FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Mudge, J Cregan, PB Kenworthy, JP Kenworthy, WJ Orf, JH Young, ND AF Mudge, J Cregan, PB Kenworthy, JP Kenworthy, WJ Orf, JH Young, ND TI Two microsatellite markers that flank the major soybean cyst nematode resistance locus SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HETERODERA-GLYCINES ICHINOHE; SEQUENCE REPEAT DNA; LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS; QUANTITATIVE TRAITS; LINKAGE MAP; GERM PLASM; IDENTIFICATION; DIVERSITY AB The use of resistant cultivars is the most effective method for controlling soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines Ichinoe; SCN) on soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill]. However, resistance to SCN is oligogenic, making inheritance patterns complex and breeding difficult. One major partial-resistance locus for SCN resistance is located on molecular Linkage group (MLG) 'G'. This locus controls more than 50% of variation associated with response to SCN and resistant alleles are present in many important sources of SCN resistance, including PI 209332, PI 88788, PI 90763, PI 437654, and 'Peking'. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) Linked to the major SCN resistance alleles on MLG G have proven effective in tracking the alleles and predicting SCN response. These RFLPs are much more efficient in terms of time and labor than greenhouse assays for SCN. Nevertheless, more efficient DNA markers are needed to screen the many lines required for marker-assisted selection. Polymerase chain reaction-based markers, such as microsatellites (simple sequence repeats), have been sought because they are faster, less expensive, more polymorphic, and require less labor than RFLPs. In this study, we report two microsatellites, BARC-Satt038 and BARC-Satt130, that flank the major SCN resistance locus on MLG G. These microsatellites efficiently identify the chromosome fragment carrying the resistance allele and are also good predictors of SCN phenotype response. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. ARS,USDA,SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT AGRON,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. NR 30 TC 51 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1611 EP 1615 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XZ355 UT WOS:A1997XZ35500034 ER PT J AU Mayer, MS Tullu, A Simon, CJ Kumar, J Kaiser, WJ Kraft, JM Muehlbauer, FJ AF Mayer, MS Tullu, A Simon, CJ Kumar, J Kaiser, WJ Kraft, JM Muehlbauer, FJ TI Development of a DNA marker for Fusarium wilt resistance in chickpea SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RAPD MARKERS; DISEASE-RESISTANCE; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; INHERITANCE; GENES; LINKAGE; ISOZYME; PCR; IDENTIFICATION; POLYMORPHISMS AB Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr. f. sp. ciceris (Padwick) Matuo & K, Sate is the most widely spread soilborne disease of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). To advance our understanding of the genetics of wilt resistance and aid chickpea breeding programs, we developed a set of F-6 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) between Fusarium wilt susceptible (C-104) and resistant (WR-315) parents, Prior screening of selected F-3 plants identified two primers (UBC-170 and CS-27) that produced random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers associated with Fusarium wilt race 1 resistance. Analysis of the RILs with these primers yielded an estimate of 7% recombination between the two markers and the locus for milt resistance, and 6% recombination between the loci corresponding to the two RAPD markers. The DNA fragments were cloned and sequenced in order to construct primers that would amplify only the markers of interest. Primer pair CS-27F/CS-27R amplified a fragment linked to the allele for susceptibility to race 1 of Fusarium wilt and thus constitute allele specific associated primers (ASAPs), whereas UBC-170F/UBC-170R produced a single band for both resistant and susceptible genotypes, thus demonstrating locus specificity rather than allele specificity, The use of markers generated by the RAPD or ASAP approaches can facilitate the introgression of resistance genes into susceptible lines and expedite the screening of chickpea germplasm resources and will be useful in extending the genetic map of chickpea. C1 ARS, USDA, REG PLANT INTRODUCT STN, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. UNIV SAN DIEGO, DEPT BIOL, SAN DIEGO, CA 92110 USA. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. INT CROPS RES INST SEMI ARID TROP, PATANCHERU 502324, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA. ARS, USDA, PROSSER, WA 99350 USA. RI Tullu, Abebe/B-2722-2012 NR 40 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1625 EP 1629 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XZ355 UT WOS:A1997XZ35500036 ER PT J AU Franco, J Crossa, J Diaz, J Taba, S Villasenor, J Eberhart, SA AF Franco, J Crossa, J Diaz, J Taba, S Villasenor, J Eberhart, SA TI A sequential clustering strategy for classifying gene bank accessions SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MAIZE; RACES; COEFFICIENT AB Statistical classification methods such as Normix, applied to groups previously formed (a priori groups) using hierarchical methods, ean improve the a priori groups and give estimation of probabilities Far membership. In this study, we used data from the evaluation of 29 maize (Zea mays L.) races to (i) apply Normix to the a priori groups formed by the Ward method (Normix after Ward), (ii) use the upper tail approach and a likelihood ratio test to estimate the optimal number of groups, and (iii) use three geometrical and statistical criteria (Mahalanobis distances, multivariate statistics, and trace and determinant of the within- and among-group variability matrices) to compare the groups obtained from Ward per se and the Normix after Ward method. Results indicated that the reclassification of accessions by Normix substantially improved the a priori groups obtained by Ward in four ways: (i) the average Mahalanobis distance between groups was larger among Normix than among Ward groups; (ii) the ratio of variability between groups to variability within groups is increased after Normix compared with that obtained after Ward; (iii) the generalized variance within groups is decreased in Normix compared with Ward; and (iv) the correlation coefficients between variables are increased after Normix compared with those correlation values obtained by Ward. Results suggested that the groups Foamed by the Normix after Ward procedure allows (i) a good estimation of the optical group numbers, (ii) formation of more compact and separates: groups than the a priori groups formed by Ward per se, and (iii) estimation of the probability of accession membership to the groups. C1 CIMMYT, BIOMETR & STAT UNIT, MEXICO CITY 06600, DF, MEXICO. COLEGIO POSTGRAD, ISEI, PROGRAMA ESTADIST, MONTECILLO, MEXICO. ARS, USDA, NATL SEED STORAGE LAB, FT COLLINS, CO 80523 USA. OI Crossa, Jose/0000-0001-9429-5855 NR 33 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1656 EP 1662 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XZ355 UT WOS:A1997XZ35500041 ER PT J AU Springer, TL AF Springer, TL TI Effect of bermudagrass height on clover establishment SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB Interseeding cool-season forage legumes into bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] can extend the grazing season and increase forage quality, Common (cultivar unknown) and 'Regal' white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and 'Dixie' and 'Tibbee' crimson clover (T. incarnatum L.) were sown at 7000 pure live seed/plot into 'Tifton-44' bermudagrass sod. The experimental design was a 4x4 Latin square with bermudagrass height (2, 7, 12, or 17 cm) as main plot treatments and legume cultivar as subplot treatments. There was a linear response in percentage legume ground cover with increasing bermudagrass heights, For every 5-cm increase in bermudagrass height there was approximately a 2% reduction in ground cover for crimson clover and 10% for white clover. Crimson clover establishment (89%) was greater than white clover (51%), brit stands of crimson quickly declined suggesting that it should be reseeded in years with excessive summer rainfall. RP Springer, TL (reprint author), USDA ARS,DALE BUMPERS SMALL FARM RES CTR,6883 S STATE HIGHWAY 23,BOONEVILLE,AR 72927, USA. NR 6 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1663 EP 1665 PG 3 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XZ355 UT WOS:A1997XZ35500042 ER PT J AU Eckhoff, JLA Wichman, DM Scheetz, J Majerus, M Welty, LE Stallknecht, GF Ditterline, RL Dunn, RL Sands, DC AF Eckhoff, JLA Wichman, DM Scheetz, J Majerus, M Welty, LE Stallknecht, GF Ditterline, RL Dunn, RL Sands, DC TI Registration of 'Bridger' teff SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 CENT AGR RES CTR,MOCCASIN,MT 59462. USDA,NRCS,PLANT MAT CTR,BRIDGER,MT 59014. NW AGR RES CTR,KALISPELL,MT 59901. MONTANA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. MONTANA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT SOIL & ENVIRONM SCI,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. RP Eckhoff, JLA (reprint author), EASTERN AGR RES CTR,POB 1350,SIDNEY,MT 59270, USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1671 EP 1671 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XZ355 UT WOS:A1997XZ35500045 ER PT J AU Phillips, TD Belesky, DP Powell, AJ AF Phillips, TD Belesky, DP Powell, AJ TI Registration of 'Quickstand' bermudagrass SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID APPALACHIAN REGION; SELECTIONS C1 USDA ARS,BEAVER,WV 25802. RP Phillips, TD (reprint author), UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT AGRON,LEXINGTON,KY 40546, USA. NR 4 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1674 EP 1674 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XZ355 UT WOS:A1997XZ35500050 ER PT J AU Panella, LW Ruppel, EG AF Panella, LW Ruppel, EG TI Registration of sugarbeet germplasms FC721 and FC721CMS resistant to Rhizoctonia root rot and moderately resistant to the beet curly top virus SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article RP Panella, LW (reprint author), USDA ARS,CROPS RES LAB,1701 CTR AVE,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1675 EP 1676 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XZ355 UT WOS:A1997XZ35500053 ER PT J AU Taylor, A Jacques, PF Nowell, T Perrone, G Blumberg, J Handelman, G Jozwiak, B Nadler, D AF Taylor, A Jacques, PF Nowell, T Perrone, G Blumberg, J Handelman, G Jozwiak, B Nadler, D TI Vitamin C in human and guinea pig aqueous, lens and plasma in relation to intake SO CURRENT EYE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE aging; ascorbate; cataract; nutrition; guinea pig; human ID FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE; HEALTHY ELDERLY POPULATION; DIETARY QUESTIONNAIRE; NUTRITIONAL-STATUS; ASCORBIC-ACID; PREVALENCE; CATARACT; EYE; REPRODUCIBILITY; CAROTENOIDS AB Purpose. Given the recent correlation between nutrition and risk for eye disease, there is keen interest in a possible correlation between nutrient intake and eye-tissue nutrient levels. In this work, the objective was (1) to determine, for the first time, the relation between dietary intake of vitamin C and eye tissue levels of the vitamin in free-living humans, (2) to determine the relation between levels of the vitamin in plasma, lens and aqueous, and (3) to compare this information to data gathered for a carefully reared group of guinea pigs that were fed different levels of vitamin C. Methods. Two hundred sixty-five cataract patients (mean age = 72 years) from a clinical practice were recruited for this study. One hundred thirty-two patients provided the dietary intake data via a food frequency questionnaire, which we used for this work. Plasma, aqueous humor, and lens samples were obtained at the time of lentectomy and preserved for vitamin C analysis. Comparable samples were obtained from male Hartley white guinea pigs that were fed known amounts of vitamin C. Linear and log(10)-linear statistical models were also used to characterize the relation between vitamin C intake and human ocular-tissue levels of the vitamin and to examine potential confounding and the effect of modification by age and sex. Results. In humans, plasma and aqueous vitamin C concentrations were related to intake in a log-linear fashion, with slopes of 0.03 mM plasma vitamin C/log(10)-mg daily vitamin C intake and 0.41 mM aqueous vitamin C/log(10)-mg daily vitamin C intake. The best fit of vitamin C levels in lens and diet predicts a linear relationship with a sex-adjusted slope of 0.00094 mM lens vitamin C/mg daily vitamin C intake, although a log-linear relation can also be modeled. In guinea pigs, diet was related to eye tissue and plasma levels of the vitamin by a log(10) linear relationship in all cases. Vitamin C in human lens was linearly related to plasma and aqueous vitamin C with slopes of 8.8 and 0.23, respectively. Vitamin C in aqueous was related to plasma in a log(10)-linear fashion with a slope of 1.6 mM aqueous vitamin C/log(10) mM plasma vitamin C. In guinea pigs, vitamin C in plasma was related to aqueous and lens vitamin C by log(10)-linear relationships, whereas lens and aqueous vitamin C were clearly linearly related. Conclusions. Plasma and aqueous appear to be saturated in humans with intakes of <250 mg vitamin C/day. However, a saturating relationship between lens vitamin C and dietary intake in humans was not indicated in this study, although such a relationship is seen in guinea pigs. Intertissue relations between vitamin C levels in humans and guinea pigs are similar for some but not all relations. C1 SEWICKLEY VALLEY HOSP,SEWICKLEY,PA. RP Taylor, A (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,LAB NUTR & VIS RES,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. FU NEI NIH HHS [EYO8566] NR 30 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0271-3683 J9 CURR EYE RES JI Curr. Eye Res. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 16 IS 9 BP 857 EP 864 PG 8 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA XU017 UT WOS:A1997XU01700001 PM 9288446 ER PT J AU Somkuti, GA Solaiman, DKY AF Somkuti, GA Solaiman, DKY TI STP2201 a chromosomal promoter sequence of Streptococcus thermophilus SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHOLESTEROL OXIDASE GENE; LACTIC-ACID BACTERIA; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; EXPRESSION; CLONING; PLASMID; TRANSFORMATION; CONSTRUCTION; VECTORS; MELC AB Analysis of the structural and functional properties of chromosomal DNA fragments of Streptococcus thermophilus ST128 delineated the promoter sequence STP2301 and identified its -35, -10 and Shine-Dalgarno regions. STP2201 was used in cloning vectors derived from small resident plasmids pER8 (2094 bp) and pER371 (2672 bp) of S. thermophilus strains to facilitate expression of a Streptomyces sp, marker gene (cholesterol oxidase) in lactic acid bacteria, Cell extracts of ST128 transformants converted up to 75% of cholesterol into 4-cholesten-3-one during a h of incubation. RP Somkuti, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 28 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 35 IS 3 BP 180 EP 185 DI 10.1007/s002849900235 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA XP617 UT WOS:A1997XP61700010 PM 9236302 ER PT J AU Dyer, CJ Simmons, JM Matteri, RL Keisler, DH AF Dyer, CJ Simmons, JM Matteri, RL Keisler, DH TI cDNA cloning and tissue-specific gene expression of ovine leptin, NPY-Y1 receptor, and NPY-Y2 receptor SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEUROPEPTIDE-Y RECEPTOR; OBESE GENE; PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS; HORMONE SECRETION; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; FEMALE RATS; PEPTIDE YY; INSULIN; RELEASE; REPRODUCTION AB The physiological regulation of food intake is a critical factor in both the rate at which an animal grows and its reproductive activity. Recently, progress has been made in elucidating a complex system in which insulin, leptin, and neuropeptide Y function to monitor an animal's energy balance and regulate feed intake and fertility. RNA was extracted from ovine hypothalamic, anterior pituitary, pancreas, and adipose tissue. Using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, cDNAs were cloned and sequenced for leptin (350 base pairs [bp], GenBank accession number U62123 and 441 bp, GenBank accession number U84247), NPY-YI receptor (350 bp, GenBank accession no. U62122) and NPY-Y2 receptor (440 bp, GenBank accession no. U83458). Probes generated from these clones were used to detect mRNA expression within tissues thought to be involved in the coregulation of feed intake and reproduction. Leptin was found to be expressed in sheep adipose tissue. The ovine NPY-YI receptor mRNA was detected within the arcuate nucleus and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and in pancreatic, anterior pituitary, and adipose tissues. Expression of ovine NPY-Y2 receptor mRNA was detected in the hippocampus and within pancreatic tissue. These observations provide evidence of potential mechanisms that exist for mediating communication between peripheral and central tissues within the insulin-leptin-NPY pathway. (C) Elsevier Science Inc. 1997. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT ANIM SCI,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. UNIV MISSOURI,USDA ARS,ANIM PHYSIOL RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. RI Keisler, Duane/C-2746-2011 OI Keisler, Duane/0000-0002-8792-7030 NR 42 TC 70 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 14 IS 5 BP 295 EP 303 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(97)00028-3 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA YB176 UT WOS:A1997YB17600003 PM 9347250 ER PT J AU Dyer, CJ Simmons, JM Matteri, RL Keisler, DH AF Dyer, CJ Simmons, JM Matteri, RL Keisler, DH TI Effects of an intravenous injection of NPY on leptin and NPY-Y1 receptor mRNA expression in ovine adipose tissue SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OBESE GENE-EXPRESSION; NEUROPEPTIDE-Y; ARCUATE NUCLEUS; MESSENGER-RNA; OB/OB MICE; INSULIN; HYPOTHALAMUS; SECRETION; RATS; METABOLISM AB Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is highly expressed in hypothalami of undernourished and genetically obese animals, and is a potent regulator of food intake and reproduction. Leptin, a protein expressed by adipocytes, has been reported to reduce hypothalamic NPY expression. We recently detected (by ribonuclease protection assay [RPA]) expression of the NPY receptor subtype Y1 (but not Y2) mRNA in adipose tissue. Based on these observations we hypothesized that NPY-YI receptors in adipose may represent a peripheral mechanism by which NPY can regulate leptin expression in a direct and rapid manner. To test this hypothesis, adipose samples were biopsied from the tailhead region of 48 +/- 3 kg wether lambs immediately before and 30 min after a single intravenous injection of 50 mu g porcine NPY (''treated'' animals, n = 5), or vehicle (''control'' animals, n = 4). Injection of NPY resulted in an increase in expression (P = 0.013; as measured by RPA) of both leptin and NPY-Y1 mRNA. In treated animals, negative correlations were found between response in leptin expression and body weight (r = -0.82, P = 0.092), and between leptin response and initial leptin mRNA levels (r = -0.81, P = 0.097). These data provide evidence of a peripheral mechanism by which NPY may regulate adipocyte expression of both leptin and NPY-Y1 receptor mRNA. (C) Elsevier Science Inc. 1997. C1 UNIV MISSOURI, DEPT ANIM SCI, COLUMBIA, MO 65211 USA. UNIV MISSOURI, USDA ARS, ANIM PHYSIOL RES UNIT, COLUMBIA, MO 65211 USA. RI Keisler, Duane/C-2746-2011 OI Keisler, Duane/0000-0002-8792-7030 NR 27 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0739-7240 EI 1879-0054 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 14 IS 5 BP 325 EP 333 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(97)00029-5 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA YB176 UT WOS:A1997YB17600006 PM 9347253 ER PT J AU Newton, MR Kinkel, LL Leonard, KJ AF Newton, MR Kinkel, LL Leonard, KJ TI Competition and density-dependent fitness in a plant parasitic fungus SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE competition model and effects; density dependence; fitness; plant pathogen; Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici; wheat stem rust fungus ID PYRENOPHORA-TRITICI-REPENTIS; INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION; FIELD EXPERIMENTS; LEAVES; BARLEY; RUST; REPLACEMENT; TEMPERATURE; TRICHODERMA; ANTAGONISM AB Inter- and intrastrain competitive interactions and their effects on fitness were quantified for coexisting strains of Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici (Pst) on wheat leaves. Urediniospores of two strains were inoculated onto leaves singly and in a 1:1 mixture over a range of inoculum densities. Per-leaf relationships among inoculum density, uredinial formation, and urediniospore production were quanitified and mathematically modeled. From the single-strain data, values of carrying capacity for uredinia on leaves, infection efficiency of urediniospores, maximum sporulation capacity on leaves, and sporulation efficiency of uredinia were estimated for both strains. From the mixed-strain data, interstrain competitive effects of each strain on the other's uredinial formation and urediniospore production were evaluated. Although one strain had competitive advantages in both uredinial formation and urediniospore production, the other strain was able to dominate in mixture due to its substantially higher carrying capacity, maximum sporulation capacity, and infection efficiency. This illustrates that in coexisting strains or species, competitive advantages do not necessarily translate into an advantage in fitness. The methods of competition analysis have potential applications for the study of pathogen populations, as well as other systems of coexisting organisms. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA,ARS CEREAL RUST LAB,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP Newton, MR (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 63 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 11 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD SEP PY 1997 VL 78 IS 6 BP 1774 EP 1784 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XU409 UT WOS:A1997XU40900017 ER PT J AU Elliot, NC Michels, GJ Kieckhefer, RW French, BW AF Elliot, NC Michels, GJ Kieckhefer, RW French, BW TI Sequential sampling for adult coccinellids in wheat SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE insecta; coleoptera; coccinellidae; population density; timed counts; quadrat sampling ID GREENBUGS HOMOPTERA; APHIDIDAE; SORGHUM AB Adult aphidophagous coccinellids are important predators of cereal aphids in wheat in the Great Plains of the United States for which sampling methods are needed to facilitate improved management. An equation relating the mean number of adult coccinellids per m(2) in a wheat field to its variance was obtained using Taylor's power law. A sequential sampling procedure was developed to estimate the number of adult coccinellids per m(2) with constant average statistical precision (standard error/mean). The procedure was constructed by an equation relating the number of adult coccinellids per m(2) to the number of adult coccinellids per minute of counting incorporating into the Taylor's power law relationship. The procedure involves conducting a series of 1-min counts while walking through a field at a constant velocity of 10 m per minute. After each 1-min count sequential sampling stop-lines are consulted to determine if the specified level of precision has been achieved. Two methods, a statistical procedure and comparison with independent data, were used to assess the consistency with which the specified level of precision was achieved by the procedure. Results indicated that observed precision was close to that specified by the user over a wide range of adult coccinellid density. C1 TEXAS A&M AGR EXPT STN,BUSHLAND,TX 79012. USDA ARS,NO GRAIN INSECTS RES LAB,BROOKINGS,SD 57006. RP Elliot, NC (reprint author), USDA,ARS,PLANT SCI RES LAB,1301 N WESTERN ST,STILLWATER,OK 74075, USA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 84 IS 3 BP 267 EP 273 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.1997.00224.x PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YD420 UT WOS:A1997YD42000009 ER PT J AU Thompson, FC AF Thompson, FC TI Linnaean species of Conops (Diptera: Conopidae, Muscidae, Sciomyzidae, Syrphidae, & Tachinidae), with designations of lectotypes SO ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS LA English DT Article AB Linnaeus described 13 species in the genus Conops. which are now placed in the families Conopidae, Muscidae, Sciomyzidae, Syrphidae and Tachinidae. A study is presented of the types and other material of these species in his collection. Lectotypes are designated for 10 names (C. vesicularis Linnaeus 1761, C. macrocephala Linnaeus 1758, C. aculeata Linnaeus 1761, C. flavipes Linnaeus 1758, C. ferruginea Linnaeus 1761, C. petiolata Linnaeus 1761, C. atomaria Linnaeus 1767, C. testacea Linnaeus 1767, C. buccata Linnaeus 1758 & C. subcoleoptrata Linnaeus 1758). Three new synonyms (C. macrocephala = Physocephala niara De Geer, C. petiolata = Physocephala rufipes Fabricius, C. testacea = Myopa extricata Collin) and one new combination (C. atomaria = Euthycera atomaria) are proposed. RP Thompson, FC (reprint author), USDA,SYST ENTOMOL LAB,NHB 168 SMITHSONIAN INST,WASHINGTON,DC 20560, USA. NR 33 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ENTOMOL SOC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1900 BENJ FRANKLIN PARKWAY, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-1195 SN 0013-872X J9 ENTOMOL NEWS JI Entomol. News PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 108 IS 4 BP 265 EP 272 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XW861 UT WOS:A1997XW86100005 ER PT J AU Tarrant, MA Cordell, HK AF Tarrant, MA Cordell, HK TI The effect of respondent characteristics on general attitude-behavior correspondence SO ENVIRONMENT AND BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN; PARADIGM; MODEL AB Five different environmental attitude scales were regressed on an 11-item self-reported general environmental behavior index derived from a confirmatory factor analysis. Correlations between each of the 5 attitude scales and the behavioral index were computed and a Fisher's Z-transformation was used to test for the effect of six respondent characteristics (gender, residence, education, income, age, and political orientation) on the attitude-behavior correlations. Although all of the five scales were significantly correlated with the behavioral index (p < .001), correlations for some attitude scales were highly affected by respondent characteristics. Of the 5 scales examined, the Environmental Concern (EC), New Environmental Paradigm (NEP), and Awareness of Consequences (AC) scales were associated most strongly with behavior, but the EC and NEP also were significantly affected by respondent characteristics, Implications for future studies and use of the scales are discussed. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,WARNELL SCH FOREST RESOURCES,ATHENS,GA 30602. US FOREST SERV,USDA,SO FOREST EXPT STN,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP Tarrant, MA (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,RAMSEY CTR 353,DEPT RECREAT & LEISURE STUDIES,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 47 TC 81 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 8 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 SN 0013-9165 J9 ENVIRON BEHAV JI Environ. Behav. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 29 IS 5 BP 618 EP 637 DI 10.1177/0013916597295002 PG 20 WC Environmental Studies; Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Psychology GA XU964 UT WOS:A1997XU96400002 ER PT J AU Nusser, SM Goebel, JJ AF Nusser, SM Goebel, JJ TI The National Resources Inventory: A long-term multi-resource monitoring programme SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE environmental statistics; imputation; natural resource surveys; survey sampling; two-phase estimation AB Interest in natural resources and the environment has led to the development of new federal monitoring efforts, the expansion of existing federal inventory programmes, and discussions of inter-agency collaboration for natural resource assessment data collection. As federal programmes evolve, knowledge gained from existing long-term survey programmes can provide valuable contributions to statistical and operational aspects of survey efforts. This paper describes the National Resources Inventory (NRI), which has been conducted by the US Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service in cooperation with the Iowa State University Statistical Laboratory for several decades. The current NRI is a longitudinal survey of soil, water, and related environmental resources designed to assess conditions and trends every five years on non-federal US lands. An historical overview is provided highlighting the development of the survey programme. Sample design, data collection, and estimation procedures used in the 1992 NRI are described, and statistical issues related to long-term monitoring are discussed. C1 USDA,SOIL CONSERVAT SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20013. RP Nusser, SM (reprint author), IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT STAT,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 49 TC 150 Z9 162 U1 2 U2 14 PU CHAPMAN HALL LTD PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8HN SN 1352-8505 J9 ENVIRON ECOL STAT JI Environ. Ecol. Stat. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 4 IS 3 BP 181 EP 204 DI 10.1023/A:1018574412308 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA XR370 UT WOS:A1997XR37000001 ER PT J AU Lowrance, R Altier, LS Newbold, JD Schnabel, RR Groffman, PM Denver, JM Correll, DL Gilliam, JW Robinson, JL Brinsfield, RB Staver, KW Lucas, W Todd, AH AF Lowrance, R Altier, LS Newbold, JD Schnabel, RR Groffman, PM Denver, JM Correll, DL Gilliam, JW Robinson, JL Brinsfield, RB Staver, KW Lucas, W Todd, AH TI Water quality functions of Riparian forest buffers in Chesapeake Bay watersheds SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Riparian forest buffers; Chesapeake Bay; nonpoint source pollution; nitrogen; phosphorus; sediment ID VEGETATIVE FILTER STRIPS; ATLANTIC COASTAL-PLAIN; NEAR-STREAM ZONE; AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS; NITRATE CONTAMINATION; DELMARVA PENINSULA; NUTRIENT DYNAMICS; SURFACE-WATER; GROUNDWATER; SHALLOW AB Maryland, Virginia, and Pennsylvania, USA, have agreed to reduce nutrient loadings to Chesapeake Bay by 40% by the year 2000. This requires control of nonpoint sources of nutrients, much of which comes from agriculture. Riparian forest buffer systems (RFBS) provide effective control of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution in some types of agricultural watersheds. Control of NPS pollution is dependent on the type of pollutant and the hydrologic connection between pollution sources, the RFBS, and the stream. Water quality improvements are most likely in areas of where most of the excess precipitation moves across, in, or near the root zone of the RFBS. In areas such as the Inner Coastal Plain and Piedmont watersheds with thin soils, RFBS should retain 50%-90% of the total loading of nitrate in shallow groundwater, sediment in surface runoff, and total N in both surface runoff and groundwater. Retention of phosphorus is generally much less. In regions with deeper soils and/or greater regional groundwater recharge (such as parts of the Piedmont and the Valley and Ridge), RFBS water quality improvements are probably much less. The expected levels of pollutant control by RFBS are identified for each of nine physiographic provinces of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. Issues related to of establishment, sustainability, and management are also discussed. C1 STROUD WATER RES CTR, AVONDALE, PA 19311 USA. USDA ARS, NE WATERSHED & PASTURE RES LAB, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA. INST ECOSYST STUDIES, MILLBROOK, NY 12545 USA. US GEOL SURVEY, DOVER, DE 19901 USA. SMITHSONIAN ENVIRONM RES CTR, EDGEWATER, MD 21037 USA. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV, DEPT SOIL SCI, RALEIGH, NC 27695 USA. USDA, NAT RESOURCES CONSERVAT SERV, FT WORTH, TX 76115 USA. UNIV MARYLAND, WYE RES & EDUCAT CTR, QUEENSTOWN, MD 21658 USA. INTEGRATED LAND MANAGEMENT, MALVERN, PA 19355 USA. USDA FOREST SERV, CHESAPEAKE BAY PROGRAM, ANNAPOLIS, MD 21403 USA. RP Lowrance, R (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE WATERSHED RES LAB, TIFTON, GA 31793 USA. OI Goforth, Reuben/0000-0001-6891-3146 NR 64 TC 275 Z9 296 U1 22 U2 142 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 21 IS 5 BP 687 EP 712 DI 10.1007/s002679900060 PG 26 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XQ079 UT WOS:A1997XQ07900004 ER PT J AU Lemly, AD Richardson, CJ AF Lemly, AD Richardson, CJ TI Guidelines for risk assessment in wetlands SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article ID MILLTOWN RESERVOIR; MONTANA AB This paper presents some guidelines for risk assessment in wetlands. Ecosystem analysis, i.e., understanding how wetlands function on the landscape, should be at the heart of the process. Another key point is to identify human values that derive from these wetland functions. Knowing the relationship between functions and values will greatly improve the problem identification phase and aid in the selection of appropriate test methods and evaluation endpoints. The result will be more accurate risk identification and more effective risk management. Risk characterization in wetlands should involve a two-step process: (1) utilize a wholistic, ecosystem approach to develop a detailed understanding of how the system functions, and (2) overlay this knowledge base with three tiers of testing, as appropriate; exposure assessment, biological assessment, and ecological assessment. Although this methodology may seem too complex for routine application, integrating ecosystem analysis may actually reduce the overall time and cost by identifying key biological, chemical, and physical parameters that must be evaluated early on in the assessment process. RP Lemly, AD (reprint author), VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE SCI,US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061, USA. NR 25 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 47 IS 2 BP 117 EP 134 DI 10.1023/A:1005742403549 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XQ339 UT WOS:A1997XQ33900001 ER PT J AU Asano, N Kato, A Miyauchi, M Kizu, H Tomimori, T Matsui, K Nash, RJ Molyneux, RJ AF Asano, N Kato, A Miyauchi, M Kizu, H Tomimori, T Matsui, K Nash, RJ Molyneux, RJ TI Specific alpha-galactosidase inhibitors, N-methylcalystegines - Structure/activity relationships of calystegines from Lycium chinense SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Lycium chinense; alpha-galactosidase inhibitor; N-methylcalystegine; chemical N-methylation; alteration of specificity ID ALKEKENGI VAR FRANCHETI; CASTANOSPERMINE; SOLANACEAE; ALKALOIDS; SUGARS; SEPIUM AB An examination of the roots of Lycium chinense (Solanaceae) has resulted in the discovery of 14 calystegines, a cycloheptane bearing an amino group and three hydroxyl groups, and two polyhydroxylated piperidine alkaloids. Calystegines A(7) and B-5, in addition to the previously known calystegines A(3), A(5), A(6), B-1, B-2, B-3, B-4, C-1, C-2 and N-1, were isolated and determined as 1 alpha,2 beta,4 alpha-trihydroxy-nortropane and 1 alpha,2 alpha,4 alpha,7 alpha-tetrahydroxy-nortropane, respectively. L. chinense also had two polyhydroxytropanes bearing a methyl group on the nitrogen atom, unlike the previously reported nortropane alkaloids. They were established as N-methylcalystegines B-2 and C-1, and their N-methyl groups were found to be axially oriented from NOE experiments. 