: Ostertagia leptospicularis and its minor morphotype Ostertagia kolchida, Mazamastrongylus pursglovei, and Trichostrongylus axei. New geographic and host records are established, respectively, for O. leptospicularis/O. kolchida,and M. pursglovei in California and for Cervus elaphus in North America. C1 USDA ARS,BIOSYSTEMAT PARASITOL LAB,BARC E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP VanBaren, DC (reprint author), HUMBOLDT STATE UNIV,DEPT WILDLIFE,ARCATA,CA 95521, USA. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 4 PU HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOC WASHINGTON PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS INC, 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 1049-233X J9 J HELMINTHOL SOC W JI J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 63 IS 2 BP 222 EP 225 PG 4 WC Parasitology; Zoology SC Parasitology; Zoology GA UX637 UT WOS:A1996UX63700009 ER PT J AU Foster, GW Mertins, JW AF Foster, GW Mertins, JW TI Parasitic helminths and arthropods from Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis cynocephala) in Florida SO JOURNAL OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Brazilian free-tailed bar; Tadarida brasiliensis cynocephala; Chiroptera; trematodes; cestodes; nematodes; miles; Florida AB Forty-five Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis cynocephala) from 5 locations in Florida were examined for parasites. Eleven species of helminths were identified and included 7 trematodes, 3 nematodes, and 1 cestode, all of which are new records for bats from Florida. The identification of the cestode Vampirolepis decipiens is the first record in the United States, and the identification of the trematode Ochoterenatrema breckenridgei is a new record for Tadarida brasiliensis in the United States. The nematode Molinostrongylus delicatus was the most prevalent helminth collected (64%). Eight species of mites were identified, with Chiroptonyssus robustipes being the most prevalent (100%). The mites Ewingana (Ewingana) longa, Dentocarpus macrotrichus, and Notoedres (Bakeracarus) sp. are reported for the first time infesting bats from Florida. C1 USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,VET SERV,NATL VET SERV LABS,AMES,IA 50010. RP Foster, GW (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,COLL VET MED,DEPT PATHOBIOL,LAB WILDLIFE DIS RES,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA. NR 32 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOC WASHINGTON PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS INC, 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 1049-233X J9 J HELMINTHOL SOC W JI J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 63 IS 2 BP 240 EP 245 PG 6 WC Parasitology; Zoology SC Parasitology; Zoology GA UX637 UT WOS:A1996UX63700012 ER PT J AU Lichtenfels, JR Colglazier, ML AF Lichtenfels, JR Colglazier, ML TI Aurel Overton Foster (1906-1996) - In memoriam SO JOURNAL OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Item About an Individual RP Lichtenfels, JR (reprint author), USDA,ARS,LPSI,BNPCU,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOC WASHINGTON PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS INC, 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 1049-233X J9 J HELMINTHOL SOC W JI J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 63 IS 2 BP 279 EP 280 PG 2 WC Parasitology; Zoology SC Parasitology; Zoology GA UX637 UT WOS:A1996UX63700023 ER PT J AU Wilson, RL Abel, CA AF Wilson, RL Abel, CA TI Storage conditions for maintaining Osmia cornifrons (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) for use in germplasm pollination SO JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB In 1997, Osmia cornifrons (Radoszkowski) was introduced from Japan into the United States as an orchard pollinator. The bet is of interest to the North Central Regional Plant Introduction Station because it is a highly efficient, cool season pollinator. We have need for early spring pollinators to possibly replace honey bees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus) for pollination of Brassica spp, in field cages. We tested four overwintering storage treatments (outdoors, in an unheated machine shed, in a 4-5 degrees C seed storage room, and in a 1-2 degrees C growth chamber) to determine the optimal winter storage conditions for diapausing adults. Storage in the 1-2 degrees C growth chamber resulted in the highest emergence of bees for three test dates (April, June, and August). RP Wilson, RL (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV,N CENT REG,PLANT INTRODUCT STN,USDA ARS,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 3 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-8567 J9 J KANSAS ENTOMOL SOC JI J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 69 IS 3 BP 270 EP 272 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VW879 UT WOS:A1996VW87900007 ER PT J AU Simonsen, J Rials, TG AF Simonsen, J Rials, TG TI Morphology and properties of wood-fiber reinforced blends of recycled polystyrene and polyethylene SO JOURNAL OF THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITE MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE wood/polymer composite; polystyrene; polyethylene; recycled; plastics ID COMPOSITES; FILLERS AB Material properties of composites produced from recycled plastics and recycled wood fiber were compared. A blend of high-density polyethylene and polystyrene was used as a simulated mixed plastic. Stiffness was generally improved by the addition of fiber, as expected, but brittleness also increased. Pre-treatment of the wood filler with phenol-formaldehyde resins did not significantly affect material properties. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated no interaction between the polyethylene phase and the other phases present in the composite. Glass transition temperatures for the various combinations of components indicated a possible interaction between the polystyrene phase and untreated wood filler. This was supported by scanning electron micrographs, which indicated a less-coalesced morphology for samples filled with treated wood flour compared to those with untreated wood flour. C1 US FOREST SERV,SO FOREST EXPT STN,PINEVILLE,LA 71360. RP Simonsen, J (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST PROD,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 13 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU TECHNOMIC PUBL CO INC PI LANCASTER PA 851 NEW HOLLAND AVE, BOX 3535, LANCASTER, PA 17604 SN 0892-7057 J9 J THERMOPLAST COMPOS JI J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 9 IS 3 BP 292 EP 302 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA UX149 UT WOS:A1996UX14900006 ER PT J AU Lager, KM Halbur, PG AF Lager, KM Halbur, PG TI Gross and microscopic lesions in porcine fetuses infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID EPIDEMIC ABORTION; LELYSTAD VIRUS; SWINE INFERTILITY; GNOTOBIOTIC PIGS; CAUSATIVE AGENT; SYNDROME PEARS; PREGNANT SOWS; DISEASE AB Diagnosis of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-induced reproductive failure in swine is difficult because of the rapid inactivation of virus in fetuses that have died prior to abortion or farrowing. In this report, we describe gross and microscopic lesions of diagnostic value found in fetuses transplacentally infected with PRRSV during late gestation. Seven sows free of PRRSV-specific antibody and 1 sow (#8) that had been previously infected with PRRSV were oronasally exposed to a PRRSV inoculum at or about 90 days of gestation (DG). One control sow (#9) was oronasally exposed to a sham inoculum at 90 DG. Sows were euthanized 21 days postexposure, and fetuses were tested for virus. Transplacental infection was detected in litters 1-7, and gross lesions of the umbilical cord were observed in some fetuses in 6 of the 7 litters. No transplacental infection or fetal lesions were found in litters 8 and 9. The gross lesions in the umbilical cords ranged from segmental hemorrhagic areas 1-2 cm in length to a full length involvement of the cord, which was grossly distended with frank hemorrhage. All live fetuses that had gross lesions in the umbilical cord were viremic, and histopathologic examination revealed a necrotizing umbilical arteritis with periarterial hemorrhage. This was the most consistent microscopic lesion in fetuses infected with PRRSV. Sows 1-7 had endometritis and myometritis of various degrees, suggesting PRRSV also may induce these lesions. Careful gross and microscopic examination of the umbilical cord may aid in the diagnosis of PRRSV-induced reproductive failure. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,COLL VET MED,VET DIAGNOST LAB,AMES,IA 50011. RP Lager, KM (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,VIROL SWINE RES UNIT,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 16 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI COLUMBIA PA PO BOX 6023, COLUMBIA, MO 65205 SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 8 IS 3 BP 275 EP 282 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VB308 UT WOS:A1996VB30800001 PM 8844568 ER PT J AU Cutlip, RC Lehmkuhl, HD Brogden, KA Hsu, NJ AF Cutlip, RC Lehmkuhl, HD Brogden, KA Hsu, NJ TI Lesions in lambs experimentally infected with ovine adenovirus serotype 6 and Pasteurella haemolytica SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; ISOLATE RTS-151; SHEEP; ENDOTOXIN; CALVES AB Twenty-five colostrum-deprived lambs reared in isolation were inoculated with a US variant of ovine adenovirus serotype 6 (OAV-6) strain RTS-151, Pasteurella haemolytica, or a combination of the 2 agents. Although severe pulmonary lesions were caused by each agent, the lesions were more severe and lasted longer with the combined infection. Lesions induced by OAV-6 alone developed 6-9 days after inoculation and lasted for 15 days, the length of the experiment. The lesions were characterized by suppurative inflammation at the junction of the terminal bronchioles and alveoli. Air spaces were filled with neutrophils and sloughed epithelial cells, which often contained large intranuclear inclusions. Lesions induced by P. haemolytica alone developed within 1 day and persisted for no more than 10 days and were characterized by severe pulmonary edema with variable amounts of fibrin. Lesions induced by the combined infection had aspects of each infection alone and resulted in severe disease in 4 of 8 lambs that were permitted to live more than 1 day after inoculation with bacteria. Early pulmonary lesions included edema, limited fibrin deposition, and slight purulent bronchiolitis and alveolitis. Later lesions included necrosis and more fibrin. For lambs inoculated with both pathogens, resolution was incomplete 15 days after inoculation of virus (10 days after inoculation of P. haemolytica). The results presented here corroborate previous findings indicating that the RTS-151 variant of OAV-6 is common in lambs and acts in concert with P. haemolytica to cause severe and often fatal pneumonia. RP Cutlip, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 23 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI COLUMBIA PA PO BOX 6023, COLUMBIA, MO 65205 SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 8 IS 3 BP 296 EP 303 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VB308 UT WOS:A1996VB30800004 PM 8844571 ER PT J AU Stabel, JR AF Stabel, JR TI Production of gamma-interferon by peripheral blood mononuclear cells: An important diagnostic tool for detection of subclinical paratuberculosis SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID PARA-TUBERCULOSIS; MYCOBACTERIUM-PARATUBERCULOSIS; LYMPHOCYTE-TRANSFORMATION; JOHNES DISEASE; CATTLE; ASSAY AB Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from noninfected control cows and from cows with either subclinical or clinical paratuberculosis (Johne's disease). Cells were incubated for 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours in complete medium with the following mitogens: concanavalin A (ConA), phytohemagglutinin-P (PHAP), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. In addition, cells were incubated for the same time periods with a Mycobacterium paratuberculosis sonicate (MpS) and live and heat-killed M. paratuberculosis at 10:1 bacteria:cell ratio. After incubation, cell-free supernatants were analyzed for gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN) production. Cells from subclinical cows produced significantly higher levels of gamma-IFN than did cells from clinical animals after stimulation with mitogens ConA, PHAP, and PWM. Levels of gamma-IFN produced by noninfected control animals generally followed the pattern of those of subclinical animals. After incubation with MpS, significantly greater quantities of gamma-IFN were produced by cells isolated from subclinical animals than by cells from clinical cows and noninfected controls. Stimulation of cells with heat-killed or live M. paratuberculosis evoked a similar response. This study indicates that gamma-IFN production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to M. paratuberculosis antigen may be an important diagnostic tool for the detection of paratuberculosis in subclinically affected animals. RP Stabel, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,2300 DAYTON RD,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 17 TC 94 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI COLUMBIA PA PO BOX 6023, COLUMBIA, MO 65205 SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 8 IS 3 BP 345 EP 350 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VB308 UT WOS:A1996VB30800011 PM 8844578 ER PT J AU Whipple, DL Bolin, CA Miller, JM AF Whipple, DL Bolin, CA Miller, JM TI Distribution of lesions in cattle infected with Mycobacterium bovis SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID TUBERCULOSIS; INSPECTION; DIAGNOSIS; MORTEM AB Detailed postmortem examinations were conducted on 30 cattle from a dairy herd with bovine tuberculosis to determine the distribution of lesions in Mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle. Twenty-four different tissue specimens from each animal were examined for gross lesions and collected for bacteriologic culturing and histologic examination. Tuberculosis was confirmed in 15 cattle with evidence of infection in 1 or more of the following tissues: medial retropharyngeal, parotid, tracheobronchial, mediastinal, caudal deep cervical, and subiliac lymph nodes; palatine tonsil; and lung. Gross and histologic lesions were present most frequently in lymph nodes of the thoracic region. Mycobacterium bovis was isolated from 3 cattle that had no gross lesions of tuberculosis. One animal had lesions only in the subiliac lymph node, which is not routinely examined during slaughter surveillance. Results of this study indicate that not all cattle infected with M. bovis have visible lesions of tuberculosis in sites that are routinely inspected. These findings are important because detection of gross lesions of tuberculosis during inspection of carcasses at slaughter is the primary method for detection of tuberculous cattle and herds in the United States. RP Whipple, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,ZOONOT DIS RES UNIT,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 11 TC 68 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI COLUMBIA PA PO BOX 6023, COLUMBIA, MO 65205 SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 8 IS 3 BP 351 EP 354 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VB308 UT WOS:A1996VB30800012 PM 8844579 ER PT J AU Afonso, CL Neilan, JG Kutish, GF Rock, DL AF Afonso, CL Neilan, JG Kutish, GF Rock, DL TI An African swine fever virus Bcl-2 homolog, 5-HL, suppresses apoptotic cell death SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEQUENCE SIMILARITY; B-CELLS; GENE; PROTEIN; MEMBRANE; BHRF1; EXPRESSION; ALIGNMENT; SURVIVAL AB Here, we show that the African swine fever virus 5-HL gene is a highly conserved, viral gene and contains all known protein domains associated with Bcl-2 activity, including those involved with dimerization, mediating cell death, and protein-binding functions, and that its protein product, p21, suppresses apoptotic cell death in the mammalian lymphoid cell line FL5.12. Thus, 5-HL is a true functional viral member of the Bcl-2 gene family. C1 PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR,USDA ARS,GREENPORT,NY 11944. NR 62 TC 67 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 70 IS 7 BP 4858 EP 4863 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA UR130 UT WOS:A1996UR13000086 PM 8676523 ER PT J AU Katz, JB Barbet, AF Mahan, SM Kumbula, D Lockhart, JM Keel, MK Dawson, JE Olson, JG Ewing, SA AF Katz, JB Barbet, AF Mahan, SM Kumbula, D Lockhart, JM Keel, MK Dawson, JE Olson, JG Ewing, SA TI A recombinant antigen from the heartwater agent (Cowdria ruminatium) reactive with antibodies in some southeastern United States white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), but not cattle, sera SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE heartwater; serology; Ehrlichiae; white-tailed deer; cattle; Odocoileus virginianus; Cowdria spp ID IMMUNODOMINANT 32-KILODALTON PROTEIN; MOLECULAR-CLONING; RUMINANTIUM; IDENTIFICATION; EXPRESSION; EHRLICHIA; SEQUENCE; VECTORS; ASSAY AB Recombinant baculovirus techniques were used to express the 260 amino acid carboxyterminal portion of the 32 kilodalton (kDa) major antigenic protein (MAP 1) of Cowdria ruminantium, the heartwater agent, as a fusion protein. The recombinant MAP 1 was fused to an aminoterminal independently antigenic octapeptide sequence (FLAG(R) peptide). Recombinant MAP 1 was used as an immunoblotting antigen to evaluate numerous reference antisera against organisms of the tribe Ehrlichieae. Monoclonal and polyclonal C. ruminantium antibodies, monoclonal anti-FLAG(R) ascites, and antisera to Ehrlichia canis and Ehrlichia chaffeensis reacted with this antigen. Twelve of 79 sera collected 1980 to 1992 from southeastern U.S. white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were also unexpectedly immunoblot-positive to MAP 1. These 12 deer sera had, as a group, significantly (P < 0.01) greater anti-E. chaffeensis titers (previously determined) than the sera from MAP 1 immunoblot-negative deer living in the same areas. None of the 262 sera from cattle living in the same areas were immunoblot-positive to MAP 1. All of an additional 50 cervine sera from Michigan (USA), 72 bovine sera from northern U.S. cattle, and 72 sera from Puerto Rican cattle were also immunoblot-negative to MAP 1. Sera from African sheep which were falsely seropositive to authentic MAP 1 were also immunoblot-positive to the recombinant MAP 1. Unidentified Ehrlichia spp, capable of serologic crossreactivity with the heartwater agent appear to be present in some southeastern U.S. white-tailed deer but not cattle. These or related Ehrlichia spp. may also be found elsewhere in the world in non-cervine species. C1 UNIV FLORIDA, DEPT INFECT DIS, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA. HEARTWATER RES PROJECT, VET RES LAB, HARARE, ZIMBABWE. UNIV GEORGIA, COLL VET MED, SE COOPERAT WILDLIFE DIS STUDY, ATHENS, GA 30062 USA. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV, COLL VET MED, STILLWATER, OK 74078 USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, US PHS, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. RP Katz, JB (reprint author), US ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV, USDA, VET SERV, NATL VET SERV LABS, DIAGNOST VIROL LAB, AMES, IA 50010 USA. NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 32 IS 3 BP 424 EP 430 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UX347 UT WOS:A1996UX34700002 PM 8827667 ER PT J AU Li, H Shen, DT Jessup, DA Knowles, DP Gorham, JR Thorne, T OToole, D Crawford, TB AF Li, H Shen, DT Jessup, DA Knowles, DP Gorham, JR Thorne, T OToole, D Crawford, TB TI Prevalence of antibody to malignant catarrhal fever virus in wild and domestic ruminants by competitive-inhibition ELISA SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE malignant catarrhal fever; gammaherpesvirus; ruminants; wildlife; antibody prevalence; competitive-inhibition ELISA ID PCR DETECTION; SHEEP AB A competitive-inhibition ELISA (CI-ELISA), based on a monoclonal antibody to an epitope conserved among malignant catarrhal fever virus (MCFV) strains of both wildebeest and sheep origin, was used to determine the prevalence of antibody to MCFV in selected domestic and wild ruminants, both free-ranging and captive, from the USA. We evaluated 2528 sera from 14 species between 1990 and 1995, including 80 pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana), 339 bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), 103 bison (Bison bison), 17 black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), 395 domestic cattle (Bos taurus), 291 domestic goats (Capra hircus), 680 domestic sheep (Ovis ammon), 323 elk (Cervus elaphus), 41 llamas (Lama glama), 21 mouflon sheep (Ovis musimon), 54 mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus), 101 mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), 20 muskox (Ovibos moschatus), and 63 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). A high seroprevalence (37 to 62%) was observed in domestic sheep, domestic goats, muskox, and some bighorn sheep populations. Seroprevalence in these species was generally age-related: a very low seroprevalence was present in these animals under one year of age. A low seroprevalence (2% to 13%) was found in clinically-susceptible species such as domestic cattle, deer, elk and bison, supporting the concept that significant numbers of non-lethal infections occur among clinically susceptible ruminants. C1 CALIF DEPT FISH & GAME,RANCHO CORDOVA,CA 95670. WYOMING GAME & FISH DEPT,VET SECT,LARAMIE LAB,LARAMIE,WY 82070. UNIV WYOMING,WYOMING STATE VET LAB,LARAMIE,WY 82070. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT VET MICROBIOL & PATHOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP Li, H (reprint author), USDA ARS,ANIM DIS RES UNIT,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 29 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 32 IS 3 BP 437 EP 443 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UX347 UT WOS:A1996UX34700004 PM 8827669 ER PT J AU Kimball, BA Windberg, LA Furcolow, CA Roetto, M Johnston, JJ AF Kimball, BA Windberg, LA Furcolow, CA Roetto, M Johnston, JJ TI Two new oral chemical biomarkers for coyotes SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE baits; Canis latrans; chemical biomarker; coyote; pentachlorobenzene; residues; tetrachlorobenzene AB Pentachlorobenzene (PeCB) and 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene (TeCB) were evaluated as oral chemical biomarkers when administered to coyotes (Canis latrans) during the period of 31 January to 10 August 1994. Three coyotes each received 100 mg of PeCB and three received 100 mg of TeCB, each in a mineral oil formulation. Three additional coyotes received only the mineral oil carrier. Muscle and adipose tissues, blood serum, and fecal samples were evaluated by capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection for 120 days following administration. Residues of PeCB were detected in serum, feces, and adipose and muscle tissues for 120 days post-treatment; TeCB residues were detected in feces and serum at 1 and 8 days post-treatment and in adipose tissue at 30 days post-treatment. Residues of TeCB were not detected in muscle tissue at any point in the study. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,LOGAN,UT 84322. RP Kimball, BA (reprint author), USDA,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,DENVER FED CTR,BLDG 16,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 32 IS 3 BP 505 EP 511 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UX347 UT WOS:A1996UX34700012 PM 8827677 ER PT J AU Gruver, KS Guthrie, JW AF Gruver, KS Guthrie, JW TI Parasites and selected diseases of collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) in the Trans-Pecos region of Texas SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE collared peccary; disease; parasites; Tayassu tajacu; Texas; Trans-Pecos; survey AB Fifty-five collared peccaries (Tayassu tajacu) were collected from October 1988 through April 1991 from five counties within the Trans-Pecos region of Texas (USA) to monitor for diseases and parasites. No endoparasites were recovered on gross examination. Antibody to Borrelia bugdorferi was documented in one (2%) of 55 specimens. Three (6%) of 54 collared peccaries were positive for Yersenia pestis antibodies. All collared peccaries were negative for antibodies against Brucella spp., Francisella tularensis, Rickettsia rickettsii, and Rickettsia typhi. This is the first report of Borrelia sp. and Yersenia sp. pathogens in collared peccaries from this region of Texas. RP Gruver, KS (reprint author), USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,POB 25266,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 32 IS 3 BP 560 EP 562 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UX347 UT WOS:A1996UX34700025 PM 8827690 ER PT J AU Noyes, JH Johnson, BK Bryant, LD Findholt, SL Thomas, JW AF Noyes, JH Johnson, BK Bryant, LD Findholt, SL Thomas, JW TI Effects of bull age on conception dates and pregnancy rates of cow elk SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE breeding; bull age; Cervus elaphus; conception date; condition; elk; fetal age; hunting; kidney; fat; Oregon; pregnancy rate; reproduction ID DEER CERVUS-ELAPHUS; RED DEER; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; MATING SUCCESS; STAG AB Productivity of cows in many Rocky Mountain elk (Cerous elaphus nelsoni) populations of northeast Oregon has declined over the last 30 years. Numbers of mature bulls declined concurrently, suggesting a potential link that accounts for declining productivity. We evaluated the influence of bull age on conception dates and pregnancy rates of cow elk within a 78-km(2) enclosure on the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range in northeast Oregon from 1989 to 1993. We allowed a single cohort of bulls to mature from 1 1/2 to 5 1/2 years and function as principal herd sires. Subsequent male offspring were reduced in numbers through hunting and trapping. We estimated conception dates, pregnancy rates, body condition, age, and lactation status of cows killed in December. Conception dates occurred earlier as bull age increased (P = 0.0001) and were significantly different between bulls less than or equal to 2 years and greater than or equal to 3 years of age. The rut became more synchronous and shortened from 71 days (n = 26) when breeding was by yearling bulls to 41 days (n = 33) when 5-year-old bulls were the principal sires. Pregnancy rates increased from 89 to 97% as bull age increased, but not significantly (P = 0.62). Cow body condition was highest (P = 0.004) in 1989 when breeding was by yearling bulls. To enhance herd productivity we recommend that elk hunting seasons be designed so that older bulls (greater than or equal to 3 yr) are retained in the population. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,LA GRANDE,OR 97850. RP Noyes, JH (reprint author), OREGON DEPT FISH & WILDLIFE,1401 GEKELER LANE,LA GRANDE,OR 97850, USA. NR 45 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 12 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 60 IS 3 BP 508 EP 517 DI 10.2307/3802068 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA UZ985 UT WOS:A1996UZ98500005 ER PT J AU Cook, JG Quinlan, LJ Irwin, LL Bryant, LD Riggs, RA Thomas, JW AF Cook, JG Quinlan, LJ Irwin, LL Bryant, LD Riggs, RA Thomas, JW TI Nutrition-growth relations of elk calves during late summer and fall SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Cervus elaphus; digestible energy; elk; growth; habitat; juveniles; nutrition; summer range ID WAPITI CERVUS-ELAPHUS; TAILED DEER FAWNS; MULE DEER; RED DEER; ENERGY-REQUIREMENTS; CARRYING-CAPACITY; HABITAT; PROTEIN; FOREST; RANGES AB We report nutrition-growth relations in juvenile Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) from mid-August through mid-November. Data were generated from 3, 18-day experimental trials in 1993 with 42 calves, and from general feeding and growth data collected in 1991 with 25 calves. Intake of digestible energy was linearly correlated with growth rate and accounted for 53-89% of the variation in calf growth. Maximum daily digestible energy intake and growth rates were 368 kcal/kg BMO(0.75) and 0.70 kg/day in late August and early September and 342 kcal/kg BM(0.75) and 0.33 kg/day in mid-November. Intake-specific growth rates declined after late September, suggesting a seasonal influence on growth-intake relations. We developed a deterministic model of growth to compare body mass dynamics over autumn of calves on an optimum diet (i.e., 3.3-2.95 kcal of digestible energy/g of forage) versus calves on diets available to free-ranging elk (2.66-1.85 kcal/g). Model projections indicated a 21% difference in body mass of the 2 groups by mid-December due to the lower concentration of digestible energy in diets of free-ranging calves. Our results confirm the importance of nutrition in late summer and fall for growth of elk calves, suggest a mechanism linking dietary quality during this time to winter survival, and demonstrate the importance of evaluating forage quality for reliable assessment of habitat quality on elk summer and autumn ranges. C1 PACIFIC NW FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,LA GRANDE,OR 97850. BOISE CASCADE CORP,LA GRANDE,OR 97850. RP Cook, JG (reprint author), NATL COUNCIL PAPER IND AIR & STREAM IMPROVEMENT INC,FORESTRY & RANGE SCI LAB,1401 GEKELER LANE,LA GRANDE,OR 97850, USA. NR 62 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 60 IS 3 BP 528 EP 541 DI 10.2307/3802070 PG 14 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA UZ985 UT WOS:A1996UZ98500007 ER PT J AU VanderHaegen, WM Degraaf, RM AF VanderHaegen, WM Degraaf, RM TI Predation on artificial nests in forested riparian buffer strips SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE artificial nests; breeding birds; buffer strips; cameras; clearcutting forestry; Maine; predation rates; predators; riparian ID NEOTROPICAL MIGRANT; BIRD COMMUNITIES; EGG LOSS; HABITAT; SUCCESS; EDGE; FRAGMENTATION; DEPREDATION; SONGBIRDS; CLEARCUTS AB We used artificial nests to examine predation in riparian buffer strips created by commercial clear-cutting and in unharvested control areas on industrial forestlands in eastern Maine. Nests in riparian buffer strips were depredated more often than those in intact riparian forests. This pattern was similar for both ground and shrub nests and for both trials. Predation rate for nests in control stands was 15%, compared to 31% in 20-40m wide buffer strips along tributary streams (P = 0.016) and 23% in 60-80m wide buffer strips along mainstem streams (P = 0.045). Predation rates were similar (P = 0.41) in mainstem and tributary buffer strips. Greater predation rates documented for nests in riparian buffer strips likely resulted from an elevated number and diversity of predators associated with the narrow, linear forest stands. Remotely-triggered cameras placed on a subset of nests revealed 6 species of nest predators. Predators identified at nests were mostly forest species and not species directly associated with riparian habitats. Red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) and blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) were responsible for >50% of the identified depredations, Black bears (Ursus americanus) were photographed only in tributary buffer strips and may have been using them to travel between larger forested stands. increased predation of eggs and young probably reduces the nesting success of birds in riparian buffer strips. Managers should leave wide (greater than or equal to 150-m) buffer strips along riparian zones to reduce edge-related nest predation, especially in landscapes where buffer strips are an important component of the existing mature forest. C1 US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,ORONO,ME 04473. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,AMHERST,MA 01003. NR 57 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 60 IS 3 BP 542 EP 550 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA UZ985 UT WOS:A1996UZ98500008 ER PT J AU Krusic, RA Yamasaki, M Neefus, CD Pekins, PJ AF Krusic, RA Yamasaki, M Neefus, CD Pekins, PJ TI Bat habitat use in White Mountain National Forest SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE bats; Chiroptera; feeding; forest management; forest age class; habitat ecology; little brown bat; Myotis lucifugus; White Mountain National Forest ID ECHOLOCATION CALLS; IDENTIFICATION; CHIROPTERA AB In 1992 and 1993, we surveyed the foraging and feeding activity of bat species with broadband bat detectors at 2 foliage heights in 4 age classes of northern hardwood and spruce/fir forest stands in While Mountain National Forest, New Hampshire and Maine. The association of bat activity with trails and water bodies and the effect of elevation were measured. Mist nets, a harp trap, and ultrasonic detectors were used to establish species presence. Bat activity was concentrated at trail and water body edges and was uniform within a forest stand at the same sampling height. Within the forest, bat activity was highest in overmature (>119 yr, 35% of mean bat activity/night) hardwood stands and in regenerating (0-9 yr) stands of both forest types (26% of mean bat activity/night). The majority of bats trapped (56%) were adult male little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus). Our data indicate that a matrix of forest types and age classes including areas of regeneration (clearcuts and group cuts) and overmature hardwood, in combination with trails and water bodies, help fulfill the summer habitat requirements of bats in White Mountain National Forest. C1 US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,DURHAM,NH 03824. UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,OFF BIOMETR,DURHAM,NH 03824. RP Krusic, RA (reprint author), UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,DEPT NAT RESOURCES,PETTEE HALL,DURHAM,NH 03824, USA. NR 23 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 60 IS 3 BP 625 EP 631 DI 10.2307/3802081 PG 7 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA UZ985 UT WOS:A1996UZ98500018 ER PT J AU Cutter, CN Siragusa, GR AF Cutter, CN Siragusa, GR TI Reduction of Brochothrix thermosphacta on beef surfaces following immobilization of nisin in calcium alginate gels SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; INHIBITION; TISSUE AB Lean and adipose beef carcass tissues inoculated with Brochothrix thermosphacta (BT) (approx. 4.50 log(10) cfu cm(-2)) were left untreated (U) or treated with 100 mu g ml(-1) nisin (N), calcium alginate (A) or 100 mu g ml(-1) nisin immobilized in a calcium alginate gel(AN). Tissue samples were refrigerated after treatments and bacterial populations and nisin activity were determined at 0, 1, 2 and 7 d. U, A and N treatments of lean and adipose tissues did not suppress bacterial growth (>6 log(10) cfu cm(-2) by day 7) while treatments of lean and adipose tissues with AN suppressed bacteria (> 2.42 log(10) cfu cm(-2) by day 7). Bacteriocin titres from both tissues were higher in AN vs N samples after the 7 d incubation. This study demonstrates that immobilization of nisin in a gel may be a more effective delivery system of a bacteriocin to the carcass surface than direct application. RP Cutter, CN (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,SPUR 18D,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 12 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 23 IS 1 BP 9 EP 12 DI 10.1111/j.1472-765X.1996.tb00018.x PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA UX260 UT WOS:A1996UX26000003 PM 8679147 ER PT J AU Dorsa, WJ Cutter, CN Siragusa, GR AF Dorsa, WJ Cutter, CN Siragusa, GR TI Effectiveness of a steam-vacuum sanitizer for reducing Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated to beef carcass surface tissue SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DECONTAMINATION AB A steam-vacuum sanitizer reduced aerobic plate counts associated with bovine faecal contamination from 5.5 log(10) cfu cm(-2) to 3.0 +/- 0.21 log(10) cfu cm(-2) on beef carcass short plates. The same beef carcass short plates inoculated with 7.6 +/- 0.09 log(10) cfu cm(-2) Escherichia coli O157:H7 in faeces, yielded an average residual level of E. coli O157:H7 of 2.1 +/- 0.21 log(10) cfu cm(-2), after steam-vacuum treatments. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of a steam-vacuum sanitizer for removing E. loll O157:H7 from beef carcasses. RP Dorsa, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 8 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 23 IS 1 BP 61 EP 63 DI 10.1111/j.1472-765X.1996.tb00029.x PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA UX260 UT WOS:A1996UX26000014 PM 8679145 ER PT J AU Booth, SL Davidson, KW Lichtenstein, AH Sadowski, JA AF Booth, SL Davidson, KW Lichtenstein, AH Sadowski, JA TI Plasma concentrations of dihydro-vitamin K-1 following dietary intake of a hydrogenated vitamin K-1-rich vegetable oil SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID PHYLLOQUINONE AB Dihydro-vitamin K-1 is a dietary form of vitamin K-1 (phylloquinone) produced during the hydrogenation of vegetable oils. To determine if dihydro-vitamin K-1 is present in plasma following dietary intake of a hydrogenated fat, eight healthy adults consumed each of two diets containing 30% of calories from fat, of which 20% was either soybean oil or a partially hydrogenated soybean oil-based stick margarine. Of the fats and oils analyzed, dihydro-vitamin K-1 was only found in the hydrogenated products. The soybean oil diet contained 180 +/- 12 mu g (mean +/- SD) of vitamin K-1/day and nondetectable levels of dihydro-vitamin K-1, whereas the stick margarine diet contained 199 +/- 7 mu g of vitamin K-1/day and 23 +/- 2 mu g of dihydro-vitamin K-1/day. After consuming each diet for five weeks, plasma dihydro-vitamin K-1 concentrations were higher (P = 0.002) in all eight subjects when consuming the stick margarine diet (0.56 +/- 0.33 nmol/L) compared to the soybean oil diet (0.12 +/- 0.11 nmol/L). There was no significant change in plasma vitamin K-1 concentrations when the two diets were compared. In conclusion, dihydro-vitamin K-1 is detectable in plasma following dietary intake of a hydrogenated vitamin K-1-rich vegetable oil. C1 TUFTS UNIV,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,JEAN MAYER USDA,VITAMIN K LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 16 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD JUL PY 1996 VL 31 IS 7 BP 709 EP 713 DI 10.1007/BF02522886 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA UW656 UT WOS:A1996UW65600003 PM 8827693 ER PT J AU Booth, SL Pennington, JAT Sadowski, JA AF Booth, SL Pennington, JAT Sadowski, JA TI Dihydro-vitamin K-1: Primary food sources and estimated dietary intakes in the American diet SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID PHYLLOQUINONE CONTENT AB Dihydro-vitamin K-1 was recently identified as a dietary form of vitamin K produced during the hydrogenation of vitamin K-1-rich vegetable oils. Dihydro-vitamin K-1 is absorbed, with measurable levels in human plasma following dietary intake. To determine the primary food sources of dihydro-vitamin K-1 in the American diet, 261 foods from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Total Diet Study (TDS) were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Of these foods, 36 contained dihydro-vitamin K-1. Fast-food items that were otherwise poor sources of vitamin K-1, such as french fries and fried chicken, contained appreciable amounts of dihydro-vitamin K-1 (36 and 18 mu g/100 g, respectively). These nutrient values were then applied to the FDA TDS consumption model to determine average dietary intake of dihydro-vitamin K-1 in 14 age-gender groups. With the exception of infants, all age-gender groups had estimated mean daily dihydro-vitamin K-1 intakes of 12-24 mu g, compared to mean daily vitamin K-1 intakes of 24-86 mu g. The vitamin K-1 and dihydro-vitamin K-1 intakes were summed, and the dietary contribution of dihydro-vitamin K-1 was expressed as a percentage of total vitamin K intake. Children reported the highest intakes of dihydro-vitamin K-1 (30% of total vitamin K intake), followed by a progressive decrease in percentage contribution with age. There are currently no data on the relative bioavailability of dihydro-vitamin K-1 but, given its abundance in the American diet, this hydrogenated form of vitamin K warrants further investigation. C1 TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER USDA HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,VITAMIN K LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. NIH,DIV NUTR RES COORDINAT,BETHESDA,MD 20892. NR 21 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD JUL PY 1996 VL 31 IS 7 BP 715 EP 720 DI 10.1007/BF02522887 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA UW656 UT WOS:A1996UW65600004 PM 8827694 ER PT J AU Selgrade, JF Roberds, JH AF Selgrade, JF Roberds, JH TI Lumped-density population models of pioneer-climax type and stability analysis of Hopf bifurcations SO MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SYSTEMS; COEXISTENCE; EXCLUSION; GEOMETRY AB The effects of population density on the survival and growth of an individual species are modeled by assuming that the species per capita growth rate (i.e., fitness) is a function of a weighted total density. A species is called a pioneer population if it thrives at low density but its fitness decreases monotonically with increasing density. A species is called a climax population if its fitness increases up to a maximum value and then decreases as a function of its total density. Hopf bifurcations for deterministic models of the interaction of pioneer and climax populations are discussed. Stability properties for the Hopf invariant curves in the discrete models are compared to the stability properties of the Hopf periodic orbits in the corresponding continuous models. Examples illustrate that stability may be more common in the discrete models. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT FORESTRY,USDA,US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Selgrade, JF (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT MATH,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 28 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0025-5564 J9 MATH BIOSCI JI Math. Biosci. PD JUL 1 PY 1996 VL 135 IS 1 BP 1 EP 21 DI 10.1016/0025-5564(95)00109-3 PG 21 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA UR888 UT WOS:A1996UR88800001 PM 8688563 ER PT J AU LyonsWeiler, J Hoelzer, GA Tausch, RJ AF LyonsWeiler, J Hoelzer, GA Tausch, RJ TI Relative apparent synapomorphy analysis (RASA) I: The statistical measurement of phylogenetic signal SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE phylogenetic certainty; phylogenetic signal; statistical phylogenetics; NP-complete; polynomial time solutions; bootstrap; PTP ID EVOLUTIONARY TREES; PERMUTATION TESTS; SEQUENCE DATA; CONFIDENCE; CLADOGRAMS; HOMOPLASY; PARSIMONY AB We have developed a new approach to the measurement of phylogenetic signal in character state matrices called relative apparent synapomorphy analysis (RASA). RASA provides a deterministic, statistical measure of natural cladistic hierarchy (phylogenetic signal) in character state matrices. The method works by determining whether a measure of the rate of increase of cladistic similarity among pairs of taxa as a function of phenetic similarity is greater than a null equiprobable rate of increase. Our investigation of the utility and limitations of RASA using simulated and bacteriophage T7 data sets indicates that the method has numerous advantages over existing measures of signal. A first advantage is computational efficiency, A second advantage is that RASA employs known methods of statistical inference, providing measurable sensitivity and power. The performance of RASA is examined under various conditions of branching evolution as the number of characters, character states per character, and mutations per branch length are varied. RASA appears to provide an unbiased and reliable measure of phylogenetic signal, and the general approach promises to be useful in the development of new techniques that should increase the rigor and reliability of phylogenetic estimates. C1 US FOREST SERV, USDA, RENO, NV USA. RP LyonsWeiler, J (reprint author), UNIV NEVADA, GRAD PROGRAM ECOL EVOLUT & CONSERVAT BIOL, RENO, NV 89512 USA. NR 37 TC 109 Z9 111 U1 1 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0737-4038 EI 1537-1719 J9 MOL BIOL EVOL JI Mol. Biol. Evol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 13 IS 6 BP 749 EP 757 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA UV086 UT WOS:A1996UV08600003 PM 8754211 ER PT J AU Kaiser, WJ Bruehl, GW Davitt, CM Klein, RE AF Kaiser, WJ Bruehl, GW Davitt, CM Klein, RE TI Acremonium isolates from Stipa robusta SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Acremonium; Claviceps purpurea; endophyte; sinuous hyphae; sporulation; Stipa robusta ID ENDOPHYTE-HOST ASSOCIATIONS; EPICHLOE-TYPHINA; FORAGE GRASSES; ENGLAND AB Endophytic Acremonium isolates were obtained from 43 of 50 plants of Stipa robusta grown from seed collected from 10 locations in New Mexico and Colorado. Hyphae in the lower 2-3 cm of seedlings grown aseptically from infected seed were intercellular, about 2 mu m in diameter, mostly straight. Coarse sinuous or convoluted hyphae were produced in culture to some extent by many isolates and conidia were seen in all cultures. Observations of fungal structures were easily made on water agar. When first cultured, mean conidial lengths of individual isolates varied from 5.9 to 8.7 mu m Considerable variation in conidial shapes occurred and average spore lengths of most isolates did not conform to described species, but were intermediate between A. starrii and A. coenophialum. The most common type of spore was too short for A. coenophialum and too long for A. starrii, and no isolate even faintly resembled A. chisosum. Spores of most isolates were dead in cultures 60 days old at 22 C. Serological analysis demonstrated the relatedness of the isolates to endophyte isolates from a broad range of other grasses. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,ELECTRON MICROSCOPE LAB,PULLMAN,WA 99164. CTR IRRIGATED AGR RES & EXTENS CTR,PROSSER,WA 99350. RP Kaiser, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG PLANT INTRODUCT STN,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 23 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 88 IS 4 BP 539 EP 547 DI 10.2307/3761147 PG 9 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA VE286 UT WOS:A1996VE28600003 ER PT J AU Horn, BW Greene, RL Sobolev, VS Dorner, JW Powell, JH Layton, RC AF Horn, BW Greene, RL Sobolev, VS Dorner, JW Powell, JH Layton, RC TI Association of morphology and mycotoxin production with vegetative compatibility groups in Aspergillus flavus, A-parasiticus, and A-tamarii SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE aflatoxin; conidia; cyclopiazonic acid; kojic acid; sclerotia; vegetative compatibility ID CYCLOPIAZONIC ACID PRODUCTION; FUSARIUM-OXYSPORUM; O-METHYLSTERIGMATOCYSTIN; GENETIC DIVERSITY; AFLATOXIN; POPULATION; STRAINS; FIELD; INCOMPATIBILITY; POLYMORPHISM AB Vegetative compatibility groups within populations of Aspergillus flavus, A. parasiticus, and A. tamarii from soil and peanut seeds in a peanut field were examined for differences in morphology (colony color and sclerotium characters) and mycotoxin production (aflatoxins, cyclopiazonic acid, and kojic acid). Aspergillus tamarii was divided into types A and B based on morphological differences and the lack of vegetative compatibility between the two types. Using digital color image processing, the four taxa were easily distinguished by colony color through analyses of peak color intensities for red, green, and blue. Color comparisons of A. flavus vegetative compatibility groups were not possible because of poor sporulation by many of the isolates. Vegetative compatibility group 1 of A. parasiticus differed significantly from groups 2-9 in colony color, and groups 1-3 of A. tamarii type A and groups 1-3 of A. tamarii type B were also significantly different within each type. Color image processing of filtered conidia indicated that the color difference of A. parasiticus group 1 was due primarily to the flocculose texture of the colony whereas group differences in A. tamarii types A and B were the result of conidium pigmentation. Aspergillus flavus and A. pnrasiticzcs showed significant differences among groups in number of sclerotia, sclerotium volume, and sclerotium shape (length/width ratio). Isolates of A. tamarii type B often produced irregularly shaped sclerotia; type A isolates were nonsclerotial. Among the 11 groups of A. flavus, significant differences were detected in total aflatoxin (aflatoxins B-1 + B-2), cyclopiazonic acid, and kojic acid. Aspergillus parasiticus groups also showed significant differences in total aflatoxin (aflatoxins B-1 + B-2 + G(1) + G(2)), ratio of G(1) + G(2)/B-1 + B-2, and kojic acid; cyclopiazonic acid was not produced by A. parasiticus. Nonaflatoxigenic isolates of A. flavus and A. parasiticus were restricted to certain groups and in A. parasiticus, all nonaflatoxigenic isolates accumulated O-methylsterigmatocystin, an immediate precursor of aflatoxin B-1. Isolates of A. tamarii type A produced cyclopiazonic acid and kojic acid whereas those of type B produced only kojic acid at concentrations six-fold higher than type A; fe tv differences in mycotoxin production were detected among groups in the two types of A. tamarii. The high proportion of variation among isolates accounted for by vegetative compatibility groups suggests that isolates within groups are closely related. C1 USDA ARS,GEORGIA COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,TIFTON,GA 31793. RP Horn, BW (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL PEANUT RES LAB,DAWSON,GA 31742, USA. NR 65 TC 124 Z9 129 U1 3 U2 12 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 88 IS 4 BP 574 EP 587 DI 10.2307/3761151 PG 14 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA VE286 UT WOS:A1996VE28600007 ER PT J AU Kurtzman, CP AF Kurtzman, CP TI Transfer of Hansenula ofunaensis to the genus Pichia SO MYCOTAXON LA English DT Article ID RELATEDNESS; GENERA AB Hansenula represents a synonym of the genus Pichia, and because of this, Hansenula ofunaensis is transferred to Pichia. An emended physiological characterization of this yeast species is provided. RP Kurtzman, CP (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MYCOTAXON LTD PI ITHACA PA PO BOX 264, ITHACA, NY 14851-0264 SN 0093-4666 J9 MYCOTAXON JI Mycotaxon PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 59 BP 85 EP 88 PG 4 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA VH774 UT WOS:A1996VH77400008 ER PT J AU Blechl, AE Anderson, OD AF Blechl, AE Anderson, OD TI Expression of a novel high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit gene in transgenic wheat SO NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE glutenin promoter; genetic engineering; seed storage protein modification ID RAPID PRODUCTION; PROTEINS; BOMBARDMENT; PLANTS; MAIZE AB High-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS), one class of seed storage proteins, are important determinants of the bread-making quality of wheat flour. To change the amount and composition of these proteins via genetic engineering, a gene encoding a novel hybrid subunit under the control of native HMW-GS regulatory sequences was inserted into wheat. Of 26 independent transgenic lines identified by bialaphos selection, 18 expressed the cotransformed hybrid HMW-GS gene in their seed. The hybrid subunit accumulated to levels comparable to those of the native HMW-GS. These results show that a native HMW-GS gene promoter can be used to obtain high levels of expression of seed storage and, potentially, other proteins in transgenic wheat endosperm. Transgene expression was stable for at least three seed generations in the majority of lines. These experiments demonstrate the feasibility of constructing wheat plants with novel seed protein compositions. RP Blechl, AE (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 17 TC 183 Z9 236 U1 1 U2 15 PU NATURE PUBLISHING CO PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 SN 1087-0156 J9 NAT BIOTECHNOL JI Nat. Biotechnol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 14 IS 7 BP 875 EP 879 DI 10.1038/nbt0796-875 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA UV620 UT WOS:A1996UV62000039 PM 9631014 ER PT J AU Fields, M Lewis, CG Lure, MD AF Fields, M Lewis, CG Lure, MD TI Responses of insulin to oral glucose and fructose loads in marginally copper-deficient rats fed starch or fructose SO NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE fructose; starch; glucose; insulin; copper ID CARBOHYDRATE-METABOLISM; DIETARY FRUCTOSE; LIVER; RESISTANCE; MORTALITY; SUCROSE AB The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of dietary fructose either alone or in combination with marginal copper deficiency in weanling male rats exposed to their respective diets for only 2 wk. This short duration of exposure to inadequate copper intake prevents progressive morbidity brought about by increasing periods of exposure to dietary copper deprivation. Weanling male rats were fed a copper-deficient (0.6 mu g Cu/g) or a copper-adequate (6.0 mu g Cu/g) diet containing 62% fructose or 62% starch for 2 wk. Either an oral glucose or an oral fructose tolerance test was conducted after an overnight fast. Insulin levels were elevated by either oral glucose or oral fructose at fasting and at 30 min postload in rats fed fructose compared with those fed starch. Despite high levels of plasma, insulin blood glucose was not reduced. Marginal copper deficiency had no effect on either plasma insulin or blood glucose. Data identify fructose as the sole agent responsible for inducing adverse changes in glucose metabolism Two weeks of fructose consumption was sufficient to produce these changes. RP Fields, M (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,MNIL,BLDG 307,RM 330,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 33 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0899-9007 J9 NUTRITION JI Nutrition PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 12 IS 7-8 BP 524 EP 528 DI 10.1016/S0899-9007(96)91730-X PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VF685 UT WOS:A1996VF68500012 PM 8878147 ER PT J AU German, JB Xu, RP Walzem, R Kinsella, JE Knuckles, B Nakamura, M Yokoyama, WH AF German, JB Xu, RP Walzem, R Kinsella, JE Knuckles, B Nakamura, M Yokoyama, WH TI Effect of dietary fats and barley fiber on total cholesterol and lipoprotein cholesterol distribution in plasma of hamsters SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE dietary fat; fiber; hamsters; plasma lipoproteins; hypercholesterolemia; LDL-receptors ID ESTER TRANSFER PROTEIN; ACIDS; DEPENDENCE; METABOLISM; VISCOSITY; MONKEYS; CHICKS; WHEAT; MICE; N-3 AB Dietary saturated fatty acids and cholesterol elevate blood lipids, promote hypercholesterolemia and lead to elevation of circulating very low density (VLDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL). Dietary fiber is suggested to ameliorate hypercholesterolemia. This study was undertaken to determine if dietary fiber would alter the quantity and distribution of cholesterol among plasma lipoproteins in the well-described model of dietary fat-induced hypercholesterolemia, the golden Syrian hamster. Hamsters were fed a basal high fat diet with 2.5% safflower oil and 10% butterfat to which had been added either 2.5% olive oil or 2.5% fish oil. Fiber was provided as cellulose or beta-glucan-enriched barley fiber at 10% of the diet. In hamsters fed 10% butterfat, 2.5% olive oil and cellulose, plasma cholesterol content was 237 mg/100 mL, with 65% of the total plasma cholesterol distributed in high density lipoproteins (HDL) and 35% in LDL plus VLDL. In hamsters fed 10% butterfat and 2.5% fish oil and cellulose, total cholesterol was 297 mg/100 mt, and 32% of the cholesterol was associated with HDL and 68% with LDL plus VLDL. These data indicated a significant redistribution of cholesterol from the HDL to the LDL and VLDL in fish oil fed animals. Substitution of barley fiber for cellulose in diets tended to decrease plasma cholesterol, however, it did not significantly affect the distribution of cholesterol among the lipoprotein classes. Serum triglycerides were higher in plasma of hamsters fed fish oil, and fiber did not alter either total triglycerides or distribution of triglycerides among lipoprotein classes. This study suggested that cholesterol distribution in plasma of hamsters fed cholesterolemic diets is more responsive to dietary fat than fiber and is due to mechanisms additional to hepatic LDL-receptor binding activity. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT MOLEC BIOSCI,DAVIS,CA 95616. ARS,USDA,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. RP German, JB (reprint author), UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT FOOD SCI & TECHNOL,DAVIS,CA 95616, USA. NR 30 TC 43 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 16 IS 7 BP 1239 EP 1249 DI 10.1016/0271-5317(96)00127-3 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA UT760 UT WOS:A1996UT76000015 ER PT J AU Chen, NX Hausman, GJ Wright, JT AF Chen, NX Hausman, GJ Wright, JT TI Influence of thyroxine in vivo on preadipocyte development and insulin-like growth factor-I and IGF binding protein secretion in fetal stromal vascular cell cultures SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE fetal; preadipocyte; thyroxine; IGF-1 ID ADIPOSE-TISSUE; PORCINE PREADIPOCYTES; TRIIODOTHYRONINE T3; PIG FETUSES; SERUM; DIFFERENTIATION; HORMONE; EXPRESSION; ADIPOCYTES; INVITRO AB Studies were conducted to determine the influence of thyroxine (T-4) in vivo on preadipocyte development and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) secretion in stromal-vascular (S-V) cultures. Fetal pigs were hypophysectomized (hypox) at 70 days of gestation, implanted with T-4 pellets, and fetuses from the dam at 75 days of gestation, In a second experiment, hyper and T-4 implantation were performed at 75 days and fetal pigs removed at 95 days of gestation. Primary cultures of stromal vascular (S-V) cells derived from fetal adipose tissue were established. Cultures were stained for morphological analysis and conditioned media were collected for IGF-I determination by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and IGFBP analysis by Western blotting. After only 5 days of T-4 treatment, fat cell cluster number and size and lipid deposition in cultures were significantly increased compared to cultures from untreated hyper fetuses. Fetal hypox reduced IGF-I secretion by preadipocytes at both ages and T-4 treatment completely normalized IGF-I secretion (p<0.05). Four IGFBPs (BP-1, BP-2, BP-3 & BP-4) detected in S-V cultures derived from 95-day fetuses were decreased in concentration by hypox by 44 +/- 9.4%, 32 +/- 9.7%, 42 +/- 12% and 53 +/- 6.9%. In cultures derived from T-4 treated hypox fetuses, the levels of these four IGFBPs were increased by 187 +/- 25%, 239 +/- 38%, 190 +/- 5% and 347 +/- 43% over control values, respectively. In cultures from 75-day fetuses, only IGFBP-2 (major one) and BP-1 (minor one) were detected and their secretion was also decreased by hypox and elevated by T-4 treatment (190 +/- 49.5%, 156 +/- 30%, respectively, of controls). The results provide direct evidence that T-4 has a major influence on fetal preadipocyte development. T-4 stimulated production of IGF-I and IGFBP in fetal S-V cultures, which in turn, may have mediated the capability of T-4 to enhance fetal adipose tissue development. C1 USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,ANIM PHYSL UNIT,ATHENS,GA 30613. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT NUTR,ATHENS,GA 30602. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD 18447] NR 36 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI BATON ROUGE PA 6400 PERKINS RD, BATON ROUGE, LA 70808 SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 4 IS 4 BP 357 EP 366 PG 10 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA UW684 UT WOS:A1996UW68400005 PM 8822760 ER PT J AU Zotz, G Tyree, MT AF Zotz, G Tyree, MT TI Water stress in the epiphytic orchid, Dimerandra emarginata (G. Meyer) Hoehne SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE epiphytes; orchids; water balance; crassulacean acid metabolism; photoinhibition ID CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; PHOTOSYSTEM-II; COMPARATIVE ECOPHYSIOLOGY; GUZMANIA-MONOSTACHIA; C-3 BROMELIADS; LIGHT; CAM; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PHOTOINHIBITION; EFFICIENCY AB The epiphytic orchid, Dimerandra emarginata, occurs in habitats characterized by high light intensities and very variable water supply. Long-term observations of the water status indicate that this species experienced at least moderate water stress over most of the year. Well-watered, it showed high rates of net CO2 uptake (A, 7 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)), high transpiration rates (E, 14 mmol m(-2) s(-1)), and little nocturnal acidification. Drought induced crassulacean acid metabolism activity and resulted in a strong decline of both A and E. The same conditions also led to chronic photoinhibition as indicated by a predawn ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence (F-v/F-m) of 0.6 after 9 days of drought. Diurnal changes in fluorescence characteristics were much more pronounced. Midday ratios of dark adapted F-v/F-m were as low as 0.35, but recovered in the afternoon and were probably mostly due to non-photochemical quenching of photosynthesis. Measured water losses of leaves and stems were compared to plant water content (PWC). In large plants, about 32% of PWC was transpired on a single day under well-watered conditions. Model calculations indicate that transpiration per unit leaf area should be strongly dependent upon plant size in this species. Comparisons of calculated daily water loss, PWC and the length of drought periods suggest that D. emarginata can only survive a dry season by drawing on the water reserves of older stems and by an efficient uptake of the occasional rain. C1 UNIV VERMONT,DEPT BOT,BURLINGTON,VT 05405. USDA ARS,BURLINGTON,VT 05405. SMITHSONIAN TROP RES INST,BALBOA,PANAMA. NR 37 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 11 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD JUL PY 1996 VL 107 IS 2 BP 151 EP 159 DI 10.1007/BF00327898 PG 9 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VA148 UT WOS:A1996VA14800002 PM 28307300 ER PT J AU Griswold, TL AF Griswold, TL TI A new Microbembex endemic to the Algodones Dunes, California (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) SO PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE insecta; Hymenoptera; Sphecidae; endemic; endangered; sand wasp; sand dunes AB Microbembex elegans, NEW SPECIES, a sand wasp endemic to the Algodones Dunes, California, is described. This species appears to be restricted to areas of the dunes with a combination of active slip faces and perennial vegetation. Known populations are in areas subject to off-road vehicle activity, which may endanger the future of this wasp. RP Griswold, TL (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,BEE BIOL & SYSTEMAT LAB,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOL SOC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA CALIFORNIA ACAD OF SCIENCES GOLDEN GATE PARK, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94118 SN 0031-0603 J9 PAN-PAC ENTOMOL JI Pan-Pacific Entomol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 72 IS 3 BP 142 EP 144 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UT986 UT WOS:A1996UT98600004 ER PT J AU Burrin, DG Wang, H Heath, J Dudley, MA AF Burrin, DG Wang, H Heath, J Dudley, MA TI Orally administered lactoferrin increases hepatic protein synthesis in formula-fed newborn pigs SO PEDIATRIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-MILK; BINDING-PROPERTIES; BRUSH-BORDER; IRON; RAT; COLOSTRUM; DNA; LACTOTRANSFERRIN; RECEPTORS; INTESTINE AB Lactoferrin is a polypeptide which is abundant in colostrum; however, its biologic effect in the neonate is unknown, The objective was to determine the potentially anabolic effect of orally administered lactoferrin on visceral organ growth and protein synthesis in newborn pigs, We studied a total of 18 unsuckled newborn pigs from six litters, Three pigs from each litter were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatment groups (n = 6) and bottle-fed (10 mL/h) formula, formula containing physiologic levels (1 mg/mL) of added bovine lactoferrin (bLF), or colostrum. After 24 h of feeding, we measured visceral organ protein synthesis in vivo using a flooding dose of [H-3]phenylalanine. We also measured visceral organ protein and DNA mass, as well as intestinal hydrolase activities and villus morphology. Hepatic protein synthesis in pigs fed either formula containing bLF or colostrum was similar and in both groups was significantly higher than in pigs fed formula. Splenic protein synthesis was not significantly different in pigs fed either formula or formula containing bLF, but was significantly higher in colostrum-fed animals, There were no significant differences in small intestinal growth, protein synthesis, or hydrolase activities between newborn pigs fed formula, formula containing bLF, or colostrum, Our results demonstrate that feeding formula containing physiologic concentrations of added bLF increased hepatic protein synthesis in newborn pigs, suggesting that colostrum-borne lactoferrin serves an anabolic function in neonates. RP Burrin, DG (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,USDA ARS,1100 BATES ST,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. NR 32 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0031-3998 J9 PEDIATR RES JI Pediatr. Res. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 40 IS 1 BP 72 EP 76 DI 10.1203/00006450-199607000-00013 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA UT559 UT WOS:A1996UT55900013 PM 8798249 ER PT J AU Thompson, JA Schweitzer, LE Nelson, RL AF Thompson, JA Schweitzer, LE Nelson, RL TI Association of specific leaf weight, an estimate of chlorophyll, and chlorophyll concentration with apparent photosynthesis in soybean SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Glycine max; leaf dry weight; rugosity; SPAD meter ID NITROGEN; CULTIVARS; LEAVES; METER AB Increasing specific leaf weight (SLW) may improve leaf apparent photosynthesis (AP) in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] but screening for SLW and AP is laborious. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine the time course of SLW and chlorophyll concentration in experimental lines selected for differences in SLW and (ii) to evaluate the potential use of the Minolta 502 SPAD meter as a rapid estimator of SLW AP and chlorophyll concentration in leaves of soybean. In 1991 and 1992, sixteen experimental lines representing extremes in SLW were grown at Urbana, IL, and West Lafayette, IN, with three replications at each location. SPAD values, SLW and AP were measured at the R2 (full flower), R4 (full pod) and R5 (beginning seed) growth stages. In 1992 SLW, SPAD values and chlorophyll concentration were measured weekly. Seasonal patterns of SPAD values, SLW, and chlorophyll concentration were very similar through R5. After R5, SLW continued to increase but SPAD values and chlorophyll concentration declined. SPAD values and SLW were highly correlated at the R2, R4 and R5 stages at both locations and in both years. Environmental conditions during this research were not suitable for maximum AP expression, which is likely why AP and SPAD values were correlated only at the R4 growth stage at Urbana in 1992. SPAD measurements were consistent across diverse environments and effectively separated the high SLW lines from the low SLW lines. Measuring with the Minolta 502 SPAD meter is rapid, simple and non-destructive and could be an alternative method for direct selection for SLW. C1 PURDUE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CROP SCI,PLANT PHYSIOL & GENET RES UNIT,ARS,USDA,URBANA,IL 61801. RP Thompson, JA (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CROP SCI,GENET RES UNIT,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 17 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 49 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1007/BF00029422 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VT618 UT WOS:A1996VT61800001 PM 24271528 ER PT J AU Pressey, R AF Pressey, R TI Polygalacturonase inhibitors in bean pods SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Phaseolus vulgaris L; Fabaceae; bean; polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein; pathogen resistance ID HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS L; COLLETOTRICHUM-LINDEMUTHIANUM; ENDOPOLYGALACTURONASE; PROTEIN; PURIFICATION AB The amount of polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein (PGIP) was 14 times higher in bean pods than in etiolated hypocotyls. The PGIP was extracted from bean pods and partially purified by chromatography on columns of S-Sepharose, DEAE-Sephadex A-50, and Sephadex G-75. Further purification by ion-exchange chromatography on a Mono Q column separated two isoforms of the inhibitor. The two PGIPs were similar in most properties but differed slightly in pi values. They also differed in one residue of the N-terminal amino acid sequences. Both bean pod PGIPs differed in two and possibly three residues of the deduced N-terminal amino acid sequence for hypocotyl PGIP. Small alterations in the structure of PGIP may represent a strategy in bean plants for resistance to a variety of pathogens. RP Pressey, R (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 19 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD JUL PY 1996 VL 42 IS 5 BP 1267 EP 1270 DI 10.1016/0031-9422(95)00916-7 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA UW006 UT WOS:A1996UW00600003 PM 9397204 ER PT J AU Jin, H Hartman, GL Huang, YH Nickell, CD Widholm, JM AF Jin, H Hartman, GL Huang, YH Nickell, CD Widholm, JM TI Regeneration of soybean plants from embryogenic suspension cultures treated with toxic culture filtrate of Fusarium solani and screening of regenerants for resistance SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUDDEN-DEATH SYNDROME; CALLUS-CULTURES; SELECTION; TISSUE; PATHOTOXIN; MERRILL AB Soybean embryogenic suspension cultures established from immature cotyledons of four cultivars were selected for resistance to a toxic culture filtrate of Fusarium solani, the causal agent of sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean. The embryogenic cultures were challenged with the fungal culture filtrates for 1 to 2 months. Many well-developed somatic embryos formed when the toxin-selected embryogenic cultures were incubated on regeneration medium; however, only a few plants were regenerated from three cultivars, whereas 98 plants were regenerated from cv. Jack embryos. The regenerants that survived were grown to maturity to obtain more seeds for screening plants for resistance to SDS. In the first experiment, the R(1) (187, first-selfed generation) and R(2) (225, second-selfed generation) plants of cv. jack regenerants, resistant line PI520.733, and cvs. Jack, Great Lakes 3202, and Ripley were inoculated with a K solani SDS isolate and rated on a 1 to 5 scale. The regenerants had significantly (P < 0.05) lower mean disease ratings than two of the three cultivars but did not differ from PI520.733, In the second experiment, R(3) plants (990 from cv. Jack and 53 from cv. Spencer) were screened for SDS resistance. The regenerants did not differ significantly from the other cultivars/lines in mean disease severity ratings, although a greater percentage of regenerants (Jack and Spencer R(3) combined) had disease severity ratings of 1 and 2 than did the soybean cultivars tested but not greater than PI520.733. The regenerants with lower disease severity ratings were grown to maturity to produce more seeds that will be used to screen plants for SDS resistance and for crossing to determine how heritable and useful the resistance is in these regenerants. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CROP SCI,URBANA,IL 61801. UNIV ILLINOIS,USDA ARS,URBANA,IL 61801. NR 32 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUL PY 1996 VL 86 IS 7 BP 714 EP 718 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-714 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UV193 UT WOS:A1996UV19300007 ER PT J AU Ketchum, REB Gibson, DM AF Ketchum, REB Gibson, DM TI Paclitaxel production in suspension cell cultures of Taxus SO PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE LA English DT Article DE carbohydrates; fructose; plant growth regulators; Taxus canadensis; Taxus cuspidata; taxol ID PACIFIC YEW; TAXOL; GROWTH; TAXANES; OPTIMIZATION; INITIATION; MEDIA AB Five separate cell lines, three of Taxus canadensis Marsh. and two of Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc., were used to test the effect of carbohydrates and plant growth regulators on the growth of cells and production of paclitaxel in culture. There was no significant correlation between growth of cells and paclitaxel production. While no single medium was developed that was optimal for all cell lines, it was possible to develop a medium for each species that represented a superior combination of growth and paclitaxel production. A combination of NAA and thidiazuron produced the best combination of growth and paclitaxel production in cell lines of T canadensis, while IAA. and BA produced the best results in cell Lines of T cuspidata. A mixture of sucrose and fructose gave the best combination of growth and paclitaxel production. The addition of carbohydrates midway through the growth cycle increased the rate at which paclitaxel accumulated in the culture medium. The highest paclitaxel concentration obtained was 14.78 +/- 0.86 mg l(-1) (n=3). RP Ketchum, REB (reprint author), USDA ARS,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,RES INST PLANT PROTECT,NAA,CORNELL UNIV,TOWER RD,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 26 TC 67 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6857 J9 PLANT CELL TISS ORG JI Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 46 IS 1 BP 9 EP 16 DI 10.1007/BF00039691 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA VR875 UT WOS:A1996VR87500002 ER PT J AU Finn, CE Martin, RR AF Finn, CE Martin, RR TI Distribution of tobacco streak, tomato ringspot, and raspberry bushy dwarf viruses in Rubus ursinus and R-leucodermis collected from the Pacific Northwest SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE breeding; germ plasm AB Clonal and seed propagules of Rubus ursinus, the trailing blackberry, and seed of R. leucodermis, the western black raspberry, were collected from throughout the Pacific Northwest (Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia). The collections were made in four general environmental regions: at sea level along the Pacific coast, in the coastal mountains adjacent to the coast, in the Willamette Valley, and in the Cascade Mountains. After the resulting propagules were established, leaves were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay according to standard procedures. None of the R. leucodermis samples tested positive for raspberry bushy dwarf idaeovirus (RBDV), tomato ringspot nepovirus (TomRV), or tobacco streak ilarvirus (TSV). Rubus leucodermis is either resistant to these viruses or their vectors, the viruses are not seed transmitted in this species, or the viruses were not detected due to inadequate sampling. No samples of R. ursinus tested positive for RBDV or TomRV. Samples from 77% of the sites where cuttings were taken and 37% of the seedling populations tested positive for TSV. Along the Pacific coast, only 20% of the sites sampled by cuttings tested positive for TSV. However, the percentage of infected sites where cuttings were taken increased to 88 and 100% in the coastal mountains and the Cascade Mountains, respectively. Along the Pacific coast, 14% of seedling sites tested positive for TSV The number of TSV positive seedling sites increased to 45 and 36% in the Cascade Mountains and the coastal mountains, respectively. The Willamette Valley site tested negative for TSV. With one exception, all of the low elevation sites tested negative for TSV Prevailing winds or earlier flowering may prevent some of these Pacific Coast populations from becoming infected. Many of the TSV positive sites had some samples that tested negative, indicating that TSV is unevenly distributed within these populations. RP Finn, CE (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,NW CTR SMALL FRUIT RES,3420 NW ORCHARD AVE,CORVALLIS,OR 97330, USA. NR 18 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 80 IS 7 BP 769 EP 772 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UR941 UT WOS:A1996UR94100012 ER PT J AU Wilson, JP Phatak, SC Lovell, G AF Wilson, JP Phatak, SC Lovell, G TI Aecial host range of Puccinia substriata var indica SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article AB Potential aecial hosts of Puccinia substriata var. indica were tested for resistance or susceptibility to better understand their potential role in epidemics of pearl millet rust. Thirty-one accessions of Solanum melongena, each collected from a different country, and accessions of twenty-seven other Solanum species were evaluated. Resistance or susceptibility was determined from natural infection in an isolated field location and inoculations in the greenhouse. All accessions of S. melongena were susceptible, except PI 413784 from Burkina Faso and PI 401533 from the Ivory Coast, countries that are near the center of origin of pearl miller. Newly identified aecial hosts include S. anguivi, S. ferox, S. gilo, S. incanum, S. linaeanum, S. nodiflorum, and S. rostratum. All other Solanum species evaluated were resistant. Accessions of two weed species from the United States, S. americanum and S. aviculare, were resistant and may play no role in the epidemiology of pearl millet rust in the United States. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,TIFTON,GA 31793. USDA ARS,GENET RESOURCES UNIT,GRIFFIN,GA 30223. RP Wilson, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,FORAGE & TURF RES UNIT,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 80 IS 7 BP 806 EP 808 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UR941 UT WOS:A1996UR94100020 ER PT J AU Smiley, RW Collins, HP Rasmussen, PE AF Smiley, RW Collins, HP Rasmussen, PE TI Diseases of wheat in long-term agronomic experiments at Pendleton, Oregon SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Fusarium graminearum group 1; Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici; Pisum sativum; Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides; Pythium spp; Rhizoctonia solani AG-8; Triticum aestivum ID RHIZOCTONIA ROOT-ROT; WINTER-WHEAT; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; NITROGEN-FERTILIZATION; GRAMINEARUM GROUP-1; RESIDUE MANAGEMENT; NORTHERN IDAHO; CROP-ROTATION; SOIL CARBON; BARE PATCH AB Diseases of winter wheat were evaluated over 3 years in four long-term (27- to 60-year) cropping system experiments. Disease incidence and severity were evaluated with respect to seasonal precipitation and soil chemical and microbiological parameters. Take-all and eyespot were associated with increasing precipitation, and Rhizoctonia root rot and Fusarium crown rot were favored by drought. Eyespot and crown rot increased with rate of applied nitrogen and were inversely proportional to soil pH. Surface residue from previous crops had variable effects on diseases. Crown rot increased with amount of surface residue and was directly correlated with soil organic nitrogen and carbon. Surface residue also had a variable effect on Rhizoctonia root rot, depending on the magnitude of soil microbial respiration; root rot increased directly with amount of residue in a wheat-summer fallow rotation and was unaffected by residue or tillage in a wheat-pea rotation. Repeated burning of wheat stubble caused variable disease response, depending on precipitation and nitrogen rate. At high fertility, burning suppressed Pythium root rot and Rhizoctonia root rot, and enhanced eyespot and take-all. Effects of crop rotations on diseases appeared related to soil microflora effects on pathogen survival or virulence. Rhizoctonia root rot was most damaging in wheat-fallow rotation, Pythium root rot in wheat-fallow and annual wheat, and eyespot and crown rot in annual wheat. Diseases were collectively least prevalent where nitrogen in a wheat-fallow rotation was applied as pea vines or manure, rather than as inorganic fertilizer. Diseases also were generally less damaging in a wheat-pea rotation than in an annual wheat or wheat-fallow rotation. Soilborne plant pathogenic fungi appeared to suppress wheat yield by 3 to 12%. Long-term experiments provided insights to crop management and seasonal effects that are unlikely to be identified in short-term experiments. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,KELLOGG BIOL STN,HICKORY CORNERS,MI 49060. USDA ARS,COLUMBIA PLATEAU CONSERV RES CTR,PENDLETON,OR 97801. RP Smiley, RW (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,COLUMBIA BASIN AGR RES CTR,POB 370,PENDLETON,OR 97801, USA. NR 43 TC 66 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 19 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 80 IS 7 BP 813 EP 820 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UR941 UT WOS:A1996UR94100022 ER PT J AU Tang, HV Pring, DR Shaw, LC Salazar, RA Muza, FR Yan, B Schertz, KF AF Tang, HV Pring, DR Shaw, LC Salazar, RA Muza, FR Yan, B Schertz, KF TI Transcript processing internal to a mitochondrial open reading frame is correlated with fertility restoration in male-sterile sorghum SO PLANT JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CYTOPLASMIC MALE-STERILITY; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; RICE MITOCHONDRIA; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; DNA-SEQUENCE; T-CYTOPLASM; GENE; MAIZE; ATP6; REARRANGEMENTS AB A chimeric mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) configuration of the cytoplasmic male-sterile (cms) sorghum line IS1112C includes a 321 bp open reading frame designated orf107, encoding a predicted polypeptide product of 11.85 kDa. The open reading frame, similar to several other genes associated with cms, consists of amino-terminal sequences derived from an obligate gene. Unlike other examples to date, however, the carboxy-terminal sequences are highly similar to the carboxy terminus of an open reading frame implicated in cms of rice, orf79. The amino-terminal 31 residues of orf107 are 84% similar to atp9, and the carboxy-terminal 49 residues are 57% identical and 80% similar to the carboxy terminus of orf79. Transcripts of orf107 are edited, with four C-to-U changes that alter amino acids. Sorghum lines partially or fully restored to fertility exhibit a high-efficiency internal-orf107 transcript processing activity, precluding abundant whole-length transcripts, while male-sterile lines exhibit only a trace of the activity. Previous data on the abundance of a 12 kDa in organello-synthesized polypeptide in male-sterile versus male-fertile lines are correlated with differential orf107 transcript processing activity of these lines. Examinations of backcross and F-2 lines suggest a gametophytic mode of restoration, and indicate that enhanced transcript processing activity is necessary, but not sufficient, to restore full fertility. These novel observations indicate that mitochondrial open reading frames associated with cms in different species can include highly similar motifs, and that fertility restoration could involve a mechanism by which synthesis of a ems-associated gene product may be precluded through internal transcript cleavage. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. UNIV FLORIDA,PLANT MOL & CELLULAR BIOL PROGRAM,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. UNIV FLORIDA,USDA ARS,CROP GENET & ENVIRONM RES UNIT,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. TEXAS A&M UNIV,USDA ARS,DEPT SOIL & CROP SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. NR 39 TC 87 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0960-7412 J9 PLANT J JI Plant J. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 10 IS 1 BP 123 EP 133 DI 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1996.10010123.x PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UX896 UT WOS:A1996UX89600011 PM 8758982 ER PT J AU Hurkman, WJ Tanaka, CK AF Hurkman, WJ Tanaka, CK TI Germin gene expression is induced in wheat leaves by powdery mildew infection SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ERYSIPHE-GRAMINIS; OXIDATIVE BURST; OXALATE OXIDASE; MESSENGER-RNAS; CDNA CLONING; PROTEIN; BARLEY; PURIFICATION; RESISTANCE; ROOTS AB Germin gene expression is induced in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves by powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici) infection. Germin is a protein marker for early cereal development and is an oxalate oxidase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of oxalate to CO2 and H2O2. The induction of germin gene expression by powdery mildew infection is consistent with the importance of H2O2 to plant defense and identifies a mechanism for the elevation of H2O2 levels in wheat leaves. Germin mRNA levels increased 2 d after inoculation of seedlings with powdery mildew and continued to increase throughout an 8-d time course. The increase in accumulation of germin mRNA was accompanied by an increase in the germin oligomer, which reached maximal levels by d 6. An increase in oxalate oxidase activity paralleled germin oligomer accumulation. Germin gene expression was induced in a relatively resistant cultivar (Bobwhite) as well as in a susceptible cultivar (Cheyenne), suggesting that the induction of germin gene expression is an indicator of powdery mildew infection rather than cultivar resistance. RP Hurkman, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,CROP IMPROVEMENT & UTILIZAT RES UNIT,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 29 TC 75 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 111 IS 3 BP 735 EP 739 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UX881 UT WOS:A1996UX88100010 ER PT J AU Ilic, N Normanly, J Cohen, JD AF Ilic, N Normanly, J Cohen, JD TI Quantification of free plus conjugated indoleacetic acid in arabidopsis requires correction for the nonenzymatic conversion of indolic nitriles SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID THALIANA; IDENTIFICATION; DERIVATIVES; HYDROLYSIS; MUTANTS; ESTERS; PLANTS; SEEDS AB The genetic advantages to the use of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants for the study of auxin metabolism previously have been partially offset by the complexity of indolic metabolism in this plant and by the lack of proper methods. To address some of these problems, we developed isotopic labeling methods to determine amounts and examine the metabolism of indolic compounds in Arabidopsis. Isolation and identification of endogenous indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN; a possible precursor of the auxin indole-3-acetic acid [IAA]) was carried out under mild conditions, thus proving its natural occurrence. We describe here the synthesis of C-13(1)-labeled IAN and its utility in the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry quantification of endogenous IAN levels. We also quantified the nonenzymatic conversion of IAN to IAA under conditions used to hydrolyze IAA conjugates. C-13(1)-Labeled IAN was used to assess the contribution of IAN to measured IAA following hydrolysis of IAA conjugates. We studied the stability and breakdown of the indolic glucosinolate glucobrassicin, which is known to be present in Arabidopsis. This is potentially an important concern when using Arabidopsis for studies of indolic biochemistry, since the levels of indolic auxins and auxin precursors are well below the levels of the indolic glucosinolates. We found that under conditions of extraction and base hydrolysis, formation of IAA from glucobrassicin was negligible. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT PLANT BIOL,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT BIOCHEM & MOLEC BIOL,AMHERST,MA 01003. OI Cohen, Jerry/0000-0003-2816-8676 NR 28 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 111 IS 3 BP 781 EP 788 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UX881 UT WOS:A1996UX88100016 ER PT J AU Zhuang, H HamiltonKemp, TR Andersen, RA Hildebrand, DF AF Zhuang, H HamiltonKemp, TR Andersen, RA Hildebrand, DF TI The impact of alteration of polyunsaturated fatty acid levels on C-6-aldehyde formation of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYDROPEROXIDE LYASE; SUBSTRATE-SPECIFICITY; ALDEHYDE FORMATION; LIPOXYGENASE GENE; METHYL JASMONATE; SEED-GERMINATION; LINOLENIC ACID; GREEN LEAVES; GLYCINE-MAX; DEFICIENT AB C-6-aldehydes are synthesized via lipoxygenase/hydroperoxide lyase action on polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) substrates in plant leaves. The source pools and subcellular location of the processes are unknown. A close relationship is found between the composition of PUFA and the composition of C-6-aldehydes. In the current study, this relationship was tested using the Arabidopsis PUFA mutant lines act1, fad2, fad3 fad5, fad6, and fad7. The results indicate that C-6-aldehyde formation is influenced by the alteration of C-18 PUFA levels. Mutants act1 and fad5, which are deficient in C-16 unsaturated fatty acids, had wild-type levels of C-6-aldehyde production. Mutants deficient in the chloroplast hexadecenoic acid/oleic acid desaturase (fad6) or hexadecadienoic acid/linoleic acid desaturase (fad7) had altered C-6-aldehyde formation in a pattern similar to the changes in the PUFA. Mutations that impair phosphatidylcholine desaturase activity, such as fad2 and fad3, however, resulted in increased E-2-hexenal formation. The enzymes involved in C-6-aldehyde production were partially characterized, including measurement of pH optima. The differences in C-6-aldehyde formation among the fatty acid mutants of Arabidopsis appeared not to result from alteration of lipoxygenase/hydroperoxide lyase pathway enzymes. Investigation of the fatty acid composition in leaf phospholipids, glycolipids, and neutral lipids and analysis of the fatty acid composition of chloroplast and extrachloroplast lipids indicate that chloroplasts and glycolipids of chloroplasts may be the source or major source of C-6-aldehyde formation in Arabidopsis leaves. C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT AGRON,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT HORT,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. UNIV KENTUCKY,USDA,LEXINGTON,KY 40546. NR 44 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 111 IS 3 BP 805 EP 812 DI 10.1104/pp.111.3.805 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UX881 UT WOS:A1996UX88100019 PM 8754681 ER PT J AU Dircks, LK Vancanneyt, G McCormick, S AF Dircks, LK Vancanneyt, G McCormick, S TI Biochemical characterization and baculovirus expression of the pectate lyase-like LAT56 and LAT59 pollen proteins of tomato SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE allergen; heat stability; protein glycosylation; protein secretion; tissue prints ID ERWINIA-CHRYSANTHEMI EC16; JAPANESE CEDAR POLLEN; CRY-J-I; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; MAJOR ALLERGEN; TUBE GROWTH; GENES; GLYCOPROTEINS; SYSTEM; MICROSPOROGENESIS AB The LAT56 and LAT59 tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) genes are preferentially expressed in pollen, and the proteins they encode are similar to pollen proteins from diverse plant species including monocots (lily, Lilium longiflorum and corn, Zea mays), dicots (tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum and short ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia), and a gymnosperm (Japanese cedar, Cryptomeria japonica), as well as to a tomato pistil-expressed protein. The short ragweed and Japanese cedar proteins are major pollen allergens. All of these plant proteins show some sequence similarity to bacterial pectate lyases (EC 4.2.2.2). The LAT56 and LAT59 proteins have potential signal sequences. We have raised an antiserum to a TrpE-LAT56 fusion protein that recognizes both LAT56 and LAT59. We show that these proteins are present in mature pollen, and that LAT56 is glycosylated in pollen, consistent with a cell wall localization. We use a baculovirus expression system to show that both proteins enter the secretory pathway and are glycosylated in insect cells. Like the short ragweed allergens, LAT56 is rapidly degraded in pollen extracts, but in contrast to the heat-labile short ragweed and Japanese cedar allergens, LAT56 is a heat-stable protein. Although LAT56 and LAT59 share significant sequence similarity to bacterial pectate lyases, we could not demonstrate pectate lyase activity in pollen extracts or in culture medium or in extracts from insect cells expressing LAT56 or LAT59. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, USDA ARS, CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS, ALBANY, CA 94710 USA. UNIV AUTONOMA MADRID, CTR NACL BIOTECNOL, E-28049 MADRID, SPAIN. RI Vancanneyt, Guy/P-3809-2015 OI Vancanneyt, Guy/0000-0003-2557-0723 NR 39 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER FRANCE-EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0981-9428 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL BIOCH JI Plant Physiol. Biochem. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 34 IS 4 BP 509 EP 520 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA VA709 UT WOS:A1996VA70900007 ER PT J AU Cheah, LH Wilson, CL Marshall, AP AF Cheah, LH Wilson, CL Marshall, AP TI Rapid screening for antagonists against Botrytis storage rots using leaf and fruit tissue SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biological control; screening technique; antagonistic yeasts; kiwifruit; Botrytis cinerea; Botrytis storage rot; beans ID POSTHARVEST DISEASES; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; YEASTS AB A rapid screening procedure is described to assay for potential antagonists among the epiphytic microflora on kiwifruit. This procedure involved wounding kiwifruit and kiwifruit leaves. The wounded tissue was first treated with washings containing microflora from kiwifruit surfaces and subsequently challenged with Botrytis cinerea spores. Potential antagonists were isolated from wounds which did not develop lesions. Twelve antagonists were isolated using this rapid screening procedure. Two new yeast isolates were further tested on kiwifruit and beans for control of botrytis storage rot. Both isolates gave significant reduction of the rot. C1 USDA ARS, APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN, KEARNEYSVILLE, WV 25430 USA. RP Cheah, LH (reprint author), NEW ZEALAND INST CROP & FOOD RES, PRIVATE BAG 4005, LEVIN, NEW ZEALAND. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 8 IS 3 BP 223 EP 228 DI 10.1016/0925-5214(95)00069-0 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA UZ402 UT WOS:A1996UZ40200006 ER PT J AU Rosselot, G LopezLastra, M McMurtry, JP AF Rosselot, G LopezLastra, M McMurtry, JP TI Determination of gizzerosine activity in fish meal with a homologous radioimmunoassay SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE gizzerosine; radioimmunoassay; gizzard erosion; fish meal; black vomit ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GIZZARD EROSION; BROILER CHICKS AB A homologous RIA for the determination of toxic gizzerosine activity in commercial fish meals has been developed. Three polyclonal antibodies (GR316, GR415, and GR418) were produced in female rabbits and extensively characterized for their potential use in individual RIA. The RIA had lower detection limits of 0.048, 0.78, and 0.39 ng/mg using the three respective antibodies. Because gizzerosine is derived from lysine and histidine, crossreactivity with these amino acids, and with histamine was examined. The antibodies crossreacted with histamine from 21 to 100%. No crossreactivity with histidine or lysine was observed for any of the three antibodies. Antibody GR415 was chosen for determination of gizzerosine in extracted fish meal samples because crossreactivity of histamine using this antibody was only present at high concentrations, and the Ka value for gizzerosine was 10-fold greater than for histamine. A mild buffer extraction procedure was used, resulting in 98% gizzerosine recovery. Displacement curves from extracted and serially diluted fish meal samples were parallel with gizzerosine standard. Inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation were 11 and 15%, respectively. We used the RIA for determination of gizzerosine activity in a pool of 23 fish meal samples of known gizzerosine scores (determined with a chick bioassay), and histamine content. The partial correlation coefficient between gizzerosine content determined by the RIA and gizzerosine scores from the bioassay was high (0.83), and significant (P < 0.01). There were also significant correlations between gizzerosine scores and histamine content of the fish meals (0.63, P < 0.01), and between histamine content and gizzerosine levels determined by the RIA (0.59, P < 0.01). The application of the homologous RIA for the determination of gizzerosine activity in commercial fish meals could be of importance for the prevention of gizzard erosions in the poultry industry, and for studying gizzerosine-induced pathology and metabolism. C1 USDA ARS,GROWTH BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Rosselot, G (reprint author), UNIV CHILE,INST NUTR & TECNOL ALIMENTOS,SANTIAGO 11,CHILE. OI Lopez-Lastra, Marcelo/0000-0002-7936-8478 NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 75 IS 7 BP 873 EP 880 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UU777 UT WOS:A1996UU77700011 PM 8966176 ER PT J AU Hammad, SM Siegel, HS Marks, HL AF Hammad, SM Siegel, HS Marks, HL TI Dietary cholesterol effects on plasma and yolk cholesterol fractions in selected lines of Japanese quail SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Japanese quail; plasma cholesterol; yolk cholesterol; cholesteryl esters; egg weight ID DIVERGENT SELECTION; GENERATIONS AB Japanese quail from lines that had been divergently selected for high (HL) or low (LL) plasma total cholesterol and their unselected control line (CL) were fed an all vegetable diet to which 0 or 0.5% crystalline cholesterol were added. Relationships between plasma and yolk cholesterol fractions were examined at 10, 14, and 18 wk of age, which followed 2, 6, and 10 wk consumption of the cholesterol-enriched diet, respectively. Unesterified cholesterol (UC) and cholesteryl esters (CE) in plasma and yolk were analyzed using HPLC. There were no consistent correlations between yolk and plasma for UC, individual CE, total esterified cholesterol (EC), or total cholesterol in the selected lines at ages tested, whether or not 0.5% cholesterol was added to the diet. Cholesterol concentrations in milligrams per gram of yolk and in milligrams per yolk were higher in the HL than the LL at 10 and 14, but not at 18 wk of age. Yolk weights of the HL females increased from 10 to 18 wk of age, whereas those of the LL did not. Cholesterol concentrations in the LL yolks continued to increase over time, however the increases in yolk weight in the HL were not accompanied by proportional increases in cholesterol deposition in the yolk, leading to a dilution of concentration of cholesterol fractions in the HL yolk. Dietary cholesterol increased egg production rate in the selected lines but did not increase the cholesterol content of the yolk. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT POULTRY SCI,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. USDA ARS,SE POULTRY RES LAB,ATHENS,GA 30602. NR 27 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSN INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61802 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 75 IS 7 BP 933 EP 942 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UU777 UT WOS:A1996UU77700019 PM 8966183 ER PT J AU Vandenberg, NJ AF Vandenberg, NJ TI Notes on Oenopia mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Coccinellini; Oenopia; Coccinella; Cycloneda; synonyms; Neotropical; Malaysia; misplaced taxa ID NORTH; AMERICA AB Cycloneda pusilla Weise is transferred to Oenopia Mulsant (n. comb.), a lectotype for the species is designated, and the type locality is corrected from Prov. Entre Rios, Argentina, to Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia (Borneo). Coelophora parvula Sicard is placed as a new synonym. Some of the taxonomic literature on Oenopia is reviewed. Key characteristics of the genus are discussed and other relevant remarks presented. This is the second species of Oenopia which has been incorrectly listed in catalogs and checklists of the New World fauna. RP Vandenberg, NJ (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,PSI,USDA,NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,MRC-168,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 98 IS 3 BP 385 EP 389 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VC381 UT WOS:A1996VC38100001 ER PT J AU Russell, LM AF Russell, LM TI Notes on Cerataphis brasiliensis and synonyms palmae, variabilis and fransseni (Homoptera: Aphididae), with a key to Cerataphis species living on palms and orchids SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Aphididae; Cerataphis; aphids; synonyms; lectotypes; paralectotypes; topotypes; palms; orchids; key AB Cerataphis brasiliensis (Hempel) is established as a valid species. This specific name predates Cerataphis variabilis. (Ghesquiere), Cerataphis variabilis Hille Ris Lambers and Cerataphis fransseni (Hille Ris Lambers) which are considered synonyms of C. brasiliensis. The availability of topotypes of C. brasiliensis and syntypes of C. palmae is disclosed, lectotypes and paralectotypes of C. palmae and C. variabilis are designated, and the life cycle of C. fransseni is noted. A key is provided for the identification of species of Cerataphis living on palms and orchids. RP Russell, LM (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,PSI,USDA,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 98 IS 3 BP 439 EP 449 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VC381 UT WOS:A1996VC38100007 ER PT J AU Sabrosky, CW AF Sabrosky, CW TI Two additional species of Notaulacella Enderlein (Diptera: Chloropidae) from Panama SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE taxonomy; Diptera; Chloropidae; Notaulacella; new species; canopy fogging AB Two new species, Notaulacella trivittata and N. argentigena, are described from material obtained during canopy fogging in humid forests in Panama, adding to Sabrosky's 1994 revision of the genus. C1 AGR RES SERV,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,PSI,USDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20560. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 98 IS 3 BP 471 EP 472 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VC381 UT WOS:A1996VC38100010 ER PT J AU Smith, DR AF Smith, DR TI Review of the Gasteruptiidae (Hymenoptera) of eastern North America SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Gasteruptiidae; eastern North America; key; hosts; seasonal occurrence AB Five species of Gasteruptiidae are known in eastern North America. Known hosts are bees and wasps nesting in wood or twigs. A key is given for their identification, and distributions and known hosts are reviewed. Seasonal activity is presented based on collections from the mid-Atlantic United States. The peak flights are from May to July, but adults are present from the end of April into October. RP Smith, DR (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,PSI,USDA,NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,MRC 168,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 98 IS 3 BP 491 EP 499 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VC381 UT WOS:A1996VC38100012 ER PT J AU Gagne, RJ Etienne, J AF Gagne, RJ Etienne, J TI Meunieriella avicenniae (Cook) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) the leaf gall maker of black mangrove in the American tropics SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE gall midges; Avicennia; West Indies AB The male, female, pupa, and larva of Meunieriella avicenniae Cook, n. comb., are described for the first time. The species was previously known only as ''Cecidomyia'' avicenniae from its galls on New World mangroves. This species is remarkable because it shows the most primitive state of the male postabdomen in the genus. It is now possible to confirm that Meunieriella belongs to the tribe Alycaulini because it shares with all other members of that tribe the smooth, asetulose area on the dorsum of the female ninth abdominal segment, a character unique to the tribe. RP Gagne, RJ (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,PSI,USDA,NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,MRC 168,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 98 IS 3 BP 527 EP 532 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VC381 UT WOS:A1996VC38100016 ER PT J AU Henry, TJ AF Henry, TJ TI Two new genera and two new species of New World stilt bugs (Heteroptera: Berytidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Heteroptera; Berytidae; new genera; new species; Diabolonotus pilosus; Oedalocanthus ornatus; Belize; Mexico; United States AB The new genera and species Diabolonotus pilosus from Mexico (Chiapas), and Oedalocanthus ornatus from Belize, Mexico (Durango, Guerrero, Jalisco, Puebla, Oaxaca, and Sinaloa), and the United States (Arizona) are described to provide names for a forthcoming revision and phylogenetic analysis of the Berytidae of the world. An illustration of the dorsal habitus, scanning electron micrographs, and diagnostic information are provided for each species to help distinguish these taxa from other New World berytids. RP Henry, TJ (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,PSI,USDA,NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,MRC-168,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 98 IS 3 BP 533 EP 540 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VC381 UT WOS:A1996VC38100017 ER PT J AU Vandenberg, NJ Gordon, RD AF Vandenberg, NJ Gordon, RD TI A new genus of Neotropical Coccinellini (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) related to Olla Casey and allies SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Coleoptera; Coccinellidae; predator; new genus; Neotropical AB Spilindolla, a new genus of Neotropical Coccinellini, is proposed to accommodate the species Cycloneda vigintiduonotata (Mulsant), C. darestei (Mulsant) and Egleis constellata Mulsant. These three species constitute new combinations within Spilindolla. The new genus is most closely allied to Spiloneda Casey and belongs to a subgroup of nine other genera within the neotropical coccinelline fauna informally designated as ''Olla and allies.'' Spilindolla is compared to related as well as superficially similar genera. The species are described, keyed and illustrated and their distributions given. RP Vandenberg, NJ (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,PSI,USDA,NATL MUSEUM NAT HIST,MRC 168,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 98 IS 3 BP 541 EP 550 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VC381 UT WOS:A1996VC38100018 ER PT J AU Miller, DR Gimpel, ME AF Miller, DR Gimpel, ME TI Nomenclatural changes in the Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Felt scales; Coccoidea; Eriococcidae; catalog; new combinations; replacement names AB A catalog of the eriococcid scale insects of the world is nearly complete and will soon be placed on the World Wide Web. Before this is done, new nomenclatural changes need to be validated in print. Therefore, this publication includes 191 new combinations, four replacement names, and one new generic synonym. RP Miller, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,PSI,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,BLDG 046,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 98 IS 3 BP 597 EP 606 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VC381 UT WOS:A1996VC38100022 ER PT J AU Russell, JB Bond, DR Cook, GM AF Russell, JB Bond, DR Cook, GM TI The fructose diphosphate/phosphate regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in low G+C Gram-positive anaerobes SO RESEARCH IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LACTIC-ACID BACTERIA; PYRUVATE-FERREDOXIN OXIDOREDUCTASE; KINASE-CATALYZED PHOSPHORYLATION; DEPENDENT PROTEIN-KINASE; STREPTOCOCCUS-LACTIS; PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE SYSTEM; PHOSPHOCARRIER PROTEIN; LACTOBACILLUS-CASEI; CONTINUOUS CULTURE; CLOSTRIDIUM-ACETOBUTYLICUM C1 CORNELL UNIV,MICROBIOL SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853. UNIV LONDON KINGS COLL,DIV LIFE SCI,LONDON WC2R 2LS,ENGLAND. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,USDA ARS,WING HALL,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. RI Cook, Gregory/E-5665-2011; OI Bond, Daniel/0000-0001-8083-7107 NR 82 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 141 RUE JAVEL, 75747 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0923-2508 J9 RES MICROBIOL JI Res. Microbiol. PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 147 IS 6-7 BP 528 EP 535 DI 10.1016/0923-2508(96)84008-3 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA VN561 UT WOS:A1996VN56100014 PM 9084766 ER PT J AU Waters, WR Harp, JA Nonnecke, BJ AF Waters, WR Harp, JA Nonnecke, BJ TI In vitro blastogenic responses and interferon-gamma production by intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes of calves SO RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CRYPTOSPORIDIUM-PARVUM; WORKSHOP FINDINGS; T-CELLS; INFECTION; PROLIFERATION; CATTLE; ALPHA; MICE AB Intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes are a large and heterogenous population of lymphocytes located strategically at the entry site of enteric pathogens into the body. Their ability to proliferate and produce interferon-gamma in vitro in response to mitogens or interleukin-2 was investigated in four-week-old calves. It was found that they had similar mitogen-induced blastogenic responses and produced interferon-gamma like the peripheral blood lymphocytes of four-week-old calves. Preliminary studies indicated that the intraepithelial lymphocytes also responded to Cryptosporidium parvum antigen in vitro. Thus, intraepithelial lymphocytes may be important in the host's response to enteric infections of calves such as cryptosporidiosis. RP Waters, WR (reprint author), ARS,USDA,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [T32 AI07378] NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON, ENGLAND W1M 0AT SN 0034-5288 J9 RES VET SCI JI Res. Vet. Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 61 IS 1 BP 45 EP 48 DI 10.1016/S0034-5288(96)90109-5 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UY371 UT WOS:A1996UY37100009 PM 8819193 ER PT J AU Pedrosa, MC Russell, RM Saltzman, JR Golner, BB Dallal, GE Sepe, TE Oates, E Egerer, G Seitz, HK AF Pedrosa, MC Russell, RM Saltzman, JR Golner, BB Dallal, GE Sepe, TE Oates, E Egerer, G Seitz, HK TI Gastric emptying and first-pass metabolism of ethanol in elderly subjects with and without atrophic gastritis SO SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Article DE alcohol dehydrogenase; atrophic gastritis; ethanol metabolism; gastric emptying ID ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY; 1ST-PASS METABOLISM; ANTAGONISTS; RATS AB Background: Oral ethanol intake results in lower blood ethanol concentrations than intravenous administration of the same dose of ethanol. This first-pass metabolism is thought to be due to gastric metabolism of ethanol via alcohol dehydrogenase and also to hepatic first-pass metabolism. Methods: Since a loss of gastric mucosa may decrease first-pass metabolism of ethanol, this metabolism was studied in 10 elderly subjects (6 women and 4 men) with atrophic gastritis and bacterial overgrowth and in 17 control subjects with normal gastric secretory function. Atrophic gastritis was verified by means of the serum pepsinogen I to pepsinogen II ratio and the hypochlorhydria occurring after pentagastrin stimulation. Bacterial overgrowth was assessed by bacterial counts in gastric juice. The study was repeated after tetracycline treatment to decrease gastric bacteria. In addition, gastric emptying rates of ethanol solution with technetium-99m sulfur colloid were calculated from scintigraphic images. Furthermore, gastric biopsy specimens were taken from 12 female patients with atrophic gastritis and from 12 controls for determination of alcohol dehydrogenase activity. Results: Neither gender (female versus male, 28 +/- 5% versus 42 +/- 5%), atrophic gastritis (normal versus atrophic gastritis, 35 +/- 4% versus 32 +/- 6%), nor tetracycline treatment in atrophic gastritis subjects (before versus after, 32 +/- 6% versus 41 +/- 5%) had a statistically significant effect on the first-pass metabolism of ethanol in the elderly. Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity was significantly lower in atrophic gastritis subjects than in controls (p < 0.01). A significant correlation was found between the first-pass metabolism of ethanol in healthy controls and gastric half-emptying time (p = 0.032). Conclusions: We conclude from these data that the rate of gastric emptying modulates first-pass metabolism of ethanol in elderly individuals. C1 SALEM MED CTR,DEPT MED,LAB ALCOHOL RES LIVER DIS & NUTR,D-69121 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. DEPT VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,BOSTON,MA. BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02118. TUFTS UNIV,NEW ENGLAND MED CTR HOSP,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 26 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU SCANDINAVIAN UNIVERSITY PRESS PI OSLO PA PO BOX 2959 TOYEN, JOURNAL DIVISION CUSTOMER SERVICE, N-0608 OSLO, NORWAY SN 0036-5521 J9 SCAND J GASTROENTERO JI Scand. J. Gastroenterol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 31 IS 7 BP 671 EP 677 DI 10.3109/00365529609009148 PG 7 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA UW251 UT WOS:A1996UW25100009 PM 8819216 ER PT J AU Galloway, DL Goetsch, AL Hallford, DM AF Galloway, DL Goetsch, AL Hallford, DM TI Effects of supplementing moderate- to low-quality grass hay with maize and (or) rumen-undegradable protein on growth of wethers SO SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE body composition; growth; rumen undegradable protein; sheep; supplements ID AD-LIBITUM; OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; ENERGY-UTILIZATION; RUMINANTS; SERUM; NUTRIENTS; FLUID; SHEEP; LAMBS AB Crossbred wethers (N = 80, 4 months of age, average live weight of 25 +/- 0.2 kg) were used to determine effects of supplementing grass hay with ground maize (M; 0.7% body weight), a mixture of feedstuffs high in rumen undegradable protein (R; 0.2% body weight) or maize plus rumen undegradable protein (MR) on growing (70 days) and subsequent finishing (98 days; 85% concentrate diet) performance and body composition. During the growing phase, wethers consumed bermudagrass (EER) or bromegrass (BRO) hay ad libitum, and 0.35% body weight of soybean meal. Empty body fat (4.28, 5.91, 5.20, 6.64, 4.18, 5.17, 4.96 and 6.20 kg; SE 0.357) and protein (4.45, 5.02, 5.05, 5.32, 4.57, 4.84, 4.93 and 5.21 kg; SE 0.074) for BER-control, BER-M, BER-R, BER-MR, BRO-control, BRO-M, BRO-R and BRO-MR, respectively, increased (P < 0.05) after growing when maize or rumen undegradable protein was supplemented. Finishing live weight gain (195, 199, 174, 186, 217, 218, 191 and 204 g day(-1) for BER-control, BER-M, BER-R, BER-MR, BRO-control, BRO-M, BRO-R and BRO-MR, respectively; SE 6.7) was depressed (P < 0.05) by supplementation with rumen undegradable protein. Empty body fat(14.0, 16.3, 14.2, 17.5, 14.7, 16.0, 14.7 and 16.7 kg; SE 0.936) and protein (6.65, 6.92, 6.62, 7.07, 6.78, 6.88, 6.82 and 7.00 kg; SE 0.093) for BER-control, BER-M, BER-R, BER-MR, BRO-control, BRO-M, BRO-R and BRO-MR, respectively, were increased (P < 0.05) after the finishing phase by maize supplementation. Supplementation with rumen undegradable protein during the growing phase decreased finishing live weight gain, which was accompanied by loss of the improvement in protein deposition achieved during growing. Conversely, the effect of maize on empty body protein was only slightly less after the finishing than after the growing phase, and the effect on empty body fat was slightly greater after the finishing than after the growing phase. C1 USDA ARS,S CENT FAMILY FARM RES CTR,BOONEVILLE,AR 72927. UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT ANIM SCI,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM & RANGE SCI,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003. NR 32 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4488 J9 SMALL RUMINANT RES JI Small Ruminant Res. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 21 IS 3 BP 181 EP 193 DI 10.1016/0921-4488(95)00846-2 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA VL362 UT WOS:A1996VL36200003 ER PT J AU Mountjoy, DC AF Mountjoy, DC TI Ethnic diversity and the patterned adoption of soil conservation in the strawberry hills of Monterey, California SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Society and Resource Management CY JUN 07-10, 1994 CL COLORADO STATE UNIV, FT COLLINS, CO HO COLORADO STATE UNIV DE adoption; ethnicity; knowledge system; limited resource farmers; management style; soil conservation; strawberries ID FARM-WORKERS; AGRICULTURE; KNOWLEDGE AB Extensive research over the past 50 years has concentrated on explaining the adoption of soil conservation practices in terms of individual farmer and farm firm characteristics. This article suggests an expanded approach in which the socioeconomic context of individual behavior is considered. Descriptive results from a survey of ethnically diverse strawberry farmers on erodible lands in California are used to develop a social model of conservation adoption. Angle, Japanese, and Mexican farmers are shown to differ in terms of personal experience in the industry, farm business characteristics, information networks, and attitudes about farming. The concepts of knowledge systems and normative farm management styles are introduced as a framework for understanding the influence of ethnic historical context on current behavior. The implications of this model for resource conservation policy also are discussed. Recognition of the influence of social group membership is critical in the development of effective conservation programs and policies. RP Mountjoy, DC (reprint author), NAT RESOURCES CONSERVAT SERV,USDA,ELKHORN SLOUGH WATERSHED PROJECT,635 SANBORN PL,SUITE 7,SALINAS,CA 93901, USA. NR 40 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS PI BRISTOL PA 1900 FROST ROAD, SUITE 101, BRISTOL, PA 19007-1598 SN 0894-1920 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR JI Soc. Nat. Resour. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 9 IS 4 BP 339 EP 357 DI 10.1080/08941929609380979 PG 19 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA VG839 UT WOS:A1996VG83900002 ER PT J AU Stahl, PD Parkin, TB AF Stahl, PD Parkin, TB TI Relationship of soil ergosterol concentration and fungal biomass SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID FLUORESCEIN DIACETATE; DIAMINOPIMELIC ACID; CENTRAL IOWA; GLUCOSAMINE; PRAIRIE; LENGTHS; LITTER AB We studied the relationship between amounts of fungi and ergosterol in soil to further evaluate the use of ergosterol as an indicator of soil fungal biomass. Soils from seven sites in central Iowa were analyzed for soil ergosterol content, total fungal hyphal length (living and non-living, using calcofluor as stain), and living fungal hyphal length (using fluorescein diacetate as stain) to: 1) determine how soil ergosterol concentration correlates with total fungal hyphal length and living fungal hyphal length; and 2) determine an approximate value for ergosterol concentration in living fungal biomass present in soil. Correlation significance tests and analysis of variance indicated highly significant positive correlation between soil ergosterol content and both measures of hyphal length, but regression analysis demonstrated only a moderate degree of linear correlation between these variables (coefficients of linear correlation, r = 0.638 to 0.874). Calculated values for ergosterol concentration in living fungal biomass present in the soils examined ranged from 5 to 31 mg ergosterol g(-1) living fungal biomass. Data indicate that the wide range in specific ergosterol content of living fungal biomass in soils is related to the total amount of fungal hyphae (living and non-living) in a soil. We propose a method to estimate living fungal biomass from soil ergosterol content which compensates for the variability in fungal ergosterol concentrations by accounting for this relationship. A preliminary evaluation of this approach using independent data from the literature provides support for this method, in that a high correlation (r(2) = 0.999) between predicted and measured living fungal biomass was observed. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,AMES,IA 50011. NR 33 TC 77 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 28 IS 7 BP 847 EP 855 DI 10.1016/0038-0717(96)00061-2 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA VH842 UT WOS:A1996VH84200003 ER PT J AU Nachabe, MH AF Nachabe, MH TI Macroscopic capillary length, sorptivity, and shape factor in modeling the infiltration rate SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; UNSATURATED SOILS; EQUATION AB Infiltration tests in the field involve measurements of sorptivity and macroscopic capillary length. These two parameters are strongly related through the shape factor, which is a measure of the nonlinearity of the soil hydraulic diffusivity. In this study, relationships were developed between the macroscopic capillary length, the sorptivity, and the shape factor and the parameters of the Brooks and Corey and van Genuchten expressions of hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity. These relationships are important for users of numerical models who need to estimate the parameters of these expressions to predict water dow and contaminant transport in soils. Numerical simulations with a dimensionless form of Richards' equation show that the predicted infiltration rate will not be very sensitive to small variations in the shape factor, provided the macroscopic capillary length is the same. This result is encouraging because the shape factor Is difficult to determine accurately in the field. The similarity of the dimensional infiltration solutions implies that the macroscopic capillary length is a scale factor, because (i) it renders predictions of infiltration rates fairly insensitive to the expressions of hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity used, and (ii) it reduces the number of parameters needed to characterize infiltration. Therefore, the infiltration curve into a particular soil can be deduced by choosing units of length and time (i.e., scaling) of a generalized infiltration solution. RP Nachabe, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS,GREAT PLAINS SYST RES UNIT,301 S HOWES,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 21 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 60 IS 4 BP 957 EP 962 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA UW890 UT WOS:A1996UW89000001 ER PT J AU Timlin, DJ Pachepsky, YA AF Timlin, DJ Pachepsky, YA TI Comparison of three methods to obtain the apparent dielectric constant from time domain reflectometry wave traces SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL-WATER CONTENT; ELECTROMAGNETIC DETERMINATION; PROBES; CALIBRATION; MOISTURE AB A calibration of time domain reflectometry (TDR) probes to measure soil water in a particular soil is desirable since no consistent relationship between water content and apparent dielectric constant (K-a) has been found. We compared three procedures to compute K-a from TDR traces: a manual method that uses a plot of the wave trace, a derivative-based computer algorithm, and fitting a simulated TDR trace to a measured one with a simple multiple reflection model. We added a model of inertia to the multiple reflection model to approximate the rise time of the cable tester. The TDR traces were measured in situ with a Tektronix 1502B cable tester (Tektronix, Inc., Wilsonville, OR) on samples from two soils with contrasting textures, Beltsville silt loam (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Fragiudult) and Rumford loamy sand (coarse-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Normudult). Ten-centimeter probes with three rods were used. The water contents were measured gravimetrically with soil cores. Calibration with apparent dielectric constants obtained from the derivative-based algorithm had the smallest standard error for both soils, and the manual method was better than the wave simulation method. The intercepts and slopes of the calibration equations for the manual and derivative methods were not significantly different from each other for both soils. The wave simulation method, which gives physically meaningful values for K-a, and characteristic impedances can be a useful tool for theoretical studies. C1 DUKE UNIV, DEPT BOT, DURHAM, NC 27708 USA. RP Timlin, DJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, SYST RES LAB, BARC W, BLDG 007, RM 008, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 20 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 60 IS 4 BP 970 EP 977 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA UW890 UT WOS:A1996UW89000003 ER PT J AU Wander, MM Dudley, RB Traina, SJ Kaufman, D Stinner, BR Sims, GK AF Wander, MM Dudley, RB Traina, SJ Kaufman, D Stinner, BR Sims, GK TI Acetate fate in organic and conventionally managed soils SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID UNIFORMLY LABELED C-13-GLUCOSE; C-13 NMR ANALYSIS; MATTER AB Organic management practices and mixed-crop rotations have beneficial impacts on biologically active soil organic matter (SOM); however, the specific impacts of these practices on SOM composition and turnover characteristics are not known. The effect of organic and conventional management on soil C cycling was assessed using soils collected from Rodale's Farming Systems Trial experiment, which included organic-manure amended, organic-legume cover cropped, and conventionally managed-inorganically fertilized farming systems. Soil respiration rates, atom % C-13, and cross polarization C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS C-13 NMR) were used to trace the fate of C-13-labeled acetate added to soils incubated for 2 and 13 wk. Microbial activity and C turnover rates were initially greater in the manure-amended soil than in the other two soils. Acetate mineralization lagged in the cover-cropped soil during the fist 2 wk. Low atom % C-13 in the conventional soil showed that, even though its soil respiration rates, and therefore overall microbial activity, equaled rates in the cover-cropped soil, microorganisms present in this soil metabolized significantly more of the applied acetate. By the end of the experiment, C cycling characteristics of the cover-cropped soil were similar to the manure-amended soil; NMR spectra indicated C-13 was incorporated into new SOM in both of these soils. Soil respiration and C-13 assimilation rates in the conventional soil remained relatively low. Microorganisms in the organic soils mineralized and respired more native C and assimilated more C-13 than the conventional soil. Conversely, the conventional soil mineralized more and assimilated less C-13 than the organic soils. Differences observed in this laboratory experiment may or may not reflect on C cycling occurring in the field. C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118. OHIO STATE UNIV,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. USDA ARS,RODALE INST,RES CTR,KUTZTOWN,PA 19530. OARDC,WOOSTER,OH 44690. USDA ARS,URBANA,IL 61801. RP Wander, MM (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,1102 S GOODWIN AVE,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. RI Sims, Gerald/A-2500-2008 NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 2 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 60 IS 4 BP 1110 EP 1116 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA UW890 UT WOS:A1996UW89000021 ER PT J AU Franzluebbers, AJ Haney, RL Hons, FM Zuberer, DA AF Franzluebbers, AJ Haney, RL Hons, FM Zuberer, DA TI Determination of microbial biomass and nitrogen mineralization following rewetting of dried soil SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WHEAT MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS; CARBON MINERALIZATION; N MINERALIZATION; ORGANIC-CARBON; POTENTIALS; CALIBRATION; FUMIGATION; TILLAGE; MATTER; POOLS AB Routine soil testing procedures that are rapid and precise are needed to evaluate agricultural surface soils for their potential to mineralize C and N. Our objectives were to determine the optimum preincubation time after rewetting of dried soil for estimating soil microbial biomass (SMB) and to identify a quick, reliable biochemical predictor of soil N mineralization potential. Biochemical determinations of SMB were screened on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) having five levels of soil organic C (SOC) as a result of long-term management. Determinations used (i) field-moist soil and (ii) soil that was air dried, rewetted, and preincubated for 0.2, 1, 3, 6, 10, and 15 d. Biochemical determinations included arginine ammonification, substrate-induced respiration (SIR), cumulative C and net N mineralization, and SMBC using the chloroform fumigation-incubation (CFI) method. Preincubation periods of 1 and 15 d prior to fumigation gave estimates of SMBC using CFI most similar to those determined on field-moist soil. Arginine ammonification and SIR determinations on dried soil were highly variable, making longer preincubation periods necessary. Carbon mineralization during all preincubation periods was highly correlated to (i) SMBC using CFI determined on field-moist and dried soil with all preincubation periods and (ii) net N mineralization during 21 d for the Weswood soil, as well as for seven additional soil series each having Eve to eight levels of SOC. The CO2-C evolved during the first day after rewetting of dried soil is recommended for rapid estimation of SMBC and potential N mineralization because of its simplicity and precision. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,TEXAS AGR EXPT STN,DEPT SOIL & CROP SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. RP Franzluebbers, AJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO PIEDMONT CONSERVAT RES CTR,1420 EXPT STN RD,WATKINSVILLE,GA 30677, USA. NR 42 TC 103 Z9 108 U1 2 U2 32 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 60 IS 4 BP 1133 EP 1139 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA UW890 UT WOS:A1996UW89000025 ER PT J AU Azooz, RH Arshad, MA Franzluebbers, AJ AF Azooz, RH Arshad, MA Franzluebbers, AJ TI Pore size distribution and hydraulic conductivity affected by tillage in northwestern Canada SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; NO-TILLAGE; REDUCED TILLAGE; RETENTION AB Tillage management can affect crop growth, in part by altering the pore structure and hydraulic properties of soil. We hypothesized that water retention, pore size distribution, and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (k) differed under conventional tillage (CT) and no tillage (NT). We evaluated this hypothesis on a Donnelly silt loam (fine-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Cryoboralf) and a Donnelly sandy loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, frigid Typic Cryoboralf) in northwestern Canada. Soil cores were collected from the 0- to 300-mm depth in 75-mm increments. Water retention was measured at 10 pressure levels from -2 to -400 kPa to calculate pore size distribution and k. Both soils retained 0.04 to 0.09 m(3) m(-3) more water under NT than under CT. The volume fraction of total porosity with pores < 7.5 mu m in diameter (effective pores for retaining plant-available water) in the silt loam averaged 0.49 and 0.58 m(3) m(-3) under CT and NT, respectively, and in the sandy loam averaged 0.39 and 0.51 m3 m-3 under CT and NT, respectively. In contrast, the volume fraction of total porosity with pores > 150 mu m in diameter (pores draining freely with gravity) in the silt loam averaged 0.29 and 0.23 m(3) m(-3) under CT and NT, respectively, and in the sandy loam averaged 0.35 and 0.24 m(3) m(-3) under CT and NT, respectively. Conventional tillage appeared more likely to interrupt capillaries than NT, since large differences in k between tillage regimes were observed below a depth of 75 mm with increasing moisture deficit. Continuous NT management increased water storage of both silt loam and sandy loam soils in this cold, semiarid region. C1 AGR & AGRI FOOD CANADA,NO AGR RES CTR,BEAVERLODGE,AB T0H 0C0,CANADA. USDA ARS,SO PIEDMONT CONSERVAT RES CTR,WATKINSVILLE,GA 30677. NR 21 TC 47 Z9 55 U1 6 U2 12 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 60 IS 4 BP 1197 EP 1201 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA UW890 UT WOS:A1996UW89000034 ER PT J AU Allmaras, RR Copeland, SM Copeland, PJ Oussible, M AF Allmaras, RR Copeland, SM Copeland, PJ Oussible, M TI Spatial relations between oat residue and ceramic spheres when incorporated sequentially by tillage SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID BARLEY PRODUCTION; CROP RESIDUE; SOIL; DECOMPOSITION; ROTATION AB Spatial characterization of crop residues and agrichemicals incorporated by tillage is needed to interpret biomass-related soil processes. This study presents such a characterization. We first described oat residue (Avena sativa L.) and green-sphere distributions produced by chisel plow (CP) and moldboard plow (MP) tillage and then described red-sphere distributions when incorporated during secondary tillage. Finally the co-location of incorporated oat residue and colored spheres was characterized. Green and red ceramic spheres were surrogates for shoot residue and incorporated agrichemical, respectively. Characterizations were derived from weights of soil and residue and counts of spheres in soil cores (1.84 cm diam. by 30 cm long, sectioned into 15 sublengths each 2 cm long). Penetration with MP was 25 cm, CP was 15 cm, and cultivator was 17 cm. The MP incorporated 67% of residue in the 10- to 20-cm depth, while more that 90% of the incorporated residue in the CP was between 1 and 11 cm deep. Secondary tillage had negligible influence on these depth distributions. Green-sphere distributions were related more closely to tool penetration than those of oat residue because root and shoot tissue were not distinguished. Fractional porosity of the 5.32-cm(3) volumes, adjusted to account for oat residue and sphere volumes, was increased similar or equal to 12% due to these materials. Many 5.32-cm(3) volumes contained no oat residue, whereas only a few volumes had concentrations greater than or equal to 4 times the mean residue concentration. Although oat residue was incorporated with primary tillage, residue and herbicide surrogates were co-located in 35% of the volumes, many of which contained large concentrations of residue. Exclusive use of either primary tillage with the same secondary tillage produces an environment for characteristically different bioactivity in the upper 10 cm. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RABAT INST,INST AGRON & VET HASSAN II,DEPT AGRON,RABAT,MOROCCO. RP Allmaras, RR (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,DEPT SOIL WATER & CLIMATE,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 28 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 4 U2 7 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 60 IS 4 BP 1209 EP 1216 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA UW890 UT WOS:A1996UW89000036 ER PT J AU RieraLizarazu, O Rines, HW Phillips, RL AF RieraLizarazu, O Rines, HW Phillips, RL TI Cytological and molecular characterization of oat x maize partial hybrids SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Avena sativa; Zea mays; wide hybridization; genomic in situ hybridization; cytogenetics ID WHEAT TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; HORDEUM-BULBOSUM L; ZEA-MAYS L; HAPLOID PRODUCTION FREQUENCIES; GENOMIC INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; HEXAPLOID WHEAT; PEARL-MILLET; POLYHAPLOID PRODUCTION; CHROMOSOME ELIMINATION; KNOB HETEROCHROMATIN AB In cereals, interspecific and intergeneric hybridizations (wide crosses) which yield karyotypically stable hybrid plants have been used as starting points to widen the genetic base of a crop and to construct stocks for genetic analysis. Also, uniparental genome elimination in karyotypically unstable hybrids has been utilized for cereal haploid production. We have crossed hexaploid oat (2n=6x=42, Avena sativa L.) and maize (2n=2x=20, Zea mays L.) and recovered 90 progenies through embryo rescue. Fifty-two plants (58%) produced from oatxmaize hybridization were oat haploids (2n=3x=21) following maize chromosome elimination. Twenty-eight plants (31%) were found to be stable partial hybrids with 1-4 maize chromosomes in addition to a haploid set of 21 oat chromosomes (2n=21+1 to 2n=21+4). Ten of the ninety plants produced were found to be apparent chromosomal chimeras, where some tissues in a given plant contained maize chromosomes while other tissues did not, or else different tissues contained a different number of maize chromosomes. DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were used to identify the maize chromosome(s) present in the various oat-maize progenies. Maize chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 were detected in partial hybrids and chromosomal chimeras. Maize chromosomes 1 and 10 were not detected in the plants analyzed to-date. Furthermore, partial self-fertility, which is common in oat haploids, was also observed in some oat-maize hybrids. Upon selfing, partial hybrids with one or two maize chromosomes showed nearly complete transmission of the maize chromosome to give self-fertile maize-chromosome-addition oat plants. Fertile lines were recovered that contained an added maize chromosome or chromosome pair representing six of the ten maize chromosomes, Four independently derived disomic maize chromosome addition lines contained chromosome 4, one line carried chromosome 7, two lines had chromosome 9, one had chromosome 2, and one had chromosome 3. One maize chromosome-8 monosomic addition line was also identified. We also identified a double disomic addition line containing both maize chromosomes 4 and 7. This constitutes the first report of the production of karyotypically stable partial hybrids involving highly unrelated species from two subfamilies of the Gramineae (Pooideae - oat, and Panicoideae - maize) and the subsequent recovery of fertile oat-maize chromosome addition lines. These represent novel material for gene/marker mapping, maize chromosome manipulation, the study of maize gene expression in oat, and the transfer of maize DNA, genes, or active transposons to oat. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,INST PLANT MOL GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. USDA ARS,PLANT SCI RES UNIT,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP RieraLizarazu, O (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,411 BORLAUG HALL,1991 BUFORD CIRCLE,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. OI Riera-Lizarazu, Oscar/0000-0002-7477-4063 NR 64 TC 91 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 93 IS 1-2 BP 123 EP 135 DI 10.1007/BF00225737 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA VA177 UT WOS:A1996VA17700019 PM 24162209 ER PT J AU Brown, SM Hopkins, MS Mitchell, SE Senior, ML Wang, TY Duncan, RR GonzalezCandelas, F Kresovich, S AF Brown, SM Hopkins, MS Mitchell, SE Senior, ML Wang, TY Duncan, RR GonzalezCandelas, F Kresovich, S TI Multiple methods for the identification of polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L) Moench] SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE microsatellite; germplasm; genetic resources; genetic analysis ID LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS; DNA MARKERS; LINKAGE MAP; MICROSATELLITE; MAIZE; ABUNDANCE; LOCI; CONSERVATION; GENOMES; PRIMER AB Simple sequence repeats (SSRs), also known as microsatellites, are highly variable DNA sequences that can be used as markers for the genetic analysis of plants, Three approaches were followed for the development of PCR primers for the amplification of DNA fragments containing SSRs from sorghum [sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]: a search for sorghum SSRs in public DNA databases; the use of SSR-specific primers developed in the Poaceae species maize (Zea mays L.) and seashore pas palum grass (Paspalum vaginatum Swartz); and the screening of sorghum genomic libraries by hybridization with SSR oligonucleotides. A total of 49 sorghum SSR-specific PCR primer pairs (two designed from GenBank SSR-containing sequences and 47 from the sequences of genomic clones) were screened on a panel of 17 sorghum and one maize accession. Ten primer pairs from paspalum and 90 from maize were also screened for polymorphism in sorghum. Length polymorphisms among amplification products were detected with 15 of these primer pairs, yielding diversity values ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 with an average diversity of 0.56. These primer pairs are now available for use as markers in crop improvement and conservation efforts. C1 ARS,USDA,PLANT GENET RESOURCES CONSERVAT UNIT,GRIFFIN,GA 30223. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,GRIFFIN,GA 30223. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,USDA ARS,MOL MARKER FACIL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. UNIV VALENCIA,DEPT GENET,E-46100 VALENCIA,SPAIN. RI Gonzalez-Candelas, Fernando/G-5681-2010 OI Gonzalez-Candelas, Fernando/0000-0002-0879-5798 NR 31 TC 178 Z9 198 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 93 IS 1-2 BP 190 EP 198 DI 10.1007/BF00225745 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA VA177 UT WOS:A1996VA17700027 PM 24162217 ER PT J AU Crouzillat, D Lerceteau, E Petiard, V Morera, J Rodriguez, H Walker, D Phillips, W Ronning, C Schnell, R Osei, J Fritz, P AF Crouzillat, D Lerceteau, E Petiard, V Morera, J Rodriguez, H Walker, D Phillips, W Ronning, C Schnell, R Osei, J Fritz, P TI Theobroma cacao L: A genetic linkage map and quantitative trait loci analysis SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE heterozygosity; molecular markers; genetic map; quantitative trait loci; Theobroma cacao ID FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS; RAPD MARKERS; MOLECULAR MARKERS; DNA; INHERITANCE; TOMATO; MAIZE; RFLP; IDENTIFICATION; POPULATIONS AB A genetic linkage map of Theobroma cacao (cocoa) has been constructed from 131 backcross trees derived from a cross between a single tree of the variety Catongo and an F1 tree from the cross of Catongo by Pound 12. The map comprises 138 markers: 104 RAPD loci, 32 RFLP loci and two morphologic loci. Ten linkage groups were found which cover 1068 centimorgans (cM). Only six (4%) molecular-marker loci show a significant deviation from the expected 1:1 segregation ratio. The average distance between two adjacent markers is 8.3 cM. The final genome-size estimates based on two-point linkage data ranged from 1078 to 1112 cM for the cocoa genome. This backcross progeny segregates for two apparently single gene loci controlling (1) anthocyanidin synthesis (Anth) in seeds, leaves and flowers and (2) self-compatibility (Autoc). The Anth locus was found to be 25 cM from Autoc and two molecular markers co-segregate with Anth. The genetic linkage map was used to localize QTLs for early flowering, trunk diameter, jorquette height and ovule number in the BC1 generation using both single-point ANOVA and interval mapping. A minimum number of 2-4 QTLs (P<0.01) involved in the genetic expression of the traits studied was detected. Coincident map locations of a QTL for jorquette height and trunk diameter suggests the possibility of pleiotropic effects in cocoa for these traits. The combined estimated effects of the different mapped QTLs explained between 11.2% and 25.8% of the phenotypic variance observed in the BC1 population. C1 CTR AGRON TROP INVEST & ENSENANZA,TURRIALBA,COSTA RICA. USDA,SUBTROP HORT RES STN,MIAMI,FL 33158. PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. ACRI,COCOA MOL BIOL LAB,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. RP Crouzillat, D (reprint author), CTR RECH NESTLE TOURS,101 AVE GUSTAVE EIFFEL,NOTRE DAME OE,BP 9716,F-37097 TOURS 2,FRANCE. NR 44 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 93 IS 1-2 BP 205 EP 214 DI 10.1007/BF00225747 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA VA177 UT WOS:A1996VA17700029 PM 24162219 ER PT J AU Karhu, A Hurme, P Karjalainen, M Karvonen, P Karkkainen, K Neale, D Savolainen, O AF Karhu, A Hurme, P Karjalainen, M Karvonen, P Karkkainen, K Neale, D Savolainen, O TI Do molecular markers reflect patterns of differentiation in adaptive traits of conifers? SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Scots pine; molecular markers; isozymes; population structure; adaptive genetic variation ID PINUS-SYLVESTRIS L; SCOTS PINE; GENETIC DIVERSITY; LOBLOLLY-PINE; DOUGLAS-FIR; RED PINE; DNA; LOCI; HETEROZYGOSITY; INHERITANCE AB We have examined patterns of variation of several kinds of molecular markers (isozymes, RFLPs of ribosomal DNA and anonymous low-copy number DNA, RAPDs and microsatellites) and an adaptive trait [date of bud set in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.)]. The study included Finnish Scots pine populations (from latitude 60 degrees N to 70 degrees N) which experience a steep climatic gradient. Common garden experiments show that these populations are adapted to the location of their origin and genetically differentiated in adaptive quantitative traits, e.g. the date of bud set in first-year seedlings. In the northernmost population, bud set took place about 21 days earlier than in the southernmost population. Of the total variation in bud set, 36.4% was found among the populations. All molecular markers showed high levels of within-population variation, while differentiation among populations was low. Among all the studied markers, microsatellites were the most variable ((H) over bar(e)=0.77). Differences between populations were small, G(ST) was less than 0.02. Our study suggests that molecular markers may be poor predictors of the population differentiation of quantitative traits in Scots pine, as exemplified here by bud-set date. C1 UNIV OULU,DEPT BIOL,FIN-90570 OULU,FINLAND. US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC SW RES STN,INST FOREST GENET,BERKELEY,CA 94701. NR 44 TC 158 Z9 169 U1 0 U2 20 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 93 IS 1-2 BP 215 EP 221 DI 10.1007/BF00225748 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA VA177 UT WOS:A1996VA17700030 PM 24162220 ER PT J AU Donoghue, AM Garner, DL Donoghue, DJ Johnson, LA AF Donoghue, AM Garner, DL Donoghue, DJ Johnson, LA TI Assessment of the membrane integrity of fresh and stored turkey spermatozoa using a combination of hypo-osmotic stress fluorescent staining and flow cytometry SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE flow cytometry; membrane integrity; osmolarity; poultry; spermatozoa ID HYPOOSMOTIC SWELLING TEST; HUMAN-SPERM MEMBRANE; FUNCTIONAL INTEGRITY; BOVINE SPERMATOZOA; WATER-TEST; VIABILITY; FERTILITY; FROZEN; FOWL; POULTRY AB A study was conducted to evaluate the integrity of turkey sperm plasma membrane subjected to various hypo-osmotic conditions, and to develop a test to determine the percentage of viable spermatozoa capable of withstanding hypo-osmotic stress after in vitro storage. Semen from 10 toms was collected and pooled twice weekly for 6 wk, and each trial was repeated 6 times. For Trial I, spermatozoa were subjected to varying osmotic solutions by suspension in 100, 80, 60, 40, 20 or 0% PBS in distilled water (297 to 19 mosm/kg H2O) and stained to assess membrane integrity with Calcein-AM (GAL) and propidium iodide (PI). The CAL detected viable spermatozoa (green fluorescence) while the PI shined dead cells (red fluorescence). Spermatozoa were evaluated microscopically and by flow cytometry. The percentage of viable spermatozoa, as determined by flow cytometry, was not different from that in 100% PBS (76.4+/-3.8) to 20% PBS (74.1+/-3.5). Fewer viable spermatozoa, however, were detected in 0% PBS (61.1+/-4.8, P < 0.05). The percentages of swollen tails observed for viable (green stained) spermatozoa were 0, 4.5, 6.5, 24.3, 50.5 and 100% for 100, 80, 60, 40, 20 and 0% PBS, respectively. Semen was also evaluated fresh or after 24 h in vitro storage at 5 degrees C in PBS or H2O (Trial II). The percentage of viable spermatozoa was not different for fresh or in vitro-stored spermatozoa in PBS. For spermatozoa stored 24 h in vitro, the percentage of viable cells was lower in H2O (48.0+/-5.1) than in PBS (66.1+/-5.6, P<0.05). Subjecting in vitro-stored sperm cells to hypo-osmotic stress before fluorescent staining resulted in detection of labile spermatozoa not accounted for by staining alone, indicating that the turkey sperm membrane is more susceptible to damage after cold storage. C1 UNIV NEVADA,SCH VET MED,RENO,NV 89557. US FDA,BIOCHEM PHARMACOL BRANCH,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Donoghue, AM (reprint author), USDA,ARS,GERMPLASM & GAMETE PHYSIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 29 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN PI WOBURN PA 225 WILDWOOD AVE #UNITB PO BOX 4500, WOBURN, MA 01801-2084 SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD JUL PY 1996 VL 46 IS 1 BP 153 EP 163 DI 10.1016/0093-691X(96)00150-1 PG 11 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA UW613 UT WOS:A1996UW61300015 ER PT J AU Knapp, RA Vredenburg, VT AF Knapp, RA Vredenburg, VT TI Spawning by California golden trout: Characteristics of spawning fish, seasonal and daily timing, redd characteristics, and microhabitat preferences SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID BROWN TROUT; SITE SELECTION; BROOK TROUT; BODY-SIZE; STREAM; SALMON; AGUABONITA; CRITERIA; HABITAT; RIVER AB We investigated the spawning biology of California golden trout Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita, an endemic subspecies of rainbow trout, in the Golden Trout Wilderness, California. We investigated the influence of stream temperature on the seasonal and daily timing of spawning, measured characteristics of completed redds, and quantified microhabitat use and preferences by spawning females. We also quantified size at sexual maturity, degree of sexual size dimorphism, and the operational sex ratio during the spawning season. Golden trout spawning began after peak stream discharge in mid-May, when maximum daily water temperatures consistently exceeded 15 degrees C and continued for approximately 3 weeks. Stream temperatures also influenced the daily timing of spawning activity, with highest activity in the afternoon when stream temperatures approached the daily maximum. Among sexually mature fish (>95 mm), males were significantly larger than females, and ripe males were 3-9 times more abundant than ripe females. Females spawning early in the season were larger and constructed their redds in larger substrates than later-spawning females. Redds were characterized by very small substrates, and females showed distinct preferences for particular substrate sizes, water depths, and water velocities. Females selected spawning sites characterized by mean substrate sizes of 4-12 mm, water depths of 5-20 cm, and water velocities of 30-70 cm/s. Compared to spawning microhabitat preferences of other salmonids, female golden trout used smaller substrates, shallower water depths, and dug shallower nests. These differences may be the result of the unusually small size of golden trout in our study population, relative to salmonids used in previous studies of spawning microhabitat. C1 UNIV CALIF SANTA BARBARA,INST MARINE SCI,SANTA BARBARA,CA 93106. US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,BERKELEY,CA 94701. RP Knapp, RA (reprint author), UNIV CALIF MAMMOTH LAKES,SIERRA NEVADA AQUAT RES LAB,STAR ROUTE 1,BOX 198,MAMMOTH LAKES,CA 93546, USA. RI Knapp, Roland/B-1337-2009 OI Knapp, Roland/0000-0002-1954-2745 NR 52 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 125 IS 4 BP 519 EP 531 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1996)125<0519:SBCGTC>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA UX356 UT WOS:A1996UX35600004 ER PT J AU Pearman, BK Way, TR Johnson, CE Burt, EC Bailey, AC Raper, RL AF Pearman, BK Way, TR Johnson, CE Burt, EC Bailey, AC Raper, RL TI Soil stresses and rut depths from tires of a mechanical front wheel drive tractor SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE soil compaction; soil dynamics; tires; tracks; sensors; soil-wheel interaction AB Soil stresses were determined just above a hardpan beneath the centerlines of tires representative of front and rear tires of a mechanical front wheel drive (MFWD) tractor with dual rear tires. Rut depths were measured at the centerline of each tire track. A 14.9R30 R-1 front tire and an 18.4R42 R-1 rear tire were operated on a sandy loam and a clay loam soil with loose soil above hardpans in soil bins, using three combinations of dynamic load and inflation pressure representative of a tractor hitched to a row-crop planter. When a tractor of this type is used with either an integral planter with liquid chemical carried on the tractor, or a towed planter without liquid chemical carried on the tractor, the front tires cause greater soil stresses and rut depths than the rear, so the front tires are likely to compact the soil more than the rear tractor tires. A tractor configured for use with a towed planter without liquid chemical carried on the tractor generates lesser soil stresses and rut depths, and therefore is less likely to compact soil beneath the tractor tires than a tractor configured for an integral planter with liquid chemical carried on the tractor. C1 ARS,USDA,NSDL,AUBURN,AL 36831. AUBURN UNIV,DEPT AGR ENGN,AUBURN,AL 36849. PEARMAN CORP,CHULA,GA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1249 EP 1257 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA VF223 UT WOS:A1996VF22300001 ER PT J AU Zollweg, JA Gburek, WJ Steenhuis, TS AF Zollweg, JA Gburek, WJ Steenhuis, TS TI SMoRMod - A GIS-integrated rainfall-runoff model SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE SMoRMod; GIS; soil moisture; hydrologic modeling; runoff ID CRITERIA AB The Soil Moisture-based Runoff Model (SMoRMod), is a cell-based rainfall-runoff model which is integrated into the GRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System) Geographic Information System (GIS). The use of current GIS technology enables construction of strong physically based models that are entirely spatially referenced, within which all parameters, results, and intermediates retain their physical meaning. The model consists of soil moisture balance and runoff generation/transport submodels. The soil moisture balance submodel functions on a daily time step and provides the initial conditions for the runoff generation submodel. The latter operates with a short time step (30 min for this study) and features an infiltration function in which the incremental abstraction is derived directly from the soil moisture status. The formulation of the infiltration function accounts for both infiltration excess and saturation excess types of runoff generation. The model uses only readily available watershed characteristic data, e.g., soils, topography, and land use, and requires minimal calibration. Model results compare favorably with recorded streamflows for 77 rainstorms on the WD-38 watershed in east-central Pennsylvania. The 77 storms encompass a wide variety of rainfall amounts, rainfall intensities, and antecedent moisture conditions. C1 ARS,PASTURE SYST & WATERSHED MANAGEMENT RES UNIT,USDA,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. CORNELL UNIV,ITHACA,NY. NR 18 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1299 EP 1307 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA VF223 UT WOS:A1996VF22300006 ER PT J AU Hunsaker, DJ Kimball, BA Pinter, PJ LaMorte, RL Wall, GW AF Hunsaker, DJ Kimball, BA Pinter, PJ LaMorte, RL Wall, GW TI Carbon dioxide enrichment and irrigation effects on wheat evapotranspiration and water use efficiency SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; global change; soil water depletion ID CO2 ENRICHMENT; COTTON; YIELD; TRANSPIRATION; FACILITY; FIELD AB Evapotranspiration (ET) and water use efficiency were evaluated for two spring wheat crops, grown in a drip-irrigated field under ambient (about 370 mu mol mol(-1)) and enriched (550 mu mol mol(-1)) carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations during the 1992-1993, and 1993-1994, Free-Air CO Enrichment (FACE) experiments in central Arizona. CO2-enriched (FACE) and ambient CO2 (CONTROL) treatments were replicated in four circular plots, 25 m in diameter, and well-watered (WET) and water-stressed (DRY) irrigation treatments were imposed on one-half of each plot. Wheat ET, measured over discrete time periods of several days by a soil water balance, was significantly higher for WET than DRY irrigation treatments after the first week in March in both years. Differences in ET between CO2 treatments during the season were generally small, although there was a consistent trend towards decreased ET for the FACE over CONTROL under the well-watered irrigation regime. The two-year average reduction in seasonal ET owing to the FACE treatment was about 5% under WET irrigation and was consistent with the results from two parallel investigations that used an energy balance and sap flow measurements. Under the DRY irrigation treatment, seasonal ET was 5 and 0.9% higher for the FACE treatment in the first and second years, respectively. Water use efficiency (grain yield per unit seasonal ET) was significantly higher for FACE treatments; 15 and 24% higher than CONTROL under DRY irrigation, and 13 and 18% higher than CONTROL under WET irrigation. The results indicate that irrigation requirements for fully irrigated wheat may be slightly lower in the future high-CO2 environment. RP Hunsaker, DJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,US WATER CONSERVAT LAB,4331 E BROADWAY RD,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 34 TC 60 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1345 EP 1355 PG 11 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA VF223 UT WOS:A1996VF22300011 ER PT J AU Vellidis, G Hubbard, RK Davis, JG Lowrance, R Williams, RG Johnson, JC Newton, GL AF Vellidis, G Hubbard, RK Davis, JG Lowrance, R Williams, RG Johnson, JC Newton, GL TI Nutrient concentrations in the soil solution and shallow groundwater of a liquid dairy manure land application site SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE land application; dairy manure; water quality; nitrogen; phosphorus; groundwater ID QUALITY; SYSTEM AB Land application of liquid animal manures offers the potential for recycling large volumes of slurries by using the nutrients available in the manure for plant growth in place of conventional inorganic fertilizers. A study was initiated to determine environmentally and economically sustainable liquid dairy manure application rates on a year-round forage production system. Treatments based on nitrogen application rates of 200, 400, 600, and 800 kg N ha(-1)yr(-1) were established. This work reports on nutrient concentrations in the soil solution of the vadose zone and in shallow groundwater after three years of land application. A 96-instrument network of high tension soil solution samplers was installed at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m depths and used to collect biweekly samples from June 1991 through September 1994. A network of 72 shallow groundwater monitoring wells was installed at 3 and 6 m depths and used to collect biweekly samples from May 1991 through September 1994. Statistically significant NO3-N treatment effects were observed at the 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m depths. NO3-N treatment effect were not observed at the 3.0 or 6.0 m depths or at any depth for NH4-N, TKN, TN, PO4-P, and TP. Mean annual NO3-N soil solution concentrations ranged from a low of 1.45 mgL(-1) to a high of 22.70 mgL(-1). Concentrations of NH4-N and TMV were low for all depths while PO4-P and TP concentrations were nearly always below detection limits. After three years of study, treatment effects were clearly observed in the vadose zone. If not for very low subsoil permeability, it is likely that treatment effects would have been observed below 2.0 m. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,DEPT ANIM SCI,TIFTON,GA 31793. USDA ARS,SE WATERSHED RES LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793. COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT SOIL & CROP SCI,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. RP Vellidis, G (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT BIOL & AGR ENGN,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. RI Davis, Jessica/C-1903-2013 NR 11 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1357 EP 1365 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA VF223 UT WOS:A1996VF22300012 ER PT J AU Simanton, JR Hawkins, RH MohseniSaravi, M Renard, KG AF Simanton, JR Hawkins, RH MohseniSaravi, M Renard, KG TI Runoff curve number variation with drainage area, Walnut Gulch, Arizona SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE runoff; curve number AB Runoff Curve Numbers (a measure of a watershed's runoff response to a rainstorm) were determined using three different methods for 18 semiarid watersheds in southeastern Arizona. Each of the methods produced similar results. A relationship was then developed between optimum Curve Number and drainage area of the watershed used Curve Numbers decreased with increasing drainage area. This response is a reflection of spatial variability in rainfall and infiltration losses in the coarse-textured material of the channels associated with larger drainage basins. C1 UNIV ARIZONA,SCH RENEWABLE NAT RESOURCES,TUCSON,AZ 85721. UNIV AGR SCI & NAT RESOURCES,GORGAN,IRAN. RP Simanton, JR (reprint author), USDA,ARS,SWRC,2000 E ALLEN RD,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. NR 16 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1391 EP 1394 PG 4 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA VF223 UT WOS:A1996VF22300015 ER PT J AU Ghidey, F Alberts, EE AF Ghidey, F Alberts, EE TI Comparison of measured and WEPP predicted runoff and soil loss for midwest claypan soil SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE runoff; soil loss; tillage ID EROSION AB Runoff and soil loss predictions from the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) Hillslope model were compared to measured losses from continuous cultivated fallow and continuous corn and soybean cropping systems under conventional, chisel, and no-till tillage methods. Runoff and soil loss data were collected over an 11-yr period (1983-1993) from the study plots on Mexico claypan soil near Kingdom City, Missouri. For all treatments, the model predicted runoff and soil loss reasonably well for the wet years with annual runoff >200 mm but greatly underpredicted for the dry years with annual runoff <100 mm. During the dry seasons, most of the rainfall events occurred after a long dry period and the model overestimated runoff from several events when little or no runoff was measured. When averaged by tillage treatment, mean annual runoff predictions for continuous corn and continuous soybean were within 15% of those measured. The model overpredicted soil losses from continuous corn and continuous soybean by 22 and 87%, respectively. Both measured and predicted runoff and soil losses from continuous soybean were higher than from continuous corn. When averaged over crop, the model slightly overpredicted mean annual runoff for conventional, chisel, and no-till systems. The model did not show appreciable difference in annual runoff prediction for the different tillage systems. Predicted soil losses for conventional, chisel, and no-till tillage systems were 50, 67, and 29% higher, respectively, than those measured. Runoff and soil loss data were also analyzed by cropstage periods. A tillage year was divided into rough fallow (F), seedbed (SE), rapid growth (P12), reproduction and maturation (P3), and residue (P4) periods. Runoff predictions for the F and SE period were reasonable. The model overpredicted runoff for the P12 and P3 periods and underpredicted for the P4 period. The model overpredicted soil loss from all periods except for the F period For continuous corn and soybean cropping systems, more than 50% of the total measured and predicted tillage year soil loss occurred during the SE period. The model was also tested for seven large events that occurred during the study period Predicted runoff and soil loss for these events compared well to those measured. C1 USDA,ARS,CROPPING SYST & WATER QUAL RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. RP Ghidey, F (reprint author), UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT AGR & BIOL ENGN,264 AGR ENG BLDG,COLUMBIA,MO 65211, USA. NR 13 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1395 EP 1402 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA VF223 UT WOS:A1996VF22300016 ER PT J AU Morrison, JE Potter, KN Torbert, HA Pantone, DJ AF Morrison, JE Potter, KN Torbert, HA Pantone, DJ TI Comparison of three methods of residue cover measurements on rainfall simulator sites SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE video images; drop pins; dot-screen ID IMAGE-ANALYSIS; TILLAGE AB Video image analysis, drop pins, and dot-screen methods were used to measure wheat residue cover in 1-m(2) rainfall simulator boxes under undisturbed field conditions. The data set consisted of 53 sites on a set of field plots which represented residue cover on chisel-till and no-till systems two months after wheat harvest. If the mean from the three methods is taken as the true cover, then there was a trend to produce 5% cover above average cover values with the pin method and 1% cover and 4% cover below average values with the dot and video methods, respectively. For no-till conditions of cover in the 80 to 100% cover range, the differences in values achieved with the three methods may be of little consequence, because the soil is adequately protected. For the low-residue cover chisel-till conditions, the differences were as much as 50% of the mean cover and could produce misleading information on the effect of residue cover on runoff, erosion, water quality, and other products of rainfall simulator studies. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,TEXAS AGR EXPT STN,TEMPLE,TX 76508. RP Morrison, JE (reprint author), ARS,USDA,GRASSLAND SOIL & WATER RES LAB,808 E BLACKLAND RD,TEMPLE,TX 76502, USA. NR 6 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1415 EP 1417 PG 3 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA VF223 UT WOS:A1996VF22300019 ER PT J AU Abbott, JA Lu, R AF Abbott, JA Lu, R TI Anisotropic mechanical properties of apples SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE apples; quality; firmness; sorting ID STRESS-RELAXATION; FIRMNESS; FLESH; BEHAVIOR; FRUIT AB Firmness is a critical aspect of apple quality. Knowledge of mechanical properties of apple flesh and intact apples is needed to develop a method to sort intact apples according to firmness. Little derailed information is available on the nonhomogeneous and anisotropic mechanical properties of apples. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of ripeness and of specimen orientation and location within the apple on failure stress, strain, and energy, and apparent modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus). Compression tests were performed on 'Delicious', 'Golden Delicious', and 'Rome Beauty' apples using a universal testing machine. The four mechanical properties were significantly influenced by specimen orientation, latitude (location from stem to calyx), and depth (from skin to core) and, to a smaller extent, by the orientation x latitude, orientation x depth, and ripeness x depth interactions. The other interactions were either quite small or not significant. Failure stress was highest in the vertical direction and lowest in the tangential direction. Young's modulus was significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) higher in radial samples than in tangential and vertical samples. The largest values of failure stress and Young's modulus were obtained from the bottom sections and the smallest Young's modulus values, from the top sections. Delicious apples varied more around their circumference than did Golden Delicious and Rome Beauty apples. The anisotropic properties of the apples were more pronounced in the middle (equatorial) sections than in the top (stem) or bottom (calyx) sections. RP Abbott, JA (reprint author), ARS,USDA,BA NRI ISL,INSTRUMENTAT & SENSING LAB,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BLDG 303,BARC-E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 34 TC 64 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1451 EP 1459 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA VF223 UT WOS:A1996VF22300024 ER PT J AU Lu, R Abbott, JA AF Lu, R Abbott, JA TI A transient method for determining dynamic viscoelastic properties of solid foods SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE food; viscoelastic; dynamic; transient AB This article describes a transient dynamic method for measuring the complex modulus of solid foods over a range of frequencies from one single loading test. Mathematical justifications for the proposed method are given and the instrumentation system for performing the transient dynamic tests is described in the article. Experiments were conducted to measure the complex modulus of apples and potatoes and its relationship with initial stress and vibration input. The magnitudes of the complex modulus increased by 50% for the apples and 80% for the potatoes as the frequency increased from 0 to 800 Hz. The phase angle generally decreased with frequency. As expected, initial stress had a significant effect on the magnitude of the complex modulus, but not on the phase angle. Vibration amplitude had little effect on the magnitude and phase angle. The values of the complex modulus for apples and potatoes measured from the transient dynamic tests were not significantly different at the 0.05 level from the steady-state sinusoidal rests at frequencies of 200, 400, and 600 Hz. RP Lu, R (reprint author), ARS,INSTRUMENTAT & SENSING LAB,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,USDA,BLDG 303,BARC-E,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1461 EP 1467 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA VF223 UT WOS:A1996VF22300025 ER PT J AU Nelson, SO AF Nelson, SO TI Review and assessment of radio-frequency and microwave energy for stored-grain insect control SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE radio-frequency energy; microwave energy; insect control ID SYSTEMS AB Fundamental principles of radio-frequency (RF) and microwave dielectric heating are presented, with a basic consideration of differential or selective absorption of energy from RF and microwave fields that might be applicable for stored-grain insect control. Experimental findings of the past 50 years are reviewed, with respect to entomological and physical factors affecting the response of insects exposed to RF and microwave electromagnetic field in grain and grain products. Practical aspects of RF and microwave energy application for stored-grain insect control are considered, and it is concluded that such use is highly unlikely without some new discovery of a nonthermal lethal mechanism that might be exploited for this purpose. RP Nelson, SO (reprint author), ARS,USDA,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 66 TC 136 Z9 144 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1475 EP 1484 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA VF223 UT WOS:A1996VF22300027 ER PT J AU Park, B Chen, YR AF Park, B Chen, YR TI Multispectral image co-occurrence matrix analysis for poultry carcasses inspection SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE image texture; reflectance; chicken; septicemic; cadaver; classification; neural networks AB Textural feature analysis of multispectral images containing visible/near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths based on co-occurrence matrices was demonstrated as feasible for discriminating abnormal from normal poultry carcasses at a wavelength of 542 nm. Statistical regression models and neural network models were used to develop classifiers. The results showed that the accuracy for the separation of normal carcasses was 94.4% when the statistical regression model was used. Specifically, the classification was perfect when the normal carcasses were separated from the septicemic and cadaver carcasses. However, for separating condemned carcasses between septicemic and cadaver, the accuracy was 96% for septicemic and 82.7% for cadaver cases. When neural network models were employed to classify poultry carcasses into three classes (normal, septicemic, and cadaver), the accuracy of classification were 88.9% for normal, 92% for septicemic, and 82.6% for cadaver cases. Whereas, the separation of the neural network classifier performed without error for two classes (normal vs. abnormal) classification. RP Park, B (reprint author), ARS,USDA,ISL,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BLDG 303,BARC-E,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 12 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGR ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 39 IS 4 BP 1485 EP 1491 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA VF223 UT WOS:A1996VF22300028 ER PT J AU Gray, SM AF Gray, SM TI Plant virus proteins involved in natural vector transmission SO TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID YELLOW DWARF VIRUS; FUNGUS POLYMYXA-BETAE; MOSAIC-VIRUS; APHID TRANSMISSION; COAT PROTEIN; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; GENE REPLACEMENT; MYZUS-PERSICAE; VEIN VIRUS; POTYVIRUS AB Plant viruses transmitted by invertebrate vectors either reversibly bind to vector mouthparts or are internalized by the vector and later secreted. Viral proteins mediate the binding of plant viruses to vector mouthparts and the transport of virus across vector-cell membranes. Both mechanisms probably involve conformational changes of virus proteins during their association with the vector. C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ITHACA,NY 14853. USDA ARS,ITHACA,NY 14853. NR 54 TC 31 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0966-842X J9 TRENDS MICROBIOL JI Trends Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 4 IS 7 BP 259 EP 264 DI 10.1016/0966-842X(96)10040-8 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA UY305 UT WOS:A1996UY30500004 PM 8829333 ER PT J AU Uzoh, FCC Ritchie, MW AF Uzoh, FCC Ritchie, MW TI Crown area equations for 13 species of trees and shrubs in Northern California and Southwestern Oregon SO USDA FOREST SERVICE PACIFIC SOUTHWEST RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE growth and yield; simulators AB The equations presented predict crown area for 13 species of trees and shrubs which may be found growing in competition with commercial conifers during early stages of stand development. The equations express crown area as a function of basal area and height. Parameters were estimated for each species individually using weighted nonlinear least square regression. RP Uzoh, FCC (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,CONIFER SILVICULTURE RES UNIT,2400 WASHINGTON AVE,REDDING,CA 96001, USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU USDA FOREST SERVICE PI BERKELEY PA PACIFIC SOUTHWEST RESEARCH STN PO BOX 245, BERKELEY, CA 94701 SN 0363-5988 J9 USDA FOR SERV PSW R JI USDA For. Serv. Pac. Southwest Res. Stn. Res. Pap. PD JUL PY 1996 IS 227 BP 1 EP & PG 19 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA WQ259 UT WOS:A1996WQ25900001 ER PT J AU Loomis, JB GonzalezCaban, A Gregory, R AF Loomis, JB GonzalezCaban, A Gregory, R TI A contingent valuation study of the value of reducing fire hazards to old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest SO USDA FOREST SERVICE PACIFIC SOUTHWEST RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE contingent valuation; fire economics; NOAA; nonmarket resources; old-growth valuation; willingness-to-pay ID BENEFIT-COST-ANALYSIS; WELFARE EVALUATIONS; SPOTTED OWL; EXISTENCE; GOODS AB A contingent valuation methodology was applied to old-growth forests and critical habitat units for the Northern Spotted Owl in Oregon to estimate the economic value to the public in knowing that rare and unique ecosystems will be protected from fire for current and future generations. Generalizing to the whole state, the total annual willingness-to-pay of Oregon residents ranges from $49.6 to $99 million. In terms of old-growth forests protected from fire, the value is $28 per acre. RP Loomis, JB (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC SW RES STN,ALBANY,CA 94706, USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU USDA FOREST SERVICE PI BERKELEY PA PACIFIC SOUTHWEST RESEARCH STN PO BOX 245, BERKELEY, CA 94701 SN 0363-5988 J9 USDA FOR SERV PSW R JI USDA For. Serv. Pac. Southwest Res. Stn. Res. Pap. PD JUL PY 1996 IS 229 BP R1 EP & PG 28 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA WQ262 UT WOS:A1996WQ26200001 ER PT J AU McDonald, PM Fiddler, GO Meyer, PW AF McDonald, PM Fiddler, GO Meyer, PW TI Vegetation trends in a young conifer plantation after grazing, grubbing, and chemical release SO USDA FOREST SERVICE PACIFIC SOUTHWEST RESEARCH STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE density; development; grasses; pines; sheep; shrubs ID SILVICULTURAL TOOL; GRASSES AB A 3-year-old Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.) plantation in northern California was released by grazing with sheep for 5 years, manual grubbing for 3 years, and applying a herbicide 1 year. These treatments plus an untreated control provided an opportunity to evaluate density and developmental trends for the pine, shrub, and grass components of the plant community during 1986-1994. Creating a near free-to-grow condition by applying Velpar herbicide modified the plant community by controlling the shrubs, reduced cheatgrass in the second and third years, and caused mean pine diameter, foliar cover, and height to be significantly greater than counterparts in all other treatments. Grazing caused two significant, but opposing changes in the plant community. Nipping of twigs by sheep stimulated foliar cover of snowbrush to more than three times that of similar plants in the control. Grazing significantly reduced greenleaf manzanita cover. Grubbing a 4-foot radius around pine seedlings, and grazing with sheep did not increase Jeffrey pine development relative to the control. Because of this ineffectiveness, the efficacy of grazing as a silvicultural tool is questioned and suggestions for its betterment are presented. RP McDonald, PM (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC SW RES STN,ALBANY,CA 94706, USA. NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU USDA FOREST SERVICE PI BERKELEY PA PACIFIC SOUTHWEST RESEARCH STN PO BOX 245, BERKELEY, CA 94701 SN 0363-5988 J9 USDA FOR SERV PSW R JI USDA For. Serv. Pac. Southwest Res. Stn. Res. Pap. PD JUL PY 1996 IS 228 BP R1 EP & PG 22 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA WQ261 UT WOS:A1996WQ26100001 ER PT J AU Baetz, AL Wesley, IV Stevens, MG AF Baetz, AL Wesley, IV Stevens, MG TI The use of Listeriolysin O in an ELISA, a skin test and a lymphocyte blastogenesis assay on sheep experimentally infected with Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria ivanovii or Listeria innocua SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Listeria spp; sheep; listeriolysin O; ELISA; hypersensitivity; blastogenesis assay ID LAMBS AB Purified listeriolysin O (LLO) was evaluated as a specific antigen to detect both humoral and cell mediated immune responses of sheep infected with Listeria monocytogenes. Six sheep (two in each group) were orally inoculated with 10(10) organisms of L. monocytogenes, L. ivanovii, or L. innocua. Only the L. monocytogenes inoculated sheep had an elevated temperature (> 42 degrees C) and after 15 days had anti-LLO antibodies as assessed by an ELISA. In a blastogenesis assay, only peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from L. monocytogenes-infected sheep responded to LLO, while PBMC from all the sheep responded somewhat to heat-killed L. monocytogenes bacteria. In a skin test, only L. monocytogenes-infected sheep exhibited a positive reaction to injected LLO, while all the Listeria-infected sheep reacted to heat-killed bacteria. On day 120 postinfection, all of the sheep were orally inoculated with L. monocytogenes. Only the four that had not been previously given L. monocytogenes exhibited an elevated temperature (> 42 degrees C). 80 days later, sera from all of the animals were positive for anti-LLO antibodies. Thus, prior exposure to L. ivanovii or L. innocua does not protect against a L. monocytogenes challenge. These results suggest LLO is an excellent antigen for use in detecting Listeria infection in sheep. However, whether LLO will be useful in differentiating chronically infected animals from animals that have recovered, has yet to be investigated. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,BRUCELLOSIS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. RP Baetz, AL (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,ENTER DIS RES UNIT,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 13 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 151 EP 159 DI 10.1016/0378-1135(96)00033-8 PG 9 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA UX890 UT WOS:A1996UX89000015 PM 8828131 ER PT J AU Halling, SM AF Halling, SM TI The effects of magainin 2, cecropin, mastoparan and melittin on Brucella abortus SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Brucella abortus; Salmonella typhimurium; magainin; cecropin; mastoparan; melittin; polycationic peptides ID MOLECULAR-GENETIC-ANALYSIS; ANTIBACTERIAL PEPTIDES; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES; PIG INTESTINE; RESISTANCE; LOCUS; DEFENSINS AB The effect of the alpha-helical polycationic peptides magainin 2, melittin, mastoparan and cecropin on the viability of Brucella abortus 544 (type species), B. abortus S19 (vaccine strain) and B. abortus S2308 (vaccine challenge strain) was determined. Rough mutants of these strains and the rough candidate vaccine strain B. abortus RB51 were also tested. S. typhimurium was used as a control. The peptides did not affect the viability of B. abortus smooth strains but some of the peptides affected viability of the rough strains. Magainin 2 at a concentration of 100 mu g ml(-1) did not reduce the viability of the rough B. abortus strains. Cecropin at a concentration of 15 mu g ml(-1) reduced the viability of the rough strains by approximately 10-fold. Mastoparan at a concentration of 50 mu g ml(-1) reduced the viability of the rough strains by approximately 100-fold. Melittin at a concentration of 20 mu g ml(-1) reduced the viability of the rough strains of B. abortus by approximately 1000-fold. The brucellae were significantly more resistant to all the cationic peptides than was S. typhimurium. RP Halling, SM (reprint author), ARS,USDA,NADC,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 17 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 187 EP 192 DI 10.1016/0378-1135(96)00027-2 PG 6 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA UX890 UT WOS:A1996UX89000019 PM 8828135 ER PT J AU Kelley, LC Harmon, BG McCaskey, PC AF Kelley, LC Harmon, BG McCaskey, PC TI A retrospective study of pancreatic tumors in slaughter cattle SO VETERINARY PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cattle; glucagon; immunohistochemistry; insulin; pancreas; pancreatic polypeptide; somatostatin ID MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA; CELLS; POLYPEPTIDE; CARCINOMA; EXOCRINE; HORMONE; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY; GLUCAGON; ISLETS AB Sixteen primary pancreatic tumors were found in a retrospective study of bovine pancreatic lesions detected in slaughtered cattle. Eleven islet cell tumors and three pancreatic exocrine carcinomas were identified based on light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Nine of 11 islet cell tumors were classified as malignant. Metastatic sites included iliac, mediastinal, hepatic, and mesenteric lymph nodes, peritoneum, mesentery, and liver. Six cows with multiple islet cell tumors also had pheochromocytomas. All 11 islet cell. tumors had positive immunoreactivity to insulin and somatostatin. Three tumors also contained cells immunoreactive for glucagon and two tumors contained pancreatic polypeptide immunoreactive cells. Immunoreactivity of tumor cells in metastatic sites was similar to their respective primary tumors. All exocrine pancreatic carcinomas metastasized widely and were immunonegative for insulin, somatostatin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide. No mixed endocrine-exocrine tumors were identified. None of the endocrine or exocrine tumors contained amyloid. Additional primary tumors of the bovine pancreas included one neurofibroma and one neurofibrosarcoma. Additional cases with lesions of the bovine pancreas included nodular hyperplasia in 15 cows, exocrine acinar atrophy and fibrosis in four cows (two of which also had pancreatic lithiasis), pancreatitis in one cow, peripancreatic fibrosis in two cows, pancreatic steatosis in one animal, and pancreatic hemorrhages in one cow. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,COLL VET MED,ATHENS,GA. RP Kelley, LC (reprint author), FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV,DIV PATHOL,EASTERN LAB,USDA,POB 6085,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 42 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL VET PATHOLOGIST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0300-9858 J9 VET PATHOL JI Vet. Pathol. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 33 IS 4 BP 398 EP 406 PG 9 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA UW021 UT WOS:A1996UW02100005 PM 8817837 ER PT J AU Richter, GA Homer, BL Moyer, SA Williams, DS Scherba, G Tucker, SJ Hall, BJ Pedersen, JC Jacobson, ER AF Richter, GA Homer, BL Moyer, SA Williams, DS Scherba, G Tucker, SJ Hall, BJ Pedersen, JC Jacobson, ER TI Characterization of paramyxoviruses isolated from three snakes SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE snake; paramyxovirus; characterization ID VIRUS AB Multiple epizootics of pneumonia in captive snakes have been attributed to viruses which have been tentatively placed in the family Paramyxoviridae. Viruses isolated from an ill Neotropical rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus), from an Aruba Island rattlesnake (Crotalus unicolor), and from a bush viper (Atheris sp.) were propagated in Vero cells and characterized. Viral particles produced in Vero cells were pleomorphic, enveloped, and contained helical nucleocapsids. The viruses were sensitive to ether and to acidic and basic pH. Moreover, they had neuraminidase activity and were able to agglutinate erythrocytes from chicken and a variety of species of mammals. Hemagglutination was inhibited with rabbit antiserum raised against each virus. The buoyant densities of the three isolates ranged from 1.13/cm(3) to 1.18/cm(3), values consistent with that for an enveloped virus. The nucleic acid in the virion was determined to be RNA by [H-3]uridine incorporation. Viral proteins characteristic of paramyxoviruses were immunoprecipitated from cells infected with each of the three isolates using rabbit anti-Neotropical virus serum. The morphologic appearance, physico- and biochemical properties, and cytopathologic effects of these snake viruses were consistent with those of certain members of the family Paramyxoviridae. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,COLL VET MED,DEPT SMALL ANIM CLIN SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32169. UNIV FLORIDA,COLL VET MED,DEPT PATHOBIOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610. UNIV FLORIDA,COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610. UNIV FLORIDA,ICBR,ELECTRON MICROSCOPY CORE LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610. UNIV ILLINOIS,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET PATHOBIOL,URBANA,IL 61801. NATL VET SERV LAB,AMES,IA 50010. NR 23 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 43 IS 1 BP 77 EP 83 DI 10.1016/0168-1702(96)01319-6 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA UW256 UT WOS:A1996UW25600007 PM 8822636 ER PT J AU Brubaker, KL Rango, A AF Brubaker, KL Rango, A TI Response of snowmelt hydrology to climate change SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Clean Water Conference on Clean Water - Factors That Influence Its Availability, Quality and Its Use CY NOV 28-30, 1995 CL LA JOLLA, CA SP Elect Power Res Inst, Calif State Water Resources Control Board, Edison Elect Inst, Empire State Elect Energy Res Corp, Int Energy Agcy, Coal Res, UK, Power Gen, UK, US DOE, PETC DE snowmelt; runoff; net radiation; snow cover; climate change; water supply ID RUNOFF MODEL AB In mountainous regions where the accumulation and melt of seasonal snow cover are important for runoff production, the timing and quantity of water supply could be strongly affected by regional climate change, particularly altered temperature and precipitation regimes. In this paper, the hydrological response to climate change scenarios is examined using a semi-distributed snowmelt runoff model. The model represents an improvement over simple temperature-based models, in that it incorporates the net radiation into the snowpack. Thus it takes into account the basin's topography and slope orientation when computing snowmelt. In general, a warmer climate is expected to shift snowmelt earlier into the winter and spring, decreasing summer runoff. The effects of other potential climate changes (such as precipitation and cloudiness patterns) are explored. The uncertainties in these predictions are discussed. RP Brubaker, KL (reprint author), USDA ARS,HYDROL LAB,BARC W,BLDG 007,ROOM 104,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 90 IS 1-2 BP 335 EP 343 DI 10.1007/BF00619293 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA UX485 UT WOS:A1996UX48500033 ER PT J AU Adler, PR Summerfelt, ST Glenn, DM Takeda, F AF Adler, PR Summerfelt, ST Glenn, DM Takeda, F TI Evaluation of a wetland system designed to meet stringent phosphorus discharge requirements SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE effluent; nitrogen; nutrient removal; phosphorus; wetland ID AQUACULTURE; REMOVAL AB In this study, a wetland system was created and managed to increase plant removal of influent phosphorus (P). This was accomplished by making P the most limiting nutrient, by enhancing mass transfer of P to the root surface and by harvesting the shoot biomass to regenerate the nutrient removal capacity of the wetland. A mixture of grass species that are tolerant of wet conditions (66% Reed canary grass) was grown in long (3.66-m) and narrow (0.1-m) troughs containing silica sand. Four replicates of three depths of sand (1.3, 2.5, and 5.1 cm) were investigated at a hydraulic loading rate between 1 500 and 1 800 m(3)/ha . d. Removal of P was greater than 90% in all treatments, and P was reduced from 0.480 mg/L to less than 0.001 mg/L in the 5.1-cm-deep sand treatment. The treatments removed approximately 40% of the influent nitrate (22 mg/L in; 13 mg/L out). Nutrient removal occurred 24 hours a day with small diurnal fluctuations. Grass was harvested biweekly by cutting to a uniform 7.6-cm height. Comparison of the actual amount of nutrients removed in the harvested biomass with that calculated from differences between influent and effluent concentrations showed that approximately 50% of the N and approximately 80% of the P were removed from the effluent in the biweekly grass clippings. C1 CONSERVAT FUNDS FRESHWATER INST,SHEPHERDSTOWN,WV. RP Adler, PR (reprint author), USDA ARS,45 WILTSHIRE RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 29 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 6 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 SN 1061-4303 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PD JUL-AUG PY 1996 VL 68 IS 5 BP 836 EP 840 DI 10.2175/106143096X127839 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA UY297 UT WOS:A1996UY29700002 ER PT J AU Smith, RE Diekkruger, B AF Smith, RE Diekkruger, B TI Effective soil water characteristics and ensemble soil water profiles in heterogeneous soils SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SPATIALLY-VARIABLE FIELDS; UNSATURATED FLOW; HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; INFILTRATION; VARIABILITY; MODELS AB One-dimensional vertical flows through spatially heterogeneous areas are studied with numerical solutions for a variety of soil types, to ascertain the behavior of the ensemble. Soil heterogeneity is treated using the distributions of parameters describing the characteristic relations of conductivity, water content, and pressure head. Values of the critical parameters, taken from a modified Brooks-Corey or van Genuchten model, have previously [Smith and Diekkruger, 1992] been shown in two extensive data sets to exhibit little interdependence. The static ensemble characteristics, except for saturated and residual water content parameters, are shown to have regular bias compared to a soil with the mean characteristic parameters. The measured data also are shown not to support the popular similar media heterogeneity model. Using both analytic approximate flow models and an ensemble solution of Richards' equation, the effective dynamic ensemble characteristics in three example soils are studied. As suggested in previous studies, such effective characteristics are conditional to flow conditions and are here shown to be quite different from ensemble static characteristics. This indicates that irrespective of the sample size, effective soil dynamic characteristics are not measurable for-samples possessing significant heterogeneity. C1 TECH UNIV CAROLO WILHELMINA BRAUNSCHWEIG,INST GEOOKOL,D-38106 BRAUNSCHWEIG,GERMANY. RP Smith, RE (reprint author), COLORADO STATE UNIV,AGR ENGN RES CTR,USDA ARS,FT COLLINS,CO 80525, USA. RI Diekkruger, Bernd/D-9410-2013 OI Diekkruger, Bernd/0000-0001-9234-7850 NR 27 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 32 IS 7 BP 1993 EP 2002 DI 10.1029/96WR01048 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA UV613 UT WOS:A1996UV61300008 ER PT J AU Lewis, J AF Lewis, J TI Turbidity-controlled suspended sediment sampling for runoff-event load estimation SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DYNAMICS AB For estimating suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in rivers, turbidity is generally a much better predictor than water discharge. Although it is now possible to collect continuous turbidity data even at remote sites, sediment sampling and load estimation are still conventionally based on discharge. With frequent calibration the relation of turbidity to SSC could be used to estimate suspended loads more efficiently. In the proposed system a programmable data logger signals a pumping sampler to collect SSC specimens at specific turbidity thresholds. Sampling of dense field records of SSC and turbidity is simulated to investigate the feasibility and efficiency of turbidity-controlled sampling for estimating sediment loads during runoff events. Measurements of SSC and turbidity were collected at 10-min intervals from five storm events in a small mountainous watershed that exports predominantly fine sediment. In the simulations, samples containing a mean of 4 to 11 specimens, depending on storm magnitude, were selected from each storm's record, and event loads were estimated by predicting SSC from regressions on turbidity. Using simple linear regression, the five loads were estimated with root mean square errors between 1.9 and 7.7%, compared to errors of 8.8 to 23.2% for sediment rating curve estimates based on the same samples. An estimator for the variance of the load estimate is imprecise for small sample sizes and sensitive to violations in regression model assumptions. The sampling method has potential for estimating the load of any water quality constituent that has a better correlate, measurable in situ, than discharge. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC SW RES STN,ARCATA,CA. NR 35 TC 120 Z9 125 U1 4 U2 34 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 32 IS 7 BP 2299 EP 2310 DI 10.1029/96WR00991 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA UV613 UT WOS:A1996UV61300036 ER PT J AU Federer, CA Vorosmarty, C Fekete, B AF Federer, CA Vorosmarty, C Fekete, B TI Intercomparison of methods for calculating potential evaporation in regional and global water balance models SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE-CHANGE; SPARSE CROPS; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; FOREST; CONDUCTANCE AB Five methods (Thornthwaite, Hamon, Jensen-Haise, Turc, and Penman) for estimating potential evaporation for a reference surface (PE(r)) were compared to four methods (Priestley-Taylor, McNaughton-Black, Penman-Monteith, and Shuttleworth-Wallace) for estimating surface-dependent potential evaporation (PE(s)) using three cover types at each of seven locations from Fairbanks, Alaska, to San Juan, Puerto Rico. For annual PE the PE(s) methods generally agreed with the PE(r) methods, but for many locations, differences among methods were hundreds of millimeters per year. No methods were consistently low or high. Three of the PE(s) methods depend strongly on maximum leaf conductance, for which Korner [1994] provided satisfactory values by cover type. Potential interception (PE(i)) can only be estimated appropriately for all cover types by the Shuttleworth-Wallace method. Use of 5-day or monthly input data did not greatly degrade results, so use of monthly data to generate PE estimates appears warranted in global water balance models. C1 UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,INST STUDY EARTH OCEANS & SPACE,COMPLEX SYST RES CTR,DURHAM,NH 03824. UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,DEPT EARTH SCI,DURHAM,NH 03824. RP Federer, CA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,POB 640,DURHAM,NH 03824, USA. NR 30 TC 134 Z9 143 U1 3 U2 39 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 32 IS 7 BP 2315 EP 2321 DI 10.1029/96WR00801 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA UV613 UT WOS:A1996UV61300038 ER PT J AU Baerg, RJ Gronwald, JW Eberlein, CV Stucker, RE AF Baerg, RJ Gronwald, JW Eberlein, CV Stucker, RE TI Antagonism of diclofop control of wild oat (Avena fatua) by tribenuron SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE (+/-)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanic acid; tribenuron, 2-[[[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-methylamino]carbonyl]amino ]sulfonyl]benzoic acid; wild oat, Avena fatua L AVEFA; acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2); herbicide antagonism; split-applications; AVEFA ID ITALIAN RYEGRASS LOLIUM; SOYBEANS GLYCINE-MAX; TRALKOXYDIM ACTIVITY; CHLORSULFURON; HERBICIDES; TRANSLOCATION; METHYL; WHEAT; MULTIFLORUM; GRASS AB Tribenuron antagonized diclofop control of wild oat in greenhouse studies, Wild oat shoot fresh weight was reduced 79% when plants were treated with diclofop at 1.12 kg ha(-1), but only 46% when treated with diclofop at 1.12 kg ha(-1) plus tribenuron at 18 g ha(-1). Increasing diclofop rate increased control of wild oat but did not overcome the antagonism. Separating the applications of diclofop and tribenuron by as little as 12 s reduced the antagonism by 40%, indicating the importance of close proximity of the two herbicides on the leaf surface for the antagonistic response. The inhibitory effect of diclofop at its target site (acetyl-CoA carboxylase) was not reduced by tribenuron. Metabolism of C-14-diclofop by wild oat leaves was not altered quantitatively or qualitatively by tribenuron. Tribenuron had no effect on spray retention or absorption of C-14-diclofop by wild oat leaves, and only slightly decreased the total amount of radiolabel translocated out of the treated zone on the leaf. However, tribenuron decreased basipetal translocation of diclofop from the treated zone by approximately 20%. The ability of tribenuron to reduce basipetal translocation of diclofop to meristematic regions of wild oat may be a factor in antagonism. C1 USDA ARS,PLANT SCI RES UNIT,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP Baerg, RJ (reprint author), UNIV IDAHO,ABERDEEN,ID 83210, USA. NR 33 TC 2 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 44 IS 3 BP 461 EP 468 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VE210 UT WOS:A1996VE21000003 ER PT J AU Thompson, WM Nissen, SJ Masters, RA AF Thompson, WM Nissen, SJ Masters, RA TI Adjuvant effects on imazethapyr, 2,4-D and picloram absorption by leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE 2,4-D amine, (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid dimethylamine; imazethapyr, 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-ethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl -3-pyridinecarboxylic acid; picloram, 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid; ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3; ammonium sulfate (NH4)(2)SO4; leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula L EPHES; Euphorbia esula L.#3 EPHES ID ORGANOSILICONE SURFACTANTS; FOLIAR UPTAKE; CUTICULAR PENETRATION; AMMONIUM-SULFATE; TRANSLOCATION; HERBICIDE; RAINFASTNESS; TEMPERATURE; IMAZAPYR; FORMULATION AB Laboratory experiments were conducted to identify adjuvants that improve absorption of imazethapyr, 2,4-D amine, and picloram by leafy spurge. Adjuvants (0.25% v/v) included crop oil concentrate (COC), methylated seed oil (MSO), nonionic surfactant (NIS), organosilicones (Silwet L-77(R), Sylgard(R) 309, Silwet(R) 408), 3:1 mixtures of acetylinic diol ethoxylates (ADE40, ADE65, ADE85) with Silwet L-77, ammonium sulfate (2.5 kg ha(-1)), and 28% urea ammonium nitrate (UAN, 2.5% v/v). Adjuvants mere combined with C-14-herbicide and commercially formulated herbicide product. Leaves were harvested 2 DAT, rinsed with 10% aqueous methanol to remove surface deposits of herbicide, and dipped in 9:1 hexane:acetone to solubilize cuticular waxes. Imazethapyr absorption increased by 38 to 68% when UAN was combined with COC, NIS, or MSG. Total absorption of inazethapyr plus COC, MSG, or MS exceeded 86% 2 DAT when UAN was added. Urea ammonium nitrate reduced the amount of imazethapyr associated with the cuticular wax by 2.0%. Imazethapyr absorption was similar on both the abaxial and adaxial leaf surface when UAN was not added; however, 12% more imazethapyr was absorbed from the abaxial leaf surface than from the adaxial leaf surface when UAN was combined with Sylgard 309. Uptake of 2,4-D ranged from 54 to 78% and was greatest with Silwet 408 and 3:1 mixture of ADE40:Silwet L-77. Picloram absorption ranged from 3 to 19%. Buffering picloram treatment solutions to pH 7 and including 2.5 kg ha(-1) ammonium sulfate increased picloram absorption to 37%. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA,DEPT AGRON,LINCOLN,NE 68583. NR 38 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 44 IS 3 BP 469 EP 475 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VE210 UT WOS:A1996VE21000004 ER PT J AU Cralle, HT Bovey, RW AF Cralle, HT Bovey, RW TI Total nonstructural carbohydrates and regrowth in honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) following hand defoliation or clopyralid treatment SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE herbicides; carbohydrates; total nonstructural carbohydrates; PRCJG; clopyralid [3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid]; honey mesquite, Prosopis glandulosa Torr PRCJG ID WATER RELATIONS; HERBICIDES; TRENDS; TEXAS AB Greenhouse experiments were conducted to assess the storage of nonstructural carbohydrates in the stems and roots of honey mesquite and their mobilization and utilization following defoliation by hand or clopyralid. All leaves were removed by hand from one group of plants while leaving stems intact. Another group received a foliar spray of clopyralid at a sublethal acid equivalent rate of 0.07 kg ha(-1). Samplings at treatment on day 0 and at 14, 28, 42, and 58 d after treatment measured leaf area; dry weight of leaves, stems, and roots; and grams and percent total nonstructural carbohydrates in stems and roots. Controls accumulated dry weight and grams total nonstructural carbohydrates in stems and roots, while maintaining a constant percent total nonstructural carbohydrates throughout the experiment. Percent and grams total nonstructural carbohydrates in stems and roots of hand defoliated plants decreased by about one-half from day 0 to 14 as new leaf growth occurred, but increased and returned to pretreatment levels on day 28. A similiar, though slower, pattern of decline and recovery of total nonstructural carbohydrates in stems and roots occurred in response to defoliation by clopyralid. These results showed that the nonstructural carbohydrates in stems and roots of honey mesquite were important sources of carbohydrates to support new leaf regrowth following defoliation by hand or herbicide. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV, USDA ARS, DEPT RANGE LAND ECOL & MANAGEMENT, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843 USA. TEXAS A&M UNIV, USDA ARS, DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 44 IS 3 BP 566 EP 569 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VE210 UT WOS:A1996VE21000018 ER PT J AU Rayachhetry, MB Blakeslee, GM Center, TD AF Rayachhetry, MB Blakeslee, GM Center, TD TI Predisposition of Melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquenervia) to invasion by the potential biological control agent Botryosphaeria ribis SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE defoliation; drought; low temperature; stem canker; MLAQU; melaleuca, Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav) Blake MLAQU ID ENDOTHIA-GYROSA; SUSCEPTIBILITY; EXPANSION; DOTHIDEA; DROUGHT; STRESS; STEMS AB Enhancement of the canker causing ability of Botryosphaeria ribis on melaleuca was studied with respect to stress from simulated drought, low temperature, and defoliation treatments. Low xylem water potential was related to increased level of canker development and subsequent tree mortality, Canker development was enhanced by low temperature treatments with alternating exposure to 6 C for 3 d followed by 4 d at 30 (+/-5) C for 8 wk, Partial defoliation did not affect canker development but complete defoliation of B. ribis-inoculated ramets resulted in tree mortality within 4 wk. Callusing of melaleuca wounds was either reduced or prevented in stressed trees. These observations suggest that stress induced on the tree enhances the tree-killing efficacy of this fungus. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,SCH FOREST RESOURCES & CONSERVAT,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. ARS,AQUAT WEED RES LAB,USDA,FT LAUDERDALE,FL 33314. RP Rayachhetry, MB (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,FT LAUDERDALE RES & EDUC CTR,FT LAUDERDALE,FL 33314, USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 44 IS 3 BP 603 EP 608 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VE210 UT WOS:A1996VE21000025 ER PT J AU Lym, RG Nissen, SJ Rowe, ML Lee, DJ Masters, RA AF Lym, RG Nissen, SJ Rowe, ML Lee, DJ Masters, RA TI Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) genotype affects gall midge (Spurgia esulae) establishment SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE leafy spurge gall midge, Spurgia esulae Gagne; leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula L EPHES; biological control; rangeland weed control; cpDNA; RFLP; genetic markers; EPHES ID LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS; DNA; BIOCONTROL; FRAGMENTS; BIOTYPES AB Greenhouse cage studies were conducted to determine the influence of shoot morphology and genetic variation on establishment of Spurgia esulae gall midge on seven leafy spurge genotypes, The genotypes were collected from South Dakota, North Dakota, Nebraska, Montana, Wyoming, Manitoba, and Austria, Genotypes from South Dakota and Nebraska were most susceptible to gall formation and had the highest larvae survival, while the genotypes from Montana and Manitoba were most resistant. Morphological characteristics of the leafy spurge stem tips, such as stem diameter, leaf length, width, and area did not correlate with gall formation or larvae survival. Chloroplast DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the genotypes identified six chloroplast types among the seven leafy spurge genotypes, The two genotypes most resistant to galling by S. esulae, Manitoba and Montana, had the same chloroplast genotype, but also were closely related to the two most susceptible genotypes, Because eggs were laid on all genotypes, it appears that adult females were not preferentially selecting appropriate host genotypes, but that egg and larvae survival was strongly influenced by genotype. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,DEPT AGRON,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,DEPT RANGELAND SCI,LINCOLN,NE 68583. RP Lym, RG (reprint author), N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT SCI,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 21 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 3 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 44 IS 3 BP 629 EP 633 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VE210 UT WOS:A1996VE21000029 ER PT J AU Forcella, F King, RP Swinton, SM Buhler, DD Gunsolus, JL AF Forcella, F King, RP Swinton, SM Buhler, DD Gunsolus, JL TI Multi-year validation of a decision aid for integrated weed management in row crops SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE corn, Zea mays L 'Pioneer 3790'; soybean, Glycine max (L) Merr'Evans'; bioeconomic modeling; expert system; sustainable agriculture; weed seedbank; weed seed production ID HERBICIDE; MODEL; CORN AB WEEDSIM is a bioeconomic decision aid for management of annual weeds in corn and soybean. It was field-tested for 4 yr in Minnesota. The decision aid has two categories of management recommendations: soil-applied plus postemergence (PRE+), based on estimated weed seedbank composition and density; and postemergence (POST), based upon observed weed seedling composition and density. Weed densities, weed control, herbicide use, environmental impact of herbicide use, weed management costs, crop yields, and economic returns that resulted from PRE+ and POST recommendations were compared to those associated with herbicide management systems (HERB) that were standard for the region. After 4 yr of applying WEEDSIM recommendations to the same plots, there were no increases in annual weed densities (seedbanks, seedlings, established plants, or seed production) or decreases in weed control or crop (soybean, rotation corn, and continuous corn) yields, compared to HERB. WEEDSIM recommendations resulted in average annual herbicide applications of 1.1 kg ai ha(-1) for PRE+ and 1.0 kg ai ha(-1) for POST, compared to 3.5 kg ai ha(-1) for HERB. Environmental impact indices associated with PRE+, POST, and HERB were 0.75, 0.71, and 0.54, with the lowest value indicating greater environmental risk than the two higher values. Similarly, average weed management costs were $24, $33, and $77 ha(-1) for PRE+, POST, and HERB, respectively. Based on crop prices of $94 Mg-1 for corn and $220 Mg-1 for soybean, the average gross margins over weed control costs were higher for PRE+ ($509 ha(-1)) and POST ($522 ha(-1)) than for HERB ($455 ha(-1)). In general, WEEDSIM appeared to make management recommendations that adequately controlled weeds, maintained crop yields, reduced herbicide use, decreased environmental risk, lowered weed management costs, and increased gross margins over weed control costs compared to the use of herbicides standard for the region. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGR & APPL ECON,ST PAUL,MN 55108. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR ECON,E LANSING,MI 48824. ARS,USDA,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,AMES,IA 50011. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP Forcella, F (reprint author), ARS,USDA,N CENT SOIL CONSERVAT RES LAB,MORRIS,MN 56267, USA. NR 26 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 44 IS 3 BP 650 EP 661 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VE210 UT WOS:A1996VE21000033 ER PT J AU Gaston, LA Locke, MA Wagner, SC Zablotowicz, RM Reddy, KN AF Gaston, LA Locke, MA Wagner, SC Zablotowicz, RM Reddy, KN TI Sorption of bentazon and degradation products in two Mississippi soils SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bentazon, [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] ID LYSIMETER EXPERIMENTS; HERBICIDE AB Bentazon degradation in soil typically proceeds with development of bound residue, Low sorption of bentazon suggests that this residue consists of degradation products; however, there is little data on the sorption behavior of these products, This study was undertaken to determine the sorption of bentazon and the degradation products 2-amino-N-isopropyl benzamide, 2-aminobenzoic acid, and N-methyl bentazon in Dundee silt loam and Sharkey clay, two common agricultural soils of the Mississippi Delta, Greater sorption of bentazon and degradation products in the Sharkey soil was related to finer texture and higher organic C content, Isotherms were nonlinear, with sorption increasing in the order bentazon << 2-amino-N-isopropyl benzamide < N-methyl bentazon, In general, methanol extraction indicated reversible sorption of these compounds, Therefore, it is unlikely that sorption of either 2-amino-N-isopropyl benzamide or N-methyl bentazon contributes to bound residue. In contrast, essentially all of the C-14 sorbed from radiolabeled 2-aminobenzoic acid solution remained bound after methanol extraction, However, due to degradation of 2-aminobenzoic acid, it was not possible to conclude the extent to which this compound contributed to bound C-14, Sorption of C-14 from 2-aminobenzoic acid exceeded that of N-methyl bentazon, and at low initial concentrations (less than or equal to 20 mu M) was nearly 1000-fold greater than bentazon sorption. RP Gaston, LA (reprint author), ARS,USDA,SO WEED SCI LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. OI Zablotowicz, Robert/0000-0001-8070-1998 NR 16 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 44 IS 3 BP 678 EP 682 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VE210 UT WOS:A1996VE21000036 ER PT J AU Johnson, WC Mullinix, BG AF Johnson, WC Mullinix, BG TI Phytotoxicity of flumetsulam on peanut (Arachis hypogaea) SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE herbicide phytotoxicity; peanut injury ID WEED-CONTROL; PARAQUAT; HERBICIDES; YIELD AB Field studies were conducted at Tifton, GA to quantify phytotoxicity of flumetsulam on peanut as influenced by application rate and timing in a weed free experiment. Flumetsulam PPI at rates up to 0.14 kg ai/ha visibly injured peanut and reduced canopy width, but injury from PPI flumetsulam at 0.07 kg/ha or less was no worse than a standard early postemergence (EPOST) treatment of bentazon (0.6 kg ai/ha) plus paraquat (0.14 kg ai/ha). Flumetsulam EPOST at rates up to 0.07 kg/ha visibly injured peanut and reduced peanut canopy width, Flumetsulam injury at rates of 0.035 kg/ha EPOST was similar to that caused by bentazon plus paraquat. Interactive effects of PPI and EPOST flumetsulam reduced early and mid-season pod and foliage biomass more than either application alone. However, peanut recovered with final yields not affected by flumetsulam, regardless of rate or time of application. RP Johnson, WC (reprint author), USDA ARS,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 481 EP 487 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VB913 UT WOS:A1996VB91300003 ER PT J AU Forcella, F Peterson, DH Barbour, JC AF Forcella, F Peterson, DH Barbour, JC TI Timing and measurement of weed seed shed in corn (Zea mays) SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE phenology; seed dispersal; seed production; seed rain; seed traps ID COMPETITION; TRAP AB In west central Minnesota the extent and duration of weed seed shed was measured for two years in corn that received cultivation but no herbicides. Percentage of seed production represented by viable (filled) seeds was about 79% for green foxtail, 68% for wild mustard, 49% for Pennsylvania smartweed, 48% for common lambsquarters, and 35% for redroot pigweed. Percentage viable seeds varied from 11% in 1993 to 59% in 1994 for redroot pigweed, but was more stable for other species. Seed shed commenced in late August in a cool year (1993) and early August in a warm year (1994), Average growing degree days (base 10 C) from corn planting until 25% seed shed was 983 for common lambsquarters, 984 for wild mustard, 1004 for Pennsylvania smartweed, and 1034 for both green foxtail and redroot pigweed, Brief weather events, such as wind storms, dispersed large percentages of total seed production within a single day. More than one-fifth of all viable seeds of green foxtail, redroot pigweed, and common lambsquarters were retained by the seedheads and dispersed by combines at harvest. In contrast, seeds of early-maturing species, such as wild mustard, were completely dispersed before corn harvest in the warmer year, but one-third of seeds were retained by seedheads at harvest in the cooler year. Measurement of seed shed was compared using five seed trap designs. The preferred design consisted of a 10-cm-diam plastic cup, whose bottom was replaced by a brass screen, and the entire unit attached to a small wooden stake for support. This design provided, on average, the highest estimates of seed production, least among-replication variability, highest correlation with weed population density and aboveground dry-weight, lowest assembly cost, and greatest ease for sample access and seed processing. RP Forcella, F (reprint author), USDA ARS,N CENT SOIL CONSERVAT RES LAB,803 IOWA AVE,MORRIS,MN 56267, USA. NR 15 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 535 EP 543 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VB913 UT WOS:A1996VB91300013 ER PT J AU Kremer, RJ Kennedy, AC AF Kremer, RJ Kennedy, AC TI Rhizobacteria as biocontrol agents of weeds SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Biological Weed Control Symposium CY FEB09, 1994 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP Weed Sci Soc Amer DE biological control; competition; efficacy; growth suppression; integrated weed management; microbial ecology; phytotoxins; weed seedlings; Pseudomonas spp ID DELETERIOUS RHIZOBACTERIA; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; DOWNY BROME; INHIBITORY PSEUDOMONADS; EUPHORBIA-ESULA; GROWTH; BACTERIA; SOIL; MICROORGANISMS; SUPPRESSION AB There is a current need to develop alternative weed management techniques in response to demands for reduction in herbicide use due mainly to health and environmental concerns. Therefore, all possible nonchemical strategies for weed control should be considered, including biological control. Deleterious rhizobacteria (DRB), largely overlooked as potential biological control agents for weeds until recently, are able to colonize root surfaces of weed seedlings and suppress plant growth, Limited field studies indicate that DRB suppressed weed growth, and reduced weed density, biomass, and seed production. In this manner, crops out-compete the suppressed weeds for growth requirements, eliminating the necessity for eradication of weeds in the crop. Establishment of DRB as a viable biological control strategy initially will require integration with other weed control approaches including other biocontrol agents, agrichemicals, and cultural and residue management practices. To achieve success, more in-depth research is needed on ecology of bacteria-plant relationships, mechanisms of action (including characterization of phytotoxins), inocula formulations, and methods to enhance crop competition. RP Kremer, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, 144 MUMFORD HALL, COLUMBIA, MO 65211 USA. NR 56 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 3 U2 11 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 601 EP 609 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VB913 UT WOS:A1996VB91300025 ER PT J AU Boyette, CD Quimby, PC Caesar, AJ Birdsall, JL Connick, WJ Daigle, DJ Jackson, MA Egley, GH Abbas, HK AF Boyette, CD Quimby, PC Caesar, AJ Birdsall, JL Connick, WJ Daigle, DJ Jackson, MA Egley, GH Abbas, HK TI Adjuvants, formulations, and spraying systems for improvement of mycoherbicides SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Biological Weed Control Symposium CY FEB 09, 1994 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP Weed Sci Soc Amer DE biocontrol; bioherbicide; host range alterations; invert emulsion ID VELVETLEAF ABUTILON-THEOPHRASTI; SICKLEPOD CASSIA-OBTUSIFOLIA; SESBANIA SESBANIA-EXALTATA; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; COLLETOTRICHUM-TRUNCATUM; POTENTIAL BIOHERBICIDE; INDUSTRIALISTS VIEW; ALTERNARIA-CASSIAE; HOST-RANGE; HERBICIDES AB Herbicides are used in the production of almost 100% of agronomic crops in the United States and in most horticultural row crops, By volume, herbicides represent nearly two-thirds of all pesticides used in crop production, However, public pressure is mounting to force industry to develop safer, more environmentally responsible approaches for controlling weeds. Biological weed control with plant pathogenic fungi used as mycoherbicides offers such an approach, But there are several biological and environmental limitations which are inherent to nearly all mycoherbicides which must be overcome before they will be widely acceptable for practical use. Recent advances in adjuvant formulation and delivery systems have been used to overcome some of these limitations, such as lengthy dew requirements, inconsistent efficacy, and limited host ranges, Examples of current research to overcome these limitations will be presented in this review. RP Boyette, CD (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO WEED SCI LAB,POB 350,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 70 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 637 EP 644 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VB913 UT WOS:A1996VB91300029 ER PT J AU Jackson, MA Schisler, DA Slininger, PJ Boyette, CD Silman, RW Bothast, RJ AF Jackson, MA Schisler, DA Slininger, PJ Boyette, CD Silman, RW Bothast, RJ TI Fermentation strategies for improving the fitness of a bioherbicide SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Biological Weed Control Symposium CY FEB09, 1994 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP Weed Sci Soc Amer DE biocontrol; microsclerotia; Colletotrichum truncatum; Sesbania exaltata ID COLLETOTRICHUM-TRUNCATUM; CULTURE; MYCOHERBICIDE; GERMINATION; CONIDIATION AB The commercial development of microbial bioherbicides requires the availability of low-cost production methods, The use of liquid culture fermentation is generally considered necessary to achieve this goal. Our strategy for optimizing liquid culture media is based on using defined nutritional conditions. Specific changes are made in the nutritional environment of the medium and the effect of these changes is assessed in terms of propagule yield, efficacy, and stability of the bioherbicidal agent. Liquid culture studies with the fungus Colletotrichum truncatum have demonstrated that nutrition impacts not only spore yield but also spore efficacy in controlling the weed hemp sesbania. Nutritional conditions were identified which suppressed sporulation and promoted the production of high concentrations of C. truncatum microsclerotia in liquid culture. Microsclerotia of C. truncatum (particle size range = 180 mu m to 425 mu m) showed promise as bioherbicidal propagules due to their stability as a dry preparation and their efficacy in controlling hemp sesbania when used as a soil amendment, By understanding how nutrition impacts propagule formation, yield, efficacy, and stability, rational approaches can be taken to develop submerged culture production methods for microbial biocontrol agents. Breakthroughs in these areas should allow numerous promising bioherbicidal agents to become commercial products. RP Jackson, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, CHEM ENG FERM BIOCHEM RES UNIT, 1815 N UNIV ST, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. NR 20 TC 25 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 645 EP 650 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VB913 UT WOS:A1996VB91300030 ER PT J AU Hoagland, RE AF Hoagland, RE TI Chemical interactions with bioherbicides to improve efficacy SO WEED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Biological Weed Control Symposium CY FEB09, 1994 CL ST LOUIS, MO SP Weed Sci Soc Amer DE bioherbicide synergism; biological weed control; defense mechanism; pathogen-herbicide interactions; pathogenesis-related protein; phytoalexin; secondary plant metabolism; suppressor; weed defense ID PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE; PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS; F-SP GLYCINEA; VELVETLEAF ABUTILON-THEOPHRASTI; BETA-PHENYLPROPIONIC ACID; INDUCED HYPERSENSITIVE REACTION; SICKLEPOD CASSIA-OBTUSIFOLIA; INDUCED SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE; TOBACCO MOSAIC-VIRUS; HYDROXYPROLINE-RICH GLYCOPROTEIN AB Bioherbicides can be defined as plant pathogens, phytotoxins derived from pathogens or other microorganisms, augmentatively applied to control weeds. Although many pathogens with bioherbicidal potential have been discovered, most lack sufficient aggressiveness to overcome weed defenses to achieve adequate control. Plants use various physical and biochemical mechanisms to defend against pathogen infectivity, including callose deposition, hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein accumulation, pathogenesis-related proteins (PR-proteins), phytoalexin production, lignin and phenolic formation, and free radical generation. Some herbicides, plant growth regulators, specific enzyme inhibitors, and other chemicals can alter these defenses. Various pathogens also produce chemical suppressors of plant defenses. Secondary plant metabolism is a major biochemical pathway related to several defense processes. Increased activity of a key enzyme of this pathway, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), is often a response to pathogen attack, as demonstrated in two weeds and their associated bioherbicidal pathogens: Alternaria cassiae on sicklepod and A. crassa on jimsonweed. Weakening of physical and biochemical defenses, and lowering of resistance to pathogen attack, may result from reduced production of phenolics, lignin, and phytoalexins caused by herbicides and other chemicals that affect cuticular component biosynthesis and/or key aspects of secondary plant metabolism. Potent PAL inhibitors [aminooxyacetic acid, alpha-aminooxy-beta-phenylpropionic acid, and (1-amino-2-phenylethyl)phosphonic acid] have some regulatory action on secondary plant metabolism and pathogenicity. Various herbicides and other chemicals dramatically affect extractable PAL activity levels and/or substantially alter PAL product production. Some non-pathogenic organisms can alter herbicide efficacy, and some herbicides influence disease development in plants. Research has shown some synergistic interactions of microbes and chemicals with relevance to weed control. Further research on pathogen interactions with agrochemicals (or other chemicals/regulators) could result in increased efficacy of pathogen-herbicide combinations, reduction of herbicide and pathogen levels required for weed control, and expanded pathogen host range. RP Hoagland, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, SO WEED SCI LAB, POB 350, STONEVILLE, MS 38776 USA. NR 266 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 5 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0890-037X EI 1550-2740 J9 WEED TECHNOL JI Weed Technol. PD JUL-SEP PY 1996 VL 10 IS 3 BP 651 EP 674 PG 24 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VB913 UT WOS:A1996VB91300031 ER PT J AU Kretschmann, DE Green, DW AF Kretschmann, DE Green, DW TI Modeling moisture content-mechanical property relationships for clear southern pine SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE moisture content; specific gravity; clear wood; tension; bending; compression; shear; stress intensity factor; Poisson's ratio; southern pine; empirical models; dimension lumber; drying ID LUMBER; STRENGTH AB The objective of this study was to determine the effect of moisture content on a wide range of clear wood properties. Specimens were cut from commercially dried 38- by 140-mm (nominal 2- by 6-in.), southern pine lumber and sorted, based on specific gravity, into five matched moisture groups of approximately 40 specimens each. Empirical models are presented for predicting the effect of moisture content on strength and stiffness for the various test properties. Results indicate that tensile stress parallel- and perpendicular-to-grain and both Mode I and Mode II stress intensity factors for fracture toughness increase with decreasing moisture content from green to a peak between 7% and 13% moisture content. Upon additional drying, these properties decrease. Maximum fiber stress in bending, compression parallel- and perpendicular-to-grain, shear parallel-to-grain, and all elastic modulii increase with decreasing moisture content from green to 4% moisture content. For some of these properties, the increase is not linear at lower moisture content levels. Because specific gravity is known to affect clear wood properties, models were also developed to account for using moisture content and specific gravity. Theoretical approaches to moisture absorption that may explain experimental results are discussed. RP Kretschmann, DE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 18 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 12 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 28 IS 3 BP 320 EP 337 PG 18 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA VA687 UT WOS:A1996VA68700008 ER PT J AU Luppold, W AF Luppold, W TI Structural changes in the Central Appalachian hardwood sawmilling industry SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE hardwood; sawmills; sawmill concentration ID EASTERN AB The Central Appalachian hardwood sawmilling industry has undergone considerable change over the past two decades. Production, average sawmill capacity, and sawmill concentration have increased while the number of sawmills has decreased. However, these changes have not been uniform across states. The largest increases in production capacity occurred in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Pennsylvania, while the largest increases in average mill capacity occurred in Ohio, North Carolina, and Virginia. Changes in sawmill concentration were examined using estimated cumulative concentration curves. This analysis found that average mill capacity and the proportion of production capacity in large sawmills are not necessarily indicative of the degree of sawmill concentration. The increase in sawmill concentration is also correlated with increasing stumpage and log prices. RP Luppold, W (reprint author), FOREST SERV,USDA,FOREST SCI LAB,241 MERCER SPRINGS RD,PRINCETON,WV 24740, USA. NR 47 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 28 IS 3 BP 346 EP 355 PG 10 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA VA687 UT WOS:A1996VA68700010 ER PT J AU vandeLoo, FJ Salvucci, ME AF vandeLoo, FJ Salvucci, ME TI Activation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) involves Rubisco activase Trp16 SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID OXYGENASE ACTIVASE; BINDING; ATP AB The role of the N-terminal region of tobacco Rubisco activase in ATP hydrolysis and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activation was examined by construction of mutant proteins. Deletion of the first 50 amino acids of Rubisco activase almost completely eliminated the ability to activate Rubisco, without changing the ATP-hydrolyzing and self-associating properties of the enzyme. Thus, the N-terminus of Rubisco activase is distinct from the ATP-hydrolyzing domain and is required for Rubisco activation, Directed mutagenesis of the species-invariant tryptophan residue at position 16 inhibited Rubisco activation but not the binding or hydrolysis of ATP. The ability to activate Rubisco was less severely inhibited when Trp was replaced by a Tyr or Phe than by an Ala or Cys, indicating that an aromatic residue at position 16 and particularly a Trp is required for proper activation of Rubisco. Fluorescence quenching of the 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-modified W16C mutant upon addition of nucleotide suggested that position 16 becomes more solvent accessible in response to nucleotide binding, However, changes in the intrinsic fluorescence of truncated and Trp16 mutants upon addition of ATP were similar to those of the wild type, evidence that Trp16 is not the residue reporting the conformational change that accompanies subunit association. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. NR 18 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD JUN 25 PY 1996 VL 35 IS 25 BP 8143 EP 8148 DI 10.1021/bi9604901 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA UU195 UT WOS:A1996UU19500007 PM 8679566 ER PT J AU DeScenzo, RA Wise, RP AF DeScenzo, RA Wise, RP TI Variation in the ratio of physical to genetic distance in intervals adjacent to the Mla locus on barley chromosome 1H SO MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE barley; physical mapping; recombination; powdery mildew ID FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; DISEASE RESISTANCE; SEQUENCES; WHEAT; MAP; REGION; GENOME; TOMATO; CONSTRUCTION AB Variants of the pulsed-field gel electrophoresis technique were used in conjunction with two-dimensional DNA gel electrophoresis (2-DDGE) to determine the ratio of physical to genetic distance in two genetically defined intervals on barley chromosome 1H. 2-DDCE analysis demonstrated that two loci that define a 0.3 cM interval, as determined by hybridization with BCD249, reside on a single 450-kb MluI fragment. This result indicates a maximum ratio of physical to genetic distance in this interval of 1500 kb/cM as compared to 3.7-4.2 Mb/cM for the barley genome as a whole. High molecular weight (HMW) DNA restricted with NotI and probed sequentially with MWG068 and BCD249 yield diffuse bands at approximately 2.5 Mb and 3.0 Mb in the C.I. 16151 and C.I. 16155 parental lines, respectively. These results suggest the maximum ratio of physical to genetic distance in the interval defined by these probes is 7.5 Mb/cM. Unique HMW DNA restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) were attributed to the presence of recombination breakpoints. Data from the recombination breakpoint analysis were used to estimate a ratio of physical to genetic distance of 2.5 Mb/cM in the Xbcd249.2-Xmwg068 interval and 0.465 Mb/cM in the Xbcd-349.1-Xbcd249.2 interval. Both physical linkage and recombination breakpoint analysis indicate the Xbcd249.1-Xbcd249.2 interval is approximately five-fold smaller, physically, than the Xbcd249.2-Xmwg068 interval. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,USDA ARS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,INTERDEPARTMENTAL GENET PROGRAM,AMES,IA 50011. NR 38 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0026-8925 J9 MOL GEN GENET JI Mol. Gen. Genet. PD JUN 24 PY 1996 VL 251 IS 4 BP 472 EP 482 DI 10.1007/BF02172376 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA UV724 UT WOS:A1996UV72400010 PM 8709951 ER PT J AU Fries, GF AF Fries, GF TI Ingestion of sludge applied organic chemicals by animals SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Organic Contaminants in Sewage Sludges CY MAY 16-17, 1995 CL LANCASTER UNIV, LANCASTER, ENGLAND HO LANCASTER UNIV DE sludge-borne chemicals, animal uptake; organic contaminants; forage; soil ingestion; bioavailability ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; SOIL INGESTION; SEWAGE-SLUDGE; PENTACHLOROPHENOL RESIDUES; POLYBROMINATED BIPHENYLS; AMENDED SOILS; DAIRY-CATTLE; FARM-ANIMALS; COWS AB Intake of sludge-borne chemicals is related to the crop and animal management systems, the species and physiological status of animals, and the properties of the chemicals. The greatest intake occurs when sludge is applied to established crops and animals have immediate access. Intake is reduced when access is delayed to allow losses by weathering and dilution by plant growth, or when sludge is incorporated into soil because vapour transport from soil to plants and lower concentrations at the surface reduce intake via soil ingestion. Animals that consume forage are the most subject to contaminant exposure, which is maximized when pasture is the major component of the diet because soil ingestion is an additional exposure pathway. Of the many organic contaminants in sludges, only lipophilic halogenated hydrocarbons accumulate in animal tissues and products. Compounds like phthalate esters, PAHs, acid phenolics, nitrosamines, volatile aromatics, and aromatic surfactants are metabolized and do not accumulate. Among halogenated hydrocarbons, compounds with low degrees of halogenation are metabolized and do not accumulate, but higher degrees of halogenation block metabolism, and concentrations in milk and tissue fat may be several-fold greater than in the diets. RP Fries, GF (reprint author), USDA ARS,MEAT SCI RES LAB,10301 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 100 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD JUN 21 PY 1996 VL 185 IS 1-3 BP 93 EP 108 DI 10.1016/0048-9697(96)05045-0 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UN498 UT WOS:A1996UN49800008 PM 8643962 ER PT J AU Chaney, RL Ryan, JA OConnor, GA AF Chaney, RL Ryan, JA OConnor, GA TI Organic contaminants in municipal biosolids: Risk assessment, quantitative pathways analysis, and current research priorities SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Organic Contaminants in Sewage Sludges CY MAY 16-17, 1995 CL LANCASTER UNIV, LANCASTER, ENGLAND HO LANCASTER UNIV DE risk assessment; organic contaminants; pathways analysis; biosolids; sewage sludge ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL RESIDUES; SLUDGE-AMENDED SOIL; BLOOD LEAD LEVELS; SEWAGE-SLUDGE; YOUNG-CHILDREN; TRACER ELEMENTS; PLANT UPTAKE; PCBS; INGESTION; LAND AB Basic research and monitoring of the fate and potential effects of PCBs and other xenobiotic organics in biosolids (municipal sewage sludge) used on cropland have identified specific Pathways by which the xenobiotic organics in biosolids can reach and cause exposure to humans, livestock, plants, soil biota, wildlife, etc. In order to provide the scientific basis for the Clean Water Act Regulations (40 CFR 503) on land application of biosolids in the U.S., a Pathway Approach to risk assessment was undertaken. Pathways included general food production; garden food production; soil ingestion by humans, livestock, and wildlife; human exposure through livestock tissues where the livestock were exposed through crop contamination or biosolids/soil ingestion; wildlife exposure through soil organisms; release to surface and groundwater; volatilization into inhaled air, or dust generated by tillage, Two Pathways were found to comprise the greatest risk from persistent lipophilic organic compounds such as PCBs: (1) adherence of biosolids to forage/pasture crops from surface application of fluid biosolids, followed by grazing and ingestion of biosolids by livestock used as human food; and (2) direct ingestion of biosolids by children, Each Pathway considers risk to Highly Exposed Individuals (HEIs) rather than to the general population who seldom have appreciable exposure to biosolids or foods grown on biosolid-amended soils. Because present (1995) biosolids contain very low levels of PCBs in countries which have prohibited manufacture and use of these compounds, the estimated increase in lifetime cancer risk to HEIs from biosolids-borne PCBs applied to cropland or gardens was much less than 10(-4). Low biosolids PCBs and low probability of simultaneously meeting all the constraints of the HEI indicate that HEIs have less than 10(-7) increase in lifetime cancer risk from biosolids-borne PCBs; this provides even higher protection to the general population. We conclude that quantitative risk assessment for potentially toxic constituents in biosolids can be meaningfully conducted because research has provided transfer coefficients from biosolids and biosolid-amended soils to plants and animals needed to assess risk for many organic compounds. C1 US EPA,NATL RISK MANAGEMENT RES LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45268. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT SOIL & WATER SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL. RP Chaney, RL (reprint author), USDA,AGR RES SERV,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 86 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 25 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD JUN 21 PY 1996 VL 185 IS 1-3 BP 187 EP 216 DI 10.1016/0048-9697(96)05051-6 PG 30 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UN498 UT WOS:A1996UN49800014 ER PT J AU Russell, RM AF Russell, RM TI Nutrition SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article RP Russell, RM (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER USDA HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 19 PY 1996 VL 275 IS 23 BP 1828 EP 1829 DI 10.1001/jama.275.23.1828 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA UQ152 UT WOS:A1996UQ15200032 PM 8642733 ER PT J AU Ametaj, BN Beitz, DC Reinhardt, TA Nonnecke, BJ AF Ametaj, BN Beitz, DC Reinhardt, TA Nonnecke, BJ TI 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 inhibits secretion of interferon-gamma by mitogen- and antigen-stimulated bovine mononuclear leukocytes SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LYMPHOCYTE-T ACTIVATION; POKEWEED MITOGEN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN PRODUCTION; PARATHYROID-HORMONE; DAIRY-COWS; PROLIFERATION; INVITRO; INTERLEUKIN-2; MONOCYTES; CELLS AB 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-3 (1,25(OH)(2)D-3), the biologically active metabolite of vitamin D, and Delta(22)-26-F-3-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 (Delta(22)-26-F-3-1,25(OH)(2)D-3), a synthetic analog with a high affinity for the vitamin D receptor, significantly inhibited interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion in 24- and 48-h cultures of pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and ovalbumin (OVA) stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear leukocyte (MNL) from adult, OVA-sensitized dairy cattle. Vitamin D-induced inhibition of IFN-gamma production was most pronounced in MNL cultures supplemented with 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 at 1.0 nM or more, a concentration equal to or exceeding that in plasma of cows with clinical hypocalcemia. Secreted IFN-gamma was undetectable in all resting MNL cultures, Ultra-low concentrations (0.0001, 0.001, and 0.01 nM) of 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 had no effect on IFN-gamma secretion by PWM-stimulated bovine MNL, unlike a previous study in other species demonstrating enhancement of IFN-gamma secretion at these concentrations, Preincubation of MNL with 1,25(OH2D3 (10 nM) in the absence of PWM for 1 h did not affect subsequent IFN-gamma secretion in control or 1,25(OH)(2)D-3-supplemented, 48-h MNL cultures indicating the sterol must be present at the time of MNL activation to effect secretion of IFN-gamma. Interferon-gamma secretion was inhibited in cultures supplemented with 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 at 0, 4, 8, 16, or 24 h into the 48-h incubation period. Overall, these data indicate that 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 inhibits IFN-gamma secretion by mitogen- and antigen-activated bovine MNL in vitro, and suggests that milk fever-related or therapeutically induced elevations of 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 in the daily cow may influence IFN-gamma secretion by in vivo activated leukocytes. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT ANIM SCI,NUTR PHYSIOL GRP,AMES,IA 50011. RI Reinhardt, Timothy/A-7536-2009 OI Reinhardt, Timothy/0000-0001-5552-2509 NR 42 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD JUN 15 PY 1996 VL 52 IS 1-2 BP 77 EP 90 DI 10.1016/0165-2427(95)05536-3 PG 14 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA UV010 UT WOS:A1996UV01000007 PM 8807778 ER PT J AU Obin, MS JahngenHodge, J Nowell, T Taylor, A AF Obin, MS JahngenHodge, J Nowell, T Taylor, A TI Ubiquitinylation and ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis in vertebrate photoreceptors (rod outer segments) - Evidence for ubiquitinylation of G(t) and rhodopsin SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CARBOXYL-TERMINAL HYDROLASE; RETINITIS-PIGMENTOSA; PROTEIN BREAKDOWN; SYSTEM; PURIFICATION; DEGRADATION; RESOLUTION; PATHWAY; CHAINS; PHOTOTRANSDUCTION AB In corroboration of the hypothesized regulation of phototransduction proteins by the ubiquitin-dependent pathway, we identified free ubiquitin (8 kDa) and ubiquitin-protein conjugates (50 to >200 kDa; pi 5.3-6.8 by two-dimensional electrophoresis) in bovine rod outer segments (ROS). A 38-kDa ubiquitinylated protein and transducin (G(t)) were eluted together from light-adapted ROS membranes with GTP. When ROS were dark-adapted, this 38-kDa ubiquitinylated species and G, were readily solubilized in buffer lacking GTP, These data are consistent with ubiquitinylation of G(t) and corroborate previous cell-free experiments identifying G(t) as a substrate for ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis (Obin, M. S,, Nowell, T,, and Taylor, A. (1994) Biochem. Biophys. Res, Commun. 200, 1169-1176). Evidence for ubiquitinylation of rhodopsin (36 kDa), the (photo)receptor coupled to G(t), included (i) the presence in ROS membranes ''stripped'' of peripheral membrane proteins of numerous ubiquitin-protein conjugates, including two whose masses (44 and 50 kDa) are consistent with mono- and diubiquitinylated rhodopsin; (ii) catalysis by permeabilized ROS of I-125-labeled ubiquitin-protein conjugates whose masses (42, 50, and 58 kDa) suggest a ''ladder'' of mono-, di-, and triubiquitinylated rhodopsin; (iii) parallel mobility shifts on SDS-polyacrylamide gels of rhodopsin and these I-125-labeled ubiquitin-protein conjugates; and (iv) generation of enhanced levels of I-125-labeled ubiquitin-protein conjugates when stripped, detergent-solubilized ROS membranes (95% rhodopsin) were incubated with reticulocyte lysate. A functional ubiquitin-dependent pathway in ROS is demonstrated by the presence of (i) the ubiquitin-activating enzyme (El); (ii) four ubiquitin carrier proteins (E2(14K), E2(20K), E2(25K), and E2(35K)) and pronounced activity of E2(14K), an enzyme required for ''N-end rule'' proteolysis; (iii) ATP-dependent 26 S proteasome activity that rapidly degrades high mass I-125-labeled ubiquitin-ROS protein conjugates; and (iv) distinct ubiquitin C-terminal isopeptidase/hydrolase activities, including potent ubiquitin-aldehyde-insensitive activity directed at high mass ubiquitinylated moieties, Considered together, the data support a novel role for the ubiquitin-dependent pathway in the regulation of mammalian phototransduction protein levels and/or activities and provide the first identification of a non-calpain proteolytic system in photoreceptors. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JMHNRCA,LAB NUTR & VIS RES,BOSTON,MA 02111. FU PHS HHS [8566] NR 80 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD JUN 14 PY 1996 VL 271 IS 24 BP 14473 EP 14484 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA UQ660 UT WOS:A1996UQ66000079 PM 8662797 ER PT J AU Holdaway, MR AF Holdaway, MR TI Spatial modeling and interpolation of monthly temperature using kriging SO CLIMATE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE geostatistics; residual kriging; semivariogram modeling; lake effect; Minnesota ID MEAN AREAL PRECIPITATION; REGIONS AB Estimates of the climatic record at forest plot locations may be useful in studying how forests will respond to future climatic change. Kriging was applied to the spatial interpolation of monthly temperature records in the forested regions of Minnesota in the north central United States. Monthly empirical variograms, averaged over 90 yr, were modeled with Gaussian or linear models, and ordinary kriging was applied to interpolate the data. Anisotropies were found in the winter months, suggesting the presence of a large-scale regional trend. Structural analysis of mean monthly temperature revealed: (1) a broad regional component to the variation, changing systematically by month, which was estimated by a linear function of latitude and longitude and (2) a lake effect (due to Lake Superior) varying in strength and sign by month. A detrending approach was tested to remove these effects and a modified approach based on only the lake effect trend was also tested. The cross validation technique was used to test the 3 models. The lake effect trend model was judged best in accounting for the influence of Lake Superior on nearby land areas. The study demonstrated that moderate trends in the data do not seriously degrade the applicability of ordinary kriging to the interpolation of monthly temperature. A temporal analysis revealed that, although there have been systematic changes in the spatial variability over the last century, using century-averaged variograms is not expected to decrease the accuracy and precision of the interpolations. RP Holdaway, MR (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,1992 FOLWELL AVE,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 28 TC 66 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 12 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0936-577X J9 CLIMATE RES JI Clim. Res. PD JUN 13 PY 1996 VL 6 IS 3 BP 215 EP 225 DI 10.3354/cr006215 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VQ904 UT WOS:A1996VQ90400002 ER PT J AU Matsubara, T Beeman, RW Shike, H Besansky, NJ Mukabayire, O Higgs, S James, AA Burns, JC AF Matsubara, T Beeman, RW Shike, H Besansky, NJ Mukabayire, O Higgs, S James, AA Burns, JC TI Pantropic retroviral vectors integrate and express in cells of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID VESICULAR STOMATITIS-VIRUS; MURINE LEUKEMIA; GENE-TRANSFER; GLYCOPROTEIN; PSEUDOTYPES; DNA AB The lack of efficient mechanisms for stable genetic transformation of medically important insects, such as anopheline mosquitoes, is the single most important impediment to progress in identifying novel control strategies. Currently available techniques for foreign gene expression in insect cells in culture lack the benefit of stable inheritance conferred by integration, To overcome this problem, a new class of pantropic retroviral vectors has been developed in which the amphotropic envelope is completely replaced by the G glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus. The broadened host cell range of these particles allowed successful entry, integration, and expression of heterologous genes in cultured cells of Anopheles gambiae, the principle mosquito vector responsible for the transmission of over 100 million cases of malaria each year, Mosquito cells in culture infected with a pantropic vector expressing hygromycin phosphotransferase from the Drosophila hsp70 promoter were resistant to the antibiotic hygromycin B. Integrated provirus was detected in infected mosquito cell clones grown in selective media, Thus, pantropic retroviral vectors hold promise as a transformation system for mosquitoes in vivo. C1 UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,LA JOLLA,CA 92093. AGR RES SERV,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,USDA,MANHATTAN,KS 66502. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,CHAMBLEE,GA 30341. COLORADO STATE UNIV,ARTHROPOD BORNE & INFECT DIS LAB,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. UNIV CALIF IRVINE,DEPT MOLEC BIOL & BIOCHEM,IRVINE,CA 92717. RI Burns, Jane/J-6167-2015 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01AI37671] NR 24 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUN 11 PY 1996 VL 93 IS 12 BP 6181 EP 6185 DI 10.1073/pnas.93.12.6181 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA UQ455 UT WOS:A1996UQ45500093 PM 8650240 ER PT J AU Bachmann, M Huber, JL Liao, PC Gage, DA Huber, SC AF Bachmann, M Huber, JL Liao, PC Gage, DA Huber, SC TI The inhibitor protein of phosphorylated nitrate reductase from spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves is a 14-3-3 protein SO FEBS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE nitrate reductase; inhibitor; 14-3-3 proteins; protein phosphorylation ID LIGHT-DARK MODULATION; BINDING COMPLEX; BRAIN; ISOFORMS AB The inhibitor protein (IP) that inactivates spinach leaf NADH:nitrate reductase (NR) has been identified for the first time as a member of the eukaryotic 14-33 protein family based on three lines of evidence. First, the sequence of an eight amino acid tryptic peptide, obtained from immunopurified IF, matched that of a highly conserved region of the 14-3-3 proteins, Second, an authentic member of the 14-3-3 family, recombinant Arabidopsis GF14 omega, caused inactivation of phospho-NR in a magnesium-dependent manner identical to IF. Third, an anti-GP14 monoclonal antibody cross-reacted with IP and anti-IP monoclonal antibodies cross-reacted with GF14 omega. C1 USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,E LANSING,MI 48824. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI & BOT SCH,RALEIGH,NC 27695. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR-00480] NR 27 TC 132 Z9 133 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-5793 J9 FEBS LETT JI FEBS Lett. PD JUN 3 PY 1996 VL 387 IS 2-3 BP 127 EP 131 DI 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00478-4 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA UP839 UT WOS:A1996UP83900007 PM 8674533 ER PT J AU Kaplan, JK AF Kaplan, JK TI Buzzing across the border (Reprinted from USDA Agricultural Research, March 1996) SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Reprint AB Scientists and beekeepers search for ways to lessen the impact of Africanized honey bees on U.S. agriculture and society. RP Kaplan, JK (reprint author), USDA ARS,HONEY BEE RES UNIT,2413 E HIGHWAY 83,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 136 IS 6 BP 403 EP 406 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UM933 UT WOS:A1996UM93300014 ER PT J AU Schmidt, JO Martin, JH AF Schmidt, JO Martin, JH TI Fluvalinate strips (Apistan) in swarm traps are not repellent to honey bee swarms SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Fluvalinate strips are not repellent to honey bee swarms. Honey bee swarms were given a side-by-side comparison choice between wood pulp swarm traps containing a fluvalinate strip and traps not containing a strip, Sixteen swarms chose the traps containing fluvalinate and 16 chose the control. Thus, no repellency of fluvalinate strips occurred. By using a combination of swarm traps and fluvalinate strips, beekeepers can efficiently attract swarms while simultaneously destroying the varroa mites carried with swarms. This approach is an excellent way to add colonies to an apiary and eliminate the risk of adding varroa-contaminated bees to the apiary. RP Schmidt, JO (reprint author), USDA ARS,CARL HAYDEN BEE RES CTR,2000 E ALLEN RD,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 136 IS 6 BP 444 EP 446 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UM933 UT WOS:A1996UM93300029 ER PT J AU Lukaski, HC Bolonchuk, WW Siders, WA Milne, DB AF Lukaski, HC Bolonchuk, WW Siders, WA Milne, DB TI Chromium supplementation and resistance training: Effects on body composition, strength, and trace element status of men SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE chromium; magnesium; zinc; fat-free mass; muscle mass; human performance ID SERUM CHROMIUM; ABSORPTION; EXCRETION; GLUCOSE; IRON; METABOLISM; PICOLINATE; FOODS; FORM; ZINC AB The effects of 8 wk of daily chromium supplementation (3.3-3.5 mu mol as chromium chloride or chromium picolinate) or placebo (0.1 mu mol Cr) and weight training were examined in 36 men in a double-blind design. Strength, mesomorphy, fat-free mass, and muscle mass increased with resistance training independently of chromium supplementation (P < 0.0001). Protein, magnesium, zinc, copper, and iron intakes equalled or exceeded the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) or estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake (ESADDI) during training and did not change significantly from pretraining intakes (P > 0.05). Chromium supplementation increased the serum chromium concentration and urinary chromium excretion without a difference as a result of the chemical form of chromium (P < 0.05). Resistance training was associated with a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in serum ferritin, total-iron-binding capacity, transferrin saturation, the ratio of enzymatic to immunoreactive ceruloplasmin, and plasma copper, independently of chromium supplementation. However, transferrin saturation was decreased more with chromium picolinate supplementation (24%) than with chromium chloride or placebo (10-13%). Compared with pretrain ing values, urinary magnesium excretion increased (P < 0.05) and urinary zinc output tended to decrease during the first 4 wk of resistance training and then returned to baseline values for the final 4 wk, which suggests an adaptation in mineral excretion in response to weight training. These findings suggest that routine chromium supplementation has no beneficial effects on body-composition change or strength gain in men. Whether chromium supplementation of individuals with diminished chromium nutriture facilitates propitious changes in body structure and function remains to be determined. C1 UNIV N DAKOTA,DEPT HLTH EDUC RECREAT & DANCE,GRAND FORKS,ND 58201. RP Lukaski, HC (reprint author), ARS,USDA,GFHNRC,BOX 9034 UNIV STN,GRAND FORKS,ND 58201, USA. NR 50 TC 92 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 63 IS 6 BP 954 EP 965 PG 12 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA UP715 UT WOS:A1996UP71500017 PM 8644693 ER PT J AU Jacob, RA Burri, BJ AF Jacob, RA Burri, BJ TI Oxidative damage and defense SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE antioxidants; free radicals; oxidative damage; lipid peroxidation; vitamins ID NUTRITION INTERVENTION TRIALS; VITAMIN-E CONSUMPTION; BETA-CAROTENE; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; VASCULAR-DISEASE; GUINEA-PIG; RISK; ANTIOXIDANT; ASCORBATE AB Increased production of reactive oxygen species is a feature of most, if not all, human disease, including cardiovascular disease and cancer. Dietary antioxidants may be especially important in protecting against human diseases associated with free radical damage to cellular DNA, lipids, and proteins. Ascorbic acid is an effective water-soluble antioxidant, and epidemiologic studies suggest that increased ascorbate nutriture is associated with reduced risk of some degenerative diseases, especially cancer and eye cataracts. Population studies have also shown that high vitamin E intakes are associated with decreased risk of coronary heart disease, possibly as a result of inhibition of atherogenic forms of oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Recent data suggest that beta-carotene provides protection against lipid peroxidation in humans, as well as provitamin A activity. Yet, present data are not sufficient to quantitate micronutrient requirements needed to protect against oxidative damage. The antioxidant roles of many food constituents, such as polyphenols, have not been clarified. Most antioxidants can act as prooxidants under certain conditions, and more research is needed to determine the occurrence and importance of this in vivo. The few controlled intervention trials carried out so far have shown mixed results as to the potential of antioxidant supplements for reducing the incidence of chronic diseases. Definitive recommendations on antioxidant intakes for disease prevention must await evidence from controlled studies and intervention trials, some currently in progress. Overall, the present data suggest that protection against oxidative damage and related disease is best served by the variety of antioxidant substances found in fruit and vegetables. RP Jacob, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR, PRESIDIO BOX 29997, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94129 USA. NR 43 TC 122 Z9 124 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0002-9165 EI 1938-3207 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 63 IS 6 BP 985 EP 990 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA UP715 UT WOS:A1996UP71500025 ER PT J AU Dupont, J Holub, BJ Knapp, HR Meydani, M AF Dupont, J Holub, BJ Knapp, HR Meydani, M TI Fatty acid-related functions SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE essential fatty acids; platelet function; thrombosis; linoleic acid; linolenic acid; antioxidants; hypercholesterolemia ID LINOLEIC-ACID; VITAMIN-E; PLATELET; FISH AB The first recommendations for specific nutrient quantities that must be obtained to support health were made by the US Department of Agriculture before 1939. Hazel Stiebeling was the leader of this effort and the scientific background was published in the Yearbook of Agriculture. The recommendations clearly stated that food must be available to provide the nutrients to support health. The science of nutrition in the United States is engaged in the most thorough review and reexamination of the recommended dietary allowances in at least a generation of nutrition scientists. There is a new awareness of nutrition complexity and the likelihood of identification of new essential nutrients. This meeting was devoted to the search for functional endpoints to reach quantitative estimates of dietary substances needed to support a function. Included in that concept is determining a range of individual needs and identifying factors that alter these needs. We give the rationale for endpoints of fatty acid metabolism related to platelets and the risk of thrombosis, give the rationale for the recommendation for a new nutrient, and show the necessity for including nutrient interaction in the determination of needs for two nutrients. C1 UNIV GUELPH, DEPT NUTR, GUELPH, ON N1G 2W1, CANADA. UNIV IOWA, COLL MED, DEPT INTERNAL MED, IOWA CITY, IA 52242 USA. TUFTS UNIV, USDA, HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING, BOSTON, MA 02111 USA. RP Dupont, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC W, BLDG 005, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0002-9165 EI 1938-3207 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 63 IS 6 BP 991 EP 993 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA UP715 UT WOS:A1996UP71500026 ER PT J AU Kelley, DS Bendich, A AF Kelley, DS Bendich, A TI Essential nutrients and immunologic functions SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE vitamin C; vitamin E; beta-carotene; dietary fat; n-3 fatty acids; n-6 fatty acids; cell-mediated immunity ID CELL-MEDIATED-IMMUNITY; ELDERLY SUBJECTS; FATTY-ACIDS; YOUNG MEN; SUPPLEMENTATION; VITAMIN; IMMUNOCOMPETENCE; INFECTION AB Several indexes of immune response, including responses on delayed-type hypersensitivity skin tests, antibody production, lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine production, and numbers of the specific subgroups of white blood cells, are influenced by essential nutrient intake and may serve as functional tests for evaluating nutritional status. In certain segments of the population, such as elderly persons and smokers, activity of the immune indexes can be increased through dietary supplementation with micronutrients, and there may be a rationale to increase selected recommended dietary allowances for the general population. The activity of the immune system may also be enhanced with decreases in total fat intake or lessened with increases in total fat intake, particularly of the n-3 type. Research to date, therefore, suggests that several dietary components, both essential and nonessential, can affect human immune response. The intake of these nutrients can be modulated to regulate the activity of the immune system. C1 HOFFMANN LA ROCHE INC, PARAMUS, NJ USA. RP Kelley, DS (reprint author), USDA ARS, WESTERN HUMAN NUTR RES CTR, PACIFIC W AREA, POB 29997, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94129 USA. NR 32 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0002-9165 EI 1938-3207 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 63 IS 6 BP 994 EP 996 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA UP715 UT WOS:A1996UP71500027 ER PT J AU Stabel, JR Goff, JP AF Stabel, JR Goff, JP TI Influence of vitamin D-3 infusion and dietary calcium on secretion of interleukin 1, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor in mice infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BLOOD MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS; PARATHYROID-HORMONE; 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN-D3; HYPERCALCEMIA; INVITRO; GROWTH; PROLIFERATION; MACROPHAGES; INHIBITION AB Objective-To study the effects of 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 and calcium (Cai on splenocyte cytokine secretion during Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection. Design-Mice were assigned to the following treatments: 1-noninfected, 2-infected, 3-noninfected/1,25(OH)(2)D-3, 4-infected/1,25(OH)(2)D-3, and 5-infected/low-Ca diet (0.15%). Animals-Male beige mice averaging 6 weeks of age and 20 g in body weight, Procedure-After acclimation to their diets, mice in treatments 2, 4, and 5 were inoculated IV with 10(8) colony-forming units of M paratuberculosis. At 1, 6, and 12 months after infection, mice in treatment groups 3 and 4 had miniosmotic pumps implanted subcutaneously that delivered 13 ng of 1,25(OH)(2)D-3/day for 14 days. Treat ment 5 was included as a control for comparison with treatment 4 because low dietary Ca should increase endogenous 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 values. Splenocytes were isolated from mice al 1, 6, and 12 months and stimulated in vitro with medium alone (nonstimulated), lipopolysaccharide (IFS), concanavalin A, and M paratuberculosis whole-cell sonicate (MpS). Results-Production of interleukin 6 after stimulation with LPS, concanavalin A, or MpS was higher (P < 0.05) for splenocytes isolated from mice fed the low-Ca diet, compared with control infected mice 1 and 6 months after infection. interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor activities were increased (P < 0.05) in splenocytes cultured with LPS and MpS after isolation from mice of the low-Ca group. Mice infused with 1,25(OH)(2)D-3 had higher (P < 0.05) interleukin 1 secretion after stimulation oi splenocytes with LPS and higher (P < 0.05) tumor necrosis factor production after incubation with MpS. Conclusion-1,25(OH)(2)D-3 and low dietary Ca increase cytokine secretion in mice infected with M paratuberculosis. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. RP Stabel, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,ZOONOT DIS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 34 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 57 IS 6 BP 825 EP 829 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UN636 UT WOS:A1996UN63600009 PM 8725807 ER PT J AU Mengeling, WL Vorwald, AC Lager, KM Brockmeier, SL AF Mengeling, WL Vorwald, AC Lager, KM Brockmeier, SL TI Comparison among strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus for their ability to cause reproductive failure SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SWINE INFERTILITY; GNOTOBIOTIC PIGS; LELYSTAD VIRUS; SYNDROME PRRS; DISEASE; INFECTION; AGENT; HERDS AB Objective-To compare the virulence of selected strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) relative to reproductive performance of pregnant gilts. Design-16 pregnant gilts (principals) were exposed oronasally to 4 strains (vaccine strain RespPRRS, field strains VR-2385, VR-2431, and NADC-8, 4 gilts/strain) of PRRSV on or about day 90 of gestation. 4 pregnant gilts (controls) were kept under similar conditions, except for exposure to PRRSV. Samples and specimens obtained from gilts, pigs (before ingestion of colostrum), and fetuses were tested for PRRSV and homologous antibody. Animals-20 pregnant gilts. Procedure-The virulence of each strain of PRRSV was evaluated mainly on the clinical status of the corresponding litters at farrowing. Results-Most gilts remained clinically normal throughout the study and farrowed normally at or near the expected farrowing time. All virus strains crossed the placenta of principal gilts to infect fetuses in utero. The number of late-term dead fetuses (which appeared to be the best measure of relative virulence) ranged from 0 for litters of control gilts and gilts exposed to strain RespPRRS, to 38 for gilts exposed to strain NADC-8. Ail principal gilts became viremic and developed antibody against PRRSV, Ail strains persisted in alveolar macrophages of at least some principal gilts for at least 7 weeks after exposure; Conclusion-Strains of PRRSV vary in virulence. Clinical Relevance-The effects of PRRSV on reproductive performance are strain dependent and this should be considered in making a tentative diagnosis on the basis of clinical observations. RP Mengeling, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,VIROL SWINE RES UNIT,POB 70,2300 DAYTON AVE,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 33 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 57 IS 6 BP 834 EP 839 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UN636 UT WOS:A1996UN63600011 PM 8725809 ER PT J AU Ackermann, MR Register, KB Stabel, JR Gwaltney, SM Howe, TS Rimler, RB AF Ackermann, MR Register, KB Stabel, JR Gwaltney, SM Howe, TS Rimler, RB TI Effect of Pasteurella multocida toxin on physeal growth in young pigs SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PROGRESSIVE ATROPHIC RHINITIS; GNOTOBIOTIC PIGS; PROTEIN TOXIN; BORDETELLA-BRONCHISEPTICA; TURBINATE ATROPHY; TRANSCRIPTION; VACCINATION; PROTECTION; SWINE; BETA AB Objective - To determine whether Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) affects growth of the proximal portion of the humerus of young pigs. Animals - 20 colostrum-deprived, cesarean-derived pigs. Design and Procedure - 5 groups (n = 4/group) of pigs were formed. Group-1 pigs received 0.1 mi of phosphate-buffered saline solution for 4 weeks; group-2 pigs received 0.05 mu g of PMT/kg of body weight at 14 and 21 days; group-3 pigs received 0.05 mu g of PMT/kg at 28 and 35 days; group-4 pigs received 0.1 mu g of PMT/kg al 14 and 21 days; and group-5 pigs received hyperimmune serum (from a sow given purified toxin) on days 13, 20, 27, and 34, and 0.1 mu g of PMT/kg on days 14, 21, 28, and 35. Results - All pigs given 0.1 mu g of PMT/kg without serum died or were euthanatized, as were 4 pigs given 0.05 mu g of PMT/kg. These pigs had increased serum interleukin 1 and 6 bioactivities. Pigs surviving 0.05 mu g of PMT had decreased weight gain, rough coal, marked atrophy of the ventral concha (as determined by turbinate perimeter ratios), and small stature. The surviving pigs also had reduced area and decreased proliferation indices in physeal chondrocytes on the basis of bromodeoxyuridine immunoreactivity. Control and serum-treated pigs gained weight, had no clinical effects, had similar physeal areas? and had higher cell proliferation indices. Conclusions - PMT inhibits endochondral bone formation by reducing physeal area and chondrocyte proliferation in vivo. Hyperimmune serum neutralizes the effects of toxin on weight gain, clinical appearance, physeal area, and chondrocyte proliferation. Clinical Relevance - PMT may affect growth of the skeletal system. Antiserum to PMT is protective. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,LEPTOSPIROSIS MYCOBACTERIOSIS RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. UNIV IOWA,DEPT PREVENT MED & ENVIRONM HLTH,IOWA CITY,IA 52242. RP Ackermann, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AVIAN & SWINE RESP DIS RES UNIT,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 31 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 57 IS 6 BP 848 EP 852 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UN636 UT WOS:A1996UN63600014 PM 8725812 ER PT J AU Grimm, CC Lloyd, SW Munchausen, L AF Grimm, CC Lloyd, SW Munchausen, L TI Qualitative fast GC-MS using a quadrupole mass filter SO AMERICAN LABORATORY LA English DT Article ID SPECTROMETRY AB The introduction of very narrow bore GC capillary columns has provided improved performance in terms of run-time and efficiency-not, however, without some tradeoffs. Reduced sample size places more demand on detector sensitivity. This article focuses on the solution to this problem using a linear quadrupole mass filter. C1 SE LOUISIANA UNIV,DEPT CHEM & PHYS,HAMMOND,LA. RP Grimm, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,1100 ROBERT E LEE BLVD,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124, USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT SCIENTIFIC COMMUN INC PI SHELTON PA PO BOX 870, 30 CONTROLS DRIVE, SHELTON, CT 06484-0870 SN 0044-7749 J9 AM LAB JI Am. Lab. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 28 IS 9 BP S18 EP & PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA UR677 UT WOS:A1996UR67700005 ER PT J AU Corsini, D Pavek, JJ AF Corsini, D Pavek, JJ TI Agronomic performance of potato germplasm selected for high resistance to Verticillium wilt SO AMERICAN POTATO JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Solanum tuberosum; potato breeding; potato early dying ID DAHLIAE; VARIETY; QUALITY RP Corsini, D (reprint author), UNIV IDAHO,USDA ARS,RES & EXTENS CTR,ABERDEEN,ID 83210, USA. NR 14 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU POTATO ASSN AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE 114 DEERING HALL, ORONO, ME 04469 SN 0003-0589 J9 AM POTATO J JI Am. Potato J. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 73 IS 6 BP 249 EP 260 DI 10.1007/BF02849275 PG 12 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA UW707 UT WOS:A1996UW70700001 ER PT J AU Doerge, DR Churchwell, MI Holder, CL Rowe, L Bajic, S AF Doerge, DR Churchwell, MI Holder, CL Rowe, L Bajic, S TI Detection and confirmation of beta-agonists in bovine retina using LC/APCI-MS SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CLENBUTEROL; CHROMATOGRAPHY; RESIDUES; LIVER AB beta-Adrenergic receptor agonists are growth-promoting drugs with the potential far illegal use in livestock, and human toxicity has resulted from consumption of contaminated meat, On-line liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (LC/APCI-MS) was used for sensitive detection of several beta-agonists in retina, a tissue reported to concentrate and retain such residues for extended periods, Multiresidue extraction, separation, detection, and confirmation procedures were developed for retinal tissue and applied to eyes from cattle treated with clenbuterol (69-201 ppb) and to control eyes spiked with salbutamol (100 ppb) and terbutaline (25-100 ppb). Rapid switching of the potential difference between sampling tone and skimmer in the transport region of the API source was used to optimize acquisition of the protonated molecules and characteristic fragment ions obtained by collision-induced dissociation reactions. The respective selected ions were simultaneously acquired using a single quadrupole mass spectrometer. The accurate and precise agreement observed for diagnostic ion intensity ratios between beta-agonists in retinal samples and authentic standards suggests that LC/APCI-MS can he used for confirmation of analyte structure at trace levels and does not require the use of a triple-stage quadrupole mass analyzer. C1 USDA ARS,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. VG ORGAN,ALTRINCHAM WA14 5RZ,CHESHIRE,ENGLAND. RP Doerge, DR (reprint author), NATL CTR TOXICOL RES,JEFFERSON,AR 72079, USA. NR 18 TC 45 Z9 50 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 68 IS 11 BP 1918 EP 1923 DI 10.1021/ac951174f PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA UN470 UT WOS:A1996UN47000022 PM 8686914 ER PT J AU Buxton, DR AF Buxton, DR TI Quality-related characteristics of forages as influenced by plant environment and agronomic factors SO ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th Pacific Northwest Animal Nutrition Conference CY OCT 26-28, 1993 CL BOISE, ID SP Univ Idaho, Idaho Feed & Grain Assoc, Oregon State Univ, Oregon Feed & Grain Assoc, Washington State Univ, Pacific NW Grain & Feed Assoc, Univ Brit Columbia, Brit Columbia Feed Ind Assoc, Alltech Inc, Hoffmann LaRoche Inc, J R Simplot Co, Kemin Ind, Pitman Moore Co, Zinpro Corp, Heart Land Lysine, Chicago, Ill DE forage quality; maturity stage; digestibility; protein; cell wall; plant environment ID CELL-WALL COMPOSITION; MAIZE INBREDS; RED-CLOVER; ALFALFA; DIGESTIBILITY; DEGRADABILITY; TEMPERATURE; MORPHOLOGY; MATURITY; GRASSES AB The most important factor influencing forage quality is herbage maturity. For example, a 1-week delay in harvesting of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) will decrease digestibility and crude protein concentration by about 20 g kg(-1) and increase cell-wall concentration by approximately 30 g kg(-1). Forage quality also is influenced by the environment in which forages are grown and by soil fertility and these cause year-to-year, seasonal, and geographical variation in forage quality even when herbage is harvested at the same stage of maturity. High temperatures normally increase rate of plant development and reduce leaf/stem ratios and digestibility. Moderate water stress usually delays plant maturation and causes forage quality to be maintained at higher levels. Excessive amounts of forage protein nitrogen may be excreted as urea in animal urine, which can limit animal production. Protein in forages with high ruminal escape is used more efficiently. The amount of escape protein is higher for red clover (Trifolium pratense L,) than for alfalfa or white clover (Trifolium repens L.). As animal production continues to improve through genetic gain, the need for high quality forages will become more important. There is good potential for producing new cultivars with improved forage quality and several are now on the market. Additional cultivars with improved forage quality will be available in the near future. RP Buxton, DR (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,FIELD CROPS RES UNIT,USDA ARS,1577 AGRON HALL,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 46 TC 151 Z9 164 U1 2 U2 29 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8401 J9 ANIM FEED SCI TECH JI Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 59 IS 1-3 BP 37 EP 49 DI 10.1016/0377-8401(95)00885-3 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UX708 UT WOS:A1996UX70800005 ER PT J AU Alexander, LJ Rohrer, GA Beattie, CW AF Alexander, LJ Rohrer, GA Beattie, CW TI Cloning and characterization of 414 polymorphic porcine microsatellites SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article ID GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; BOVINE GENOME; CATTLE AB We report the sequences, sizes, and number of alleles of 414 new porcine microsatellites that were cloned in our laboratory and 21 microsatellites derived from GenBank DNA sequences. We also confirm the usefulness of porcine microsatellite primer pairs derived from short interdispersed elements. RP Alexander, LJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,SPUR 18D,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 21 TC 74 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 27 IS 3 BP 137 EP 148 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA UX711 UT WOS:A1996UX71100002 PM 8759113 ER PT J AU Blattman, AN Kirkpatrick, BW Gregory, KE AF Blattman, AN Kirkpatrick, BW Gregory, KE TI A search for quantitative trait loci for ovulation rate in cattle SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE microsatellites; ovulation rate; quantitative trait loci; twinning ID GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; BOVINE MICROSATELLITES; MARKER LOCUS AB Seventy-seven polymorphic microsatellites were analysed in offspring of three elite sires that were part of the foundation of an experimental population selected for twinning rate at the US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska. All females were assessed for ovulation rate by rectal palpation of corpora lutea over 8-10 consecutive oestrous cycles from approximately 12 to 18 months of age, and associations between ovulation rate and sire allele were examined in each of the three sire groups. A preliminary analysis was performed using selectively genotyped daughters of each sire. Markers found significant or approaching significance were also genotyped in all daughters, sons and granddaughters of these sires. A test of marker associations limited to the granddaughter data provided an independent confirmation of marker effect and significance relative to the initial test with daughter data. Putative ovulation rate quantitative trait loci were detected on chromosomes 7 and 23. Marker UWCA20 on chromosome 7 was associated with an effect in excess of one phenotypic standard deviation and accounted for approximately 10% of phenotypic variation ovulation rate. Marker CYP21 (steroid 21-hydroxylase) on chromosome 23 was associated with an effect of slightly less than half a phenotypic standard deviation and accounted for approximately 4% of phenotypic variation. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT MEAT & ANIM SCI,MADISON,WI 53706. USDA ARS,US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. NR 21 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 27 IS 3 BP 157 EP 162 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA UX711 UT WOS:A1996UX71100004 PM 8759114 ER PT J AU Ashwell, MS Ogg, SL Mather, IH AF Ashwell, MS Ogg, SL Mather, IH TI The bovine butyrophilin gene maps to chromosome 23 SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE bovine; butyrophilin; gene mapping ID FAT GLOBULE-MEMBRANE; PROTEIN AB Chromosomal assignment of the bovine butyrophilin gene (BTN) was performed by analysis of DNA from somatic hybrid cell lines using the polymerase chain reaction. The gene was assigned to bovine chromosome 23 using two sets of primers specific for bovine BTN. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT ANIM SCI,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. RP Ashwell, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS,GENE EVALUAT & MAPPING LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 8 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 27 IS 3 BP 171 EP 173 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA UX711 UT WOS:A1996UX71100006 PM 8759115 ER PT J AU Stone, RT Kappes, SM Beattie, CW AF Stone, RT Kappes, SM Beattie, CW TI Five polymorphic trinucleotide (CCA) bovine microsatellites SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article RP Stone, RT (reprint author), USDA ARS,MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 2 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 27 IS 3 BP 216 EP 216 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA UX711 UT WOS:A1996UX71100024 PM 8759133 ER PT J AU Lestan, D Lamar, RT AF Lestan, D Lamar, RT TI Development of fungal inocula for bioaugmentation of contaminated soils SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LIGNIN-DEGRADING FUNGI; WHITE-ROT FUNGI; PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM; PENTACHLOROPHENOL; BIODEGRADATION; METABOLISM; DEGRADATION; MUSHROOM; ALGINATE; CULTURE AB This report describes novel fungal inocula for bioaugmentation of soils contaminated with hazardous organic compounds, The inocula are in the form of pelleted solid substrates coated with a sodium alginate suspension of fungal spores or mycelial fragments and incubated until overgrown with the mycelium of selected lignin-degrading fungi, The organisms evaluated were Phanerochaete chrysosporium (BKM F-1767, ATCC 42725), P. sordida (HHB-8922-Sp), Irpex lacteus (Mad-517, ATCC 11245), Bjerkandera adusta (FP-135160-Sp, ATCC 62023), and Trametes versicolor (MD-277), The pelleted fungal inocula resisted competition and proliferation from indigenous soil microbes, were lower in moisture content than current fungal inocula, and had sufficient mechanical strength to allow handling and introduction into the soil without a change in the mechanical consistency of the pellets, Inoculated at a rate of 3% in artificially contaminated nonsterile soil, I. lacteus, B. adusta, and T. versicolor removed 86, 82, and 90%, respectively, of the pentachlorophenol in 4 weeks. A mathematical model was developed to explain moisture distribution in a hydrogel-coated pelleted substrate. RP Lestan, D (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,INST MICROBIAL & BIOCHEM TECHNOL,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 29 TC 65 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 62 IS 6 BP 2045 EP 2052 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA UP127 UT WOS:A1996UP12700028 PM 16535337 ER PT J AU Bond, DR Russell, JB AF Bond, DR Russell, JB TI A role for fructose 1,6-diphosphate in the ATPase-Mediated energy-spilling reaction of Streptococcus bovis SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROWTH EFFICIENCY; HEAT-PRODUCTION; AEROBIC GROWTH; REASSESSMENT; CULTURES; YIELDS; BATCH AB The amount of ATP produced by Streptococcus bovis was larger than the amount that could be attributed to growth and maintenance, and even glucose-limited continuous cultures used ATP inefficiently (spilled ATP), Rapid-dilution-rate cultures always spilled more ATP than those growing at slow dilution rates, but rates of ATP spilling could also be enhanced by amino acid deprivation (with only ammonia as a nitrogen source), Energy spilling and intracellular ATP were not correlated, but energy spilling was always greatest when the rate of lactate production was high, The relationship between lactate production and energy spilling was supported by the observation that amino acid deprivation increased lactate production and ATP spilling. The lactate production rate of nongrowing (energy-spilling) S. bovis cells was fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP) dependent, and previous work showed that the lactate dehydrogenase of S. bovis was activated by FDP (M.J. Wolin, Science 146:775-777, 1964). The role of FDP in energy spilling was supported by the observation that the membrane-bound ATPase of S. bovis could be stimulated by FDP. FDP decreased the K-m for ATP by as much as fivefold. Other glycolytic intermediates could not stimulate the ATPase of washed membrane preparations, and FDP had no effect on soluble ATPase activity. C1 CORNELL UNIV,MICROBIOL SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853. USDA ARS,ITHACA,NY 14853. OI Bond, Daniel/0000-0001-8083-7107 NR 29 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 62 IS 6 BP 2095 EP 2099 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA UP127 UT WOS:A1996UP12700035 PM 16535338 ER PT J AU Leathers, TD Gupta, SC AF Leathers, TD Gupta, SC TI Saccharification of corn fiber using enzymes from Aureobasidium sp strain NRRL Y-2311-1 SO APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE corn fiber; enzymatic hydrolysis; hemicellulose; saccharification; xylanase ID TRIFLUOROACETIC-ACID; PULLULANS; XYLANASE; HEMICELLULOSE; HYDROLYSIS; SUBSTRATE AB Crude enzyme preparations from Aureobasidium sp. strain NRRL Y-2311-1 were characterized and tested for the capacity to saccharify corn fiber. Cultures grown on xylan, corn fiber, and alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP)-pretreated corn fiber produced specific levels of endoxylanase, amylase, protease, cellulase, and other activities. Using equal units of endoxylanase activity, crude enzymes from AHP-pretreated corn fiber cultures were most effective in saccharification. Multiple enzyme activities were implicated in this process. Pretreatment of corn fiber with AHP nearly doubled the susceptibility of hemicellulose to enzymatic digestion. Up to 138 mg xylose, 125 mg arabinose, and 490 mg glucose were obtained per g pretreated corn fiber under conditions tested. RP Leathers, TD (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOPOLYMER RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 31 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 SN 0273-2289 J9 APPL BIOCHEM BIOTECH JI Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 59 IS 3 BP 337 EP 347 DI 10.1007/BF02783575 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA UV888 UT WOS:A1996UV88800010 ER PT J AU Uri, ND Konyar, K AF Uri, ND Konyar, K TI Conservation tillage and the use of energy and other inputs in US agriculture SO APPLIED ENERGY LA English DT Article AB An important issue with regard to the overall effectiveness of conservation-tillage practices in reducing the impact of agricultural production on the environment concerns what happens to energy, pesticide and fertilizer use as these practices are more extensively adopted. To gain some insight into this, the conservation-tillage adoption decision is modeled. Starting with the assumption that the conservation-tillage adoption decision is a two-step procedure - the first is the decision whether or not to adopt a conservation-tillage production system and the second is the decision on the extent to which conservation tillage should be used - appropriate models of the Cragg and Heckman (dominance) type are estimated. Based on farm-level data on corn production in the USA for 1987, the profile of a farm on which conservation tillage was adopted is that the cropland had above-average slope and experienced above-average rainfall: the farm was a cash grain enterprise, and it had an above-average expenditure on pesticides, a below-average expenditure on energy and a below-average expenditure on custom pesticide applications. Additionally, for a farm adopting a no-tillage production practice, an above-average expenditure was mane on fertilizer. C1 CALIF STATE COLL SAN BERNARDINO,DEPT ECON,SAN BERNARDINO,CA 92407. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), USDA,SERV ECON RES,DIV NAT RESOURCES & ENVIRONM,WASHINGTON,DC, USA. NR 52 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0306-2619 J9 APPL ENERG JI Appl. Energy PD JUN PY 1996 VL 54 IS 2 BP 75 EP 102 DI 10.1016/0306-2619(95)00072-0 PG 28 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA UW088 UT WOS:A1996UW08800001 ER PT J AU Bostom, AG Shemin, D Lapane, KL Nadeau, MR Sutherland, P Chan, J Rozen, R Yoburn, D Jacques, PF Selhub, J Rosenberg, IH AF Bostom, AG Shemin, D Lapane, KL Nadeau, MR Sutherland, P Chan, J Rozen, R Yoburn, D Jacques, PF Selhub, J Rosenberg, IH TI Folate status is the major determinant of fasting total plasma homocysteine levels in maintenance dialysis patients SO ATHEROSCLEROSIS LA English DT Article DE homocysteine; end-stage renal disease; B-vitamin status; genetics; arteriosclerosis ID CONTAINING AMINO-ACIDS; CHRONIC-RENAL-FAILURE; CYSTEINE-HOMOCYSTEINE; RISK FACTOR; FOLIC-ACID; HEMODIALYSIS; DISEASE; UREA AB Limited data are available on the determinants of homocysteinemia or the association between plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels and prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD) in maintenance dialysis patients. We assessed etiology of renal failure, residual renal function and dialysis adequacy-related variables, and vitamin status, as determinants of fasting total plasma homocysteine (Hcy) in 75 maintenance dialysis patients. We also assessed the potential interactive effect on plasma Hcy of folate status and a common mutation (ala to val; homozygous val-val frequency approximate to 10%) in methylenetetrahydrofolale reductase (MTHFR), a folate-dependent enzyme crucial for the remethylation of homocysteine (Hcy) to methionine. Lastly, we evaluated whether the Hcy levels differed amongst these patients in the presence or absence of prevalent CVD, after adjustment for the traditional CVD risk factors. Easting total plasma Hcy, folate, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP; active B-6), B-12, creatinine, glucose, total and HDL cholesterol levels, and presence of the ala to val MTHFR mutation were determined, and clinical CVD and CVD risk factor prevalence were ascertained. General linear modelling/analysis of covariance revealed: (1) folate status and serum creatinine were the only significant independent predictors of fasting Hcy; (2) there was a significant interaction between presence of the val mutation and folate status, i.e., among patients with plasma folate below the median (< 29.2 ng/ml), geometric mean Hcy levels were 33% greater (29.0 vs. 21.8 mu M, P = 0.012) in the pooled homozygotes (val-val) and heterozygotes (ala-val) for the ala to val mutation, vs. normals (ala-ala); (3) there was no association between prevalent CVD and plasma Hcy. Given potentially intractable survivorship effects, prospective cohort studies will be required to clarify the relationship between plasma Hcy or any putative CVD risk factor, and incident CVD in dialysis patients. If a positive association between plasma Hcy and incident CVD can be established in maintenance dialysis patients, the current data provide a rationale for additional folic acid supplementation in this patient population. C1 RHODE ISL HOSP,DIV RENAL DIS,PROVIDENCE,RI 02902. BROWN UNIV,DEPT COMMUNITY HLTH,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912. FRAMINGHAM STUDY,FRAMINGHAM,MA. MCGILL UNIV,MONTREAL CHILDRENS HOSP,RES INST,MONTREAL,PQ H3H 1P3,CANADA. RP Bostom, AG (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,VITAMIN BIOAVAILAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 41 TC 108 Z9 112 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0021-9150 J9 ATHEROSCLEROSIS JI Atherosclerosis PD JUN PY 1996 VL 123 IS 1-2 BP 193 EP 202 DI 10.1016/0021-9150(96)05809-1 PG 10 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA UQ492 UT WOS:A1996UQ49200018 PM 8782850 ER PT J AU Goodwin, MA Hafner, S Bounous, DI Latimer, KS Player, EC Niagro, FD Campagnoli, RP Brown, J AF Goodwin, MA Hafner, S Bounous, DI Latimer, KS Player, EC Niagro, FD Campagnoli, RP Brown, J TI Viral proventriculitis in chickens SO AVIAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BROILER-CHICKENS AB The objectives of the present study were to examine proventriculi of broiler chicks for lesions, and to classify and record the incidence of these lesions. Deep non-purulent necrotizing proventriculitis (accompanied by adenoepithelial hypertrophy and hyperplasia) was the most common (109/220 = 49.5%) light microscopic diagnosis in the proventriculi examined. Degenerating and necrotic alveolar secretory cells had amorphous, granular or vacuolated cytoplasm. Nuclei usually were either pyknotic, karyorrhectic or karyolytic; however, fewer attached or sloughed cells had swollen nuclei with marginated chromatin and clear centres. Basophilic inclusion bodies were never seen. In five cases examined ultrastructurally, hexagonal virus particles were found in intact nuclei (average size = 68.9 nm, n = 89), associated with unbound condensed chromatin, and within vacuolated spaces in the cytoplasm (average size = 62.3 nm, n = 109). DNA in situ hybridization failed to detect adenovirus or polyomavirus nucleic acids. The presence of intralesional virus suggests that a causal relationship might exist between the virus and the proventricular lesions. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET PATHOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. UNIV GEORGIA,COLL VET MED,DEPT MED MICROBIOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. USDA,FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV,EASTERN LAB,RUSSELL RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30604. RP Goodwin, MA (reprint author), GEORGIA POULTRY LAB,POB 20,OAKWOOD,GA 30566, USA. NR 28 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU CARFAX PUBL CO PI ABINGDON PA PO BOX 25, ABINGDON, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND OX14 3UE SN 0307-9457 J9 AVIAN PATHOL JI Avian Pathol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 25 IS 2 BP 369 EP 379 DI 10.1080/03079459608419147 PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UW127 UT WOS:A1996UW12700011 PM 18645864 ER PT J AU Lewis, JA Lumsden, RD Locke, JC AF Lewis, JA Lumsden, RD Locke, JC TI Biocontrol of damping-off diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum with alginate prills of Gliocladium virens, Trichoderma hamatum and various food bases SO BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alginate prills; biological control; cotton; damping-off Gliocladium virens; Pythium ultimum; Rhizoctonia solani; saprophytism; soil-borne plant pathogens; survival; Trichoderma spp; zinnia ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; TALAROMYCES-FLAVUS; PELLET FORMULATION; SCLEROTIUM-ROLFSII; GREENHOUSE; SOIL; FUNGI; FIELD; ENCAPSULATION; PROLIFERATION AB Alginate prills were formulated with the biomass of isolates of Gliocladium virens and Trichoderma spp. and various food bases (wheat bran, corn cobs, peanut hulls, soy fiber, castor pomace, cocoa hulls and chitin). Alginate prills with G. virens (Gl-21) biomass and all food bases except cocoa hull meal significantly reduced the damping-off of zinnia in a soil-less mix caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum. The prills with bran, soy fiber, castor pomace or chitin resulted in stands similar to those in the non-infested control. In soil, prills with all the food bases and Thrichoderma hamatum (TRI-4) biomass controlled the damping-off of cotton caused by R. solani and gave stands comparable to, or better than, those in the non-infested control soil. Frills with all the food bases resulted in a proliferation of Gl-21 in a soil-less mix and of Gl-21 and TRI-4 in soil. Frills with food bases and TRI-4 biomass reduced the survival of R. solani in infested beet seed to less than 30%, with bran and chitin being the most effective food bases; prills with Gl-21 biomass and all food bases also reduced the survival of R. solani in beet seed, but not as much as did prills with TRI-4 biomass. In prills containing wheat bran, soy fiber or chitin, the biocontrol isolate Th-58 (T. harzianum) was almost as effective as TRI-4, but isolate Gl-3 (G. virens) was less effective. There was no significant interaction between the biocontrol fungus and the food base. The results suggest that the intrinsic properties of a selected fungus isolate are more important than some formulation variables in biocontrol. C1 USDA ARS,FLORAL & NURSERY PLANT RES UNIT,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Lewis, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOCONTROL PLANT DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 33 TC 26 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 4 PU CARFAX PUBL CO PI ABINGDON PA PO BOX 25, ABINGDON, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND OX14 3UE SN 0958-3157 J9 BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN JI Biocontrol Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 6 IS 2 BP 163 EP 173 DI 10.1080/09583159650039368 PG 11 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA UZ134 UT WOS:A1996UZ13400003 ER PT J AU Zhang, JX Howell, CR Starr, JL AF Zhang, JX Howell, CR Starr, JL TI Suppression of Fusarium colonization of cotton roots and fusarium wilt by seed treatments with Gliocladium virens and Bacillus subtilis SO BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gossypium hirsutum; Fusarium oxysporum f sp vasinfectum; Meloidogyne incognita ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI; PYTHIUM-ULTIMUM; DAMPING-OFF; PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS; NONPATHOGENIC FUSARIUM; MELOIDOGYNE-INCOGNITA; TRICHODERMA-HARZIANUM; SOILLESS MIX; OXYSPORUM AB In a growth chamber at 25 degrees C, the fungal antagonist Gliocladium virens colonized tap roots and secondary roots of cotton in non-sterile soil after seen treatment with preparations of G. virens. Colonization of tap roots by G. virens increased over time, and decreased with root depth. Seed treatments with G. virens strains G-4 and G-6 and with Bacillus subtilis strains GB03 and GB07 reduced the colonization of tap roots and secondary roots of cotton seedlings by Fusarium spp. Under greenhouse conditions, the same seed treatments suppressed the incidence and severity of fusarium wilt of cotton in soil infested with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum and Meloidogyne incognita Gliotoxin, produced by 'Q-group' strains of G. virens, inhibited F. oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum in vitro. The seed treatments with G. virens strain G-6 and B. subtilis strains GB03 and GB07 did not affect the reproduction of root-knot nematodes. The results of this study may help to explain why the treatment of cotton seed with biocontrol agents often results in more vigorous and higher yielding plants, and indicate that ther-e is potential for using G. virens and B. subtilis as seed treatments to control fusarium wilt of cotton. C1 USDA ARS, SO CROPS RES LAB, COLLEGE STN, TX 77845 USA. TEXAS A&M UNIV, DEPT PLANT PATHOL & MICROBIOL, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843 USA. NR 57 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0958-3157 J9 BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN JI Biocontrol Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 6 IS 2 BP 175 EP 187 DI 10.1080/09583159650039377 PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA UZ134 UT WOS:A1996UZ13400004 ER PT J AU Hebbar, KP Lewis, JA Poch, SM Lumsden, RD AF Hebbar, KP Lewis, JA Poch, SM Lumsden, RD TI Agricultural by-products as substrates for growth, conidiation and chlamydospore formation by a potential mycoherbicide, Fusarium oxysporum strain EN4 SO BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fusarium oxysporum; agricultural by-products; liquid cultures; conidia formation; chlamydospore formation; mycoherbicide; biological control ID SPORULATION; CARBON AB Characteristics, such as mycelial growth, conidiation and chlamydospore formation, of three distinct variants (EN4-FT, EN4-FF and EN4-S), of the potential mycoherbicide, Fusarium oxysporum, strain EN4 were studied in liquid cultures. Agricultural by-products, such as cornmeal, corn cob, soya bean hull fiber (Dietfiber-Soyfiber), cotton seed embryo pour (Pharmamedia), cane molasses yeast extract and potato dextrose medium were used as substrates. The mycelial growth and conidia and chlamydospore formation were different for the thr-ee strains and varied with the substrate used. The quantity of conidia and chlamydospores produced depended on the concentration of the substrates. Irrespective of carbon:nitrogen ratios, chlamydospores were formed readily in liquid media and in greater amount on substrates with low utilizable carbon content (aqueous extracts of soya bean hull fiber and corn cob) than on those with higher utilizable carbon content (potato dextrose broth, aqueous extracts of cotton seeds and molasses yeast extract broth). In liquid cultures, increases ill the concentration of substrates high in utilizable carbon resulted in reduced chlamydospore formation; however this was far less in those with a lo,ver carbon content. The effect oil fungal growth characteristics due to the presence or absence of plant fibers in various concentrations of unfiltered and filtered extracts of soya bean hull fiber depended on the fungal variant tested. However, it had a gi-eater effect on viable and microconidial counts than on chlamydospore and macroconidial counts. The viable and microconidial counts were significantly higher in unfiltered than in filtered extracts. The final pH of the liquid cultures (4.1-8.5), after 10 days of growth, was affected by the fungal variant, the substrate used and by the substrate concentration. In liquid cultures with 1% soya bean hull fiber, chlamydospore formation corresponded to an increase iii the pH of the medium from 6.0 to 7.7. The interaction between fungal variants, the substrate used and the substrate concentration was highly significant for all the variables tested indicating that optimization of the production of fungal propagules is complex. Overall, for all three variants, the best substrates for optimum conidiation and chlamydospore formation were aqueous extracts of soya bean hull fiber and corn cob al concentrations of 1-2.5%. RP Hebbar, KP (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOCONTROL PLANT DIS LAB,BARC W,ROOM 275,BLDG 011A,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 25 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 5 PU CARFAX PUBL CO PI ABINGDON PA PO BOX 25, ABINGDON, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND OX14 3UE SN 0958-3157 J9 BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN JI Biocontrol Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 6 IS 2 BP 263 EP 275 DI 10.1080/09583159650039458 PG 13 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA UZ134 UT WOS:A1996UZ13400012 ER PT J AU Connick, WJ Daigle, DJ Boyette, CD Williams, KS Vinyard, BT Quimby, PC AF Connick, WJ Daigle, DJ Boyette, CD Williams, KS Vinyard, BT Quimby, PC TI Water activity and other factors that affect the viability of Colletotrichum truncatum Conidia in wheat flour-kaolin granules ('Pesta') SO BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biocontrol; bioherbicide; Colletotrichum truncatum; formations; hemp sesbania; mycoherbicide; shelf-life; storage; sucrose; water activity; wheat flour ID SESBANIA SESBANIA-EXALTATA; STEINERNEMA-CARPOCAPSAE; SURVIVAL; BIOHERBICIDE; FORMULATIONS; GERMINATION; CULTURE; MYCOHERBICIDE; EFFICACY; STORAGE AB Optimization of shelf-life is critically important for biocontrol products containing living microorganisms. Conidia of Colletotrichum truncatum, a fungal pathogen of the weed, hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata), were produced in shake flasks (corn meal-soya flour medium) and on Emerson Yp Ss agar and formulated in wheat flour-kaolin granules ('Pesta'). The granules were conditioned at water activities of 0, 0.12, 0.33, 0.53 and 0.75 during storage at 25 degrees C over desiccant or saturated salt solutions. The longest shelf-life (conidial inoculum viability) was found in samples in the water activity range 0-0.33, where the water was bound by the matrix and not readily available to the fungus. At a water activity of 0.12, granules were 100% viable (on water agar) for at least 24 weeks, and were 87% viable after 1 year. sucrose (5% w/w) partially counteracted the detrimental effect of high water activity on the shelf-life of C. truncatum when incorporated in the granules. C1 USDA ARS,SO WEED SCI LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. MONTANA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RWL,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. RP Connick, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 33 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 3 PU CARFAX PUBL CO PI ABINGDON PA PO BOX 25, ABINGDON, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND OX14 3UE SN 0958-3157 J9 BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN JI Biocontrol Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 6 IS 2 BP 277 EP 284 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA UZ134 UT WOS:A1996UZ13400013 ER PT J AU ArevaloNino, K Sandoval, CF Galan, LJ Imam, SH Gordon, SH Greene, RV AF ArevaloNino, K Sandoval, CF Galan, LJ Imam, SH Gordon, SH Greene, RV TI Starch-based extruded plastic films and evaluation of their biodegradable properties SO BIODEGRADATION LA English DT Article DE biodegradable plastic; extrusion; films; starch ID LACTOBACILLUS-AMYLOVORUS; DEGRADATION; ADHESION; BLENDS AB Plastic formulations containing up to 40% starch were prepared and blown into thin films using extrusion methods. Extruded films were evaluated for their biodegradability by exposing them to a consortium of starch degrading bacteria in the laboratory for 45 days and in the 'La Silla' river located in Monterrey, N.L. Mexico for up to 60 days. Biodegradability was assessed by measuring changes in weight loss and chemical composition of the films using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. While little or no degradation was apparent in control films made up of 100% low density polyethylene (LDPE) or 100% poly-(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) (EAA), most of the starch was depleted in starch-containing films exposed in the river. Starch degradation in films exposed to amylolytic bacteria in the laboratory was relatively slower. Also, increasing the amount of EAA from 25% to 50% substantially reduced starch depletion in these films. C1 USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, BIOPOLYMER RES UNIT, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. UNIV AUTONOMA NUEVO LEON, FAC CIENCIAS BIOL, DEPT MICROBIOL & INMUNOL, SAN NIOLAS DE LOS GARZA, NL, MEXICO. NR 23 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0923-9820 EI 1572-9729 J9 BIODEGRADATION JI Biodegradation PD JUN PY 1996 VL 7 IS 3 BP 231 EP 237 DI 10.1007/BF00058182 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA UZ705 UT WOS:A1996UZ70500006 ER PT J AU Marriott, BM Smith, JC Jacobs, RM Jones, AOL Altman, JD AF Marriott, BM Smith, JC Jacobs, RM Jones, AOL Altman, JD TI Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus content of hair from two populations of rhesus monkeys SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE hair mineral content; monkeys; rhesus monkeys; Macaca mulatta ID MACACA-MULATTA; CAYO-SANTIAGO; TRACE; ZINC; NUTRITION; MINERALS; CATTLE; COPPER AB The use of hair for the assessment of human mineral nutritional status is controversial, yet has potential because of the ease of collection and storage, and the high concentration of minerals in hair. This study generated baseline values for hair macromineral content in the most commonly used primate model for human nutrition and disease, the rhesus monkey. Hair digests from monkeys in Maryland (n=98) and Puerto Rico (n=208) were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Significant differences existed between the two populations for hair calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and phosphorus (P) (P <0.01, P <0.001, P<0.02). Male hair had higher concentrations of Mg in specimens from the Puerto Rican population (P <0.001), whereas hair phosphorus was higher in female hair (P <0.02). There were no significant differences attributable to pregnancy status. Differences in hair content attributable to categorical age were found for Ca and Mg (P <0.001, P <0.01). Significant location differences paralleled dietary differences. These values therefore can be considered reference ranges for hair Ca, Mg, and P for free-ranging and caged rhesus monkeys. C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL & ANAT,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. US FDA,SAN FRANCISCO DIST OFF,PESTICIDE MET SECT,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. US FDA,CTR FOOD SAFETY & APPL NUTR,OFF BELTSVILLE TECH OPERAT,LAUREL,MD. RP Marriott, BM (reprint author), NIH,OFF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS,FED BLDG,SUITE 610,7500 WISCONSIN AVE,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR-01293, RR-7-2115]; NIMH NIH HHS [MH3079-01A2] NR 70 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 SN 0163-4984 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD SUM PY 1996 VL 53 IS 1-3 BP 147 EP 165 DI 10.1007/BF02784552 PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA VA909 UT WOS:A1996VA90900014 PM 8862745 ER PT J AU Marriott, BM Smith, JC Jacobs, RM Jones, AOL Altman, JD AF Marriott, BM Smith, JC Jacobs, RM Jones, AOL Altman, JD TI Copper, iron, manganese, and zinc content of hair from two populations of rhesus monkeys SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE hair trace element content; trace elements; rhesus monkeys; monkeys; Macaca mulatta ID TRACE-ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS; CHILDREN; AGE; SEX; DEFICIENCY; PROTEIN AB The concentrations of the elements copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in hair of caged (in Maryland) and free-ranging (in Puerto Rico) rhesus monkey populations were determined. Significant chronological age-related decreases were evident for the trace elements Mn and Zn in both populations (P less than or equal to 0.01) and for Cu and Fe in free-ranging monkeys (P less than or equal to 0.005). The only overall gender difference was higher hair Mn concentration in free-ranging males than in females (P <0.03). There were no significant differences in hair Cu, Fe, or Mn related to pregnancy status. Hair Zn was lower in samples from pregnant than from nonpregnant monkeys from the caged monkeys (P less than or equal to 0.05), but did not differ in the free-ranging monkeys. Comparison of the two populations revealed that hair Zn levels were significantly higher in caged vs free-ranging animals (P <0.001). We attribute this higher hair Zn in the caged monkeys to contact and ingestion of Zn from their galvanized enclosures. Hair iron levels were significantly higher (P <0.001) in free-ranging monkeys, possibly as a result of Fe-rich soil ingestion from their environment. These data support continued investigation of the use of hair as an indicator of the exposure of large groups or populations to potentially high levels of specific minerals, and the use of nonhuman primates as models for the study of trace element deficiency and/or toxicity in humans. C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT CELL BIOL & ANAT,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. US FDA,SAN FRANCISCO DIST OFF,PESTICIDE MET SECT,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. US FDA,CTR FOOD SAFETY & APPL NUTR,OFF BELTSVILLE TECH OPERAT,LAUREL,MD. RP Marriott, BM (reprint author), NIH,OFF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS,FED BLDG,SUITE 610,7550 WISCONSIN AVE,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR-01293, RR-7-2115]; NIMH NIH HHS [MH3079-01A2] NR 53 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 SN 0163-4984 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD SUM PY 1996 VL 53 IS 1-3 BP 167 EP 183 DI 10.1007/BF02784553 PG 17 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA VA909 UT WOS:A1996VA90900015 PM 8862746 ER PT J AU Lee, JK Nordheim, EV Kang, H AF Lee, JK Nordheim, EV Kang, H TI Inference for lethal gene estimation with application in plants SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE combinatorial method; deleterious genes; hierarchical modeling of likelihood; lethal equivalents; Lindeberg-Feller central limit theorem; marginalized method of moments ID REPRODUCTION AB Recessive genes with deleterious effects have been of great interest to genetics researchers because these effects are critical to both plant and animal breeding programs for small closed populations. None of the previous methods in the genetics and forest genetics literature has allowed the development of statistical inference for the estimation of these effects. We propose an estimation method for the number of lethal equivalents, which is an overall measure of the genetic mortality, based on a hierarchical construction of the likelihood functions for mating experiments. Because of unobservable genetic variables in the likelihood functions, a variant method of moments, marginalized method of moments, is applied to derive these estimates. In particular, we are able to compute confidence intervals for the number of lethal equivalents. We illustrate our methods with two mating systems-selfing and full-sib crossing-using both simulated and real data. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT FORESTRY,MADISON,WI 53706. US FOREST SERV,USDA,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Lee, JK (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT STAT,1210 W DAYJTON ST,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 808 17TH ST NW SUITE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3910 SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD JUN PY 1996 VL 52 IS 2 BP 451 EP 462 DI 10.2307/2532886 PG 12 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA UR160 UT WOS:A1996UR16000006 ER PT J AU Smith, HR Remington, CL AF Smith, HR Remington, CL TI Food specificity in interspecies competition - Comparisons between terrestrial vertebrates and arthropods SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; SHREWS; PREY; DIET C1 US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,AMHERST,MA 01003. YALE UNIV,SCH FORESTRY & ENVIRONM STUDIES,NEW HAVEN,CT 06520. NR 78 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD JUN PY 1996 VL 46 IS 6 BP 436 EP 447 DI 10.2307/1312878 PG 12 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA UN618 UT WOS:A1996UN61800015 ER PT J AU Shaw, A Lin, YJ Pfeil, E AF Shaw, A Lin, YJ Pfeil, E TI Effect of abrasion on protective properties of polyester and cotton/polyester blend fabrics SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PESTICIDE C1 ARS,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Shaw, A (reprint author), UNIV MARYLAND EASTERN SHORE,DEPT HUMAN ECOL,PRINCESS ANNE,MD 21853, USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 56 IS 6 BP 935 EP 941 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA UH695 UT WOS:A1996UH69500012 PM 8661883 ER PT J AU Beckstead, J Meyer, SE Allen, PS AF Beckstead, J Meyer, SE Allen, PS TI Bromus tectorum seed germination: Between-population and between-year variation SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE BOTANIQUE LA English DT Article DE after-ripening; invading species; dormancy; mean germination time; cheatgrass; downy brome ID HABITAT-CORRELATED VARIATION; ECOLOGICAL GENETICS; TEMPERATURE; MATURATION AB Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L., Poaceae), an introduced winter annual, has invaded a variety of habitats in western North America. This study examines variation in cheatgrass germination response and after-ripening patterns that are related to differences in habitat and to yearly differences in weather conditions during seed maturation. Seeds collected from five contrasting populations in 1992 and 1993 were subjected to controlled dry storage and then incubated across a range of temperatures. Recently harvested seeds were dormant and germinated slowly, while fully after-ripened seeds were nondormant and germinated rapidly. The optimal incubation temperature for mean germination time shifted from 5:15 to 20:30 degrees C as a result of after-ripening. Between-population differences in germination response appear to be related to the potential risk of precocious summer germination. The results from this 2-year study suggest that the more extreme yet predictable environments select for seed germination and after-ripening patterns that are genetically fixed, while populations from more favorable environments tended to show more between-year variations, suggesting more phenotypic plasticity. Germination percentage showed greater between-year variation than mean germination time. Between-year differences could not be explained simply by differences in maximum temperature or total precipitation during maturation. Adaptive germination responses in cheatgrass populations from contrasting habitats may have both genetic and environmental components, thus explaining why this species can become established in such a variety of habitats. C1 BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV,DEPT BOT & RANGE SCI,PROVO,UT 84602. US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,SHRUB SCI LAB,PROVO,UT 84606. NR 32 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4026 J9 CAN J BOT JI Can. J. Bot.-Rev. Can. Bot. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 74 IS 6 BP 875 EP 882 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UQ969 UT WOS:A1996UQ96900008 ER PT J AU Monserud, RA Tchebakova, NM AF Monserud, RA Tchebakova, NM TI A vegetation model for the Sayan Mountains, southern Siberia SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article AB A mountain vegetation model driven by regional climatic parameters was developed for predicting the geographic distribution of the numerous ecosystems of the Sayan Mountain system in southern Siberia. Meteorological data are drawn from normal records of monthly means. Four climatic variables were interpolated to a 10' by 10' grid: temperature, precipitation, vapor pressure, and cloudiness. In addition, albedo was derived by 100-m elevation classes for both windward and leeward slopes as a function of the general type of vegetation surface and the dates of snow occurrence. Ecosystems were classified using a two-dimensional climatic ordination. The first dimension was growing degree-days above a 5 degrees C threshold, and the second was Budyko's dryness index, which is based on annual radiation balance and annual precipitation. The patterns: of predicted vegetation corresponded rather well to observed mapped vegetation. Overall kappa statistics indicated agreement with observed vegetation that varied from fair at the finest resolution (10' by 10' cells) to good at intermediate resolution (30' by 30' cells and 1 degrees by 1 degrees cells) to very good at the coarsest resolution (2 degrees by 2 degrees cells). Focusing on individual vegetation classes, agreement was good to very good for each vegetation class at intermediate resolutions and very good to excellent for each vegetation class at the 2 degrees by 2 degrees resolution. Thus, the general location, pattern, and overall distribution of these mountain ecosystems was accurately predicted. This approach for predicting the spatial distribution of biomes was successfully applied at both the global and subcontinental scale. The successful extension of Budyko's radiation balance approach to mountainous terrain on a finer resolution regional scale indicates the generality of the approach. C1 RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,FOREST INST,KRASNOYARSK 660036,RUSSIA. RP Monserud, RA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,1221 S MAIN ST,MOSCOW,ID 83843, USA. NR 49 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1055 EP 1068 DI 10.1139/x26-117 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA UT058 UT WOS:A1996UT05800018 ER PT J AU Kim, C Sharik, TL Jurgensen, MF Dickson, RE Buckley, DS AF Kim, C Sharik, TL Jurgensen, MF Dickson, RE Buckley, DS TI Effects of nitrogen availability on northern red oak seedling growth in oak and pine stands in northern lower Michigan SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID NUTRIENT-USE EFFICIENCY; QUERCUS-RUBRA; DYNAMICS; FORESTS; ALLOCATION; PLANTS; SOIL; PLANTATION; EVERGREEN; WISCONSIN AB The nitrogen (N) status and dry weight increment of northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) seedlings in relation to N availability were examined at various levels of canopy cover and understory removal treatments under field conditions in red oak and red pine (Pinus resinosa Air.) stands. Net N mineralization rates over two growing seasons following canopy cover treatments were determined by the in situ buried bag technique. Canopy removal increased N mineralization in both oak and pine stands. Net N mineralization rates were approximate to 1.2-2.2 times higher in the clearcut and the other partial canopy cover treatments than in the uncut stands. Net N mineralization in the same canopy cover treatments was approximate to 2-3 times higher in red oak stands than in red pine stands. However, red oak seedlings from the same canopy cover treatments in both stand types had similar dry weight, N concentrations, N content, and N-use efficiency despite differences in soil N availability. The only exception was approximate to 2 times greater seedling dry weight and N content in the red oak clearcuts compared with the red pine clearcuts. The similarity in seedling performance within partial canopy removal or uncut stands may have been due to limiting factors other than N in the red oak stands. Red oak seedlings from litter removal treatments within the clearcuts had significantly higher N-use efficiency than those from the herb and shrub removal treatments. These results suggest that (i) canopy manipulation increases soil N availability; (ii) increases in dry weight and N uptake by red oak seedlings when forest canopies are completely removed are due, in part, to increased available soil N; (iii) red oak seedling response to soil N availability resulting from no or only partial canopy removal may be the same in different stand types (e.g., red oak vs. red pine) because factors other than N, such as light, are limiting. C1 MICHIGAN TECHNOL UNIV,SCH FORESTRY & WOOD PROD,HOUGHTON,MI 49931. US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,RHINELANDER,WI 54501. NR 46 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 26 IS 6 BP 1103 EP 1111 DI 10.1139/x26-122 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA UT058 UT WOS:A1996UT05800023 ER PT J AU Cook, RJ AF Cook, RJ TI Sustainable agriculture: Introduction and summary SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE PHYTOPATHOLOGIE LA English DT Editorial Material RP Cook, RJ (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,INT SOC PLANT PATHOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU CANADIAN PHYTOPATHOL SOC PI GUELPH PA DEPT ENVIRON BIOL/UNIV GUELPH CAN. J PLANT PATHOL. DR. ROBERT HALL, GUELPH ON N1G 2W1, CANADA SN 0706-0661 J9 CAN J PLANT PATHOL JI Can. J. Plant Pathol.-Rev. Can. Phytopathol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 18 IS 2 BP 115 EP 118 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UZ202 UT WOS:A1996UZ20200003 ER PT J AU Hefner, J Rubenstein, SM Ketchum, REB Gibson, DM Williams, RM Croteau, R AF Hefner, J Rubenstein, SM Ketchum, REB Gibson, DM Williams, RM Croteau, R TI Cytochrome P450-catalyzed hydroxylation of taxa-4(5),11(12)-diene to taxa-4(20),11(12)-dien-5 alpha-ol: The first oxygenation step in taxol biosynthesis SO CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cytochrome P450; taxadiene hydroxylase; taxadienol synthesis; taxol biosynthesis; Taxus enzymes ID RESIN ACID BIOSYNTHESIS; ALLYLIC REARRANGEMENT; ABIETIC ACID; CHEMISTRY; ANTICANCER; MICROSOMES; MECHANISM; MONOOXYGENASES; DERIVATIVES; METABOLISM AB Background: The structural complexity of taxol dictates continued reliance on biological production methods, which may be improved by a detailed understanding of taxol biosynthesis, especially the rate-limiting steps, The biosynthesis of taxol involves the cyclization of the common isoprenoid intermediate geranylgeranyl diphosphate to taxa-4(5), 11(12)-diene followed by extensive, largely oxidative, modification of this diterpene olefin. We set out to define the first oxygenation step in taxol biosynthesis. Results: Microsomal enzymes from Taxus stem and cultured cells were used to define the first hydroxylation of taxadiene. We confirmed the structure of the reaction product (taxa-4(20), 11(12)-dien-5 alpha-ol) by synthesizing this compound. The responsible biological catalyst was characterized as a cytochrome P450 theme thiolate protein). In vivo studies confirmed that taxadienol is a biosynthetic intermediate and indicated that the hydroxylation step that produces this product is stow relative to subsequent metabolic transformations. Conclusions: The structure of the first oxygenated intermediate on the taxol pathway establishes that the hydroxylation reaction proceeds with an unusual double bond migration that limits the mechanistic possibilities for subsequent elaboration of the oxetane moiety of taxol, The reaction is catalyzed by a cytochrome P450, suggesting that the seven remaining oxygenation steps in taxol biosynthesis may involve similar catalysts, Because the first oxygenation step is slow relative to subsequent metabolic transformations, it may be possible to speed taxol biosynthesis by isolating and manipulating the gene for the taxadiene-5-hydroxylase that catalyzes this reaction. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,INST BIOL CHEM,PULLMAN,WA 99164. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT GENET & CELL BIOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. USDA ARS,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853. RI Williams, Robert/A-3066-2012 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-55254, CA43969, CA55138] NR 53 TC 113 Z9 127 U1 3 U2 23 PU CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD PI LONDON PA 34-42 CLEVELAND STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND W1P 6LB SN 1074-5521 J9 CHEM BIOL JI Chem. Biol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 3 IS 6 BP 479 EP 489 DI 10.1016/S1074-5521(96)90096-4 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA UW968 UT WOS:A1996UW96800009 PM 8807878 ER PT J AU Cigliano, MM Ronderos, RA Kemp, WP AF Cigliano, MM Ronderos, RA Kemp, WP TI Phylogenetic relationships of Scotussa and Leiotettix (Orthoptera: Acrididae) SO CLADISTICS-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE WILLI HENNIG SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID EVOLUTION AB A cladistic analysis of the South American grasshopper genera Scotussa and Leiotettix was performed in order to test the monophyly of these genera. Eurotettix, Chlorus and the Dichroplus bergi species group were included as terminal taxa. The genus Atrachelacris was used to root the tree. Twenty-nine characters from external morphology, male genitalia and female ovipositor were used in the analysis. In order to test for association between the structural change that occurred in the ovipositor valves of Scotussa and the functional change of the oviposition habits, the data matrix was partitioned and two analyses were performed. Characters from the female ovipositor were excluded from the data set used in the first analysis and another analysis was performed where all the characters were included in the analysis. Information on oviposition habits was then mapped on the cladogram, to determine the transformation for performance. Both analyses yielded only one most parsimonious tree and produced congruent results, confirming the monophyly of Leiotettix and Scotussa and corroborating their close relationship. Characters from the female ovipositor valves were informative not only at the species level but also at higher levels in the cladogram. The results also support the hypothesis of association between the structural change that occurred in the ovipositor valves of Scotussa with the functional change in the oviposition habits. However, this association did not seem to be correlated with the adaptive radiation in the genus. (C) 1996 The Willi Hennig Society. C1 MUSEO LA PLATA,LAB SISTEMAT & BIOL EVOLUT LASBE,RA-1900 LA PLATA,ARGENTINA. USDA ARS,RANGELAND INSECT LAB,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. RP Cigliano, MM (reprint author), MUSEO LA PLATA,DEPT CIENT ENTOMOL,RA-1900 LA PLATA,ARGENTINA. NR 33 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0748-3007 J9 CLADISTICS JI Cladistics-Int. J. Willi Hennig Soc. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 12 IS 2 BP 125 EP 138 PG 14 WC Evolutionary Biology SC Evolutionary Biology GA WG862 UT WOS:A1996WG86200002 ER PT J AU Schimmelpfennig, D AF Schimmelpfennig, D TI Uncertainty in economic models of climate-change impacts SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Article ID SEA-LEVEL RISE; OPTION VALUE; AGRICULTURE; INFORMATION; INSURANCE AB Uncertainty is poorly represented in existing studies of climate-change impacts. Methods that have been used to characterize uncertainty in the literature are described and the limitations of each discussed. It is found that two broad characterizations are useful. A large number of studies are based on several specific scenarios or attempt to randomize selected variables in their deterministic economic models. Other studies describe individual or collective reaction to risk. The first category falls short of an adequate representation of uncertainty by focusing primarily on a few values of variables included to capture variability. The second group of studies tend to focus more on behavior than impacts. What is needed are Monte Carlo type simulations where randomness is apparent in a series of independent draws from a distribution suitably adjusted for climate change. Some of the benefits of improvements in the characterization of uncertainty are discussed. RP Schimmelpfennig, D (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,NAT RESOURCES & ENVIRONM DIV,RM 408,1301 NEW YORK AVE NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20005, USA. NR 66 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD JUN PY 1996 VL 33 IS 2 BP 213 EP 234 DI 10.1007/BF00140247 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VB081 UT WOS:A1996VB08100004 ER PT J AU Gallagher, SK Johnson, LK Siders, WA AF Gallagher, SK Johnson, LK Siders, WA TI Associations of urine and serum bone parameters with dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 ARS,USDA,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58201. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 42 IS 6 SU S BP 860 EP 860 PN 2 PG 1 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA UR522 UT WOS:A1996UR52200860 ER PT J AU Lau, C Schanler, RJ AF Lau, C Schanler, RJ TI Oral motor function in the neonate SO CLINICS IN PERINATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PRETERM INFANTS; NUTRITIVE SUCKING; NONNUTRITIVE SUCKING; KINESTHETIC STIMULATION; NEWBORN-INFANTS; TERM NEONATE; RAT; COORDINATION; TACTILE; GROWTH AB Oral feeding success in neonates primarily depends upon the proper coordination of sucking, swallowing, and respiration. Consideration of specific external factors, however, may enhance the infant's performance. For instance, premature infants can successfully oral feed despite an immature sucking pattern and such achievement is further facilitated by regulating milk flow. In addition, awareness is growing that proper development of maternal behavior can positively affect the infant's ability to feed. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,SECT NEONATOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030. BAYLOR COLL MED,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,HOUSTON,TX 77030. RP Lau, C (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,SECT GASTROENTEROL & NUTR,1 BAYLOR PLAZA,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01-RR00188]; NICHD NIH HHS [HD 28140] NR 65 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 6 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0095-5108 J9 CLIN PERINATOL JI Clin. Perinatol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 23 IS 2 BP 161 EP & PG 19 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA UP103 UT WOS:A1996UP10300003 PM 8780899 ER PT J AU Sedik, D Foster, C Liefert, W AF Sedik, D Foster, C Liefert, W TI Economic reforms and agriculture in the Russian federation, 1992-95 SO COMMUNIST ECONOMIES & ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION LA English DT Article RP Sedik, D (reprint author), SERV ECON RES,USDA,COMMERCIAL AGR DIV,1301 NEW YORK AVE NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20005, USA. NR 29 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU CARFAX PUBL CO PI ABINGDON PA PO BOX 25, ABINGDON, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND OX14 3UE SN 1351-4393 J9 COMMUNIST ECON EC TR JI Communist Econ. Econ. Transform. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 8 IS 2 BP 133 EP 148 PG 16 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA UW956 UT WOS:A1996UW95600001 ER PT J AU Buckner, JS Mardaus, MC Nelson, DR AF Buckner, JS Mardaus, MC Nelson, DR TI Cuticular lipid composition of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea pupae SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tobacco budworm; corn earworm; aldehydes; fatty alcohols; diols; wax esters; hydrocarbons; diapause ID MANDUCA-SEXTA PUPAE; SURFACE-LIPIDS; TOBACCO HORNWORM; WAX SECRETION; HYDROCARBONS; ESTERS; BIOSYNTHESIS; DIAPAUSE; INSECTS; ACIDS AB The cuticular lipids of laboratory-reared tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius), and corn earworms, Helicovera zea (Boddie), pupae were characterized. Quantities of cuticular lipid were greater for pupae in diapause than for non-diapausing pupae. Major cuticular lipids of H. virescens pupae were long-chain n-alcohols (42%) and aldehydes (41%) with chain lengths of mainly C-26, C-28 and C-24 in decreasing order of abundance. Lesser amounts (2-5%) of wax esters and hydrocarbons were identified. The wax ester fraction was a complex mixture of C-32-C-52 components composed mainly of C-24-C-28 n-alcohol and saturated, monounsaturated and diunsaturated fatty acid (C-16-C-22) moieties. For H. zea, the major fractions were wax esters (38%), hydrocarbons (19%), n-alcohols (17%), diols (16%) and lesser amounts (2-5%) of aldehydes, acetate esters of alcohols and oxoalcohols. Triacontanyl hexadecanoate comprised 85% of the wax ester fraction. The H. tea alcohols, alcohol ester moieties and aldehydes consisted of a homologous series of C-28-C-32 compounds with the 30 carbon chain length as major constituents. The H. zea diols were C-30-C-36 even-chain n-alcohols with hydroxyl groups on carbon numbers 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15. Mass spectral analysis indicated the presence of unsaturation in the alkyl chain of the major diol components. RP Buckner, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOSCI RES LAB,STATE UNIV STN,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 33 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0305-0491 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 114 IS 2 BP 207 EP 216 DI 10.1016/0305-0491(96)00028-4 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA UV021 UT WOS:A1996UV02100011 ER PT J AU McMurtry, JP Tsark, W Cogburn, L Rosebrough, R Brocht, D AF McMurtry, JP Tsark, W Cogburn, L Rosebrough, R Brocht, D TI Metabolic responses of the turkey hen (Meleagris gallopavo) to an intravenous injection of chicken or porcine glucagon SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-PHARMACOLOGY TOXICOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE glucagon; pancreas; insulin; thyroid hormone; glucose; non-esterified fatty acids ID PANCREATIC HORMONES; GROWTH-HORMONE; INSULIN; SOMATOSTATIN; THYROXINE; INFUSION AB The purpose of this study was to compare the metabolism of chicken and porcine glucagon in the turkey hen. Six hens each were infused with either porcine or chicken glucagon (16.6 mu g/kg body weight). Blood samples were obtained at intervals pre- and post-infusion and analyzed for glucagon, glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, thyroxine (T-4) and triiodothyronine (T-3). The half-life (T-1/2) of porcine (4.5 min) and chicken glucagon (5.5 min) were similar. A 13% increase in glucose concentrations occurred within 10 min and remained elevated (22%) for 2 hr. A concomitant increase in insulin was noted, though not significant from pre-injection levels. A 50% increase in free fatty acids occurred in 2 min, reaching a zenith at 10-15 min post-treatment, and returned to baseline by 2 hr. Significant (P < 0.05) decreases in the circulating concentrations of both T-3 and T-4 hormones were observed within 5-10 min post-glucagon treatment and remained suppressed for the duration of sampling. These data indicate that the hormonal and metabolic responses of female turkeys to mammalian and avian glucagon are similar. C1 UNIV DELAWARE,DEPT ANIM & FOOD SCI,NEWARK,DE 19717. RP McMurtry, JP (reprint author), ARS,USDA,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,GROWTH BIOL LAB,BARC-E,BLDG 200,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 28 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0742-8413 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 114 IS 2 BP 159 EP 163 DI 10.1016/0742-8413(96)00049-7 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA UZ345 UT WOS:A1996UZ34500011 PM 8760611 ER PT J AU Chang, PK Ehrlich, KC Linz, JE Bhatnagar, D Cleveland, TE Bennett, JW AF Chang, PK Ehrlich, KC Linz, JE Bhatnagar, D Cleveland, TE Bennett, JW TI Characterization of the Aspergillus parasiticus niaD and niiA gene cluster SO CURRENT GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus parasiticus; nitrate reductase; nitrite reductase; gene cluster ID ENCODING NITRATE REDUCTASE; HOMOLOGOUS TRANSFORMATION SYSTEM; NEUROSPORA-CRASSA; REGULATORY GENE; STRUCTURAL GENE; AFLATOXIN BIOSYNTHESIS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; NITROGEN-METABOLISM; FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS; FILAMENTOUS FUNGI AB The nitrate reductase gene (niaD) and nitrite reductase gene (niiA) of Aspergillus parasiticus are clustered and are divergently transcribed from a 1.6-kb intergenic region (niaD-niiA). The deduced amino-acid sequence of the A. parasiticus nitrate reductase demonstrated a high degree of homology to those of other Aspergillus species, as well as to Leptosphaeria maculans, Fusarium oxysporum, Gibberella fujikuroi and Neurospora crassa, particularly in the cofactor-binding domains for molybdenum, heme and FAD. A portion of the deduced nitrite reductase sequence was homologous to those of A. nidulans and N. crassa. The nucleotide sequences in niaD-niiA of A. parasiticus and of A. oryzae were 95% identical, indicating that these two species are closely related. Several GATA motifs, the recognition sites for the N. crassa positive-acting global regulatory protein NIT2 in nitrogen metabolism, were found in A. parasiticus niaD-niiA. Two copies of the palindrome TCCGCGGA and other partial palindromic sequences similar to the target sites for the pathway specific regulatory proteins, N. crassa NIT4 and A. nidulans NirA, in nitrate assimilation, were also identified. A recombinant protein containing the A. nidulans AreA (the NIT2 equivalent) zinc finger and an adjacent basic region was able to bind to segments of niaD-niiA encompassing the GATA motifs. These results suggest that the catalytic and regulatory mechanisms of nitrate assimilation are well conserved in Aspergillus. C1 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124. TULANE UNIV,DEPT CELL & MOLEC BIOL,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70118. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI & HUMAN NUTR,E LANSING,MI 48824. NR 52 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0172-8083 J9 CURR GENET JI Curr. Genet. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 30 IS 1 BP 68 EP 75 DI 10.1007/s002940050102 PG 8 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA UV823 UT WOS:A1996UV82300011 PM 8662212 ER PT J AU Konai, M Clark, EA Camp, M Koeh, AL Whitcomb, RF AF Konai, M Clark, EA Camp, M Koeh, AL Whitcomb, RF TI Temperature ranges, growth optima, and growth rates of Spiroplasma (Spiroplasmataceae, class Mollicutes) species SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLASSIFICATION; DEFORMATION AB A new method was developed for determination of the doubling times of spiroplasmas. In this procedure, the time required for medium acidification of tubes in tenfold dilution series was recorded. Sixty-four spiroplasma strains, representing 24 groups and 11 subgroups, were studied. Eight strains representing putative new groups were also included in the study. Doubling times at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 32, 37, 41, and 43 degrees C were determined. The range of temperatures for spiroplasma growth was 5 degrees-41 degrees C. Twenty-three spiroplasmas had optima of 30 degrees C, 29 had optima of 32 degrees C, and 13 had optima of 37 degrees C. The fastest growing spiroplasma was the MQ-4 strain (group XI), with a doubling time at optimal temperature of 0.6 h. The slowest was the Jamaican corn stunt strain B655 (subgroup I-3), with an optimal doubling time of 36.7 h. Spiroplasma strain B31 (group IV) had the widest range (5 degrees-41 degrees C), while the DW-1 strain and some subgroup I-3 strains had the narrowest, growing only at 25 degrees and 30 degrees C. Some spiroplasmas grew well at 41 degrees C, but none grew at 43 degrees C. The ability of spiroplasmas to withstand a wide range of temperatures may reflect the conditions to which they are exposed in nature, including the temperatures of the insect, tick, and/or plant hosts in which they are carried and the plant surfaces from which they may be acquired by arthropods. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT BIOCONTROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BIOMETR CONSULTING SERV,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. INDIANA UNIV,DEPT BIOL,BLOOMINGTON,IN 47405. NR 31 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 32 IS 6 BP 314 EP 319 DI 10.1007/s002849900056 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UL139 UT WOS:A1996UL13900003 ER PT J AU Kaneshiro, T Nakamura, LK Nicholson, JJ Bagby, MO AF Kaneshiro, T Nakamura, LK Nicholson, JJ Bagby, MO TI Oleyl oleate and homologous wax esters synthesized coordinately from oleic acid by Acinetobacter and coryneform strains SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEXADECANOL METABOLISM; CALCOACETICUS; ALCOHOL; HO1-N; DEHYDROGENASES AB Newly isolated Acinetobacter (NRRL B-14920, B-14921, B-14923) and coryneform (NRRL B-14922) strains accumulated oleyl oleate and homologous liquid wax esters (C-30:2-C-36:2) in culture broths. Diunsaturated oleyl oleate preponderated in 75 mg liquid wax esters (280 mg lipid extract) recovered from 100-ml cultures of Acinetobacter B-14920 supplemented with 810 mg oleic acid-oleyl alcohol. With soybean oil instead of oleic acid, wax esters (260 mg) were increased to approximately 50% of the lipid extract, Production of wax esters by cultures supplemented with combined fatty (C-8-C-18) alcohols and acids su sts a coordinated synthesis whereby the exogenous alcohol remains unaltered, and the fatty acid is partially oxidized with removal of C-2 units before esterification. Consequently, C-8-C-18 primary alcohols control chain lengths of the wax esters. Exogenous fatty acids are presumed to enter an intracellular oxidation pool from which is produced a homologous series of liquid wax esters. RP Kaneshiro, T (reprint author), USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, 1815 N UNIV ST, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 32 IS 6 BP 336 EP 342 DI 10.1007/s002849900060 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UL139 UT WOS:A1996UL13900007 ER PT J AU Wyckoff, HA Cote, GL Biely, P AF Wyckoff, HA Cote, GL Biely, P TI Isolation and characterization of microorganisms with alternan hydrolytic activity SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLAVOBACTERIUM; DNA AB Alternan is an unusual alpha-D-glucan containing alternating (1 --> 3), (1 --> 6) linkages that exhibits remarkable resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis. The commercial potential of the polysaccharide may be enhanced by the ability to economically modify the native form into fractions of varying molecular weight, By employing isolation procedures with covalently dyed alternan as the substrate, several bacterial isolates that produced endohydrolytic activity were obtained in pure culture. The activity was confirmed by decreases in viscosity and by direct examination of the hydrolysis products with thin layer chromatography. Analysis of the hydrolysis products established that all isolates produced enzymes with identical alternan depolymerizing activity, producing a cyclic tetrasaccharide as a major product, All alternanase activity was shown to be extracellularly located. A single strain exhibited constitutive production of alternanase, while all other isolates required the presence of alternan in the growth media for enzyme production. All isolates were phenotypically similar, produced heat-resistant spores, and were tentatively identified as members of the genus Bacillus. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOPOLYMER RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. SLOVAK ACAD SCI,INST CHEM,BRATISLAVA,SLOVAKIA. RP Wyckoff, HA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FERMENTAT BIOCHEM RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 32 IS 6 BP 343 EP 348 DI 10.1007/s002849900061 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UL139 UT WOS:A1996UL13900008 ER PT J AU Giddings, LV AF Giddings, LV TI Transgenic plants on trial in the USA SO CURRENT OPINION IN BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article RP Giddings, LV (reprint author), ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,USDA,4700 RIVER RD,UNIT 146,RIVERDALE,MD 20737, USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD PI LONDON PA 34-42 CLEVELAND STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND W1P 6LB SN 0958-1669 J9 CURR OPIN BIOTECH JI Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 7 IS 3 BP 275 EP 280 DI 10.1016/S0958-1669(96)80029-2 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA UT526 UT WOS:A1996UT52600005 PM 8785430 ER PT J AU Jeffries, TW AF Jeffries, TW TI Biochemistry and genetics of microbial xylanases SO CURRENT OPINION IN BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FLUORESCENS AB Xylanases are classified into two major families (10 or F and 11 or G) of glycosyl hydrolases. Both use ion pair catalytic mechanisms and both retain anomeric configuration following hydrolysis. Family 10 xylanases are larger, more complex and produce smaller oligosaccharides; Family 11 xylanases are more specific for xylan. Alkaline-active and extreme-thermophilic enzymes are of particular interest. Such xylanases are being commercialized for bleaching pulps and other applications. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BACTERIOL,MADISON,WI 53705. RP Jeffries, TW (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,INST MICROBIOL & BIOCHEM TECHNOL,USDA,FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. RI Jeffries, Thomas/I-8576-2012 OI Jeffries, Thomas/0000-0001-7408-4065 NR 50 TC 81 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 11 PU CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD PI LONDON PA 34-42 CLEVELAND STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND W1P 6LB SN 0958-1669 J9 CURR OPIN BIOTECH JI Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 7 IS 3 BP 337 EP 342 DI 10.1016/S0958-1669(96)80041-3 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA UT526 UT WOS:A1996UT52600017 PM 8785441 ER PT J AU Thomashow, LS AF Thomashow, LS TI Biological control of plant root pathogens SO CURRENT OPINION IN BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FUSARIUM-OXYSPORUM FO47; SP STRAIN WCS417R; PSEUDOMONAS; SUPPRESSION; RESISTANCE; WILT; RHIZOSPHERE; CARNATION; TOBACCO; ROT AB Rhizobacteria introduced to control soil-borne root diseases must establish metabolically active populations that mediate protection either by direct antagonism of pathogens or by stimulation of host plant defenses. Recent interest has focused on the genetic and biochemical basis of disease control and the influence of environmental factors on the expression and activity of biocontrol mechanisms. The cloning and sequencing of genes involved in the production of microbial metabolites playing key roles in plant defense opens new possibilities for improving the performance of biocontrol agents. RP Thomashow, LS (reprint author), USDA,AGR RES SERV,ROOT DIS & BIOL CONTROL RES UNIT,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 53 TC 63 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 13 PU CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD PI LONDON PA 34-42 CLEVELAND STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND W1P 6LB SN 0958-1669 J9 CURR OPIN BIOTECH JI Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 7 IS 3 BP 343 EP 347 DI 10.1016/S0958-1669(96)80042-5 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA UT526 UT WOS:A1996UT52600018 PM 8785442 ER PT J AU Lichtenstein, AH AF Lichtenstein, AH TI Dietary fatty acids and lipoprotein metabolism SO CURRENT OPINION IN LIPIDOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STEARIC-ACID; PALMITIC ACID; LINOLEIC-ACID; MYRISTIC ACID; BLOOD-LIPIDS; FISH-OIL; HUMANS; MONKEYS; DENSITY; MEN AB Dietary fat clearly affects plasma lipid lipoprotein levels. A better understanding of the effect of individual fatty acids on plasma lipoprotein levels has been achieved, although many issues still remain unresolved. Uncertainty with respect to the effects of monounsaturated fatty acids relative to polyunsaturated fatty acids exists. Initial data in primates suggest that dietary fat alters LDL-cholesterol levels via changes in the fractional catabolic and production rates, whereas it alters HDL-cholesterol levels via changes in the fractional catabolic rate. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 37 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU RAPID SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8NH SN 0957-9672 J9 CURR OPIN LIPIDOL JI Curr. Opin. Lipidology PD JUN PY 1996 VL 7 IS 3 BP 155 EP 161 DI 10.1097/00041433-199606000-00008 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA UW967 UT WOS:A1996UW96700008 PM 8818513 ER PT J AU Yoo, J Stone, RT SolinasToldo, S Fries, R Beattie, CW AF Yoo, J Stone, RT SolinasToldo, S Fries, R Beattie, CW TI Cloning and chromosomal mapping of bovine interleukin-2 receptor gamma gene SO DNA AND CELL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEVERE COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCY; IL-2 RECEPTOR; BETA-CHAIN; FUNCTIONAL COMPONENT; CYTOPLASMIC DOMAINS; INVOLVEMENT; ELEMENTS; CELLS AB Interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) gamma chain, a member of the cytokine receptor superfamily, forms a high-affinity receptor with IL-2R alpha and beta chains that plays an important role in interleukin-2 (IL-2) signal transduction, We have cloned and characterized the bovine IL-2R gamma gene and corresponding cDNA. Bovine IL-2R gamma is a single-copy gene that contains 8 exons and spans approximately 3.8 kb, The promoter region lacks conventional TATA and CCAAT consensus sites, but contains several regulatory elements that are recognition sites for the GATA binding proteins, AP-1 and AP-2, Physical assignment by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) placed the bovine IL-2R gamma gene on chromosome Xq23. C1 USDA ARS,MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. GERMAN CANC RES CTR,ORG COMPLEX GENOMES,D-69120 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY. TECH UNIV MUNICH,LEHRSTUHL TIERZUCHT,D-85350 FREISING,GERMANY. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 SN 1044-5498 J9 DNA CELL BIOL JI DNA Cell Biol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 15 IS 6 BP 453 EP 459 DI 10.1089/dna.1996.15.453 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA UW627 UT WOS:A1996UW62700003 PM 8672241 ER PT J AU Darwin, R Tsigas, M Lewandrowski, J Raneses, A AF Darwin, R Tsigas, M Lewandrowski, J Raneses, A TI Land use and cover in ecological economics SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE land use and cover; tropical forest depletion; global climate change; population growth; trade deregulation ID MODELS AB A basic premise of ecological economics is that the world economy is embedded in and dependent upon Earth's ecosystem. Because land is a basic source of mass and energy throughput in all terrestrial ecosystems, land use and cover represents an integrating element in ecological economics. We have developed a global model that captures this concept. We illustrate this concept's usefulness by showing how global changes in climate, human populations, and international trade policies might affect tropical forests. Results from our scenarios indicate that such changes would likely have adverse effects on the health and integrity of tropical forest ecosystems. Results from our scenarios also indicate that forest depletion in Southeast Asia can be correlated with numerous economic indicators. Whether the correlation with a particular economic variable is positive or negative depends on the global change scenario. This merely reflects the fact that interactions between economic and ecological phenomena are complex. Modeling capabilities can be expanded by adding economic and ecological detail, including more material on throughput, and developing methods for simulating dynamic analyses. RP Darwin, R (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,ROOM 408,1301 NEW YORK AVE NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20005, USA. NR 39 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8009 J9 ECOL ECON JI Ecol. Econ. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 17 IS 3 BP 157 EP 181 PG 25 WC Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA UU204 UT WOS:A1996UU20400004 ER PT J AU Chen, DX Hunt, HW Morgan, JA AF Chen, DX Hunt, HW Morgan, JA TI Responses of a C-3 and C-4 perennial grass to CO2 enrichment and climate change: Comparison between model predictions and experimental data SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE carbon; climate; photosynthesis; production, primary; nitrogen ID ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; SIMULATION-MODEL; RISING CO2; WATER-USE; CARBON; AMBIENT; GROWTH; LEAVES; PLANTS AB Ecological responses to CO2 enrichment and climate change are expressed at several interacting levels: photosynthesis and stomatal movement at the leaf level, energy and gas exchanges at the canopy level, photosynthate allocation and plant growth at the plant level, and water budget and nitrogen cycling at the ecosystem level. Predictions of these ecosystem responses require coupling of ecophysiological and ecosystem processes. Version GEM2 of the grassland ecosystem model linked biochemical, ecophysiological and ecosystem processes in a hierarchical approach. The model included biochemical level mechanisms of C-3 and C-4 photosynthetic pathways to represent direct effects of CO2 on plant growth, mechanistically simulated biophysical processes which control interactions between the ecosystem and the atmosphere, and linked with detailed biogeochemical process submodels. The model was tested using two-year full factorial (CO2, temperature and precipitation) growth chamber data for the grasses Pascopyrum smithii (C-3) and Bouteloua gracilis (C-4). The C-3-C-4 photosynthesis submodels fitted the measured photosynthesis data from both the C-3 and the C-4 species subjected to different CO2, temperature and precipitation conditions. The whole GEM2 model accurately fitted plant biomass dynamics and plant N content data over a wide range of temperature, precipitation and atmospheric CO2 concentration. Both data and simulation results showed that elevated CO2 enhanced plant biomass production in both P. smithii (C-3) and B. gracilis (C-4). The enhancement of shoot production by elevated CO2 varied with temperature and precipitation. Doubling CO2 increased modeled annual net primary production (NPP) of P. smithii by 36% and 43% under normal and elevated temperature regimes, respectively, and increased NPP of B. gracilis by 29% and 24%. Doubling CO2 decreased modeled net N mineralization rate (N_min) of soil associated with P. smithii by 3% and 2% at normal and high temperatures, respectively. N_min of B. gracilsi soil decreased with doubled CO2 by 5% and 6% at normal and high temperatures. NPP increased with precipitation. The average NPP and N_min of P. smithii across the treatments was greater than that of B. gracilis. In the C-3 species the response of NPP to increased temperatures was negative under dry conditions with ambient CO2, but was positive under wet conditions or doubled CO2. The responses of NPP to elevated CO2 in the C-4 species were positive under all temperature and precipitation treatments. N_min increased with precipitation in both the C-3 and C-4 species. Elevated CO2 decreased N_min in the C-4 system. The effects of elevated CO2 on N_min in the C-3 system varied with precipitation and temperature. Elevated temperature decreased N_min under dry conditions, but increased it under wet conditions. Thus, there are strong interactions among the effects of CO2 enrichment, precipitation, temperature and species on NPP and N_min. Interactions between ecophysiological processes and ecosystem processes were strong. GEM2 coupled these processes, and was able to represent the interactions and feedbacks that mediate ecological responses to CO2 enrichment and climate change. More information about the feedbacks between water and N cycling is required to further validate the model. More experimental and modeling efforts are needed to address the possible effects of CO2 enrichment and climate change on the competitive balance between different species in a plant community and the feedbacks to ecosystem function. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT RANGELAND ECOSYST SCI,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. USDA ARS,CROPS RES LAB,FT COLLINS,CO 80526. RP Chen, DX (reprint author), COLORADO STATE UNIV,NAT RESOURCE ECOL LAB,FT COLLINS,CO 80523, USA. NR 51 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 87 IS 1-3 BP 11 EP 27 DI 10.1016/0304-3800(94)00199-5 PG 17 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UQ560 UT WOS:A1996UQ56000002 ER PT J AU Martinez, A Weaver, C Lopez, J Bhathena, SJ Elsasser, TH Miller, MJ Moody, TW Unsworth, EJ Cuttitta, F AF Martinez, A Weaver, C Lopez, J Bhathena, SJ Elsasser, TH Miller, MJ Moody, TW Unsworth, EJ Cuttitta, F TI Regulation of insulin secretion and blood glucose metabolism by adrenomedullin SO ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE; GASTRIN-RELEASING PEPTIDE; ISLET AMYLOID POLYPEPTIDE; CELL LUNG-CANCER; HYPOTENSIVE PEPTIDE; ENDOCRINE PANCREAS; ENZYMES PAM; RAT; LOCALIZATION; CLONING AB Adrenomedullin (AM), a recently discovered hypotensive peptide, is expressed in the endocrine pancreas of different species, as demonstrated by immunocytochemistry. Electron microscopic studies with double immunogold showed colocalization of AM and pancreatic polypeptide. A homogeneous expression of AM receptor was found throughout the islet using in situ hybridization. Six different insulin producing cell lines have been analyzed by reverse transcription-PCR and showed expression of both AM and its receptor. Two experimental models have been used to study the effects of AM in pancreatic physiology. 1) Analysis of isolated rat islets shows that AM inhibits insulin secretion in a dose-dependent manner. The monoclonal antibody MoAb-G6, which neutralizes AM bioactivity, was able to increase insulin release B-fold; this effect was reversed by the addition of synthetic AM. 2) Oral glucose tolerance tests showed that iv injection of AM reduces the levels of insulin in the bloodstream with a concomitant increase in circulating glucose. These studies implicate AM as a newly defined actor of the insulin regulatory system that could hi involved in disorders such as diabetes and obesity. C1 FU JEN CATHOLIC UNIV, COLL MED, TAIPEI, TAIWAN. UNIV AUTONOMA MADRID, DEPT BIOL, MADRID, SPAIN. USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. RP Martinez, A (reprint author), NCI, BIOMARKERS & PREVENT RES BRANCH,DIV CLIN SCI,NIH, 9610 MED CTR DR, ROOM 300, ROCKVILLE, MD 20850 USA. RI Martinez, Alfredo/A-3077-2013 OI Martinez, Alfredo/0000-0003-4882-4044 NR 42 TC 139 Z9 143 U1 3 U2 4 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0013-7227 EI 1945-7170 J9 ENDOCRINOLOGY JI Endocrinology PD JUN PY 1996 VL 137 IS 6 BP 2626 EP 2632 DI 10.1210/en.137.6.2626 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA UM802 UT WOS:A1996UM80200053 PM 8641217 ER PT J AU Gove, JH Houston, DR AF Gove, JH Houston, DR TI Monitoring the growth of American beech affected by beech bark disease in Maine using the Kalman filter SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE dendrochronology; maximum likelihood estimation; structural time series; tree-ring analysis ID TREE-RING; ESTIMATING TRENDS; CLIMATE; DECLINE; MODELS AB The effect of beech bark disease on tree growth was tracked using paired resistant and susceptible American beech trees in two locations in Maine. Within each site, the paired trees were chosen in close proximity and with similar morphological characteristics (e.g. stem diameter and crown class) to minimize environment effects in subsequent analysis. A Kalman filter approach was employed to analyse the yearly time-dependent mean differences between paired susceptible and resistant tree-ring widths using simple structural time series models in state space form. On one site, under the influence of a moderate maritime climate, stand dynamics is hypothesized to account for the 34 year difference in onset of decline of trees in codominant, versus those in the intermediate crown classes. The harsher winter conditions associated with the second, more northerly site and known to limit the insect component of the disease complex, are hypothesized to be more of a factor in the close (six year) difference in decline onset between the two crown classes on this site. Some strengths and cautions in the Kalman filter approach are discussed in relation to the analysis of time-dependent trends in tree-ring series. C1 US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,NE CTR FOREST HLTH RES,HAMDEN,CT 06514. RP Gove, JH (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,USDA,POB 640,DURHAM,NH 03824, USA. NR 41 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 9 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 1352-8505 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 3 IS 2 BP 167 EP 187 DI 10.1007/BF02427860 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA VL949 UT WOS:A1996VL94900007 ER PT J AU Henneberry, TJ Hendrix, DL Perkins, HH Jech, LF Burke, RA AF Henneberry, TJ Hendrix, DL Perkins, HH Jech, LF Burke, RA TI Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) honeydew sugars and relationships to sticky cotton SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bemisia argentifolii; cotton; sticky cotton; sugars ID PHLOEM SAP; TABACI AB Trehalulose and melezitose produced by Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring accumulated in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., lint in open cotton bells on plants and on lint on harvested bells in trays suspended in infested plants. Amounts accumulated were correlated positively to increasing numbers of exposure days. Fructose, glucose, and total reducing sugars increased but results were variable, probably because these sugars, although found in Bemisia honeydew, also normally occur in cotton lint. Minicard sticky cotton ratings were correlated positively to increased amounts of all sugars tested. Rainfall (4.8 cm in a 48-h period) reduced amounts of all sugars and minicard sticky cotton ratings. Accumulated sugars and minicard sticky cotton ratings were reduced in insecticide-treated compared with untreated fields. Trehalulose, melezitose, fructose, and glucose that accumulated on clear plastic-wrapped styrofoam balls were correlated positively to exposure time in B. argentifolii infested cotton fields. Amounts of all sugars, in general, were higher in clear plastic-wrapped balls placed at the middle and bottom of the plant as compared with the top of the plant. Amounts of trehalulose, melezitose, and fructose, but not glucose, were significantly higher on lint from boils at plant nodes 9-14 as compared with nodes 15-20. C1 ARS,COTTON QUAL RES STN,USDA,CLEMSON,SC 29631. RP Henneberry, TJ (reprint author), ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,USDA,PACIFIC W AREA,4135 E BROADWAY,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. NR 24 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 25 IS 3 BP 551 EP 558 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UR939 UT WOS:A1996UR93900002 ER PT J AU Gillespie, RL Kemp, WP AF Gillespie, RL Kemp, WP TI Sampling method assessment and quantification of temporal shifts in densities of grasshopper species (Orthoptera: Acrididae) between winter wheat, Triticum aestivum, and adjacent rangeland SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE grasshoppers; density estimates; shifts; dispersal; habitat AB In this study, we determined that 2 sampling methods (D-Vac and sweep net) taken al weekly intervals could be used to sample grasshopper species across 2 adjacent habitats of winter wheat and rangeland. We also quantified temporal density estimate shifts between winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L., and rangeland by migratory grasshoppers, Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.), twostriped grasshopper, M. bivittatus (Say), and Packard grasshopper, M. packardii Scudder, all 3 species coinhabit these areas. Specifically, at 4 study sites with the highest grasshopper densities there were significant seasonal shifts in density estimates of these species between winter wheat and rangeland suggesting that these species dispersed between habitats. At a 5th site, sweep net sampling detected a shift in density estimates between habitats by M. sanguinipes and D-Vac sampling at this site suggested there was a similar trend. At 4 study sites such shifts in density estimates did not occur suggesting that no dispersal occurred or it was not detectable at these sites using our sampling methods. In all but 1 case the density of these species, were lower than those where density estimate shifts occurred. C1 ARS,RANGELAND INSECT LAB,USDA,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. RP Gillespie, RL (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,POB 37,EPHRATA,WA 98823, USA. NR 38 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 25 IS 3 BP 559 EP 569 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UR939 UT WOS:A1996UR93900003 ER PT J AU Turchin, P Odendaal, FJ AF Turchin, P Odendaal, FJ TI Measuring the effective sampling area of a pheromone trap for monitoring population density of southern pine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bark beetles; gypsy moth; pheromone-baited traps; attraction; dispersal; population monitoring ID EFFECTIVE ATTRACTION RADIUS; EFFICIENCY AB Multifunnel traps baited with frontalin and turpentine have been used to investigate dispersal of southern pine beetles, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, and are routinely used in the southern United States to monitor population trends of this serious forest pest. However, there is no quantitative data on the effective sampling area of these traps that would allow us to convert numbers of beetles caught in a trap to their absolute population density (numbers per hectare). We conducted field studies to determine the effective sampling area of the multifunnel trap. Using field releases of marked beetles, we estimated how the probability of capture declines with distance between the trap and the release point. The estimated relationship between the capture probability and distance is then translated into the effective sampling area. The effective sampling area for the multifunnel trap was estimated as approximate to 0.1 ha. Our results also indicate that the capture efficiency of a trap declines with increased density of host trees around the trap. We discuss our findings in the context of previous studies that measured attraction to pheromone traps in other species of bark beetles and in the gypsy moth. C1 UNIV CAPE TOWN, DEPT ZOOL, RONDEBOSCH 7700, SOUTH AFRICA. SO FOREST EXPT STN, PINEVILLE, LA 71360 USA. NR 22 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 17 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 25 IS 3 BP 582 EP 588 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UR939 UT WOS:A1996UR93900005 ER PT J AU Dix, ME Harrell, M Klopfenstein, NB Barkhouse, K King, R Lawson, R AF Dix, ME Harrell, M Klopfenstein, NB Barkhouse, K King, R Lawson, R TI Insect infestations and incidence of western gall rust among ponderosa pine sources grown in the central great plains SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Rhyacionia bushnelli; Retinia metallica; Dioryctria; Peridermium harknessii; Pinus ponderosa ID TIP MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; STAND CHARACTERISTICS; LODGEPOLE PINE; DAMAGE; ALBERTA; RATES; TEXAS; SITE AB Six seed sources in two 22-yr-old ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa variety scopulorum Engelmann, provenance plantings in Hastings, NE, and Alliance, NE, were evaluated for abundance of Rhyactonia bushnelli, Retinia metallica, Dioryctria spp., and Peridermium harknessii. The 6 sources were selected for this study based on superior growth and previous susceptibility or nonsusceptibility to the aforementioned insects and pathogen. Infestation levels per tree and per branch, and proportion of infested tips were used to evaluate the influence of source on pest abundance. Abundance of the pests varied with planting. In both plantings, R. bushnelli abundance was lower on the 3 taller sources (720, 721, 757) than on the 3 shorter sources (764, 833, 835) similar to what was observed previously. The abundance of current and old R. metallica was low in bod plantings and did not vary with source. At the Alliance planting, taller sources had more total Dioryctria spp. than shorter sources. P. harknessii galls were present on every sampled tree in the Hastings planting and occurred only on a few trees sampled at Alliance, but no source differences were detected. Abundance of R. bushnelli was positively correlated with previous-year R. metallica at Alliance and current-year R metallica at Alliance and negatively correlated with II harknessii abundance at Hastings. Interactions among environmental, host, and insect factors probably account for these correlations. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT FORESTRY FISHERIES & WILDLIFE,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT ANIM SCI,LINCOLN,NE 68583. US FOREST SERV,USDA,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FT COLLINS,CO 80526. CHADRON STATE COLL,DEPT BIOL,CHADRON,NE 69337. RP Dix, ME (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA,NATL AGROFORESTRY CTR,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,USDA FOREST SERV,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 25 IS 3 BP 611 EP 617 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UR939 UT WOS:A1996UR93900009 ER PT J AU Smith, MT Hardee, DD AF Smith, MT Hardee, DD TI Influence of fungicides on development of an entomopathogenic fungus (Zygomycetes: Neozygitaceae) in the cotton aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aphis gossypii; Neozygites fresenii; fungicides; cotton; entomopathogenic fungii ID TWOSPOTTED SPIDER-MITE; GOSSYPII HOMOPTERA; BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; FIELD; ENTOMOPHTHORACEAE; ATTACKING; FLORIDANA; CITRUS AB Fungicides used commercially for control of cotton seedling diseases were evaluated under field conditions during a 3-yr period for their effects on the prevalence of the entomopathogenic fungus Neozygites fresenii (Nowakowski) Batko in the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Clover The susceptibility of N. fresenii to the fungicides varied. Carboxin significantly reduced N. fresenii prevalence during the early season. Furthermore, A. gossypii population levels were significantly greater during the 1993 field test in plots treated with carboxin. In some cases etridiazole and metalaxyl also significantly reduced N. fresenii prevalence during the early season. Conversely, N. fresenii prevalence was generally equivalent to or greater in the fungicide-treated plots than in the control plots during the late season. Although numerous biotic and abiotic factors (that is, environmental or artificial or both) also influence fungal prevalence in field situations, this appears to be the Ist demonstration of reduced entomopathogenic fungal prevalence caused by the application of a granular fungicide at planting. Biological and cultural implications are discussed. RP Smith, MT (reprint author), ARS,SO INSECT MANAGEMENT LAB,USDA,POB 346,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 55 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 25 IS 3 BP 677 EP 687 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UR939 UT WOS:A1996UR93900018 ER PT J AU Demas, GP Rabenhorst, MC Stevenson, JC AF Demas, GP Rabenhorst, MC Stevenson, JC TI Subaqueous soils: A pedological approach to the study of shallow-water habitats SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st Marine and Estuarine Shallow Water Science and Management Conference CY MAR 08-11, 1994 CL ATLANTIC CITY, NJ ID POTAMOGETON-PERFOLIATUS L; FRESH-WATER; AQUATIC PLANTS; SEDIMENT; ROOTS; MACROPHYTES; PHOSPHORUS; GROWTH; ESTUARINE; SURVIVAL AB Science-based management of shallow-water habitats is limited by information on the spatial distribution of properties of sediments. This limitation in part stems from the lack of an adequate model or system to classify and delineate subaqueous soil types (sediments). Present classification systems are inadequate because the existing paradigm does not actually consider them as ''soils'' but merely as ''sediments.'' Field observations suggest that these sediments could be better understood as ''soils,'' and the present paradigm could be modified to incorporate a new one-a pedological paradigm. We propose the application of a pedological paradigm for subaqueous soils of subtidal habitats to develop ecological interpretations of subaqueous soil types and apply an inventory of subaqueous soil resources for management of estuarine shallow-water habitats. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT AGRON,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. NAT RESOURCE CONSERVAT SERV,USDA,SNOW HILL,MD 21863. UNIV MARYLAND,HORN POINT ENVIRONM LAB,CTR ENVIRONM & ESTUARINE STUDIES,CAMBRIDGE,MD 21613. NR 57 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 7 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 1996 VL 19 IS 2A BP 229 EP 237 DI 10.2307/1352228 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA UX176 UT WOS:A1996UX17600007 ER PT J AU Bashkin, VN Bailey, RG AF Bashkin, VN Bailey, RG TI Compilation of a global map of ecological regions: Biogeochemical and soil approaches SO EURASIAN SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE global map compilation; ecological regions; biogeochemical approaches; soil approaches AB Examined in the development of the fundamental ideas of V.A. Kovda is the applicability of modern biogeochemical and soil approaches to compiling a global map of the world's ecological regions on a scale of 1:15,000,000 within the framework of the corresponding international project. The results are outlined of the first stage of works related to evaluation of the effectiveness of advanced theoretical postulates for ecological mapping of key natural and anthropogenically modified regions. C1 USDA,FT COLLINS,CO. RP Bashkin, VN (reprint author), RUSSIAN ACAD SCI,INST SOIL SCI & PHOTOSYNTH,PUSHCHINO 142292,RUSSIA. NR 40 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SCRIPTA TECHNICA PUBL PI SILVER SPRING PA 7961 EASTERN AVE, SILVER SPRING, MD 20910 SN 1064-2293 J9 EURASIAN SOIL SCI+ JI Eurasian Soil Sci. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 28 IS 6 BP 107 EP 121 PG 15 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA UN714 UT WOS:A1996UN71400010 ER PT J AU Bashir, M Hampton, RO AF Bashir, M Hampton, RO TI Sources of genetic resistance in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) to cowpea aphid-borne mosaic potyvirus SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CABMV; isolates; genotypes; immune; resistant; tolerant; hypersensitive; pathogenic variation ID VIRUSES AB Fifty-one cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) genotypes were tested by mechanical inoculation with seven geographically diverse isolates of cowpea aphid-borne mosaic potyvirus to identify resistant sources. Of 51 genotypes three, TVu-401, TVu-1582 and TVu-1593 were found immune to all the seven isolates. Forty-five genotypes gave different reactions to individual isolates. Several immune, resistant and tolerant genotypes against each isolate were identified. A considerable evidence of pathogenic variability among the virus isolates was also observed. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,USDA,AGR RES STN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Bashir, M (reprint author), NATL AGR RES CTR,PULSES PROGRAMME,ISLAMABAD,PAKISTAN. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1873 J9 EUR J PLANT PATHOL JI Eur. J. Plant Pathol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 102 IS 5 BP 411 EP 419 DI 10.1007/BF01877135 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA UU961 UT WOS:A1996UU96100001 ER PT J AU Danka, RG Villa, JD AF Danka, RG Villa, JD TI Influence of resistant honey bee hosts on the life history of the parasite Acarapis woodi SO EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Apis mellifera; Acarapis woodi; resistance; honey bee; tracheal mite; bioassay ID APIS-MELLIFERA; TRACHEAL MITES; INFESTATION; COLONIES; RENNIE; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB Non-infested, young adult honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) of two stocks were exposed to tracheal mites (Acarapis woodi (Rennie)) in infested colonies to determine how divergent levels of susceptibility in host bees differentially affect components of the mite life history. Test bees were retrieved after exposure and dissected to determine whether resistance is founded on the reduced success of gravid female (foundress) mites to enter the host tracheae, on the suppressed reproduction by foundress mites once established in host tracheae or on both. Cohorts of 30-60 bees from each of ten resistant colonies and eight susceptible colonies were tested in eight trials (three to five colonies per stock per trial) having exposure durations of 4, 9 or 21 days. The principal results were that lower percentages of resistant bees than of susceptible bees routinely became infested by foundress mites, individual infested susceptible bees often had more foundress mites than individual infested resistant bees did and mite fecundity was similar in both host types. The infestation percentage results corresponded well with similar results from a prior field test of these stocks and, thus, suggest that the bioassay is useful for assessing honey bee resistance to A. woodi. RP Danka, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS,HONEY BEE BREEDING GENET & PHYSIOL RES LAB,1157 BEN HUR RD,BATON ROUGE,LA 70820, USA. NR 19 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 2 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 0168-8162 J9 EXP APPL ACAROL JI Exp. Appl. Acarol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 20 IS 6 BP 313 EP 322 DI 10.1007/BF00052961 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UV962 UT WOS:A1996UV96200002 ER PT J AU Pare, PW Tumlinson, JH AF Pare, PW Tumlinson, JH TI Plant volatile signals in response to herbivore feeding SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE plant defenses; herbivores; plant volatiles; chemical cues; predators; parasitoids ID PARASITIC WASPS; PROTEINASE-INHIBITORS; CHEMICAL SIGNALS; LEAVES; HOSTS; BIOSYNTHESIS; ELICITOR; PATHWAY; ATTRACT; ACID AB A surge in release of volatiles by several plant species can be observed in response to insect feeding. Oral secretions from these feeding herbivores provide the initial chemical signal that triggers the release of plant volatiles; one or more elicitors from the oral secretion allow the plant to identify and differentiate herbivore feeding from mere mechanical wounding. Elicitor(s), in combination with mechanical wounding, trigger the release of compounds both locally and systemically. These volatiles, which may be a blend of constitutive and induced compounds, vary in their relative and absolute concentration over time. They serve as easily detectable and distinctive chemical cues for predators and parasitoids of the herbivores feeding on the plants. Volatile compounds released from herbivore infested plants include the monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes of the isoprenoid pathway, green leaf volatiles of the fatty acid/lipoxy-genase pathway and aromatic metabolites, such as indole and methyl salicylate, of the shikimic acid/tryptophan pathway. RP Pare, PW (reprint author), ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,USDA,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011; Pare, Paul/E-3055-2013 OI Pare, Paul/0000-0003-1644-723X NR 41 TC 64 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 16 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 79 IS 2 BP 93 EP 103 DI 10.2307/3495807 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UV842 UT WOS:A1996UV84200001 ER PT J AU Heath, RR Epsky, ND Dueben, BD Meyer, WL AF Heath, RR Epsky, ND Dueben, BD Meyer, WL TI Systems to monitor and suppress Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) populations SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Ceratitis capitata; trapping; food-based attractant; dry trap AB A synthetic food-based attractant, and a painted cylindrical dry trap that protects the synthetic lures from the environment, were developed to replace liquid protein-baited traps. This trapping system was tested for capture of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). The dry trap is constructed of acetate Blm with a painted band that provides a visual cue; it contains internally-placed toxicant panels to kill flies that enter the trap. Field trials conducted in Guatemala suggested that a solid-colored material could be substituted for the painted trap body. Sire also evaluated a sticky insert made from commercially produced adhesive paper as a replacement for the toxicant panels. Unlike paintable sticky adhesives, tile sticky material on the adhesive paper insert does not adhere to the skin of personnel who service the traps. An open-bottom trap made of green opaque plastic with a sticky insert captured more C. capitata than the closed-bottom painted trap with a toxicant panel. When used in conjunction with sterile insect release technology, the open-bottom dry trap baited with food-based synthetic attractant often caught wild C. capitata in numbers equal to those caught by trimedlure-baited Jackson traps, but the dry trap caught many fewer sterile C. capitata. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,CTR TROP RES & EDUC,DEPT ENTOMOL,HOMESTEAD,FL 33031. RP Heath, RR (reprint author), ARS,INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB,USDA,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 11 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 79 IS 2 BP 144 EP 153 DI 10.2307/3495811 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UV842 UT WOS:A1996UV84200005 ER PT J AU Hallman, GJ AF Hallman, GJ TI Mortality of third instar Caribbean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) reared in diet or grapefruits and immersed in heated water or grapefruit juice SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE quarantine treatment; hot-water immersion; modeling; Anastrepha suspensa ID EGGS AB Tephritid fruit fly larval mortality due to heat has been investigated by immersing immature fruit flies into heated water. It was postulated that this information could be used to model the relationship between heat and Fruit fly kill in fruits subjected to heat quarantine treatments, such as hot water immersion, vapor heat, and forced hot air. Third instar Caribbean fruit flies, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), were reared on a semi-artificial diet or grapefruits and immersed in: a) tap water, bi grapefruit juice, or c) tapwater with the same pH as grapefruit juice (using citric acid), all at 43.0+/-0.05 degrees C. LT(95) estimates mere 20-31% lower for puparia and adults of third instars immersed in grapefruit juice than those immersed in heated water, with or without acid. Mortality of third instars immersed in either heated grapefruit juice or heated water was not affected by either diet. RP Hallman, GJ (reprint author), ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,USDA,2301 S INT BLVD,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 14 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 79 IS 2 BP 168 EP 172 DI 10.2307/3495813 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UV842 UT WOS:A1996UV84200007 ER PT J AU Stoetzel, MB Miller, GL OBrien, PJ Graves, JB AF Stoetzel, MB Miller, GL OBrien, PJ Graves, JB TI Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) colonizing cotton in the United States SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE taxonomic keys; identification; control; distribution AB Eight aphid species known to colonize cotton in the United States are described and illustrated. A brief summary of taxonomic characteristics, usual hosts, and distribution within the United States are given for each species. Pictorial and dichotomous keys are included to aid personnel charged with detection, identification, and control of aphids associated with cotton in the United States. C1 OBRIEN AGR SERV,GREENVILLE,MS 38701. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. RP Stoetzel, MB (reprint author), USDA ARS,SYSTEMAT ENTOMOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 27 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 79 IS 2 BP 193 EP 205 DI 10.2307/3495817 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UV842 UT WOS:A1996UV84200011 ER PT J AU Gupta, P Sloan, A Dillard, CR Ferkovich, SM AF Gupta, P Sloan, A Dillard, CR Ferkovich, SM TI Parasitism of a factitious host, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by an endoparasitoid: Oviposition and emergence of Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE rearing; in vivo; host-seeking stimulant; diet supplement ID ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATE; CORN EARWORM; NOCTUIDAE AB The effect of various diet supplements on the development of Microplitis croceipes in an atypical host, Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus), were evaluated, as were ovipositional responses to various factors. Female parasitoids were exposed to fifth instar G. mellonella in Petri dishes containing the following treatments either separately or in combination: a) Helicoverpa tea (Boddie) frass, b) 1% and 10% solutions of a host-seeking stimulant (13-methylhentriacontane), c) H. tea hemolymph, and d) H. zea hemolymph concentrated by freeze-drying. There were no significant differences between hemolymph and frass + hemolymph treatments. The host-seeking stimulant alone also stimulated oviposition. The most effective combination was host-seeking stimulant and concentrated hemolymph which induced oviposition rates comparable to that in the typical host, H. tea. Various diet supplements did not improve the development and Emergence of M. croceipes. We conclude that oviposition by M, croceipes in the atypical host, G. mellonella, was significantly improved by the application of host-seeking stimulant and concentrated hemolymph, but the rate of adult parasitoid emergence was not increased by the addition of nutrient supplements to the host diet. RP Gupta, P (reprint author), ARS, INSECT ATTRACTANTS BEHAV & BASIC BIOL RES LAB, USDA, GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 USA. NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 79 IS 2 BP 221 EP 229 DI 10.2307/3495819 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UV842 UT WOS:A1996UV84200013 ER PT J AU Callcott, AMA Collins, HL AF Callcott, AMA Collins, HL TI Invasion and range expansion of imported fire ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in North America from 1918-1995 SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Imported fire ant; Solenopsis invicta; Solenopsis richteri; distribution AB A native of South America, imported fire ants were first detected in this country in Mobile, AL around 1918. By 1958, imported fire ants had spread into all or part of 141 counties/parishes in 8 states, covering 25,272,706 ha. In 1995, this pest had expanded its range to include a total of 114,098,722 ha in all or part of 670 counties/parishes in 11 states and Puerto Rico. RP Callcott, AMA (reprint author), ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,USDA,PLANT PROTECT & QUARANTINE IMPORTED FIRE ANT STN,GULFPORT,MS 39501, USA. NR 16 TC 134 Z9 161 U1 5 U2 22 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 79 IS 2 BP 240 EP 251 DI 10.2307/3495821 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UV842 UT WOS:A1996UV84200015 ER PT J AU Oi, DH Vail, KM Williams, DF AF Oi, DH Vail, KM Williams, DF TI Field evaluation of perimeter treatments for Pharaoh ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) control SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Monomorium pharaonis; pest control; toxic baits; urban pest ants; household insects; Florida AB Four types of exterior perimeter treatments for the control of Pharaoh ante, Monomorium pharaonis (L), in houses were compared. Treatment with a granular bait containing hydramethylnon, a delayed-action toxicant, resulted in a 95% reduction in foraging activity 1 and 4 weeks after treatment. Houses treated with either an insecticidal residual spray, insecticide granules, or a granular bait containing a contact insecticide, had an average increase of 22% in foraging activity. Foraging by Pharaoh ants on a delayed-action toxicant bait applied solely to the exterior periphery of houses controlled Pharaoh ant colonies located inside the structure. Exterior perimeter baiting for Pharaoh ants could reduce indoor insecticide applications. C1 ARS, MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB, USDA, GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 USA. RP Oi, DH (reprint author), AUBURN UNIV, DEPT ENTOMOL, 301 FUNCHESS HALL, AUBURN, AL 36849 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 79 IS 2 BP 252 EP 263 DI 10.2307/3495822 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UV842 UT WOS:A1996UV84200016 ER PT J AU Wiant, HV Wood, GB Williams, M AF Wiant, HV Wood, GB Williams, M TI Comparison of three modern methods for estimating volume of sample trees using one or two diameter measurements SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE importance sampling; centroid; control-variate; antithetic point ID BOLE VOLUME AB Seven variations of the centroid, importance and control-variate methods for estimating bole volume were compared using four sample tree data sets, viz. Pinus ponderosa (186 trees), P. radiata (114 trees), P. taeda (4578 trees), and American mixed hardwoods (538 trees). The centroid method was the easiest to apply. Generally, it gave the most precise but also the most biased results (the biases were not severe, ranging from -0.2 to -4.1%). In contrast, methods involving importance sampling using either one or two random points, or a random point and an antithetic point, were unbiased (except for P. taeda) bur generally much less precise. Invariably, the precision of the estimate was improved using two random points. Replacing one random point by an antithetic point generally improved the precision further but replacement by the centroid point generally introduced bias. The control-variate methods using one or two random points gave unbiased but imprecise estimates, the precision being better for two random points than one, as for importance sampling. C1 AUSTRALIAN NATL UNIV,DEPT FORESTRY,CANBERRA,ACT 0200,AUSTRALIA. US FOREST SERV,FT COLLINS,CO 80526. RP Wiant, HV (reprint author), W VIRGINIA UNIV,DIV FORESTRY,POB 6125,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506, USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 83 IS 1-2 BP 13 EP 16 DI 10.1016/0378-1127(96)03708-5 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA UU705 UT WOS:A1996UU70500002 ER PT J AU Adams, MB Angradi, TR AF Adams, MB Angradi, TR TI Decomposition and nutrient dynamics of hardwood leaf litter in the Fernow Whole-Watershed Acidification Experiment SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE organic matter; nitrogen; calcium; nutrient ratio ID NITROGEN DYNAMICS; FOREST; QUALITY; RELEASE; RATES AB Two watersheds are part of an on-going long-term artificial acidification experiment: the treatment watershed (WS3) has received 60.5 kg S ha(-1) year(-1) and 54 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) via aerial applications of ammonium sulfate fertilizer since 1989. After 3 years of treatment, freshly fallen leaves of four hardwood tree species (Liriodendron tulipifera, Prunus serotina, Acer saccharum, and Berula lenta) were collected and placed in litter bags, which were placed in stands in the treatment and control watersheds. Decay rates differed for L. tulipifera, Prunus serotina, and B. lenta between the two watersheds, with litter from WS3 decaying more slowly over the 2 year study period than litter from the control watershed. Initial concentrations of N, Ca, and K differed between treatment and control watersheds, but these differences disappeared after 2 years. Nutrient loss rates did not vary with treatment. RP Adams, MB (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,TIMBER & WATERSHED LAB,PARSONS,WV 26287, USA. NR 25 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 83 IS 1-2 BP 61 EP 69 DI 10.1016/0378-1127(95)03695-4 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA UU705 UT WOS:A1996UU70500007 ER PT J AU Stokes, B AF Stokes, B TI Spotlight on forest operations SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material RP Stokes, B (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,SO RES STN,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 46 IS 6 BP 17 EP 17 PG 1 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA UR513 UT WOS:A1996UR51300009 ER PT J AU McDonald, KA Hassler, CC Hawkins, JE Pahl, TL AF McDonald, KA Hassler, CC Hawkins, JE Pahl, TL TI Hardwood structural lumber from log heart cants SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Expected cost advantages of using hardwood for bridge superstructures rather than steel and concrete have not been evident. Some reasons given include the use of red oak, which is in high demand for other uses, and the fact that the hardwood dimension lumber market is not established. Another reason is that the lumber supply is coming from the high-grade outer portion of oak logs. In this study, we explored the potential for producing hardwood bridge products from log heart cants, including railroad ties and pallet cants. The report evaluates the availability of cant material from West Virginia mills and structural-grade dimension lumber from ties and cants for several species: red oak, hickory, red maple, yellow-poplar, beech, and white oak. C1 W VIRGINIA UNIV,DIV FORESTRY,APPALACHIAN HARDWOOD CTR,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506. RP McDonald, KA (reprint author), USDA,US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 46 IS 6 BP 55 EP 62 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA UR513 UT WOS:A1996UR51300018 ER PT J AU Stahl, DC Cramer, SM Wolfe, RW AF Stahl, DC Cramer, SM Wolfe, RW TI Behavior of metal-plate-connected trusses with square-end webs SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Metal-plate-connected trusses are presently fabricated with webs cut to produce tight joints and approximately equal panel lengths on the top and bottom chords. This paper evaluates the structural feasibility of replacing these custom-cut webs with webs that have square end cuts and come in a few standard ''commodity'' lengths. A computer model was developed to simulate the behavior of trusses with square-end webs and its performance was verified by comparison with data from full-scale truss tests. The model and the test data showed that moments in chords and webs were affected by the presence of square-end webs, raising the possibility that higher grade chords and/or webs could be required. The square ends themselves have less effect on member forces when the web length is such that panel lengths are approximately equal. Although plate buckling did not directly cause failure of any of the trusses tested or modeled, we believe that plate buckling should be treated as a truss failure mode for design purposes. Given this limitation and the narrow scope of this study, we believe that the use of square-end webs is feasible from a structural viewpoint. C1 USDA,US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. RP Stahl, DC (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,2266 ENGN HALL,1415 JOHNSON DR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 46 IS 6 BP 78 EP 84 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA UR513 UT WOS:A1996UR51300022 ER PT J AU Smith, GW Constable, PD Bacon, CW Meredith, FI Haschek, WM AF Smith, GW Constable, PD Bacon, CW Meredith, FI Haschek, WM TI Cardiovascular effects of fumonisins in swine SO FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; EQUINE LEUKOENCEPHALOMALACIA; CORN SCREENINGS; TOXICITY; HYPERTENSION; EDEMA AB Fumonisins, mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme, induce hepatic damage and acute lethal pulmonary edema in swine. We examined the cardiovascular effects of short-term fumonisin exposure in anesthetized and conscious male cross-bred pigs weighing 30-36 kg. Culture material containing fumonisins at less than or equal to 20 mg/kg/day (fumonisin B-1 and B-2 backbone) was added to the feed of treated pigs (n = 5) for 7 days, while control pigs (n = 5) were fed a diet free of fumonisins. On Day 8, pigs were anesthetized with halothane and instrumented with Swan-Ganz catheters to facilitate hemodynamic measurements. Mean pulmonary artery pressure, central venous pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and electrocardiographic variables were recorded and stroke volume was calculated. All measurements were repeated at least 18 hr after recovery from anesthesia. Pigs fed fumonisins had a significant increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure, accompanied by decreased heart rate, cardiac output, and mixed venous oxygen tension. The electrocardiogram was normal, and there was no evidence of pulmonary edema formation either histologically or by altered lung wet/dry weights. This study suggests that pulmonary hypertension caused by hypoxic vasoconstriction may be associated with the pulmonary edema observed in fumonisin toxicity. (C) 1996 Society of Toxicology C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CLIN MED,URBANA,IL 61801. USDA ARS,RUSSELL RES CTR,MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT,ATHENS,GA 30601. RP Smith, GW (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT VET PATHOBIOL,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 28 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0272-0590 J9 FUND APPL TOXICOL JI Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 31 IS 2 BP 169 EP 172 DI 10.1006/faat.1996.0088 PG 4 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA UQ840 UT WOS:A1996UQ84000004 PM 8789782 ER PT J AU Kubicek, CP Bolzlbauer, UM Kovacs, W Mach, RL Kuhls, K Lieckfeldt, E Borner, T Samuels, GJ AF Kubicek, CP Bolzlbauer, UM Kovacs, W Mach, RL Kuhls, K Lieckfeldt, E Borner, T Samuels, GJ TI Cellulase formation by species of Trichoderma sect Longibrachiatum and of Hypocrea spp with anamorphs referable to Trichoderma sect Longibrachiatum SO FUNGAL GENETICS AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Hypocrea; Trichoderma; Trichoderma reesei; cellulase; cellobiohydrolase; RFLP ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; PSEUDOKONINGII; INDUCTION; VIRIDE AB Kubicek, C. P., Bolzlbauer, U.M., Kovacs, W., Mach, R. L., Kuhls, K., Lieckfeldt, E., Borner, T., and Samuels, G. J. 1996. Cellulase formation by species of Trichoderma sect. Longibrachiatum and of Hypocrea spp, with anamorphs referable to Trichoderma sect. Longibrachiatum, Fungal Genetics and Biology 20, 105-114. The cellulolytic potential of the wild-type strain of Trichoderma reesei was compared to other members of Trichoderma sect, Longibrachiatum and Hypocrea spp, that have anamorphs referable to that section, There was high diversity even within the same species (as defined by morphological and macromolecular characters). Differences, where notable, were more pronounced for carboxymethyl-cellulase activity than for filter paper activity. High cellulase activities were observed for several strains of T. longibrachiatum and T. citrinoviride, whereas T. parceramosum formed only low levels of activity, Among the corresponding teleomorphs, most strains of H. schweinitzii were comparatively poor producers, whereas the highest percentage of high producers was found among H. jecorina isolates, and many strains were even more active than the parent T. reesei QM 6a. Immunoblot analysis of corresponding culture filtrates of various H. jecorina strains showed that the three major cellulase proteins (cellobiohydrolase I, cellobiohydrolase II, and endoglucanase I) were present in culture filtrates and their M(r) was identical to that of the respective T. reesei proteins, ELISA analysis demonstrated that these enzymes were also present in the same relative proportions in culture filtrates from H. jecorina and T. reesei. With the aid of primers, corresponding to conserved sequences in the cellobiohydrolase I-encoding gene cbh1, a fragment of this gene was amplified from selected strains of H. jecorina, T. reesei, T. longibrachiatum, T. citrinoviride, and H. schweinitzii, The fragments had the same size in all fungi, Cleavage of this fragment with Hhal produced a RFLP pattern which was identical in H. jecorina and T. reesei, but different in the other species, In the latter, the RFLP pattern was also species specific, These results provide support for a close genetic similarity of T. reesei and H. jecorina cellulases. In the latter, an ascomycetous model system for cellulase biosynthesis is now available, The results further indicate that other anamorphs of Trichoderma section Longibrachiatum are promising sources of high cellulase production. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 HUMBOLDT UNIV BERLIN, INST GENET, D-10115 BERLIN, GERMANY. ARS, USDA, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. RP TECH UNIV VIENNA, INST BIOCHEM TECHNOL & MIKROBIOL, GETREIDEMARKT 9, A-1060 VIENNA, AUSTRIA. NR 28 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1087-1845 EI 1096-0937 J9 FUNGAL GENET BIOL JI Fungal Genet. Biol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 20 IS 2 BP 105 EP 114 DI 10.1006/fgbi.1996.0025 PG 10 WC Genetics & Heredity; Mycology SC Genetics & Heredity; Mycology GA VG640 UT WOS:A1996VG64000001 PM 8810515 ER PT J AU Daud, HM Gustafson, JP AF Daud, HM Gustafson, JP TI Molecular evidence for Triticum speltoides as a B-genome progenitor of wheat (Triticum aestivum) SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE genome-specific; DNA ID POLYPLOID WHEATS; DNA-SEQUENCES; ORIGIN; PHYLOGENY; EVOLUTION; ORGANIZATION; PATTERNS; PROTEIN AB In polyploid wheat, the origin of the B-genome donor has remained relatively unknown in spite of a number of investigations attempting to identify the parental species. A project was designed to isolate and clone a genome-specific DNA sequence from Triticum speltoides L. to determine if that species could be the B-genome donor. A cloning scheme involving the prescreening of 1-kb fragments followed by colony, dot blot, and Southern blot hybridization screenings was used to isolate a speltoides-specific sequence (pSp89.XI). The methods used allowed for rapid isolation of a genome-specific sequence when screened against total DNA from closely related species. Subsequent analyses showed that the sequence was barely detected in any of the other genomes of the annual Sitopsis section. The results of dot blot and Southern blot analyses established that (i) the sequence pSP89.XI, specific to T. speltoides relative to the other species of the Sitopsis section, was present in the genomes of tetraploid and hexaploid wheat, (ii) the relative abundance of pSp89.XI seemed to decrease from the diploid to the polyploid wheats, and (iii) the existence of a related, but modified B genome in polyploid wheat compared with that in modern T. speltoides was probable. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,USDA,ARS,PLANT GENET RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. UNIV MISSOURI,USDA,ARS,PLANT SCI UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. RP Daud, HM (reprint author), MARDI,CTR BIOTECHNOL,POB 12301,KUALA LUMPUR 50774,MALAYSIA. NR 41 TC 42 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD JUN PY 1996 VL 39 IS 3 BP 543 EP 548 DI 10.1139/g96-069 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA UQ160 UT WOS:A1996UQ16000009 PM 18469915 ER PT J AU Lee, JH Graybosch, RA Kaeppler, SM Sears, RG AF Lee, JH Graybosch, RA Kaeppler, SM Sears, RG TI A PCR assay for detection of a 2RL.2BS wheat-rye chromosome translocation SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE 2RL.2BS wheat-rye chromosome translocation; polymerase chain reaction; detection ID HESSIAN FLY; RESISTANCE AB A 2RL.2BS wheat-rye translocation, present in the wheat germplasm line Hamlet, carries a gene for resistance to Hessian fly biotype L, one of the most virulent biotypes presently encountered in wheat production environments. Unlike several other wheat-rye chromosome translocations common in wheat breeding programs, 2RL lacks genes encoding storage proteins or other easily selected markers. Oligonucleotide primers synthesized from published sequences derived from the R173 family of moderately repetitive rye DNA were used in the DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify specific markers for 2RL. The same primers, when used with DNA extracted from additional wheat-rye translocation lines of importance to the wheat breeding community, gave distinctive PCR products for each genotype. The single primer pair, PAWS5 and PAWS6, may, therefore, have wide applicability for the identification of wheat-rye chromosomal translocations presently encountered in wheat breeding populations. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT AGRON,USDA,ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68583. KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. OI Kaeppler, Shawn/0000-0002-5964-1668 NR 11 TC 15 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD JUN PY 1996 VL 39 IS 3 BP 605 EP 608 DI 10.1139/g96-076 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA UQ160 UT WOS:A1996UQ16000016 PM 8675004 ER PT J AU Barker, JF Grugel, S AF Barker, JF Grugel, S TI Oviposition by the banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes (Lepidoptera: Cochylidae) in response to Helianthus annuus pollen SO GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB Oviposition on an artificial substrate by the banded sunflower moth Cochylis hospes Walsingham was examined in response to sunflower pollen (Helianthus annuus) and sunflower pollen extract. Sunflower pollen in quantities as small as 0.2 mg significantly reduced oviposition on an artificial substrate relative to a control without pollen. Aqueous pollen extract applied to the artificial substrate significantly reduced oviposition with respect to the control substrate that was treated with solvent. Banded sunflower moths have gained some reproductive or competitive advantage by ovipositing on the bracts of sunflower and a deterrent effect of pollen could, at least in part, have had functional significance in the development of a behavioral preference for the bracts of the sunflower head as an oviposition site. RP Barker, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOSCI RES LAB,POB 5674,FARGO,ND 58105, USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MICH ENTOMOL SOC PI E LANSING PA MICH STATE UNIV DEPT ENTOMOL, E LANSING, MI 48823 SN 0090-0222 J9 GREAT LAKES ENTOMOL JI Gt. Lakes Entomol. PD SUM PY 1996 VL 29 IS 2 BP 77 EP 80 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA VV872 UT WOS:A1996VV87200003 ER PT J AU Lipman, RD Grinker, JA AF Lipman, RD Grinker, JA TI Weight gain by middle aged mice: Dietary modification does not result in loss SO GROWTH DEVELOPMENT AND AGING LA English DT Article DE mice; longevity; diet; aging; weight-change; retired breeder ID BODY-FAT DISTRIBUTION; FOLLOW-UP; OBESITY; MORTALITY; RATS; HEALTH; DISEASE; WOMEN; RISK; MAINTENANCE AB Dietary induced obesity susceptibility and persistence was examined in middle aged female retired C57BL/6J breeder mice. One year old mice were fed control chow (C), chow with added corn oil (O), or chow with added sweetened condensed milk (SCM) for 18 weeks, during which time food consumption and weight change were monitored. Mice in both the O and SCM groups gained significantly more weight than the C group. Weight increase correlated with caloric intake for the O and SCM groups. All mice were then fed standard laboratory chow for 22 weeks. The increased weight of both supplemented groups was maintained during this time suggesting that caloric intake is not the sole variable controlling weight maintenance in adult female mice. We encourage the use of older mice as a model to explore means of manipulating adult weight in humans. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,PROGRAM EPIDEMIOL,BOSTON,MA 02111. UNIV MICHIGAN,SCH PUBL HLTH,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. RP Lipman, RD (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,DEPT ANTIOXIDANT RES,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [AG 077747] NR 41 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU GROWTH PUBL CO INC PI BAR HARBOR PA PO BOX 42, BAR HARBOR, ME 04609-0042 SN 0017-4793 J9 GROWTH DEVELOP AGING JI Growth Dev. Aging PD SUM PY 1996 VL 60 IS 2 BP 61 EP 70 PG 10 WC Developmental Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Developmental Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology GA VG334 UT WOS:A1996VG33400002 PM 8880161 ER PT J AU Mitchell, AD Conway, JM Scholz, AM AF Mitchell, AD Conway, JM Scholz, AM TI Incremental changes in total and regional body composition of growing pigs measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry SO GROWTH DEVELOPMENT AND AGING LA English DT Article DE body composition; dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; DXA; pig ID SOFT-TISSUE COMPOSITION; PHOTON-ABSORPTIOMETRY; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; MUSCLE MASS; BONE; FAT; DEXA; DENSITOMETRY; VALIDATION; ADULTS AB The pig was used as a model for the application of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for measuring changes in total and regional body composition that accompany body growth. Ten pigs were scanned at the beginning of the study (26.3 +/- 8.2 kg) and at 14 day intervals until reaching a final weight of 88.6 +/- 2.3 kg. Final body composition was validated by chemical analysis of the carcass. DXA fat and lean tissue measurements were corrected by using values based on previous calibration studies. From individual growth curves, rates of fat (295 +/- 50 g/d), lean (531 +/- 50 g/d) and bone mineral (16.7 +/- 1.4 g/d) deposition rates were estimated. Furthermore, using regional analysis these tissue deposition rates partitioned into front legs, back legs and body trunk. The final DXA measurements of 87.5 kg for total tissue mass, 27.9% for percent body fat and 24.4 kg for total fat mass were not significantly different (P > .05) from direct or chemical measurements. The DXA measurement of bone mineral content 1912 g (2.18%) was similar to the estimate based on total body ash, 1980 g (2.23%). Also, from the final DXA values for lean tissue mass, it was predicted that the body contained 13.5 kg or 15.4% protein and 45.74 kg or 52.3% water. These results indicate that DXA could be an appropriate method for studies involving sequential measurements of body composition during growth. C1 USDA ARS,DIET & HUMAN PERFORMANCE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Mitchell, AD (reprint author), USDA ARS,GROWTH BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. OI Scholz, Armin Manfred/0000-0001-7075-0067 NR 30 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 4 PU GROWTH PUBL CO INC PI BAR HARBOR PA PO BOX 42, BAR HARBOR, ME 04609-0042 SN 0017-4793 J9 GROWTH DEVELOP AGING JI Growth Dev. Aging PD SUM PY 1996 VL 60 IS 2 BP 95 EP 105 PG 11 WC Developmental Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Developmental Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology GA VG334 UT WOS:A1996VG33400005 PM 8880164 ER PT J AU White, GA Waterworth, HE AF White, GA Waterworth, HE TI International exchange of horticultural crop germplasm SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID QUARANTINE C1 USDA ARS, NATL GERMPLASM RESOURCES LAB, GLENN DALE, MD 20769 USA. RP White, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, NATL CLONAL GERMPLASM REPOSITORY, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 1996 VL 31 IS 3 BP 315 EP 321 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA UQ163 UT WOS:A1996UQ16300002 ER PT J AU AbdulBaki, AA Stommel, JR Watada, AE Teasdale, JR Morse, RD AF AbdulBaki, AA Stommel, JR Watada, AE Teasdale, JR Morse, RD TI Hairy vetch mulch favorably impacts yield of processing tomatoes SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Lycopersicon esculentum; Vicia villosa AB Ten cultivars of processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown in bare soil or on black polyethylene and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) mulches were evaluated for yield, fruit processing quality, and leaf necrosis. Yields were higher, fruit was heavier, and leaf necrosis less in hairy vetch than in bare soil or black polyethylene mulch. With the exception of pH, yield and fruit quality component responses to mulch treatments were not cultivar-dependent. Fruit pH, soluble solids concentration, and color equaled values obtained using bare soil production practices. Percent solids was highest with black polyethylene and lowest in hairy vetch. The hairy vetch mulch delayed fruit maturity compared to the bare soil and black polyethylene. The hairy vetch cultural system has the potential to increase yield of processing tomatoes. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,VEGETABLE LAB,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,VEGETABLE LAB,WEED SCI LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. RP AbdulBaki, AA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,VEGETABLE LAB,INST PLANT SCI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 16 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 1996 VL 31 IS 3 BP 338 EP 340 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA UQ163 UT WOS:A1996UQ16300009 ER PT J AU Russo, VM AF Russo, VM TI Delaying harvest improves bell pepper yield SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE culture; harvest scheduling; plant development ID CAPSICUM-ANNUUM-L; SIZE AB Delaying or limiting the number of harvests could improve yield and reduce inputs in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum L.) production, Fruit were harvested in a variety of timing methods, which include three times over 14 days with the second and third harvests occurring 7 and 14 days after the first, Fruit from other plants were harvested once at either 7 or 14 days after the first harvest from plants that had several harvests. Fruit length was not affected by time of harvest. Number of marketable fruit, fruit width at the shoulder, endocarp thickness, and fruit volume were increased in fruit from plants harvested once. Marketable yields from plants with a single harvest were, on average, 1.5-fold higher than those from plants with several harvests, Delaying harvests improved fruit quality and quantity. Limiting number of harvests would reduce passes through the field and the associated costs, possibly improving net income. RP Russo, VM (reprint author), USDA ARS,S CENT AGR RES LAB,POB 159,LANE,OK 74555, USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 1996 VL 31 IS 3 BP 345 EP 346 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA UQ163 UT WOS:A1996UQ16300011 ER PT J AU Miklas, PN Santiago, J AF Miklas, PN Santiago, J TI Reaction of select tepary bean to bean golden mosaic virus SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE disease tolerance; Phaseolus acutifolius; interspecific trait transfer ID PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS L; ACUTIFOLIUS; RESISTANCE; CROSSES AB Cultivated tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray var. latifolius Freeman) has potential for production during the hot, dry seasons in the tropics. Bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV), however, seriously limits production of Phaseolus spp, in such environments, Twelve select tepary beans were evaluated for reaction to BGMV across four Weld nurseries near Isabela, Puerto Rico. Disease reaction was principally determined by measurement of seed yield (kg . ha(-1)) and weight (g 100/seeds). All tepary bears possessed some tolerance to BGMV, as they produced comparatively moderate seed yield despite expression of severe foliar yellow mosaic symptoms. On average, tepary bean yielded 133% of the BGMV-resistant dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) control 'Dorado', Four teparies, Neb-Td-s, GN-610-s, Neb-T-8a-s, and PI321637-s, expressed superior tolerance to BGMV as they yielded above the trial mean in at least three of four trials. Harvested seed quality was uniformly poor across all lines, averaging 18% less weight than in the non-BGMV trials, The combination of the observed tolerance with escape mechanisms and cultural disease control practices mag enable production of tepary bean in regions and seasons that experience moderate to severe BGMV epidemics. C1 USDA ARS,TROP AGR RES STN,MAYAGUEZ,PR 00681. NR 12 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 1996 VL 31 IS 3 BP 430 EP 432 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA UQ163 UT WOS:A1996UQ16300035 ER PT J AU Oddiraju, VG Beyl, CA Barker, PA AF Oddiraju, VG Beyl, CA Barker, PA TI Root growth of seedlings and microcuttings of western black cherry grown in compacted soil SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE root quantification; digitization; image processing; image analysis; Prunus serotina ID TISSUE-CULTURE; LOBLOLLY-PINE; PLANTS; INVITRO AB Seedlings and microcuttings taken from two western black cherry (Prunus serotina var, virens Ehrh,) trees, one with profuse roots and one with scant roots, were grown in either normal or compacted soil to determine if the variation in the growth of fine and coarse roots under conditions of compaction could be attributed to genetic factors or method of propagation, An image processing system [Image Capture and Analysis System (ICAS)] was used to classify and measure the roots, There was a significant reduction in the surface area of fine roots, total surface area, and root dry weight after 12 weeks of compaction, but the effect on coarse roots was nonsignificant, Initial differences in the larger surface area of coarse roots of seedlings vs. for those of microcuttings disappeared over the course of the experiment, However, the surface areas of fine roots and the total surface area were significantly larger and root dry weight was higher for seedlings than for microcuttings, even at the end of the 12-week treatment period. The surface areas of fine and coarse roots, total surface area, and dry weight of roots were similar at the end of the experiment, regardless of genotype. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC SW RES STN,BERKELEY,CA. RP Oddiraju, VG (reprint author), ALABAMA A&M UNIV,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,NORMAL,AL 35762, USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 1996 VL 31 IS 3 BP 453 EP 457 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA UQ163 UT WOS:A1996UQ16300042 ER PT J AU Ryder, EJ AF Ryder, EJ TI Ten lettuce genetic stocks with early flowering genes Ef-1ef-1 and Ef-2ef-2 SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Lactuca sativa; lettuce mosaic resistance; chlorophyll deficient; pale flower; salmon flower; fringe leaf; endive-like; virescent; gibberellin ID DWARF MUTANTS; GIBBERELLINS RP Ryder, EJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,US AGR RES STN,1636 E ALISAL ST,SALINAS,CA 93905, USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD JUN PY 1996 VL 31 IS 3 BP 473 EP 475 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA UQ163 UT WOS:A1996UQ16300050 ER PT J AU Pagel, JE OBrien, M AF Pagel, JE OBrien, M TI The use of ecological risk assessment to undermine implementation of good public policy SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article C1 US FOREST SERV,MEDFORD,OR. ENVIRONM RES FDN,EUGENE,OR. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CRC PRESS INC PI BOCA RATON PA 2000 CORPORATE BLVD NW, JOURNALS CUSTOMER SERVICE, BOCA RATON, FL 33431 SN 1080-7039 J9 HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS JI Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 2 IS 2 BP 238 EP 242 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA WC991 UT WOS:A1996WC99100003 ER PT J AU Opsahl, MS Fitz, TA Rexroad, CE Fritz, MA AF Opsahl, MS Fitz, TA Rexroad, CE Fritz, MA TI Effects of enclomiphene and zuclomiphene on basal and gonadotrophin-stimulated progesterone secretion by isolated subpopulations of small and large ovine luteal cells SO HUMAN REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE clomiphene citrate; in vitro; lutein cells; ovine ID HUMAN GRANULOSA-CELLS; CLOMIPHENE CITRATE; CORPUS-LUTEUM AB We examined the effects of enclomiphene and zuclomiphene, alone and in combination with oestradiol, on basal and gonadotrophin-stimulated progesterone secretion by isolated subpopulations of both large (granulosa-lutein) and small (theca-lutein) ovine luteal cells, Isolated large and small luteal cells derived from intact, enucleated ovine corpora lutea were incubated for 48-120 h with or without 22R-hydroxycholesterol or pregnenolone (2.5 mu M) and a range of enclomiphene, zuclomiphene, and/or oestradiol concentrations (3-100 mu M), both with and without ovine luteinizing hormone (100 ng/ml), Spent media were assayed in duplicate for progesterone content by radioimmunoassay, Enclomiphene, zuclomiphene, and oestradiol exhibited equivalent dose-dependent inhibitory effects on basal and gonadotrophin-stimulated small and large ovine luteal cell progesterone secretion under all substrate conditions, Both cell types became more sensitive to clomiphene inhibition with increasing time in culture, In combined treatments, the effects of oestradiol and either enclomiphene or zuclomiphene became additive in longer-term cultures and were never antagonistic, In this model system, (i) clomiphene, like oestradiol, appears to inhibit 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, (ii) both stereoisomers act as oestrogen agonists, (iii) neither demonstrates any anti-oestrogenic properties, and (iv) both large and small luteal cells become more sensitive to clomiphene inhibition with increasing duration of exposure. C1 NATL NAVAL MED CTR, DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL, BETHESDA, MD 20889 USA. UNIFORMED SERV UNIV HLTH SCI, DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA. USDA, ANIM REPROD LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. UNIV N CAROLINA, DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL, DIV REPROD ENDOCRINOL, CHAPEL HILL, NC USA. OI Opsahl, Michael/0000-0002-8754-7943 NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0268-1161 J9 HUM REPROD JI Hum. Reprod. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 11 IS 6 BP 1250 EP 1255 PG 6 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology GA UZ657 UT WOS:A1996UZ65700029 PM 8671435 ER PT J AU Rosenthal, LA Sutterwala, FS Kehrli, ME Mosser, DM AF Rosenthal, LA Sutterwala, FS Kehrli, ME Mosser, DM TI Leishmania major human macrophage interactions: Cooperation between Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) and complement receptor type 1 (CD35) in promastigote adhesion SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES; HUMAN-NEUTROPHILS; BIND LEISHMANIA; 3RD COMPONENT; IDENTIFICATION; C3B; P150,95; CR-1; LIPOPHOSPHOGLYCAN; GLYCOPROTEIN AB It has been suggested that the developmental maturation of Leishmania major promastigotes can affect their interaction with human complement receptors. To study this, we measured the adhesion of metacyclic and logarithmic-phase L. major promastigotes to complement receptors expressed on primary macrophages, to recombinant receptors expressed on transfected cells, or to purified complement receptors in a cell-free system. We demonstrate that complement-opsonized promastigotes can bind to both Mac-1 and complement receptor type 1 (CRL) and that the transition of promastigotes from the noninfectious logarithmic phase of growth to the infectious metacyclic stage does not affect this interaction. Furthermore, we show that Mac-1 and CR1 can cooperate to mediate the efficient adhesion of complement-opsonized metacyclic promastigotes to cells expressing both receptors. On human monocyte-derived macrophages, Mac-1 appears to make a quantitatively greater contribution to this adhesion than does CR1, since blocking macrophage Mac-1 diminishes metacyclic promastigote adhesion to a greater extent than does blocking CR1. In addition, bovine monocytes lacking Mac-1 exhibit a dramatic decrease in complement-dependent promastigote adhesion, relative to normal monocytes. The predominance of Mac-1 in these interactions is due, at least in part, to the factor I cofactor activity of CR1, which facilitates the conversion of C3b to iC3b. The stable adhesion of complement-opsonized metacyclic promastigotes to Mac-1 is a prerequisite for phagocytosis by human monocyte-derived macrophages. Blocking Mac-1 on macrophages abrogates the majority of the complement-dependent phagocytosis of promastigotes, whereas blocking CR1 has no detectable effect on phagocytosis. In addition, bovine monocytes lacking Mac-1 exhibit a dramatic reduction in promastigote phagocytosis relative to normal bovine monocytes. We conclude, therefore, that the two complement receptors, Mac-1 and CR1, can cooperate to mediate the initial complement-dependent adhesion of metacyclic promastigotes to human monocyte-derived macrophages and that Mac-1 is the predominant complement receptor responsible for the phagocytosis of complement-opsonized metacyclic promastigotes. C1 TEMPLE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19140. ARS,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,USDA,AMES,IA 50010. RI Rosenthal, Louis/A-8868-2008; Mosser, David/I-6697-2016 OI Mosser, David/0000-0002-9503-4187 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI 24313] NR 51 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 64 IS 6 BP 2206 EP 2215 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA UN189 UT WOS:A1996UN18900046 PM 8675328 ER PT J AU Wesley, IV Baetz, AL Larson, DJ AF Wesley, IV Baetz, AL Larson, DJ TI Infection of cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived 1-day-old piglets with Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter cryaerophilus, and Arcobacter skirrowii SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID AEROTOLERANT CAMPYLOBACTER; SP-NOV; HELICOBACTER-PYLORI; GNOTOBIOTIC PIGLETS; DIARRHEAL ILLNESS; ORGANISMS AB Neonatal piglets have been used as models to study human campylobacteriosis and helicobacteriosis. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative pathogenicities, on the basis of the duration of fecal shedding and colonization of tissues, of three Arcobacter species in 1-day-old cesarean-derived colostrum-deprived piglets. Two experiments were conducted, In experiment 1, two piglets each were infected per os with either Arcobacter butzleri ATCC 49616, Acrobacter cryaerophilus 1B ATCC 43159, Arcobacter skirrowii CCUG 10374, or the three field strains of A. butzleri (similar to 5 x 10(9) CFU per piglet), Rectal swab samples were taken prior to infection and daily thereafter for up to 7 days, Arcobacter spp, were detected at least once in rectal swab samples of all but one of the experimentally infected piglets but not in the control, At necropsy, A. butzleri was recovered from the lung, kidney, ileum, or brain tissues of the four infected piglets which had received either the field strain or the ATCC type strain of A. butzleri. A. cryaerophilus 1B was detected in rectal swab samples for up to 7 days postinfection but was not cultured from tissues at necropsy, Arcobacters were detected in the rectal swab sample of the A. skirrowii-infected piglet only on day 3 postinfection; no isolates were obtained from tissues at necropsy, No gross pathological lesions were consistently noted in the experimentally infected piglets, In experiment 2, two piglets each were infected per os with A. butzleri ATCC 49616, A. cryaerophilus 1A ATCC 43158, A. skirrowii CCUG 10374, or the single A. butzleri field strain Yard J/c (similar to 5 x 10(9) CFU per piglet), Arcobacter spp, were cultured from rectal swab samples of all but one of the experimentally infected piglets at least once, At necropsy Arcobacter spp, were cultured from the liver, kidney, ileum, or brain tissues of two of the four A. butzleri-infected piglets, However, no severe gross pathology was noted, These data suggest that Arcobacter spp., especially A. butzleri, can colonize neonatal pigs. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,VET DIAGNOST LAB,AMES,IA 50011. RP Wesley, IV (reprint author), ARS,ENTER DIS & FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,USDA,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,2300 DAYTON AVE,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 33 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 64 IS 6 BP 2295 EP 2299 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA UN189 UT WOS:A1996UN18900058 PM 8675340 ER PT J AU Oppert, B Kramer, KJ Johnson, D Upton, SJ McGaughey, WH AF Oppert, B Kramer, KJ Johnson, D Upton, SJ McGaughey, WH TI Luminal proteinases from Plodia interpunctella and the hydrolysis of Bacillus thuringiensis CryIA(c) protoxin SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE insect digestive proteinase; Plodia interpunctella; Bacillus thuringiensis; proteinase inhibitor; protoxin activation; microbial insecticide ID DELTA-ENDOTOXIN; GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; PROTEASE ACTIVITIES; INSECT RESISTANCE; DIGESTIVE ENZYME; MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; INDIANMEAL MOTH; BOMBYX-MORI; GUT JUICE; MIDGUT AB The ability of proteinases in gut extracts of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella, to hydrolyze Bacillus thuringiensis (Pt) protoxin, casein, and p-nitroanilide substrates was investigated, A polyclonal antiserum to protoxin CryIA(c) was used in Western blots to demonstrate slower protoxin processing by gut enzymes from Bt subspecies entomocidus-resistant larvae than enzymes from susceptible or kurstaki-resistant strains. Enzymes from all three strains hydrolyzed N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine p-nitroanilide, N-succinyl-ala-ala-pro-phenylalanine p-nitroanilide, and N-succinyl-ala-ala-pro-leucine p-nitroanilide. Zymograms and activity blots were used to estimate the apparent molecular masses, number of enzymes, and relative activities in each strain, Several serine proteinase inhibitors reduced gut enzyme activities, with two soybean trypsin inhibitors, two potato inhibitors, and chymostatin the most effective in preventing protoxin hydrolysis. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,DIV BIOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOCHEM,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. RP Oppert, B (reprint author), USDA ARS,N CENT REG,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,1515 COLLEGE AVE,MANHATTAN,KS 66502, USA. NR 36 TC 75 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 26 IS 6 BP 571 EP 583 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(96)00013-6 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA VV881 UT WOS:A1996VV88100008 PM 8969468 ER PT J AU Wappner, P Kramer, KJ Manso, F Hopkins, TL QuesadaAllue, LA AF Wappner, P Kramer, KJ Manso, F Hopkins, TL QuesadaAllue, LA TI N-beta-alanyldopamine metabolism for puparial tanning in wild-type and mutant Niger strains of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE catecholamines; cuticle; hemolymph; pigmentation; sclerotization; puparium; dopamine; N-acetyldopamine; beta-alanine ID LARVAL-PUPAL TRANSFORMATION; MANDUCA-SEXTA L; INSECT CUTICLE; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; TRIBOLIUM-CASTANEUM; SCLEROTIZATION; MELANIZATION; CATECHOLAMINES; ALANINE; DOPAMINE AB N-beta-Alanyldopamine (NBAD) metabolism was investigated in wild-type and melanic mutant niger strains of the Mediterranean fruit by, Ceratitis capitata, during the process of pupariation, When radioactive beta-alanine (BALA) was injected at the onset of pupariation, the wild-type puparium incorporated 70% of the label, whereas less than 5% was detected in the niger puparium. BALA was catabolized and eliminated as carbon dioxide substantially more in the mutant than the wild-type strain, Significant differences between the two strains were found in the composition of catecholamines extracted from fully sclerotized puparial cuticle, NBAD levels in niger were five times lower than those in the wild type, whereas dopamine (DA) levels were 20 times higher. The concentration of NBAD in hemolymph also was greatly reduced in niger, whereas DA and N-acetyldopamine levels remained high during pupariation, The synthesis of NBAD was assayed both in vivo and in vitro, revealing that the conversion of BALA into NBAD was several fold higher in the wild-type than in the niger strain, Because NBAD hydrolase activity was found to be similar in both strains, an impairment in NBAD synthesis appears to be responsible for the melanic phenotype. We also found that NBAD synthesis in the wild type was restricted to a narrow developmental window, which overlaps the time period in which puparial tanning occurs, Because we were able to induce niger-wild-type cuticle mosaics in heterozygous embryos, NBAD synthetase appears to be expressed by the epidermis, We conclude that the niger mutant is defective in NBAD synthesis and that this defect prevents normal pigmentation. C1 USDA ARS,N CENT REG,US GRAIN MKT RES LAB,MANHATTAN,KS 66502. FDN CAMPOMAR,INST INVEST BIOQUIM,RA-1405 BUENOS AIRES,DF,ARGENTINA. GENET INST INC,INTA CC 25,RA-1712 CASTELAR,ARGENTINA. KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. OI Wappner, Pablo/0000-0003-1517-0742 NR 33 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 26 IS 6 BP 585 EP 592 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(96)00012-4 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA VV881 UT WOS:A1996VV88100009 ER PT J AU Aamir, R Safadi, GS Mandelik, J Cornish, K Melton, AL Pien, LC Wagner, WO Battisto, JR AF Aamir, R Safadi, GS Mandelik, J Cornish, K Melton, AL Pien, LC Wagner, WO Battisto, JR TI A guinea pig model of hypersensitivity to allergenic fractions of natural rubber latex SO INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE natural rubber latex; latex allergy; passive cutaneous anaphylaxis; passive systemic anaphylaxis; IgE; IgG1; guinea pig ID ELONGATION-FACTOR; HEVEA-BRASILIENSIS; SPINA-BIFIDA; PROTEINS; ANAPHYLAXIS; IGE; IDENTIFICATION; ANTIBODIES; CHILDREN; CONTACT AB Allergy to natural rubber latex is a growing medical problem with life-threatening aspects. The aim of this study was to learn if guinea pigs could serve as a suitable model for immediate-type hypersensitivity to latex. Guinea pigs were immunized either with whole non-ammoniated latex extract, or with one of nine SDS-PAGE-separated components. Other animals were injected with electroeluted latex components localized on gel at 14, 24 and a cluster around 45 kD. Before and after immunization, sera from the animals were examined by ELISA, immunoblots, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and passive systemic anaphylaxis. Latex-specific antibodies were detected by ELISA and immunoblots in sera from all immunized animals. PCA assays showed that the guinea pigs had homocytotropic antibodies dilutible to 1:250. PCA was abolished when sera from animals immunized with allergens in alum were heated at 56 degrees C for 30 min indicating the antibodies were of the E isotype. Passive systemic anaphylaxis was induced in 4 of 10 guinea pigs. The results show that guinea pigs are capable of making antibodies to latex protein components that mediate dermal and systemic anaphylaxis, paralleling the spectrum of clinical and laboratory findings of humans with immediate-type clinical latex hypersensitivity. C1 CLEVELAND CLIN FDN,RES INST,DEPT IMMUNOL,FFB,CLEVELAND,OH 44195. CLEVELAND CLIN FDN,SECT ALLERGY & IMMUNOL,CLEVELAND,OH 44195. CLEVELAND STATE UNIV,CLEVELAND,OH 44115. USDA,ALBANY,CA. NR 41 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1018-2438 J9 INT ARCH ALLERGY IMM JI Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 110 IS 2 BP 187 EP 194 PG 8 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA UN248 UT WOS:A1996UN24800013 PM 8645998 ER PT J AU Rogowski, AS AF Rogowski, AS TI Quantifying soil variability in GIS applications .2. Spatial distribution of soil properties SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS LA English DT Article ID PERMEAMETER METHOD; GEOSTATISTICS AB Application of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) to environmental problems requires a spatial delineation of soil properties and some a priori knowledge of their variability. In the U.S.A. estimated soil properties are available from soil surveys published by the National Cooperative Soil Survey. However, information on the extent and nature of their variability is generally lacking. To remedy the situation, variability of selected soil properties measured at farm and watershed scales was compared with published values using geostatistical methods. Results showed that the variability of bulk density and hydraulic conductivity can be estimated by comparing regularized variograms of measured and published values. An overlay method was proposed that combines measured and published delineations of soil properties into an overlay with the properties of both. The technique makes it possible to incorporate variability into a GIS analysis using data available from published soil surveys. RP Rogowski, AS (reprint author), ARS,USDA,PASTURE LAB,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA. NR 39 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNDPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4A 3DE SN 0269-3798 J9 INT J GEOGR INF SYST JI Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Syst. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 10 IS 4 BP 455 EP 475 DI 10.1080/02693799608902090 PG 21 WC Geography; Information Science & Library Science SC Geography; Information Science & Library Science GA UM294 UT WOS:A1996UM29400006 ER PT J AU Grinker, JA Tucker, K Vokonas, PS Rush, D AF Grinker, JA Tucker, K Vokonas, PS Rush, D TI Overweight and leanness in adulthood: Prospective study of male participants in the normative aging study SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY LA English DT Article DE obesity; leanness; weight; BMI; aging ID BODY-MASS INDEX; FAT DISTRIBUTION; RELATIVE WEIGHT; UNITED-STATES; SELF-CURE; FOLLOW-UP; OBESITY; POPULATION; MORTALITY; MEN AB OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to examine the stability of body habitus over 15 years in Boston area adult males enrolled in the Normative Aging Study (NAS) and to examine stability as a function of initial leanness or obesity, age and reported body habitus at age 18. DESIGN: Prospective observational study of anthropometric/clinical measures initiated in 1961-1970, follow-up examinations at regular three and five year intervals. Subjects with complete data at entry, 5, 10 and 15 years. SUBJECTS: The 2280 Boston area subjects were aged 21-80 years (mean = 42 y) at entry. A subset (n = 350) with complete data for weight (WT) and height (HT) at four points over 15 years provided estimates of body habitus continuity. The prevalence of obesity and age of those studied were comparable to the complete sample of en rolled men (n = 1403) with any missing follow-up measures. MEASUREMENTS: Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) (weight in kg/height in m(2)) greater than or equal to 27.8 and leanness as BMI < 24.0. Three age categories at baseline (young = 25-39 y; middle = 40-49 y and old = 50-74 y) were used to examine secular and longitudinal changes. Obesity prevalence rates during late adolescence, based on self-reported weights at age 18, were compared with measured prevalence rates at entry and follow-up. Individual changes in BMI over time for each subject were estimated by linear regression and were combined to measure change in age and BMI groups. RESULTS: Weights and BMI at entry were highly correlated with 18 year values and 15 year follow-up values. New cases of obesity, defined on the basis of BMI. increased over time while the numbers of subjects classified as lean and intermediate decreased. Among oldest subjects both the lean and obese had slight but significant decreases in mean BMI. Among the lean. only the young showed consistent increments. DISCUSSION: Our results suggest consistency in body habitus among young and middle-aged obese subjects. There was little evidence of long-term reduction. In agreement with previous observations, the current findings of long-term duration in obesity suggest that preventive efforts should be focused on early years. C1 UNIV MICHIGAN,SCH PUBL HLTH,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. DEPT VET AFFAIRS,NORMAT AGING STUDY,OUTPATIENT CLIN,BOSTON,MA. BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,PREVENT MED & EPIDEMIOL SECT,BOSTON,MA 02118. BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,EVANS MEM DEPT CLIN RES,BOSTON,MA 02118. RP Grinker, JA (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER USDA HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X NR 59 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 2 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0307-0565 J9 INT J OBESITY JI Int. J. Obes. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 20 IS 6 BP 561 EP 569 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA UN486 UT WOS:A1996UN48600010 PM 8782733 ER PT J AU Potter, BE AF Potter, BE TI Atmospheric properties associated with large wildfires SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article DE meteorological factors; fire development; fire weather AB Lower atmosphere moistures, temperatures, winds, and lapse rates are examined for the days of 339 fires over 400 ha in the United States from 1971 through 1984. These quantities are compared with a climatology dataset from the same 14-year period using 2-way unbalanced analysis of variance. The results show that the fire-day surface-air temperature and moisture differ from the climatology at the 0.001 significance level. Near-surface wind shear does not appear to differ significantly between fire and climatology days. Results are inconclusive for wind speed and surface lapse rate. RP Potter, BE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,1407 S HARRISON RD,RM 220,E LANSING,MI 48823, USA. NR 12 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC WILDLAND FIRE PI FAIRFIELD PA PO BOX 328, FAIRFIELD, WA 99012-0328 SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PD JUN PY 1996 VL 6 IS 2 BP 71 EP 76 DI 10.1071/WF9960071 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA VG988 UT WOS:A1996VG98800004 ER PT J AU Grabber, JH Ralph, J Hatfield, RD Quideau, S Kuster, T Pell, AN AF Grabber, JH Ralph, J Hatfield, RD Quideau, S Kuster, T Pell, AN TI Dehydrogenation polymer-cell wall complexes as a model for lignified grass walls SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE gramineae; Zea mays; cell wall; fiber; peroxidase; p-hydroxycinnamyl alcohols; lignin; dehydrogenation polymer; transmission electron, microscopy; pyrolysis; thioacidolysis; NMR; fiber degradability ID BENZYL ETHERS; BIOSYNTHESIS; ALCOHOL; THIOACIDOLYSIS; LIGNIFICATION; PEROXIDASE; MECHANISM; CONIFERYL; FIBER; ACID AB p-Hydroxycinnamyl alcohols were efficiently polymerized into maize walls by wall-bound peroxidases and in vitro generated hydrogen peroxide to produce dehydrogenation polymer-cell wall (DHP-CW) complexes. Electron microscopy of KMnO4-stained sections revealed that DHPs were distributed throughout the cell wall matrix. DHP-CW complexes were structurally similar to natural grass lignins according to pyrolysis, thioacidolysis, and C-13-NMR spectroscopy. Nonlignified walls were rapidly degraded by rumen microorganisms and by commercial fungal hydrolases, whereas DHP-CW complexes had a reduced rate and extent of degradation. This system is useful for modeling matrix interactions in lignified walls and for identifying means of improving the utilization of lignocellulosic materials for nutritional and industrial purposes. C1 CORNELL UNIV, DEPT ANIM SCI, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. RP USDA ARS, US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR, FOREST PROD LAB, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. NR 49 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1453 EP 1459 DI 10.1021/jf9502717 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UT208 UT WOS:A1996UT20800016 ER PT J AU Foster, JG Todd, JR Fissel, GW AF Foster, JG Todd, JR Fissel, GW TI Quantitative measurement of fiber fractions of cool- and warm-season grass herbage using cell-wall-degrading enzymes SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cool-season grass; warm-season grass; orchardgrass; Dactylis glomerata L; tall fescue; Festuca arundinacea Schreb; big bluestem; Andropogon, gerardi Vitman; switchgrass; Panicum virgatum L.; fiber; digestibility; cell-wall-degrading enzymes; cellulase; pectinase; hemicellulase ID DRY-MATTER DIGESTIBILITY; CULTURED SYCAMORE CELLS; FUNGAL CELLULASE SOLUTIONS; MACROMOLECULAR COMPONENTS; FORAGE; PREDICTION; SOLUBILITY; INVITRO; DIGESTION; INVIVO AB Quantitative in vitro methods using commercial cellulase (GEL), pectinase (PECT), and hemicellulase (HCEL) preparations were developed to simplify prediction of digestibility of cool- and warm-season forage grasses. Samples of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L. var. Pennlate), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. var. KY 31) (cool-season grasses), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi Vitman var. NY 1145), and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L. var. KY 1625) (warm-season grasses) were taken at advancing stages of maturity. Isolated cell-wall material (CWM) was prepared by repetitively extracting lyophilized, ground tissue with aqueous and organic solvents. Relative solubilities of CWM digested individually with GEL, HCEL, or PECT were 100:30:40, respectively. When enzyme preparations were used sequentially, the influence of GEL, HCEL, and PECT on CWM solubility depended on the order in which the enzyme preparations occurred in the sequence. The fraction of CWM solubilized with CEL was similar to that obtained when CWM was digested with GEL, HCEL, and PECT simultaneously. Solubilities of cell-wall material in unfractionated tissues digested with CEL were comparable to those of corresponding CWM digested with GEL; thus, the laborious steps required for isolation of cell-wall, material can be avoided. C1 USDA ARS,US REG PASTURE RES LAB,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. RP Foster, JG (reprint author), USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN SOIL & WATER CONSERVAT RES LAB,POB 867,AIRPORT RD,BECKLEY,WV 25802, USA. NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1475 EP 1482 DI 10.1021/jf950592i PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UT208 UT WOS:A1996UT20800020 ER PT J AU Wu, YV Rosati, RR Brown, PB AF Wu, YV Rosati, RR Brown, PB TI Effect of diets containing various levels of protein and ethanol coproducts from corn on growth of tilapia fry SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE tilapia; corn gluten meal; corn gluten feed; corn distillers' grains with solubles AB Experimental diets containing 32-40% protein and 16-49% corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed, or corn distillers' grains with solubles were fed to tilapia with 0.4 g initial weight for 8 weeks in aquaria. Weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio for experimental and control diets were in the range of 3270-5320%, 1.06-1.38, and 1.87-2.37, respectively. Statistically, the highest weight gain was achieved from control diet and a 40% protein diet with 35% corn distillers' grains with solubles; the best feed conversion ratio was obtained from control diet and two 40% protein diets with 35% corn distillers' grains with solubles or 30% corn gluten feed; the highest protein efficiency ratio was from control diet and two 36% protein diets with 49% corn distillers' grains with solubles or 42% corn gluten feed. C1 USDA,NORMAL,IL 61790. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT FORESTRY & NAT RESOURCES,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP Wu, YV (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOPOLYMER RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 18 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1491 EP 1493 DI 10.1021/jf950733g PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UT208 UT WOS:A1996UT20800023 ER PT J AU Buttery, RG Ling, LC AF Buttery, RG Ling, LC TI Direct formation of 4-alkoxy derivatives from 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone and aliphatic alcohols SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone; alkoxy derivatives; synthesis; odor thresholds AB The reaction of 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone (DHF) with aliphatic alcohols using a small amount of strong acid catalyst proceeded, in an analogous way to classical carboxylic acid ester formation, to give good yields of the 4-alkoxy derivatives. This raises the possibility that this type of ester-like formation might occur in foods that contain both DHF and alcohols. Odor threshold determinations of 4-alkoxy DHF derivatives from a number of common food alcohols including methanol, ethanol, butanol, 3-methylbutanol, and (Z)-3-hexenol showed them, however, to be relatively weak odorants. RP Buttery, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1512 EP 1514 DI 10.1021/jf950451g PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UT208 UT WOS:A1996UT20800028 ER PT J AU Chortyk, OT Pomonis, JG Johnson, AW AF Chortyk, OT Pomonis, JG Johnson, AW TI Syntheses and characterizations of insecticidal sucrose esters SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sugar esters; insecticides; whiteflies; aphids; chromatography; syntheses; bioassays; correlation ID SURFACE-LIPIDS; GLANDULAR TRICHOMES; CUTICULAR COMPONENTS; APHID RESISTANCE; NICOTIANA; TOBACCO; GLYCOLIPIDS; POLYESTERS; LEAF; INTERESTERIFICATION AB New types of sucrose esters have been synthesized and shown to be potent insecticides against sweet potato whiteflies. On the basis of the structures of natural sucrose esters isolated from various Nicotiana species and which were shown to be potent whitefly insecticides, it was decided to synthesize similar sucrose esters. Specific conditions were worked out for the reaction of acid chloride with sucrose to yield a series of mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraacyl sucroses. As the active sucrose esters of Nicotiana species contain mainly heptanoic and octanoic acids esterified to sucrose, C-6-C-12 aliphatic acid sucrose esters were prepared. Capillary gas chromatography of their TMS derivatives showed that distinct groups of isomers were produced. Separation by silicic acid chromatography produced fractions containing individual groups of monoacyl sucroses, diacyl sucroses, triacyl sucroses, etc. Evaluations of individual groups of the C-6-C-12 acid sucroses showed that diheptanoyl sucroses, dioctanoyl sucroses, and dinonanoyl sucroses were most active against whiteflies and aphids. Details of syntheses, separations, GC and NMR data, and whitefly assays are presented. C1 USDA, FARGO, ND 58105 USA. CLEMSON UNIV, FLORENCE, SC 29501 USA. RP Chortyk, OT (reprint author), USDA, POB 5677, ATHENS, GA 30604 USA. NR 38 TC 46 Z9 53 U1 4 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1551 EP 1557 DI 10.1021/jf950615t PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UT208 UT WOS:A1996UT20800036 ER PT J AU Wagner, SC Zablotowicz, RM Gaston, LA Locke, MA Kinsella, J AF Wagner, SC Zablotowicz, RM Gaston, LA Locke, MA Kinsella, J TI Bentazon degradation in soil: Influence of tillage and history of bentazon application SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE herbicide; bentazon; no-tillage; herbicide degradation ID METRIBUZIN DEGRADATION AB Laboratory studies determined the fate of bentazon (3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide) in soil as affected by tillage and history of application. Bentazon degradation in two soils from Mississippi and three soils from Illinois under conventional-tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) (3-18 years) with varying histories of bentazon application (0-9 applications) was studied. The half-life (DT50) for bentazon degradation ranged from 4.6 to 49.5 d; half-lives for NT of the two soils with the longest history of bentazon application were lower than those for CT. Half-lives for soils with no bentazon history were 3-11-fold higher than bentazon half-lives of those previously exposed to bentazon. Dissipation of bentazon was accompanied with increases in nonextractable material. Methylbentazon was the most consistently observed metabolite (1.7-5.8% applied C-14 after 48 d). Bentazon mineralization ranged from 12% to 18% applied after 48 d and 2% to 3% applied after 22 d for bentazon history and nonhistory soils, respectively. Patterns of mineralization were affected by tillage in the two of the five soils with the longest bentazon history. C1 BASF,AGRON DEV CTR,LEXINGTON,IL. RP Wagner, SC (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO WEED SCI LAB,POB 350,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. OI Zablotowicz, Robert/0000-0001-8070-1998 NR 24 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1593 EP 1598 DI 10.1021/jf950551m PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UT208 UT WOS:A1996UT20800043 ER PT J AU Starr, RI Timm, RW Doxtader, KG Hurlbut, DB Volz, SA Goodall, M AF Starr, RI Timm, RW Doxtader, KG Hurlbut, DB Volz, SA Goodall, M TI Sorption and aerobic biodegradation of strychnine alkaloid in various soil systems SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE strychnine; soil sorption; degradation; breakdown products ID IONIC ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; MICROBIAL-DEGRADATION; EQUILIBRIA; WATER AB Strychnine alkaloid was demonstrated to sorb strongly to several western soils that varied in organic matter and ranged in texture from a loamy sand to a sandy clay,loam. Freundlich sorption coefficients (K) for the test soils varied from 40 to 169. A direct relationship was observed between strychnine sorption and cation exchange capacity but not between sorption and organic matter content. Strychnine sorption was only partially reversible (12-44%). Degradation of 10 mu g/g strychnine in sandy loam and sandy clay loam soils occurred in three distinct phases, which included a lag phase, a rapid loss phase, and a leveling off or soil binding phase. Approximately 50% of the strychnine was lost from the two soils within 24-27 days, with the appearance of a degradation product occurring early in the study. The initial breakdown products of strychnine are believed to be polar compounds with strong sorption characteristics. RP Starr, RI (reprint author), USDA,APHIS,DENVER WILDLIFE RES CTR,DENVER,CO 80225, USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1603 EP 1608 DI 10.1021/jf950295d PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UT208 UT WOS:A1996UT20800045 ER PT J AU Gregory, KE Echternkamp, SE Cundiff, LV AF Gregory, KE Echternkamp, SE Cundiff, LV TI Effects of twinning on dystocia, calf survival, calf growth, carcass traits, and cow productivity SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cattle; twinning; dystocia; calf production; growth; carcass; freemartins ID CATTLE; EFFICIENCY AB This paper reports results from a long-term experiment with a primary objective to increase twinning rate in cattle at the Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center. Survival of singles was 13% higher (P < .01) than that of twins at birth, and the difference in survival in favor of singles was of similar magnitude at 72 h (12.9%, P < .01), 150 d (14.8%, P < .01), and 200 d (15.2%, P < .01). Survival of calves with no dystocia was higher than survival of calves with dystocia: 8.6% (P < .01) at birth, 10.8% (P < .01) at 72 h, 12% (P < .01) at 150 d, and 12.2% (P < .01) at 200 d. The effect of dystocia on survival was greater (P < .01) in twins than in singles at birth and at 72 h. Least squares means for dystocia were 20.4% in singles compared with 42.2% in twins. Most of the dystocia in singles resulted from a traction requirement (84.7%) of normal presentations, whereas most of the dystocia in twins (77.8%) resulted from malpresentations, with 59.2% of the malpresentations accompanied with a requirement for traction. Survival in singles ranged from 10.7% to 15.3% greater than in twins at different ages when there was no requirement for assistance in either singles or twins. Calves born as singles were 8.8 kg heavier(P < .01) at birth and 28 kg heavier(P < .01) at 200 d than calves born and reared as twins. Calf weight produced per cow calving was 53.1%, 54.7%, and 58.4% greater (P < .01) at birth, 150 d, and 200 d, respectively, in cows producing twins than in cows producing singles. Cows producing twins had 65.2% more (P < .01) live calves at 200 d than cows producing singles. Single male calves gained 74 g more per day than twin males from birth to 200 d, 45 g more (P < .01) per day from 200 d to slaughter and 57 g more (P < .01) per day from birth to slaughter. Differences between twin and single males in carcass traits were small. A sample of steers from the Twinning Project gained significantly faster and produced significantly more desirable carcasses than a sample of steers from a high performance reference population. Freemartins did not differ (P > .05) from normal females in growth traits, but freemartins had higher (P < .05) scores for marbling with a higher percentage (P < .05) of USDA Choice or better quality grade carcasses and lower estimated percentage retail product. RP Gregory, KE (reprint author), ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,USDA,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 12 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 74 IS 6 BP 1223 EP 1233 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UR636 UT WOS:A1996UR63600007 PM 8791193 ER PT J AU VanVleck, LD Gregory, KE AF VanVleck, LD Gregory, KE TI Variances of additive and dominance genetic effects for ovulation and twinning rates in a population selected for twinning SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE reproduction; genetics; genetic variance; beef cattle ID RESTRICTED MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; NUMERATOR RELATIONSHIP MATRIX; ANIMAL-MODELS; BREEDING VALUES; CATTLE; COMPONENTS; PREDICTION; SURVIVAL; INVERSE AB Estimates of variances due to additive and dominance genetic effects and permanent and temporary environmental effects were obtained for ovulation and twinning rates from a composite population selected for twinning rate. Measures of ovulation rate after 11 mo of age on 2,317 heifers with a total of 19,209 measures were used. Twinning measures were on 1,522 first-parity cows, 1,311 later-parity cows with a total of 3,571 measures, and 1,704 all-parity cows with 5,100 measures. Models included fixed effects of year-season-age at calving for twinning, and year-season of birth, age in months, and calendar month of measurement for ovulation rate. Four analyses were performed for each sample: combinations of models with and without dominance effects and with and without covariates for fractions of inheritance from the seven foundation groups. Variance components as fractions of phenotypic variance for analysis of all ovulation rate measures were .076, .000, and .045 for additive, dominance, and permanent environmental effects with no foundation groups in the model and .069, .000, and .050 with foundation groups in the model. For sums of eight measures, the estimates were .287 and .000 for relative variances of additive and dominance effects with groups in the model and .316 and .000 with groups ignored. For twinning rate for first parity, estimates were .126 and .209 for relative variances of additive and dominance effects; for later parities, estimates were .045 and .035 for models including foundation group effects. The results suggest lack of dominance effects in expression of ovulation rate and the possibility of dominance effects for embryo and(or) fetal survival or conception rate because twinning rate is a function of ovulation, conception, and embryo and(or) fetal survival rates. C1 ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,USDA,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. RP VanVleck, LD (reprint author), ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,USDA,LINCOLN,NE 68583, USA. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 74 IS 6 BP 1234 EP 1239 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UR636 UT WOS:A1996UR63600008 PM 8791194 ER PT J AU Heitschmidt, RK Short, RE Grings, EE AF Heitschmidt, RK Short, RE Grings, EE TI Ecosystems, sustainability, and animal agriculture SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ecological efficiency; sustainable agriculture; beef cattle; ecosystem; energy flow AB The long-term sustainability of animal agriculture is examined in an ecological context. As an aid to defining agriculture, animal agriculture, and sustainable agriculture, a broad overview of the structural and functional aspects of ecosystems is presented. Energy output/cultural energy input ratios were then calculated for 11 beef cattle management systems as relative measures of their long-term sustainability. Energy output was estimated by direct conversion of whole body mass of steers to caloric values. Cultural energy inputs were estimated using published forage and cereal grain production budgets in combination with estimated organic matter intakes. Cultural energy inputs included raw materials, manufacturing, distribution, maintenance, and depreciation of all equipment and products used in a 250-animal cow-calf farm/ranch operation. Management systems evaluated included 1) spring calving with slaughter beginning at either weaning (age of calf approximate to 6 mo) or after 84, 168, or 252 d in postweaning finishing lot; 2) spring calving with slaughter beginning at about 18 mo of age after either 0, 42, 84, or 126 d in finishing lot; and 3) fall calving with slaughter beginning at about 14 mo of age after either 63, 126, or 189 d in finishing lot. Estimated efficiencies were < 1.0 in all treatments, even when assumed marketed calf crop was 100%. Product energy output/cultural energy input ratios ranged from a high of .40 in the spring calving --> stocker --> 126 d in finishing lot treatment to a low of .23 in the spring calving --> slaughter at weaning treatment. The low levels of efficiency were found to be largely the result of the interaction effects of the high levels of cultural energy required to maintain a productive cow herd and grow and finish calves in the rather harsh environment of the Northern Great Plains. Results pointedly reveal the high level of dependency of the U.S. beef cattle industry on fossil fuels. These findings in turn bring into question the ecological and economic risks associated with the current technology driving North American animal agriculture. RP Heitschmidt, RK (reprint author), USDA ARS,FT KEOGH LIVESTOCK & RANGE RES LAB,RT 1,BOX 2021,MILES CITY,MT 59301, USA. NR 21 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 8 U2 24 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 74 IS 6 BP 1395 EP 1405 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA UR636 UT WOS:A1996UR63600028 PM 8791214 ER PT J AU Ellis, KJ Shypailo, RJ Hergenroeder, A Perez, M Abrams, S AF Ellis, KJ Shypailo, RJ Hergenroeder, A Perez, M Abrams, S TI Total body calcium and bone mineral content: Comparison of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry with neutron activation analysis SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PHOTON ABSORPTIOMETRY; CALIBRATION; DESIGN; MASS AB The aim of this study was to compare the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurement of bone mass with an independent measure of body calcium obtained by neutron activation analysis (NAA), Total body bone mineral content (BMC) was measured using DXA in 46 subjects in the age range 5-47 years (17 children, 28 young women, and 1 adult male), Total body calcium (TBCa) was measured in the same subjects by in vivo NAA, The correlation between the two measures of bone mass was highly significant (BMC[g] = 3.22 x TBCa[g] - 51.4, r > 0.98, p < 0.0001, SEE(BMC) = 122.7 g), When BMC nas the independent parameter, the SEE(TBCa) was 37.5 g, Bland-Altman analysis indicated a mean difference of 2.8 g with a standard error +/-4.7 g for TBCaNAA versus TBCaDXA when the BMC values were converted to TBCa, The relative change in bone mass (Delta TBCa/Delta BMC) for DXA was higher than that reported for dual-photon absorptiometry versus NAA. The findings presented in this study provide translational equations among the DXA and NAA measurements and for the conversion of total body BMC to TBCa in children and young adults. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED, USDA ARS, CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR, DEPT PEDIAT, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 NR 24 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 11 IS 6 BP 843 EP 848 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA UN815 UT WOS:A1996UN81500015 PM 8725182 ER PT J AU Pfister, JA Manners, GD Gardner, DR Price, KW Ralphs, MH AF Pfister, JA Manners, GD Gardner, DR Price, KW Ralphs, MH TI Influence of alkaloid concentration on acceptability of tall larkspur (Delphinium spp) to cattle and sheep SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE plant toxins; palatabiiity; diterpenoid alkaloids; methyllycaconitine; Delphinium spp ID NORDITERPENOID ALKALOIDS; CONSUMPTION; HERBIVORES; PHENOLOGY; RANGELAND AB Tall larkspur (Delphinium spp.) is a serious toxic plant problem on western U.S. ranges, The major toxins in tall larkspur are methyllycaconitine (MLA) and 14-deacetylnudicauline (14-DAN); the sum of both is termed the toxic alkaloid concentration. Toxic alkaloids comprise about 20-50% of the total alkaloid concentration in tall larkspur. Toxic and total alkaloid concentration generally declines with maturity, whereas cattle and sheep consumption of larkspur typically increases with plant maturity. We hypothesized that cattle and sheep consumption of tall larkspur was negatively related to higher concentrations of total or toxic alkaloid. We compared consumption of several collections of dried, ground larkspur and fresh larkspur in a series of trials. In another trial, a crude alkaloid fraction was extracted with ethanol, added to alfalfa hay, and consumption compared to untreated alfalfa hay, alcohol-treated hay, and the essentially alkaloid-free plant residue. In all cases we correlated amounts eaten with total and toxic alkaloid concentration. A grazing trial was also conducted to relate larkspur consumption over time to alkaloid concentrations. Total alkaloid concentrations in dried, whole-plant collections ranged from 9.3 to 38.8 mg/g of dry weight, whereas toxic alkaloid concentrations varied from 0.0 to 7.1 mg/g. In one pen trial, cattle preferred a larkspur collection (P < 0.01) that contained no toxic alkaloids but had a high total alkaloid concentration (39 mg/g). There was no correlation (P > 0.05), however, between concentrations of total or toxic alkaloids and amount of dry plant consumed in this or any other trial. Conversely, sheep consumption tended to be negatively influenced by total and toxic alkaloid concentration (P less than or equal to 0.08). In the trials with extract, cattle preferred the alcohol-treated hay and rejected the alkaloid-free residue (P < 0.01), whereas the alkaloid-treated hay was of intermediate acceptability. Cattle preferred the alkaloid-treated hay over the alkaloid-free residue, indicating that alkaloids did not deter consumption. Conversely, the alkaloid-treated hay was less preferred than either untreated or alcohol-treated hay, suggesting a negative effect on acceptability. There was no correlation between alkaloid concentration and amount of treated feed eaten. In field trials, the amount of composited, fresh leaves or flowers eaten by cattle was influenced by plant part (P = 0.04), but was not related (P > 0.05) to alkaloid concentration. Cattle preferred leaves over Rowers when offered individual plants differing in phenological stage and/or amount of shade. but alkaloid concentration was not related to consumption. We conclude that knowledge of the concentration of total or toxic alkaloid in tall larkspur will give little or no indication of plant acceptability to cattle. Even though accurate predictions can be made about the potential toxicity of larkspur based on the concentration of toxic alkaloids, predictions about consumption must be based primarily on plant phenology. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN REG CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. RP Pfister, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,POISONOUS PLANT RES LAB,1150 E 1400 N,LOGAN,UT 84341, USA. NR 30 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 22 IS 6 BP 1147 EP 1168 DI 10.1007/BF02027951 PG 22 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UU170 UT WOS:A1996UU17000006 PM 24225934 ER PT J AU Marshall, WE Johns, MM AF Marshall, WE Johns, MM TI Agricultural by-products as metal adsorbents: Sorption properties and resistance to mechanical abrasion SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE soybean hulls; cottonseed hulls; adsorption; metals; abrasion resistance; wastewater ID REMOVAL; CADMIUM; FIBERS; HULL; IONS AB Defatted rice bran, soybean and cottonseed hulls were evaluated for their sorption properties and resistance to mechanical abrasion in consideration of their potential use as commercial metal adsorbents. These by-products were evaluated using both laboratory prepared solutions and metal plating wastewater for their ability to adsorb Zn(II) and/or Cu(II) and NI(II). Extrusion stabilized, pilot plant-prepared brans had greater adsorption capacities and adsorption efficiencies than expander stabilized, commercially available bran. All rice brans possessed low mechanical abrasion resistance in batch applications. NaOH- and HCl-washed soybean and cottonseed hulls had generally higher adsorption efficiencies than water-washed (control) hulls, but had higher or lower adsorption capacities, respectively, than water-washed hulls. Heat-treated cottonseed and soybean hulls had lower adsorption properties than water-washed hulls. Unlike rice bran, both soybean and cottonseed hulls were found to have high mechanical abrasion resistance in batch applications. Reuse of hulls after one adsorption/desorption (sorption) cycle resulted in a large decrease in adsorption capacity which classified hulls as single-use adsorbents when desorbed with HCl. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,LAES,DEPT FOOD SCI,BATON ROUGE,LA. RP Marshall, WE (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 12 TC 104 Z9 105 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0268-2575 J9 J CHEM TECHNOL BIOT JI J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 66 IS 2 BP 192 EP 198 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199606)66:2<192::AID-JCTB489>3.0.CO;2-C PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry; Engineering GA UP486 UT WOS:A1996UP48600012 ER PT J AU Abrams, SA OBrien, KO Stuff, JE AF Abrams, SA OBrien, KO Stuff, JE TI Changes in calcium kinetics associated with menarche SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM LA English DT Article ID PEAK BONE MASS; CHILDREN; PUBERTY AB To evaluate the consequences of puberty on calcium (Ca) metabolism, we measured Ca kinetic parameters in 43 healthy girls at 1-60 months post menarche. There was a close relationship between the logarithmic transform of the number of months post menarche and the bone Ca deposition rate (V-0+) (r = -0.90, P < 0.001). Using multiple regression analysis with the logarithmic transforms of chronological age and months pc,st menarche as independent parameters, we found that the number of months post menarche was more significantly correlated with V-0+ (t = -7.4, P < 0.0001) than with chronological age (t = -3.1, P = 0.003). A longitudinal study of 17 girls demonstrated a peak V-0+ approximately 8 months before menarche, with a decrease in V-0+ after menarche. These studies indicate that the peak time for bone Ca deposition is in the premenarcheal and perimenarcheal time period. The close correlation between V-0+ and months post menarche demonstrates the importance of puberty in consideration of bone Ca metabolism in girls. C1 TEXAS CHILDRENS HOSP, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV, SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH, CTR HUMAN NUTR, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 USA. RP Abrams, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS, CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR, DEPT PEDIAT, BAYLOR COLL MED, 1100 BATES ST, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 FU NIAMS NIH HHS [AR-07912] NR 22 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0021-972X EI 1945-7197 J9 J CLIN ENDOCR METAB JI J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 81 IS 6 BP 2017 EP 2020 DI 10.1210/jc.81.6.2017 PG 4 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA UQ022 UT WOS:A1996UQ02200002 PM 8964820 ER PT J AU Carpenter, TO Keller, M Schwartz, D Mitnick, M Smith, C Ellison, A Carey, D Comite, F Horst, R Travers, R Glorieux, FH Gundberg, CM Poole, AR Insogna, KL AF Carpenter, TO Keller, M Schwartz, D Mitnick, M Smith, C Ellison, A Carey, D Comite, F Horst, R Travers, R Glorieux, FH Gundberg, CM Poole, AR Insogna, KL TI 24,25 dihydroxyvitamin D supplementation corrects hyperparathyroidism and improves skeletal abnormalities in X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets - A clinical research center study SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM LA English DT Article ID VITAMIN-D METABOLITES; D-RESISTANT RICKETS; PARATHYROID-HORMONE SECRETION; PHOSPHATE; BONE; 24,25-DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL; THERAPY; RATS; 24R,25(OH)2D3; OSTEOMALACIA AB Therapy for X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) only partially corrects skeletal lesions and is often complicated by hyperparathyroidism. 24,25(OH)(2) D-3 improves skeletal lesions in a murine model of XLH and suppresses PTH secretion in animals. Therefore, we undertook a placebo-controlled. trial of 24,25(OH)(2) D-3 supplementation to standard treatment in patients with XLH to improve bone disease and reduce hyperparathyroid complications. Fifteen subjects with XLH receiving standard treatment [1,25(OH)(2) D-3 or dihydrotachysterol plus phosphate] were evaluated, supplemented with placebo, and revaluated one yr later. 24,25(OH)(2) D-3 supplementation was than begun and studies repeated after another year. Each patient underwent a detailed evaluation of calcium homeostasis over a 24-h period. Rachitic abnormalities were assessed radiographically in children. Adults underwent bone biopsies. 24,25(OH)(2) D-3 normalized PTH Values in nine subjects (peak PTH was 48.5 +/- 6.6 pmol/L at entry, 42.3 +/- 5.9 pmol/L after placebo, and 23.3 +/- 5.4 pmol/L after 24,25(OH)(2) D-3). Nephrogenous cAMP decreased at night, coincident with the decrease in PTH, and serum phosphorus was slightly greater with 24,25(OH)(2) D-3. Radiographic features of rickets improved during 24,25(OH)(2) D-3 supplementation in children, and osteoid surface decreased in adults. 24,25(OH)(2) D-3 is a useful adjunct to standard therapy in XLH by effecting correction of hyperparathyroidism and improvement of rickets and osteomalacia. C1 YALE UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT INTERNAL MED, ENDOCRINE SECT, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520 USA. YALE UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT DIAGNOST RADIOL, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520 USA. YALE UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT ORTHOPAED & REHABIL, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520 USA. MCGILL UNIV, SHRINERS HOSP, GENET UNIT, MONTREAL, PQ H3G 1A6, CANADA. MCGILL UNIV, SHRINERS HOSP, JOINT DIS LAB, MONTREAL, PQ H3G 1A6, CANADA. USDA, NATL ANIM DIS CTR, AMES, IA 50010 USA. SCHNEIDER CHILDRENS HOSP, NEW HYDE PK, NY 11042 USA. RP Carpenter, TO (reprint author), YALE UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT PEDIAT, ENDOCRINE SECT, POB 208064, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520 USA. FU FDA HHS [FDR-00671]; NCRR NIH HHS [RR-06022] NR 34 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0021-972X EI 1945-7197 J9 J CLIN ENDOCR METAB JI J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 81 IS 6 BP 2381 EP 2388 DI 10.1210/jc.81.6.2381 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA UQ022 UT WOS:A1996UQ02200064 PM 8964881 ER PT J AU Millen, BE Franz, MM Quatromoni, PA Gagnon, DR Sonnenberg, LM Ordovas, JM Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ Cupples, LA AF Millen, BE Franz, MM Quatromoni, PA Gagnon, DR Sonnenberg, LM Ordovas, JM Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ Cupples, LA TI Diet and plasma lipids in women .1. Macronutrients and plasma total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in women: The Framingham nutrition studies SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diet; plasma lipids; lipoproteins; apo E phenotype; estrogen; menopausal status ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; MONOUNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; NUTRIENT INTAKE; BLOOD-LIPIDS; SERUM-LIPIDS; HEALTHY-MEN; APOLIPOPROTEIN; PREVALENCE AB This study examined relationships between diet and plasma total and LDL cholesterol levels in a population based sample of 695 premenopausal and 727 postmenopausal women participating in the Framingham Offspring/Spouse Study. Regression analyses controlled for age, caloric intake, apolipoprotein E isoform type, estrogen use, and important CVD risk factors indicated that plasma total and LDL cholesterol levels were directly associated with consumption of saturated fat and inversely associated with total calorie intake. In contrast, dietary cholesterol was not a predictor of plasma total or LDI, cholesterol levels. Total cholesterol levels were also directly associated with total fat, oleic acid, and animal fat, and inversely associated with carbohydrate intake. Stepwise regressions with key nutrients indicated that saturated fat was consistently associated with total and LDL cholesterol levels in Framingham women. These analyses suggest that diet explains 2% of the variability in these lipid levels in a cross sectional sample of women; the full model explains 22-27%. C1 BOSTON UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT SOCIAL & BEHAV SCI,BOSTON,MA 02118. BOSTON UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & BIOSTAT,BOSTON,MA 02118. MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,DEPT DIETET,BOSTON,MA 02118. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. FRAMINGHAM HEART DIS EPIDEMIOL STUDY,FRAMINGHAM,MA 01701. RP Millen, BE (reprint author), BOSTON UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,OFF DIRECTOR,85 E NEWTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02118, USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01 HC 38038, N01-HV-38038, R01 HL 40423-02] NR 48 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0895-4356 J9 J CLIN EPIDEMIOL JI J. Clin. Epidemiol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 49 IS 6 BP 657 EP 663 DI 10.1016/0895-4356(96)00030-3 PG 7 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UR415 UT WOS:A1996UR41500011 PM 8656227 ER PT J AU Sonnenberg, LM Quatromoni, PA Gagnon, DR Cupples, LA Franz, MM Ordovas, JM Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ Millen, BE AF Sonnenberg, LM Quatromoni, PA Gagnon, DR Cupples, LA Franz, MM Ordovas, JM Wilson, PWF Schaefer, EJ Millen, BE TI Diet and plasma lipids in women .2. Macronutrients and plasma triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, and the ratio of total to high density lipoprotein cholesterol in women: The Framingham nutrition studies SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diet; HDL; T/H ratio; triglycerides; apo E phenotype; menopausal status ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; MODERATE ALCOHOL INTAKE; SERUM-LIPIDS; FATTY-ACIDS; OAT BRAN; FIBER; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; CARBOHYDRATE; SUBFRACTIONS; CONSUMPTION AB This study examined relationships between macronutrients and plasma triglycerides, HDL, and the total to-HDL cholesterol ratio (T/H ratio) in a population-based sample of 695 premenopausal and 727 postmenopausal women participating in the Framingham Offspring/Spouse Study. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that plasma triglycerides were inversely related to protein, fiber, and polyunsaturated fat and directly related to saturated fat and oleic acid. Alcohol intake was directly related to HDL cholesterol and inversely related to the T/H ratio in all subgroups of women, except for postmenopausal women with the 3/2 or 2/2 apolipoprotein E phenotype. Similarly, a direct relationship between dietary fat and HDL cholesterol was limited to this single subgroup of postmenopausal women. Since dietary fat and alcohol do not appear to have consistent effects on plasma lipids in all groups of women, it is important to consider the genetic contribution to diet/lipid relationships in epidemiological studies and when evaluating lipid-lowering interventions. C1 BOSTON UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT SOCIAL & BEHAV SCI,BOSTON,MA 02118. BOSTON UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & BIOSTAT,BOSTON,MA 02118. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,LIPID METAB LAB,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. FRAMINGHAM HEART DIS EPIDEMIOL STUDY,FRAMINGHAM,MA 01701. BOSTON UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,OFF DIRECTOR,BOSTON,MA 02118. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HV-38038, N01 HC 38038, R01 HL 40423-02] NR 39 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0895-4356 J9 J CLIN EPIDEMIOL JI J. Clin. Epidemiol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 49 IS 6 BP 665 EP 672 DI 10.1016/0895-4356(96)00031-5 PG 8 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UR415 UT WOS:A1996UR41500012 PM 8656228 ER PT J AU Baszler, TV Knowles, DP Dubey, JP Gay, JM Mathison, BA McElwain, TF AF Baszler, TV Knowles, DP Dubey, JP Gay, JM Mathison, BA McElwain, TF TI Serological diagnosis of bovine neosporosis by Neospora caninum monoclonal antibody-based competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WESTERN-BLOT-ANALYSIS; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; CATTLE; INFECTIONS; TRANSMISSION; ABORTIONS; ANTIGENS; SERUM; DOGS AB Neospora caninum, a protozoan parasite closely related to Toxoplasma gondii, causes abortion and congenital infection in cattle. To investigate specific methods of antemortem diagnosis, the antibody responses of infected cows were evaluated by immunoblot assay and competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CI-ELISA) by using a monoclonal antibody (MAb), MAb 4A4-2, against N. caninum tachyzoites. MAb 4A4-2 bound diffusely to the exterior surface of N. caninum tachyzoites and recognized a single 65-kDa band in immunoblots. MAb 4A4-2 was unreactive to antigens of two closely related apicomplexan protozoa, Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis cruzi. Binding of MAb 4A4-2 was inhibited by mild periodate treatment of N. caninum antigen, demonstrating the carbohydrate nature of the epitope. Immunoblot analysis of N. caninum tachyzoite antigens with sera from cows with confirmed Neospora-induced abortion revealed at minimum 14 major antigens ranging from 11 to 175 kDa. Although the recognized antigens varied from cow to cow, antigens of 116, 65, and 25 kDa were detected in all cows with abortion confirmed to he caused by N. caninum. The binding of MAb 4A4-2 to N. caninum tachyzoite antigen was consistently inhibited by sera from Neospora-infected cows in a CI-ELISA format and was not inhibited by sera from Neospora antibody-negative cows. Furthermore, sera from cattle experimentally infected with T. gondii, S. cruzi, Sarcocystis hominis, or Sarcocystis hirsuta, which had cross-reactive antibodies recognizing multiple N. caninum antigens by immunoblot assay, did not inhibit binding of MAb 4A4-2 in the CI-ELISA. Thus, MAb 4A4-2 binds a carbohydrate epitope on a single N. caninum tachyzoite surface antigen that is recognized consistently and specifically by Neospora-infected cattle. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,WASHINGTON ANIM DIS DIAGNOST LAB,PULLMAN,WA 99165. USDA ARS,ANIM DIS RES UNIT,PULLMAN,WA 99164. AGR RES SERV,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,FIELD DIS INVEST UNIT,DEPT VET CLIN SCI,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP Baszler, TV (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT VET MICROBIOL & PATHOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. NR 48 TC 82 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1423 EP 1428 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UL311 UT WOS:A1996UL31100014 PM 8735092 ER PT J AU Radin, MJ Swayne, DE Gigliotti, A Hoepf, T AF Radin, MJ Swayne, DE Gigliotti, A Hoepf, T TI Renal function and organic anion and cation transport during dehydration and/or food restriction in chickens SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE renal function; dehydration; organic ion transport; food intake; chicken ID GLOMERULAR-FILTRATION RATE; ARGININE VASOTOCIN; WATER-DEPRIVATION; GALLUS-DOMESTICUS; URATE; FOWL AB The effect of dehydration in the presence or absence of continued food intake on renal function was evaluated in chickens. In addition, renal transport of organic anions and cations under these conditions was assessed in vitro by uptake of C-14-para-aminohippuric acid and C-14-tetraethylammonium bromide by renal slices. Water restriction with continued food intake resulted in increases in serum osmolality and serum concentrations of sodium, uric acid, calcium and total protein. If food was restricted in addition to water, only serum osmolality and sodium concentration were significantly increased after 48 hours. Dehydration with continued access to food resulted in marked decreases in extracellular fluid volume, glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow. If food was restricted during dehydration, the decrease in effective renal plasma flow was attenuated despite reductions in glomerular filtration rate and extracellular fluid comparable to that seen in dehydrated birds allowed free access to food. Transport of organic anions was significantly increased after 24 and 48 hours of water restriction, regardless of whether food was withheld. Enhanced transport of organic anions in the presence of decreased glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow during dehydration may promote precipitation of urates and nephrosis in chickens. C1 AGR RES SERV,SE POULTRY RES LAB,USDA,ATHENS,GA 30605. RP Radin, MJ (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT VET BIOSCI,1925 COFFEY RD,COLUMBUS,OH 43210, USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0174-1578 J9 J COMP PHYSIOL B JI J. Comp. Physiol. B-Biochem. Syst. Environ. Physiol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 166 IS 2 BP 138 EP 143 DI 10.1007/BF00301177 PG 6 WC Physiology; Zoology SC Physiology; Zoology GA UW729 UT WOS:A1996UW72900007 PM 8766911 ER PT J AU Almeida, RA Matthews, KR Cifrian, E Guidry, AJ Oliver, SP AF Almeida, RA Matthews, KR Cifrian, E Guidry, AJ Oliver, SP TI Staphylococcus aureus invasion of bovine mammary epithelial cells SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE invasion; mastitis; bovine; Staphylococcus aureus ID GROUP-B STREPTOCOCCI; CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI; ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; HEP-2 CELLS; ADHERENCE; PHAGOCYTOSIS; PENETRATION; INFECTIONS; COMPONENTS; MASTITIS AB Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent cause of mastitis in dairy cows. However, pathogenesis of the infection has not been completely defined. We report the invasion of two strains of S. aureus into a bovine mammary epithelial cell line and a bovine mammary epithelial cell primary culture. Invasion of S. aureus into bovine mammary cells was time-dependent. Transmission electron microscopy of bovine mammary cells invaded by S. aureus showed intracellular replication of the bacterium within membrane-bound vacuoles. Invasion was reduced significantly when bovine mammary epithelial cells were treated with inhibitors of F-actin microfilament polymerization but not when these cells were treated with inhibitors of microtubule formation. Results indicated that S. aureus is capable of invading and replicating inside bovine mammary epithelial cells. Data also suggested that S. aureus invasion of bovine mammary epithelial cells requires active participation of specific components of the cytoskeleton of the epithelial cell. C1 UNIV TENNESSEE,INST AGR,DEPT ANIM SCI,KNOXVILLE,TN 37901. RUTGERS STATE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903. ARS,MILK SECRET & MASTITIS LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 34 TC 156 Z9 159 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSN PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 79 IS 6 BP 1021 EP 1026 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA UX170 UT WOS:A1996UX17000012 PM 8827466 ER PT J AU Collins, AM Rubink, WL Aguilar, JIC Hellmich, RL AF Collins, AM Rubink, WL Aguilar, JIC Hellmich, RL TI Use of insect repellents for dispersing defending honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Apis mellifera; repellents; colony defense; diethyl-meta-tolumide; menthol; stinging AB Some ecotypes of the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., show excessive levels of colony defense that have occasionally resulted in human and animal deaths. In cases where death has occurred, the victim, animal or human, has often been confined or panicked into an area from which it cannot escape. Our study was done to evaluate the use of repellents to reduce the severity of the stinging during accidental disturbances of excessively defensive colonies. Three mosquito repellents (diethyl-meta-toluamide, 2-ethyl-1,3-hexandiol, and dimethyl phthlate) and 2 odiferous compounds known to be repellent to honey bees (benzaldehyde and menthol) were tested in European (Texas) and Africanized (Mexico) apiaries by victims in protective clothing. When sprayed as an aerosol at the defending worker bees, all the compounds significantly reduced the number of bees around the victim and the number of stings in a patch of suede exposed during the test. DEET was consistently the most effective repellent. A number of materials could be developed as repellents for emergency use by individuals that are at high risk of encountering wild honey bee colonies in the course of their daily activity. C1 USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,HONEY BEE RES UNIT,WESLACO,TX 78596. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 89 IS 3 BP 608 EP 613 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UN088 UT WOS:A1996UN08800007 ER PT J AU Miller, DM Koehler, PG Patterson, RS AF Miller, DM Koehler, PG Patterson, RS TI Influence of German cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) fecal extract on food consumption and harborage choice SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Blattella germanica; fecal extract; aggregation pheromone; consumption ID AGGREGATION PHEROMONE; ORTHOPTERA; COMPONENTS; BLATTIDAE; FIELD; TAXES AB The influence of fecal extract on German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), consumption and harborage choice was evaluated in 24-h dual choice arena tests. The mean number of German cockroaches entering and remaining in harborages containing food treated with fecal extract (100 or 1,000-mu l dose levels; no effect was observed at the 10-mu l dose level) was significantly greater than that expected from a 50% distribution. However, the fecal extract applied directly on the food source did not enhance consumption. At the 1,000-mu l dose level, consumption of the control food was significantly greater than that of the extract-treated food. These results indicate that German cockroaches preferentially consumed the food in control harborages but left the food to aggregate in harborages containing fecal extract. Dual-choice arena tests where fecal extract was placed adjacent to the food source (inside the harborage) resulted in significantly more German cockroaches (>50%) aggregating in harborages containing the fecal extract. Food consumption in harborages containing the fecal extract (100 and 1,000 mu l) was also significantly greater than in controls with no fecal extract. These results demonstrate that the number of German cockroaches in the harborage increased when fecal extract was present. Larger numbers of cockroaches resulted in increased food consumption when fecal extract was placed adjacent to the food source. C1 USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. RP Miller, DM (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT ENTOMOL & NEMATOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA. NR 31 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 89 IS 3 BP 668 EP 672 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UN088 UT WOS:A1996UN08800014 ER PT J AU Klotz, JH Oi, DH Vail, KM Williams, DF AF Klotz, JH Oi, DH Vail, KM Williams, DF TI Laboratory evaluation of a boric acid liquid bait on colonies of Tapinoma melanocephalum Argentine ants and Pharaoh ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Linepithema humile; Monomorium pharaonis; Tapinoma melanocephalum; baits AB A 1% boric acid-sucrose water bait and 0.9% hydramethylnon granular bait were evaluated for efficacy against small laboratory colonies of Tapinoma melanocephalum (F.); Argentine ants, Linepithema humile (Mayr); and Pharaoh ants, Monomorium pharaonis (L.). T melanocephalum workers were reduced by 97% in the 1st wk and brood reduced by 96% in the 3rd wk when colonies were exposed to boric acid bait for as few as 3 d. The hydramethylnon bait did not significantly affect colony growth. L. humile colonies exposed to boric acid bait for 3 d resulted in reductions of 75 and 88% for workers and brood, respectively, by the 3rd wk. L. humile colonies exposed continuously caused a 90% reduction of workers and brood by the 3rd wk. Workers and brood in colonies exposed to hydramethylnon bait were reduced 86 and 77%, respectively, after 3 wk After exposure to boric acid bait for 3 d, M. pharaonis workers and brood were reduced 73 and 50%, respectively, by 8 wk. A continuous exposure of boric acid or hydramethylnon baits caused reductions of 90 and 60% for workers and brood, respectively, by 3 wk. C1 USDA ARS, MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB, IMPORTED FIRE ANT & HOUSEHOLD INSECTS RES UNIT, GAINESVILLE, FL 32608 USA. NR 18 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 89 IS 3 BP 673 EP 677 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UN088 UT WOS:A1996UN08800015 ER PT J AU Mauldin, JK Kard, BM AF Mauldin, JK Kard, BM TI Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate treatments to slash pine for protection against formosan subterranean termite and eastern subterranean termite: (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE termites; wood preservation; borates; boric acid ID LYCTID BEETLE INFESTATIONS; INTEGRATED PROTECTION; BORON; RESISTANCE; VIROLA AB Minimum retentions of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) needed in slash pine, Pinus elliottii Engelm. variety elliottii, wood to provide maximum protection against 2 species of subterranean termites were determined in choice and no-choice laboratory tests. Efficacy criteria for DOT were greater than or equal to 90% termite mortality and less than or equal to 5% loss in weight of treated wooden blocks. For termites fed only DOT-treated wood, 0.10 and 0.30% boric acid equivalent (BAE, percentage of belie acid based on dry weight of wood, assuming all boron is present as boric acid) protected wood from the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), and Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, respectively. When termites had a choice between treated or nontreated wooden blocks, 0.30% BAE protected wood from R. flavipes, but the highest retention tested, 0.54% BAE, was not effective against C. formosanus. In a nonleaching field study where wooden blocks were not in contact with soil or exposed to rain, a BAE of 0.30% protected tile wood from naturally occurring Reticulitermes sp. for 18 mo. In wooden structures under constant pressure from subterranean termites, concentrations >0.54% BAE may be required to protect wood, especially against C. formosanus. RP Mauldin, JK (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FORESTRY SCI LAB,USDA,POB 2008,GMF,GULFPORT,MS 39505, USA. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 89 IS 3 BP 682 EP 688 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UN088 UT WOS:A1996UN08800017 ER PT J AU Miller, RW Schmidtmann, ET Wauchope, RD Clegg, CM Herner, AE Weber, H AF Miller, RW Schmidtmann, ET Wauchope, RD Clegg, CM Herner, AE Weber, H TI Urine delivery of cyromazine for suppressing house and stable flies (Diptera: Muscidae) in outdoor dairy calf hutches SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Musca domestica; Stomoxys calcitrans; cyromazine; dairy hutches AB In a series of 4 trials, dairy calves housed in outdoor hutches were administered technical cyromazine daily at rates of 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/kg body weight. Cyromazine was excreted primarily in the urine. The 2 highest rates prevented the development of immature stages of both the house fly, Musca domestica L., and the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans (L.). Analysis of calf body tissues for cyromazine and its metabolite, melamine, indicated that highest combined residues (less than or equal to 0.35 ppm) were found in the kidney. Lower levels of residues were found in kidney fat and liver, and occasionally in round muscle. C1 USDA ARS,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,NEMATODE WEEDS & CROPS RES UNIT,TIFTON,GA 31793. RP Miller, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS,LIVESTOCK INSECTS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 89 IS 3 BP 689 EP 694 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UN088 UT WOS:A1996UN08800018 PM 8642111 ER PT J AU Neven, LG Rehfield, LM Shellie, KC AF Neven, LG Rehfield, LM Shellie, KC TI Moist and vapor forced air treatments of apples and pears: Effects on the mortality of fifth instar codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cydia pomonella; Tortricidae; pome fruit; heat treatment; quarantine; cold storage ID PRESTORAGE HEAT-TREATMENT; QUARANTINE TREATMENT; METHYL-BROMIDE; TEMPERATURE; QUALITY; STORAGE; LARVAE AB Apples and pears were exposed to forced hot air to generate simulated fruit heating profiles in a computer controlled, graduated temperature water bath system and to evaluate the effects of the heat treatments on 5th-instar codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.). Three apple and 2 pear varieties were exposed to 3 temperatures (44, 46, and 48 degrees C) of forced air under either moist or vapor conditions. The fruit heating profiles were used to program a computer controlled water bath to simulate fruit heating for treatment of 5th-instar codling moth. Heat treatments in which fruit core temperatures did not exceed 43 degrees C were the least effective in causing mortality, whereas treatments that produced core temperatures greater than or equal to 46 degrees C were the most effective. Heating rates were slower for the moist forced air heating than vapor forced air; these rates resulted in slightly less effective larval kill, Mortalities of larvae infesting apples exposed to vapor forced air at 44 degrees C approximated those obtained in the computerized water bath system. Whenever the heat treatment was followed by cold storage, larval mortality was enhanced. C1 USDA ARS,SUBTROP RES LAB,WESLACO,TX 78596. RP Neven, LG (reprint author), USDA ARS,YAKIMA AGR RES LAB,5230 KONNOWAC PASS RD,WAPATO,WA 98951, USA. NR 26 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 89 IS 3 BP 700 EP 704 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UN088 UT WOS:A1996UN08800020 ER PT J AU Yokoyama, VY Miller, GT Hartsell, PL Hatchett, JH AF Yokoyama, VY Miller, GT Hartsell, PL Hatchett, JH TI Complete mortality of Hessian fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) puparia in two large-scale tests to confirm the efficacy of a multiple quarantine treatment for compressed hay exported to Japan SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mayetiola destructor; hydrogen phosphide; multiple quarantine treatment AB Hessian By, Mayetiola destructor (Say), was reared in a greenhouse in Fresno, CA, to eliminate interstate shipments of test materials. Two large-scale tests fulfilled regulatory test requirements for control of Hessian By in compressed hay for export to Japan. We confirmed the efficacy of a multiple quarantine treatment (greater than or equal to 80 kg/cm(2) compression and 60 g/28.3 m(3) aluminum phosphide for 7 d at 22 degrees C). A large-scale test with timothy, Phleum pratense, hay and a 2nd test with alfalfa, Medicago sativa, combined with Sudan grass, Sorghum bicolor sudanensis, hays loaded in 76.2-m(3) freight containers resulted in complete mortality of 38,957 and 37,345 Hessian fly puparia, respectively. These species of hay were representative of previously tested species including oat, Avena sativa, and Bermuda grass, Cynodon dactylon, hays and rye straw, Secale cereale. Copper plate corrosion values, bale temperatures, and fumigant concentrations were similar throughout the freight containers in both tests. Lower fumigant concentrations in the 2nd test than in the 1st test were attributed to leakage. Hydrogen phosphide residues 1 d after fumigation and overnight aeration resulted in concentrations below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency tolerance of 0.1 ppm. Hessian fly has not been reported as an economic pest of wheat in California for the past 20 yr. Most Hessian fly puparia and pupa in our tests were located in wheat plants in the area below 1.9 cm above the bottom of the stem, an area below the cutting height of hay. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,USDA ARS,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. RP Yokoyama, VY (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,2021 S PEACH AVE,FRESNO,CA 93727, USA. NR 9 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 89 IS 3 BP 705 EP 711 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UN088 UT WOS:A1996UN08800021 ER PT J AU Soderstrom, EL Brandl, DG Mackey, BE AF Soderstrom, EL Brandl, DG Mackey, BE TI High temperature and controlled atmosphere treatment of codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) infested walnuts using a gas-tight treatment chamber SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cydia pomonella; heat; controlled atmospheres; walnut ID OXYGEN ATMOSPHERES; CARBON-DIOXIDE AB A prototype treatment chamber for application of high temperature alone or with controlled atmospheres was designed and tested for disinfesting walnut fruit of diapausing larvae of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L,.). All treatments were made at 43 degrees C with air, 0.5% oxygen (in nitrogen), or 98% carbon dioxide (balance air). Earlier in vitro laboratory research, at 43 degrees C, provided exposure time estimates for 95% mortality of 45.2 h for air, 14.6 h for 0.5% O-2, and 5.2 h for 98% CO2. Treatment of diapausing codling moth larvae within walnuts under these conditions in the prototype chamber resulted in mortalities of 97.6% for air, 96.1% for 0.5% O-2, and 97.6% for CO2. Surviving larvae were moribund and subsequently died. C1 WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. RP Soderstrom, EL (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,COMMOD PROTECT & QUARANTINE INSECT RES UNIT,2021 S PEACH AVE,FRESNO,CA 93727, USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 89 IS 3 BP 712 EP 714 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UN088 UT WOS:A1996UN08800022 ER PT J AU Hardin, JM Willers, JL Wagner, TL AF Hardin, JM Willers, JL Wagner, TL TI Nonparametric multiple comparisons of survivorship distributions SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anthonomous grandis; Heliothis virescens; survival analysis; multiple comparisons; censored data ID PATTERNS; SURVIVAL AB Several common, nonparametric methods of analysis exist for determining significance among survival distributions of K groups or populations. One problem with these methods is that they cannot determine which survival distributions are different from one another if the global hypothesis of equality is rejected (that is, if all distributions are not equivalent). We discuss the answer to this problem and illustrate the use of a little-known, nonparametric approach for making multiple comparisons among K > 2 survival distributions. This procedure can be used with survival data that include censored observations. An observation on the survival time of an individual insect is censored if the study is concluded before death occurs, or if the insect is lost (for example, escaped) for reasons not related to the experiment. The use of the Sidak inequality to adjust the comparison-wise error rate is discussed. The procedure is illustrated using 2 entomological examples. C1 USDA ARS,CROP SIMULAT RES UNIT,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. RP Hardin, JM (reprint author), UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT BIOSTAT & BIOMATH,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294, USA. NR 29 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 89 IS 3 BP 715 EP 721 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UN088 UT WOS:A1996UN08800023 ER PT J AU Clement, SL Lester, DG Wilson, AD Johnson, RC Bouton, JH AF Clement, SL Lester, DG Wilson, AD Johnson, RC Bouton, JH TI Expression of Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) resistance in genotypes of tall fescue harboring different isolates of Acremonium endophyte SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aphids; Diuraphis noxia; Acremonium fungi; grass; plant resistance ID PERENNIAL RYEGRASS; FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES; TURFGRASSES AB Experiments were conducted to compare die expression of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), resistance in 2 genotypes of tall fescue grass, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., harboring different isolates of the endophytic fungus Acremonium coenophialum Morgan-Jones & Gams. Aphids did not select endophyte-free over endophyte-infected tiller sections in laboratory tests. In a laboratory population growth test, aphid numbers declined for 2 d on all endophyte-free plants and then increased. Aphid mortality was 100% on all infected plants after 4 d. Thus, antibiosis resistance to D. noxia was not specific to tall fescue genotype or to Acremonium isolate. In a field plot, numbers of Russian wheat aphids were significantly higher on endophyte-free tall fescue. Using these results, and results of other studies involving Acremonium-enhanced resistance to D. noxia in tall fescue and other host grasses, the potential for using D. noxia to screen grass germplasm for Acremonium fungi is discussed. C1 US FOREST SERV,SO HARDWOODS LAB,SO FOREST EXPT STN,USDA,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT AGRON,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP Clement, SL (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,WESTERN REG PLANT INTRODUCT STN,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. RI Wilson, Alphus/Q-2137-2015 OI Wilson, Alphus/0000-0003-2352-5232 NR 23 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 89 IS 3 BP 766 EP 770 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UN088 UT WOS:A1996UN08800029 ER PT J AU Clement, SL Evans, MA Lester, DG AF Clement, SL Evans, MA Lester, DG TI Settling and feeding responses of pea weevil (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) to flowers of selected pea lines SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bruchus pisorum; feeding behavior; peas; antixenosis resistance; Markov chains ID PISORUM L COLEOPTERA; BRUCHUS-PISORUM; POLLEN AB This study characterized the settling and feeding responses of female pea weevils, Bruchus pisorum (L.), to flowers of pea lines varying in their susceptibility to pea weevil oviposition and, in so doing, sought to examine the potential of using weevil responses to flowers to screen pea germplasm for antixenosis resistance. In dual-choice laboratory tests, weevils were less frequently observed settling and feeding on flowers of plant introduction lines (PI 196027, PI 263026) with pod antixenosis to ovipositing weevils than on flowers of 2 cultivars ('Alaska', 'Garfield') susceptible to oviposition. Weevils did not discriminate when exposed to 2 flowers from susceptible lines or 2 flowers from resistant lines. These results suggest it may be possible to use a flower assay to screen pea germplasm for antixenosis resistance to pea weevil. This study also demonstrates the application of Markov chain models for the analysis of data in which repeated categorical responses of test insects are observed. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, PROGRAM STAT, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. US FOREST SERV, SO HARDWOODS LAB, SO FOREST EXPT STN, USDA, STONEVILLE, MS 38776 USA. RP Clement, SL (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, USDA ARS, WESTERN REG PLANT INTRODUCT STN, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 89 IS 3 BP 775 EP 779 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UN088 UT WOS:A1996UN08800031 ER PT J AU Danielson, WR Degraaf, RM Fuller, TK AF Danielson, WR Degraaf, RM Fuller, TK TI An inexpensive compact automatic camera system for wildlife research SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHOTOGRAPHIC SYSTEM; NEST PREDATORS; BIRDS; DENSITY; EGGS AB This paper describes the design, conversion, and deployment of a reliable, compact, automatic multiple-exposure photographic system that was used to photograph nest predation events. This system may be die most versatile yet described in the literature because of its simplicity; portability, and dependability. The system was very reliable because it was designed around a high quality, all-electronic camera. It was an inexpensive alternative (about US $110) to the few other commercially available photographic systems that offered similar features, and was the first system to provide these features in a compact, highly portable, and easily concealed field unit. Under all held conditions, in all seasons, day and night, the system consistently produced clear photographs of animals visiting artificial nests and scent-stations. This system was simple to operate because there was only one moving part, making malfunctions rare and easy to identify and fix. C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,USDA FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,AMHERST,MA 01003. RP Danielson, WR (reprint author), UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT FORESTRY & WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT,AMHERST,MA 01003, USA. NR 23 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI BELOIT PA BELOIT COLLEGE, DEPT BIOLOGY, 700 COLLEGE ST, BELOIT, WI 53511 SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 1996 VL 67 IS 3 BP 414 EP 421 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA VA954 UT WOS:A1996VA95400011 ER PT J AU Onwulata, CI Holsinger, VH AF Onwulata, CI Holsinger, VH TI Rheology and thermal properties of syrupy composites of saccharides and milkfat SO JOURNAL OF FOOD LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR; GELS; CONFECTIONERY; INGREDIENTS; CHOCOLATE; SUCROSE; SUGAR AB Viscous syrups with between 20 and 34% moisture were made from homogenized slurries of sugars, nonfat dry milk, anhydrous butteroil and emulsifiers. Homogenized mixtures were condensed under vacuum at 45C for 35 min, to form ordered structures with a syrup-like consistency. Complex viscosity determined through dynamic spectrometry increased with increasing fat content. At low frequency, high fructose corn syrup and maltose-based syrups showed more solidlike behavior (G' > G '') while the sucrose-based syrup was more liquid (G '' > G'). Thermal analyses showed all composites to have a uniform melting range (95-140C), whereas the original components melted in the range 20-200C. The rheological and thermal properties suggest that these syrups could be useful confectionery ingredients. RP Onwulata, CI (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 SN 1065-7258 J9 J FOOD LIPIDS JI J. Food Lipids PD JUN PY 1996 VL 3 IS 1 BP 43 EP 57 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4522.1996.tb00053.x PG 15 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA VU019 UT WOS:A1996VU01900004 ER PT J AU Chen, YR Huffman, RW Park, B AF Chen, YR Huffman, RW Park, B TI Changes in the visible/near-infrared spectra of chicken carcasses in storage SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB A spectrophotometer was used to measure the visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectra of post-mortem chicken carcasses freshly slaughtered 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 11, and 14 days after storage at 0, 4, and 20C. The spectrum of a carcass after storage was compared with the spectra of freshly slaughtered carcasses and the spectra of carcasses stored at the different temperatures. The method of comparison was performed by computing the Mahalanobis distance of the sample's second central difference spectrum from the group means of the second central difference spectra of all the carcasses measured shortly after slaughter (about 1 h) and the set of second central difference spectra of the carcasses stored at each temperature. The results showed the spectra of the chicken carcasses changed 24 h after removal from the slaughter plant, even though they were stored at 0C. The spectra of the carcasses stored at 20C were different from those of the carcasses stored at 0 and 4C. The spectra of the carcasses stored at 0 and 4C for the first 8 days remained in the same class of the spectra of the carcasses at 1 day of storage at 0C. However, the spectra changed dramatically after 8 days of storage. The pattern of change of the spectra coincided with that of the myoglobin and oxymyoglobin changes of chicken carcasses at various storage temperatures and durations. It was suggested that Vis/NIR spectroscopy has the potential to be used as a rapid, nondestructive method for monitoring the freshness of chicken carcasses. RP Chen, YR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BARC E,NRI,INSTRUMENTAT & SENSING LAB,BLDG 303,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 8 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 SN 0145-8876 J9 J FOOD PROCESS ENG JI J. Food Process Eng. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 19 IS 2 BP 121 EP 134 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4530.1996.tb00385.x PG 14 WC Engineering, Chemical; Food Science & Technology SC Engineering; Food Science & Technology GA UW931 UT WOS:A1996UW93100001 ER PT J AU Deng, MY Fratamico, PM AF Deng, MY Fratamico, PM TI A multiplex PCR for rapid identification of shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 isolated from foods SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE Escherichia coli O157:H7; multiplex polymerase chain reaction; digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probe hybridization; food samples ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; EAE GENE; HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; GROUND-BEEF; SEROTYPE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; DIARRHEA; CLONING; STRAINS AB For rapid and specific identification of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serotype O157:H7 isolated from food samples, experimental conditions for a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were optimized and a multiple digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled oligonucleotide probe hybridization (DLOPH) assay was developed. A suspect colony from MacConkey sorbitol agar containing 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indoxyl-beta-D-glucuronide (MSA-BCIG) was used for the multiplex PCR. Three different DNA sequences off. coli O157:H7 were amplified simultaneously in the PCR: a specific fragment of an attaching and effacing gene (eae gene), conserved sequences of Shiga-like toxins (SLT) I and II, and a fragment of the 60-MDa plasmid. The identities of PCR products were confirmed by hybridization using DIG-labeled internal oligonucleotide probes and colorimetric detection with anti-DIG Fab fragments conjugated to alkaline phosphatase. This method yielded positive results with all reference strains of EHEC serogroup O157, including serotypes O157:H7, O157:NM, and O157:H-, and negative results were obtained with all strains of nontoxigenic E. coli serogroup O157, other serotypes of E. coli, and other bacterial species. The detection limit of the method was 65 colony-forming units (CFU) of E. coli O157:H7. All 29 cultures of EHEC O157:H7 isolated from meat samples and identified by biochemical and serological tests were positive in the multiplex PCR. EHEC O157:H7 was identified from all of 70 experimentally inoculated ground beef and milk samples which had initial inocula of 4 to 9 CFU/g (ml) and were subjected to a 6-h enrichment culturing. The multiplex PCR procedure could be very useful for routine examinations of food samples for the presence of EHEC O157. C1 USDA ARS, EASTERN REG RES CTR, MICROBIAL FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT, WYNDMOOR, PA 19038 USA. NR 35 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 59 IS 6 BP 570 EP 576 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA UT940 UT WOS:A1996UT94000001 ER PT J AU Rajkowski, KT Rice, EW Huynh, B Patsy, J AF Rajkowski, KT Rice, EW Huynh, B Patsy, J TI Growth of Salmonella spp and Vibrio cholerae in reconditioned wastewater SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE Salmonella; V-cholerae; reconditioned water; bacterial growth ID DRINKING-WATER; BACTERIAL AB Many food-processing plants are looking to increase the use of reconditioned water beyond the currently approved uses for initial cleaning (vegetables) and scalding water (meat and poultry). The preliminary survey showed that the reconditioned water from a local meat plant could support bacterial growth. The growth potential of Salmonella spp. and Vibrio cholerae (starting level of 3 to 4 log CFU/ml) in the reconditioned wastewater from this plant (with and without added thiosulfate) was studied at temperatures from 5 to 42 degrees C. Bioassays for the assimilable organic carbon and coliform growth response suggest that this reconditioned water contained sufficient nutrients to support bacterial growth. Both pathogens grew in the unchlorinated reconditioned and chlorinated reconditioned water containing 10 mg of sodium thiosulfate per mi to neutralize the residual chlorine. Cell counts declined rapidly in chlorinated water without thiosulfate. The results of this study emphasized the importance of maintaining residual chlorine levels (0.2 mg/liter) in both reconditioned and potable waters to prevent pathogen growth. C1 US EPA, CINCINNATI, OH 45268 USA. RP Rajkowski, KT (reprint author), USDA ARS, EASTERN REG RES CTR, 600 E MERMAID LANE, WYNDMOOR, PA 19038 USA. NR 22 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 59 IS 6 BP 577 EP 581 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA UT940 UT WOS:A1996UT94000002 ER PT J AU Pensabene, JW Fiddler, W AF Pensabene, JW Fiddler, W TI Indole and skatole in fresh pork as possible markers of fecal contamination SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE indole; skatole; pork; feces ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PIG BACK FAT; 3-METHYLINDOLE SKATOLE; HPLC AB Zero-tolerance levels for fecal contamination on beef, pork, and poultry have been proposed because of outbreaks of foodborne illnesses associated with pathogenic microorganisms from this source. As a result, changes in the current meat inspection system will have to include means other than visual inspection of the carcass to ensure the absence of contamination. While the principal need is for rapid, in-plant microbial testing methods, there is also a need for chemical-instrumental methods. A rapid solid-phase extraction method was developed to measure indole and skatole in porcine meat using a gas chromatograph interfaced with a chemiluminescence detector. The minimum detectable level for both compounds was 10 ppb. Results from the analysis of contaminated pork showed that this approach may have limited value in the assessment of fecal contamination in pork samples, since not all of the samples had detectable levels of either indole or skatole. RP Pensabene, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 59 IS 6 BP 663 EP 665 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA UT940 UT WOS:A1996UT94000017 ER PT J AU Hansen, MH AF Hansen, MH TI Portable technologies - Improving forestry field work SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article RP Hansen, MH (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,N CENT FOREST EXPT STN,1992 FOLWELL AVE,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 94 IS 6 BP 29 EP 30 PG 2 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA UN502 UT WOS:A1996UN50200008 ER PT J AU Colaninno, A AF Colaninno, A TI What's the big deal? Putting extinction in perspective SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Editorial Material RP Colaninno, A (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROUTE 2,BOX 883A,BLOUNTSTOWN,FL 32424, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 94 IS 6 BP 60 EP 60 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA UN502 UT WOS:A1996UN50200015 ER PT J AU Winget, RN Mangum, FA AF Winget, RN Mangum, FA TI Environmental profile of Drunella coloradensis Dodds (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) in the western United States SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STREAM AB We describe several niche dimensions of Drunella coloradensis Dodds based upon physical and chemical parameters of over 900 stream stations in 11 western states. Nymphs were found at 199 stations and were collected at elevations from near sea level to over 9,000 ft and from streams with a wide range of water discharges. This mayfly showed significant avoidance of streams with less than or equal to 1% channel gradients and those where fine sediments dominated the substrate. Nymphs of D. coloradensis selected for waters with less than or equal to 100 mg/l alkalinity and less than or equal to 50 mg/l sulfate and streams with brush or evergreen trees dominating the riparian vegetation. Drunella coloradensis is intolerant of water quality degradation but moderately tolerant of other changes in the physical habitat. Drunella coloradensis shows divergence from related species through resource partitioning strategies related to water quality tolerances and physical habitat selection. C1 US FOREST SERV,OGDEN,UT 84401. BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV,NATL AQUAT ECOSYST MONITORING LAB,PROVO,UT 84602. RP Winget, RN (reprint author), BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV HAWAII,MSC DIV,55-220 KULANUI ST,LAIE,HI 96762, USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 11 IS 2 BP 225 EP 231 DI 10.1080/02705060.1996.9663482 PG 7 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA UH818 UT WOS:A1996UH81800013 ER PT J AU Zaidi, BR Imam, SH AF Zaidi, BR Imam, SH TI Inoculation of microorganisms to enhance biodegradation of phenolic compounds in industrial wastewater: Isolation and identification of three-indigenous bacterial strains SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PSEUDOMONAS-PUTIDA; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS AB Six indigenous and six non-indigenous bacteria capable of degrading phenolic compounds in pure cultures were inoculated into industrial wastewater samples of Puerto Rico containing high and low concentrations of p-nitrophenol (PNP). While only one non-indigenous bacteria enhanced PNP degradation, all of the indigenous bacteria enhanced degradation of both high (20 mu g/ml) and low (26 ng/ml) concentrations of PNP, suggesting that indigenous bacteria are more suitable for inoculation in the tropical environment of Puerto Rico. In this report we characterized three indigenous strains (Corynebacterium sp. strain Z-2, Pseudomonas putida strain GS, Acinetobacter sp. strain BR-1) capable of enhancing degradation of PNP in industrial wastewater. The three indigenous bacteria, however, were different from each other in their response to substrate concentration as well as in their rate and extent of PNP degradation. C1 USDA, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. RP Zaidi, BR (reprint author), UNIV PUERTO RICO, DEPT MARINE SCI, MAYAGUEZ, PR 00681 USA. NR 19 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU MICROBIOL RES FOUNDATION PI TOKYO PA JAPAN ACAD SOC CENTER BLDG 4-16 YAYOI 2-CHOME, TOKYO, 113-0032, JAPAN SN 0022-1260 EI 1349-8037 J9 J GEN APPL MICROBIOL JI J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 42 IS 3 BP 249 EP 256 DI 10.2323/jgam.42.249 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA VD512 UT WOS:A1996VD51200006 ER PT J AU Flores, EF Kreutz, LC Donis, RO AF Flores, EF Kreutz, LC Donis, RO TI Swine and ruminant pestiviruses require the same cellular factor to enter bovine cells SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS; HOG-CHOLERA VIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; MOLECULAR-CLONING; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; POLYETHYLENE-GLYCOL; MEMBRANE-PROTEINS; GLYCOPROTEIN; FUSION; INFECTION AB Pestiviruses initiate infection of susceptible cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Cellular plasma membrane or endosomal molecules involved in translocation of these viruses into the cytosol have not been unequivocally identified. We reported previously that a mutant cell line derived from Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells, termed CRIB-1, was resistant to infection with bovine viral diarrhoea virus. CRIB-1 cells were also resistant to infection with classical swine fever virus and border disease virus of sheep, suggesting that entry of these three different pestiviruses into bovine cells requires a common cell membrane function. The resistance is pestivirus-specific: CRIB-1 cells were as susceptible as the parental MDBK cells to 14 other viruses of cattle and swine belonging to unrelated families. The resistance of CRIB-1 cells to pestivirus infection involves a block in virus entry since transfection of virus RNA or virus inoculation in the presence of PEG resulted in productive infection. Furthermore, quantitative analyses of the outcome of PEG-mediated infection of CRIB-1 cells indicated that the intracellular milieu was fully permissive for pestivirus replication. Binding studies revealed that virus attachment to CRIB-1 cells was not completely abrogated. These results indicate that entry of pestiviruses into MDBK cells depends on a common plasma membrane or endosomal function, which is lacking in CRIB-1 cells. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT VET & BIOMED SCI,LINCOLN,NE 68583. USDA,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,SWINE RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. RI Kreutz, Luiz Carlos/A-3729-2015; flores, eduardo/H-5125-2016 OI Kreutz, Luiz Carlos/0000-0002-7685-7401; NR 44 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA HARVEST HOUSE 62 LONDON ROAD, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 5AS SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 77 BP 1295 EP 1303 DI 10.1099/0022-1317-77-6-1295 PN 6 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA UP477 UT WOS:A1996UP47700025 PM 8683219 ER PT J AU Rice, CE Kadavy, KC AF Rice, CE Kadavy, KC TI Model study of a roller compacted concrete stepped spillway SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB Studies were conducted with a two-dimensional 1:20 scale model of a roller compacted concrete stepped spillway to evaluate the flow transition from the level spillway crest to the sloping steps, the energy dissipation of the steps, and performance of the proposed stilling basin. The steps were effective in dissipating energy. At maximum discharge, 14.5 m(3)/s/m (156 ft(3)/s/ft), the energy dissipation with the steps was 48% compared with an energy dissipation of 20% for the spillway with a smooth chute surface. At 5.81 m(3)/s/m (62.5 ft(3)/s/ft), the energy dissipation with the steps was 71% compared with 25% with a smooth chute surface. The energy dissipation caused by the steps significantly reduces the size of stilling basin required at the toe of the spillway compared to a conventional chute spillway. RP Rice, CE (reprint author), ARS,HYDR ENGRG RES UNIT,USDA,1301 N WESTERN ST,STILLWATER,OK 74075, USA. NR 7 TC 19 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENG PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD JUN PY 1996 VL 122 IS 6 BP 292 EP 297 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1996)122:6(292) PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA UM447 UT WOS:A1996UM44700001 ER PT J AU Bell, RA AF Bell, RA TI Manipulation of diapause in the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L, by application of KK-42 and precocious chilling of eggs SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE embryonic diapause; diapause disruption; terpenoid imidazole; sensitive age ID PHARATE 1ST-INSTAR LARVAE; INHIBITORS AB The gypsy moth enters diapause in late embryonic development as a fully differentiated pharate larva surrounded by an abundant supply of yolk, Although diapause is known to be regulated by the endocrine system in other insect species that have been intensively studied, the mechanism involved in regulation of diapause in the gypsy moth is unknown, The present study is part of a series designed to develop a fundamental understanding of the physiology of diapause in this species and to develop methods tea manipulate it in the laboratory, In nature and in the laboratory, diapause is gradually terminated by prolonged chilling of the eggs for several months, Recently it was discovered that KK-42, a novel insect growth regulator with anti-hormonal properties, was effective in averting diapause in the gypsy moth, Results of the present study show that 14 day old eggs are highly sensitive to KK-42 and treatment at this stage prevents diapause in 85% of the test populations, Studies in which successive age groups, incubated at 25 degrees C then transferred to 5 degrees C, showed that eggs must be at least 12-13 days old to survive prolonged chilling and to hatch successfully after re-incubation at higher temperature, Eggs chilled at 14-15 days post-oviposition retained complete sensitivity to KK-42, whereas, 21-22 and 29-30 day old eggs were not responsive unless they were chilled for 4-6 weeks, These findings are important in developing methods for manipulating diapause in stockpiled eggs of the gypsy moth for use in biocontrol programs and also provides knowledge useful for further inquiry into the mechanism of diapause regulation in this species. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd RP Bell, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, INHL, RM 322, BLDG 306, 10300 BALTIMORE AVE, BELTSVILLE, MD 20742 USA. NR 22 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 42 IS 6 BP 557 EP 563 DI 10.1016/0022-1910(95)00141-7 PG 7 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA UW219 UT WOS:A1996UW21900005 ER PT J AU Amos, TM Gelman, DB Mesce, KA AF Amos, TM Gelman, DB Mesce, KA TI Steroid hormone fluctuations regulate ganglionic fusion during metamorphosis of the moth Manduca sexta SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 20-hydroxyecdysone; ecdysteroids; neurodevelopment; ganglionic fusion; metamorphosis; Manduca sexta ID INSECT PEPTIDERGIC NEURONS; PUPAL-ADULT DEVELOPMENT; TOBACCO HORNWORM; NERVOUS-SYSTEM; ECLOSION HORMONE; POSTEMBRYONIC NEUROGENESIS; TRANSMITTER PLASTICITY; PROTHORACIC GLANDS; ECDYSTEROID TITER; ECDYSONE AB We examined the role of the steroid hormone, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20-E), in regulating ganglionic fusion during metamorphosis of the moth Manduca sexta, At the larval-pupal transition, the first and second abdominal ganglia begin to migrate anteriorly to coalesce eventually with the second and third thoracic ganglia, forming the pterothoracic ganglion, Near this time, three fluctuations of ecdysteroids are present: two prior to pupation and one after, Ligations posterior to the prothoracic segment isolated the posterior ganglia from the prothoracic glands, a primary source of ecdysteroids, When ligations were performed after the first ecdysteroid pulse (commitment pulse), neither pupal cuticle nor ganglionic fusion was observed, When these abdomens were subsequently given a 20-E infusion that mimicked the second pulse (pre-pupal peak), complete pupal abdomens were formed but ganglia did not migrate together and fuse, Only those isolated abdomens given two separate 20-E infusions (to mimic both the second pulse and third rise) produced fused ganglia, All three ecdysteroid fluctuations, as well as the drop in ecdysteroids between the second pulse and third rise (preadult rise), were required for normal ganglionic migration and fusion, Fusion-related events, and the appearance of other adult characteristics, sometimes occurred in abdomens that were isolated following pupation, The percentage of abdomens showing adult development was positively correlated with the time that elapsed between pupation and abdominal isolation, Using an ecdysteroid radioimmunoassay, we confirmed the presence of ecdysteroids in isolated abdomens, and demonstrated that isolated abdomens show a temporal pattern of ecdysteroid levels similar to that of intact insects. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd C1 UNIV MINNESOTA, GRAD PROGRAM NEUROSCI, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA. UNIV MINNESOTA, DEPT ENTOMOL, ST PAUL, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, INSECT NEUROBIOL & HORMONE LABS, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 63 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 EI 1879-1611 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 42 IS 6 BP 579 EP 591 DI 10.1016/0022-1910(95)00127-1 PG 13 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA UW219 UT WOS:A1996UW21900007 ER PT J AU Norman, HA Mischke, CF Allen, B Vincent, JS AF Norman, HA Mischke, CF Allen, B Vincent, JS TI Semi-preparative isolation of plant sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols by solid phase extraction and HPLC procedures SO JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE plant sulfolipids ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FLAME IONIZATION DETECTION; SEPARATION; PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE; METABOLISM; LIPIDS AB Techniques are described for the semi-preparative isolation of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol from plant leaf tissue lipid extracts and the resolution and analysis of component molecular species. Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol was resolved from phospholipids in a polar lipid fraction by isocratic normal phase HPLC with detection at 208 nm. The mobile phase was composed of heptane-isopropanol-0.001 M KCl 40:52:8 (v/v/v). Yields from spinach leaf lipid extracts were 1.8 mg . 10 g(-1) fresh cut leaf tissue. Molecular species components of purified sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol were separated by reversed-phase C-18 HPLC, and fatty acid positional distribution was defined. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT CHEM,CATONSVILLE,MD 21212. RP Norman, HA (reprint author), USDA ARS,WEED SCI LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPID RESEARCH INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0022-2275 J9 J LIPID RES JI J. Lipid Res. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1372 EP 1376 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA UU476 UT WOS:A1996UU47600022 PM 8808772 ER PT J AU Robinson, AF Jaffee, BA AF Robinson, AF Jaffee, BA TI Repulsion of Meloidogyne incognita by alginate pellets containing hyphae of Monacrosporium cionopagum, M-ellipsosporum, or Hirsutella rhossiliensis SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alginate; behavior; biological control; chemotaxis; Hirsutella rhossiliensis; Meloidogyne incognita; Meloidogyne javanica; Monacrosporium cionopagum; Monacrosporium ellipsosporum; nematode; nematophagous fungi; Steinernema glaseri ID PLANT-PARASITIC NEMATODES; NEMATOPHAGOUS FUNGI; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; INORGANIC-IONS; ATTRACTION; FORMULATION; ELEGANS; CYST AB The responses of second-stage juveniles (J2) of Meloidogyne incognita race 3 to calcium alginate pellets containing hyphae of the nematophagous fungi Monacrosporium M. ellipsosporum, and Hirsutella rhossiliensis were examined using cylinders (38-mm-diam., 40 or 72 mm long) of sand (94% <250-mu m particle size). Sand was wetted with a synthetic soil solution (10% moisture, 0.06 bar water potential). A layer of 10 or 20 pellets was placed 4 or 20 mm from one end of the cylinder. After 3, 5, or 13 days, J2 were put on both ends, on one end, or in the center; J2 were extracted from 8-mm-thick sections 1 or 2 days later. All three fungal pellets were repellent; pellets without fungi were not. Aqueous extracts of all pellets and of sand in which fungal pellets had been incubated were repellent, but acetone extracts redissolved in water were not. Injection of CO2 (20 mu l/minute) into the pellet layer attracted J2 and increased fungal-induced mortality. In vials containing four randomly positioned pellets and 17 cm(3) of sand or loamy sand, the three fungi suppressed the invasion of cabbage roots by M. javanica J2. Counts of healthy and parasitized nematodes observed in roots or extracted from soil indicated that, in the vial assay, the failure of J2 to penetrate roots resulted primarily from parasitism rather than repulsion. Data were similar whether fungal inoculum consisted of pelletized hyphae or fungal-colonized Steinernema glaseri. Thus, the results indicate that nematode attractants and repellents can have major or negligible effects on the biological control efficacy of pelletized nematophagous fungi. Factors that might influence the importance of substances released by the pellets include the strength, geometry, and duration of gradients; pellet degradation by soil microflora; the nematode species involved; and attractants released by roots. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT NEMATOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP Robinson, AF (reprint author), ARS,USDA,SO CROPS RES LAB,2765 F & B ROAD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 34 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 28 IS 2 BP 133 EP 147 PG 15 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA UV392 UT WOS:A1996UV39200002 PM 19277129 ER PT J AU Reeves, PG BriskeAnderson, M Newman, SM AF Reeves, PG BriskeAnderson, M Newman, SM TI High zinc concentrations in culture media affect copper uptake and transport in differentiated human colon adenocarcinoma cells SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE Caco-2 cells; copper-zinc interaction; copper-cadmium interaction; metallothionein; transport ID ABSORPTION; METALLOTHIONEIN; RATS; HEPATOCYTES; METABOLISM; KINETICS; INVITRO; CACO-2; MODEL; LIVER AB Previous studies suggest that high dietary zinc reduces the copper status of animals by reducing copper transport across the intestinal mucosa. The present study used an enterocyte mimic, the Caco-2 cell, grown on porus membranes as a model to assess the effects of various concentrations of zinc (6 to 200 mu mol/L) in the culture and assay media on Cu-67 uptake and transport. Differentiated cells incubated for 7 d in a culture medium containing 50 pmol zinc + 0.7 pmol copper/L transported significantly less Cu-67 across the monolayer than similar cells exposed to 6 mu mol zinc/L. However, cells exposed to 200 mu mol zinc/L for the same period transported significantly more Cu-67 than those exposed to 6 mu mol zinc/L. Cells exposed for only 1 h to 200 mu mol zinc/L in the uptake-transport medium alone did not show lower Cu-67 uptake or transport, suggesting that time of exposure of the cells to high zinc was a contributing factor. Caco-2 cells exposed to 50 through 200 mu mol zinc/L had higher cellular metallothionein (MT) than those exposed to 6 mu mol zinc/L. As the amount of MT in cells increased upon exposure to 50 and 100 mu mol zinc/L, the rate of Cu-67 transport decreased. At higher zinc concentrations in the medium, there was even more MT in the cells, but a greater rate of Cu-67 transport. These studies demonstrate the use of the Caco-2 cell as a model for copper uptake-transport studies, but the conditions must be rigorously defined and controlled. RP Reeves, PG (reprint author), USDA ARS,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202, USA. NR 37 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 126 IS 6 BP 1701 EP 1712 PG 12 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA UP540 UT WOS:A1996UP54000023 PM 8648446 ER PT J AU Rhoads, ML Fetterer, RH AF Rhoads, ML Fetterer, RH TI Extracellular matrix degradation by Haemonchus contortus SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SMOOTH-MUSCLE CELLS; CATHEPSIN-L; CYSTEINE PROTEINASES; PARASITIC PROTOZOA; COLLAGEN; ELASTIN; LIVER AB To better understand the in vivo function of secreted cysteine proteases of Haemonchus contortus, the ability of live parasites to degrade connective tissue was investigated using [H-3]proline-labeled extracellular matrix produced by smooth-muscle cells (R22). The matrix was composed of glycoprotein(s) (34%), elastin (49%), and collagen (15%) in an insoluble, multilayered, cross-linked structure. No degradation of the extracellular matrix by third-stage larvae (L3) (10,000/ml) occurred during 24-hr in vitro incubation. In contrast, fourth-stage larvae (L4) (1,000/ml) degraded 42% of the matrix, whereas adults (100/ml) degraded the entire matrix. The presence of Z-phe-ala-FMK (100 mu M), a specific cysteine protease inhibitor, during incubation of adults, reduced matrix degradation to 30% without affecting parasite motility. Isolated adult excretory/secretory products (ESP) (0.1 mg protein/ml) degraded 64% of the total matrix; specific degradation consisted of 80.3% of the glycoprotein, 67.1% of the elastin, and 27.6% of the collagen matrix components. Degradation of the matrix by ESP was stimulated by dithiothreitol (2 mM) and inhibited by Z-phe-ala-FMK. Thus, the secretory cysteine proteases of H. contortus are active under physiological conditions and able to degrade the major components of connective tissue in an in vitro model system that simulates their structure in vivo. These data strengthen the proposed role of these enzymes in the breakdown of host tissue. RP Rhoads, ML (reprint author), USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 32 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 82 IS 3 BP 379 EP 383 DI 10.2307/3284072 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA UN548 UT WOS:A1996UN54800001 PM 8636839 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Lunney, JK Shen, SK Kwok, OCH Ashford, DA Thulliez, P AF Dubey, JP Lunney, JK Shen, SK Kwok, OCH Ashford, DA Thulliez, P TI Infectivity of low numbers of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts to pigs SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TISSUE CYSTS; PERSISTENCE; PORK AB To define the infectiousness of the VEG strain of Toxoplasma gondii, 42 pigs were fed doses estimated at 10, 1, or <1 mouse infective oocysts. They were killed 38-99 days after inoculation and 50 g tissues from their tongue, heart, and brain were individually homogenized in acidic pepsin solution and bioassayed in mice. Pools of brain, heart, tongue, and skeletal muscle (total 500 g) were bioassayed in cats. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated by bioassays in mice and in cats from 13 of 14 pigs fed 10 oocysts, 13 of 14 pigs fed 1 oocyst, and 4 of 14 pigs fed ''less than'' 1 oocyst, indicating high infectivity of VEG strain of T. gondii to pigs. All infected pigs developed modified agglutination test antibodies (>1:50). Control pigs (n = 6) remained seronegative (<1:20) and T. gondii was not isolated from their tissues. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated from tongues of 27 (93%), brains of 21 (72%), and hearts of 13 (45%) of 29 experimentally infected pigs by bioassay in mice. The number of T. gondii-positive mice after inoculation of tongue, brain and heart from infected pigs was 240 (80%), 84 (28%), and 36 (12%) of 300 mice inoculated with each organ, respectively. Thus, the VEG strain of T. gondii was localized more often and in higher numbers in the tongue than in the brain and the heart of pigs. The apparent muscle localization after infection with the low dose of the VEG strain of T. gondii agrees with other studies in livestock that suggest T. gondii is more neurotropic in mice that in livestock. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 24 TC 116 Z9 120 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 82 IS 3 BP 438 EP 443 DI 10.2307/3284082 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA UN548 UT WOS:A1996UN54800011 PM 8636849 ER PT J AU Hoberg, EP AF Hoberg, EP TI Emended description of Mazamastrongylus peruvianus (Nematoda: Trichostrongylidae), with comments on the relationships of the genera Mazamastrongylus and Spiculopteragia SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICA; ODOCOILEUS-VIRGINIANUS; LOPEZ-NEYRA; SYNLOPHE; DEER; KEY; IDENTIFICATION; REDESCRIPTION; OSTERTAGIINAE; ARTIODACTYLA AB Resurrection of Mazamostrongylus as proposed by Jansen (1986) was validated and placement of Mazamastrongylus peruvianus in the genus was confirmed, based on characters of the synlophe, copulatory bursa, and spicules. The cervical synlophe consists of a strongly tapering pattern and prominent ''hood ridges'' at the level of the excretory pore; there are 40 ridges at the midbody of males. The bursa is of the 2-2-1 type, with rays 2 and 3 parallel and rays 4 and 5 of near equal length and only slightly divergent at the tips. The spoon-shaped dorsal process of the spicules, typical of M. peruvianus and other species of Mazamastrongylus is postulated as a synapomorphy for the genus. The genera Mazamastrongylus, Spiculopteragia, and Sarwania are considered to be independent based on characters of the synlophe, spicules, and copulatory bursa. Host and geographic distributions for species of Mazamastrongylus appear to be consistent with a history of coevolution and colonization and relationships for M. peruvianus may parallel the pattern postulated for species of Nematodirus in cervids and camelids in the Neotropics. RP Hoberg, EP (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOSYSTEMAT & NATL PARASITE COLLECT UNIT,BARC E 1180,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 32 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 82 IS 3 BP 470 EP 477 DI 10.2307/3284088 PG 8 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA UN548 UT WOS:A1996UN54800017 PM 8636855 ER PT J AU Jardine, JE Dubey, JP AF Jardine, JE Dubey, JP TI Systemic infection with an unidentified Toxoplasma-like protozoan in a neonatal Lichtenstein's hartebeest (Sigmaceros lichtensteinii) SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEOSPORA-CANINUM; TISSUE-SECTIONS AB An unidentified Toxoplasma gondii-like disseminated infection was found in tissues of a 2-day-old hartebeest. Protozoal tachyzoites were about 3.5 x 1.7 mu m, had electron-dense rhoptries, and divided by endodyogeny. The organism did not stain with polyclonol antibodies to T. gondii, Neospora caninum, or Sarcocystis cruzi. C1 USDA ARS,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Jardine, JE (reprint author), UNIV PRETORIA,FAC VET SCI,DEPT VET PATHOL,PRIVATE BAG X04,ONDERSTEPOORT 0110,SOUTH AFRICA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 82 IS 3 BP 515 EP 517 DI 10.2307/3284099 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA UN548 UT WOS:A1996UN54800028 PM 8636866 ER PT J AU AlKaraki, GN Clark, RB Sullivan, CY AF AlKaraki, GN Clark, RB Sullivan, CY TI Phosphorus nutrition and water stress effects on proline accumulation in sorghum and bean SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE leaf diffusive resistance (r(s)); leaf water potential (Psi(L)); Phaseolus vulgaris and P-acutifolius; shoot dry matter; Sorghum bicolor ID DROUGHT RESISTANCE; PHOSPHATE STATUS; LEAVES; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; DEFICIENCY; RESPONSES; PROTEIN; BETAINE; BARLEY; CELLS AB Phosphorus deficiency and drought can reduce plant growth and alter metabolic processes such as N metabolism. The amino acid proline often accumulates in leaves of many plants grown under water stress, but information about effects of P nutrition on proline accumulation is not available. Two sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and two bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. and P. acutifolius A. Gray) cultivars with different tolerances to drought were grown in a greenhouse in soil mixes with different levels of P with and without water stress imposed by withholding water to determine the effects of P nutrition and water stress on proline accumulation. Shoot dry matter of sorghum and bean increased with increasing P level regardless of water stress. Leaves of water-stressed sorghum had lower P concentrations than non water-stressed plants, while leaves of water-stressed and non water-stressed bean had similar P concentrations. Leaf diffusive resistance (r(s)) values became greater and leaf water potential (Psi(L)) values became more negative (greater tension) as severity of water stress increased compared to non water-stressed plants. These traits became lower and less negative (less tension), respectively, and nearly comparable to non water-stressed plants 5d after water stress was relieved. Both plant species had higher proline accumulation during water-stressed than under non water-stressed conditions, but differed in their response to added P. Sorghum leaves had highest proline when grown with high P, while bean leaves had highest proline when grown with low P. Five days after plants were relieved of water stress, proline accumulation in sorghum leaves decreased extensively yet remained at relatively high levels, while proline accumulation in bean leaves decreased to the level for non water-stressed plants. High proline accumulation in leaves of water-stressed plants grown at high P levels might be an adaptive response to drought for sorghum, but did not appear to be so for bean. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT AGRON,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68583. USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN SOIL & WATER CONSERVAT RES LAB,BECKLEY,WV 25802. NR 38 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 6 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI STUTTGART PA WOLLGRASWEG 49, D-70599 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 148 IS 6 BP 745 EP 751 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UV719 UT WOS:A1996UV71900018 ER PT J AU Goldstein, MI Woodbridge, B Zaccagnini, ME Canavelli, SB AF Goldstein, MI Woodbridge, B Zaccagnini, ME Canavelli, SB TI An assessment of mortality of Swainson's hawks on wintering grounds in Argentina SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Letter C1 ARCHBOLD TROP RES CTR,PENDLETON,SC 29670. US FOREST SERV,KLAMATH NATL FOREST,YREKA,CA 96097. INST NACL TECNOL AGROPECUARIA,ESTAC EXPT PARANA,PARANA,ENTRE RIOS,ARGENTINA. RP Goldstein, MI (reprint author), INST WILDLIFE & ENVIRONM TOXICOL,PENDLETON,SC 29670, USA. NR 0 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 5 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 12805 ST CROIX TRAIL, HASTINGS, MN 55033 SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 30 IS 2 BP 106 EP 107 PG 2 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA UW194 UT WOS:A1996UW19400013 ER PT J AU Miller, RG Keshen, TH Jahoor, F Shew, SB Jaksic, T AF Miller, RG Keshen, TH Jahoor, F Shew, SB Jaksic, T TI Compartmentation of endogenously synthesized amino acids in neonates SO JOURNAL OF SURGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Academic-Surgery CY NOV 08-11, 1995 CL DEARBORN, MI SP Assoc Acad Surg ID RAT-LIVER; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; PRECURSOR POOL; PROLINE AB The conversion of D-[U-C-13]glucose to proline (Pro), aspartate (Asp), and cysteine (Cys) is limited in premature neonates, implying that these amino acids (AA) are conditionally essential. This study was performed to determine whether these findings resulted from an insufficient precursor dose or intracellular compartmentation of newly synthesized amino acids, rather than inadequate synthesis. In the first phase of this study, seven total parenteral nutrition-fed, premature neonates received IV D-[(UC)-C-13]glucose at 5 mg/kg/min for 4 hr. In the second phase, a separate cohort of eight patients received an identical infusion. Blood was obtained before and at the end of the infusion. Isotopic enrichments of the free plasma AA and glucose were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in both studies. In phase 2, the isotopic enrichments of the AA bound to the hepatically synthesized proteins, fibrinogen and VLDL-apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B-100), were measured. In phase 1, despite a glucose precursor enrichment greater than 66%, Pro, Asp, and Cys remained the least enriched of all amino acids studied (P < 0.05). Asp, but not Pro, demonstrated very high enrichments in apo B-100 (P < 0.001), reflecting distinct intracellular compartmentation. We conclude that the limited conversion of D-[U-C-13]glucose to Pro, Asp, and Cys did not result from low precursor glucose enrichment and that there is evidence of Asp compartmentation (intracellular) in premature neonates. However, the low Pro enrichment in the free plasma AA pool and the absence of intracellular Pro compartmentation suggest that Pro may be a conditionally essential AA for premature neonates. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 TEXAS CHILDRENS HOSP,DEPT PEDIAT SURG,HOUSTON,TX 77030. BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT SURG,HOUSTON,TX 77030. BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,HOUSTON,TX 77030. BAYLOR COLL MED,USDA,ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,HOUSTON,TX 77030. NR 17 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0022-4804 J9 J SURG RES JI J. Surg. Res. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 63 IS 1 BP 199 EP 203 DI 10.1006/jsre.1996.0247 PG 5 WC Surgery SC Surgery GA UU471 UT WOS:A1996UU47100036 PM 8661197 ER PT J AU Prior, RL Crim, MC Castaneda, C LammiKeefe, C DawsonHughes, B Rosen, CJ Spindler, AA AF Prior, RL Crim, MC Castaneda, C LammiKeefe, C DawsonHughes, B Rosen, CJ Spindler, AA TI Conditions altering plasma concentrations of urea cycle and other amino acids in elderly human subjects SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE arginine; citrulline; ornithine; protein; nitrate; human; plasma amino acids ID NITRIC-OXIDE; ARGININE DEFICIENCY; PROFILES AB Objective: Describe plasma amino acid concentrations and total urinary amino acid excretion in subjects from an elderly female population. Subjects: Fasting plasma samples, complete 24-hour urine samples, and 3-day diet records were obtained from 96 healthy postmenopausal women in one study and fasting plasma samples were obtained from an additional 44 subjects in 3 separate studies. In one study, nonfasting plasma samples were also collected. The subjects ranged in age from 49 to 80 years of age. Samples were obtained to allow the evaluation of the effects of fasting vs. nonfasting, normal vs. Alzheimers subjects, and level of protein intake effects. Measures of Outcome: Heparinized plasma samples were deproteinized with a 5-sulfosalicylic acid solution and centrifuged at 14,900 x g. Deproteinized plasma and urine samples were analyzed for free amino acids on a Beckman System 6300 analyzer using a postcolumn reaction with ninhydrin to quantitate the amino acids. Results and Conclusions: It is concluded that: 1) From fasting plasma samples, 1 or 2 sampling days are sufficient to establish a characteristic concentration for most plasma amino acids. 2) Fasting amino acid concentrations do not reflect levels of dietary protein intake when dietary amino acid composition is similar. Shifts in fasting amino acid concentrations would be more indicative of changes in relative amounts of amino acids absorbed rather than level of dietary protein per se. 3) Totals of fasting plasma concentrations of arginine, citrulline and omithine were relatively constant, but fluctuations occurred in the ratio of ornithine to arginine in the different populations; and 4) Patients with Alzheimers disease exhibited altered plasma ornithine and arginine concentrations relative to active or sedentary controls. C1 UNIV CONNECTICUT,DEPT NUTR SCI,STORRS,CT. UNIV MAINE,SCH HUMAN DEV,ORONO,ME 04469. SAN DIEGO STATE UNIV,DEPT PHYS EDUC,SAN DIEGO,CA 92182. RP Prior, RL (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,ARS,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 15 IS 3 BP 237 EP 247 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA UN099 UT WOS:A1996UN09900007 PM 8935439 ER PT J AU Behall, KM Howe, JC AF Behall, KM Howe, JC TI Resistant starch as energy SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE amylose; resistant starch; fiber; metabolizable energy ID DIETARY FIBER; METABOLIZABLE ENERGY; LARGE-INTESTINE; HUMANS; FERMENTATION; DIGESTION; RAT AB Objective: This study was designed to compare the metabolizable energy of two starch sources, standard cornstarch and high amylose cornstarch. Methods: Diets containing 70% amylose (AM) or 70% amylopectin (AP) cornstarches were fed to 10 control and 14 hyperinsulinemic men for 14 weeks. During the last 4 weeks of each period, subjects were fed a controlled diet containing 34% of total energy from fat, 15% from protein and 51% from carbohydrate (55% of carbohydrate provided AM or AP). Duplicate food and all urine and feces were collected during the second week of the controlled diets for energy, nitrogen, fiber and starch determinations. Metabolizable energy (ME) was calculated as [energy intake minus (fecal plus urinary energy excretion)]. Results: Total fiber uncorrected for resistant starch was 35.2 g and 48.8 g in the AP and AM diets, respectively. The AM dirt contained an average of 29.7 g resistant starch (16% of total starch) while the AP diet averaged 0.8 g (less than 0.01%). ME was not significantly different between the AM and AP diets nor between the control and hyperinsulinemic subjects. Fecal energy and nitrogen was significantly higher after the AM compared to AP diet. Based on energy intake and fecal excretion from ail subjects, the partial digestible energy value for the resistant starch averaged 11.7 kJ/g resistant starch which was 67.3% of the energy of standard cornstarch. Control and hyperinsulinemic subjects differed in their ability,ru digest resistant starch, averaging 81.8% anti 53.2%, respectively. The hyperinsulinemic, but not control, subjects had significantly higher breath hydrogen expirations (LS means, p > 0.05) in the fasting, 1-5 hour and 7 hour collections alter consuming the AM when compared to the AP tolerance meal. Conclusions: The type of starch consumed in the diet did not statistically affect metabolizable energy, Based on ME and breath hydrogen expiration, amylose and the resistant starch from amylase appears to be utilized as an energy source. Resistant starch averaged 2.8 kcal/g for all 24 subjects but only 2.2 kcal/g in the hyperinsulinemic subjects. RP Behall, KM (reprint author), USDA, BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR E, ARS, DIET & HUMAN PERFORMANCE LAB, BLDG 308, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 33 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 13 PU AMER COLLEGE NUTRITION PI CLEARWATER PA 300 SOUTH DUNCAN AVENUE, STE 225, CLEARWATER, FL 33755 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 15 IS 3 BP 248 EP 254 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA UN099 UT WOS:A1996UN09900008 PM 8935440 ER PT J AU Brown, EM King, G AF Brown, EM King, G TI Use of computer-generated models in studies of modified collagen SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID 3-DIMENSIONAL-ENERGY MINIMIZED MODELS; TRIPLE HELIX; MICROFIBRIL; CHROMIUM(III); HYDROXIDE; TRIMER AB Production of leather from cattle hide is accomplished by the introduction of crosslinks between collagen triple helices, microfibrils and fibrils. Present tanning technology uses chromium complexes to form crosslinks between acidic amino acid side chains. Pretanning treatments that modify the primary amino groups of collagen have been reported to increase the efficiency of chrome tanning. To aid the effectiveness and efficiency of research leading to improved tanning technology, we have examined a fragment of our previously reported three dimensional model of the collagen microfibril. This 281 residue fragment of the microfibril model contains 15 lysine residues and 28 acidic residues distributed over the microfibril's 15 peptide chains. The effects of reductive alkylation and deamination of the lysine residues were simulated, Five independent binding sites in which carboxyl groups were located 7 to 11 Angstrom were identified and a sphere of 8 Angstrom radius about the midpoint of each pair was isolated. The sites examined provide for the possibility of inter- and intra- microfibrillar stabilization. RP Brown, EM (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 91 IS 6 BP 161 EP 170 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA VB457 UT WOS:A1996VB45700002 ER PT J AU Reinert, JF Kaiser, PE Seawright, JA AF Reinert, JF Kaiser, PE Seawright, JA TI Unusual features of pupal exuviae noted in the Anopheles quadrimaculatus complex (Diptera: Culicidae) SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID LABORATORY STRAINS; SPECIES-C; MEMBER AB Unusual features of the cephalothorax, observed in unmounted pupal exuviae, are reported for 3 of the 5 species of the Quadrimaculatus Complex of Anopheles. C1 USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. RP Reinert, JF (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT ENTOMOL & NEMATOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611, USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 12 IS 2 BP 310 EP 311 PN 1 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UX547 UT WOS:A1996UX54700032 PM 8827610 ER PT J AU Undeen, AH Molloy, DP AF Undeen, AH Molloy, DP TI Use of stream width for determining the dosage rates of Bacillus thuringiensis var Israelensis for larval black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) control SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID INSECTS; TRIALS; H-14 AB Data from several operational black Ap abatement programs using Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i.) in New York State's Adirondack Mountains were analyzed to determine what the concentration oi formulation in the stream might have been if application rates were determined by a stream's width rather than its discharge. There was a high correlation (\R\ = 0.87) between discharge and width measured at 315 treatment sites. Had the applications been based upon the stream width, 96% of the actual concentrations in the streams would have been within plus or minus a factor of 5 and none exceeding a Factor of 10, a range in which B.t.i. remains environmentally safe and effective. C1 NEW YORK MUSEUM,BIOL SURVEY,STATE EDUC DEPT,CULTURAL EDUC CTR,ALBANY,NY 12230. RP Undeen, AH (reprint author), USDA ARS,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 12 IS 2 BP 312 EP 315 PN 1 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UX547 UT WOS:A1996UX54700033 PM 8827611 ER PT J AU Barry, JW AF Barry, JW TI The USDA Forest Service pesticide spray behavior and application development program - An overview SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Aerosol Cloud Dynamics, at the 61st Annual Meeting of the American-Mosquito-Control-Association CY MAR 22, 1995 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Amer Mosquito Control Assoc ID DRIFT; FATE AB The USDA Forest Service, even though a minor user of pesticides, has maintained an active program for understanding the performance, atomization, evaporation, efficacy, environmental fate, atmospheric dispersion, and environmental impact of chemical and biological insecticides. Since its self-imposed ban on use of dichroro diphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) in 1964, the USDA forest Service has pursued insecticides that are less persistent and have reduced potential for impact on nontargrt organisms, application technology that supports their efficient and efficacious use, ansi computer models that predict insecticide face in the environment. This program has been active over the last 3 decades, beginning with research for chemical insecticide substitutes for DDT progressing in time to biological insecticides and other biorational control agents. In our effort to make the less persistent insecticides work under forestry conditions, it was necessary to investigate insecticide monitoring, detection, and sampling methods; application systems; atmospheric influences; tank mixes and adjuvants; nozzles and atomization; evaporation; spray deposition and canopy penetration; biological response; and environmental fate. This paper reviews some ui this work that might be applicable to mosquito control. RP FOREST SERV, USDA, 2121-C 2ND ST, SUITE 102, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA. NR 88 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOC PI MOUNT LAUREL PA 15000 COMMERCE PARKWAY, SUITE C, MOUNT LAUREL, NJ 08054 USA SN 8756-971X EI 1943-6270 J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 12 IS 2 BP 342 EP 352 PN 2 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UX548 UT WOS:A1996UX54800002 PM 8827618 ER PT J AU Thistle, HW AF Thistle, HW TI Atmospheric stability and the dispersion of pesticides SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Aerosol Cloud Dynamics, at the 61st Annual Meeting of the American-Mosquito-Control-Association CY MAR 22, 1995 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Amer Mosquito Control Assoc AB Applicators have long recognized that temperature inversions dramatically influence the behavior of pesticide material released into the atmosphere during pesticide application. This behavior can be explained in terms of the relationship between vertical atmospheric temperature gradients (stability) and atmospheric mixing (turbulence). This relationship is not intuitively obvious, but once it is understood, it provides the applicator with a tool to use for anticipating pesticide drift potential. The term inversion is synonymous with a stable thermal layer in the atmosphere. In stable thermal layers, mixing is suppressed and both dispersion and translation (or mean movement) of material is slow. This is typical of clear nights. Conversely, under clear, sunny conditions mixing is strong and dispersion is rapid. This situation indicates an unstable thermal layer. RP Thistle, HW (reprint author), FOREST SERV,MISSOULA TECHNOL & DEV CTR,USDA,BLDG 1,FT MISSOULA,MISSOULA,MT 59801, USA. NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 12 IS 2 BP 359 EP 363 PN 2 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UX548 UT WOS:A1996UX54800004 PM 8827620 ER PT J AU Burkett, DA Biery, TL Haile, DG AF Burkett, DA Biery, TL Haile, DG TI An operational perspective on measuring aerosol cloud dynamics SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Aerosol Cloud Dynamics, at the 61st Annual Meeting of the American-Mosquito-Control-Association CY MAR 22, 1995 CL PORTLAND, OR SP Amer Mosquito Control Assoc AB Three areas are discussed in this paper: 1) U.S. Air Force Reserve/USDA bioassays to determine the effective swath width of ultra-low volume (ULV) aerial applications conducted with the C-130 Modular Aerial Spray System (MASS), 2) the use of aerial spray computer models to predict spray offset distance and their use as a substitute for field testing, and 3) a demonstration on an aerial spray expert system called ASPEX being developed at the U.S.Air Force Reserve Aerial Spray Branch. C1 ARS,USDA,MED & VET ENTOMOL RES LAB,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. RP Burkett, DA (reprint author), USAF RESERVE,910 AW-DOS,YOUNGSTOWN AIR RESERVE STN,VIENNA,OH 44473, USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 12 IS 2 BP 380 EP 383 PN 2 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA UX548 UT WOS:A1996UX54800008 PM 8827624 ER PT J AU Temelli, F King, JW List, GR AF Temelli, F King, JW List, GR TI Conversion of oils to monoglycerides by glycerolysis in supercritical carbon dioxide media SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE diglycerides; glycerolysis; monoglycerides; supercritical carbon dioxide ID ENZYMATIC GLYCEROLYSIS; HIGH-YIELD; FATS; SYSTEMS; TALLOW; FLUID AB Glycerolysis of soybean oil was conducted in a supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) atmosphere to produce monoglycerides (MG) in a stirred autoclave at 150-250 degrees C, over a pressure range of 20.7-62.1 MPa, at glycerol/oil molar ratios between 15-25, and water concentrations of 0-8% (wt% of glycerol). MG, di-, triglyceride, and free fatty acid (FFA) composition of the reaction mixture as a function of time was analyzed by supercritical fluid chromatography. Glycerolysis did not occur at 150 degrees C but proceeded to a limited extent at 200 degrees C within 4 h reaction time; however, it did proceed rapidly at 250 degrees C. At 250 degrees C, MG formation decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with pressure and increased with glycerol/oil ratio and water concentration. A maximum MC content of 49.2% was achieved at 250 degrees C, 20.7 MPa, a glycerol/oil ratio of 25 and 4% water after 4 h. These conditions also resulted in the formation of 14% FFA. Conversions of other oils (peanut, corn, canola, and cottonseed) were also attempted. Soybean and cottonseed oil yielded the highest and lowest conversion to MG, respectively. Conducting this industrially important reaction in SC-CO2 atmosphere offered numerous advantages, compared to conventional alkali-catalyzed glycerolysis, including elimination of the alkali catalyst, production of a lighter color and less odor, and ease of separation of the CO2 from the reaction products. C1 USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, FOOD QUAL & SAFETY RES, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. UNIV ALBERTA, DEPT AGR FOOD & NUTR SCI, EDMONTON, AB T6G 2P5, CANADA. OI Temelli, Feral/0000-0002-0379-8535 NR 27 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 73 IS 6 BP 699 EP 706 DI 10.1007/BF02517943 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UQ857 UT WOS:A1996UQ85700005 ER PT J AU Hampson, JW Jones, KC Foglia, TA Kohout, KM AF Hampson, JW Jones, KC Foglia, TA Kohout, KM TI Supercritical fluid extraction of meat lipids: An alternative approach to the identification of irradiated meats SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE beef lipids; gas chromatography; mass detection; radiolytic hydrocarbons; SEE AB Ionizing radiation is currently under study as an alternative method for extending the shelf life of meats and meat products. Accordingly, methods are needed to determine if a meat or meat product has been exposed to ionizing radiation. In this study, a method is described for the isolation and analysis of volatile hydrocarbons formed in meat lipids after exposure to ionizing radiation. The method is based on supercritical fluid extraction of the hydrocarbons from meat lipids and subsequent identification and quantitation of individual hydrocarbons by gas chromatography (GC) with a mass selection-detector (MSD). Supercritical carbon dioxide at 175 bar and 40 degrees C extracted the hydrocarbon fraction from total meat lipids within 20 min. The presence of radiolytic hydrocarbons, as determined by GC/MSD, was then correlated to the degree of irradiation of the meat from 0 to 10 kGy. Besides being faster, this method has the advantage of reduced solvent consumption when compared to current methods for determining if a meat or meat product has been irradiated. RP Hampson, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS,ERRC,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 15 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 73 IS 6 BP 717 EP 721 DI 10.1007/BF02517946 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UQ857 UT WOS:A1996UQ85700008 ER PT J AU List, GR Mounts, TL Orthoefer, F Neff, WE AF List, GR Mounts, TL Orthoefer, F Neff, WE TI Potential margarine oils from genetically modified soybeans SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE dropping points; gas-liquid chromatography; genetically modified soybeans; high-performance liquid chromatography; interesterified triacylglycerols; margarine oils; palm oil; randomized palm oil; solid fat index; stearic acid AB Genetically modified soybeans were processed into finished, refined, bleached, and deodorized oils. Fatty acid composition was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Glyceride structure was characterized according-to degree of unsaturation by high-performance liquid thromatography, lipase hydrolysis, and gas-liquid chromatography. Compared to common varieties with 15% saturated acids, genetically modified soybeans yielded oils containing 24-40% saturated acids. Several varieties were examined, including the Pioneer A-90, Hartz HS-1, and Iowa State A-6 lines. Pioneer A-90 contained 17% stearic acid, had a solid fat index (SFI) of 6.0 at 10 degrees C (50 degrees F) and zero from 21.1 to 40 degrees C (70 to 104 degrees F), and therefore lacked sufficient solids for tub-type margarine. To improve its plastic range, the Pioneer oil was blended with palm oil, randomized palm oil, or interesterified palm/soy trisaturate basestock. After blending with 10-40% of these components, the high-stearic acid oil had an SFI profile suitable for soft tube margarine. The A-6 varieties, 32-38% saturates, showed SFI profiles with sufficient solids at 10 degrees C (50 degrees F) and 21.1 degrees C (70 degrees F) to qualify as a stick-type margarine oil, but lacked sufficient solids at 33.3 degrees C (92 degrees F); however, after small amounts (2-3%) of cottonseed or soybean hardstocks were, added, the A-6 oils qualified as stick margarine oil. The HS-1 variety, when blended with small amounts (2-3%) of hardstock, possessed sufficient solids at 10 degrees-33.3 degrees C (50-92 degrees F) to prepare soft tub margarine oil. RP List, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NCAUR,FOOD QUAL & SAFETY RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 12 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 73 IS 6 BP 729 EP 732 DI 10.1007/BF02517948 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UQ857 UT WOS:A1996UQ85700010 ER PT J AU Wan, PJ Pakarinen, DR Hron, RJ AF Wan, PJ Pakarinen, DR Hron, RJ TI Miscella refining test method for the determination of cottonseed oil color SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE cottonseed oil; miscella; miscella refining; oleic acid; PBSY; refined color AB Most of the cottonseed oil mills in the United States have already converted to expander solvent extraction and miscella refining. This practice permits mills to produce and market a consistently light-colored, prime bleachable summer yellow cottonseed oil at reduced cost and refining loss. A laboratory-scale miscella refining test was developed to assess the oil quality in terms of its color. The test involves the addition of 3 parts oleic acid per 100 parts of crude oil in the miscella followed by refining with 2.5 parts NaOH when crude oil contains less than 4.5% free fatty acid (FFA). When crude oil contains FFA between 4.5 and 7.5%, no oleic acid is added prior to refining with 2.5 parts NaOH. When crude oil contains FFA higher than 7.5%, no oleic acid is added and the caustic addition table in American Oil Chemists' Society Method Ca 9a-52 is followed. The test was conducted at room temperature and gave reproducible colors comparable to commercially refined oils. RP Wan, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,1100 ROBERT E LEE BLVD,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 9 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 73 IS 6 BP 815 EP 817 DI 10.1007/BF02517961 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA UQ857 UT WOS:A1996UQ85700023 ER PT J AU Hoffman, DL Bregitzer, P AF Hoffman, DL Bregitzer, P TI Identification of reproducible PCR-RAPD markers that enable the differentiation of closely related six-rowed malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L) cultivars SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS LA English DT Article DE cultivar identification; malting barley; PCR-RAPD; reproducibility; Stoffel fragment ID POLYACRYLAMIDE-GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; POLYMORPHIC DNA RAPD; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; CHAIN-REACTION AB Varietal purity of barley seed and malt lots is important to the malting and brewing industries. This study was conducted to see if a modified polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique using random DNA primers (PCR-RAPD) could generate repeatable polymorphisms among the closely related six-rowed malting cultivars Morex, Robust, Stander, Excel, and elite breeding line M77. From a total of 80, 30 random 10-mer primers were selected based on their ability to generate reproducible polymorphisms between the cultivars Steptoe and Morex. Bulked DNA isolated from the leaves of 10-12 plants of each cultivar was amplified using the Stoffel fragment of recombinant Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase and one primer per PCR. Nine of the 30 primers detected repeatable polymorphisms among the malting lines. Each cultivar or line could be distinguished from another with the exception of Stander and M77. The results of six primers were reproduced in a second laboratory. It was concluded that this PCR-RAPD technique could be useful for distinguishing the four six-rowed malting barley cultivars. A faster version of the technique may be required for practical cultivar identification by the barley processing industry. RP Hoffman, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, NAT SMALL GRAINS GERMPLASM RES FACIL, ABERDEEN, ID 83210 USA. NR 18 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BREWING CHEMISTS INC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0361-0470 J9 J AM SOC BREW CHEM JI J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. PD SUM PY 1996 VL 54 IS 3 BP 172 EP 176 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA UY954 UT WOS:A1996UY95400007 ER PT J AU Canonico, G AF Canonico, G TI Reopening Russia's doors to US poultry: The team approach pays off SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material RP Canonico, G (reprint author), USDA,APHIS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 208 IS 11 BP 1773 EP 1775 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA UN131 UT WOS:A1996UN13100003 PM 8675456 ER PT J AU Chambers, M Dougan, G Newman, J Brown, F Crowther, J Mould, AP Humphries, MJ Francis, MJ Clarke, B Brown, AL Rowlands, D AF Chambers, M Dougan, G Newman, J Brown, F Crowther, J Mould, AP Humphries, MJ Francis, MJ Clarke, B Brown, AL Rowlands, D TI Chimeric hepatitis B virus core particles as probes for studying peptide-integrin interactions SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOUTH-DISEASE VIRUS; GLYCINE-ASPARTIC ACID; CELL-ADHESION; PROTECTION; RECEPTOR; PROTEIN; CATTLE; SITE; IMMUNOGENICITY; ATTACHMENT AB An RGD-containing epitope from the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) VP1 protein was inserted into the el loop of the hepatitis B virus core (HBc) protein. This chimeric protein was expressed at high levels in Escherichia coli and spontaneously assembled into virus-like particles which could be readily purified. These fusion particles elicited high levels of both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay- and FMDV-neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs. The chimeric particles bound specifically to cultured eukaryotic cells. Mutant particles carrying the tripeptide sequence RGE in place of RGD and the use of a competitive peptide, GRGDS, confirmed the critical involvement of the RGD sequence in this binding. The chimeric particles also bound to purified integrins, and inhibition by chain-specific anti-integrin monoclonal antibodies implicated alpha(5) beta(1) as a candidate cell receptor for both the chimeric particle and FMDV. Some serotypes of FMDV bound to beta(1) integrins in solid-phase assays, and the chimeric particles competed with FMDV for binding to susceptible eukaryotic cells. Thus, HBc particles may provide a simple, general system for exploring the interactions of specific peptide sequences with cellular receptors. C1 UNIV LONDON IMPERIAL COLL SCI TECHNOL & MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,LONDON SW7 2AZ,ENGLAND. INST ANIM HLTH,SURREY 9U24 0NF,ENGLAND. UNIV MANCHESTER,SCH BIOL SCI,MANCHESTER M13 9PT,LANCS,ENGLAND. WELLCOME RES LABS,DEPT VIROL,BECKENHAM BR3 3BS,KENT,ENGLAND. USDA ARS,PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR,N ATLANTIC AREA,GREENPORT,NY 11944. RI Chambers, Mark/C-9470-2009 OI Chambers, Mark/0000-0002-8073-8069 FU Wellcome Trust NR 29 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 70 IS 6 BP 4045 EP 4052 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA UL104 UT WOS:A1996UL10400081 PM 8648742 ER PT J AU Swelim, DM Kuykendall, LD Hashem, FM AbdelWahab, SM Hegazi, NI AF Swelim, DM Kuykendall, LD Hashem, FM AbdelWahab, SM Hegazi, NI TI Competitiveness of Rhizobium sp [Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) Dewit] strains and their genetically marked derivatives SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT MUTANTS; SYMBIOTIC EFFECTIVENESS; NODULATION; JAPONICUM; SOIL; BRADYRHIZOBIUM; EFFICIENCY; TRIFOLII; FIXATION AB The competitiveness of wild-type strains of Rhizobium sp. (Leucaena) and their genetically marked double mutants was examined in mixed infection experiments in the greenhouse, Antibiotic resistance markers were selected for use in strain identification, but these genetic markers apparently lowered both competitiveness and effectiveness, except in the case of strain DS 144/2 where the genetically marked derivative was evidently superior to the wild-type parent strain in effectiveness. Four wild-type strains and their genetically marked derivatives were carefully evaluated using double reciprocal pairs, the results of which nevertheless allowed the formulation of some conclusions. Strains DS 65 and DS 78 were more competitive than strain DS 144/2; only strain DS 78 was more competitive than DS 158; and strains DS 158 and DS 65 were equally competitive, There was no correlation between nodule number and competitiveness. Shoot dry weight and nitrogen mass, as well as nitrogenase activity, decreased with some strain mixtures indicating that relatively ineffective symbioses had formed, as compared with single-strain inoculations using symbiotically competent strains. C1 USDA,SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. AGR RES CTR,SOIL & WATER RES INST,GIZA,EGYPT. CAIRO UNIV,FAC AGR,GIZA,EGYPT. NR 35 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 22 IS 6 BP 443 EP 447 DI 10.1111/j.1472-765X.1996.tb01199.x PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA UQ741 UT WOS:A1996UQ74100014 ER PT J AU Lin, JT McKeon, TA GoodrichTanrikulu, M Stafford, AE AF Lin, JT McKeon, TA GoodrichTanrikulu, M Stafford, AE TI Characterization of oleoyl-12-hydroxylase in castor microsomes using the putative substrate, 1-acyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID RICINOLEIC ACID BIOSYNTHESIS; DESATURATION AB We have characterized the oleoyl-12-hydroxylase in the microsomal fraction of immature castor bean using the putative substrate, 1-acyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (2-oleoyl-PC). Previous characterizations of this enzyme used oleoyl-CoA as substrate and relied on the enzyme transferring oleate from oleoyl-CoA to lysophosphatidylcholine to form 2-oleoyl-PC (acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase) in addition to oleoyl-12-hydroxylase. The present assay system and characterization use 2-oleoyl-PC as substrate (oleoyl-12-hydroxylase alone). Use of the actual substrate for assay purposes is important for the eventual purification of the oleoyl-12-hydroxylase. Ricinoleate (product of oleoyl-12-hydroxylase) and linoleate (product of oleoyl-12-desaturase) were identified as metabolites of oleate of 2-oleoyl-PC by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The activity of oleoyl-12-hydroxylase in the microsomal fraction reached a peak about 44 d after anthesis of castor, while the activity of oleoyl-12-desaturase reached a peak about 23 d after anthesis. The optimal temperature for the oleoyl-12-hydroxylase was about 22.5 degrees C, acid the optimal pH was 6.3. Catalase stimulated oleoyl-12-hydroxylase while bovine serum albumin and CoA did not activate oleoyl-12-hydroxylase. The phosphatidylcholine analogue, oleoyloxyethyl phosphocholine, inhibited the activity of oleoyl-12-hydroxylase. These results further support the hypothesis that the actual subtrate of oleoyl-12-hydroxylase is 2-oleoyl-PC. RP Lin, JT (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 18 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD JUN PY 1996 VL 31 IS 6 BP 571 EP 577 DI 10.1007/BF02523827 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA UQ322 UT WOS:A1996UQ32200002 PM 8784737 ER PT J AU Schenck, PA Rakoff, H Emken, EA AF Schenck, PA Rakoff, H Emken, EA TI Delta 8 Desaturation in vivo of deuterated eicosatrienoic acid by mouse liver SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID FATTY-ACIDS; LINOLEIC-ACID; RAT-LIVER; METABOLISM; CONVERSION; PATHWAYS; TISSUES; CELLS AB In vitro evidence has been reported for an alternate pathway that involves Delta 8 desaturation of n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PU FA). The present study was designed to allow detection of Delta 8 desaturation in vivo and to provide an estimation of the relative contribution of Delta 8 desaturation to the in vivo synthesis of n-3 fatty acids. Male adult ICR mice were fed a semisynthetic fat-free diet for eight days, and then the diets were supplemented for three days with deuterated 11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid (20:3-d(8)) labeled at the 3,3,4,4,8,8,9,9 carbon positions. Analysis of liver total lipid by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy indicates that the total deuterated fatty acids contained 22.3% 20:3n-3-d(8) and 28.9% of metabolites formed by elongation and Delta 5 desaturation of 20:3n-3-d(8). Deuterated metabolites resulting from retroconversion to 18:3-d(6) and subsequent metabolism by classical pathways represented 35.3% of the total deuterated fatty acids. The retroconversion product (18:4n-3-d6) of 20:4n-3-d6 and/or -d(8) was 9.0% of the total. A minor percentage (4.4%) of the products identified (20:4n-3-d(6), 20:5n-3-d(6), 22:5n-3-d(6), 22:6n-3-d(5) and 24:6n-3-d(5)) were formed by Delta 8 desaturation. This study provides the first clear evidence of Delta 8 desaturation in vivo in the mouse liver. Whether Delta 8 desaturation would have a greater importance in vivo when the Delta 6 desaturase pathway is disrupted remains to be determined. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. NR 24 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD JUN PY 1996 VL 31 IS 6 BP 593 EP 600 DI 10.1007/BF02523829 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA UQ322 UT WOS:A1996UQ32200004 PM 8784739 ER PT J AU Hemingway, RW Tobiason, FL McGraw, GW Steynberg, JP AF Hemingway, RW Tobiason, FL McGraw, GW Steynberg, JP TI Conformation and complexation of tannins: NMR spectra and molecular search modeling of flavan-3-ols SO MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE NMR; H-1 NMR; C-13 NMR; conformational analysis; flavonoids; condensed tannins ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; HETEROCYCLIC RING; SOLID-STATE; (-)-EPICATECHIN AB Studies of flavan-3-ols in their biologically significant phenolic form show that both H-6 and C-6 resonances are downfield from H-8 and C-8, Therefore, assignments for the H atoms of the A-ring are inverse to those commonly reported, By contrast, in the methyl ether and methyl ether acetate derivatives, both H-8 and C-8 are downfield from H-6 and C-6 and assignments commonly resorted for C-6 and C-8 are incorrect, The assignments commonly reported for the peracetate derivatives are correct. In contrast to results observed for dimeric flavans, solvent effects on chemical shifts and coupling constants are small in monomeric flavan derivatives. The small heterocylic ring J(2,3), coupling constants of 2,3-cis-flavans can be defined by lineshape analysis of H-3, These results provide the first evidence for the conformations of the common 2,3-cis-flavans in solution, With the exception of compounds carrying a bulky acetate at C-3, a GMMX global search protocol provides reasonable predictions of heterocyclic ring coupling constants. C1 PACIFIC LUTHERAN UNIV, DEPT CHEM, TACOMA, WA 98447 USA. LOUISIANA COLL, DEPT CHEM, PINEVILLE, LA 71360 USA. UNIV ORANGE FREE STATE, DEPT CHEM, BLOEMFONTEIN, SOUTH AFRICA. RP Hemingway, RW (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, SO RES STN, USDA, PINEVILLE, LA 71360 USA. NR 37 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0749-1581 J9 MAGN RESON CHEM JI Magn. Reson. Chem. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 34 IS 6 BP 424 EP 433 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-458X(199606)34:6<424::AID-OMR902>3.0.CO;2-9 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA UQ910 UT WOS:A1996UQ91000002 ER PT J AU Schmutz, SM Moker, JS Gallagher, DS Kappes, SM Womack, JE AF Schmutz, SM Moker, JS Gallagher, DS Kappes, SM Womack, JE TI In situ hybridization mapping of LDHA and IGF2 to cattle chromosome 29 SO MAMMALIAN GENOME LA English DT Article ID BOVINE CHROMOSOMES; ANCHOR LOCI; MAP C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT VET PATHOBIOL,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. RP Schmutz, SM (reprint author), UNIV SASKATCHEWAN,DEPT ANIM & POULTRY SCI,SASKATOON,SK S7N 5B5,CANADA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0938-8990 J9 MAMM GENOME JI Mamm. Genome PD JUN PY 1996 VL 7 IS 6 BP 473 EP 473 DI 10.1007/s003359900143 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA UT093 UT WOS:A1996UT09300025 PM 8662241 ER PT J AU Brandhorst, T Dowd, PF Kenealy, WR AF Brandhorst, T Dowd, PF Kenealy, WR TI The ribosome-inactivating protein restrictocin deters insect feeding on Aspergillus restrictus SO MICROBIOLOGY-SGM LA English DT Article DE antifeedant; anti-insectan; pesticide; fungal defence ID METABOLITES; NIDULANS; TOXINS; LARVAE; MAIZE AB The fungus-feeding beetle, Carpophilus freemani, consumed equal quantities of young mycelia, fewer phialides bearing mature spores and much fewer phialides bearing developing spores of Aspergillus restrictus compared to those of Aspergillus nidulans when tested in diet choice assays. The degree to which specific fungal structures were consumed was inversely related to the localization of high levels of restrictocin, a ribosome-inactivating protein, to those structures. Pure restrictocin added to the insect diet at 1000 p.p.m. killed 38.5 % of C. freemani larvae and 62.5 % of Spodoptera frugiperda larvae in 48 h, but did not affect C. freemani adults or Helicoverpa lea larvae over the same interval. In diet choice assays, 1000 p.p.m. of restrictocin deterred feeding by adult C. freemani and Sitophilus zeamais compared to control diets. Thus, restrictocin production and localization may have a natural defensive role against insect feeding at times critical to spore formation by A. restrictus, and may have potential as an insect control agent. C1 J WHITTIER BIOLOG, MADISON, WI 53711 USA. USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM52706-01.] NR 31 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 2 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1350-0872 J9 MICROBIOL-SGM JI Microbiology-(UK) PD JUN PY 1996 VL 142 BP 1551 EP 1556 PN 6 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA UR358 UT WOS:A1996UR35800027 PM 8704996 ER PT J AU QuinonesJenab, V Jenab, S Ogawa, S Funabashi, T Weesner, GD Pfaff, DW AF QuinonesJenab, V Jenab, S Ogawa, S Funabashi, T Weesner, GD Pfaff, DW TI Estrogen regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor messenger RNA in female rat pituitary tissue SO MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE GnRH receptor; estrogen; hybridization, in situ; pituitary ID OVINE PITUITARY; CYCLE; NUMBER; EXPRESSION; SECRETION; ESTRADIOL; ACTIVIN; GNRH AB Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is crucial in regulating the reproductive system of female vertebrates. In the present study we have analyzed the estrogen regulation of the GnRH receptor mRNA at the cellular level in Sprague-Dawley female rats. Northern blot analysis detected 3 species (5.0, 4.5 and 1.4 kb) of GnRH receptor mRNA in pituitary tissues. The GnRH receptor mRNA levels of these 3 species were increased by estrogen. By in situ hybridization we observed a 3.5-fold increase in GnRH receptor mRNA levels after 48 h of estrogen treatment when compared to ovariectomized (OVX) rats. 12 h of estrogen treatment did not change the GnRH mRNA levels. Similar increases in GnRH receptor mRNA levels by estrogen were also found in Wistar-Imamichi female rat pituitary tissue. In situ hybridization analysis identified clusters of anterior pituitary cells that expressed the GnRH receptor mRNA. The estradiol effect depends on increased mRNA levels in these clusters. Moreover, a significant increase in the number of pituitary cells that expressed GnRH receptor was observed after 48 h of estrogen treatment. These findings suggest that the mechanisms for estrogen regulation of GnRH receptor include changing levels of GnRH receptor mRNA in the rat pituitary. C1 YOKOHAMA CITY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PHYSIOL,YOKOHAMA,KANAGAWA 236,JAPAN. PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP QuinonesJenab, V (reprint author), ROCKEFELLER UNIV,NEUROBIOL & BEHAV LAB,1230 YORK AVE,NEW YORK,NY 10021, USA. NR 30 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-328X J9 MOL BRAIN RES JI Mol. Brain Res. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 38 IS 2 BP 243 EP 250 DI 10.1016/0169-328X(95)00322-J PG 8 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA UQ907 UT WOS:A1996UQ90700007 ER PT J AU Arias, MC Sheppard, WS AF Arias, MC Sheppard, WS TI Molecular phylogenetics of honey bee subspecies (Apis mellifera L) inferred from mitochondrial DNA sequence SO MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article ID ENZYME POLYMORPHISM; POPULATIONS; EVOLUTION; AFRICAN; HYBRIDIZATION; VARIABILITY; TEMPO; TREES; AREA; MODE AB A mitochondrial DNA region encompassing part of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 and isoleucine transfer RNA genes was PCR amplified, cloned, and sequenced for 14 morphometrically identified Apis mellifera subspecies and the New World ''Africanized'' honeybee. Twenty different haplotypes were detected and phylogenetic analyses supported the existence of 3 or 4 major subspecies groups similar to those based on morphometric measurements. However, some discrepancies are reported concerning the subspecies composition of each group. Based on the sequence divergence of Drosophila (2% per Myr) we found that the four lineages may have diverged around 0.67 Myr. The variability found in this region enables us to infer phylogenetic relationships and test hypotheses concerning subspecies origin, dispersion, and biogeography. (C) 1996 Academic Press, Inc. C1 USDA,BEE RES LAB,BARC E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RI Arias, Maria/A-1965-2015; OI Arias, Maria/0000-0003-1477-101X NR 55 TC 131 Z9 138 U1 4 U2 32 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 1055-7903 J9 MOL PHYLOGENET EVOL JI Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 5 IS 3 BP 557 EP 566 DI 10.1006/mpev.1996.0050 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA UN276 UT WOS:A1996UN27600010 PM 8744768 ER PT J AU McKnight, RA Spencer, M Wall, RJ Hennighausen, L AF McKnight, RA Spencer, M Wall, RJ Hennighausen, L TI Severe position effects imposed on a 1 kb mouse whey acidic protein gene promoter are overcome by heterologous matrix attachment regions SO MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE matrix attachment regions; whey acidic protein; WAP; position effects; transcription; lysozyme gene ID TRANSGENIC MICE; HYBRID GENE; BOUNDARIES; LACTATION; ASSAY AB Matrix attachment regions (MARs) have been shown to participate in the insulation of transcription elements from surrounding chromatin in tissue culture cells and transgenic mice. A whey acidic protein (WAP) transgene containing 1 kb promoter sequence was active in mammary tissue from 1 out of 17 lines of mice, demonstrating that the transcription elements were highly susceptible to position effects. To test whether MARs could insulate this WAP gene promoter and thereby restore transcription, we ligated MARs from the chicken lysozyme gene to the WAP transgene. Seven of the nine lines generated exhibited WAP transgene activity, expression was confined to mammary tissue, and correct regulation was observed in three of the four lines analyzed. This study provides strong additional evidence that the MAR fragments from the chicken lysozyme gene have the capacity to insulate transgenes from severe position effects. (C) 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 NIDDKD,BIOCHEM & METAB LAB,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD. NR 23 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 1040-452X J9 MOL REPROD DEV JI Mol. Reprod. Dev. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 44 IS 2 BP 179 EP 184 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199606)44:2<179::AID-MRD6>3.0.CO;2-K PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology GA UP077 UT WOS:A1996UP07700006 PM 9115715 ER PT J AU Zhang, JX Howell, CR Starr, JL Wheeler, MH AF Zhang, JX Howell, CR Starr, JL Wheeler, MH TI Frequency of isolation and the pathogenicity of Fusarium species associated with roots of healthy cotton seedlings SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Healthy-looking roots (symptomless) of cotton seedlings grown in soil collected from a cotton field were extensively colonized by Fusarium species. The species recovered included F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. equiseti, F. nygamai, F. pallidoroseum and F. moniliforme. F. oxysporum and F. solani were the dominant species. F. nygamai, which was frequently found, proved to be a new species record for the United States. Pathogenicity tests of 97 isolates of Fusarium showed that eleven isolates of F. solani and three of F. oxysporum were pathogenic to cotton and that isolates of F. equiseti, F. nygamai and F. semitectum were not pathogenic. Pathogenic isolates reduced seedling growth and caused necrotic lesions on taproots and secondary roots. Pathogenic isolates of F. solani were more virulent on cotton seedlings than those of F. oxysporum. It seems that pathogenic Fusarium isolates are present on apparently healthy seedling roots, but do not incite disease when environmental conditions are not conducive to disease. F. nygamai produced phytotoxins in culture media and symptoms produced by these phytotoxins could be mistaken for pathogenesis. Therefore, care must be taken in preparing inoculum and in drawing conclusions about the pathogenicity of Fusarium species on cotton plants. C1 USDA ARS,SO CROPS RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. RP Zhang, JX (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL & MICROBIOL,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843, USA. NR 23 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 100 BP 747 EP 752 PN 6 PG 6 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA UX703 UT WOS:A1996UX70300016 ER PT J AU Griffin, GD Asay, KH AF Griffin, GD Asay, KH TI Biology and pathogenicity of three ectoparasitic nematode species on crested wheatgrasses SO NEMATROPICA LA English DT Article DE Agropyron cristatum; A-desertorum; Fairway; Hycrest; Merlinius brevidens; Nordan; Tylenchorhynchus acutus; reproduction; susceptible; temperature; tolerant; wheatgrass; Xiphinema americanum ID GRASSLAND AB Greenhouse and growth chamber studies were conducted to determine the pathological relationship of ectoparasitic nematodes on crested wheatgrass (Agropyrom cristatum and A. desertorum) cultivars. Crested wheatgrass cultivars, 'Hycrest', 'Fairway', and 'Nordan', were parasitized by Merlinius brevidens, Tylenchorhynchus acutus, and Xiphinema americanum under greenhouse conditions. Merlinius brevidens and T. acutus were more pathogenic than X. americanum on all grasses. Dry shoot weights of Fairway and Nordan were reduced (P less than or equal to 0.05) at Pi of 1.0 and 2.0 nematodes/cm(3) soil, whereas shoot growth of Hycrest was reduced only at 2.0 nematodes/cm(3) soil. Root growth of all cultivars was reduced by the 3 nematode species at both levels of inoculum with the greatest reductions at 2.0 nematodes/cm(3) soil. The nematode reproductive factors (Rf = final nematode population/initial nematode population) were similar for M. brevidens and T. acutus, whereas the X. americanum population did not reproduce on any cultivar. Fairway and Nordan were better hosts to M. brevidens and T. acutus than was Hycrest. Temperature affected the nematode-grass relationship. The greatest reductions in both shoot and root growth and greatest nematode reproduction occurred at 20 and 25 degrees C. Xiphinema americanum did not reproduce on any cultivar at any temperature. RP Griffin, GD (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,FORAGE & RANGE RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU ORGANIZATION TROP AMER NEMATOLOGISTS PI AUBURN PA AUBURN UNIV DEPT PLANT PATHOLOGY, AUBURN, AL 36849 SN 0099-5444 J9 NEMATROPICA JI Nematropica PD JUN PY 1996 VL 26 IS 1 BP 15 EP 25 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA VY072 UT WOS:A1996VY07200003 ER PT J AU Griffin, GD AF Griffin, GD TI Importance of soil texture to the pathogenicity of plant-parasitic nematodes on rangeland grasses SO NEMATROPICA LA English DT Article DE Agropyron desertorum; A-cristatum; Elymus lanceolatus; Greenar; ectoparasitic nematodes; Fairway; Hycrest; Merlinius brevidens; Nordan; pathogenicity; Pratylenchus neglectus; Psathyrostachys juncea; reproductive index; root lesion nematode; Secar; Syn A; Thinopyrum intermedium; Tylenchorhynchus acutus; Xiphinema americanum ID PRATYLENCHUS-NEGLECTUS; POPULATIONS; BIOMASS; ECOSYSTEM; DENSITY; ALFALFA; PRAIRIE AB In greenhouse experiments at 26+/-3 degrees C, soil texture affected the host-parasite relationship of 4 nematode species on crested wheatgrasses, Russian wildrye, intermediate wheatgrass, and Snake River wheatgrass. Pratylenchus neglectus was least affected by soil texture but was the most pathogenic of the species examined. Xiphinema americanum was most affected by soil texture and was the least pathogenic, reducing (P less than or equal to 0.05) plant growth only in sandy soil. Pratylenchus neglectus reduced plant growth in clay, clay-sand and sandy soils, whereas Merlinius brevidens, and Tylenchorhynchus acutus reduced (P less than or equal to 0.05) plant growth in clay-sand and sandy loam soils. The pathogenicity and reproduction of the 3 nematode species were greatest in sandy loam soil. Reproduction was highest for P. neglectus, while X. americanum failed to increase in any soil texture. 'Hycrest' crested wheatgrass was more tolerant of nematode invasion, attained the greatest plant growth, and exhibited some degree of tolerance and resistance to all nematode species. Shoot and root growth in 5 soil textures were negatively correlated with the percentage of sand. Reproduction of all nematode species was less in clay loam than in sandy loam soils. RP Griffin, GD (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,FORAGE & RANGE RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 26 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 6 PU ORGANIZATION TROP AMER NEMATOLOGISTS PI AUBURN PA AUBURN UNIV DEPT PLANT PATHOLOGY, AUBURN, AL 36849 SN 0099-5444 J9 NEMATROPICA JI Nematropica PD JUN PY 1996 VL 26 IS 1 BP 27 EP 37 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA VY072 UT WOS:A1996VY07200004 ER PT J AU Nagahashi, G Abney, GD Doner, LW AF Nagahashi, G Abney, GD Doner, LW TI A comparative study of phenolic acids associated with cell walls and cytoplasmic extracts of host and non-host roots for AM fungi SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE cell-wall phenolics; cytoplasmic phenolics; AM host and non-host roots ID VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA; HYPHAL GROWTH; PLANT; INVITRO; CO2 AB Carrots (Daucus carota L.) are a ubiquitous host for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi whereas sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.) are a non-host. Root cultures were used to compare the constitutive phenolic compounds associated with the cell wall or present in the cytoplasm of the host and non-host. Phenolic acids were released from purified cell walls by alkaline hydrolysis and were separated and identified by HPLC, TLC and u.v. absorption spectra analyses. Two phenolic acids unique to carrot root cell walls were identified as p-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HBA) and vanillic acid. Sugar beet root cell walls had ferulic acid as major constituent and contained several unique phenyl propanoids which were not identified. Caffeic acid was found only in the cytoplasm of carrot roots and was present in the conjugated form (chlorogenic acid). The sugar beet cytoplasm also contained several unidentified hydroxycinnamic acid-type phenolics which were not found in carrot roots. RP Nagahashi, G (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 12 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 133 IS 2 BP 281 EP 288 DI 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb01895.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UX390 UT WOS:A1996UX39000010 ER PT J AU Douds, DD Nagahashi, G Abney, GD AF Douds, DD Nagahashi, G Abney, GD TI The differential effects of cell wall-associated phenolics, cell walls, and cytosolic phenolics of host and non-host roots on the growth of two species of AM fungi SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Gigaspora margarita; Gigaspora gigantea; hyphal growth; phenolics; mycorrhiza ID VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA; DNA-TRANSFORMED ROOTS; HYPHAL GROWTH; DAUCUS-CAROTA; CO2; FLAVONOIDS; INVITRO; PLANTS AB Experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that cellular compounds, especially wall-associated compounds, released during emergence of secondary roots, stimulate the growth of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Purified cell walls, crude cell-wall extracts, crude cytoplasmic extracts, and phenolic compounds previously identified as cell wall-associated, from Ri T-DNA-transformed roots of host (Daucus carota L.) and non-host (Beta vulgaris L.) were incorporated into growth medium and tested for their effects upon growth of the AM fungi Gigaspora gigantea (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerdemann and Trappe and Gigaspora margarita Becker and Hall. Purified cell walls of both plants had little effect on G. gigantea but non-host cell walls inhibited the growth of G. margarita. Ferulic acid, a major constituent of non-host root, depressed the growth of both fungi. Nothing tested which was unique to the non-host root affected hyphal growth to the point that contact would be prohibited. Caffeic acid, found in D. carota cytoplasm, also depressed growth of both fungi. Para-hydroxybenzoic acid, a constituent of D. carota roots, stimulated growth of G. margarita hyphae, but did not affect hyphal growth of G. gigantea. Vanillic acid, unique to D. carota root cell-wall extracts, stimulated hyphal growth and branching of both fungi, and should increase the probability of contact between fungus and host root. RP Douds, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS,ERRC,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 22 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 6 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 133 IS 2 BP 289 EP 294 DI 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb01896.x PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UX390 UT WOS:A1996UX39000011 ER PT J AU Parton, K Gardner, D Williamson, NB AF Parton, K Gardner, D Williamson, NB TI Isocupressic acid, an abortifacient component of Cupressus macrocarpa SO NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PONDEROSA PINE NEEDLES; CARUNCULAR ARTERIES; BEEF-COWS; CATTLE; INGESTION; PARTURITION; PREGNANCY; ABORTION AB Anecdotal reports suggest that abortion occurs in New Zealand cattle after ingestion of macrocarpa (Cupressus macrocarpa). The clinical signs observed are similar to those seen in abortions caused by ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws). Isocupressic acid has been identified as an abortifacient component of the needles of ponderosa pine. Macrocarpa collected from the Palmerston North area contained 0.89% and 1.24% isocupressic acid, compared to 1.70% isocupressic acid in Ponderosa pine needles from Oregon in the United States as analysed by the USDA-ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory. These findings support observations that macrocarpa causes abortion in late gestation cattle in New Zealand and suggest the causal agent is probably isocupressic acid. C1 USDA ARS,POISONOUS PLANT RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84341. RP Parton, K (reprint author), MASSEY UNIV,DEPT VET CLIN SCI,PRIVATE BAG 11222,PALMERSTON NORTH,NEW ZEALAND. NR 18 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 2 PU NEW ZEALAND VETERINARY ASSOC INC PI WELLINGTON PA 203-209 WILLIS ST, 6TH FLOOR, WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND SN 0048-0169 J9 NEW ZEAL VET J JI N. Z. Vet. J. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 44 IS 3 BP 109 EP 111 DI 10.1080/00480169.1996.35946 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA VA686 UT WOS:A1996VA68600006 PM 16031906 ER PT J AU Droke, EA Lukaski, HC AF Droke, EA Lukaski, HC TI Dietary iron and fat affect nonheme iron absorption, iron status, and enterocyte aconitase activity and iron concentration in rats SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE iron; absorption; stearic acid; fat; enterocyte; aconitase ID ELEMENT-BINDING-PROTEIN; RNA-BINDING; REGULATORY FACTOR; MESSENGER-RNA; MEMBRANE; ACIDS AB The cytosolic iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) exhibits aconitase (c-acon) activity when it is iron loaded. Enterocyte c-acon activity may be an index of IRP1 activity and important in the regulation of iron metabolism and absorption. Because stearic acid (SA) can enhance iron absorption the relationship between absorption and enterocyte c-acon activity in iron-deficient rats fed different types and amounts of dietary fat was determined. Rats (8/group) were fed diets varying in iron (10 or 35 mu g/g), fat type [SA, safflower oil (Saff, cocoa butter (CB), or beef tallow (BT)] and fat amount (7 or 15%). Rats killed for baseline values were iron-deficient with low enterocyte c-acon activity. Absorption was assessed by Fe-59 retention. After 4 wk, Delta Hb and c-acon activity were less (p<0.001) and iron absorption was greater (p<0.001) in rats fed low dietary iron (10 mu g/g) than in rats fed adequate dietary iron (35 mu g/g). Absorption was greater (p<0.05) in SA-, CB- and BT- than Saff-fed rats fed a low iron diet. Enterocyte cytosolic and total cellular iron were less (p<0.001) in rats fed low versus adequate dietary iron, In rats fed adequate iron, total cellular iron was dependent (p<0.01, r(2)=0.59) on liver and serum iron concentrations. Low dietary iron (10 mu g/g) resulted in iron deficiency, higher absorption, and lower enterocyte c-acon activity and iron concentration than adequate dietary iron (35 mu g/g). This suggests that enterocyte c-acon activity may be an index of IRP1 activity and important in enterocyte cellular iron metabolism and absorption. C1 USDA ARS,GRAND FORKS HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,GRAND FORKS,ND 58202. NR 33 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 16 IS 6 BP 977 EP 989 DI 10.1016/0271-5317(96)00097-8 PG 13 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA UL730 UT WOS:A1996UL73000009 ER PT J AU Pond, WG Mersmann, HJ AF Pond, WG Mersmann, HJ TI Genetically diverse pig models for neonatal cholesterol nutrition: A review (vol 16, pg 707, 1996) SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Correction, Addition AB Lipid metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis in swine are reviewed in relation to the use of the pig as a model for studying neonatal cholesterol nutrition. Several genetically unique pig populations used in cardiovascular and obesity research are described. Recent work with two specific genetically selected populations (obese and lean and high and low plasma cholesterol) is summarized. The results illustrate that dietary cholesterol during the neonatal period modulates central nervous system development and atherogenesis in some genetically distinct populations of swine. Implications for the role of dietary cholesterol in human infant nutrition are discussed. RP Pond, WG (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,ARS,USDA,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 16 IS 6 BP 1081 EP 1081 DI 10.1016/0271-5317(96)00105-4 PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA UL730 UT WOS:A1996UL73000017 ER PT J AU Erdman, JW Russell, RM Mayer, J Rock, CL Barua, AB Bowen, PE Burri, BJ CurranCelentano, J Furr, H Mayne, ST StacewiczSapuntzakis, M AF Erdman, JW Russell, RM Mayer, J Rock, CL Barua, AB Bowen, PE Burri, BJ CurranCelentano, J Furr, H Mayne, ST StacewiczSapuntzakis, M TI Beta-carotene and the carotenoids: Beyond the intervention trials SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID VITAMIN-A; DIETARY CAROTENOIDS; PROSTATE-CANCER; ETHANOL; HEPATOTOXICITY; PREVENTION; DISEASE; RETINOL; MEN C1 TUFTS UNIV, USDA, HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING, MEDFORD, MA 02155 USA. UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA. IOWA STATE UNIV, AMES, IA 50011 USA. UNIV ILLINOIS, CHICAGO, IL 60680 USA. UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE, DURHAM, NH 03824 USA. UNIV CONNECTICUT, STORRS, CT 06269 USA. YALE UNIV, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520 USA. RP Erdman, JW (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS, URBANA, IL 61801 USA. NR 31 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 54 IS 6 BP 185 EP 188 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA VE203 UT WOS:A1996VE20300007 PM 8810828 ER PT J AU Diss, AL Kunkel, JG Montgomery, ME Leonard, DE AF Diss, AL Kunkel, JG Montgomery, ME Leonard, DE TI Effects of maternal nutrition and egg provisioning on parameters of larval hatch, survival and dispersal in the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Lymantria dispar; dispersal; maternal effects; vitellin; yolk proteins ID LEPIDOPTERA-LYMANTRIIDAE; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; QUALITY AB North American gypsy moths disperse as newly hatched larvae on wind currents in a behavior called ballooning. Because ballooning occurs before neonates begin to feed, resources used in dispersal are limited to those carried over from the egg. We show that nutritional experience of the maternal parent can influence the tendency of offspring to disperse, and that resource provisioning of eggs by the maternal parent affects the duration of the window for dispersal. Offspring of females from defoliated sites had a lower tendency to balloon in a wind tunnel than larvae from females which had not experienced nutritional stress associated with host defoliation. The number of eggs in an egg mass, a reflection of the maternal parent's nutritional experience, also contributed to the predictive model for dispersal that included defoliation level. Egg weight and the levels of two yolk proteins, vitellin (Vt) and glycine-rich protein (CRP), however, had no influence on the proportion of ballooning larvae. The length of survival without food, and thus the maximum period of time for dispersal, was correlated with levels of Vt and GRP, but not with egg weight. The level of defoliation at the site from which the maternal parent was collected was not related to the longevity of offspring, nor did it have a significant effect on the levels of Vt, GRP or egg weight. Levels of hemo-lymph proteins arylphorin and vitellogenin in the maternal parent during the prepupal stage had no influence on levels of yolk proteins, larval longevity, or tendency to balloon. C1 UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT BIOL,AMHERST,MA. US FOREST SERV,USDA,FOREST PEST & DIS LAB,HAMDEN,CT. RP Diss, AL (reprint author), WISCONSIN DEPT NAT RESOURCES,BOX 10448,1125 N MIL AVE,GREEN BAY,WI 54307, USA. OI Kunkel, Joseph/0000-0003-4070-5606 NR 31 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 28 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD JUN PY 1996 VL 106 IS 4 BP 470 EP 477 DI 10.1007/BF00329704 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UT331 UT WOS:A1996UT33100009 PM 28307446 ER PT J AU Reichard, DL Zhu, HP AF Reichard, DL Zhu, HP TI A system to measure viscosities of spray mixtures at high shear rates SO PESTICIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE shear viscosity; measurement ID DRIFT AB The viscosity of spray mixtures can greatly influence the sizes of spray droplets produced by atomizers. However, no low-cost system has been available to measure the viscosity at the high shear rates that are typical of pesticide mixtures passing through orifices of nozzles at pressures commonly used in agricultural spraying. An inexpensive system was developed to measure viscosity at shear rates up to 200 000 s(-1) for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids. Viscosity measurements of Newtonian liquids with viscosities ranging from 0.87 to 9.1 mPa s indicated that the measured viscosity was within 5% of the actual value at various high shear rates up to 200 000 s(-1). As shear rate was increased, the viscosities of mixtures of water with drift control agents 'Nalco-Trol,' 'Target' and an experimental formulation decreased remained about the same, and increased respectively. C1 OARDC,USDA ARS,APPLICAT TECHNOL RES UNIT,WOOSTER,OH 44691. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0031-613X J9 PESTIC SCI JI Pestic. Sci. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 47 IS 2 BP 137 EP 143 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA UR365 UT WOS:A1996UR36500005 ER PT J AU Jansen, MAK Greenberg, BM Edelman, M Mattoo, AK Gaba, V AF Jansen, MAK Greenberg, BM Edelman, M Mattoo, AK Gaba, V TI Accelerated degradation of the D2 protein of photosystem II under ultraviolet radiation SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID REACTION CENTER POLYPEPTIDES; PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION CENTER; FAR RED-LIGHT; ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; INVIVO DEGRADATION; D1 PROTEIN; PHOTOINHIBITION; D1-PROTEIN; TURNOVER; NICHE AB The D2 protein or photosystem II is relatively stable in vivo under photosynthetic active radiation, but its degradation accelerates under UVB radiation. Little is known about accelerated D2 protein degradation, We characterized wavelength dependence and sensitivity toward photosystem II inhibitors. The in vivo D2 degradation spectrum resembles the pattern for the rapidly turning over D1 protein of photosystem II, with rates being maximal in the UVB region, We propose that D2 degradation, like D1 degradation, is activated by distinct photosensitizers tn the WE and visible regions of the spectrum. In both wavelength regions, photosystem II inhibitors that are known to he targeted to the DI protein affect D2 degradation. This suggests that degradation of the two proteins is coupled, D2 degradation being influenced by events occurring at the QB niche on the D1 protein. C1 WEIZMANN INST SCI,DEPT PLANT GENET,IL-76100 REHOVOT,ISRAEL. UNIV WATERLOO,DEPT BIOL,WATERLOO,ON N2L 3G1,CANADA. ARS,PLANT MOLEC GENET LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD. AGR RES ORG,VOLCANI CTR,DEPT VIROL,IL-50250 BET DAGAN,ISRAEL. RP Jansen, MAK (reprint author), AGR UNIV WAGENINGEN,DEPT PLANT PHYSIOL,ARBORETUMLAAN 4,6703 BD WAGENINGEN,NETHERLANDS. RI Mattoo, Autar/G-9863-2011; OI Jansen, Marcel/0000-0003-2014-5859 NR 35 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 63 IS 6 BP 814 EP 817 DI 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1996.tb09636.x PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA UQ162 UT WOS:A1996UQ16200021 ER PT J AU Deaven, DM Rokhsar, DS AF Deaven, DM Rokhsar, DS TI Variational evidence for spin liquids in frustrated lattices SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID RESONATING-VALENCE-BOND; QUANTUM HEISENBERG ANTIFERROMAGNETS; T = 0; GROUND-STATE; KAGOME ANTIFERROMAGNET; TRIANGULAR-LATTICE; SQUARE-LATTICE; MONTE-CARLO; NEEL STATE; SOLITONS AB We present a Gutzwiller-projected variational state appropriate for Heisenberg quantum antiferromagnets which incorporates staggered magnetization as a continuous variational parameter. Although we obtain Neel-ordered ground states with appropriate sublattice magnetization on the square, honeycomb, and triangular lattice spin-1/2 quantum antiferromagnets, we find no such order on the kagome lattice, providing evidence that the ground state on the kagome lattice is disordered. The spin-spin correlations we obtain for spins separated by more than a lattice constant are similar to those obtained by exact diagonalization of small clusters. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PHYS,BERKELEY,CA 94720. RP Deaven, DM (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT PHYS,AMES LAB,USDA,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 32 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0163-1829 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 53 IS 22 BP 14966 EP 14970 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.53.14966 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA UR047 UT WOS:A1996UR04700037 ER PT J AU Xu, M Sok, J Ostenson, JE Finnemore, DK Dabrowski, B AF Xu, M Sok, J Ostenson, JE Finnemore, DK Dabrowski, B TI Reversible magnetization and anisotropy in YBa2Cu4O8 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID II SUPERCONDUCTORS; MODEL AB The reversible magnetization for H parallel to ab has been studied for grain-aligned YBa2Cu4O8 in order to determine whether the Hao-Clem theory can properly describe the vortex state in this orientation, as well as the orientation for H parallel to c. Between temperatures of 70 and 76 K, the magnetization is reversible to better than 2% and the results scale very well to the universal Hao-Clem curve even though the supercurrents have a highly noncircular path as they circulate around a vortex parallel to the ab plane. The thermodynamic critical field is the same for H parallel to ab as for H parallel to c, as expected, and the Ginzburg-Landau parameter kappa(ab) = 380 compared to kappa(c) = 70 is consistent with an anisotropy value gamma = 5.8 +/- 0.4. C1 UNIV CHICAGO,JAMES FRANCK INST,CHICAGO,IL 60637. SAMSUNG ADV INST TECHNOL,MAT & DEVICE RES CTR,NEW MAT LAB,SUWON 440600,SOUTH KOREA. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT PHYS & ASTRON,AMES,IA 50511. USDA,AMES LAB,AMES,IA 50511. NO ILLINOIS UNIV,DEPT PHYS,DE KALB,IL 60115. RP Xu, M (reprint author), USDA,AMES LAB,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0163-1829 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN 1 PY 1996 VL 53 IS 22 BP 15313 EP 15315 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.53.15313 PG 3 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA UR047 UT WOS:A1996UR04700076 ER PT J AU Yunovitz, H Livsey, JN Gross, KC AF Yunovitz, H Livsey, JN Gross, KC TI Unconjugated Man(5)GlcNac occurs in vegetative tissues of tomato SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Lycopersicon esculentum; Solanaceae; tomato; glycoprotein; high-mannosyl type N-glycans; high-pH anion-exchange chromatography; oligosaccharide; oligosaccharin; pulsed amperometric detection; senescence ID ANION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY; FREE SIALOOLIGOSACCHARIDES; OLIGOMANNOSIDE TYPE; UNFERTILIZED EGGS; GLYCANS; BIANTENNARY; FRUIT AB Unconjugated Man alpha 1 --> 6(Man alpha 1 --> 3)Man alpha 1 --> 6(Man alpha 1 --> 3)Man beta 1 --> 4GlcNAc (Man(5)Glc NAc) delayed ripening when added exogenously at 10 ng g(-1) fr. wt to both whole tomato fruit and excised pericarp tissue discs. In addition, Man(5)GlcNAc was one of 10 unconjugated N-glycans purified from tomato pericarp tissue. When applied exogenously at a concentration of 10 nM, Man(5)GlcNAc prevented the delay of ripening induced by tunicamycin, an inhibitor of its de novo synthesis. Since it was possible that this unconjugated N-glycan might be specifically related to ripening, we checked to see if it also occurred in fully expanded leaf and stem tissues using high-pH anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. This method allowed us to detect 1 ng of oligosaccharide and to quantify accurately amounts in the range 60-600 ng per injection, significantly more sensitive than the amine-bonded HPLC method previously used to separate and quantify unconjugated N-glycans in tomato fruit pericarp tissue. Four high-mannosyl type unconjugated N-glycans were detected in tomato vegetative tissues, including Man(5)GlcNAc. These results support a potential role of Man(5)GlcNAc and/or other unconjugated N-glycans in plant developmental processes, in addition to its apparent role as a modulator of senescence of fruit. However, an initial experiment showed no effect of Man(5)GlcNAc on senescence of tomato leaf discs, as measured by chlorophyll loss. C1 USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR, HORT CROPS QUAL LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD JUN PY 1996 VL 42 IS 3 BP 607 EP 610 DI 10.1016/0031-9422(95)00956-6 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA UP398 UT WOS:A1996UP39800006 PM 8768316 ER PT J AU Whitaker, BD AF Whitaker, BD TI Cerebrosides in mature-green and red-ripe bell pepper and tomato fruits SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Capsicum annum; Lycopersicon esculentum; Solanaceae; bell pepper; tomato; cerebrosides; fruits; ripening; HPLC analysis ID L-CV PUMA; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; LEAVES; GLUCOCEREBROSIDES; SPHINGOLIPIDS; ACID AB Cerebrosides (CBs) isolated from pericarp lipids of green and red bell pepper and tomato fruits were separated by a new HPLC method into greater than or equal to six components. HPLC profiles were similar for the two fruits and changed little with ripening. CB 1 was the major peak, CB 2 was found only in bell pepper, and CBs 4, 5 and 6 were more abundant in pepper than in tomato. Total CBs and HPLC CB fractions were cleaved for analysis of fatty acid (FA), sphingoid (SP) and sugar moieties. FAs of total CBs were >95% saturated 2-hydroxyl. In CBs 1 and 2, 2-hydroxyl 16:0 was greater than or equal to 98% of the total FAs, whereas 2-hydroxyl 22:0, 23.0 and 24:0 predominated in CBs 4-6. The SPs of CBs 1 and 2 were tentatively identified as the 8-cis and 8-trans isomers of 4,8-sphingadienine and 8-sphingenine, respectively, whereas the SPs of CBs 4-6 were identified as isomers of 4-hydroxy-8-sphingenine. Glucose was the only sugar in bell pepper and tomato CBs. The major CB in. both fruits was deduced to be 1-0-beta-glucosyl-N-(2'hydroxypalmitoyl)-4-trans-8-cis-sphingadienine. RP Whitaker, BD (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR W,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 24 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD JUN PY 1996 VL 42 IS 3 BP 627 EP 632 DI 10.1016/0031-9422(96)00060-X PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA UP398 UT WOS:A1996UP39800010 ER PT J AU Manners, GD Wong, RY Benson, M Ralphs, MH Pfister, JA AF Manners, GD Wong, RY Benson, M Ralphs, MH Pfister, JA TI The characterization and absolute stereochemistry of barbaline, a diterpenoid alkaloid from Delphinium barbeyi SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Delphinium barbeyi; Ranunculaceae; diterpenoid alkaloid; barbaline ID NORDITERPENOID ALKALOIDS AB The structure and absolute stereochemistry of a new diterpenoid alkaloid, barbaline, was determined by NMR spectroscopy techniques and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. C1 USDA ARS,POISONOUS PLANT RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84341. RP Manners, GD (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 17 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD JUN PY 1996 VL 42 IS 3 BP 875 EP 879 DI 10.1016/0031-9422(95)00009-7 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA UP398 UT WOS:A1996UP39800064 ER PT J AU Nemchinov, L Hadidi, A AF Nemchinov, L Hadidi, A TI Characterization of the sour cherry strain of plum pox virus SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE detection; quarantine regulations ID COMPLETE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; POTYVIRUS DETECTION; RNA; REGION AB Properties of the sour cherry isolate of plum pox virus (PPV) were investigated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), molecular hybridization, nucleotide sequencing, ultrathin sectioning of infected tissue, and graft transmission to different cherry rootstocks. Analysis of RT-PCR-amplified cDNA product from infected tissue with primers for the 3' noncoding region (3'-NCR) of the PPV genome and molecular hybridization of the amplified product with a labeled PPV cRNA probe verified that the potyvirus infecting sour cherry trees (Prunus cerasus) in Moldova is an isolate of PPV. RFLP analysis of RT-PCR products from infected tissue with specific primers for the 3'-terminal region of the PPV coat protein (CP) gene revealed that the sour cherry isolate of PPV is a unique strain of PPV and a prototype of a new group that contains neither the RsaI nor the AluI restriction site. These results were confirmed by nucleotide sequencing analysis. Nucleotide sequencing of the S'-NCR and the region coding for the 3'-terminal fragment of the PPV CP gene showed about 93% identity to that of other PPV isolates. RT-PCR assays of tissue extracts from three sour cherry cultivars demonstrated that sour cherry PPV was distributed systemically in sour cherry trees and infected leaf, bark, root, flower, fruit, and seed tissues. The virus was successfully transmitted by chip bud grafting to rootstocks of P. avium (sweet cherry) and P. mahaleb. C1 USDA ARS,NATL GERMPLASM RESOURCES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 29 TC 62 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUN PY 1996 VL 86 IS 6 BP 575 EP 580 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-575 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UP110 UT WOS:A1996UP11000005 ER PT J AU Jacobs, AS Pretorius, ZA Kloppers, FJ Cox, TS AF Jacobs, AS Pretorius, ZA Kloppers, FJ Cox, TS TI Mechanisms associated with wheat leaf rust resistance derived from Triticum monococcum SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE histology; infection structures ID CELL-WALL APPOSITIONS; HEXAPLOID WHEAT; BARLEY SEEDLINGS; CEREALS; LEAVES; GROWTH AB The infection of wheat (Triticum aestivum) line KS93U9 (Karl*3//PI 266844/PI 355520) with Puccinia recondita f. sp. tritici was studied to determine histological mechanisms of resistance. The development of fungal structures was studied at two host growth stages in KS93U9, its leaf rust-resistant T. monococcum parent lines PI 266844 and PI 355520, and its susceptible recurrent parent 'Karl'. T. monococcum accession Tm2126/5, previously reported to exhibit prehaustorial resistance to P. recondita f. sp. tritici, was included in the study. Using fluorescence microscopy, infection sites on leaf sections infected with pathotype UVPrt9 and stained with Uvitex 2B were examined for, respectively, the percentage of prestomatal exclusion of the fungus (germ tubes not forming appressoria and appressoria not forming over stomata), aborted penetration (nonpenetrating appressoria and aborted substomatal vesicles), early abortion (less than six haustorium mother cells per infection site), and successfully established colonies. In general, the resistant lines responded similarly for prestomatal exclusion and aborted penetration, but differences in early abortion and colony formation were observed. In seedlings, prestomatal exclusion could be attributed to the inability of fungal germ tubes to produce appressoria, whereas the formation of nonstomatal appressoria occurred more commonly in adult plants. At both growth stages, most aborted penetration attempts were accounted for by arrested substomatal vesicles rather than nonpenetrating appressoria. All infection sites displaying early abortion in KS93U9 were associated with host cell necrosis, whereas no hypersensitivity was observed in primary leaves of Tm2126/5. In adult Tm2126/5 plants, however, a large proportion of the infection sites exhibited hypersensitivity. Similarly, infection sites in PI 266844 and PI 355520 were frequently accompanied by necrotic leaf tissue. Staining of the leaves with trypan blue and a saturated solution of picric acid in methyl salicylate, and viewing with phase contrast microscopy, showed that papillae commonly occurred at infection sites in the T. monococcum lines, but not in KS93U9. Expression of T. monococcum-derived resistance in KS93U9 was not different from hypersensitive reactions typically associated with existing sources of major gene resistance to wheat leaf rust. Furthermore, components of resistance indicated, that at a histological level, mechanisms of resistance in the hexaploid KS93U9 background were altered when compared with parent lines. C1 UNIV ORANGE FREE STATE, DEPT PLANT PATHOL, BLOEMFONTEIN 9300, SOUTH AFRICA. KANSAS STATE UNIV, DEPT AGRON, USDA ARS, MANHATTAN, KS 66502 USA. NR 21 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUN PY 1996 VL 86 IS 6 BP 588 EP 595 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-588 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UP110 UT WOS:A1996UP11000007 ER PT J AU Wisler, GC Liu, HY Klaassen, VA Duffus, JE Falk, BW AF Wisler, GC Liu, HY Klaassen, VA Duffus, JE Falk, BW TI Tomato infectious chlorosis virus has a bipartite genome and induces phloem-limited inclusions characteristic of the closteroviruses SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE greenhouse whitefly; Trialeurodes vaporariorum ID SWEET-POTATO; DISEASE AB Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV) is a newly described closterovirus. Virions purified from TICV-infected plants contained two single-stranded (ss) RNAs, one of approximately 7,800 (RNA 1) and the other 7,400 (RNA 2) nucleotides. Double-stranded (ds) RNA analysis showed two prominent dsRNAs of approximately 7,800 and 7,400 bp, as well as several smaller dsRNAs. The TICV virion ssRNAs were used for cDNA cloning. Of 200 cDNA clones analyzed, 10 clones containing cDNAs ranging in size from about 900 to 1,500 nucleotides were used to generate digoxigenin-UTP-labeled transcripts. These transcripts hybridized with the TICV ssRNAs in Northern blot hybridization analyses and were used in dot-blot analyses to confirm TICV infection in several host plants including tomato, potato, Physalis wrightii, Nicotiana clevelandii, and artichoke. None of the probes reacted with any uninfected host plant tested or with plants infected with four other clostero- or clostero-like viruses including lettuce infectious yellows closterovirus, lettuce chlorosis virus, cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus, and beet pseudo yellows virus. Northern blot hybridization analyses using selected riboprobes showed no detectable homology between TICV dsRNA 1 and 2, or between subsets of smaller dsRNAs. Inclusion bodies, characteristic of the closteroviruses, were consistently associated with the phloem of TICV-infected N. clevelandii. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP Wisler, GC (reprint author), USDA ARS,US AGR RES STN,1636 E ALISAL ST,SALINAS,CA 93905, USA. NR 29 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUN PY 1996 VL 86 IS 6 BP 622 EP 626 DI 10.1094/Phyto-86-622 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UP110 UT WOS:A1996UP11000012 ER PT J AU Banuelos, GS Zayed, A Terry, N Wu, L Akohoue, S Zambrzuski, S AF Banuelos, GS Zayed, A Terry, N Wu, L Akohoue, S Zambrzuski, S TI Accumulation of selenium by different plant species grown under increasing sodium and calcium chloride salinity SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE Brassica napus; Festuca arundinacea; Hibiscus cannibinus; Lotus tenuis; phytoremediation; salinity; selenium ID SALT TOLERANCE; SOIL; BORON; VOLATILIZATION; POTASSIUM; REMOVAL AB High levels of naturally occurring selenium (Se) are often found in conjunction with different forms of salinity in central California. Plants considered for use in phytoremediation of high Se levels must therefore be salt tolerant. Selenium accumulation was evaluated for the following species under increasing salt (NaCl and CaCl) conditions: Brassica napus L. (canola), Hibiscus cannibinus L. (kenaf), Festuca arundinacea L. (tall fescue), and Lotus tenuis L. (birdsfoot trefoil). The experimental design was a complete randomized block with four salt treatments of < 1, 5, 10, and 20 dS m(-1), four plant species, three blocks, and six replicates per treatment. Ninety days after growing in the respective salt treated soil with a Se concentration of 2 mg Se kg(-1) soil, added as Na2SeO4, all plant species were completely harvested. Among the species tested, shoot and root dry matter yield of kenaf was most significantly (p < 0.001) affected by the highest salt treatment and tall fescue and canola were the least affected species. Generally there was a decrease in tissue accumulation of Se with increasing salt levels, except that low levels of salinity stimulated Se accumulation in canola. Canola leaf and root tissue accumulated the highest concentrations of Se (315 and 80 mg Se kg(-1) DM) and tall fescue the least (35 and 7 mg Se kg(-1) DM). Total soil Se concentrations at harvest were significantly (p < 0.05) lower for all species at all salt treatments. Removal of Se from soil was greatest by canola followed by birdsfoot trefoil, kenaf and tall fescue. Among the four species, canola was the best candidate for removing Se under the tested salinity conditions. Kenaf may be effective because of its large biomass production, while tall fescue and birdsfoot trefoil may be effective because they can be repeatedly clipped as perennial crops. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PLANT BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP Banuelos, GS (reprint author), USDA ARS,WATER MANAGEMENT RES LAB,2021 S PEACH AVE,FRESNO,CA 93727, USA. NR 44 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD JUN PY 1996 VL 183 IS 1 BP 49 EP 59 DI 10.1007/BF02185564 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VW632 UT WOS:A1996VW63200003 ER PT J AU Groffman, PM Eagan, P Sullivan, WM Lemunyon, JL AF Groffman, PM Eagan, P Sullivan, WM Lemunyon, JL TI Grass species and soil type effects on microbial biomass and activity SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE denitrification; mineralization; nitrification; nitrogen; respiration ID NITROGEN ACCUMULATION; PERENNIAL GRASSES; ORGANIC-MATTER; FILTER STRIPS; DENITRIFICATION; MINERALIZATION; TURNOVER; DYNAMICS; NITRATE; CARBON AB We evaluated plant versus soil type controls on microbial biomass and activity by comparing microbial biomass C, soil respiration, denitrification potential, potential net N mineralization and nitrification in different soils supporting four grass species, and by growing a group of 10 different grass species on the same soil, in two experiments respectively. In the first experiment, none of the microbial variables showed significant variation with grass species while all variables showed significant variation with soil type, likely due to variation in soil texture. In the second experiment, there were few significant differences in microbial biomass C among the 10 grasses but there were significant relationships between variation in microbial biomass C and potential net N mineralization (negative), soil respiration (positive) and denitrification (positive). There was no relationship between microbial biomass C and either plant yield or plant N concentration. The results suggest that 1) soil type is a more important controller of microbial biomass and activity than grass species, 2) that different grass species can create significant, but small and infrequent, differences in microbial biomass and activity in soil, and 3) that plant-induced variation in microbial biomass and activity is caused by variation in labile C input to soil. C1 UNIV RHODE ISL,DEPT NAT RESOURCE SCI,KINGSTON,RI 02881. UNIV RHODE ISL,DEPT PLANT SCI,KINGSTON,RI 02881. USDA,NRCS,FT WORTH,TX 76115. RP Groffman, PM (reprint author), INST ECOSYST STUDIES,BOX AB,MILLBROOK,NY 12545, USA. NR 37 TC 67 Z9 83 U1 3 U2 16 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD JUN PY 1996 VL 183 IS 1 BP 61 EP 67 DI 10.1007/BF02185565 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA VW632 UT WOS:A1996VW63200004 ER PT J AU Cheng, WH Taliercio, EW Chourey, PS AF Cheng, WH Taliercio, EW Chourey, PS TI The Miniature1 seed locus of maize encodes a cell wall invertase required for normal development of endosperm and maternal cells in the pedicel SO PLANT CELL LA English DT Article ID SUCROSE SYNTHASE GENES; CARBOHYDRATE-METABOLISM; BETA-FRUCTOSIDASE; TOBACCO PLANTS; EXPRESSION; KERNELS; RNA; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; INHIBITION; CLONING AB Collective evidence demonstrates that the Miniature1 (Mn1) seed locus in maize encodes an endosperm-specific isozyme of cell wall invertase, CWI-2. The evidence includes (1) isolation and characterization of ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mn1 mutants with altered enzyme activity and (2) a near-linear relationship between geneldose and invertase activity and the CWI-2 protein. In addition, molecular analyses showed that the cBNA clone incw2 maps to the Mn1 locus and differentiates the six ethyl methanesulfonate-induced mn1 mutants of independent origin into two classes when RNA gel blot analyses were used. We also report two unexpected observations that provide significant new insight into the physiological role of invertase and its regulation in a developing seed. First, a large proportion of total enzyme activity (similar to 90%) was dispensable (i.e., nonlimiting). However, below the threshold level of similar to 6% of wild-type activity, the endosperm enzyme controlled both the sink strength of the developing endosperm as well as the developmental stability of maternal cells in the pedicel in a rate-limiting manner. Our data also suggest an unusually tight coordinate control between the cell wall-bound and the soluble forms of invertase, which are most likely encoded by two separate genes, presumably through metabolic controls mediated by the sugars. C1 UNIV FLORIDA, DEPT PLANT PATHOL, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA. UNIV FLORIDA, PROGRAM PLANT MOL & CELLULAR BIOL, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA. UNIV FLORIDA, DEPT AGRON, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA. UNIV FLORIDA, USDA ARS, GAINESVILLE, FL 32611 USA. NR 46 TC 176 Z9 192 U1 4 U2 20 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 1040-4651 J9 PLANT CELL JI Plant Cell PD JUN PY 1996 VL 8 IS 6 BP 971 EP 983 DI 10.1105/tpc.8.6.971 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA UV195 UT WOS:A1996UV19500004 ER PT J AU Ni, M Dehesh, K Tepperman, JM Quail, PH AF Ni, M Dehesh, K Tepperman, JM Quail, PH TI GT-2: In vivo transcriptional activation activity and definition of novel twin DNA binding domains with reciprocal target sequence selectivity SO PLANT CELL LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN SECONDARY STRUCTURE; PLANT GENE-EXPRESSION; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; REGULATORY PROTEINS; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; PHYTOCHROME; SITE; PROMOTER; ELEMENT; TOBACCO AB GT-2 is a novel DNA binding protein that interacts with a triplet of functionally defined, positively acting GT-box motifs (GT1-bx, GT2-bx, and GT3-bx) in the rice phytochrome A gene (PHYA) promoter. Data from a transient transfection assay used here show that recombinant GT-2 enhanced transcription from both homologous and heterologous GT-box-containing promoters, thereby indicating that this protein can function as a transcriptional activator in vivo. Previously, we have shown that GT-2 contains separate DNA binding determinants in its N- and C-terminal halves, with binding site preferences for the GT3-bx and GT2-bx promoter motifs, respectively, Here, we demonstrate that the minimal DNA binding domains reside within dual 90-amino acid polypeptide segments encompassing duplicated sequences, termed trihelix regions, in each half of the molecule, plus 15 additional immediately adjacent amino acids downstream, These minimal binding domains retained considerable target sequence selectivity for the different GT-box motifs, but this selectivity was enhanced by a separate polypeptide segment farther downstream on the C-terminal side of each trihelix region. Therefore, the data indicate that the twin DNA binding domains of GT-2 each consist of a general GT-box recognition core with intrinsic differential binding activity toward closely related target motifs and a modifier sequence conferring higher resolution reciprocal selectivity between these motifs. C1 USDA ARS,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,ALBANY,CA 94710. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PLANT BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720. NR 86 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 1040-4651 J9 PLANT CELL JI Plant Cell PD JUN PY 1996 VL 8 IS 6 BP 1041 EP 1059 PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA UV195 UT WOS:A1996UV19500009 PM 8672890 ER PT J AU Welty, RE Azevedo, MD AF Welty, RE Azevedo, MD TI Seed yield responses of five selections of tall fescue susceptible or resistant to stem rust with or without propiconazole SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID FIELD AB Stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola is a serious disease of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) grown for seed in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Between 1991 and 1994, propiconazole was applied to five stem rust susceptible and five stem rust resistant selections to compare seed yield and disease response. When stem rust was observed in mid-May of 1992 and 1994, seed yield and 1,000-seed weights among stem rust susceptible selections were significantly larger (P < 0.05) than in nontreated controls in three of five propiconazole-treated selections. Stem rust was not observed until mid-June in 1991 and 1993, and seed yield and 1,000-seed weights among susceptible selections treated with propiconazole were not significantly larger (P < 0.05) than those of nontreated controls. Seed yield and 1,000-seed weights among stem rust resistant selections treated with propiconazole were not significantly different (P < 0.05) from those of nontreated controls. Dates when stem rust was first observed in stem rust susceptible selections and the rate of stem rust development were different each year. This study determined the influence of stem rust on seed yield in selections of tall fescue resistant and susceptible to stem rust and determined year-to-year variation in seasonal occurrence of stem rust and its influence on seed yield. RP Welty, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL FORAGE SEED PROD RES CTR,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 80 IS 6 BP 625 EP 628 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UM342 UT WOS:A1996UM34200005 ER PT J AU Nyczepir, AP Bertrand, PF Cunfer, BM AF Nyczepir, AP Bertrand, PF Cunfer, BM TI Suitability of a wheat-sorghum, double-crop rotation to manage Criconemella xenoplax in peach production SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Prunus persica; Sorghum vulgare; Triticum aestivum ID TREE SHORT LIFE; ASSOCIATION; SOIL AB Twenty-one sorghum cultivars were evaluated for host suitability to the ring nematode Criconemella xenoplax in the greenhouse. No C. xenoplax were detected on peach in soil previously planted to GK8172C, Funks G-522DR, Jacques-505, McCurdy M51YG, Northrup King NK2660, or Northrup King NK-Savannah 5. Additionally, the effects of 1-, 2-, and 3-year wheat-sorghum and wheat-fallow preplant double-crop rotations for the management of C. xenoplax were studied from 1990 to 1993 in a field experiment in central Georgia. The field site had a previous history of peach tree short life and was heavily infested with C. xenoplax. All wheat-sorghum and wheat-fallow rotations suppressed population densities of C. xenoplax compared with 3 years of continuous peach (P less than or equal to 0.05). One year of a wheat-fallow did not suppress C. xenoplax population densities as low as did 1 year of wheat-sorghum. No differences in suppression of C. xenoplax population density were detected among the 1, 2, and 3 years of wheat-sorghum rotation. A wheat-sorghum rotation has potential as a preplant strategy to manage C. xenoplax in peach orchards in the southeastern United States. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,TIFTON,GA 31793. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,GEORGIA STN,GRIFFIN,GA 30223. RP Nyczepir, AP (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE FRUIT & TREE NUT RES LAB,111 DUNBAR RD,BYRON,GA 31008, USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 80 IS 6 BP 629 EP 632 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UM342 UT WOS:A1996UM34200006 ER PT J AU Britton, KO Berrang, P Mavity, E AF Britton, KO Berrang, P Mavity, E TI Effects of pretreatment with simulated acid rain on the severity of dogwood anthracnose SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE flowering dogwood ID AIR-POLLUTANTS; FOREST DECLINE; PLANT-DISEASES; SEEDLINGS; INFECTION; IMPACT; FOG AB The effects of simulated acid rain on dogwood anthracnose severity were evaluated in a series of greenhouse and field experiments over a 4-year period. In 1990 and 1991, Cornus florida seedlings received 10 weekly foliar applications of simulated rain adjusted to pH 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, and 5.5. They were then placed under mature dogwoods naturally infected with Discula destructiva. In both years, the percent leaf area infected increased significantly as the pH of the simulated rain solution decreased. In 1992 and 1993, seedlings were wrapped in plastic bags below the root collar to permit separate application of simulated acid rain (pH 2.5) or normal rain (pH 5.5) to the foliage or the growing medium or both. Application of pH 2.5 rain to the growing medium increased disease severity. Foliar applications alone did not increase disease. These results suggest that changes in nutrient availability, rather than foliar damage, are responsible for the increase in anthracnose severity in dogwoods pretreated with simulated acid rain. C1 CTR FOREST ENVIRONM STUDIES,SO RES STN,DRY BRANCH,GA 31020. RP Britton, KO (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,320 GREEN ST,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 41 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 80 IS 6 BP 646 EP 649 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UM342 UT WOS:A1996UM34200009 ER PT J AU Lewis, JA Fravel, DR AF Lewis, JA Fravel, DR TI Influence of pyrax/biomass of biocontrol fungi on snap bean damping-off caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in the field and on germination of sclerotia SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; GLIOCLADIUM-VIRENS; SOUTHERN BLIGHT; RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI; TRICHODERMA; SOIL; FORMULATIONS; DISEASE; GREENHOUSE; TOMATO AB A 2-year field study at Beltsville, MD, of soil artificially infested with sclerotia of Sclerotium rolfsii strain Sr-1 demonstrated the ability of fermenter-produced biomass of Gliocladium virens isolate G1-3 in a powder formulation to prevent damping-off of snap beans caused by this pathogen. Plant stands were counted 11 and 35 days after planting. In addition, the CFU of G1-3 per g of soil in the treatment plots were determined. Pyrax/biomass amended at rates of 15, 30, 60, and 120 g/1.1 m(2) plots to provide 0.6 to 6.6 x 10(4) CFU of G1-3 per g of soil significantly increased plant stands after 35 days, compared with 7 and 19% stands in the pathogen-infested control soils for 1992 and 1993, respectively. In 1992, the stand increase was correlated (r(2) = 0.92) with increased rates of the preparation, such that 60 and 120 g of the Pyrax/biomass per plot resulted in stands comparable to those (>85%) in the noninfested control plots. In 1993, although there was no significant correlation (r(2) = 0.601) between rate of amendment and plant stand, all rates gave stands greater than that in the infested control but not as great as that in the noninfested control. Generally, soil populations of G1-3 increased by 11 days with higher, but not lower, rates of Pyrax/biomass to about 10(5) CFU/g soil during both years. Population levels tended to decline after 35 days of plant growth, but generally remained higher than the amounts added. This population increase suggested establishment of G1-3 in the soil. A study to determine the influence of Pyrax and biomass of various isolates of Trichoderma spp. and G. virens on the germination of sclerotia of two S. rolfsii isolates (Sr-1 and Sr-3) indicated considerable specificity. G. virens isolates were more effective in reducing sclerotial germination than were isolates of T. viride, T. hamatum, and T. harzianum. Moreover, isolate G1-3 was more effective that the other G. virens isolates. In addition, S. rolfsii isolate Sr-3, which produces larger and darker sclerotia than those of Sr-1, was less affected by the various isolates of Trichoderma spp. and G. virens than was Sr-1. RP Lewis, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, BIOCONTROL PLANT DIS LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 34 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 80 IS 6 BP 655 EP 659 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UM342 UT WOS:A1996UM34200011 ER PT J AU Kogel, R Hammond, RW Ramirez, P AF Kogel, R Hammond, RW Ramirez, P TI Incidence and geographic distribution of maize rayado fino virus (MRFV) in Latin America SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID DALBULUS LEAFHOPPERS HOMOPTERA AB Samples of maize (Zea mars L.) exhibiting symptoms of the maize rayado fine virus (MRFV) were collected in eight Latin American countries during August to December of 1992, as part of a survey of virus distribution. Maize with MRFV symptoms were found in all countries and life zones sampled. Of the 103 collected plants tested for the presence of MRFV using hybridization with an MRFV cRNA probe, 75% were positive for the virus. Much variation in MRFV symptoms and symptom expression patterns was found. C1 USDA ARS,MOL PLANT PATHOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV COSTA RICA,ESCUELA BIOL,CTR INVEST BIOL CELULAR & MOL,SAN JOSE,COSTA RICA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 80 IS 6 BP 679 EP 683 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UM342 UT WOS:A1996UM34200016 ER PT J AU Comstock, JC Shine, JM Davis, MJ Dean, JL AF Comstock, JC Shine, JM Davis, MJ Dean, JL TI Relationship between resistance to Clavibacter xyli subsp xyli colonization in sugarcane and spread of ratoon stunting disease in the field SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID SUSCEPTIBILITY AB The spread of ratoon stunting disease (RSD) of sugarcane resulting from hand-cutting was monitored in plots of six different cultivars that varied in RSD resistance. Cultivar resistance influenced the disease spread. Very little spread was observed among plants of an RSD-resistant cultivar that had low numbers of Clavibacter xyli subsp. xyli-colonized vascular bundles (cvb) determined in 1-cm-diameter core sample of stalk tissue; whereas the rate of spread and incidence were highest in the most susceptible cultivar, which had approximately 20 cvb per core sample. Disease spread followed the direction of hand harvest within rows from infected source plants (inoculated) to test plants (uninoculated). The incidence of RSD in test plants increased with the number of ratoon crops harvested. C1 FLORIDA SUGAR CANE LEAGUE,CANAL POINT,FL 33438. UNIV FLORIDA,CTR TROP RES & EDUC,HOMESTEAD,FL 33031. RP Comstock, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUGARCANE FIELD STN,CANAL POINT,FL 33438, USA. NR 23 TC 14 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 80 IS 6 BP 704 EP 708 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UM342 UT WOS:A1996UM34200021 ER PT J AU Larsen, RC Kaiser, WJ Wyatt, SD AF Larsen, RC Kaiser, WJ Wyatt, SD TI First report of a virus disease of chickpea caused by a strain of red clover vein mosaic carlavirus. SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS,PULLMAN,WA 99164. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP Larsen, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS,PROSSER,WA 99350, USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 80 IS 6 BP 709 EP 709 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UM342 UT WOS:A1996UM34200022 ER PT J AU DeHaan, RL Sheaffer, CC Samac, DA AF DeHaan, RL Sheaffer, CC Samac, DA TI First report of Phytophthora medicaginis causing Phytophthora root rot on annual Medicago spp. SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,PLANT SCI RES UNIT,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP DeHaan, RL (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 1 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 80 IS 6 BP 710 EP 710 PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UM342 UT WOS:A1996UM34200026 ER PT J AU Dunlap, JR Slovin, JP Cohen, JD AF Dunlap, JR Slovin, JP Cohen, JD TI Indole-3-acetic acid, ethylene, and abscisic acid metabolism in developing muskmelon (Cucumis melo L) fruit SO PLANT GROWTH REGULATION LA English DT Article DE Cucumis melo; flowering; fruit ripening; senescence; plant hormones ID LYCOPERSICON-ESCULENTUM-MILL; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; TISSUE; DERIVATIVES; STORAGE; PLANTS; SEEDS AB Hormonal metabolism associated with fruit development in muskmelon was investigated by measuring IAA, ABA, and ACC levels in several tissues at various stages of development. In addition, levels of conjugated IAA and ABA were determined in the same tissues. Ethylene production, which is believed to signal the ripening and senescence of mature fruit, was also measured. Ethylene production was highest in the outer tissue near the rind and gradually declined during maturation, except for a dramatic increase in all fruit tissues at the climacteric. In contrast to ethylene production, ACC levels increased during maturation and remained equal throughout the fruit until the climacteric, when levels in the outer tissues increased nearly 5-fold over levels in the inner tissues. The consistent presence of ACC indicates that ACC oxidase rather than the availability of ACC regulates ethylene production in developing fruits. ABA and ABA esters generally declined during maturation, however an increase in ABA esters associated with the outer mesocarp tissue was observed in fully mature, climacteric fruit. IAA and IAA conjugates were only found in the outer tissue near the rind, and their levels remained low until the fruit was fully mature and entering the climacteric. At that time, increased levels of conjugates were detected. The late burst of hormonal metabolism in the outer mesocarp tissue appeared to signal its degeneration and the deterioration that typically occurs in ripening fruit. The tissue-specific conjugation of IAA and ABA, in addition to the production of climacteric ethylene, may represent part of the signaling mechanism initiating ripening and eventual deterioration of tissues in muskmelon fruits. C1 ARS,CLIMATE STRESS LAB,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. ARS,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Dunlap, JR (reprint author), TEXAS AGR EXPTL STN,2415 E HWY 83,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. OI Cohen, Jerry/0000-0003-2816-8676 NR 43 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6903 J9 PLANT GROWTH REGUL JI Plant Growth Regul. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 19 IS 1 BP 45 EP 54 DI 10.1007/BF00024401 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA UZ232 UT WOS:A1996UZ23200007 ER PT J AU Koehler, SM Matters, GL Nath, P Kemmerer, EC Tucker, ML AF Koehler, SM Matters, GL Nath, P Kemmerer, EC Tucker, ML TI The gene promoter for a bean abscission cellulase is ethylene-induced in transgenic tomato and shows high sequence conservation with a soybean abscission cellulase SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE abscission; cellulase; ethylene; Phaseolus vulgaris; promoter; transgenic ID LEAF ABSCISSION; AVOCADO FRUIT; BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; MESSENGER-RNA; EXPRESSION; ACCUMULATION; PLANTS; TRANSFORMATION; PROTEINS; ENHANCER AB Bean leaf abscission (organ separation) correlates with the de novo accumulation of a pI 9.5 cellulase and its mRNA. Overlapping genomic clones encoding the bean abscission cellulase (BAC) were isolated and partially sequenced. In addition, a genomic clone for a soybean abscission cellulase (SAC) was identified and the sequence compared to the BAC genomic sequence. Two 5'-upstream regions are particularly well conserved in the two sequences. Of special interest here is the region between -1 and -200 in the BAC promoter which is highly conserved in the SAC gene. Particle gun bombardment with a BAC promoter construct containing 210 bp of BAC sequence 5' to the transcription start site was sufficient to drive abscission-specific and ethylene and auxin-regulated transient expression in bean. In addition to the transient expression assay, expression was examined in stably transformed tomato. A similar -210 bp BAC promoter construct supported a low level of ethylene-inducible reporter gene expression in tomato leaf abscission zones and adjacent petioles but not in ethylene-treated stem tissue or fruit. Expression from the -210 promoter in tomato abscission zones was inhibited by silver thiosulfate, an ethylene action inhibitor, and was partially inhibited by treatment with auxin. C1 USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR W, PLANT MOL BIOL LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. PENN STATE COLL MED, DEPT BIOCHEM & MOL BIOL, HERSHEY, PA 17033 USA. NATL BOT RES INST, LUCKNOW 226001, UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA. NR 48 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 EI 1573-5028 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 31 IS 3 BP 595 EP 606 DI 10.1007/BF00042232 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA VE973 UT WOS:A1996VE97300013 PM 8790292 ER PT J AU Kroczynska, B Zhou, RG Wood, C Miernyk, JA AF Kroczynska, B Zhou, RG Wood, C Miernyk, JA TI AtJ1, a mitochondrial homologue of the Escherichia coli DnaJ protein SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Arabidopsis thaliana; ATPase activity; DnaJ; molecular chaperone; mitochondria; nucleotide sequence; precursor; protein import ID HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; MAIZE ENDOSPERM CELLS; MOLECULAR CHAPERONE; MEMBRANE TRANSLOCATION; TARGETING PEPTIDES; STRESS PROTEINS; ATPASE ACTIVITY; BACTERIAL DNAJ; GENE; EXPRESSION AB The nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone from Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia was determined, and the corresponding amino sequence deduced. The open reading frame encodes a protein, AtJ1, of 368 residues with a molecular mass of 41 471 Da and an isoelectric point of 9.2. The predicted sequence contains regions homologous to the J- and cysteine-rich domains of Escherichia coli DnaJ, but the glycine/phenylalanine-rich region is not present. Based upon Southern analysis, Arabidopsis appears to have a single atJ1 structural gene. A single species of mRNA, of 1.5 kb, was detected when Arabidopsis poly(A)(+) RNA was hybridized with the atJ1 cDNA. The function of atJ1 was tested by complementation of a dnaJ deletion mutant of E. coli, allowing growth in minimal medium at 44 degrees C. The AtJ1 protein was expressed in E. coli as a fusion with the maltose binding protein. This fusion protein was purified by amylose affinity chromatography, then cleaved by digestion with the activated factor X protease. The recombinant AtJ1 protein was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. In vitro, recombinant AtJ1 stimulated the ATPase activity of both E. coli DnaK and maize endosperm cytoplasmic Stress70. The deduced amino acid sequence of AtJ1 contains a potential mitochondrial targeting sequence at the N-terminus. Radioactive recombinant AtJ1 was synthesized in E. coli and purified. When the labeled protein was incubated with intact pea cotyledon mitochondria, it was imported and proteolytically processed in a reaction that depended upon an energized mitochondrial membrane. C1 AGR RES SERV,MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT,USDA,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. UNIV NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE,DEPT BIOL & NUTR SCI,NEWCASTLE TYNE NE1 7RU,TYNE & WEAR,ENGLAND. POLISH ACAD SCI,INST BIOCHEM & BIOPHYS,PL-02106 WARSAW,POLAND. HEBEI ACAD AGR SCI,INST AGROPHYS PLANT PHYSIOL & BIOCHEM,SHIJIAZHUANG,PEOPLES R CHINA. NR 41 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD JUN PY 1996 VL 31 IS 3 BP 619 EP 629 DI 10.1007/BF00042234 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA VE973 UT WOS:A1996VE97300015 PM 8790294 ER EF