1 beta-Amino-3 beta,4 beta,5 alpha-trihydroxycycloheptane was also present in L. chinense and may be a biosynthetic precursor of the calystegines that occur in this plant. Two polyhydroxypiperidine alkaloids, fagomine and 6-deoxyfagomine, were isolated. Calystegine B-2 is a potent competitive inhibitor of almond beta-glucosidase (K-1 = 1.9 mu M) and coffee bean alpha-galactosidase (K-i = 0.86 mu M), while M-methylcalystegine B-2 was a more potent competitive inhibitor of the latter enzyme (K-i = 0.47 mu M) than the parent compound but show ed a marked lack of inhibitory activities towards most other glycosidases. Since this compound is a very specific inhibitor of alpha-galactosidase and inhibits rat liver lysosomal alpha-galactosidase with a K-i of 1.8 mu M, it may provide a useful experimental model for the lysosomal storage disorder, Fabry's disease. The addition of a hydroxyl group at C6exo, as in calystegines B-1 and C-1, enhances the inhibitory potential towards beta-glucosidase and beta-galactosidase but markedly lowers or abolishes inhibition towards alpha-galactosidase. Hence, the N-methylation of calystegine C-1 did not enhance its inhibition of alpha-galactosidase. The chemical N-methylation of calystegines A(1) and B-4 markedly enhanced inhibition of coffee bean alpha-galactosidase, with K, values of 5.2 mu M and 36 mu M, respectively, but almost eliminated their inhibitor?! potential towards beta-glucosidase and trehalase, respectively. Thus, methylation of the nitrogen atom significantly altered the specificity of the inhibitors. C1 INST GRASSLAND & ENVIRONM RES,ABERYSTWYTH,CARDIGANSHIRE,WALES. AGR RES SERV,WESTERN REG RES CTR,USDA,ALBANY,CA. RP Asano, N (reprint author), HOKURIKU UNIV,FAC PHARMACEUT SCI,KANAGAWA MACHI,KANAZAWA,ISHIKAWA 92011,JAPAN. NR 35 TC 77 Z9 78 U1 2 U2 15 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0014-2956 J9 EUR J BIOCHEM JI Eur. J. Biochem. PD SEP 1 PY 1997 VL 248 IS 2 BP 296 EP 303 DI 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00296.x PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA XV273 UT WOS:A1997XV27300005 PM 9346281 ER PT J AU Lahoz, C Alonso, R Ordovas, JM LopezFarre, A DeOya, M Mata, P AF Lahoz, C Alonso, R Ordovas, JM LopezFarre, A DeOya, M Mata, P TI Effects of dietary fat saturation on eicosanoid production, platelet aggregation and blood pressure SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article DE blood pressure; dietary study; eicosanoids; endothelin; fatty acids; platelet aggregation ID FISH-OIL; HEALTHY-VOLUNTEERS; PLASMA-LIPIDS; SUNFLOWER OIL; CANOLA OIL; ACIDS; MEN; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; TRIAL; SUPPLEMENTATION AB The effects of dietary fat saturation on eicosanoid urinary excretion, platelet aggregation (PA) and blood pressure (BP) were studied in 42 healthy subjects. They consumed four consecutive diets differing in their fat saturation [saturated (SFA); monounsaturated (MUFA); polyunsaturated n-6 (PUFA n-6); and polyunsaturated n-6/n-3, (PUFA n-3)]. Each diet period lasted 5 weeks. There were no differences in 24-h 2,3-dinor-6-keto-prostaglandin Fl, excretion among dietary periods. A significant effect was noted regarding the excretion of 11-dehydro-thromboxane B-2 (P<0.0001). During the PUFA n-6 phase the excretion was significantly higher than during SFA and MUFA periods. Dietary fatty acid composition had a significant effect on ADP (1 mu mol L-1) and collagen (2 mg L-1) induced PA. Dietary fat also had a significant effect on systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P<0.0001). Both were significantly higher during the SFA period than during the other three periods. Our findings suggest that changes in dietary fatty acids may have mild, but significant, effects on eicosanoid production, platelet aggregation and blood pressure. C1 UNIV AUTONOMA MADRID,UNIDAD LIPIDOS,FDN JIMENEZ DIAZ,MED INTERNA SERV,E-28040 MADRID,SPAIN. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,JM,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 47 TC 46 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0014-2972 J9 EUR J CLIN INVEST JI Eur. J. Clin. Invest. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 27 IS 9 BP 780 EP 787 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2362.1997.1860735.x PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA YA893 UT WOS:A1997YA89300013 PM 9352251 ER PT J AU Lowry, VK Genovese, KJ Bowden, LL Kogut, MH AF Lowry, VK Genovese, KJ Bowden, LL Kogut, MH TI Ontogeny of the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of turkey heterophils and their potentiation by Salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokines SO FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cytokine; Heterophil; Salmonella enteritidis; phagocytosis; bactericidal; turkey ID AGE; RESISTANCE; CHICKENS AB Heterophils, the functional equivalent to the mammalian neutrophil, are important mediators of natural resistance against invasive pathogens in poultry. Young poultry are susceptible to pathogens, such as Salmonella enteritidis, during the first week post-hatch. No studies have evaluated the ontogeny of heterophil function in turkeys during the first few weeks post-hatch. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown day-old poults were protected against S. enteritidis organ invasion following immunoprophylactic administration of chicken S. enteritids immune lymphokines. Therefore, the objective in the present study was to characterize the development of phagocytosis and bacterial killing by turkey heterophils during the first 3 weeks of life and to compare the effect of immune lymphokines on the development of heterophil phagocytosis and killing during the first 3 weeks post-hatch. Both functional phagocytosis and killing activities were age-dependent events. During the first 1-7 days post-hatch, little functional activity was demonstrated which apparently is associated with susceptibility. Optimal heterophil phagocytosis and killing activities were reached 14-21 days post-hatch. Administrating immune lymphokines significantly potentiated phagocytosis (P < 0.01) and killing (P < 0.001) by turkey heterophils. In fact, immune lymphokine administration to 1-7-day-old poults augmented phagocytosis and killing activities of heterophils equivalent to levels found in functionally mature 14-21-day-old poults. These results demonstrate the ontogeny of the functional activity of the turkey heterophil is an administration of immune lymphokines significantly potentiated the functional activity of the heterophil from poults during the first 3 weeks of life. Most importantly the administration of immune lymphokines enhanced the functional activity of heterophils from 1-7-day-old poults to levels comparable to that of an immunologically mature bird. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT VET PATHOBIOL,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. ARS,USDA,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. RP Lowry, VK (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT VET ANAT & PUBL HLTH,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843, USA. NR 24 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0928-8244 J9 FEMS IMMUNOL MED MIC JI FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 19 IS 1 BP 95 EP 100 DI 10.1111/j.1574-695X.1997.tb01077.x PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA XY265 UT WOS:A1997XY26500012 PM 9322074 ER PT J AU Fields, MW Russell, JB Wilson, DB AF Fields, MW Russell, JB Wilson, DB TI A mutant of Prevotella ruminicola B(1)4 deficient in beta-1,4-endoglucanase and mannanase activities SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Prevotella ruminicola; polysaccharide; rumen; beta-1,4-endoglucanase; mannanase; mutant ID BACTEROIDES-RUMINICOLA; ENDOGLUCANASE GENE; SHUTTLE VECTOR; RUMEN; STRAINS; 1,4-BETA-D-ENDOGLUCANASE; BETA-1,4-D-ENDOGLUCANASE; MICROORGANISMS; EXPRESSION; UNIFORMIS AB A mutant of Prevotella ruminicola B(1)4 was isolated after chemical mutagenesis with ethylmethanesulfonate. The mutant, MW1, did not produce polypeptides that cross-reacted with antibody to wild-type beta-1,4-endoglucanase and virtually no beta-1,4-endoglucanase or mannanase activity was detected. MW1 grew more slowly on cellodextrins and no growth was observed with guar gum (mannan) as an energy source. MW1 cultures that were repeatedly transferred with cellobiose and mannan eventually regained the ability to utilize mannan as an energy source, The revertant (MW1R) had 40 and 25% of beta-1,4-endoglucanase and mannanase activities compared to wild-type B(1)4, respectively. Western immunoblots indicated that MW1R produced a beta-1,4-endoglucanase that could crossreact with wild-type B(1)4 enzyme. Wild-type B(1)4 had beta-1,4-endoglucanase and mannanase activities when either cellobiose or mannan was the energy source, but MW1R had these activities only when mannan was provided. C1 CORNELL UNIV,MICROBIOL SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853. CORNELL UNIV,BIOCHEM MOL & CELL BIOL SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853. USDA ARS,ITHACA,NY 14853. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD SEP 1 PY 1997 VL 154 IS 1 BP 9 EP 15 DI 10.1016/S0378-1097(97)00293-0 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA XU715 UT WOS:A1997XU71500002 ER PT J AU Lingle, SE Wiegand, CL AF Lingle, SE Wiegand, CL TI Soil salinity and sugarcane juice quality SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sugarcane; salt stress; juice quality; yield ID SALT TOLERANCE; GROWTH; YIELD AB Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids) juice quality is reduced by soil salinity. If the effect of salinity in commercial production is predictable, it will be possible to estimate juice quality in salt-affected fields prior to harvest. Variation in the effects of soil salinity on sugarcane juice quality in commercial production was assessed using 15-stalk samples harvested in 1992 and 1993 from a salt-affected commercial field of CP 70-321 sugarcane. Mean electrical conductivity (ECe) of saturated water extracts of 54 (1992) or 74 (1993) soil cores from 0-30, 30-60, and 60-90 cm depths were used to calculate mean ECe at each site, which ranged from 0.5-17.0 dS m(-1). Most of the increase in ECe was due to increases in Na+ and Cl-. Magnesium, Ca2+ and K+ were also present. Stalk samples were harvested from 29 (1992) or 30 (1993) sites, with ECe ranging from 0.5 to 9.5 dS m(-1). Each dS m(-1) increase in ECe decreased Brix (% soluble solids in juice) and Pol (% sucrose in juice) by about 0.6%, decreased apparent purity (Pol as % of Brix) by 1.3% in 1993, increased juice conductivity 0.8 dS m(-1), and increased cane residue (fiber) 0.5%. Effects of ECe on Brix, Pol and conductivity were very similar between years, indicating that the response of juice quality to salinity is predictable. This should allow development of sugar quality maps of commercial sugarcane fields for site-specific management decisions. Recoverable sugar yield per ton cane and per hectare were reduced by ECe in both years. In 1992, juice osmolality was less at the higher ECe sites, but in 1993 it was unaffected by ECe. About 90% of the osmolality of the juice was accounted for by the solutes analyzed (total sugar, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Cl-). Potassium was the most abundant cation in the sugarcane juice (52.5 to 107 mmol(c) l(-1)). In 1992 there was a weak curvilinear (R-2 = 0.35) increase in juice K+ as ECe increased, while in 1993 K+ tended to increase linearly with ECe (r(2) = 0.20). Juice Na+ increased with ECe from 4.9 to 37.4 mmol(c) l(-1). There were also increases in juice Mg+ (11.3 to 42.0 mmol(c) l(-1)) and Ca2+ (2.2 to 22.4 mmol(c) l(-1)), with increased ECe. Most of the increase in juice conductivity was due to increases in Cl- (30.8 to 106 mmol(c) l(-1)). For most attributes there were no significant differences between years. This study shows in greater detail than most previous studies how soil salinity affects juice ionic composition, osmolality, and the accepted industry measurements of juice quality, Brix, Pol, apparent purity, and conductivity. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Lingle, SE (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,2413 E HIGHWAY 83,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 29 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 54 IS 2-3 BP 259 EP 268 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(97)00058-0 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA YC330 UT WOS:A1997YC33000013 ER PT J AU Hallman, GJ AF Hallman, GJ TI Mortality of Mexican fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) immatures in coated grapefruits SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE fruit wax; quarantine security; systems approach; Anastrepha ludens ID METHOPRENE-IMPREGNATED WAXES; LABORATORY TRIALS; FLIES DIPTERA; PAPAYAS AB Coatings applied to fruits have been shown to kill tephritid fruit fly immatures inside of the fruits. The present research investigated the efficacy of coatings against distinct life stages of Mexican fruit fly,Anastrepha ludens (Loew), and results showed high levels of disinfestation of grapefruits of up to the early third instar (95%) for one commonly used grapefruit coating, Citrus Lustr 402. Emergence was reduced significantly even for late third instars. Leaving one-third of each grapefruit uncoated reduced efficacy considerably. Mixing Citrus Lustr 402 into the diet used to rear Mexican fruit fly did not affect survival indicating that this coating is not toxic to larvae. This research supports the hypothesis that coatings act primarily to modify atmospheres inside the fruits and Bill larvae by restricting gaseous exchange. Fruit coating could be incorporated as a component of an integrated systems approach to quarantine security where a series of pest infestation-reducing steps decreases risk to insignificant levels. RP Hallman, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,2301 S INT BLVD,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 80 IS 3 BP 324 EP 328 DI 10.2307/3495766 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XX844 UT WOS:A1997XX84400002 ER PT J AU Briano, JA Williams, DF AF Briano, JA Williams, DF TI Effect of the microsporidium Thelohania solenopsae (Microsporida: Thelohaniidae) on the longevity and survival of Solenopsis richteri (Hymenoptera: formicidae) in the laboratory SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Solenopsis invicta; imported fire ants; microsporidium; ant longevity ID IMPORTED FIRE ANT; INFECTION; ARGENTINA; SIZE AB The longevity of colonies of the black imported fire ant, Solenopsis richteri Forel, and the survival of starved workers and sexual females was compared between healthy colonies and colonies infected with the microsporidium Thelohania solenopsae Knell, Alien, & Hazard. The colonies were collected in the field and reared for approximately four mo. Individual workers and sexuals were held without food until death. The body weight of infected and healthy workers was compared. After 3 mo of laboratory rearing, longevity of infected colonies was significantly shorter than that of healthy ones mortality of infected colonies was 92% and mortality of healthy colonies was 49%. At 27 degrees C, mortality rate of workers from infected colonies was higher than in healthy workers. Workers from infected colonies lived between 8.8 and 29.2% less than healthy workers. At 22 degrees C, no statistical significance was observed. At 21 degrees C, only the initial mortality of sexual females was higher in infected than in healthy individuals. The weight of infected workers was very similar to that of healthy workers. T. solenopsae should be considered for the biological control of the imported fire ants in the United States. C1 USDA ARS,CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. RP Briano, JA (reprint author), ARS,USDA,S AMER BIOL CONTROL LAB,BOLIVAR 1559,RA-1686 HURLINGHAM,BUENOS AIRES,ARGENTINA. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 2 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 80 IS 3 BP 366 EP 376 DI 10.2307/3495769 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XX844 UT WOS:A1997XX84400005 ER PT J AU Landolt, PJ Mitchell, ER AF Landolt, PJ Mitchell, ER TI Attraction of tobacco budworm moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to jaggery, a palm sugar extract SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE attractant; feeding; Heliothis virescens; trap; behavior; sugar ID HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; SEX-PHEROMONE; FIELD; BEHAVIOR; TRAPS; CAGE AB Male tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens Fab., moths released into a field cage were recaptured in traps baited with aged 10% jaggery, a palm sugar extract. Both male and female tobacco budworm moths were attracted to aged 10% jaggery in a flight tunnel, exhibiting oriented flights ending in contact with the bait. Although the bait was initially not attractive either to females in a flight tunnel or to males in a field cage, it subsequently became attractive after one week and increased in attractiveness for up to 24 days after it was made. C1 AGR RES SERV,USDA,CTR MED AGR AGR & VET ENTOMOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604. RP Landolt, PJ (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,USDA,YAKIMA AGR RES LAB,5230 KONNOWAC PASS RD,WAPATO,WA 98951, USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 6 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI GAINESVILLE PA BOX GAINESVILLE, FL 32604 SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 80 IS 3 BP 402 EP 407 DI 10.2307/3495773 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XX844 UT WOS:A1997XX84400009 ER PT J AU Maragos, CM AF Maragos, CM TI Detection of the mycotoxin fumonisin B-1 by a combination of immunofluorescence and capillary electrophoresis SO FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fumonisins; mycotoxins; capillary; electrophoresis; immunoassay; analysis ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS; CORN; IMMUNOASSAYS; COMPLEXES; PRODUCTS; COLUMNS; ELISA AB The specificity of antibodies has been combined with the speed and resolving power of capillary electrophoresis for application to the analysis of the mycotoxin fumonisin BI (FB1). The assay was based upon the competition between unlabeled FBI (i.e. from a sample) and a fluorescein-labeled FB1 reagent (FB1-FL). The FB1-FL was prepared by derivatizing FB1 with fluorescein isothiocyanate and was purified with affinity columns consisting of a monoclonal antibody (MAb) directed against fumonisins (clone P2A5-3-F3) coupled to agarose. The purified FB1-FL was subjected to capillary zone electrophoresis. Addition of purified MAb to FB1-FL before separation resulted in the formation of a complex (MAb FB1-FL) with resulting quenching of fluorescence and decrease in the intensity of the FB1-FL peak. When unlabeled FB1 was also added to the reaction mixture the FB1 and FB1-FL competed for the limited amount of antibody present causing the FBI-FL peak to increase in direct proportion to the amount of unlabeled FBI present. Fumonisin standards could be analyzed with this technique with a total analysis time of 6 min, 2 min of which was required for washing the capillary between analyses. The concentration of unlabeled FBI required to obtain 50% of the maximum fluorescence (IC50) was highly dependent upon the antibody concentration and ranged from 58 to 4170 ng ml(-1) at 15-75 mu g ml(-1) of antibody. The optimum performance was seen with 25-50 mu g ml(-1) of antibody, with IC50's between 500 and 1700 ng ml(-1) of FB1. The technique was applied to a limited number of corn samples spiked with high levels of FB1 (> 10 ppm). This technology holds considerable promise for the rapid analysis of mycotoxins in foods. RP Maragos, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT, 1815 N UNIV ST, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. NR 39 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0954-0105 J9 FOOD AGR IMMUNOL JI Food Agric. Immunol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 9 IS 3 BP 147 EP 157 DI 10.1080/09540109709354945 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Immunology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Immunology; Toxicology GA YF836 UT WOS:A1997YF83600001 ER PT J AU Breidt, F Fleming, HP AF Breidt, F Fleming, HP TI Using lactic acid bacteria to improve the safety of minimally processed fruits and vegetables SO FOOD TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IFT Fruit and Vegetable-Product-Division / Food-Microbiology-Division Symposium on Microbiology of Minimally Processed Fruits and Vegetables, at IFT 1996 Annual Meeting CY JUN 22-26, 1996 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Inst Food Technologists, Fruit & Vegetables Prod Div, Inst Food Technologists, Food Microbiol Div ID LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE; FOOD PRESERVATION; FRESH PRODUCE; GROWTH; PATHOGENS; FERMENTATIONS; STABILITY; SPOILAGE C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. ARS,USDA,WASHINGTON,DC. RP Breidt, F (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL & AGR ENGN,322 SCHAUB HALL,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 40 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 8 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0015-6639 J9 FOOD TECHNOL-CHICAGO JI Food Technol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 51 IS 9 BP 44 EP & PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA XW193 UT WOS:A1997XW19300009 ER PT J AU Song, B Chen, JQ Desanker, PV Reed, DD Bradshaw, GA Franklin, JF AF Song, B Chen, JQ Desanker, PV Reed, DD Bradshaw, GA Franklin, JF TI Modeling canopy structure and heterogeneity across scales: From crowns to canopy SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE crown; canopy; simulation; GIS; scale; spatial pattern ID FOREST AB Canopy studies have been limited in ecological investigations due to problems of canopy accessibility, and the lack of efficient sampling and modeling methods. The primary objective of this study was to develop an efficient modeling approach to describe the 3-dimensional, hierarchical structure of individual crown shells within stands and corresponding canopy patches. Crown shells were modeled based on crown ratio, maximum cardinal radius, vertical position, and shape. Canopies were represented by adding unique crowns to simulated point patterns of trees of known aggregation as measured by Pielou's index of nonrandomness. Canopy patches were delineated at multiple horizontal and vertical scales using the ARC/INFO geographic information system (GIS). The patterns of canopy patches are clearly variable and scale dependent. Canopy patterns become more diverse at broader horizontal scales, and change greatly from the lower to the upper canopies. The modeling approach used in this study has general utility in characterizing 3-dimensional canopies of many types of forests. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US FOREST SERV,FORESTRY SCI LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. UNIV WASHINGTON,COLL FOREST RESOURCES,SEATTLE,WA 98195. RP Song, B (reprint author), MICHIGAN TECHNOL UNIV,SCH FORESTRY & WOOD PROD,HOUGHTON,MI 49931, USA. RI Chen, Jiquan/D-1955-2009 NR 23 TC 34 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD SEP 1 PY 1997 VL 96 IS 3 BP 217 EP 229 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00021-2 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YA472 UT WOS:A1997YA47200004 ER PT J AU Miller, GW Sullivan, J AF Miller, GW Sullivan, J TI Model for multi-stand management based on structural attributes of individual stands SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE optimization; nonlinear programming; ecosystem management; harvest scheduling ID FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; WILDLIFE; TIMBER; OPTIMIZATION AB A growing interest in managing forest ecosystems calls for decision models that take into account attribute goals for large forest areas while continuing to recognize the individual stand as a basic unit of forest management. A dynamic, nonlinear forest management model is described that schedules silvicultural treatments for individual stands that are linked by multi-stand management constraints. A growth model useful for many eastern forest types accounts for stand dynamics resulting from cutting decisions. This modeling approach provides a framework for coordinating management goals over many stands while meeting the practical need for stand-level cutting prescriptions. An example problem demonstrates how to measure the tradeoff between economic efficiency and tree species diversity. Dimension limits and solver efficiency are discussed. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT FORESTRY,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. RP Miller, GW (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,TIMBER & WATERSHED LAB,PARSONS,WV 26287, USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD SEP 1 PY 1997 VL 96 IS 3 BP 261 EP 271 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00053-4 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YA472 UT WOS:A1997YA47200007 ER PT J AU Slahor, JJ Hassler, CC DeGroot, RC Gardner, DJ AF Slahor, JJ Hassler, CC DeGroot, RC Gardner, DJ TI Preservative treatment evaluation with CCA and ACQ-B of four Appalachian wood species for use in timber transportation structures SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB This work investigates the treatability of four Appalachian hardwoods with the waterborne preservatives CCA-C and ACQ-B. Heartwood and sapwood of the species were investigated, at least initially, for all species. Six-inch-long nominal 2 by 4 samples of red maple, yellow-poplar, hickory, and beech were end-sealed and vacuum/pressure treated with a 1 percent active ingredient solution of ACQ-B or a 2 percent solution of CCA-C. The pressure durations were varied as well as the temperature of the solution (for ACQ-B). Measurements were taken of minimum and maximum penetration, percentage of cross-sectional area penetrated, and retention of preservative as determined by x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. The sapwood of yellow-poplar and red maple was found to be 100 percent treatable. Hickory sapwood was consistent in treatability, although limited, while beech sapwood fell somewhere between hickory and the other species. Statistical analysis indicated that the duration of pressure periods used in this study had no consistent positive effect on treatment. The preservative solution was a significant factor in improved measures of treatability in some instances. C1 US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,USDA,MADISON,WI 53705. MICHIGAN TECHNOL UNIV,WOOD RES INST,HOUGHTON,MI 49931. RP Slahor, JJ (reprint author), W VIRGINIA UNIV,APPALACHIAN HARDWOOD CTR,POB 6125,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506, USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 47 IS 9 BP 33 EP 42 PG 10 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA XW884 UT WOS:A1997XW88400009 ER PT J AU Aruna, PB Laarman, JG Araman, P Coulter, E Cubbage, F AF Aruna, PB Laarman, JG Araman, P Coulter, E Cubbage, F TI Used pallets as a source of pellet fuel: Current industry status SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB U.S. companies discard approximately 4 billion board feet per year of wood pallets and containers. Manufacturing fuel pellets from this wasted wood may be an alternative to disposal. This study traces the development of biomass energy and the wood pellet industry in the United States and considers the production aspects or making pel:lets from used pallets. In addition, an attempt is made to analyze the current market for wood pellets and pellet stoves and ascertain the industry's views on exports. The study concludes that the rising cost of raw material to manufacture pellets encourages the use of used pallets. If this resource is tapped, it could be a useful fuel source for the residential, commercial, and industrial market. At present, wood pellets and pellet stoves are mainly sold in the domestic market, with some exports, which might change in the future considering the growing interest in exports. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,BROOKS FOREST PROD CTR,SO RES STN,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW RES STN,PORTLAND,OR 97208. RP Aruna, PB (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT FORESTRY,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 47 IS 9 BP 51 EP 56 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA XW884 UT WOS:A1997XW88400012 ER PT J AU Shupe, TF Hse, CY Groom, LH Choong, ET AF Shupe, TF Hse, CY Groom, LH Choong, ET TI Effect of silvicultural practice and veneer grade layup on some mechanical properties of loblolly pine LVL SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Loblolly pine harvested from silviculturally different stands was used to manufacture 13-ply laminated veneer lumber (LVL). For each stand, LVL was manufactured with either all A-grade or all C-grade veneer. A stand that was managed to quickly produce sawlogs (sudden sawlog) gave the highest strength for A-grade LVL tested in both edgewise and flatwise orientations and C-grade tested in the flatwise orientation. None of the veneer from this stand was obtained from the live crown area and, therefore, was knot-free. Stiffness values did not significantly differ among the stands. The effect of veneer grade arrangement within a panel was also investigated and significant differences were found to exist. The most favorable mechanical properties for veneer grade arrangement were obtained with a layup that placed two A-grade veneers located in the bottom two laminations (tension side) and a single A-grade veneer on the other face (compression side) and a C-grade core. This finding has possible economic implications since some other layups included more A-grade veneer. Several of the groups from both the silvicultural and veneer grade arrangement studies met the mean value design requirements for dense select structural 2- by 4-inch southern yellow pine visually graded lumber. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,SO RES STN,PINEVILLE,LA 71360. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR AGR,SCH FORESTRY WILDLIFE & FISHERIES,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. RP Shupe, TF (reprint author), LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR AGR,LOUISIANA COOPERAT EXTENS SERV,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803, USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 47 IS 9 BP 63 EP 69 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA XW884 UT WOS:A1997XW88400014 ER PT J AU Green, DW Kretschmann, DE AF Green, DW Kretschmann, DE TI Properties and grading of southern pine timbers SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LUMBER AB Bending and compression parallel-to-the-grain tests were conducted on approximately 200 dry southern pine 140- by 140-mm (6- by 6-in.) timbers, 3 m (10 ft.) long, sampled from two mills in the South. Dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOE) was also obtained using pulse echo stress wave techniques. The results suggest that currently assigned allowable bending strength, compressive strength, and MOE values are appropriate for Select Structural and No. 2 visual grades. The relationship between bending strength and compressive strength parallel to the grain was found to be similar to that for standard 38-mm- (nominal 2- in.-) thick dimension lumber A significant relationship was found between pulse echo MOE and static bending properties and between specific gravity and static bending properties. We conclude that there are no technical barriers to the development of a mechanical grading system for structural timbers. Such a system would provide more precise assignment of allowable properties and thus allow better utilization of the forest resource. However, new grading and duality control procedures would have to be developed and approved before mechanical grading of timbers could be conducted under the American Lumber Standard system. RP Green, DW (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 28 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 47 IS 9 BP 78 EP 85 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA XW884 UT WOS:A1997XW88400016 ER PT J AU Marcot, BG Ganzei, SS Zhang, TF Voronov, BA AF Marcot, BG Ganzei, SS Zhang, TF Voronov, BA TI A sustainable plan for conserving forest biodiversity in Far East Russia and northeast China SO FORESTRY CHRONICLE LA English DT Article DE Russia; China; Far East; Ussuri River watershed; biodiversity; sustainable; land use plan; wildlife AB An ongoing, trinational project is providing the first environmentally sustainable economic development plan for the Ussuri River watershed (URW) in Far East Russia and northeast China. The URW is host to a unique mix of northern taiga and southern subtropical biota, and contains many endemic, relict, and highly threatened species of plants and animals. In Russia, severe monetary inflation and a shift to a market economy have left some aspects of forest biodiversity in jeopardy, particularly policing for wildlife poachers, regulating CITES (international wildlife trafficking) violations, ensuring long-term sustained production of timber and non-timber forest products, protecting unique habitats, and adequately staffing scientific reserves and funding needed research. In China, broad scale conversion of remaining wetlands to agriculture and rice paddies, and of diverse native forests to intensively managed, monocultural plantations, is helping to sustain the economy but is sacrificing biodiversity. A proposed sustainable land use plan has (1) mapped resource use areas, including both proposed and existing transborder nature areas, (2) encouraged foreign investment in both countries, and (3) encouraged sustainable development of natural resource markets that will be compatible with long-term conservation of biodiversity. A hallmark of this plan is integrating the needs of the people with the capacity of the land through both environmental protection and wise resource use. RP Marcot, BG (reprint author), FOREST SERV,USDA,PORTLAND FORESTRY SCI LAB,1221 SW YAMHILL ST,SUITE 200,PORTLAND,OR 97208, USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU CANADIAN INST FORESTRY PI OTTAWA PA 151 SLATER ST, STE 606, OTTAWA ON K1P 5H3, CANADA SN 0015-7546 J9 FOREST CHRON JI For. Chron. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 73 IS 5 BP 565 EP 571 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YG540 UT WOS:A1997YG54000033 ER PT J AU Mathern, J Hake, S AF Mathern, J Hake, S TI Mu element-generated gene conversions in maize attenuate the dominant knotted phenotype SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID INDUCED GAP REPAIR; TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT; TANDEM DUPLICATION; DNA MODIFICATION; LEAF DEVELOPMENT; MUTATOR ELEMENT; HOMEOBOX GENE; EXPRESSION; DELETIONS; DROSOPHILA AB The Knotted1 gene was first defined by dominant mutations that affect leaf morphology. The original allele, Kn1-O, results from a 17-kb tandem duplication. Mutator (Mu) insertions near the junction of the two repeats suppress the leaf phenotype to different degrees depending on the position of the insertion. The Mu insertions also increase the frequency of recombination at Kn1-O to create derivative alleles in which the Mu element and one copy of the repeat are lost. These derivatives are normal in appearance. Here we describe two derivatives that retained the tandem duplication but gained insertions of 1.7 and 3 kb in length in place of the Mu element. In each case, the inserted DNA is a sequence that normally flanks the distal repeat unit. Thus, each derivative consists of a tandem duplication in which the repeat unit has been extended at its distal end by the length of the new insertion. The 1.7-kb insertion dampens the phenotype, as did the original Mu insertion, whereas the 3-kb insertion completely suppresses the knotted phenotype. We propose that gene conversion, stimulated by the double-strand break of the Mu excision, gave rise to these derivatives. C1 ARS,USDA,ALBANY,CA 94710. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,BERKELEY,CA 94720. NR 39 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD SEP PY 1997 VL 147 IS 1 BP 305 EP 314 PG 10 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA XT620 UT WOS:A1997XT62000028 PM 9286690 ER PT J AU Kambadur, R Sharma, M Smith, TPL Bass, JJ AF Kambadur, R Sharma, M Smith, TPL Bass, JJ TI Mutations in myostatin (GDF8) in double-muscled Belgian blue and Piedmontese cattle SO GENOME RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MUSCULAR HYPERTROPHY; GENETIC DETERMINISM; WHITE; BREED AB A visibly distinct muscular hypertrophy (mh), commonly known as double muscling, occurs with high frequency in the Belgian Blue and Piedmontese cattle breeds. The autosomal recessive mh locus causing double-muscling condition in these cattle maps to bovine chromosome 2 within the same interval as myostatin, a member of the TGF-beta superfamily of genes. Because targeted disruption of myostatin in mice results in a muscular phenotype very similar to that seen in double-muscled cattle, we have evaluated this gene as a candidate gene for double-muscling condition by cloning the bovine myostatin cDNA and examining the expression pattern and sequence of the gene in normal and double-muscled cattle. The analysis demonstrates that the levels and timing of expression do not appear to differ between Belgian Blue and normal animals, as both classes show expression initiating during fetal development and being maintained in adult muscle. Moreover, sequence analysis reveals mutations in heavy-muscled cattle of both breeds. Belgian Blue cattle are homozygous for an 11-bp deletion in the coding region that is not detected in cDNA of any normal animals examined. This deletion results in a frame-shift mutation that removes the portion of the Myostatin protein that is most highly conserved among TGF-beta family members and that is the portion targeted for disruption in the mouse study. Piedmontese animals tested have a G-A transition in the same region that changes a cysteine residue to a tyrosine. This mutation alters one of the residues that are hallmarks of the TGF-beta family and are highly conserved during evolution and among members of the gene family. It therefore appears likely that the mh allele in these breeds involves mutation within the myostatin gene and that myostatin is a negative regulator of muscle growth in cattle as well as mice. C1 USDA ARS,MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. RP Kambadur, R (reprint author), AGRES,HAMILTON,NEW ZEALAND. NR 20 TC 686 Z9 798 U1 1 U2 55 PU COLD SPRING HARBOR LAB PRESS PI PLAINVIEW PA 1 BUNGTOWN RD, PLAINVIEW, NY 11724 SN 1054-9803 J9 GENOME RES JI Genome Res. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 7 IS 9 BP 910 EP 916 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA XV957 UT WOS:A1997XV95700008 PM 9314496 ER PT J AU Lang, RF Richard, RD Hansen, RW AF Lang, RF Richard, RD Hansen, RW TI Urophora affinis and U-quadrifasciata (Diptera : Tephritidae) released and monitored by USDA, APHIS, PPQ as biological control agents of spotted and diffuse knapweed SO GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICA; ESTABLISHMENT; CANADA; CENTAUREA; FLY AB USDA, APHIS, PPQ has distributed the seedhead gall flies Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata (Diptera: Tephritidae) as classical biological agents of the introduced weeds spotted and diffuse knapweed (Centaurea maculosa and C. diffusa, respectively) (Asteraceae) in the United States. From 1987 to 1996, Urophora spp. have been released in 97 counties in 14 midwestern and western states. Established populations of U. affinis and U. quadrifasciata are confirmed in 85 and 95 counties, respectively, among all 14 states. These include the first reports of successful establishment of Urophora spp, in Arizona (two counties), Colorado (eight counties), Michigan (one county), Minnesota (six counties), Nebraska (four counties), Nevada (two counties), North Dakota (one county), South Dakota (four counties), Utah (three counties), and Wisconsin (two counties). The first confirmed establishment of U. quadrifasciata in Indiana and Michigan is also reported. C1 Montana State Univ, USDA, APHIS, PPQ,Biocontrol Facil, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Lang, RF (reprint author), Montana State Univ, USDA, APHIS, PPQ,Biocontrol Facil, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU MICH ENTOMOL SOC PI E LANSING PA MICH STATE UNIV DEPT ENTOMOL, E LANSING, MI 48823 USA SN 0090-0222 J9 GREAT LAKES ENTOMOL JI Gt. Lakes Entomol. PD FAL PY 1997 VL 30 IS 3 BP 105 EP 113 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YY803 UT WOS:000072187000007 ER PT J AU Leij, FJ Russell, WB Lesch, SM AF Leij, FJ Russell, WB Lesch, SM TI Closed-form expressions for water retention and conductivity data SO GROUND WATER LA English DT Article ID UNSATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; SOIL; MODEL; EQUATION; DRYNESS; CURVES AB Closed-form expressions for quantifying the unsaturated soil hydraulic properties are widely used in computer programs to model subsurface flow and transport in porous media and to investigate indirect methods for estimating these properties. For example, water retention data, which relate soil-water pressure head (h) and effective water saturation (S-c), are frequently used to predict the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (K), However, the suitability of different functions to describe unsaturated hydraulic data has rarely been investigated comprehensively. We attempted to fit 14 retention and 11 conductivity functions to 903 sets of water retention and hydraulic conductivity data measured on soil and rock samples or horizons reported in the unsaturated hydraulic database UNSODA, Some of the best mean values for r(2) and MSE for fitting S-c(h) data were obtained with the retention functions reported by van Genuchten (1980), Globus (1987), and Hutson and Cass (1987), A function reported by Gardner (1958) could describe K(h) data quite well whereas functions reported by Brooks and Corey (1964) and van Genuchten (1980), which are respectively based on the conductivity models by Burdine and Mualem, yielded a relatively good description of K(S-c) data. RP Leij, FJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,4500 GLENWOOD DR,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507, USA. NR 46 TC 79 Z9 90 U1 4 U2 16 PU GROUND WATER PUBLISHING CO PI WESTERVILLE PA 601 DEMPSEY RD, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081 SN 0017-467X J9 GROUND WATER JI Ground Water PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 35 IS 5 BP 848 EP 858 DI 10.1111/j.1745-6584.1997.tb00153.x PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA XV140 UT WOS:A1997XV14000014 ER PT J AU Haymer, DS He, M McInnis, DO AF Haymer, DS He, M McInnis, DO TI Genetic marker analysis of spatial and temporal relationships among existing populations and new infestations of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) SO HEREDITY LA English DT Article DE arbitrary primed PCR; Ceratitis capitata; genetic markers; medfly; RAPD-PCR ID ARBITRARY PRIMERS; DNA VARIATION; RAPD; PCR AB Genetic relationships among temporally and spatially defined populations of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, have been analysed using markers produced by arbitrarily grimed polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Populations sampled include various geographical localities around the world with established Mediterranean fruit fly populations and localities, such as California, where the status of the pest is controversial. Marker pattern relationships for these different populations have been used to determine genetic relatedness as well as to examine potential patterns of gene flow and movement of this pest species. Based on the extent to which markers are shared between these populations, it is clear that there is a range of genetic relationships. Samples from some regions, such as southern California and Guatemala. appear to be quite closely related to each other, whereas others, such as those from Greece and Argentina, show relatively little in common with any ether sampled population. Multiple samplings from specific geographical sites within Guatemala and California have also been analysed in both spatial and temporal terms. The relationships among the infestations within California from recent years are quite different compared with similar populations sampled within Guatemala. This indicates that they are more likely to represent multiple, independent infestation events. C1 ARS,USDA,TROP FRUIT & VEGETABLE LAB,HONOLULU,HI 96822. RP Haymer, DS (reprint author), UNIV HAWAII,DEPT GENET & MOL BIOL,HONOLULU,HI 96822, USA. NR 23 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0018-067X J9 HEREDITY JI Heredity PD SEP PY 1997 VL 79 BP 302 EP 309 PN 3 PG 8 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA XX611 UT WOS:A1997XX61100009 ER PT J AU Olson, CG Nettleton, WD Porter, DA Brasher, BR AF Olson, CG Nettleton, WD Porter, DA Brasher, BR TI Middle Holocene aeolian activity on the High Plains of west-central Kansas SO HOLOCENE LA English DT Article DE loess; aeolian activity; palaeosol; radiocarbon dating; loess-distribution model; middle Holocene; High Plains; Kansas ID COLORADO AB The uppermost surficial stratigraphic unit south of the Arkansas River in the Kansas High Plains is a previously unidentified middle Holocene or younger loess. The unit fits both a loess-thickness and a particle size model for loess distribution with increasing distance from source. A soil immediately below this unit is radiocarbon dated 6000 to 6700 years BP. The radiocarbon ages indicate that the loess unit is younger than the commonly reported ranges for Bignell Loess in the Great Plains and demonstrate a need for re-examining Holocene loess stratigraphy of the Great Plains. In some locations closest to the Arkansas Valley source, this middle Holocene unit is overlain by, or interfingers with, dune sands. The presence of these aeolian sands indicates that, following a period of relative landscape stability and soil development, a shift toward a middle-Holocene climate in which aeolian processes dominated occurred about 6000 years ago on the High Plains of west-central Kansas. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. USDA,SCS,WASHINGTON,DC 20250. RP Olson, CG (reprint author), USDA,NRCS,LINCOLN,NE 68508, USA. NR 52 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 1 PU ARNOLD, HODDER HEADLINE PLC PI LONDON PA 338 EUSTON ROAD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 3BH SN 0959-6836 J9 HOLOCENE JI Holocene PD SEP PY 1997 VL 7 IS 3 BP 255 EP 261 DI 10.1177/095968369700700301 PG 7 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA YB599 UT WOS:A1997YB59900001 ER PT J AU Schmidt, E Juzwik, J Schneider, B AF Schmidt, E Juzwik, J Schneider, B TI Sulfuryl fluoride fumigation of red oak logs eradicates the oak wilt fungus SO HOLZ ALS ROH-UND WERKSTOFF LA English DT Article AB This work was supported by a grant from the DowElanco Corp. as well as University of Minnesota Agr. Exp. Sta. project 4369. Essential help by James Bean in the fumigation trials as well as statistical evaluations by Peter Scherer (DowElanco) are gratefully acknowledged. Help from consulting foresters Steve Cook and Steve Nelson for tree procurement as well as Kory Cease, Paul Castillo and Tamara Pickens (USDA Forest Service) for technical assistance is also appreciated. Preliminary field trials using red oak logs from trees dying from oak wilt disease were successful in eliminating the oak wilt fungus from sapwood after fumigation with sulfuryl fluoride for 72 h under tarp. These results support earlier laboratory data on the fungitoxicity of sulfuryl fluoride as a potential replacement for methyl bromide treatment of exported red oak veneer logs. However, not all other microorganisms were completely eradicated from oak sapwood at the treatment levels used in this trial. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Wood & Paper Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. DowElanco Corp, Indianapolis, IN 46268 USA. RP Schmidt, E (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2004 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0018-3768 J9 HOLZ ROH WERKST JI Holz Als Roh-und Werkst. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 55 IS 5 BP 315 EP 318 DI 10.1007/s001070050236 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA YT943 UT WOS:000071662100010 ER PT J AU Jackson, TJ ONeill, PE Swift, CT AF Jackson, TJ ONeill, PE Swift, CT TI Passive microwave observation of diurnal surface soil moisture SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SAMPLING DEPTH; EMISSION; PROFILE AB Microwave radiometers operating at low frequencies are sensitive to surface soil moisture changes, Few studies have been conducted that have involved multifrequency observations at frequencies low enough to measure a significant soil depth and not be attenuated by the vegetation cover. Another unexplored aspect of microwave observations at low frequencies has been the impact of diurnal variations of the soil moisture and temperature on brightness temperature, In this investigation, observations were made using a dual frequency radiometer (1.4 and 2.65 GHz) over bare soil and corn for extended periods in 1994. Comparisons of emissivity and volumetric soil moisture at four depths for bare soils showed that there was a clear correspondence between the 1 cm soil moisture and the 2.65-GHz emissivity and between the 3-5 cm soil moisture and the 1.4-GHz emissivity. which confirms previous studies, Observations during drying and rainfall demonstrate that new and unique information for hydrologic and energy balance studies can be extracted from these data. C1 NASA,GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CTR,HYDROL SCI BRANCH,LAB HYDROSPHER PROC,GREENBELT,MD 20771. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,DEPT ELECT & COMP ENGN,AMHERST,MA 01003. RP Jackson, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HYDROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI O'Neill, Peggy/D-2904-2013 NR 26 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD SEP PY 1997 VL 35 IS 5 BP 1210 EP 1222 DI 10.1109/36.628788 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA XW390 UT WOS:A1997XW39000012 ER PT J AU Price, JC AF Price, JC TI Spectral band selection for visible near infrared remote sensing: Spectral-spatial resolution tradeoffs SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID REFLECTANCE SPECTRA AB Recent technological developments permit improved instrumentation for surveillance and resource monitoring, but tradeoffs of spectral resolution and number of spectral bands versus spatial resolution and measurement precision must be considered. A band selection procedure is applied to high spectral resolution (0.01 mu m) aircraft sensor imagery representing the visible and near-infrared wavelengths (0.4-2.5 mu m). Approximately 30-40 spectral bands characterize virtually all the information (variability) in the data, with the precise number depending on issues of data interpretation, This suggests that lower spectral resolution and higher spatial resolution are preferable to the reverse, Further study is needed to evaluate the significance of spectral bands having very low amplitude variability. RP Price, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES SERV,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 8 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD SEP PY 1997 VL 35 IS 5 BP 1277 EP 1285 DI 10.1109/36.628794 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA XW390 UT WOS:A1997XW39000018 ER PT J AU Fetterer, RH Rhoads, ML AF Fetterer, RH Rhoads, ML TI Characterization of haemolytic activity from adult Haemonchus contortus SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE nematode; stomach worm; red blood cells; parasite; parasitic; blood feeding ID PORE-FORMING PROTEIN; CALCITRANS L DIPTERA; MUSCIDAE; MEMBRANE AB Adult Haemonchus contortus contain a detergent-soluble factor that haemolyses sheep red blood cells in a time-and concentration-dependent manner. This factor had comparable haemolytic activity at pH 5.0 and 8.0; activity was lower at pH 6.0 and 7.0. The activity was heat-stable, unaffected by proteolytic inhibitors, and inhibited by 20 mM polyethyleneglycol. Haemolytic activity was associated with the particulate fraction of the isolated intestine, suggesting an essential role for this activity in the acquisition of nutrients by disrupting host red blood cells. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the mechanism of action of the haemolytic factor is as a pore-forming agent. (C) 1997 Australian Society for Parasitology. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Fetterer, RH (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 27 IS 9 BP 1037 EP 1040 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(97)00078-7 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA YB686 UT WOS:A1997YB68600007 PM 9363486 ER PT J AU Mitasova, H Hofierka, J Zlocha, M Iverson, L AF Mitasova, H Hofierka, J Zlocha, M Iverson, L TI Modelling topographic potential for erosion and deposition using GIS - Reply SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID SOIL LOSS EQUATION C1 MESTSKY URAD, DEPT CITY INFORMAT SYST, BARDEJOV 08501, SLOVAKIA. COMENIUS UNIV BRATISLAVA, FAC NAT SCI, BRATISLAVA 84215, SLOVAKIA. USDA, FOREST SERV, DELAWARE, OH 43015 USA. RP Mitasova, H (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS, DEPT GEOG, GEOG MODELING SYST LAB, 220 DAVENPORT HALL, URBANA, IL 61801 USA. RI Iverson, Louis/C-7554-2009; Hofierka, Jaroslav/P-4207-2016 OI Iverson, Louis/0000-0001-9501-471X; Hofierka, Jaroslav/0000-0002-7691-8518 NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1365-8816 J9 INT J GEOGR INF SCI JI Int. J. Geogr. Inf. Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 11 IS 6 BP 611 EP 618 DI 10.1080/136588197242220 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Geography; Geography, Physical; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Geography; Physical Geography; Information Science & Library Science GA XR678 UT WOS:A1997XR67800006 ER PT J AU Sicher, RC AF Sicher, RC TI Irradiance and spectral quality affect chlorosis of barley primary leaves during growth in elevated carbon dioxide SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID HIGH-PRESSURE SODIUM; CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT; FOLIAR DEFORMATION; CO2 CONCENTRATION; TOMATO GENOTYPES; FRUIT PRODUCTION; ENRICHMENT; PLANTS; ACCUMULATION; CARBOHYDRATE AB The development of chlorosis was studied in primary leaves of barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Brant) grown at ambient and twice-ambient CO, partial pressures. Leaf yellowing was observed 17 d after sowing when plants were grown in controlled environment chambers equipped with high-intensify discharge lamps at an irradiance of 800 mu mol quanta m(-2) s(-1). The extent of leaf yellowing, measured as changes of total chlorophyll, increased when the CO, partial pressure was raised from 37 to 70 Pa. Chlorosis was increased further by increasing the irradiance from 800 to 1100 mu mol quanta m(-2) s(-1). Rates of photosynthetic O-2 evolution by primary leaves,measured 17 d after sowing, were 20% lower for elevated compared with ambient CO2-grown plants. This result agreed with the level of chlorosis. However soluble protein, Rubisco protein (ribulose, 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase), and initial and total Rubisco activity 17 d after sowing were unaffected by CO2 enrichment and the extent of chlorosis. Leaf starch, sucrose, and glucose were increased by elevated CO2 treatment at almost every sampling. However,only glucose was correlated with leaf damage. Leaf yellowing also was observed on primary leaves of plants grown under microwave-powered sulfur lamps at 800 but not at 550 mu mol quanta m(-2) s(-1). The extent of leaf yellowing on plants grown under microwave-powered sulfur lamps was unaffected by CO2 enrichment. It was concluded that leaf yellowing was influenced by irradiance, photoquality, and CO2 enrichment. Photobleaching of antenna chlorophyll, rather than premature senescence, was the most Likely cause of visible leaf injury in barley. RP Sicher, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,CLIMATE STRESS LAB,BLDG 046-A,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 27 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 158 IS 5 BP 602 EP 607 DI 10.1086/297473 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YC995 UT WOS:A1997YC99500014 ER PT J AU Gelman, DB Khalidi, AA Loeb, MJ AF Gelman, DB Khalidi, AA Loeb, MJ TI Improved techniques for the rapid radioimmunoassay of ecdysteroids and other metabolites SO INVERTEBRATE REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE radioimmunoassay; ecdysteroid; rapid technique ID TITERS AB An RTA procedure for assaying a large number of samples in a relatively short time has been developed. It utilizes multi-channel repeater pipettors for the addition of reagents, specially designed racks which accommodate 48 6x50-mm tubes and which fit directly into the centrifuge, multitube vortexers, and a specially designed aspiration device. The racks allow the tubes to remain in the same support throughout most of the assay. The aspirator permits the rapid aspiration of eight tubes at a time, 192 in 2 min. One hundred ninety-two samples can be accurately assayed in as little as 2.5 h. RP Gelman, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT NEUROBIOL & HORMONE LAB,PSI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 4 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT SCIENCE SERVICES/BALABAN PUBLISHERS PI REHOVOT PA PO BOX 2039, REHOVOT 76120, ISRAEL SN 0168-8170 J9 INVERTEBR REPROD DEV JI Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 32 IS 2 BP 127 EP 129 DI 10.1080/07924259.1997.9672613 PG 3 WC Reproductive Biology; Zoology SC Reproductive Biology; Zoology GA XD522 UT WOS:A1997XD52200004 ER PT J AU Amali, S Rolston, DE Fulton, AE Hanson, BR Phene, CJ Oster, JD AF Amali, S Rolston, DE Fulton, AE Hanson, BR Phene, CJ Oster, JD TI Soil water variability under subsurface drip and furrow irrigation SO IRRIGATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AB Non-uniformities in soil hydraulic properties and infiltration rates are considered to be major reasons for the inefficiencies of some surface irrigation systems. These non-uniformities may cause non-uniformities in soil water contents and could potentially affect plant growth. To investigate whether the non-uniformities in soil water contents can be overcome by well-managed irrigation systems, fields with clay loam soils and planted to cotton were irrigated with a continuous-flow, a surge flow, and a subsurface drip system. Measurements of water contents in each field were taken throughout the growing season at several depths. The water contents measured within the top 0-0.9 min the three irrigations systems were evaluated in terms of their spatial and temporal variabilities. The analyses indicated that on this soil, use of the surge flow system did not lead to increased spatial uniformities of soil water contents compared with the continuous-flow system. Use of the subsurface drip system resulted in very non-uniform soil water contents above the depth of the emitters. Variability in water contents below the emitter depth was comparable to the surface irrigation systems. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT LAND AIR & WATER RESOURCES,DAVIS,CA 95616. UC COOPERAT EXTENS,HANFORD,CA 93230. ARS,USDA,WATER MANAGEMENT RES LAB,FRESNO,CA 93727. UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521. RP Amali, S (reprint author), KENNEDY JENKS CONSULTANTS,530 S 336TH ST,FEDERAL WAY,WA 98023, USA. NR 19 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0342-7188 J9 IRRIGATION SCI JI Irrig. Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 17 IS 4 BP 151 EP 155 DI 10.1007/s002710050033 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA XY511 UT WOS:A1997XY51100002 ER PT J AU Welch, RM Combs, GF Duxbury, JM AF Welch, RM Combs, GF Duxbury, JM TI Toward a ''greener'' revolution SO ISSUES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT SOIL CROP & ATMOSPHER SCI,ITHACA,NY 14853. RP Welch, RM (reprint author), USDA,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 7 TC 31 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 SN 0748-5492 J9 ISSUES SCI TECHNOL JI Issues Sci. Technol. PD FAL PY 1997 VL 14 IS 1 BP 50 EP 58 PG 9 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Industrial; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Social Issues SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Social Issues GA YA013 UT WOS:A1997YA01300030 ER PT J AU Takeoka, GR Dao, LT Full, GH Wong, RY Harden, LA Edwards, RH Berrios, JD AF Takeoka, GR Dao, LT Full, GH Wong, RY Harden, LA Edwards, RH Berrios, JD TI Characterization of black bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) anthocyanins SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE black beans; antioxidants; pigments; anthocyanins; electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PHOTODIODE ARRAY DETECTION; ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; VITIS-VINIFERA; SEPARATION; FRUITS; COLORANTS; PIGMENTS; JUICE AB Three anthocyanins were isolated from the acidified methanol extracts of UI 911 black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) using solid phase extraction and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. The anthocyanins were characterized using chromatographic and spectroscopic methods as delphinidin 3-glucoside (56%), petunidin 3-glucoside (26%), and malvidin 3-glucoside (18%). The monomeric anthocyanin content was 213 +/- 2 mg/100g of black beans (moisture content was 10.04 +/- 0.02%). RP Takeoka, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 42 TC 86 Z9 88 U1 4 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 45 IS 9 BP 3395 EP 3400 DI 10.1021/jf970264d PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XX119 UT WOS:A1997XX11900008 ER PT J AU Wei, YA Hendrix, DL Nieman, R AF Wei, YA Hendrix, DL Nieman, R TI Diglucomelezitose, a novel pentasaccharide in silverleaf whitefly honeydew SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Bemisia; carbohydrate; cotton; HPLC; insect ID OLIGOSACCHARIDES; MELEZITOSE AB Honeydew excreted by the silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Pening) feeding upon upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was isolated from cotton lint and fractionated into various oligosaccharides using a charcoal column eluted with aqueous isopropyl alcohol. ?Two oligosaccharide fractions from the charcoal column, enriched in tetra-and pentasaccharides, were further fractionated on a Bio-Gel P2 column. A fraction from the later column was separated into individual oligosaccharides using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. One of the sugars isolated in this procedure was found to be novel pentasaccharide. Analysis of this oligosaccharide by NMR showed it to contain sucrose and melezitose moieties. The results of these analyses are consistent with a pentasaccharide of the following structure: O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4 -O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->3)-O-beta-D-fructofuranosyl-(2<->1)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha-D-glucopyranoside. A tetrasaccharide, maltosucrose [O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-(1<->2)-beta-D-fructofuranoside], was also identified in a second fraction from the Bio-Gel column. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. ARIZONA STATE UNIV,DEPT CHEM & BIOCHEM,TEMPE,AZ 85287. GUANGXI UNIV,IND TESTING & EXPT CTR,CARBOHYDRATE RES LAB,NANNING 530004,GUANGXI,PEOPLES R CHINA. NR 21 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 45 IS 9 BP 3481 EP 3486 DI 10.1021/jf970228e PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XX119 UT WOS:A1997XX11900023 ER PT J AU Thompson, JF Schaefer, SC Madison, JT AF Thompson, JF Schaefer, SC Madison, JT TI Role of aconitate isomerase in trans-aconitate accumulation in plants SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE wheat; grass tetany; aconitate; aconitate isomerase; organic acids ID ACIDS AB Wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum) grown on single salt solutions were analyzed for trans-aconitate and aconitate isomerase to determine the possible relationship between them and to determine if they might be related to the incidence of grass tetany. The trans-aconitate activity at the end of a two-day growth period and changes in trans-aconitate activity during this period varied widely and were related to the cation but not the anion of the single salt solution. Aconitate isomerase activity did not vary as much as trans-aconitate or change in trans-aconitate content, and was not closely correlated with the trans-aconitate content. Analysis of diverse species and tissues for aconitate isomerase and trans-aconitate showed that the presence of aconitate isomerase was necessary for appreciable trans-aconitate accumulation. We conclude that the activity of aconitate isomerase does not control trans-aconitate content but that its presence is necessary for any significant accumulation of trans-aconitate. RP Thompson, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,TOWER RD,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 45 IS 9 BP 3684 EP 3688 DI 10.1021/jf970131s PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XX119 UT WOS:A1997XX11900059 ER PT J AU Hammond, AC Williams, MJ Olson, TA Gasbarre, LC Leighton, EA Menchaca, MA AF Hammond, AC Williams, MJ Olson, TA Gasbarre, LC Leighton, EA Menchaca, MA TI Effect of rotational vs continuous intensive stocking of bahiagrass on performance of Angus cows and calves and interaction with sire type on gastrointestinal nematode burden SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; pastures; grazing systems; Paspalum notatum; helminths; genetic differences ID ANTIBODY-RESPONSES; GENETIC-CONTROL; CATTLE; EGG; EXPOSURE; INFECTIONS; IMMUNITY; PASTURE; SEASON; LEVEL AB Performance of Angus cows and calves was compared between two methods of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge) grazing management, rotational stocking (ROT) and continuous intensive stocking (CIS), where stocking rate was varied by adjusting available pasture area as forage growth rate changed during the growing season. Effects of sire type (low [LO] vs high [HI] EPD for nematode egg shedding rate [EPG]) also were studied. Data were analyzed for two complete cycles of calf production from breeding through weaning. There was no effect of pasture grazing management method on cow BW, cow body condition score, adjusted 205-d calf weaning weight, and preweaning calf ADG. Five genera of nematodes (Ostertagia, Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, and Oesophagostomum) were recovered from calves removed and killed at times throughout the grazing season. Mean nematode numbers recovered increased (P < .05) for all species as the grazing season progressed from spring to fall, consistent with results on EPG (P < .001). Effect of sire type on EPG was not significant; however, sire type did affect mean EPG (P < .05) from a subset of calves placed in drylot after weaning and sampled for three consecutive days. Sire type affected IgG1 titer to H. placei (LO = .50 +/- .012, HI = .45 +/- .011) and IgA titer to O. radiatum (LO = .28 +/- .006, HI = .26 +/- .005), and there was a sire type x pasture grazing method interaction on IgG1 titer to H. placei (LO-CIS = .50 +/- .017, HI-CIS = .41 +/- .014). Increased anti-parasite antibody titers in progeny of sires with EPD for low nematode egg shedding rates may reflect increased host resistance to these parasites. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. USDA ARS,PARASITE IMMUNOBIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. C BAR GRP,GREAT FALLS,VA 22066. RP Hammond, AC (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES STN,BROOKSVILLE,FL 34601, USA. NR 38 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 75 IS 9 BP 2291 EP 2299 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XU220 UT WOS:A1997XU22000001 PM 9303444 ER PT J AU Mersmann, HJ Carey, GB Smith, EO AF Mersmann, HJ Carey, GB Smith, EO TI Influence of nutritional weaning on porcine adipocyte beta-adrenergic and adenosine A(1) receptors SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pigs; adipocytes; beta-adrenergic receptors; adenosine; weaning; obesity ID SWINE ADIPOSE-TISSUE; LIGAND-BINDING; DEPOT SITE; EXPRESSION; SIZE; INHIBITION; MEMBRANES; LIPOLYSIS; NUMBER; OBESE AB Obese and crossbred (X-Bred) pigs were removed from sows at 14 d of age and given ad libitum access to a high-fat, milk-based diet. A subset of pigs fed this diet were killed at 28 and 49 d of age. At 28 d, another subset of pigs was given ad libitum access to a low-fat, grain-based diet and were killed at 31, 35, and 49 d of age (nutritionally weaned for 3, 7, and 21 d, respectively). Dorsal subcutaneous adipose tissue was obtained at death and adipocytes were prepared by incubation with collagenase, A portion of the cells was fixed with osmium to determine size and number; remaining cells were lysed in hypotonic media and centrifuged to yield a crude membrane fraction. The beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR) and A1 adenosine receptor (A(1)R) affinity and number were measured in the membranes by equilibrium saturation ligand binding. Obese pigs had a lower body weight than X-Bred pigs at all ages (P < .05). Obese pigs tended (P for volume > .1 but < .2) to have larger adipocytes than X-Bred pigs. The beta-AR affinity did not differ between obese and X-Bred pigs. There were fewer beta-AR per milligram of membrane protein in obese than in X-Bred pigs at 28 and 49 d of age when fed the high-fat, milk-based diet (P < .01). However, beta-AR number expressed per cell or unit cell surface area did not differ between genetic groups. As pigs of either genetic group continued to be fed the low-fat, grain-based diet, the beta-AR decreased when expressed per milligram of protein or unit cell surface area (P < .05) and tended to decrease when expressed per cell. Obese and X-Bred pigs fed the high-fat, milk-based diet had more beta-AR than respective pigs fed the low-fat, grain-based diet when data were expressed per milligram of protein (P < .01) but not when expressed per cell or unit surface area. The A(1)R were only detectable in 2 of 16 X-Bred litters but were more developed in adipocytes of obese pigs, being measurable in 8 of 14 litters. The A(1)R number, expressed per milligram of protein, was lower in obese pigs fed the milk-based diet than in those fed the grain-based diet (P < .05). These findings suggest the decreased beta-AR number after nutritional weaning, or the transition from a high-fat to low-fat diet, may contribute to fat accretion in pigs. Furthermore, the lower number of beta-AR in obese than in X-Bred pigs may contribute to the obesity. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,HOUSTON,TX 77030. UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,DEPT ANIM & NUTR SCI,DURHAM,NH 03824. NR 31 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 75 IS 9 BP 2368 EP 2377 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XU220 UT WOS:A1997XU22000012 PM 9303455 ER PT J AU Wheeler, TL Cundiff, LV Koch, RM Dikeman, ME Crouse, JD AF Wheeler, TL Cundiff, LV Koch, RM Dikeman, ME Crouse, JD TI Characterization of different biological types of steers (cycle IV): Wholesale, subprimal, and retail product yields SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef; breeds; carcasses; composition; yields ID CARCASS TRAITS; BEEF-CATTLE; PALATABILITY; QUALITY; GROWTH; HERITABILITIES; PIEDMONTESE; BREED; BULLS; FAT AB Carcass cut-out yields of 888 steers obtained from mating Hereford and Angus cows to Hereford or Angus (HA), Charolais (Ch), Gelbvieh (Gb), Pinzgauer (Pt), Shorthorn (Sh), Galloway (Gw), Longhorn (Lh), Nellore (Ne), Piedmontese (Pm), and Salers (Sa) sires were compared. Data were evaluated at constant age (426 d), carcass weight (324 kg), fat thickness (1.2 cm), fat trim percentage (23%), and marbling (Small(00)) end points. Piedmontese-sired steers excelled in total retail product and fat trim percentages at all slaughter end points except at the 23% fat trim end point. At an age end point, percentage of retail product was greater in steers sired by Continental European breeds (Gb, Ch, Sa, Pt; 63.3 to 65.5% at 0 cm trim) than in steers sired by British breeds (Sh, HA; 60.1 to 61.0%). Piedmontese-sired steers, which were expected to carry one copy of a major gene for muscle hypertrophy, had the highest (P < .05) retail product yields at an age end point (69.7%). At an age end point, although carcass weights were significantly heavier(P < .05) for Charolais-sired steers than for Piedmontese-sired steers, lean growth rate, as reflected by totally trimmed retail product at 426 d, was similar (P > .05) for Piedmontese and Charolaissired steers. Differences among sire breeds were small for retail product percentage at marbling, fat thickness, and fat trim end points. Ranking of sire breeds for age-constant weight of retail product was as follows: Ch, Pm, Gb, Sa, Ne, Pt, HA, Sh, Gw, and Lh. Sire breed differences in wholesale and subprimal cut yields were similar to total retail product differences. Piedmontese-sired steers produced the most muscular, leanest, and highest-yielding carcasses, and HA-and Sh-sired steers produced the fattest, lowest-yielding carcasses. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. UNIV NEBRASKA,LINCOLN,NE 68583. RP Wheeler, TL (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 28 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 75 IS 9 BP 2389 EP 2403 PG 15 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XU220 UT WOS:A1997XU22000014 PM 9303457 ER PT J AU Shackelford, SD Wheeler, TL Koohmaraie, M AF Shackelford, SD Wheeler, TL Koohmaraie, M TI Repeatability of tenderness measurements in beef round muscles SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef; muscles; repeatability; tenderness ID SHEAR FORCE VALUES; COOKING AB The present experiment was conducted to determine 1) the repeatability of Warner-Bratzler shear force and trained sensory panel tenderness ratings in beef round cuts and 2) the effect of location within beef round cuts on shear force and tenderness ratings. Biceps femoris (BF) and semitendinosus (ST) were obtained from the carcasses of youthful (A-maturity), grain-fed, crossbred steers (n = 25) at 16 d postmortem. Steaks were removed from each muscle for determination of shear force and tenderness rating at each of three locations (A = proximal end, B = center, and C = distal end). Tenderness ratings of triplicate samples were slightly more repeatable than shear force for BF (R = .50 vs .30) and ST (R = .60 vs .56). However, all of those estimates of repeatability were much less than values we have obtained for beef longissimus using similar laboratory procedures (R = .79 to .90). Across both muscles and both methods of assessing tenderness, less than 40% of the total variance was accounted for by animal. The variance of tenderness rating among animals was less for BF (.12) and ST (.09) than values we have obtained for beef longissimus (.60). Location did not affect (P > .05) BF shear force; however, BF tenderness ratings were higher(P < .05) for location A (5.5) than for B (5.0) and C (5.2). Location accounted for a higher percentage of the total variance of ST tenderness rating and ST shear force than did animal. Shear force decreased (P < .05) from the proximal end to the distal end of ST (5.1, 4.6, and 3.9 kg for locations A, B, and C, respectively). Also, ST tenderness ratings were lower for location A (4.8) than for locations B (5.6) and C (5.7). Neither method of measuring tenderness was highly repeatable for BF or ST because there was little animal-to-animal variation in tenderness for these round muscles. Thus, there would be little opportunity for segregating round muscles into tenderness classes. RP Shackelford, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 11 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 75 IS 9 BP 2411 EP 2416 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XU220 UT WOS:A1997XU22000016 PM 9303459 ER PT J AU Shackelford, SD Wheeler, TL Koohmaraie, M AF Shackelford, SD Wheeler, TL Koohmaraie, M TI Tenderness classification of beef .1. Evaluation of beef longissimus shear force at 1 or 2 days postmortem as a predictor of aged beef tenderness SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef; classification; shear force; tenderness ID MUSCLE; ATTRIBUTES; CATTLE; TRAITS AB The present experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of longissimus shear force at 1 or 2 d postmortem as a predictor of beef longissimus shear force at 14 d postmortem. Experiments 1 (n = 400) and 2 (n = 554) included carcasses slaughtered and processed under laboratory and commercial conditions, respectively. A carcass was < classified as ''tender,'' ''intermediate,'' or ''tough'' if its longissimus shear value at 1 or 2 d postmortem was < 6 kg, 6 to 9 kg, or > 9 kg, respectively. For Exp. 1 and 2, large (P < .001) differences existed between each successive tenderness class in mean shear force at 14 d postmortem. Moreover, frequency analysis indicated that tenderness classification accurately (84.8 and 94.8% for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively) predicted whether the sample would have a ''low'' (< 6 kg) Warner-Bratzler shear (WBS) value at 14 d postmortem. All (100%) of the carcasses in the ''tender'' class had ''low'' WBS values at 14 d postmortem, most (81 and 85% for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively) of the carcasses in the ''intermediate'' class had ''low'' WBS values at 14 d postmortem, and most (74 and 67% for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively) of the carcasses in the ''tough'' class did not have ''low'' WBS values at 14 d postmortem. Although shear force at 2 d postmortem was only moderately correlated (r = .68) with shear force at 14 d postmortem, 68% of the carcasses sampled in Exp. 2 could be guaranteed tender with 100% accuracy based on shear force at 2 d postmortem. Thus, cooked beef longissimus shear force can be measured at 1 or 2 d postmortem and used to predict longissimus tenderness after cooler aging (14 d postmortem) with a relatively high degree of accuracy. RP Shackelford, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 19 TC 67 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 75 IS 9 BP 2417 EP 2422 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XU220 UT WOS:A1997XU22000017 PM 9303460 ER PT J AU Wheeler, TL Shackelford, SD Johnson, IP Miller, MF Miller, RK Koohmaraie, M AF Wheeler, TL Shackelford, SD Johnson, IP Miller, MF Miller, RK Koohmaraie, M TI A comparison of Warner-Bratzler shear force assessment within and among institutions SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE accuracy; beef; methodology; repeatability; shear strength; tenderness ID VALUES; BEEF; TENDERNESS; COOKING AB Our objective was to compare measurement of Warner-Bratzler shear force of beef longissimus within and among institutions when each institution used its own protocol and when all institutions used a standardized protocol. In Exp. 1, each of five institutions (A, B, C, D, and E) received two adjacent steaks from each of 27 beef strip loins (longissimus lumborum). Warner-Bratzler shear force was measured for both steaks using the procedures normally used at each institution. In Exp. 2, each institution received two adjacent steaks from each of 45 strip loins. Shear force was measured for both steaks using a standardized protocol. In Exp. 1, Warner-Bratzler shear force was highest (P < .05) for A (4.7 kg) and lowest (P < .05) for B (2.9 kg). Repeatability of shear force was highest for A and C (.73 and .72), intermediate for D (.63), and lowest for B and E (.39 and .44). In Exp. 2, Warner-Bratzler shear force was highest (P < .05) for A (5.1 kg) and lowest (P < .05) for E (3.7 kg). Repeatability of shear force was highest for A (.87), intermediate for B, D, and E (.81, .75, and .80), and lowest for C (.67). Shear force values differed within and among institutions due to protocol, execution of the protocol, and instrument variation. Thus, comparisons of Warner-Bratzler shear force data among institutions are currently not valid. However, it is possible for institutions to obtain the same mean shear force value and have high repeatability if a standard protocol is properly executed with calibrated equipment. RP Wheeler, TL (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 28 TC 77 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 75 IS 9 BP 2423 EP 2432 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XU220 UT WOS:A1997XU22000018 PM 9303461 ER PT J AU Lammoglia, MA Bellows, RA Short, RE Bellows, SE Bighorn, EG Stevenson, JS Randel, RD AF Lammoglia, MA Bellows, RA Short, RE Bellows, SE Bighorn, EG Stevenson, JS Randel, RD TI Body temperature and endocrine interactions before and after calving in beef cows SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE body temperature; calving; hormones ID PLASMA 13,14-DIHYDRO-15-KETO-PROSTAGLANDIN F2-ALPHA; POSTNATAL MORTALITY; CATTLE; FETAL; HEIFERS; RADIOTELEMETRY; PROGESTERONE; PARTURITION; PREGNANCY; THYROXINE AB Multiparous beef cows (n = 7) were used to evaluate peripartum changes and interactions among body temperature (BT) and circulating progesterone (P-4), estradiol-17 beta (E-2), triiodothyronine (T-3), cortisol, thyroxine(T-4), and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F-2 alpha (PGFM) concentrations. Electronic temperature monitors were placed under the obliquus abdominis internus muscle of the left flank, and BT was measured using radiotelemetry every 3 min for 10-s periods from 144 h before to 24 h after calving. Environmental temperatures (ET) were recorded hourly. Body and environmental temperatures were averaged, separately, within 8-h periods. Blood samples were collected every 8 h, and hormone concentrations were measured. Time of day affected BT(P < .01), at 0300 cows had the lowest BT, at 1900 the highest, and at 1100 values were intermediate. Body temperature remained relatively constant (P > .10) from 144 to 56 h before calving and from 8 to 24 h after calving but decreased (P < .01) from 48 to 8 h before calving. Precalving BT was affected (P < .01) by ET, but hour-before-calving (time) had the greatest effect on BT during the 48 to 8 h immediately preceding parturition (b' = .41, P < .01) and was independent of ET effects. Before the BT decrease, cows gestating heifers had lower (P < .01) BT than cows gestating bulls. Plasma E-2, PGFM, T-3, and T-4 concentrations before the precalving decrease in body temperature were greater (P < .03) in cows gestating bull rather than heifer calves. Approximately 30% of the variation (R-2) during the temperature decrease was explained by plasma hormone concentrations; PGFM (b' = -.30, P < .05) and T-3 (b' = -.22, P < .10) had the most significant effects. In conclusion, BT of the cow before the precalving decrease was affected by ET and sex of calf. However, the prepartum BT decrease was independent of these variables, and seemed partially endocrine-induced. C1 KANSAS STATE UNIV,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. TEXAS A&M UNIV,TEXAS AGR EXPT STN,OVERTON,TX 75684. RP Lammoglia, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS,FT KEOGH LIVESTOCK & RANGE RES LAB,MILES CITY,MT 59301, USA. NR 32 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 75 IS 9 BP 2526 EP 2534 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XU220 UT WOS:A1997XU22000029 PM 9303472 ER PT J AU Dietz, AB Neibergs, HL Womack, JE Kehrli, ME AF Dietz, AB Neibergs, HL Womack, JE Kehrli, ME TI Rapid communication: Single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) of bovine tumor necrosis factor alpha SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cattle; tumor necrosis factor; genetic polymorphism ID LOCUS C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT VET PATHOBIOL,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. RI Dietz, Allan/H-7414-2015 OI Dietz, Allan/0000-0003-3410-9621 NR 3 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 75 IS 9 BP 2567 EP 2567 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XU220 UT WOS:A1997XU22000034 PM 9303477 ER PT J AU Lynch, JM Barbano, DM Healy, PA Fleming, JR AF Lynch, JM Barbano, DM Healy, PA Fleming, JR TI Performance evaluation of direct forced-air total solids and Kjeldahl total nitrogen methods: 1990 through 1995 SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB Results from collaborative studies of the performance of the direct forced-air oven-drying method for determination of milk total solids content (AOAC Method 990.20) and the Kjeldahl total nitrogen method for determination of milk total nitrogen content (AOAC Method 991.20) were published in 1989 and 1990, respectively. Method performance was characterized by using the harmonized ISO/IUPAC/AOAC guidelines for method validation, and the methods now have final action status. During 1990 through 1995, the split sample collaborative study format was used to monitor the performance of these methods as part of a multilaboratory quality assurance program, Seven blind duplicate milk materials were sent from a central laboratory once every 2 months to participating laboratories, Data were analyzed with the same statistical procedures used in the original collaborative studies, Compared with the original collaborative study, the repeatability and reproducibility of the oven-drying method improved over time, For the Kjeldahl total nitrogen method, within-laboratory repeatability improved slightly, whereas between-laboratory reproducibility was similar to but not always as good as in the original study. The results demonstrate that the statistical protocol for collaborative studies can be used effectively as the basis for a multilaboratory quality assurance program and that the method performance achieved in a collaborative study can be maintained and even improved with time. C1 US AGR MKT SERV,USDA,GREATER KANSAS CITY MILK MKT AREA,LENEXA,KS 66215. US AGR MKT SERV,USDA,TEXAS MILK MKT AREA,CARROLLTON,TX 75006. RP Lynch, JM (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI,NE DAIRY RES CTR,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 8 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 80 IS 5 BP 1038 EP 1043 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XY208 UT WOS:A1997XY20800019 PM 9325581 ER PT J AU Berrang, ME Frank, JF Buhr, RJ Bailey, JS Cox, NA Mauldin, JM AF Berrang, ME Frank, JF Buhr, RJ Bailey, JS Cox, NA Mauldin, JM TI Microbiology of sanitized broiler hatching eggs through the egg production period SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE breeder flock; egg sanitization; hatching eggs ID SALMONELLA; CONTAMINATION; HATCHABILITY; HATCHERIES; RECOVERY; MACHINE AB Nest-clean and dirty eggs were sampled monthly across the productive period of a commercial broiler breeder flock. Eggshells and membranes were examined for total aerobic bacterial and Enterobacteriaceae counts per egg. Paired nest-clean and dirty eggs were spray sanitized in a two-stage commercial egg sanitizing machine (a chlorine detergent wash followed by a quarternary ammonia sanitizing spray) and tested for bacterial contamination. As the flock aged, numbers of bacteria per nest-clean egg fluctuated without a noticeable trend (from log(10) 0.8 to 3.2 cells total aerobic bacteria and 2 to 5 cells Enterobacteriaceae per egg) regardless of hen age. Those eggs classified as dirty had visible fecal contamination and higher bacterial numbers than nest-clean eggs (log(10) 5.9 to 7.6 cells total aerobic bacteria per egg). After sanitization, previously dirty eggs had bacterial populations comparable to those of sanitized dirty eggs were still microbiologically indistinguishable from sanitized nest-clean eggs, though both groups had higher bacterial contamination levels than had been observed in samples taken immediately following sanitization. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT FOOD SCI & TECHNOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT POULTRY SCI,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP Berrang, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS,RUSSELL RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU APPLIED POULTRY SCIENCE INC PI ATHENS PA PO BOX 80286, ATHENS, GA 30608 SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD FAL PY 1997 VL 6 IS 3 BP 298 EP 305 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YA427 UT WOS:A1997YA42700010 ER PT J AU Lott, BD Branton, SL May, JD AF Lott, BD Branton, SL May, JD TI Dietary lysine and ascites incidence SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE arginine; heart weight; temperature; ventricle weight ID BROILERS AB Two trials were conducted with male broilers to determine the effect of dietary lysine on deaths due to ascites. Starter diets contained 1.13, 1.20, 1.28, and 1.35% dietary lysine; grower diets contained 1.02, 1.09, 1.16, and 1.23% lysine. Neither deaths due to ascites nor total deaths were affected by treatment in Trial 1. A significant effect of treatment on deaths due to ascites was observed in Trial 2, but deaths for the highest lysine level were not different from the lowest lysine level. Heart weight and ventricle weights were not affected by treatment. These results suggest that ascites is not attributable to dietary lysine levels in commercial diets. RP Lott, BD (reprint author), USDA ARS,S CENT POULTRY RES LAB,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU APPLIED POULTRY SCIENCE INC PI ATHENS PA PO BOX 80286, ATHENS, GA 30608 SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD FAL PY 1997 VL 6 IS 3 BP 331 EP 334 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YA427 UT WOS:A1997YA42700015 ER PT J AU Wang, CL Lovell, RT Klesius, PH AF Wang, CL Lovell, RT Klesius, PH TI Response to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge by channel catfish fed organic and inorganic sources of selenium SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID HUMORAL IMMUNE-RESPONSE; DIETARY SELENIUM; VITAMIN-E; REQUIREMENT AB Fingerlings of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (average initial weight, 1.70 g) were fed a casein-based purified diet supplemented with 0, 0.02, 0.06, 0.20, or 0.40 mg of selenium/kg from sodium selenite (Na2SeO3), selenomethionine (Se-M), or selenoyeast (Se-Y) for 9 weeks. Subsequently, fish were challenged by immersion with a virulent strain of Edwardsiella ictaluri (10(5.9) cells/mL), and mortalities were recorded during a 14-d period. Antibody titers of surviving fish were measured, and macrophage chemotactic activity was determined in fish from each treatment. Dietary concentration and source of selenium significantly influenced weight gain and immune responses of the fish. Dietary selenium concentrations for maximum weight gain were 0.20 mg/kg from Se-M and Se-Y and 0.40 mg/kg from Na2SeO3. Dietary selenium concentration for maximum survival from E. ictaluri challenge was 0.20 mg/kg for fish fed Se-M and 0.40 mg/kg for fish fed Se-Y and Na2SeO3 Antibody production generally increased as dietary concentration of selenium increased. Antibody titer was highest for fish fed Se-Y, intermediate for fish fed Se-M, and lowest for fish fed Na2SeO3. Macrophage chemotactic response was the same for fish fed the control (0 selenium) and Na2SeO3 diets and was significantly lower than responses by fish fed Se-M and Se-Y. This study indicates that channel catfish challenged with E. ictaluri are responsive to dietary selenium and that organic selenium sources have greater potency than inorganic sources. C1 AUBURN UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & ALLIED AQUACULTURES,AUBURN,AL 36849. USDA ARS,REG PARASITE RES LAB,AUBURN,AL 36830. NR 29 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD SEP PY 1997 VL 9 IS 3 BP 172 EP 179 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1997)009<0172:RTEICB>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA YD449 UT WOS:A1997YD44900002 ER PT J AU Mulvaney, RL Khan, SA Sims, GK Stevens, WB AF Mulvaney, RL Khan, SA Sims, GK Stevens, WB TI Use of nitrous oxide as a purge gas for automated nitrogen isotope analysis by the Rittenberg technique SO JOURNAL OF AUTOMATIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SOIL EXTRACTS; N-15; DIFFUSION AB An apparatus that operates with an isotope-ratio mass spectrometer to automatically perform nitrogen isotope analysis by the Rittenberg technique was modified to permit the use of nitrous oxide (N2O) instead of Freon (CCl2F2 or CHClF2) for the purging of air prior to hypobromite oxidation of ammonium-N to N-2 in a plastic microplate. Analytical performance was unaffected by the modifications. Up to 768 samples can be processed in a single loading, at a rate of 6 to 12 samples/h. Within the range of 0.2 to 20 atom % N-15, isotope-ratio analyses of 50 to 200 mu g of N using the automated Rittenberg apparatus (ARA) with a double-collector mass spectrometer were accurate to within 0.7%, as compared to manual Rittenberg analyses of 1 mg of N using the same mass spectrometer with a dual-inlet system. Automated analyses of 20 mu g of N were accurate to within 2%, and automated analyses of 10 mu g of N were accurate to within 7%. The relative standard deviation for measurements at the natural abundance level (10 analyses, 20-200 mu g of N) was <0.04%. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CROP SCI,URBANA,IL 61801. USDA,ARS,URBANA,IL 61801. RP Mulvaney, RL (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT NAT RESOURCES & ENVIRONM SCI,TURNER HALL,1102 S GOODWIN AVE,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. RI Sims, Gerald/A-2500-2008 NR 15 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4A 3DE SN 0142-0453 J9 J AUTOM CHEM JI J. Autom. Chem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 19 IS 5 BP 165 EP 168 DI 10.1155/S1463924697000175 PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA YC194 UT WOS:A1997YC19400004 PM 18924803 ER PT J AU Xue, Q Wang, L Newman, RK Newman, CW Graham, H AF Xue, Q Wang, L Newman, RK Newman, CW Graham, H TI Influence of the hulless, waxy starch and short-awn genes on the composition of barleys SO JOURNAL OF CEREAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE barley; waxy; hulless; short-awn ID PLASMA-CHOLESTEROL CONCENTRATIONS; DIETARY FIBER CONTENT; BETA-GLUCAN CONTENT; BROILER CHICKS; VISCOSITY; PERFORMANCE; GRAINS; FOODS; MEN AB The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of genotype on chemical components of barley which influence nutritional value. Six barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) isotypes, expressed in Compana (CI 5438) and Betzes (CI 6398) cultivars with genetic combinations non-waxy (WXWX) and waxy (wxwx) starch in covered (NN) and hulless (nn) kernels and long-awn (LK2LK2) and short-awn (lk(2)lk(2)) traits, were grown in 1987, 1988 and 1989. Analyses were made for protein, fat, starch, free sugars, total dietary fibre (TDF), TDF components and extract viscosity. The hulless gene reduced TDF by preventing the hulls from adhering to the kernel, thus concentrating the remaining components. Waxy barleys contained less (P<0.001) starch, but more (P<0.001) free sugars and ether extract (P<0.001). Increased (P<0.02) TDF in waxy barleys was due to an increase (P<0.001) in total and soluble beta-glucans. The short-awn gene had no effect other than to increase (P<0.04) extract viscosity, and to reduce test weight (P<0.008) and % plump kernels (P<0.03). The expression of the hulless and waxy genes in barley is desirable for use in human food products due to increased levels of soluble dietary fibre, particularly beta-glucans, but reduces malting potential and feed value for poultry. (C) 1997 Academic Press Limited. C1 MONTANA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT SOIL & ENVIRONM SCI,BOZEMAN,MT 59717. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. FINNFEEDS INT LTD,MARLBOROUGH SN8 1AA,WILTS,ENGLAND. NR 34 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0733-5210 J9 J CEREAL SCI JI J. Cereal Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 26 IS 2 BP 251 EP 257 DI 10.1006/jcrs.1996.0114 PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA XZ446 UT WOS:A1997XZ44600012 ER PT J AU Vaughn, SF Boydston, RA AF Vaughn, SF Boydston, RA TI Volatile allelochemicals released by crucifer green manures SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Brassica campestris; Brassica hirta; Brassica juncea; Brassica napus; Brassica nigra; Lepidium sativum; allyl isothiocyanate; benzyl isothiocyanate; ethyl isothiocyanate; volatiles; phytotoxicity; allelopathy ID ALLYL ISOTHIOCYANATE; LIPOXYGENASE PATHWAY; ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; SOIL; PRODUCTS; BRASSICA; RESIDUES; CABBAGE; PLANTS; DECOMPOSITION AB Several members of the crucifer Family (Brassicaceae), including white mustard (Brassica hirta Moench), brown mustard [B, juncea (L.) Coss], black mustard [B. nigra (L,.) Koch], leafy turnip (B. campestris L.), rapeseed (B, napus L.), and garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) were examined for their potential as allelopathic green manure crops. Hemp sesbania [Sesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. Ex A. W. Hill] germination and fresh weight was inhibited by chopped leaf tissues of all green manures tested, including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), when added to a sandy loam soil. Wheat seed germination was inhibited only by B. nigra, B. hirta, and L. sativum, although none of the treatments reduced fresh weight of germinated seedlings. The major volatiles released by chopped plants were determined by solid-phase microextraction sampling and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Volatiles included allyl isothiocyanate (allyl-ITC), 3-butenyl isothiocyanate, benzyl isothiocyanate (benzyl-ITC), cis-3-hexen-1-ol, and trans-2-hexenal. These compounds, together with methyl-ITC (methyl-ITC), beta-phenylethyl-ITC, benzaldehyde, beta-ocimene, and alpha-farnesene were tested for inhibition of seed germination of several crop and weed species when applied as volatiles. Of these, allyl-ITC and methyl-ITC were the most inhibitory, completely inhibiting the germination of all species at a headspace gas concentration of 1 ppm in airtight glass containers. Selecting mustard green manures that release high levels of allyl-ITC would appear to be optimal for allelopathic activity, and plants that produce high levels of benzyl-ITC also appear promising. C1 ARS,VEGETABLE & FORAGE CROPS PROD RES,USDA,IRRIGATED AGR RES & EXTENS CTR,PROSSER,WA 99350. RP Vaughn, SF (reprint author), ARS,BIOACT AGENTS RES,USDA,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 45 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 3 U2 18 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 23 IS 9 BP 2107 EP 2116 DI 10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006432.28041.82 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XV732 UT WOS:A1997XV73200003 ER PT J AU Dickens, JC Oliver, JE Mastro, VC AF Dickens, JC Oliver, JE Mastro, VC TI Response and adaptation to analogs of disparlure by specialist antennal receptor neurons of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE analogs; semiochemicals; adaptation; receptor; neurophysiology; olfaction gypsy moth; Lymantria dispar ID ODORANT-BINDING-PROTEIN; PHEROMONE BINDING; IDENTIFICATION; LEPIDOPTERA; PLANT AB Reception and adaptation of antennal receptors in response to (+)-disparlure [(+)-D], the sex attractant pheromone of the gypsy moth, Lyman tria dispar-(Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae)], its enantiomer, (-)-D, and analogs of disparlure in which the epoxide group is replaced with various three-membered rings [(+/-)-cyclopropyl (2HC), (+/-)-difluorocyclopropyl (2FC), (+/-)-dichlorocyclopropyl (2ClC), and (+/-)-aziridinyl (AZ), (+)-AZ, and (-)AZ] as well as a mixture of 1,1-epoxy analogs were investigated using electroantennograms. Antennal receptors of male moths were more responsive (5 mu g stimulus load) to (+)-D than to (-)-D; while responses to each of the analogs were significantly less and did not differ from each other. Antennal receptors of female moths did not respond significantly to any of the compounds at this stimulus load. Dose-response curves revealed greater sensitivity of male antennae to (+)-D than (-)-D. Among the cyclopropane analogs and 1,1-epoxy mixture (1,IE), the order of sensitivity was: 2FC > 2ClC > 2HC > 1,1E. Antennae were least sensitive to the aziridinyl analogs; however, (+)-AZ was more active than (-)-AZ, while an intermediate response was elicited by the racemate. Males exposed to (+)-D adapted to (+)-D, while responses to (+)-D were not significantly affected by exposure to (-)-D, 2FC or (+)-AZ. After exposure to hexylacetate, males showed adaptation to (+)D or (-)-D, but not to the other odorants. Preliminary field data correlate well with knowledge obtained in our electrophysiological studies and demonstrate the usefulness of such studies. These results indicate that novel approaches to the design and synthesis of potential agonists of disparlure receptors are necessary before substantial effects on the activity of disparlure are realized. C1 ARS,USDA,INSECT CHEM ECOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA,APHIS,OTIS METHODS DEV LAB,OTIS,MA 02542. RP Dickens, JC (reprint author), ARS,USDA,VEGETABLE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 32 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 23 IS 9 BP 2197 EP 2210 DI 10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006439.21448.53 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XV732 UT WOS:A1997XV73200010 ER PT J AU Moyna, G Hernandez, G Williams, HJ Nachman, RJ Scott, AI AF Moyna, G Hernandez, G Williams, HJ Nachman, RJ Scott, AI TI Development of Weiner et al force field parameters suitable for conformational studies of [1,4]-benzodiazepines and related compounds SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID SEMIEMPIRICAL METHODS; NUCLEIC-ACIDS; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; ATOMIC CHARGES; SIMULATION; PROTEINS; OPTIMIZATION; GENERATION; INHIBITORS; AM1 AB A set of force field parameters capable of reproducing the preferred conformations of the biologically important [1,4]-benzodiazepines was developed for AMBER and other molecular modeling programs that utilize the Weiner et al. force field. Equilibrium parameters were obtained from representative model compounds found in the Cambridge Structural Database, and bond stretching and torsion potential force constants were estimated using AM1 and PM3 semiempirical Hamiltonians. Parameters obtained with the two semiempirical methods and the existing linear interpolation method are compared. Molecular mechanics and dynamic simulations showed that AM1 derived parameters, together with MNDO ESP fitted atomic charges, predicted the X-ray structure of a number of representative [1,4]-benzodiazepines within 0.01 Angstrom, 0.8 degrees, and 5 degrees, from observed bond lengths, bond angles, and bond torsions, respectively. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT CHEM,CTR BIOL NMR,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. UNIV REPUBLICA,FAC QUIM,LAB RMN,MONTEVIDEO,URUGUAY. USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,VET ENTOMOL RES UNIT,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. NR 41 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0095-2338 J9 J CHEM INF COMP SCI JI J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 37 IS 5 BP 951 EP 956 DI 10.1021/ci9700236 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Computer Science GA XX690 UT WOS:A1997XX69000019 PM 9316265 ER PT J AU Petty, EE Johnston, JJ Volz, SA AF Petty, EE Johnston, JJ Volz, SA TI Solid-phase extraction method for the quantitative analysis of organochlorine pesticides in wildlife urine SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article RP Petty, EE (reprint author), USDA,APHIS,ADC,NATL WILDLIFE RES CTR,ANALYT CHEM SECT,3350 EASTBROOK DR,FT COLLINS,CO 80525, USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 35 IS 9 BP 430 EP 434 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA XV487 UT WOS:A1997XV48700004 PM 9293028 ER PT J AU Leininger, TD Wilson, AD Lester, DG AF Leininger, TD Wilson, AD Lester, DG TI Hurricane Andrew damage in relation to wood decay fungi and insects in bottomland hardwoods of the Atchafalaya Basin, Louisiana SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE forest pest survey; crown damage rating; wind damage ID FOREST; IMPACT AB Hurricane Andrew caused damage to more than 780 sq. km of bottomland hardwood and cypress-tupelo forests in the Atchafalaya Basin of Louisiana in August 1992. Trees in bottomland hardwood sites were examined, in early May 1994, for signs and symptoms of wood decay fungi, and for insect damage, ostensibly present before the hurricane, which may have predisposed trees to windthrow or breaks in the bole or top. Three sites with severe wind damage and three sites with minor wind damage were studied along the path of the hurricane. Surveying for wood decay fungi and insects on trees, and evaluating damage to crowns, stems, and roots was done on 25-m diameter point-sample plots. Evidence of wood decay fungi and insects, or the damage they cause, was rare at all sites, in part because of flooding during the evaluation, so that predisposition to wind damage by these agents was not established. Crown damage rating classes and d.b.h. classes were positively correlated for sites with severe wind damage indicating that larger diameter trees were more susceptible to wind damage than smaller diameter trees. Chinese tallow, swamp cottonwood, pumpkin ash, American sycamore, and swamp dogwood showed greater wind damage on sites with severe wind damage than other species. RP Leininger, TD (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,SO RES STN,SO HARDWOODS LAB,POB 227,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. RI Wilson, Alphus/Q-2137-2015 OI Wilson, Alphus/0000-0003-2352-5232 NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD FAL PY 1997 VL 13 IS 4 BP 1290 EP 1293 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA XZ999 UT WOS:A1997XZ99900031 ER PT J AU Dhiman, TR Satter, LD AF Dhiman, TR Satter, LD TI Yield response of dairy cows fed different proportions of alfalfa silage and corn silage SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE alfalfa silage; corn silage; rumen; milk ID NEUTRAL DETERGENT FIBER; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; EARLY LACTATION; MILK-PRODUCTION; AMINO-ACIDS; FORAGE; PROTEIN; DIETS; PERFORMANCE; DIGESTION AB Forty-five multiparous and 29 primiparous cows were used in a complete lactation study to determine milk yield and the potential for improving N utilization by cows fed diets containing different proportions of alfalfa and corn silages. Cows were fed diets with a 50:50 forage to grain ratio. The forage portion of the diet was either all alfalfa silage, two-thirds alfalfa silage and one-third corn silage, or one-third alfalfa silage and two-thirds corn silage (dry matter basis). Treatment diets were fed to 6 ruminally cannulated cows to study dietary effects on ruminal fermentation. Diets were fed as a total mixed ration. Dry matter intake as a percentage of body weight was higher for cows fed the diet containing one-third corn silage. Mean 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield from wk 1 to 36 of lactation was 31.0, 32.9, and 31.8 kg/d for cows fed the alfalfa, one-third corn silage, and two-thirds corn silage treatment diets, respectively. For 305 d of lactation, milk yield for multiparous cows was 9593, 10,170, and 10,024 kg and for primiparous cows was 8124, 8412, and 8168 kg for cows consuming the alfalfa, one-third corn silage, and two-thirds corn silage treatment diets, respectively. Diets containing two-thirds corn silage decreased milk fat content of multiparous cows during early lactation. Ruminal NH3 concentration was lower and N excretion in the environment was reduced by 6 to 15% with the diets containing corn silage. Results suggested that corn silage should constitute one-third to two-thirds of dietary forage dry matter when fed with alfalfa silage to derive maximal benefit. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT DAIRY SCI,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 28 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 80 IS 9 BP 2069 EP 2082 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA XW891 UT WOS:A1997XW89100023 PM 9313149 ER PT J AU Bigner, DR Goff, JP Faust, MA Tyler, HD Horst, RL AF Bigner, DR Goff, JP Faust, MA Tyler, HD Horst, RL TI Comparison of oral sodium compounds for the correction of acidosis SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE acid-base status; sodium propionate; acidosis ID CHLORIDE; THERAPY; CATTLE AB Three Na compounds were tested to determine which was best able to treat metabolic acidosis in dairy cows. Metabolic acidosis was induced in test cows by feeding a diet that was high in anions for 7 d before the administration of treatment on d 8. The orally administered treatments were equivalent amounts of Na in the form of NaCl (208.6 g), NaHCO3 (300 g), or Na propionate (343 g). The initiation of oral treatment was designated as time 0, and blood samples were taken 15 min before treatment, immediately before treatment, and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 mill after treatment. Before treatment, all cows were in a state of metabolic acidosis as was evidenced by low blood pH, low HCO3 concentrations, and high plasma Cl concentrations. After treatment, blood pH and HCO3 were markedly higher for cows receiving NaHCO3 and Na propionate but not for cows receiving NaCl. We concluded that orally administered NaHCO3 and Na propionate were equally effective in correcting the acid-base balance of blood, as was predicted by the strong ion difference theory of acid-base physiology. Sodium propionate may be considered a more effective treatment of metabolic acidosis in diseases such as ketosis because the added propionate can serve as a source of glucose for the cow. C1 ARS,USDA,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,AMES,IA 50011. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 80 IS 9 BP 2162 EP 2166 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA XW891 UT WOS:A1997XW89100034 PM 9313160 ER PT J AU Powell, RL Wiggans, GR Sieber, M AF Powell, RL Wiggans, GR Sieber, M TI Consistency of international genetic evaluations of Holstein bulls SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE breeding; genetics; international evaluation ID DAIRY SIRES; MODEL AB International genetic evaluations from August 1995 and February 1996 for Holstein bulls from Canada, France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, and the US were evaluated for consistency across time. Mean evaluations, expressed on a US basis, were unchanged for US bulls; evaluations for bulls from France, Germany, Italy, and The Netherlands increased about 14 kg for milk and 0.4 kg for fat and protein. Mean genetic merit of US parents of bulls sampled in Canada, France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the US overestimated bull merit. Solutions for country of bull generally were not different for other countries relative to the US; however, evaluations for German and Netherlands bulls were higher than evaluations for US bulls with the same parent merit. French bulls that were full brothers to US bulls had higher evaluations for milk and protein, regardless of country of evaluation. Intercepts for conversion equations to a US basis increased by birth year and decreased for conversions from a US basis. Future international evaluations generally were predicted more accurately by prior international evaluations than by more recently converted national evaluations; however, converted evaluations with substantial increases in data could be better predictors, depending on country. The continued use of the latest international evaluations is recommended. Improvements in methodology that increase the consistency of evaluations across time and location may be possible. Alternatively, users may need to accept some uncertainty and error in international evaluations because of limitations in available data smd methodology. C1 NATL ASSOC ANIM BREEDERS,COLUMBIA,MO 65205. RP Powell, RL (reprint author), ARS,ANIM IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 80 IS 9 BP 2177 EP 2183 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA XW891 UT WOS:A1997XW89100036 PM 9313162 ER PT J AU Wall, RJ Kerr, DE Bondioli, KR AF Wall, RJ Kerr, DE Bondioli, KR TI Transgenic dairy cattle: Genetic engineering on a large scale SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE transgenic; bioreactor; genetic engineering; milk composition ID HIGH-LEVEL EXPRESSION; WHEY ACIDIC PROTEIN; BOVINE ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN; TISSUE-PLASMINOGEN-ACTIVATOR; MOUSE MAMMARY-GLAND; BETA-CASEIN GENE; MILK PROTEIN; HUMAN ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN; STEM-CELLS; MICE AB Amid the explosion of fundamental knowledge generated from transgenic animal models, a small group of scientists has been producing transgenic livestock with goals of improving animal production efficiency and generating new products. The ability to modify mammary-specific genes provides an opportunity to pursue several distinctly different avenues of research. The objective of the emerging gene ''pharming'' industry is to produce pharmaceuticals for treating human diseases. It is argued that mammary glands are an ideal site for producing complex bioactive proteins that can be cost effectively harvested and purified. Consequently, during the past decade, approximately a dozen companies have been created to capture the US market for pharmaceuticals produced from transgenic bioreactors estimated at $3 billion annually. Several products produced in this way are now in human clinical trials. Another research direction, which has been widely discussed but has received less attention in the laboratory is genetic engineering of the bovine mammary gland to alter the composition of milk destined for human consumption. Proposals include increasing or altering endogenous proteins, decreasing fat, and altering milk composition to resemble that of human milk. Initial studies using transgenic mice to investigate the feasibility of enhancing manufacturing properties of milk have been encouraging. The potential profitability of gene ''pharming'' seems clear, as do the benefits of transgenic cows producing milk that has been optimized for food products. To take full advantage of enhanced milk, it may be desirable to restructure the method by which dairy producers are compensated. However, the cost of producing functional transgenic cattle will remain a severe limitation to realizing the potential of transgenic cattle until inefficiencies of transgenic technology are overcome. These inefficiencies include low rates of gene integration, poor embryo survival, and unpredictable transgene behavior. RP Wall, RJ (reprint author), ARS,GENE EVALUAT & MAPPING LAB,USDA,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 86 TC 94 Z9 106 U1 3 U2 28 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 80 IS 9 BP 2213 EP 2224 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA XW891 UT WOS:A1997XW89100041 PM 9313167 ER PT J AU Randall, GW Huggins, DR Russelle, MP Fuchs, DJ Nelson, WW Anderson, JL AF Randall, GW Huggins, DR Russelle, MP Fuchs, DJ Nelson, WW Anderson, JL TI Nitrate losses through subsurface tile drainage in Conservation Reserve Program, alfalfa, and row crop systems SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CONTINUOUS CORN; WATER-QUALITY; LOAM SOIL; NITROGEN; LYSIMETERS; FERTILIZATION; TILLAGE AB Subsurface drainage of gravitational water from the soil profile through tiles is a common practice used to improve crop production on poorly drained soils. Previous research has often shown significant concentrations of nitrate-N (NO3-N) in drainage water from row-crop systems, but little drainage research has been conducted under perennial crops such as those used in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), Pour cropping systems (continuous corn, a corn-soybean rotation, alfalfa, and CRP) were established in 1988 to determine aboveground biomass yields, N uptake, residual soil N (RSN), soil water content, and NO3 losses to subsurface tile drainage water as influenced by cropping system, Hydrologic-year rainfall during the 6-yr study ranged from 23% below normal to 66% above normal, In dry years, yields were limited, RSN accumulated at elevated levels in all crop systems but especially in the row-crop systems, soil water reserves and RSN were reduced to as deep as 2.7 m in the alfalfa (Medicago saliva L.) and CRP systems, and tile drainage did not occur, Drainage occurred only in the corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] systems in the year of normal rainfall, In gears of excess precipitation, drainage from the row-crop systems exceeded that from the perennial crops by 1.1 to 5.3X. Flow-weighted average NO3-N concentrations in the water during the now period of this study were continuous corn = 32, corn-soybean rotation = 24, alfalfa = 3 and CRP = 2 mg/L. Nitrate losses in the subsurface drainage water from the continuous corn and cent-soybean systems were about 37X and 35X higher, respectively, than from the alfalfa and CRP systems due primarily to greater season-long ET resulting in less drainage and greater uptake and/or immobilization of N by the perennial crops. C1 SO EXPT STN,LAMBERTON,MN 56152. USDA ARS,PLANT SCI RES UNIT,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL WATER & CLIMATE,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP Randall, GW (reprint author), SO EXPT STN,WASECA,MN 56093, USA. NR 21 TC 227 Z9 236 U1 6 U2 55 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 26 IS 5 BP 1240 EP 1247 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XY942 UT WOS:A1997XY94200015 ER PT J AU Novak, JM Moorman, TB Cambardella, CA AF Novak, JM Moorman, TB Cambardella, CA TI Atrazine sorption at the field scale in relation to soils and landscape position SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID HERBICIDES; VARIABILITY; CLASSIFICATION; CONTAMINATION; TERRAIN; LOSSES AB Understanding the spatial variation of herbicide sorption in soils is important in determining the potential for leaching at the field scale. Our objectives were to determine the spatial variability of atrazine sorption (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) at the field scale and to relate sorption partition coefficients (K-d) to landscape position and soil survey map units. Atrazine sorption was measured on 241 surface samples from a 6.25-ha field using batch-equilibration methods. Field-scale variability in atrazine sorption coefficients was described using spherical semivariograms. Less than 20% of the total semivariance in atrazine Kd values was found at lag distances <10 m, indicating there was relatively little variability at this scale, multiple regression analyses using pooled data revealed that atrazine sorption was influenced by soil organic C, pH, and, to a lesser extent, soil clay. We also evaluated the relationship of atrazine sorption to landscape position and soil series. Less atrazine was sorbed by soils from upland shoulder slopes than by soil in level and depressional areas (potholes). Soils from foot slope and bark slope landscape positions were intermediate in atrazine sorption. The magnitude of atrazine sorption by soils in different landscape positions was also related to variations in soil organic C content, pH, and clay content. The greater sorption of atrazine by soils in the pothole depressions may reduce transport of this herbicide to the lines that commonly drain these soils. Field-scale maps of atrazine sorption based on landscape position more effectively predicted the actual distribution of the K-d values determined by kriging, than did maps based on soil series. C1 USDA ARS, NATL SOIL TILTH LAB, AMES, IA 50011 USA. RP Novak, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, COASTAL PLAINS SOIL WATER & PLANT RES CTR, 2611 W LUCAS ST, FLORENCE, SC 29501 USA. NR 30 TC 74 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 26 IS 5 BP 1271 EP 1277 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XY942 UT WOS:A1997XY94200019 ER PT J AU Clapp, CE Mingelgrin, U Liu, R Zhang, H Hayes, MHB AF Clapp, CE Mingelgrin, U Liu, R Zhang, H Hayes, MHB TI A quantitative estimation of the complexation of small organic molecules with soluble humic acids SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SOIL; PESTICIDES; ADSORPTION; SUBSTANCES; MATTER AB Small organic molecules, such as the commonly used herbicides napropamide [N,N-diethyl-2-(1-naphthyloxy) propionamide] and atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine), complex with soluble humic acids (HAs), producing a marked effect on apparent solubility, availability, and mobility. The overall objective of the present paper is to propose a procedure by which the extent of complexation of small organic molecules with stable humic acids can be quantitatively estimated. Experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of HA and herbicide concentrations, pH, and ionic composition and strength on the extent and nature of complexation using an equilibrium dialysis procedure and C-14-labeled herbicides. The relative strength of complexes of napropamide with a series of HAs from a wide range of sources, determined at a concentration of 2.0 mg HA mL(-1), was in the order of soil > peat > water. Complexation of the herbicides with the soil HA was greater for napropamide than for atrazine (K-c at pH 6.5, 0.83 and 0.12 mt mg(-1), respectively). As solubility of molecules In water increases, complex formation usually decreases. However, the complexation of napropamide and atrazine did not correlate inversely with their solubility. Environmental conditions, such as pH and ionic strength and composition, as well as the source of the HAs, had a strong effect on the complexation of the investigated pesticides. The relationship between complexation and the above factors suggests that it is their effect on coiling of the HA strands, which determines the extent of complexation. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL WATER & CLIMATE,ST PAUL,MN 55108. AGR RES ORG,VOLCANI CTR,IL-50250 BET DAGAN,ISRAEL. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL WATER & CLIMATE,ST PAUL,MN 55108. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,STILLWATER,OK 74078. UNIV BIRMINGHAM,SCH CHEM,EDGBASTON,ENGLAND. RP Clapp, CE (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. RI Hayes, Michael/C-3463-2011 NR 19 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 26 IS 5 BP 1277 EP 1281 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XY942 UT WOS:A1997XY94200020 ER PT J AU Clay, SA Moorman, TB Clay, DE Scholes, KA AF Clay, SA Moorman, TB Clay, DE Scholes, KA TI Sorption and degradation of alachlor in soil and aquifer material SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; WATER; GROUNDWATER; METABOLISM; VARIABILITY; PROPACHLOR; ATRAZINE; PRODUCTS; SAMPLES; FUNGUS AB Herbicides may contaminate groundwater when used over shallow aquifers, Alachlor [2-chloro-N-methoxymethyl-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-acetamide] is widely used in corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine mar L.) for grass control in eastern South Dakota where depth to groundwater ranges from <2 to >20 m. Sorption and degradation of alachlor, two processes that control ifs fate in the environment, were measured in laboratory batch equilibrium and incubation studies. Surface soil and sediment samples from above and below the water table (similar to 6 m below the soil surface) were collected following aseptic procedures. Alachlor sorption to the surface A horizon soil (silty clay Loam) was about 13 times greater than sorption to the 2C horizon soil (sand and gravel). About 2.5% of the alachlor was completely mineralized after 112 d in surface soil, whereas <0.5% was mineralized in the 2C horizon soils. The addition of C (lyophilized algae biomass) increased ring mineralization and polar metabolite formation in all samples. These data indicate that bacterial populations in the Big Sioux aquifer are sufficiently diverse to degrade complex organic molecules. Carbon was the factor most limiting alachlor metabolism in subsurface sediments. C1 USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,AMES,IA 50011. RP Clay, SA (reprint author), S DAKOTA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT SCI,BROOKINGS,SD 57007, USA. NR 27 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 26 IS 5 BP 1348 EP 1353 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XY942 UT WOS:A1997XY94200029 ER PT J AU Brown, S Angle, JS Chaney, RL AF Brown, S Angle, JS Chaney, RL TI Correction of limed-biosolid induced manganese deficiency on a long-term field experiment SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID MODELING OXYGEN DIFFUSION; SOIL TEST; AGGREGATED SOILS; ANAEROBIOSIS; FOLIAR; GROWTH AB Land application of lime-stabilized biosolids has been reported to cause Mn deficiency in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.]. Deficiencies were observed on a longterm biosolid research experiment in Beltsville, MD, that had been established on a Galestown sand (sandy, siliceous, mesic Psammentic Hapludult) in 1976 with lime-stabilized biosolids applied at 224 and 418 Mg ha(-1). For the present study, a randomized complete block experiment was set up in plot areas of the original study. Soil amendments included MnO at 50, 100, and 200 kg ha(-1), and MnSO4 at 200 kg ha(-1). Plots were split with random half plots receiving a foliar application of MnSO4 at 0.5 kg ha(-1) Mn. Soybean and wheat were double cropped for two seasons (1993-1995). Measured indexes of deficiency included youngest emerged blade (YEB) and grain Mn, plant chlorophyll, and yield. Wheat exhibited severe Mn deficiency for both seasons in the 224 Mg ha(-1) biosolid plots. Only plants grown in the MnSO4-amended soils were not deficient in Mn. Foliar Mn spray also alleviated Mn deficiency. Although soybean plants were not Mn deficient, plants in the MnSO4-treated plots had higher YEE Mn concentrations. Soil extractions to reflect phytoavailable Mn, including Mehlich 1(M1), Mehlich 3 (M3), acid DTPA were conducted on moist soils. Results from M3 and DTPA extractions mirrored plant response. The M1 extraction did not predict plant response indicating that this extraction is not appropriate for predicting Mn deficiency in coarse textured high pH soils. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,DEPT AGRON,COLLEGE PK,MD 20742. RP Brown, S (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 30 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 26 IS 5 BP 1375 EP 1384 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XY942 UT WOS:A1997XY94200032 ER PT J AU Ebbs, SD Lasat, MM Brady, DJ Cornish, J Gordon, R Kochian, LV AF Ebbs, SD Lasat, MM Brady, DJ Cornish, J Gordon, R Kochian, LV TI Phytoextraction of cadmium and zinc from a contaminated soil SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID PLANTS; METALS AB To identify populations with the ability to accumulate heavy metals, approximately 300 accessions pertaining to 30 plant species were grown for 4 wk in a hydroponic media that approximated the nutrient and heavy metal composition of a soil contaminated with moderate levels of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn), The results indicated that several Brassica spp, exhibited moderately enhanced Zn and Cd accumulation, Selected accessions of Brassica juncea (L,) Czern, B. napus L,, and B, rapa L, were then grown in pots with heavy metal-contaminated soil to compare the Zn and Cd phytoextraction by these species to that of Thlaspi caerulescens J. & C, Presl, a known Zn and Cd hyperaccumulator, and two grass species, Agrostis capillaris L, and Festuca rubra L, The three Brassica spp, were the most effective in removing Zn from the contaminated soil, primarily because they produced more than 10 times the shoot biomass produced by T. caerulescens, When the soil was amended with Gro-Power, a commercial soil amendment that improves soil structure and fertility, removal of Zn by plant shoots doubled to more than 30 000 mg Zn pot(-1) (4.5 kg). The results suggest that for phytoremediation of metal-polluted soils to be successful, a strategy should be considered that combines rapid screening of plant species possessing the ability to tolerate and accumulate heavy metals with agronomic practices that enhance shoot biomass production and/or increase metal bioavailability in the rhizosphere. C1 CORNELL UNIV,USDA ARS,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853. MSE TECHNOL APPLICAT INC,BUTTE,MT 59702. OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X; Ebbs, Stephen/0000-0003-4042-9234 NR 13 TC 253 Z9 317 U1 5 U2 86 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 26 IS 5 BP 1424 EP 1430 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XY942 UT WOS:A1997XY94200038 ER PT J AU Cook, SMF Linden, DR AF Cook, SMF Linden, DR TI Use of rhodamine WT to facilitate dilution and analysis of atrazine samples in short-term transport studies SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SOILS AB Because pesticide transport studies often require many samples, and certain pesticide analytical methods have small detection ranges, repeat analyses of samples that are outside of this range can be costly. Dye-tracers often have a lower analysis cost than pesticides and can be visibly diluted to within detection range. We wanted to see if we could predict the dilution factor necessary for atrazine analysis by using a visible dye-tracer, rhodamine WT. Rhodamine WT and Aatrex-41 atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylaminoazine) were surface applied to large, intact soil cores taken from three replications of U-Sr no-till, 2-yr no-till, and 12-yr moldboard plow treatments. Cores were then rained on for Ih with an oscillating-head rainfall simulator at intensity = 50 mm h(-1). Based on rhodamine WT concentrations, runoff, leachate, and soil extract samples were diluted to near mid-atrazine-detection range, on a logarithmic scale (0.9 mu g L-l), for atrazine analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). Only 6% of runoff and leachate samples (n(total)=262) needed additional dilution and only 0.5% of soil extract samples (n(total)=174) needed additional dilution. No predictions resulted in overdilution of samples, Rhodamine WT concentration was shown to be an effective predictor of dilution factor necessary for atrazine analysis in short-term transport through this soil. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,MWA SOIL & WATER MANAGEMENT UNIT,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL WATER & CLIMATE,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 4 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 26 IS 5 BP 1438 EP 1440 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XY942 UT WOS:A1997XY94200041 ER PT J AU Shoemaker, CA Klesius, PH AF Shoemaker, CA Klesius, PH TI Protective immunity against enteric septicaemia in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), following controlled exposure to Edwardsiella ictaluri SO JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES LA English DT Article ID MACROPHAGE BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; AEROMONAS-SALMONICIDA; DISEASE; ASSAY AB Protective immunity against enteric septicaemia of catfish (ESC) following immunization with Edwardsiella ictaluri bacterins and exposure to live E. ictaluri was investigated. Mean cumulative percentage survival was significantly higher (P less than or equal to 0.05) in controlled live vaccinates (100%) than in immersion and oral bacterin vaccinates (68.3% and 50.0%, respectively). Bactericidal activity against E. ictaluri by peritoneal macrophages from controlled live vaccinates (85.9%) was significantly greater (P less than or equal to 0.05) than bactericidal activity of macrophages from immersion bacterin vaccinates (71.4%) or non-vaccinates (68.1%). No significant (P > 0.05) difference was found in the bactericidal activity of macrophages from oral bacterin vaccinates and macrophages from controlled live vaccinates. The E. ictaluri-specific antibody response of controlled li ie (0.08 OD) and immersion bacterin vaccinates (0.11 OD) was significantly higher (P less than or equal to 0.05) than that of oral bacterin vaccinates and non-vaccinates (0.01 OD) 15 days post-vaccination. A significantly higher antibody response was seen in controlled live vaccinates (0.17 OD), when compared re other vaccinates or non-vaccinates 33 days after vaccination. Neither immersion nor oral bacterins protected the vaccinates against ESC. Controlled live E. ictaluri immunization of channel catfish resulted in production of specific antibodies, increased macrophage bactericidal activity and protection against ESC. C1 USDA ARS,FIS DIS & PARASITE RES LAB,AUBURN,AL 36830. AUBURN UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & ALLIED AQUACULTURES,AUBURN,AL 36849. NR 24 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0140-7775 J9 J FISH DIS JI J. Fish Dis. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 20 IS 5 BP 361 EP 368 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2761.1997.00310.x PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA XW468 UT WOS:A1997XW46800005 ER PT J AU Liong, JWW Frank, JF Bailey, S AF Liong, JWW Frank, JF Bailey, S TI Visualization of eggshell membranes and their interaction with Salmonella enteritidis using confocal scanning laser microscopy SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE eggshell membrane structure; Salmonella enteritidis; confocal scanning laser microscopy AB Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) was used to visualize eggshell membrane and observe its interaction with Salmonella enteritidis. Two-and three-dimensional images of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-stained egg membranes were obtained for observation of structure. Outer membrane fibers 1 to 7 mu m in thickness could be seen emerging from the calcified layers of the eggshell. Inner membrane fibers 0.1 to 3 mu m in thickness were interlaced with the outer membrane. The limiting membrane, when stained with FITC, appeared as particles that tilled spaces between the inner membrane fibers several microns outward from the level at which the inner membrane fibers first appeared; The outer membrane layer, approximately 50 to 70 mu m thick, and the inner membrane, approximately 15 to 26 mu m thick, consisted of several discontinuous layers that were discernible as shifts in fiber position or orientation and changes in fiber size. Large egg membranes, which had been detached from the eggshell, were submerged in a 10(9)-CFU/ml suspension of S. enteritidis over a 24-hour period to observe cell penetration. Cells were able to penetrate 28 mu m into the membrane after 24 hours, Under moist conditions; Salmonella cells did not appear to attach to the fibers but floated easily in between them. Under dry conditions, Salmonella cells adhered to the membrane fibers. CSLM could be a useful tool in examining the effects of current storage and handling practices on eggshells and membranes. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT FOOD SCI & TECHNOL,CTR FOOD SAFETY & QUAL ENHANCEMENT,ATHENS,GA 30602. USDA,RUSSELL RES CTR,POULTRY MICROBIOL SAFETY RES,ATHENS,GA 30605. NR 20 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 8 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 60 IS 9 BP 1022 EP 1028 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA XX990 UT WOS:A1997XX99000002 ER PT J AU Dorsa, WJ AF Dorsa, WJ TI New and established carcass decontamination procedures commonly bleed in the beef-processing industry SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Review DE steam vacuum; moist-heat interventions; beef-carcass decontamination; organic acids; carcass washes ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; STEAM-VACUUM SANITIZER; LACTIC-ACID; MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; TRISODIUM PHOSPHATE; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; ANIMAL CARCASSES; SPRAY WASHES; ACETIC-ACID AB The fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and salmonellae as well as other potentially pathogenic bacteria resulting from fecal and other sources of contamination on red meat carcasses is a major concern. The development and validation of various decontamination procedures for red meat carcasses is not a new research area. However, recent morbidity and mortality attributable to the presence of E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef has heightened the awareness of and rekindled a sense of urgency for this research. Over the last few years various intervention processes have been developed and are being used to decontaminate red meat carcasses. Some of these processes include carcass rinses with antimicrobial compounds, steam, vacuum, and hot water. An overview of the results of several recent investigations demonstrating the effectiveness of these decontamination methods is presented. RP Dorsa, WJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR, POB 166, CLAY CTR, NE 68933 USA. NR 48 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 7 PU INT ASSOC FOOD PROTECTION PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X EI 1944-9097 J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 60 IS 9 BP 1146 EP 1151 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA XX990 UT WOS:A1997XX99000027 ER PT J AU Kwon, YM Salinas, JR Durant, JA Nisbet, DJ Ricke, SC AF Kwon, YM Salinas, JR Durant, JA Nisbet, DJ Ricke, SC TI Volatile fatty acid sensitivity of Veillonella CF3 from a continuous-flow probiotic culture SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY LA English DT Article ID SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM COLONIZATION; BROILER CHICKS; CECAL BACTERIA; GROWTH; FERMENTATION; ENTERITIDIS; INHIBITION; LACTATE; PH AB Veillonella CF3 which was isolated from chicken cecum as part of an anti-Salmonella competitive exclusion culture and produces significant amounts of propionic acid was used to examine growth and survival response to short-chain volatile fatty acids. Growth rare of Veillonella CF3 was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased by exposure to propionate and butyrate (20-150 mM), while increased by addition of acetate (20-60 mM) during cultivation in anaerobic Viande Levure broth at pH 7.0. As determined by percent survivors of Veillonella CF3 in the presence of acetate, propionate or butyrate at pH 5.0, butyrate was highest in bactericidal activity, while acetate was least. Survival patterns during incubation at pH 5.0 with propionate, which seems to exert major antibacterial activity in the cecum, showed that Veillonella CF3 could multiply and survive during prolonged incubation with propionate lower than 100 mM following an initial decrease in viable cells. However, no viable cells were recovered after six days at concentrations higher than 200 mM. The results indicate that this probiotic Veillonella CF3 strain may possess adaptive mechanisms for survival against high concentrations of propionate, which are initially bacteriostatic to the Veillonella strain. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT POULTRY SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. TEXAS A&M UNIV,USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 SN 0149-6085 J9 J FOOD SAFETY JI J. Food Saf. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 17 IS 2 BP 59 EP 67 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1997.tb00177.x PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA YA526 UT WOS:A1997YA52600001 ER PT J AU Dreyfuss, MS Cutrufelli, ME Mageau, RP McNamara, AM AF Dreyfuss, MS Cutrufelli, ME Mageau, RP McNamara, AM TI Agar-gel immunodiffusion test for rapid identification of pollock surimi in raw meat products SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE surimi; pollock; immunodiffusion; agar gel; SIFT ID MINCED FISH; FIELD-TEST; POULTRY; PROFIT; ORBIT AB A test for the rapid identification of raw pollock surimi (TRIPS) was developed. This was an adaptation of previously developed field screening agar-gel immunodiffusion tests for speciation of meat products. It was specific for Alaska pollock surimi at 2% concentration and other surimis at higher concentrations, showed detectable sensitivity to surimi in meat at 2-4%, and was 100% accurate in detection in laboratory trials. C1 FSIS,USDA,DIV MICROBIOL,BIOL CONTAMINANTS BRANCH,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 62 IS 5 BP 972 EP 975 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1997.tb15018.x PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA YD322 UT WOS:A1997YD32200015 ER PT J AU Fox, JB Lakritz, L Thayer, DW AF Fox, JB Lakritz, L Thayer, DW TI Thiamin, riboflavin and alpha-tocopherol retention in processed and stored irradiated pork SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pork; thiamin; riboflavin; alpha-tocopherol; irradiation ID IONIZING-RADIATION; GAMMA-IRRADIATION; MUSCLE AB Combination treatments for preservation of irradiated pork were investigated with respect to vitamin loss. Ground pork was prepared under nitrogen and packaged in anaerobic foil. The samples were enzyme denatured by heating before and after irradiation, then cooked and stored. Irradiation resulted in thiamin loss, but neither riboflavin nor alpha-tocopherol was affected. Neither thiamin nor riboflavin was affected by heat denaturation, cooking or storage, but heating and cooking increased the measured alpha-tocopherol. The lack of loss of the vitamins was attributed to the exclusion of oxygen. RP Fox, JB (reprint author), USDA,EASTERN REG RES CTR,IRRADIAT PROJECT,FOOD SAFETY RES UNIT,600 E MERMAID LANE,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 62 IS 5 BP 1022 EP 1025 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1997.tb15028.x PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA YD322 UT WOS:A1997YD32200025 ER PT J AU Allen, S AF Allen, S TI A social scientist's view of ecosystem management SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Editorial Material RP Allen, S (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW RES STN,2700 SHERWOOD LANE,JUNEAU,AK 99801, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 95 IS 9 BP 48 EP 48 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XT924 UT WOS:A1997XT92400015 ER PT J AU Rader, RB Belish, TA AF Rader, RB Belish, TA TI Short-term effects of ambient and enhanced UV-B on moss (Fontinalis neomexicana) in a mountain stream SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; AQUATIC BRYOPHYTES; COMMUNITY; COLORADO; ALPINE; FOREST; OZONE AB We examined the influence of UV-B radiation on Fontinalis neomexicana by comparing the growth of moss under four light regimes (90% PAR-ambient UV radiation, UV-B enhanced treatment, and two controls) applied to both an open and a shaded section of West Saint Louis Creek (2,850 m a.s.l.). Clear Plexiglas shields and FS 40 sunlamps were used to block UVR or enhance UV-B irradiance. Sunlamps increased UV-B irradiance above ambient levels by an average of 15% during clear skies and 40% under cloudy conditions. This increase was equivalent to 428.7 Einst/m(2)-day in the open and 136.7 Einst/m(2)-day in the shade. After 70 days, enhanced levels of UV-B had no effects on the growth of F. neomexicana in the shade. However, moss in the enhanced treatment in the open had a lower biomass (19.57 mg cm(-2)) than moss growing under ambient conditions (28,47 mg cm(-2)). We were unable to conclusively determine the effects of ambient levels of UV radiation (UVR) on F. neomexicana. It is, however, worth noting that clouds reduced the potential maximum amount of solar radiation striking the stream bottom from 7 hrs to an average of 3.5 hrs to 2.5 hrs per day in the open and to approximately 45 min to 20 min per day in the shade (sunflecks). Our results suggest that a 15% to 40% increase in UV-B may have a harmful impact on this moss. RP Rader, RB (reprint author), USDA,FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,222 S 22ND ST,LARAMIE,WY 82070, USA. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 12 IS 3 BP 395 EP 403 DI 10.1080/02705060.1997.9663549 PG 9 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XT959 UT WOS:A1997XT95900006 ER PT J AU Ross, N OSullivan, G Rothwell, C Smith, G Burgess, SC Rennie, M Lee, LF Davison, TF AF Ross, N OSullivan, G Rothwell, C Smith, G Burgess, SC Rennie, M Lee, LF Davison, TF TI Marek's disease virus EcoRI-Q gene (meq) and a small RNA antisense to ICP4 are abundantly expressed in CD4(+) cells and cells carrying a novel lymphoid marker, AV37, in Marek's disease lymphomas SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRANSFORMED LYMPHOBLASTOID-CELLS; SURFACE-ANTIGEN; IDENTIFICATION; HERPESVIRUS; TRANSCRIPTS; PROTEIN; LINES; INTERFERON; HOMOLOG; FAMILY AB Mature lymphomas produced in Rhode Island Red (RIR) chickens infected with the RB1B strain of Marek's disease virus (MDV) were examined for the presence of viral DNA and RNA and expression of viral antigens. In situ hybridization showed that all tumours examined contained viral DNA in areas of lymphoid infiltration. In 3/5 tumours, there was a correlation between the number and distribution of cells expressing the Marek's disease EcoRI-Q gene (meg) and those that carried the lymphoid cell marker AV37. Expression of the MDV-specific phosphoprotein pp38 was infrequent in lymphomas but abundant in a splenic tumour which also expressed the viral glycoprotein gB. Northern blot analysis of lymphocyte fractions purified by immunoaffinity showed that CD4(+) and AV37(+) fractions from lymphomas expressed meg and the small RNA antisense to ICP4 (SAR). The results are consistent with the notion that transformed cells are CD4(+) cells, carrying the AV37 marker and expressing meq and SAR. C1 USDA,AVIAN DIS & ONCOL LAB,E LANSING,MI 48823. RP Ross, N (reprint author), INST ANIM HLTH,COMPTON LAB,COMPTON RG20 7NN,BERKS,ENGLAND. NR 39 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 78 BP 2191 EP 2198 PN 9 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA XT710 UT WOS:A1997XT71000009 PM 9292006 ER PT J AU Vorsa, N Rowland, LJ AF Vorsa, N Rowland, LJ TI Estimation of 2n megagametophyte heterozygosity in a diploid blueberry (Vaccinium darrowi Camp) clone using RAPDs SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID UNREDUCED POLLEN; POTATOES; CYANOCOCCUS; CYTOLOGY; MARKERS; EGG AB To determine the mode(s) of 2n gamete formation in a Vaccinium darrowi Camp (2n = 2x = 24) clone Fla4B, the transmission of parental heterozygosity was estimated in 2n eggs through randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis of 41 progeny from crosses of Fla4B to tetraploid V. corymbosum (2n = 4x = 48). The level of estimated heterozygosity transmitted ranged from 5.3-100%, with an overall mean heterozygosity of 72.7%, which suggests that first division restitution (FDR) type 2n gamete forming mechanisms are operating in this clone, However, there was evidence that 17% of the 2n eggs had less than 50% estimated heterozygosity, which supports second division restitution (SDR) mechanisms operating as well, Both SDR and FDR modes of 2n egg formation are also supported by a nonnormal, bimodal frequency distribution of estimated heterozygosity transmission, Recombination also appears to be prevalent. The predominance of 2n gametes genetically equivalent to FDR is generally considered desirable for breeding autotetraploid crops. C1 USDA ARS,FRUIT LAB,BARC W,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Vorsa, N (reprint author), RUTGERS STATE UNIV,NEW JERSEY AGR EXTENS SERV,BLUEBERRY & CRANBERRY RES & EXTENS CTR,CHATSWORTH,NJ 08019, USA. NR 24 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 88 IS 5 BP 423 EP 426 PG 4 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA XZ133 UT WOS:A1997XZ13300016 ER PT J AU Curry, EA AF Curry, EA TI Temperatures for optimum anthocyanin accumulation in apple tissue SO JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA-LYASE; DELICIOUS APPLES; RED; ETHYLENE; LIGHT; SKIN AB Skin tissue disks from preclimacteric or climacteric apples were incubated on preset temperature plates and exposed to high intensity white light to find the optimum temperature of anthocyanin accumulation. Pre-climacteric fruit developed more anthocyanin than did tissue from climacteric fruit. Different cultivars showed different temperature optima. Pre-cooling the tissue for 48 h at 2 degrees C before incubation at 25 degrees C increased the amount of pigment that accumulated. The highly colouring Scarlet Spur 'Delicious' sport showed a higher rate of anthocyanin accumulation, but a similar temperature optimum to that of Oregon Spur 'Delicious'. RP Curry, EA (reprint author), USDA ARS,TREE FRUIT RES LAB,1104 N WESTERN AVE,WENATCHEE,WA 98801, USA. NR 21 TC 42 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 4 PU HEADLEY BROTHERS LTD PI ASHFORD PA INVICTA PRESS, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN24 8HH SN 0022-1589 J9 J HORTIC SCI JI J. Horticult. Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 72 IS 5 BP 723 EP 729 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA XZ228 UT WOS:A1997XZ22800008 ER PT J AU Renard, KG AF Renard, KG TI Search for physically based runoff model - A hydrologic El Dorado? Discussion SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material RP Renard, KG (reprint author), ARS,USDA,SW WATERSHED RES CTR,200 E ALLEN RD,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD SEP PY 1997 VL 123 IS 9 BP 830 EP 831 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:9(830.2) PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA XR777 UT WOS:A1997XR77700021 ER PT J AU Wilson, CL Jackson, MA AF Wilson, CL Jackson, MA TI Commercializing of biologically-based technology for the control of plant pests SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material RP Wilson, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,45 WILTSHIRE RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0169-4146 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 19 IS 3 BP 156 EP 156 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.2900443 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA YG264 UT WOS:A1997YG26400002 ER PT J AU Wilson, CL AF Wilson, CL TI Biological control and plant diseases - a new paradigm SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1996 Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Industrial-Microbiology CY AUG 04-08, 1996 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NC SP Soc Ind Microbiol DE biological control; natural fungicides; induced resistance; synergism RP Wilson, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,45 WILTSHIRE RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 11 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0169-4146 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 19 IS 3 BP 158 EP 159 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.2900427 PG 2 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA YG264 UT WOS:A1997YG26400004 ER PT J AU ElGhaouth, A AF ElGhaouth, A TI Biologically-based alternatives to synthetic fungicides for the control of postharvest diseases SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1996 Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Industrial-Microbiology CY AUG 04-08, 1996 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NC SP Soc Ind Microbiol DE biocontrol agents; postharvest decay; biofungicides; induced resistance ID UV-INDUCED RESISTANCE; BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; BLUE MOLD; FRUITS; DECAY; VEGETABLES; ENHANCEMENT; BIOCONTROL; INDUCTION; APPLES AB Recently, biological central has been advanced as an alternative to synthetic fungicides and considerable success in laboratory and pilot scale tests has been realized utilizing antagonistic microorganisms to control postharvest diseases, Several antagonistic yeasts and bacteria have been isolated and shown to have a broad spectrum of activity against a number of postharvest pathogens on a variety of fruit, However, for biological control methods to emerge as an economically viable option, their consistency and efficacy in controlling postharvest decay needs to be enhanced to a level comparable to that of synthetic fungicides. This could be possible through an integrated strategy that exploits the additive and synergistic effects of different biological approaches. RP ElGhaouth, A (reprint author), USDA ARS,APPALACHIAN FRUIT RES STN,45 WILTSHIRE RD,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430, USA. NR 31 TC 37 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 12 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0169-4146 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 19 IS 3 BP 160 EP 162 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.2900428 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA YG264 UT WOS:A1997YG26400005 ER PT J AU Eyal, J Baker, CP Reeder, JD Devane, WE Lumsden, RD AF Eyal, J Baker, CP Reeder, JD Devane, WE Lumsden, RD TI Large-scale production of chlamydospores of Gliocladium virens strain GL-21 in submerged culture SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1996 Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Industrial-Microbiology CY AUG 04-08, 1996 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NC SP Soc Ind Microbiol DE biological control; antagonist; kinetics AB SoilGard(TM) is a commercial microbial fungicide containing chlamydospores of Gliocladium virens strain GL-21, The formulation is registrated with the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) by Thermo Trilogy Corporation, Columbia, Maryland, The biocontrol agent was developed in cooperation with the Biocontrol of Plant Diseases Laboratory (BPDL), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), and is targeted for controlling damping-off diseases caused by Rhizoctonia solani and Pythium ultimum in vegetable and ornamental greenhouses, Formulation requires production of chlamydospore biomass in liquid fermentation which was carried out in 20-L, 1500-L and 4000-L submerged liquid fermenters, Key economic process parameters, fermentation kinetics and the reproducibility of the fermentation at this scale were evaluated and analyzed, Starter culture quality and maturity of chlamydospores were identified as key issues for obtaining successful fermentations. C1 USDA ARS,BIOCONTROL PLANT DIS LAB,PSI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Eyal, J (reprint author), THERMO TRIL CORP,7500 GRACE DR,COLUMBIA,MD 21044, USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0169-4146 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 19 IS 3 BP 163 EP 168 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.2900430 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA YG264 UT WOS:A1997YG26400006 ER PT J AU Schisler, DA Slininger, PJ AF Schisler, DA Slininger, PJ TI Microbial selection strategies that enhance the likelihood of developing commercial biological control products SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1996 Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Industrial-Microbiology CY AUG 04-08, 1996 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NC SP Soc Ind Microbiol DE biological control; microbial selection strategies ID FUSARIUM-SAMBUCINUM; DRY ROT; GIBBERELLA-PULICARIS; POTATO-TUBERS; COLLETOTRICHUM-TRUNCATUM; PLANT-PATHOGENS; THIABENDAZOLE; STRAINS; MICROORGANISMS; BIOCONTROL AB Research interest in utilizing microorganisms to create a microbial environment suppressive to plant pathogens has increased exponentially in recent years, Despite intense interest in developing biological control agents, relatively few antagonists have achieved 'commercial product' status, The fact that such a small proportion of active laboratory antagonists are developed into biological control products is partly due to several features common to microbial selection strategies that are widely utilized to obtain putative biological control agents: (a) relatively few candidate microorganisms are tested; (b) microbes are selected based on the results of an assay that does not replicate field conditions; and (c) the amenability of microbes to commercial development is excluded as a selection criterion, Selection strategies that enhance the likelihood of developing commercial biological control products are described, These include making appropriate choices regarding the pathosystem for biological control, the method of microbe isolation, and the method of isolate characterization and performance evaluation, A model system of developing a biological control product active against Gibberella pulicaris (Fries) Sacc, (anamorph: Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel), the primary causal agent of Fusarium dry rot of stored potatoes, is used to illustrate the proposed selection strategy concepts, The crucial importance and methodology is described, of selecting strains with enhanced potential for commercial development based on a strain exhibiting both favorable growth kinetics and bioefficacy when grown in commercially feasible liquid media. RP Schisler, DA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,FERMENTAT BIOCHEM RES UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 33 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 11 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND RG21 6XS SN 0169-4146 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 19 IS 3 BP 172 EP 179 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.2900422 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA YG264 UT WOS:A1997YG26400008 ER PT J AU Jackson, MA AF Jackson, MA TI Optimizing nutritional conditions for the liquid culture production of effective fungal biological control agents SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1996 Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Industrial-Microbiology CY AUG 04-08, 1996 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NC SP Soc Ind Microbiol DE biological control; liquid culture production; weeds; insects; fungi ID SESBANIA SESBANIA-EXALTATA; BIOHERBICIDE COLLETOTRICHUM-TRUNCATUM; BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; GERMINATION; MICROSCLEROTIA; MYCOHERBICIDE; BLASTOSPORES; CONIDIATION; VIRULENCE; GROWTH AB Spores of fungal pathogens of weeds and insects are unique in their ability to actively infect and kill their pest host, While these capabilities are advantageous in terms of their use as a contact biological control agent, or biopesticide, they also require special consideration during spore production, Directed approaches to medium optimization must consider not only spore yield but also spore qualities such as desiccation tolerance, stability as a dry preparation, and biocontrol efficacy, Nutritional conditions during culture growth and sporulation should direct the accumulation of appropriate endogenous reserves so that newly formed spores possess these advantageous qualities, Studies with the bioherbicidal fungus Colletotrichum truncatum and with the bioinsecticidal fungus Paecilomyces fumosoroseus have demonstrated the impact of nutrition on spore 'fitness' for use as a biological control agent, The optimization strategy used in these nutritional studies as well as a comparison of the results are presented. RP Jackson, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, FERMENTAT BIOCHEM RES UNIT, 1815 N UNIV ST, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. NR 42 TC 43 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER HEIDELBERG PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 19 IS 3 BP 180 EP 187 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.2900426 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA YG264 UT WOS:A1997YG26400009 ER PT J AU Keene, WE Hedberg, K Herriott, DE Hancock, DD McKay, RW Barrett, TJ Fleming, DW AF Keene, WE Hedberg, K Herriott, DE Hancock, DD McKay, RW Barrett, TJ Fleming, DW TI Prolonged outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections caused by commercially distributed raw milk SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB A protracted outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections was caused by consumption of unpasteurized (''raw'') milk sold at Oregon grocery stores. Although it never caused a noticeable increase in reported infections, the outbreak was recognized because of routine follow-up interviews. Six of 16 Portland-area cases reported between December 1992 and April 1993 involved people who drank raw milk from dairy A, By pulsed-held gel electrophoresis (PFGE), E. coli O157::H7 isolates from these cases and from the dairy A herd were homologous (initially, 4 of 132 animals were E. coli O157:H7-positive). Despite public warnings, new labelling requirements, and increased monitoring of dairy A, retail sales and dairy-associated infections continued until June 1994 (a total of 14 primary cases). Seven distinguishable PFGE patterns in 3 homology groups were identified among patient and dairy herd E. coli O157:H7 isolates, Without restrictions on distribution, E. coli O157:H7 outbreaks caused by raw milk consumption can continue indefinitely, with infections occurring intermittently and unpredictably. C1 OREGON DEPT AGR,FOOD SAFETY DIV,SALEM,OR. ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,USDA,SALEM,OR. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,FIELD DIS INVEST UNIT,PULLMAN,WA 99164. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,FOODBORNE DIS LAB SECT,ATLANTA,GA. RP Keene, WE (reprint author), OREGON HLTH DIV,ACUTE & COMMUNICABLE DIS SECT,800 NE OREGON ST,SUITE 772,PORTLAND,OR 97232, USA. NR 15 TC 118 Z9 123 U1 1 U2 13 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 176 IS 3 BP 815 EP 818 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA XT819 UT WOS:A1997XT81900045 PM 9291342 ER PT J AU Undeen, AH Solter, LF AF Undeen, AH Solter, LF TI Sugar acquisition during the development of microsporidian (Microspora: Nosematidae) spores SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE microsporidian spores; Microspora; spore sugars; Nosema algerae; Vairimorpha necatrix; viability of spores; density gradient; spore density; Ludox; sporulation ID IN-VITRO; GERMINATION; ALGERAE; RADIATION; PROTOZOA; PERCOLL; DENSITY AB Helicoverpa tea larvae were infected with Vairimorpha necatrix. The fat body was triturated and sporulation stages were fractionated according to buoyant density by Ludox density gradient centrifugation, Spores and sporulation stages formed two minor bands with buoyant densities of 1.072 and 1.121 g/ml, and two major bands with buoyant densities of 1.150 and 1.198 g/ml. The higher bands of less dense sporoblastic stages first appeared 96 hr following infection and the band containing the heaviest (1.198 g/ml) and most refringent mature spores appeared last, ca. 24 hr after the appearance of the other bands, Although the bands remained in the same relative positions regardless of the time after inoculation, the percentage of spores in Band 4 increased with time. The concentration of sugar in the spores from the 1.198-g/ml band was more than four times the concentration found in spores in the 1.150-g/ml band and accounted for more than 60% of the increase in spore weight between the two density classes. Similar tests with Nosema algerae yielded similar results, with sugars accounting for 88% of the increased spore weight. Sugar acquisition appears to occur during the attainment of the final spore density and perhaps signals spore maturation. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 ILLINOIS NAT HIST SURVEY,CTR ECON ENTOMOL,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. RP Undeen, AH (reprint author), USDA ARS,CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 70 IS 2 BP 106 EP 112 DI 10.1006/jipa.1997.4684 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA XU677 UT WOS:A1997XU67700004 ER PT J AU Peters, A Gouge, DH Ehlers, RU Hague, NGM AF Peters, A Gouge, DH Ehlers, RU Hague, NGM TI Avoidance of encapsulation by Heterorhabditis spp. infecting larvae of Tipula oleracea SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STEINERNEMA-FELTIAE; GALLERIA-MELLONELLA; EXSHEATHMENT C1 USDA ARS,PWA,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. UNIV READING,DEPT AGR,READING RG6 2AT,BERKS,ENGLAND. RP Peters, A (reprint author), CHRISTIAN ALBRECHTS UNIV KIEL,INST PHYTOPATHOL,DEPT BIOTECHNOL & BIOL CONTROL,D-24223 RAISDORF,GERMANY. NR 10 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 70 IS 2 BP 161 EP 164 DI 10.1006/jipa.1997.4681 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA XU677 UT WOS:A1997XU67700013 ER PT J AU Rhoades, JD Lesch, SM Burch, SL Letey, J LeMert, RD Shouse, PJ Oster, JD OHalloran, T AF Rhoades, JD Lesch, SM Burch, SL Letey, J LeMert, RD Shouse, PJ Oster, JD OHalloran, T TI Salt distributions in cracking soils and salt pickup by runoff waters SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION TECHNIQUES; MULTIPLE LINEAR-REGRESSION; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; SPATIAL PREDICTION; SALINITY AB Detailed measurements were made of I:he levels and distributions of salts present in representative soil profiles and fields and associated tailwaters in the Imperial Valley of California. The findings showed that the potential salinity-pickup hazard may be greater in this valley that is dominated by cracking soils than classical theory would predict. Salts that would otherwise be ''isolated'' in seedbeds or leached downward during irrigations are more ''exposed to'' and ''picked up by'' the runoff water than previously recognized as a result of the flow of the irrigation water throughout the beds and horizontally in the topsoil via the extensive network of cracks and fractures that form in the cracking soils. As a result, the pattern of salinity within the beds of such soils is one-dimensional, rather than the expected, classical two-dimensional pattern. Salt content in the tailwater associated with cracking soils was higher and sustained over longer periods of time than in the case of non-cracking soils. C1 IMPERIAL IRRIG DIST, EL CENTRO, CA 92251 USA. UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE, DEPT SOIL & ENVIRONM SCI, RIVERSIDE, CA 92521 USA. RP Rhoades, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, US SALIN LAB, 450 W BIG SPRINGS RD, RIVERSIDE, CA 92507 USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 4 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 123 IS 5 BP 323 EP 328 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1997)123:5(323) PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA XX055 UT WOS:A1997XX05500001 ER PT J AU Shouse, PJ Letey, J Jobes, J Fargerlund, J Burch, SL Oster, JD Rhoades, JD OHalloran, T AF Shouse, PJ Letey, J Jobes, J Fargerlund, J Burch, SL Oster, JD Rhoades, JD OHalloran, T TI Salt transport in cracking soils: Bromide tracer study SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID SHRINKAGE AB Cracking clay soils pose unique and complex water and salt management problems. Crack volumes greatly affect water and salt movement in these soils. The purpose of our study was to determine the effect of crack flow on tail water quality and the contribution of crack flow to salt leaching. Our experiment was conducted on two farmers fields near Brawley, California. One field contained a nonswelling sandy loam soil and the other contained a high shrink-swell clay soil. Both fields were planted to alfalfa on shallow beds. Soil samples were taken prior to bromide treatment, after treatment, and after several subsequent irrigations. Three experiments were conducted on each soil: (1) initial bromide spike injection; (2) midstream bromide spike injection; and (3) infiltration box bromide injection. Surface water was sampled during bromide application and during subsequent irrigations. On the noncracking soil the water and salt moved to a depth of 60-75 cm. During subsequent irrigations salt was leached to deeper depths and surface waters had only small amounts of bromide. In the clay soil, water and salt rapidly filled and flowed in the soil cracks. Significant quantities of bromide were found at the 90-120 cm depths. Surface waters were laden with bromide during subsequent irrigations, and bromide was transported down the furrow by irrigation water. Traditional water and salt transport concepts for porous media are not applicable to cracking clay soils. C1 UNIV CALIF RIVERSIDE,DEPT SOIL & ENVIRONM SCI,RIVERSIDE,CA 92521. IMPERIAL IRRIG DIST,IMPERIAL,CA 92251. RP Shouse, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,450 W BIG SPRINGS RD,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507, USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 6 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 123 IS 5 BP 329 EP 335 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1997)123:5(329) PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA XX055 UT WOS:A1997XX05500002 ER PT J AU Wang, D Yates, SR Simunek, J vanGenuchten, MT AF Wang, D Yates, SR Simunek, J vanGenuchten, MT TI Solute transport in simulated conductivity fields under different irrigations SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; HETEROGENEOUS SOIL; UNSATURATED FLOW; POROUS-MEDIA; PARAMETERS; INFILTRATION; VARIABILITY AB The interactive effect of irrigation methods and spatial variability of saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-s) on solute transport was determined with the combined use of a two-dimensional deterministic solute transport model and a stochastic parameter generator: In a homogeneous K-s field, the time required to infiltrate a prescribed amount of water or chemical increased from sprinkler to furrow to drip irrigation. Furrow irrigation appeared to leach the chemical more rapidly than either drip or sprinkler irrigation, Assuming the spatial distribution of K-s to be a stationary stochastic process, increased spatial variability in K-s reduced the infiltration rate. When K-s is spatially correlated, sprinkler irrigation appeared to be less susceptible to cause ground-water contamination than furrow or drip irrigation. The concentration distributions in the uncorrelated K-s field were not very different from those in the homogeneous field. RP Wang, D (reprint author), USDA ARS, US SALIN LAB, PHYS & PESTICIDE RES UNIT, 450 W BIG SPRINGS RD, RIVERSIDE, CA 92507 USA. RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011; van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 36 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 123 IS 5 BP 336 EP 343 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1997)123:5(336) PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA XX055 UT WOS:A1997XX05500003 ER PT J AU Simunek, J Suarez, DL AF Simunek, J Suarez, DL TI Sodic soil reclamation using multicomponent transport modeling SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE TRANSPORT; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AB High contents of soluble salts accumulated in a soil can significantly decrease the value and productivity of agricultural lands. Present recommendations for reclamation are usually based only on relatively simple and often empirical relations. In this paper we give a brief overview of many unique physical and chemical factors important to reclamation contained in the one-dimensional multicomponent transport model UNSATCHEM and demonstrate its use for evaluating the reclamation of a sodic soil using various amendments and management strategies. We evaluate particular reclamation strategies based on the following considerations: (1) the quantity of water needed; (2) the quantity of amendments to be used; and (3) the time required for reclamation to be completed. Our study concentrates primarily on such chemical reactions as cation exchange, precipitation, and dissolution of solid phases (reclamation amendments) and on the effect of solution composition on the soil hydraulic properties and corresponding changes in the water flow and solute transport rates. RP Simunek, J (reprint author), USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,450 W BIG SPRINGS RD,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507, USA. RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011 NR 34 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 11 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 123 IS 5 BP 367 EP 376 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA XX055 UT WOS:A1997XX05500007 ER PT J AU Yu, PW Schuler, LA Kehrli, M Mattocks, L Nonnecke, BJ Czuprynski, CJ AF Yu, PW Schuler, LA Kehrli, M Mattocks, L Nonnecke, BJ Czuprynski, CJ TI Effects of dexamethasone treatment on IL-1 receptor mRNA levels in vivo SO JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE glucocorticoids; bovine; neutrophil; blood; mononuclear cells ID BONE-MARROW CELLS; INTERLEUKIN-1 RECEPTOR; CYTOKINE RECEPTORS; HUMAN NEUTROPHILS; DECOY TARGET; II RECEPTOR; IN-VIVO; EXPRESSION; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; INDUCTION AB Using semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Northern analysis, we observed in vivo up-regulation of interleukin-1 (IL-1) RI and IL-1RII mRNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and neutrophils (PMNs) from Holstein cattle injected with dexamethasone (0.04 mg/kg). Baseline levels of IL-IRI mRNA were greater than IL-1RII mRNA levels in PBMCs and PMNs before dexamethasone treatment. This is in contrast with the previously reported predominance of IL-1RII in unstimulated human PMNs. IL-1RII mRNA was strongly induced in both bovine PBMCs and PMNs at 24 h and returned to baseline levels by 72 h, after dexamethasone injection. Conversely, the greatest increase in IL-1RI mRNA in PBMCs and PMNs was not detected until 12 h after dexamethasone injection. These data provide evidence for sequential in vivo up-regulation of first IL-1RII mRNA and later IL-1RI mRNA by dexamethasone that is consistent with the anti-inflammatory activity of glucocorticoids. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,SCH VET MED,DEPT PATHOBIOL SCI,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,SCH VET MED,DEPT COMPARAT BIOSCI,MADISON,WI 53706. USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0741-5400 J9 J LEUKOCYTE BIOL JI J. Leukoc. Biol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 62 IS 3 BP 401 EP 404 PG 4 WC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology SC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology GA XV690 UT WOS:A1997XV69000016 PM 9307081 ER PT J AU Votapka, FE AF Votapka, FE TI The creative edge SO JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT IN ENGINEERING LA English DT Editorial Material RP Votapka, FE (reprint author), USDA,KOOTENAI NATL FOREST,LIBBY,MT 59923, USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0742-597X J9 J MANAGE ENG JI J. Manage. Eng. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 13 IS 5 BP 5 EP 6 PG 2 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Civil SC Engineering GA XT627 UT WOS:A1997XT62700003 ER PT J AU Jones, SR Kunz, SE AF Jones, SR Kunz, SE TI Upper thermal limits for Hypoderma lineatum (Diptera: Oestridae) egg hatching and development SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Hypoderma lineatum; egg survival; temperature; thermal limits ID REINDEER WARBLE FLY; TARANDI AB During periods of Hypoderma lineatum (De Villers) oviposition activity, ambient temperatures reached 28 degrees C and dorsal bovine dermal temperatures exceeded 45 degrees C. Egg hatch decreased linearly with increased constant temperatures from 79% at 35 degrees C to 0% at 39 degrees C. Egg hatch varied from 58 to 80% after 1-, 3-, or 5-h exposures to 40 or 45 degrees C. Exposures of 3 h or more at 50 degrees C were lethal, whereas 66% of all eggs survived 1-h exposures to 50 degrees C. The upper thermal limit for survival at constant temperatures lies between 38 and 39 degrees C, with similar to approximate to 53% survival at 37 degrees C. H. lineatum eggs are well adapted to typical temperatures occurring in their natural habitat; however, these temperatures can at times exceed the eggs' upper developmental threshold. This limitation of the host environment may have led to the evolution of adult oviposition preferences for the lower parts of the host animal, shielded from incident solar radiation. RP Jones, SR (reprint author), ARS,KNIPLING BUSHLAND US LIVESTOCK INSECTS RES LAB,USDA,KERRVILLE,TX 78028, USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 34 IS 5 BP 517 EP 520 PG 4 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA YA222 UT WOS:A1997YA22200004 PM 9379455 ER PT J AU Meyer, SLF Johnson, G Dimock, M Fahey, JW Huettel, RN AF Meyer, SLF Johnson, G Dimock, M Fahey, JW Huettel, RN TI Field efficacy of Verticillium lecanii, sex pheromone, and pheromone analogs as potential management agents for soybean cyst nematode SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biological control; fungus; Glycine max; Heterodera glycines; microbial control; nematode management; sex pheromone; soybean; soybean cyst nematode; vanillic acid; Verticillium lecanii ID HETERODERA-GLYCINES; BIOCONTROL AGENT; FUNGI; GREENHOUSE; ARF18; SOIL AB A soybean cyst nematode sex pheromone (vanillic acid), chemical analogs of the pheromone, and the fungus Verticillium lecanii were applied in alginate prills (340 kg/ha) to microplots and small-scale field plots as potential management agents for Heterodera glycines on soybean. In 1991 microplot tests, treatment with V. lecanii, vanillic acid, syringic acid plus V. lecanii, or vanillic acid plus V. lecanii lowered midseason cyst numbers compared with the untreated susceptible cultivar control, autoclaved I! lecanii treatment, or aldicarb treatment. At-han est cr;st numbers were lowest with lr lecanii and with vanillic acid treatments. Aldicarb treatment reduced midseason cyst numbers in 1992. There were no differences among seed yields either year. In the field trials, numbers of cysts were reduced one or both years with aldicarb, ferulic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid, or 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzonitrile treatments, or with a resistant cultivar, compared to an untreated susceptible cultivar. Highest yields were recorded after treatment with 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzonitrile (1991), methyl vanillate (1992), and aldicarb (1992). These studies indicate that some chemical analogs of vanillic acid have potential for use in soybean cyst nematode management schemes. C1 CROP GENET INT BV,COLUMBIA,MD 21046. RP Meyer, SLF (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR W,NEMATOL LAB,BLDG 011A,RM 165B,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 28 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 29 IS 3 BP 282 EP 288 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA YF534 UT WOS:A1997YF53400006 PM 19274160 ER PT J AU Cook, CG Robinson, AF Namken, LN AF Cook, CG Robinson, AF Namken, LN TI Tolerance to Rotylenchulus reniformis and resistance to Meloidogyne incognita race 3 in high-yielding breeding lines of upland cotton SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cotton; Gossypium hirsutum; Meloidogyne incognita; reniform nematode; resistance; root-knot nematode; Rotylenchulus reniformis; tolerance AB Field experiments in 1992 and 1994 were conducted to determine the effect of Rotylenchulus reniformis, reniform nematode, on lint yield and fiber quality of 10 experimental breeding lines of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in untreated plots or plots fumigated with 1,3-dichloropropene. Controls were La. RN 1032, a germplasm line possessing some resistance to R. reinformis and Stoneville 453, a cultivar that is susceptible to reniform nematode. Several breeding lines produced greater lint yields than Stoneville 453 or La. RN 1032 in both fumigated and untreated plots. Average lint yield suppression due to R. reniformis for six of the 10 breeding lines was less than half of the 52% yield reduction sustained by Stoneville 453. In growth chamber experiments, R. reinformis multiplication factors for La. RN 1032 and breeding lines N222-1-91, N320-2-91, and N419-1-91 were significantly lower than on Deltapine 16 and Stoneville 453 at 6 weeks after inoculation. R reniformis populations increased bl; more than 50-fold on all envies within 10 weeks. In growth chambers, the bleeding lines N220-1-92, N222-1-91,and N320-2-91 were resistant to Meloidogyne incognita race 3; multiplication factors were less than or equal to 1.0 at both 6 weeks and 10 weeks after inoculation compared with 25.8 and 26.5 for Deltapine 16 at 6 and 10 weeks after inoculation, respectively, and 9.1 and 2.6 for Stoneville 453. Thus, the results indicate that significant advances have been made in developing improved cotton germplasm lines with the potential to produce higher yields in soils infested with R. reniformis or M. incognita. In addition to good yield potential, germplasm lines N222-1-91 and N320-2-91 appear to possess low levels of resistance to R reniformis and a high level of resistance to M. incognita. This germplasm combines high field potential with significant levels of resistance to both R. reniformis and M. incognita. C1 USDA ARS,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. TEXAS AGR EXPTL STN,WESLACO,TX 78596. RP Cook, CG (reprint author), USDA ARS,2413 E HWY 83,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 17 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 29 IS 3 BP 322 EP 328 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA YF534 UT WOS:A1997YF53400011 PM 19274165 ER PT J AU Meyer, SLF Chitwood, DJ Crowley, P AF Meyer, SLF Chitwood, DJ Crowley, P TI Influence of soybean cultivar on reproduction of Heterodera glycines in monoxenic culture SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Glycine max; Heterodera glycines; monoxenic culture; propagation; root tip culture; soybean; soybean cyst nematode; technique; tissue culture ID MELOIDOGYNE-INCOGNITA; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; TRANSFORMED ROOTS; TISSUE-CULTURE; IN-VITRO; RESISTANCE; NEMATODES; TOMATO; PENETRANS; SOLANUM AB Nematodes produced in monoxenic culture are used for many research purposes. To maximize the number of Heterodera glycines produced in culture, 24 soybean cultivars (maturity groups 0-8) were evaluated for host suitability. A strain of H. glycines race 3, maintained in monoxenic culture on excised soybean root tips of cv. Kent, was inoculated into 20 petri dishes of each cultivar. The highest numbers of first-generation females per petri dish were produced on cultivars Bass, Williams 82, Kent, Proto, and Chapman, and the lowest on cultivars Lambert and Chesapeake. A diapause-like period with decreased nematode production was recorded on some cultivars but not others. Six generations of cultivation on CY 366 did not affect the number of females produced. The results indicated that soybean maturity group could not be used as a parameter for selecting the optimum cultivars for nematode production, and that only 12 petri dishes needed to be counted to determine a 60-female difference per petri dish among cultivars. This study demonstrated that H. glycines populations in monoxenic culture can be more than quadrupled by selection of an appropriate soybean cultivar. RP Meyer, SLF (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR W,NEMATOL LAB,BLDG 011A,RM 165B,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 29 IS 3 BP 389 EP 394 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA YF534 UT WOS:A1997YF53400018 PM 19274172 ER PT J AU Brown, CR Mojtahedi, H Santo, GS Williamson, VM AF Brown, CR Mojtahedi, H Santo, GS Williamson, VM TI Effect of the Mi gene in tomato on reproductive factors of Meloidogyne chitwoodi and M-hapla SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Columbia root-knot nematode; isogenic lines; Meloidogyne chitwoodi; Meloidogyne hapla; nematode; northern root-knot nematode; potato; reproductive factor; resistance; tomato ID SOLANUM-BULBOCASTANUM; RESISTANCE; TESTS AB The effect of the Mi gene on the reproductive factor of Meloidogyne and M. hapla, major nematode pests of potato, was measured on neatly isogenic tomato lines differing in presence or absence of the,iii gene. The Mi allele controlled resistance to reproduction of race 1 of M. chitwoodi and to one of two isolates of race 2. No resistance to race 3 of M. chitwoodi ol to nt hapla was found. Variability in response to isolates of race 2 may reflect diversity of virulence genotyes heretofore undetected. Resistance to race 1 of M. chilwoodi could be useful in potato if the Mi gene were functional following transferral by gene insertion technology into potato. Since the Mi gene is nor superior to R-Mcl derived from Solanum bulbocastanum, the transferral by protoplast fusion appears to offer no advantage. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, IRRIGATED AGR RES & EXTENS CTR, PROSSER, WA 99350 USA. UNIV CALIF DAVIS, DEPT NEMATOL, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA. RP Brown, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS, 24106 N BUNN RD, PROSSER, WA 99350 USA. NR 17 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 6 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI MARCELINE PA PO BOX 311, MARCELINE, MO 64658 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 29 IS 3 BP 416 EP 419 PG 4 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA YF534 UT WOS:A1997YF53400022 PM 19274176 ER PT J AU Joseph, JA Strain, JG Jimenez, ND Fisher, D AF Joseph, JA Strain, JG Jimenez, ND Fisher, D TI Oxidant injury in PC12 cells - A possible model of calcium ''dysregulation'' in aging .1. Selectivity of protection against oxidative stress SO JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE PC12 cells; calcium; oxidative stress; antioxidants; nifedipine; conotoxin; alpha-phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone; Trolox ID ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; PARKINSONS-DISEASE; HIPPOCAMPAL-NEURONS; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; STRIATAL DOPAMINE; RECEPTOR; MECHANISMS; EXPRESSION; GLUTATHIONE; GENERATION AB Previous research has suggested that the initial effects of cellular free radical neurotoxic insult involve large increases in intracellular Ca2+. However, the exact role of oxidative stress on the Various parameters involved in these increases has not been specified. The present experiments were performed to examine these parameters in PC12 cells exposed to 5, 25, or 300 mu M H2O2 for 30 min in growth medium alone or containing either nifedipine (L-type Ca2+ antagonist), conotoxin (N-type antagonist), Trolox (vitamin E analogue), or alpha-phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone (nitrone trapping agent; PEN). The concentrations of H2O2 were chosen by examining the degree of cell killing induced by exposure to graded concentrations of H2O2. The 5 and 25 mu M concentrations of H2O2 produced no significant cell killing at either 30 min or 24 h after treatment, whereas the 300 mu M concentration produced a moderate degree of cell killing that did not increase between the two times. Fluorescent imaging was used to visualize intracellular Ca2+ changes in fura-2-loaded cells. Baseline (pre-30 mM KCI) Ca2+ levels were increased significantly by H2O2 treatment (e.g., 300 mu M, 200%), but the rise in the level of free intracellular Ca2+ after KCI stimulation (i.e., peak) was decreased (e.g., 300 mu M, 50%) and the cell's ability to sequester or extrude the excess Ca2+ (i.e., Ca2+ recovery time) after depolarization was decreased significantly, All compounds prevented baseline Ca2+ increases and, with the exception of conotoxin, antagonized the peak decreases in Ca2+. It is interesting that after 300 mu M H2O2 exposure, only Trolox was partially effective in preventing these deficits in recovery. Conotoxin increased the decrement recovery in the absence of H2O2. However, in cells exposed to 5 or 25 mu M H2O2, conotoxin as well as the other agents were effective in preventing the deficits in recovery. RP Joseph, JA (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,ARS,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,ROOM 919,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 40 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0022-3042 J9 J NEUROCHEM JI J. Neurochem. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 69 IS 3 BP 1252 EP 1258 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA XR467 UT WOS:A1997XR46700041 PM 9282950 ER PT J AU Denisova, NA Strain, JG Joseph, JA AF Denisova, NA Strain, JG Joseph, JA TI Oxidant injury in PC12 cells - A possible model of calcium ''dysregulation'' in aging .2. Interactions with membrane lipids SO JOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE PC12 cells; calcium; oxidative stress; membrane lipids; aging ID PROTEIN-KINASE-C; AGE-RELATED-CHANGES; FREE-RADICALS; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; CHOLESTEROL; SPHINGOMYELIN; SYNAPTOSOMES; MECHANISMS; FLUIDITY AB In a model recently developed to study the parameters altering vulnerability to oxidative stress, it was shown via image analysis that H2O2-exposed PC12 cells exhibited increased levels of intracellular Ca2+ (baseline), decreases in K+-stimulated Ca2+ levels (peak), and decreased poststimulation Ca2+ clearance (recovery). The present experiments were performed to determine if the response patterns in these parameters to oxidative stress would be altered after modification of membrane lipid composition induced by incubating the PC12 cells with 660 mu M cholesterol (CHL) in the presence or absence of 500 mu M sphingomyelin (SPH) before low (5 mu M) or high (300 mu M) H2O2 exposure, Neither CHL nor SPH had synergistic effects with high concentrations of H2O2 on baseline. However, CHL in the presence or absence of SPH reversed the effect of low concentrations of H2O2 on baseline. SPH decreased significantly the cell's ability to clear excess Ca2+ in the presence or absence of H2O2 and increased significantly the level of conjugated dienes (CDs), It is surprising that in the cells pretreated with CHL, the CD levels were not significantly different from controls. However, in the presence of SPH, the effects of CHL on CDs were altered. These results suggest that the ratios of membrane lipids could be of critical importance in determining the vulnerability to oxidative stress and Ca2+ translocation in membranes. This may be of critical importance in aging where there is increased membrane SPH and significant loss of calcium homeostasis. RP Denisova, NA (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA ARS,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,ROOM 919,711 WAASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 71 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0022-3042 J9 J NEUROCHEM JI J. Neurochem. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 69 IS 3 BP 1259 EP 1266 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Neurosciences & Neurology GA XR467 UT WOS:A1997XR46700042 PM 9282951 ER PT J AU Johnson, EJ Qin, J Krinsky, NI Russell, RM AF Johnson, EJ Qin, J Krinsky, NI Russell, RM TI Ingestion by men of a combined dose of beta-carotene and lycopene does not affect the absorption of beta-carotene but improves that of lycopene SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE humans; beta-carotene; lycopene; serum response ID PLASMA CAROTENOIDS; SERUM; HUMANS; BIOAVAILABILITY; LIPOPROTEINS; TRANSPORT; ISOMERS AB A double-blind study was conducted in 10 healthy men to investigate serum beta-carotene and lycopene responses after ingestion of individual and combined doses of beta-carotene (BC) and lycopene. On each dosing day, a baseline blood sample was drawn, followed by an oral dose of 0.11. mmol (60 mg) of either all-trans BC or all-trans lycopene or by a combined oral dose of 0.11 mmol each. Subjects were tested with each of the three doses. The dose type was randomized. Blood (10 mL) was drawn at 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12 and 24 h after dosing. At 2 and 4 wk after the first dose, the protocol was repeated with the other doses. After ingestion of the BC dose, serum BC concentrations significantly decreased from baseline at 1 and 3 h followed by a continuous increase from baseline that was significant at 12 and 24 h (P < 0.01). Serum lycopene concentrations significantly increased from baseline at 5 h after the lycopene dose (P < 0.008) and returned to baseline thereafter. Ingestion of a combined dose of BC and lycopene resulted in a significant increase in serum concentrations of both BC and lycopene at 24 h (P < 0.05). The 24-h area under the curve (AUG) for BC was not different when BC was ingested alone or with lycopene, whereas the 24-h AUC for lycopene was significantly greater when lycopene was ingested with BC than when ingested alone (P < 0.05). Our data suggest that ingestion of a combined dose of BC and lycopene has little effect on the absorption of BC but improves that of lycopene in men. C1 TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP Johnson, EJ (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER USDA HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 20 TC 70 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 127 IS 9 BP 1833 EP 1837 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA XY002 UT WOS:A1997XY00200017 PM 9278568 ER PT J AU Hallfrisch, J Scholfield, DJ Behall, KM AF Hallfrisch, J Scholfield, DJ Behall, KM TI Diets containing soluble oat extracts reduce urinary malondialdehyde in moderately hypercholesterolemic men and women SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE beta-glucan; malondialdehyde; peroxidation; oats ID LIPID-PEROXIDATION; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; BIOLOGICAL-MATERIALS; PLASMA-CHOLESTEROL; BETA-GLUCAN; MALONALDEHYDE; BRAN; EXCRETION; EQUIVALENTS; FIBER AB Soluble oat extracts have been used successfully in a number of diet studies to lower plasma blood lipids. One of the mechanisms proposed for this reduction in lipids is the production of short-chain fatty acids in the large intestine, which, in turn, may inhibit low-density lipoprotein cholesterol synthesis thereby limiting oxidation. Urinary excretion of malondialdehyde (MDA) is proportional to endogenous lipid peroxidation. The purpose of this report is to examine the effects of consuming oat extracts with low (1%) or high (10%) levels of soluble beta-glucans on lipid peroxidation as measured by urinary malondialdehyde excretion. Twenty-four subjects with moderately elevated cholesterol levels (6.0 mmol/L) were selected for the study. A I-week equilibration period was followed by two 5-week experimental periods during which defined diets contained the 1% or 10% oat extracts in a crossover design. Seventy-two-hr urine samples (3 x 24-hr) were collected at the end of each period Urinary levels of MDA excreted were 10-18% of dietary MDA consumed. Consumption of either of the oat extracts resulted in highly significant reductions in urinary excretion of malondialdehyde (P < 0.0001). These data would support the hypothesis that oar extracts inhibit endogenous lipid peroxidation by reduction of MDA (a marker for fatty acid oxidation); however, because no significant differences were found in MDA excretion after subjects consumed the two levels of beta-glucans, this is apparently not the responsible component. Further examination of this mechanism in the control of lipid metabolism is warranted. (C) Elsevier Science Inc. 1997. RP Hallfrisch, J (reprint author), USDA,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,DIET & HUMAN PERFORMANCE LAB,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 27 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 8 IS 9 BP 497 EP 501 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(97)00079-X PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA XY440 UT WOS:A1997XY44000002 ER PT J AU Roberts, DP Dery, PD Hebbar, PK Mao, W Lumsden, RD AF Roberts, DP Dery, PD Hebbar, PK Mao, W Lumsden, RD TI Biological control of damping-off of cucumber caused by Pythium ultimum with a root-colonization-deficient strain of Escherichia coli SO JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY-PHYTOPATHOLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT LA English DT Article ID SOILBORNE PLANT-PATHOGENS; SUGAR-BEET SEED; ENTEROBACTER-CLOACAE; GERMINATION; PEA; ROT; SPERMOSPHERE; MECHANISMS; SPORANGIA; BACTERIA AB Suppression of damping-off of cucumber and root colonization was compared for strain 501R3 of Enterobacter cloacae and strain S17R1 of Escherichia coli, a rifampicin-resistant mutant of E. coli S17-1. Both strains 501R3 and S17R1 provided effective biocontrol of pre-emergence and post-emergence damping-off of cucumber caused by Pythium ultimum when applied as seed treatments containing approximately 10(7) cfu per seed. Plant stands from seeds treated with 501R3 or with S17R1 were 93% and 92%, respectively (similar at P less than or equal to 0.05), when sown in soil-less mix infested with P. ultimum. The plant stand with the pathogen control was only 30% - significantly less (P less than or equal to 0.05) than stands from the 501R3 and S17R1 treatments. Cucumber was only briefly susceptible to damping-off caused by P. ultimum since seeds pregerminated for 29 h or longer before sowing in P. ultimum-infested soil-less mix yielded plant stands similar to the healthy control treatment. Plant stands from non-pregerminated seeds were significantly less (P less than or equal to 0.05) than pregerminated seed treatments. E. coli strain S17R1 was not an effective colonizer of cucumber rhizosphere. When applied as seed treatments containing approximately 10(4) or 10(8) cfu per seed, populations of strain S17R1 were significantly smaller (P less than or equal to 0.05) than with corresponding treatments of strain 501R3 at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after sowing in soil-less mix. Populations of strain S17R1 increased only 65-fold over 96 h when applied at 10(4) cfu per seed. In contrast, populations of strain 501R3 increased 24 000-fold over the same period when applied at 10(4) cfu per seed. Populations of strain S17R1 were limited to the upper 1 cm of cucumber root at 7 days and decreased to approximately 10(1) cfu/g of total root system over 42 days. Strain 501R3 was capable of becoming widely distributed along cucumber roots and was detected at populations of approximately 10(8) cfu/g of total root system at 42 days. Results from this study indicate that E. coli is capable of suppressing damping-off of cucumber caused by P. ultimum. In addition, extensive root colonization by E. coli strain S17R1 was not required in this biocontrol interaction because of the brief period of susceptibility of cucumber to this disease. RP Roberts, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOCONTROL PLANT DIS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 21 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-1785 J9 J PHYTOPATHOL JI J. Phytopathol.-Phytopathol. Z. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 145 IS 8-9 BP 383 EP 388 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0434.1997.tb00419.x PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XZ235 UT WOS:A1997XZ23500012 ER PT J AU Gourmet, C Gray, LE Rayburn, AL AF Gourmet, C Gray, LE Rayburn, AL TI Flow cytometric analysis of conidia of fungi isolated from soybean vascular tissue SO JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY-PHYTOPATHOLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR-DNA CONTENT; PHYTOPHTHORA-INFESTANS AB Flow cytometry was used to characterize isolates of Phialophora gregata using the fluorescence intensity of propidium iodide-stained conidia. The isolates differed in their mean fluorescence intensity, ranging from 100.0 to 129.7 arbitrary units (AU). When the number of fluorescent events was plotted against intensity of fluorescence, a single peak was observed. Fluorescent patterns of Acremonium isolates from soybean vascular tissue were compared with those of P. gregata. Their mean fluorescence intensity ranged from 76.4 to 88.0 AU. With some of these isolates, multiple peak histograms were observed, corresponding to multiple spore sizes as well as single and double nucleated conidia. Using flow cytometry, we were able to distinguish P. gregata isolates from those of Acremonium, based on mean fluorescence intensity and/or the presence of multiple peaks. Flow cytometric analysis of propidium-iodide stained conidia of Phialophora isolates should prove to be useful for determining the relative DNA content of different isolates collected from different geographic areas. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CROP SCI,URBANA,IL 61801. RP Gourmet, C (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,USDA ARS,238 EASB,1101 W PEABODY DR,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-1785 J9 J PHYTOPATHOL JI J. Phytopathol.-Phytopathol. Z. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 145 IS 8-9 BP 405 EP 408 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0434.1997.tb00424.x PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XZ235 UT WOS:A1997XZ23500017 ER PT J AU Jarret, RL AF Jarret, RL TI Effects of chemical growth retardants on growth and development of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) in vitro SO JOURNAL OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION LA English DT Article DE sweetpotato; germplasm maintenance; growth inhibition; growth retardants; tissue culture ID POTATO SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM; UNICONAZOLE; GERMPLASM; INVITRO AB Plant growth retardants were evaluated for their ability to reduce the growth rate of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) in vitro. Nodal sections of cv. Jewel were cultured for 30 days on medium containing NDA, ancymidol, phosfon, TIBA, difenzoquat, chlormequat, ACC, mepiquat chloride, or daminozide at 0, 10(-4), 10(-5), 10(-6), 10(-7), or 10(-8) M. Difenzoquat, NDA, phosfon, and TIBA, at 10(-4) M, were lethal to axillary bud explants. A low concentration (10(-8) M) of chlorflurenol or NDA stimulated shoot elongation. The effective concentration range for most growth retardants was 10(-5) to 10(-6) M. Small (2- to 4-mm diameter) storage root-like swellings were observed on roots in cultures containing TIBA or ancymidol. The growth-inhibiting effects of ancymidol and NDA were transitory and did not persist through a 180-day culture period. Shoots cultured on medium containing 10(-5) M phosfon, TIBA, or difenzoquat were significantly shorter than control plants after a 180-day culture period. Culture on medium containing TIBA, NDA, ancymidol, or ACC resulted in abnormal leaf and stem development. Plants derived from nodal explants cultured on medium containing either phosfon or chlormequat were near normal in appearance but with some plants exhibiting interveinal chlorosis and reduced root system development. RP Jarret, RL (reprint author), ARS,USDA,PLANT GENET RESOURCES UNIT,1109 EXPT ST,GRIFFIN,GA 30223, USA. NR 20 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0721-7595 J9 J PLANT GROWTH REGUL JI J. Plant Growth Regul. PD FAL PY 1997 VL 16 IS 4 BP 227 EP 231 DI 10.1007/PL00007001 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YJ821 UT WOS:A1997YJ82100007 ER PT J AU HanifKhan, S Bullock, RC Stoffella, PJ Powell, CA Brecht, JK McAuslane, HJ Yokomi, RK AF HanifKhan, S Bullock, RC Stoffella, PJ Powell, CA Brecht, JK McAuslane, HJ Yokomi, RK TI Possible involvement of altered gibberellin metabolism in the induction of tomato irregular ripening in dwarf cherry tomato by silverleaf whitefly SO JOURNAL OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION LA English DT Article DE cherry tomato; gibberellic acid; cycocel; silverleaf whitefly; tomato irregular ripening ID DIVALENT-CATIONS; PERICARP; GA(3) AB External and internal tomato irregular ripening (TIR) symptoms were associated with the feeding of silverleaf whitefly (SLW), Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring. Four experiments consisting of various soil drench applications of GA(3) (100 ppm) and cycocel (CCC, an inhibitor of GA biosynthesis; 1,000 and 2,000 ppm) were applied to dwarf cherry tomato cv. Florida Petite in the presence and absence of SLW in an attempt to mimic the disorders induced by the SLW. The application of GA(3) induced external and internal TIR symptoms similar to the SLW-induced disorder. Minimal TIR-like symptoms also occurred in the control and CCC treatments. Internal TIR symptoms in GA(3), GA(3) plus SLW, and GA(3) plus CCC treatments ranged from 66% to 97% throughout the experiments. The incidence of external TIR symptoms was highest in the GA(3) plus SLW treatment compared with the other treatments. CCC reduced the incidence of external TIR symptoms induced by GA(3) or GA(3) plus SLW treatments, However, CCC-treated plants also attracted more oviposition and higher populations of SLW and consequently induced a greater incidence of TIR symptoms than SLW treatment alone. Furthermore, although low SLW populations may be associated with low external TIR symptoms, internal TIR symptoms almost always remained high in infested plants. The results suggest that the TIR disorder in dwarf cherry tomato which is induced by the SLW may be a gibberellin-regulated disorder. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,INST FOOD & AGR SCI,INDIAN RIVER RES & EDUC CTR,FT PIERCE,FL 34945. UNIV FLORIDA,INST FOOD & AGR SCI,DEPT HORT SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. UNIV FLORIDA,INST FOOD & AGR SCI,DEPT ENTOMOL & NEMATOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. ARS,USDA,ORLANDO,FL 32803. RI Brecht, Jeffrey/B-2375-2013 NR 9 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0721-7595 J9 J PLANT GROWTH REGUL JI J. Plant Growth Regul. PD FAL PY 1997 VL 16 IS 4 BP 245 EP 251 DI 10.1007/PL00007004 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA YJ821 UT WOS:A1997YJ82100010 ER PT J AU Berg, WA Bradford, JA Sims, PL AF Berg, WA Bradford, JA Sims, PL TI Long-term soil nitrogen and vegetation change on sandhill rangeland SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Southern Plains; soil sampling; organic carbon; litter; little bluestem; sand bluestem; western ragweed; grazing; exclosures ID GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEMS; MIXED PRAIRIE; CULTIVATION; CARBON; MANAGEMENT AB The effect of livestock grazing on organic C and N in rangeland soils is not well defined. In this study on sandy rangeland in western Oklahoma, we sampled 8 pastures moderately grazed by cattle and 8 adjacent exclosures ungrazed by livestock for 50 years. The sagebrush was largely controlled by herbicide in the study areas. The C and N concentrations in the surface 5 cm of soil, total herbage production, and total N uptake by vegetation were similar (P > 0.05) in grazed and nongrazed areas. Carbon and N concentrations in soils sampled to a constant mass to a depth of 5 cm or less were not (P > 0.05) different from concentrations determined on soil sampled to a constant depth of 5 cm. When calculated on a content basis, grazing increased (P < 0.001) the bulk density (1.35 g cm(-3)) compared to nongrazed pastures (1.19 g cm(-3)) and had a significant (P < 0.01) effect on C and N in the surface 5 cm of soil. Litter and total N in litter were greater (P < 0.01) on nongrazed areas. Little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash) and sand bluestem (Andropogon hallii Hack.) produced more herbage and had greater frequency on nongrazed areas, whereas blue grama [Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag. ex Griffiths], sand dropseed [Sporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.)Gray], and western ragweed (Ambrosia psilostachya DC.) increased in frequency on grazed areas. Thus, 50 years of moderate grazing by cattle had no measurable effect on C and N concentrations in the surface 5 cm of the sandy soil or on total N uptake by plants as compared with nongrazed areas; however, significant differences occurred in species composition which may alter mechanisms of C and N balance. RP Berg, WA (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO PLAINS RANGE RES STN,2000 18TH ST,WOODWARD,OK 73801, USA. NR 33 TC 31 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 50 IS 5 BP 482 EP 486 DI 10.2307/4003702 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XV087 UT WOS:A1997XV08700005 ER PT J AU Wright, AL Kelsey, RG AF Wright, AL Kelsey, RG TI Effects of spotted knapweed on a cervid winter-spring range in Idaho SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE carrying capacity; spotted knapweed; Centaurea maculosa; elk; Cervus elaphus; mule deer; Odocoileus hemionus; white-tailed deer; Odocoileus virginianus; noxious plants ID CENTAUREA-MACULOSA; DIETS AB Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa Lam.), an exotic member of the Compositae, infests large areas of rangeland in the northwestern United States. We assessed the impacts of infestation on a wilderness winter-spring range for elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni Bailey), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus Raf.), and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginanus Raf.) along the Selway River in Idaho and found no evidence of a large reduction in carrying capacity. We estimated cervid densities in open areas by scan sampling known area blocks. Densities in knapweed vegetation were greater than or equal to densities in areas of native bunchgrasses and sedges. Direct observation of animals and laboratory analyses of fecal and rumen samples showed spotted knapweed seedheads and rosette leaves were being eaten by all cervid species. Deer ate large amounts of rosette leaves st times in contrast to elk, which consumed them frequently, but in small amounts. Seedhead consumption was greatest during periods of snow cover. We collected composite samples of knapweed tissues and determined energy and protein content with standard Laboratory techniques. Energy and protein content of rosettes was near that of preferred native food plants. Seedheads, while less nutritious than rosettes, remained easily obtainable above the snow. The amount of energy and protein available on sample plots decreased modestly at most after infestation Ire composite samples of spotted knapweed the content of cnicin, a sesquiterpene lactone in aerial tissues, was determined by high performance liquid chromotography. Changes in cnicin levels did not appear to be responsible for seasonal changes in the amount of knapweed in cervid diets. When estimating or predicting carrying capacity of a cervid range, spotted knapweed should be considered a potential food. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Wright, AL (reprint author), HORNOCKER WILDERNESS RES CTR,RUNNING CREEK RANCH,HC-83,CASCADE,ID 83611, USA. NR 36 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 50 IS 5 BP 487 EP 496 DI 10.2307/4003703 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XV087 UT WOS:A1997XV08700006 ER PT J AU Ralphs, MH Manners, GD Pfister, JA Gardner, DR James, LF AF Ralphs, MH Manners, GD Pfister, JA Gardner, DR James, LF TI Toxic alkaloid concentration in tall larkspur species in the western US SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE poisonous plant; norditerpenoid alkaloids; methyllycaconitine; 14-deacetylnudicauline; Delphinium barbeyi; D-occidentale; D-glaucescens; D-glaucum; cattle grazing ID NORDITERPENOID ALKALOIDS; DELPHINIUM-BARBEYI AB Larkspur (Delphinium spp,) kills more cattle on mountain rangelands in the western U.S. than any other plant, disease or predator, The concentration of toxic alkaloids was measured in 4 larkspur species, at 10 locations, at 2-week intervals during the growing season, In addition, multi-year samples from previous studies were analyzed to determine year-to-year variation in toxic alkaloids. Mountain larkspur (D, glaucum Wats.) had the highest concentration of toxic alkaloids averaged over growth stages (1.01% of dry weight), tall (D, barbeyi (L.) Huth) and waxy larkspur (D, glaucescens Rydb) were intermediate (0.65 and 0.49% respectively), and duncecap (D, occidentale S, Watts) was lowest (0.29%). Toxic alkaloid concentration generally declined as the plants matured, However, toxic alkaloids in tall larkspur at Yampa, Cole, increased slightly in the pod stage, and toxic alkaloids in waxy larkspur increased from the vegetative to the bud stage, Concentration of toxic alkaloids in tall and duncecap larkspur leaves were higher in plants growing in open sunlight than those shaded under aspen or conifer canopy, Toxic alkaloid concentration varied among individual plants (C.V. 20-60%). Knowledge of the toxic alkaloid concentration of larkspur populations can be used to predict the risk of larkspur poisoning. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. USDA ARS,POISONOUS PLANT RES LAB,LOGAN,UT 84321. RP Ralphs, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS,POISONOUS PLANT RES LAB,1150 E 1400 N,LOGAN,UT 84321, USA. NR 11 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 50 IS 5 BP 497 EP 502 DI 10.2307/4003704 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XV087 UT WOS:A1997XV08700007 ER PT J AU Young, JA Allen, FL AF Young, JA Allen, FL TI Cheatgrass and range science: 1930-1950 SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE invasive weeds; secondary succession; historical perspective; plant ecology; rangeland health AB Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) is currently and historically has been a serious point of contention among a wide variety of people interested in sagebrush (Artemisia)/bunchgrass rangelands, Nowhere are these differences more apparent than in the scientific community, Our purpose is to provide a historical perspective of the influence of cheatgrass invasion on western rangelands (1930-1950), This was a period of awakening interest by range scientists, Range managers, the livestock industry, and scientists have always had a love-hate relationship with cheatgrass, It provides the bulk of the forage on many ranges, yet it is the symbol of environmental degradation, Trying to cope with the endless ramifications of cheatgrass invasion, dominance, persistence, and potential community decline keep forcing scientists to critically evaluate the ecological principles upon which range management is based. RP Young, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS,CONSERVAT BIOL RANGELANDS RES UNIT,920 VALLEY RD,RENO,NV 89512, USA. NR 48 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 9 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 50 IS 5 BP 530 EP 535 DI 10.2307/4003709 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XV087 UT WOS:A1997XV08700012 ER PT J AU Young, JA Clements, CD Blank, RR AF Young, JA Clements, CD Blank, RR TI Influence of nitrogen on antelope bitterbrush seedling establishment SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE nitrification; nitrogen enrichment; seedling recruitment; rodent predation; Purshia tridentata AB Nitrogen enrichment, immobilization, or inhibition or nitrification were used to investigate the influence of available nitrogen on the seedling recruitment of antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata [Pursh] DC) and annual grass competition. The influence of nitrogen enrichment on antelope bitterbrush seedling recruitment depended on the form of nitrogen applied. Ammonium sulfate applications markedly enhanced growth of herbaceous annuals resulting in the loss of all antelope bitterbrush seedlings the first growing season. Enrichment with calcium nitrate marginally enhanced growth of herbaceous annuals and enhanced the growth of antelope bitterbrush seedlings. Immobilization of nitrogen with carbon (sucrose) applications suppressed the growth of herbaceous annuals and produced large, vigorous antelope bitterbush seedlings. Similar results were obtained by inhibiting nitrification with applications of nitrapyrin or combining nitrapyrin and carbon applications. RP Young, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, 920 VALLEY RD, RENO, NV 89512 USA. NR 22 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 50 IS 5 BP 536 EP 540 DI 10.2307/4003710 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XV087 UT WOS:A1997XV08700013 ER PT J AU Grubb, TG Bowerman, WW AF Grubb, TG Bowerman, WW TI Variations in breeding bald eagle responses to jets, light planes and helicopters SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Bald Eagle; Haliaeetus leucocephalus; disturbance; aircraft; behavior; Arizona; Michigan; modeling; classification trees AB We analyzed 3122 observations of military jets, light planes and helicopters for three levels of response (none, alert, flight) by breeding Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leococephalus) at 13 occupied nests in Arizona and six in Michigan, 1983-85 and 1989-90, respectively. Helicopters elicited the greatest frequency of response (47%), followed by jets (31%) and light planes (26%). Frequency of response (23-61%) and frequency of flight (2-13%) both increased through the nesting season from February to June. Distance from eagle to aircraft, duration of overflight and number of aircraft and/or passes were the most important characteristics influencing eagle responses to pooled and individual aircraft types. Classification tree (CART) models for individual aircraft types provide dichotomous keys of distance and secondary variables affecting associated response rates, and should facilitate evaluating aircraft-specific impacts. Our analyses indicate a categorical exclusion of aircraft within 600 m of nest sites would limit Bald Eagle response frequency to 19%. RP Grubb, TG (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,2500 S PINE KNOLL DR,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA. NR 23 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 7 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 31 IS 3 BP 213 EP 222 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA XY964 UT WOS:A1997XY96400003 ER PT J AU Flores, M Ingram, DA Bett, KL Toldra, F Spanier, AM AF Flores, M Ingram, DA Bett, KL Toldra, F Spanier, AM TI Sensory characteristics of Spanish ''Serrano'' dry-cured ham SO JOURNAL OF SENSORY STUDIES LA English DT Article ID LIPOLYSIS; FLAVOR AB A specific descriptive lexicon has been developed to evaluate the flavor of Spanish ''Serrano'' dry-cured ham. Dry-curing of pork legs produces a unique flavor difficult to define in regular meat terms, This lexicon for the flavor of dry-cured ham may be used by researchers to study flavor-development during the curing process. In this paper we have applied the lexicon to the study of dry-cured flavor developed in two different manufacturing processes that differ only in the length of the drying stage. The long processed dry-cured ham (12 months) is stronger for 8 of the 16 sensory attributes studied than the short processed dry-cured ham (7 months). During the long curing process of the ripening-drying stage, we found that the typical dry-cured flavor developed was defined by three factors: ''cured flavor,'' ''off-flavor'' and ''pork flavor,'' whereas in the short curing process typical dry-cured flavor was not fully developed. C1 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124. CSIC,INST AGROQUIM & TECNOL ALIMENTOS,BURJASSOT 46100,VALENCIA,SPAIN. RI Flores, Monica/H-2857-2012; Toldra, Fidel/I-9758-2014 OI Flores, Monica/0000-0002-4228-9899; Toldra, Fidel/0000-0002-9843-0193 NR 19 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 SN 0887-8250 J9 J SENS STUD JI J. Sens. Stud. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 12 IS 3 BP 169 EP 179 DI 10.1111/j.1745-459X.1997.tb00061.x PG 11 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA YA409 UT WOS:A1997YA40900001 ER PT J AU Hatfield, JL AF Hatfield, JL TI Environmental implications of livestock production SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article RP Hatfield, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SOIL TILTH LAB,2150 PAMMEL DR,AMES,IA 50011, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 52 IS 5 BP 312 EP 313 PG 2 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA YC302 UT WOS:A1997YC30200003 ER PT J AU McMaster, GS Wilhelm, WW AF McMaster, GS Wilhelm, WW TI Conservation compliance credit for winter wheat fall biomass production and implications for grain yield SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID VEGETATIVE DEVELOPMENT; TILLAGE SYSTEMS; PLANTING DATE; SOIL-MOISTURE; FERTILIZER-N; SPRING WHEAT; GROWTH; PHYLLOCHRON; COMPONENTS AB Producers participating in federal farm and conservation programs must reduce potential erodibility below certain threshold on lands classified as highly erodible. The Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) will credit producers in Colorado for the guantity of green winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) biomass at the beginning of the winter period toward compliance in reducing erosion. Unfortunately few data exist onfall winter wheat biomass production, and fall production varies widely based on many site-specific factors at planting and during the fall, and can be expensive to document To address these problems, a crop simulation model called SHOOTGRO was used to predict the amount of green biomass present. By combining planting dates, sowing rates, and conditions of NO3, NH4, total water in the soil profile, and water in the seedbed layer at planting for three sites in eastern Colorado a total of 216 scenarios were simulated, both to assist NRCS in determining compliance and to better understand the dynamics of early winter wheat biomass production. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68583. RP McMaster, GS (reprint author), USDA ARS,GREAT PLAINS SYST RES,POB E,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 52 IS 5 BP 358 EP 363 PG 6 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA YC302 UT WOS:A1997YC30200011 ER PT J AU Tanaka, DL Anderson, RL AF Tanaka, DL Anderson, RL TI Soil water storage and precipitation storage efficiency of conservation tillage systems SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID STUBBLE-MULCH FALLOW; GREAT-PLAINS; WINTER-WHEAT AB Surface residues associated with no-till and minimum-till fallow systems have an influence on soil water storage. Soil water storage, precipitation storage efficiency, and the relationship of soil water storage and precipitation for seasonal segments of fallow were determined for no-till (NT), minimum-till (MT), and stubble-mulch (SM) winter wheat-fallow methods The study was conducted an a Williams Loam (fine-loamy, mixed, Typic Argiborolls) near Sidney, Montana for 8 fallow seasons. Fallow method-did not significantly influence long-term soil water storage during the after-harvest (August-October 31) or over-winter (November 1-May 1) segments because after-harvest weed central was not needed. Precipitation storage efficiencies were greatest for the over-winter segment (59%) and least for the summer follow segment (13 to 20%). No-till and MT stored 12% (12-14 mm more) more soil water and increased preciptation storage efficiency 16% when compared to SM for the 14-month fallow season. By using fallow segment relationships for precipitation and soil water storage, producers may be able to go to more intensive cropping systems that take advantage of additional soil water. C1 USDA ARS,CENT GREAT PLAINS RES STN,AKRON,CO 80720. RP Tanaka, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO GREAT PLAINS RES LAB,POB 459,MANDAN,ND 58554, USA. NR 19 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 7 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 52 IS 5 BP 363 EP 367 PG 5 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA YC302 UT WOS:A1997YC30200012 ER PT J AU Murphy, JF AF Murphy, JF TI Transverse vibration of a simply supported beam with symmetric overhang of arbitrary length SO JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION LA English DT Article DE transverse vibration; beam with overhang; flexural stiffness; frequency equation; fundamental frequency AB The numerical solution to the frequency equation for the transverse vibration of a simple beam with symmetric overhang is found. The numerical results converge to the analytical solutions for the two limiting cases of a beam with no overhang and a beam with no span and agree with the case in which the supports are at the nodal points of a freely vibrating beam. An approximation to the solution of the frequency equation for beams with small overhang is presented and compared to the numerical solution. This simple yet accurate approximation is most useful to determine a beam's flexural stiffness, EI or modulus of elasticity, E, by freely vibrating a simply supported beam. RP Murphy, JF (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 4 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 SN 0090-3973 J9 J TEST EVAL JI J. Test. Eval. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 25 IS 5 BP 522 EP 524 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA YB359 UT WOS:A1997YB35900011 ER PT J AU Pu, C Johnson, M Forman, D Piazza, L Fiatarone, M AF Pu, C Johnson, M Forman, D Piazza, L Fiatarone, M TI Performance-based functional changes after strength training in elderly women with heart failure SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0002-8614 J9 J AM GERIATR SOC JI J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 45 IS 9 BP A12 EP A12 PG 1 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA XU233 UT WOS:A1997XU23300045 ER PT J AU Liu, CK McClintick, MD AF Liu, CK McClintick, MD TI Measurements of the initial strain energy of leather SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB This investigation was to establish an improved method to characterize the stiffness of leather associated with its resistance to a small deformation while taking into account the nonlinear viscoelasticity of leather. Stiffness was quantitatively determined for a specimen by measuring the energy needed to stretch it to 10 percent strain. This physical quantity, called initial strain energy, was observed to be easier to define and measure than the tensile modulus. Using Box-Hunter's experimental design method a second order polynomial equation was derived for the relationship between initial strain energy and three major independent variables: moisture content, strain rate, and sampling angle. The breaking elongation was observed to decrease as initial strain energy increased, whereas the tensile strength did not show a direct correlation with initial strain energy alone. However, regression analysis provided a significant statistical relationship between tensile strength and a parameter that incorporates the effects of strain energy, moisture content and strain rate. Thus, a prediction of tensile strength may become feasible based on measurements of initial strain energy without breaking the leather. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Liu, CK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 27 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 92 IS 7 BP 157 EP 171 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA YM312 UT WOS:000071051000001 ER PT J AU Kronick, PL Landola, S AF Kronick, PL Landola, S TI Persistence of minority macromolecules of hide through the beamhouse. II. Removal of collagen type XIV SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 92nd Annual Meeting of the American-Leather-Chemists-Association CY JUN 16-20, 1996 CL TRAVERSE CITY, MICHIGAN SP Amer Leather Chemists Assoc ID IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; PROTEINS; LEATHER; BINDING AB Collagen type XIV, which is located on the surfaces of the collagen fibrils of hide and skin, is a minority collagen that might play a role in leather drying. We show by immunohistological techniques that most of the non-helical portion of collagen type XIV is removed by lime. Unlike collagen type VI, it does not persist in the grain enamel. The triple-helical segments, however, might still persist, since these are not expected to react with the antibody stains used here. How type XIV collagen is removed might be an important feature of hide and grain quality in leather. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Kronick, PL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 92 IS 7 BP 172 EP 178 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA YM312 UT WOS:000071051000002 ER PT J AU Ortega, MD Lloyd, JE Holbrook, FR AF Ortega, MD Lloyd, JE Holbrook, FR TI Seasonal and geographical distribution of Culicoides imicola Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in southwestern Spain SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID HORSE SICKNESS VIRUS; BLUETONGUE VIRUS; POTENTIAL VECTORS; ISRAEL; PORTUGAL; GREECE; PARITY; CATTLE; TRAP AB Culicoides imicola Kieffer adults were collected in light traps weekly between August 1990 and October 1991. The species was collected at all 62 sites located in 5 provinces of the Autonomous Region of Andalucia (Spain). Culicoides imicola represented 31.7% of the total collection of Culicoides. The highest numbers of C. imicola were collected from September through November 1990 and September and October 1991. The lowest numbers were collected from December 1990 through April 1991. The presence or absence of C. imicola was related to the mean monthly minimum and maximum air temperature. Greatest numbers of C. imicola were collected at daily minimum and maximum temperatures of 18 degrees C and 38 degrees C, respectively. The relevance of this information to previous outbreaks of African horse sickness is discussed. C1 UNIV WYOMING,DEPT PLANT SOIL & INSECT SCI,ENTOMOL SECT,LARAMIE,WY 82071. USDA ARS,ARTHROPOD BORNE ANIM DIS RES LAB,LARAMIE,WY 82071. RP Ortega, MD (reprint author), JUNTA ANDALUCIA,CONSEJERIA AGR & PESCA,LAB SANIDAD & PROD ANIM,APARTADO 3124,CORDOBA 14080,SPAIN. NR 32 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSN INC PI LAKE CHARLES PA 707-A EAST PRIEN LAKE ROAD, PO BOX 5416, LAKE CHARLES, LA 70606-5416 SN 8756-971X J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 13 IS 3 BP 227 EP 232 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YG056 UT WOS:A1997YG05600003 PM 9383762 ER PT J AU Henning, J Haunold, A Nickerson, G AF Henning, J Haunold, A Nickerson, G TI Genetic parameter estimates for five traits in male hop accessions: A preliminary study SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS LA English DT Article DE alpha-acids; beta-acids; breeding; cohumulone; genetic correlations; genetics; general combining ability; hop storage index; hops; Humulus lupulus; male hop accessions; yield AB Much information on hop (Humulus lupulus) production and maintenance exists but little is known about the genetics of specific traits. The objective of this study was to determine general combining ability (GCA) and genetic correlations (r(g)) for five traits in six male hop accessions crossed to 14 different female accessions. Data for the study were extracted from USDA hop breeding records covering the past 25 years. The analysis was performed with females nested within males across four replicates (years). We observed significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) GCA for all traits, with male 21361M exhibiting the highest GCA for yield (paternal half-sib avg. = 1,934 kg/ha); 21268M exhibiting the highest GCA for alpha-acid levels (paternal half-sib avg. = 7.20%), 19046M exhibiting the highest GCA for beta-acid levels (paternal half-sib avg. = 6.54%), 64035M exhibiting the most desirable cohumulone (COH) levels relative to total alpha-acids (paternal half-sib avg. = 24.1%), and 64037M exhibiting the most desirable value for hop storage index (HSI) (paternal half-sib avg. = 0.246). Significant positive genetic correlations were observed between COH and yield (0.492) and between COH and HSI (0.763). Significant negative genetic correlations were observed between alpha-acid and beta-acid levels (-0.743) and beta-acid levels and HSI (-0.788). The results of this study, while preliminary, provide valuable information for hop breeders on choice of males for specific traits and a selection protocol guide for multiple trait selection. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Henning, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 11 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC BREWING CHEMISTS INC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0361-0470 J9 J AM SOC BREW CHEM JI J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. PD FAL PY 1997 VL 55 IS 4 BP 157 EP 160 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA YE760 UT WOS:000060312800005 ER PT J AU Henning, J Haunold, A Nickerson, G Gampert, U AF Henning, J Haunold, A Nickerson, G Gampert, U TI Estimates of heritability and genetic correlation for five traits in female hop accessions SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS LA English DT Article DE alpha-acids; beta-acids; breeding; essential oils; genetic correlations; heritability; hop; hop storage index; Humulus lupulus; yield AB Little has been published on the heritability of traits in hop (Humulus lupulus). What has been published does not provide adequate information for the determination of selection protocol. This article is the first to report narrow sense heritabilities and genetic correlations for economic traits in female hop plants. Seven female and 14 male accessions were crossed using a North Carolina Mating Design I. At least two offspring per cross were analyzed in three replicates for the determination of genetic parameters. Data were collected on yield, alpha-acids, beta-acids, hop storage index (HSI), and essential oil content. Significant differences (P less than or equal to 0.05) among maternal families were observed for all five traits. USDA female accessions 56013 (1,985.28 kg/ha) and 56009 (2117.28 kg/ha) produced offspring with highest average yield. Maternal lines 21055 and 21254 produced families with the highest average alpha-acids content, while 65009 produced offspring with the highest average content of beta-acids. Maternal families derived from 21522, 56013, and 65009 all had more desirable HSI values than did the other families. Finally, 21055, 62013, and 65009 produced offspring possessing the highest average content of essential oils of the maternal lines. Narrow sense heritability values were highest for alpha-acids (h(2) = 0.88 +/- 0.17), moderate for beta-acids content (h(2) = 0.35 +/- 0.02) and HSI (h(2) = 0.31 +/- 6.1 x 10(-6)), and low for essential oil content (h(2) = 0.12 +/- 5.3 x 10(-4)). Heritability value for yield was more difficult to ascertain significance due to the high standard error associated with the estimate (h(2) = 0.20 +/- 1,463). Significant negative genetic correlations were estimated between alpha-acids and beta-acids (r = 0.42), alpha-acids and yield (r = -0.66), HSI and yield (r = -0.63), and essential oil content and yield (r = -0.38). Significant positive genetic correlations observed were for beta-acids with yield (r = 0.84), HSI with alpha-acids (r = 0.28), and essential oil content and alpha-acids (r = 0.43). The information obtained from this research should enable hop breeders to make informed decisions regarding breeding protocol for these five economic traits. C1 Oregon State Univ, USDA ARS, NFSPRC, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Henning, J (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, USDA ARS, NFSPRC, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 13 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC BREWING CHEMISTS INC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0361-0470 J9 J AM SOC BREW CHEM JI J. Am. Soc. Brew. Chem. PD FAL PY 1997 VL 55 IS 4 BP 161 EP 165 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA YE760 UT WOS:000060312800006 ER PT J AU Beaulieu, A Gohh, RY Hume, AL Perrone, G Bostom, AG AF Beaulieu, A Gohh, RY Hume, AL Perrone, G Bostom, AG TI Effect of vitamin B6 supplementation on plasma lipids in renal transplant recipients. SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 BROWN UNIV,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912. JEAN MAYER USDA HNRCA,BOSTON,MA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1046-6673 J9 J AM SOC NEPHROL JI J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 8 SU S BP A3142 EP A3142 PG 1 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA XY103 UT WOS:A1997XY10303139 ER PT J AU Bostom, AG Gohh, RY Beaulieu, A Nadeau, MR Hume, AL Jacques, PF Selhub, J Rosenberg, IH AF Bostom, AG Gohh, RY Beaulieu, A Nadeau, MR Hume, AL Jacques, PF Selhub, J Rosenberg, IH TI Homocysteine-lowering treatment of renal transplant recipients. SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 JEAN MAYER USDA HNRCA,BOSTON,MA. BROWN UNIV,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1046-6673 J9 J AM SOC NEPHROL JI J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 8 SU S BP A3144 EP A3144 PG 1 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA XY103 UT WOS:A1997XY10303141 ER PT J AU Langub, MC Sawaya, BP Horst, RL Reinhardt, TA Malluche, HH Kozsewski, NJ AF Langub, MC Sawaya, BP Horst, RL Reinhardt, TA Malluche, HH Kozsewski, NJ TI Co-localization of retinoid X receptor alpha and vitamin D receptor in rat parathyroid glands. SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV KENTUCKY,DIV NEPH BONE & MIN METAB,LEXINGTON,KY. ARS,USDA,NADC,AMES,IA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1046-6673 J9 J AM SOC NEPHROL JI J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 8 SU S BP A2682 EP A2682 PG 1 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA XY103 UT WOS:A1997XY10302681 ER PT J AU Hollingsworth, J Kaplan, B AF Hollingsworth, J Kaplan, B TI Zero tolerance for visible feces helps FSIS fight foodborne pathogens SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT News Item RP Hollingsworth, J (reprint author), USDA,FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD SEP 1 PY 1997 VL 211 IS 5 BP 534 EP 535 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA XU215 UT WOS:A1997XU21500012 PM 9378678 ER PT J AU Bridges, VE McCluskey, BJ Salman, MD Hurd, HS Dick, J AF Bridges, VE McCluskey, BJ Salman, MD Hurd, HS Dick, J TI Review of the 1995 vesicular stomatitis outbreak in the western United States SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID VIRUS NEW-JERSEY; COLORADO; INFECTION; DIPTERA C1 APHIS,USDA,VET SERV,CTR ANIM HLTH,FT COLLINS,CO 80521. APHIS,USDA,VET SERV,ENGLEWOOD,CO 80112. COLORADO STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED & BIOMED SCI,DEPT CLIN SCI,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. APHIS,USDA,VET SERV,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87109. RP Bridges, VE (reprint author), APHIS,USDA,VET SERV,CTR EPIDEMIOL,555 S HOWES,FT COLLINS,CO 80521, USA. NR 19 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD SEP 1 PY 1997 VL 211 IS 5 BP 556 EP 560 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA XU215 UT WOS:A1997XU21500027 PM 9290819 ER PT J AU Haag, WR Warren, ML AF Haag, WR Warren, ML TI Host fishes and reproductive biology of 6 freshwater mussel species from the Mobile Basin, USA SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Mollusca; Bivalvia; Unionidae; mussels; host fish; glochidia; life history; conglutinates ID LIFE-HISTORY; WATER MUSSELS; UNIONIDAE; BIVALVIA; MOLLUSCA; VIRGINIA; PELECYPODA; CONRAD; RIVER AB Host fishes were identified for 6 species of freshwater mussels (Unionidae) from the Blade Warrior River drainage, Mobile Basin, USA: Strophitus subvexus, Pleurobema furvum, Plychobranchus greeni, Lampsilis perovalis, Medionidus acutissimus, and Villosa nebulosa. Hosts were determined as those that produced juvenile mussels from glochidial infestations in the laboratory. The following mussel-fish-host relationships were established: Strophitus subvexus with 10 species including Cyprinidae, Catostomidae, Fundulidae, Centrarchidae, and Percidae; Pleurobema furvum with Campostoma oligolepis, Cyprinella callistia, C. venusta, Semotilus atromaculatus, and Fundulus olivaceus; Ptychobranchus greeni with Etheostoma bellator, E. douglasi, Percina nigrofasciata, and Percina sp, cf. caprodes; Lampsilis perovalis with Micropterus coosae, M. punctulatus, and M. salmoides; Medionidus acutissimus with Fundulus olivaceus, Etheostoma douglasi, E. whipplei, Percina nigrofasciata, and Percina sp. cf. caprodes; and Villosa nebulosa with Lepomis megalotis, Micropterus coosae, M. punctulatus, and M. salmoides. Fundulus olivaceus served as host for 3 species and carried glochidia for long periods for 2 other species, suggesting that topminnows may serve as hosts for a wide variety of otherwise host-specialist mussel species. Host relationships for the species tested are similar to congeners. Methods of glochidial release, putative methods of host-fish attraction, and gravid periods are described for the 6 species. RP Haag, WR (reprint author), USDA,FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,FOREST HYDROL LAB,1000 FRONT ST,OXFORD,MS 38655, USA. NR 31 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 20 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 16 IS 3 BP 576 EP 585 DI 10.2307/1468145 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA XW150 UT WOS:A1997XW15000009 ER PT J AU Ahmedna, M Clarke, SJ Rao, RM Marshall, WE Johns, MM AF Ahmedna, M Clarke, SJ Rao, RM Marshall, WE Johns, MM TI Use of filtration and buffers in raw sugar colour measurements SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE buffer; colour; turbidity; raw sugar; filtration AB Colour, an important parameter in quality evaluation of raw sugar solutions, is sensitive to and greatly affected by pH and turbidity of the solutions. Buffers and filtration were used to control the problematic colour fluctuations due to the above factors. The buffers used to maintain pH included glutaric acid, citric acid, 3-(N-morpholino)-2-hydroxy-propane sulphonic acid (MOPSO), triethanolamine (TEA) and tris-hydroxymethy-aminomethane (Tris). The turbidity was minimised by using glass-fibre filters with a 0.7-mu m Fore size in series. The results showed that by using MOPSO buffer and three glass-fibre filters in series, the effect of pH and turbidity on colour measurement of raw sugar solutions can be minimised. MOPSO buffer combined excellent pH stabilisation at pH 7.00 and limited colour alteration. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,AUDUBON SUGAR INST,CTR AGR,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. RP Ahmedna, M (reprint author), LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI,CTR AGR,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803, USA. OI Ahmedna, Mohamed/0000-0001-8727-4300 NR 12 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 75 IS 1 BP 109 EP 116 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XX382 UT WOS:A1997XX38200016 ER PT J AU Ahmedna, M Johns, MM Clarke, SJ Marshall, WE Rao, RM AF Ahmedna, M Johns, MM Clarke, SJ Marshall, WE Rao, RM TI Potential of agricultural by-product-based activated carbons for use in raw sugar decolourisation SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE activated carbon; agricultural by-products; raw sugar decolourisation ID ADSORPTION AB The physical (bulk density and hardness) and chemical (pH and mineral content) characteristics of granular activated carbons (GACs) made from rice straw, pecan shells and hulls of soybean and rice were determined. The adsorption properties (iodine test, molasses test and raw sugar decolourisation efficiency) of these by-product-based carbons were also evaluated. A commercial decolourising carbon (Calgon CPG LF) was used as a comparison. Pecan-based carbons had bulk densities and hardness numbers higher than Calgon CPG LF. They also showed a mineral content and pH similar to or lower than the commercial carbon. The adsorption properties of the pecan-based carbons were, however, about 40% below that of the reference carbon. In contrast, rice (hull and straw)-based carbons exhibited good adsorption properties similar to the reference carbon in both iodine test and molasses test, but their ash content and their inherent pHs were higher than Calgon CPG LF. Both types of rice-based carbons were also more friable and had lower bulk densities than the commercial carbon. However, rice-hull-based carbon was statistically as effective as Calgon CPG-LF in decolourising raw sugar solutions at the 5% confidence level. Of the by-product-based carbons evaluated, pecan-shell-based GACs would be most suitable as raw sugar decolourisers if their adsorption efficiencies could be improved. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR AGR,AUDUBON SUGAR INST,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. RP Ahmedna, M (reprint author), LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,CTR AGR,DEPT FOOD SCI,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803, USA. OI Ahmedna, Mohamed/0000-0001-8727-4300 NR 14 TC 77 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 75 IS 1 BP 117 EP 124 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199709)75:1<117::AID-JSFA850>3.0.CO;2-M PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XX382 UT WOS:A1997XX38200017 ER PT J AU Bosworth, BG Wolters, WR AF Bosworth, BG Wolters, WR TI Multi-locus DNA fingerprinting of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID OREOCHROMIS-NILOTICUS; AQUACULTURE AB Similarities among multi-locus DNA fingerprints of five channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus strains and the ability to identify the strain of a fish based on its fingerprint pattern were investigated. Five restriction enzymes and 13 multi-locus DNA probes were screened to identify enzyme-probe combination useful for DNA fingerprinting channel catfish. Restriction enzymes Hinf I and Dpn II, in combination with probes (CAC)n, (CGC)n, (CTC)n, (ATCC)n, and (GATA)n, produced useful fingerprints (20-30 resolvable bands for each enzyme-probe combination). Thirty individuals (3 pools of 10 individuals each) from each of five channel catfish strains (albino, Mississippi normal, USDA-102, USDA-102 select, and USDA-103) were fingerprinted with all useful enzyme-probe combinations. Band sharing among samples was higher within strains than among strains and band sharing among strains was higher for strains whose breeding history indicated a high degree of relatedness. Individual fingerprints of 18 fish from each of the USDA-102 select and USDA-103 strains revealed no strain-spe cific bands, but several diagnostic bands (present at high frequencies in either USDA-102 select or USDA-103 strains and at a low frequencies in other strains) were identified. Band sharing at diagnostic bands was used to correctly identify fish as USDA-102 select or USDA-103 strains with 82% accuracy from fingerprints of 17 USDA-102 select strain fish, 18 USDA-103 strain fish, and 38 fish collected from three commercial farms. RP Bosworth, BG (reprint author), USDA ARS,CATFISH GENET RES UNIT,POB 38,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 28 IS 3 BP 275 EP 281 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1997.tb00643.x PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA XW877 UT WOS:A1997XW87700008 ER PT J AU Kohn, B Monfort, SL AF Kohn, B Monfort, SL TI Research at zoos and aquariums: Regulations and reality SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material DE research; research committee; Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee; Federal regulations AB Institutions that exhibit animals and also engage in basic and/or applied research using collection animals are faced with complying with numerous Federal regulations and institutional policies. Whether or not a zoo or aquarium is required to become a registered research facility, most of these institutions already have an internal research committee. Registration as a research facility under the Animal-Welfare Act requires the establishment of an effective Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. We explore the requirements of the Animal Welfare Act, the role of the institution's own research committee, and some of the problematic issues encountered while conducting zoo and aquarium animal related research. C1 CONSERVAT & RES CTR,FRONT ROYAL,VA. RP Kohn, B (reprint author), USDA,APHIS,4700 RIVER RD,UNIT 84,RIVERDALE,MD 20737, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER ASSOC Z00 VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 28 IS 3 BP 241 EP 250 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YE642 UT WOS:A1997YE64200001 PM 9365935 ER PT J AU Gustafsson, K Book, M Dubey, JP Uggla, A AF Gustafsson, K Book, M Dubey, JP Uggla, A TI Meningoencephalitis in capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus L.) caused by a Sarcocystis-like organism SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE capercaillie; Tetrao urogallus; protozoa; Sarcocystis; encephalitis; immunohistochemistry AB A nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis, previously presumed to be toxoplasmosis, was found in 53 capercaillies (Tetrao urogallus L.) examined at necropsy at the National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden, between 1966 and 1985. Pronounced meningitis and encephalitis with perivascular cuffs of mononuclear inflammatory cells as well as focal gliosis were prominent histopathologic findings. Protozoa were frequently associated with these lesions. Ultrastructurally, the protozoa appeared to divide by endopolygeny, and merozoites had no rhoptries. Organisms from all 12 birds subjected to Sarcocystis cruzi immunohistochemical staining reacted positively but did not react to Toxoplasma gondii antiserum. The agent was, therefore, assigned to the family Sarcocystidae and was probably more closely related to species of the genus Sarcocystis than to T. gondii. C1 NATL VET INST,S-75007 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. UNIV UPPSALA HOSP,DEPT PATHOL,S-75185 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Gustafsson, K (reprint author), SWEDISH UNIV AGR SCI,DEPT PARASITOL,POB 7073,S-75007 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC Z00 VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 28 IS 3 BP 280 EP 284 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YE642 UT WOS:A1997YE64200006 PM 9365940 ER PT J AU Engel, P Lax, AR AF Engel, P Lax, AR TI Partial deletion of transposon Tn4560 integrated into the genome of Streptomyces tendae SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; FRADIAE; NIKKOMYCIN; MUTANTS; ELEMENT AB Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern hybridization and DNA sequencing experiments were done to determine whether all of Tn4560, a Streptomyces transposon, integrated into the genomes of three nikkomycin nonproducing mutants. A deletion of 279 bases occurred at one end of Tn4560 while present in the genome of one of the mutants. RP Engel, P (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,1100 ROBERT E BLVD,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124, USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 25 IS 3 BP 225 EP 228 DI 10.1046/j.1472-765X.1997.00208.x PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA XX601 UT WOS:A1997XX60100015 PM 9351267 ER PT J AU Halabe, UB Bidigalu, GM GangaRao, HVS Ross, RJ AF Halabe, UB Bidigalu, GM GangaRao, HVS Ross, RJ TI Nondestructive evaluation of green wood using stress wave and transverse vibration techniques SO MATERIALS EVALUATION LA English DT Article DE dynamic testing; green wood; modulus of elasticity; modulus of rupture; nondestructive testing; stress wave; timber; ultrasonic testing; vibration; wood AB Longitudinal stress wave and transverse vibration nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques have pl oven to be accurate means of evaluating the quality of wood based pl odzlcts. Researchers have found strong relationships between stress wave and transverse vibration parameters (e.g., wave velocity and modulus of elasticity predicted using NDT measurements) with the actual static bending properties (e.g., modulus of elasticity from static bending rests) of dry as well as green wood based materials. Therefore, these techniques may be used to presort or grade structural wood prior to drying, provided that cross correlation equations lions are developed to relate wood properties in the dry state with NDT measurements in the gl een state. Discarding wood with inferior properties prior to drying can result in significant cost savings in the drying process. This paper presents the results of an experimental program designed to examine the relationships between stress wave and transverse vibration characteristics (i.e., stress wave velocity, and modulus of elasticity predicted from stress wave velocity and transverse vibration measurements) with the static bending modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) of green as well as dry southern pine dimension lumber. Also, cross correlations have been developed between green stress wave and transverse vibration properties with the dry static bending MOE and MOR. Such doss correlations are important for grading wood in the green state itself, so that drying costs can be minimized. This research resulted in good cross correlation relationships between the static bending MOE values of dry southern pine and the nondestructive parameters in the green state (e.g., stress wave velocity and derived MOE, and transverse vibration based MOE values for green wood). Also, ultrasonic tests were conducted over limited distances (300 mm [12 in.]) at three locations on the 2.4 m (8 ft) long specimens to see if good correlations can be achieved. The low coefficients of determination lend to the conclusion that ultrasonic testing is not suitable for grading of 1.8 to 2.4 m (6 to 8 ft) long dimension lumber. C1 TRI STATE ENGN & MC INC,NEW MARTINSVILLE,WV 26155. US FOREST SERV,USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. RP Halabe, UB (reprint author), W VIRGINIA UNIV,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,CONSTRUCTED FACIL CTR,POB 6103,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506, USA. NR 14 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC NON-DESTRUCTIVE TEST PI COLUMBUS PA 1711 ARLINGATE LANE PO BOX 28518, COLUMBUS, OH 43228-0518 SN 0025-5327 J9 MATER EVAL JI Mater. Eval. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 55 IS 9 BP 1013 EP 1018 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA XW164 UT WOS:A1997XW16400016 ER PT J AU Mitchell, AD Solomon, MB Rumsey, TS AF Mitchell, AD Solomon, MB Rumsey, TS TI Composition analysis of beef rib sections by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry SO MEAT SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOFT-TISSUE COMPOSITION; LEAN BODY-MASS; PHOTON-ABSORPTIOMETRY; INVIVO; FAT AB Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used as a non-invasive method to measure composition of 9, 10, 11 - rib sections obtained from 80 beef carcasses. The weights of the rib sections ranged from 2986g to 6394g. Each rib section was scanned twice by DXA, once in a horizontal or standing rib position (DXA-1) and once in a vertical position (DXA-2). After scanning, each rib section was dissected into far, muscle and bone. The intramuscular fat content of the longissimus muscle was measured chemically. Dissected lean and fat values were adjusted for the amount of intramuscular fat. DXA lean values were adjusted for amount of bone (less bone mineral content). Both DXA measurements consistently overestimated the amount of fat relative to dissection. The DXA-1 scan position measured more lean and less fat than did DXA-2. The correlation (r) between the amount of dissected lean mid DXA-1 and DXA-2 lean was 0.91 and 0.85, respectively and between the amount of dissected fat and DXA-1 and DXA-2 fat was 0.94 and 0.92, respectively. The high correlations between DXA and dissection results indicate that DXA could be used as a non-destructive method for evaluating composition of cuts of beef; however, attention must be given to orientation of the cut during the DXA scan. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS,MEAT SCI LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Mitchell, AD (reprint author), USDA ARS,GROWTH BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 13 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0309-1740 J9 MEAT SCI JI Meat Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 47 IS 1-2 BP 115 EP 124 DI 10.1016/S0309-1740(97)00045-4 PG 10 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA YF323 UT WOS:A1997YF32300009 PM 22062622 ER PT J AU Edwards, JL Ealy, AD Monterroso, VH Hansen, PJ AF Edwards, JL Ealy, AD Monterroso, VH Hansen, PJ TI Ontogeny of temperature-regulated heat shock protein 70 synthesis in preimplantation bovine embryos SO MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE heat shock; HSP70; embryos ID MOUSE EMBRYO; IN-VITRO; CHICKEN RETICULOCYTES; GLUTATHIONE; THERMOTOLERANCE; EXPRESSION; HSP70; INVITRO; STRESS; TRANSCRIPTION AB Development of the preimplantation embryo is very susceptible to disruption by heat shock. As embryos proceed through development, they acquire resistance to heat shock, perhaps because they become transcriptionally active and can respond to environmental changes by undergoing transcriptionally-regulated cellular adaptation. Objectives were to determine the ontogeny of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) synthesis in preimplantation bovine embryos and to ascertain whether heat-induced increases in HSP70 in embryos are caused by environmental alterations in gene expression. Exposure of bovine embryos to heat shock induced synthesis of a 68 kDa form of HSP70 called HSP68 as early as the two-cell stage of development. Induction of HSP68 was alpha-amanitin independent at the two-cell stage but was blocked by alpha-amanitin as early as the early four-cell stage. There fore, heat-induced synthesis of HSP68 is regulated at the level of transcription at a time before the major round of embryonic genome activation is considered to occur. Two other constitutive HSP70 molecules were identified called heat shock cognates (HSC) 71 and 70; both proteins were synthesized during all stages of development from the two-cell to hatched blastocyst stages. However, heat-induced synthesis of HSC71 and HSC70 was not evident until the expanded blastocyst stage. in conclusion, environmental signals can activate gene expression before the major round of embryonic genome activation occurs in bovine embryos. Moreover, differences in thermal sensitivity of early embryos to heat shock is not caused by an inability to synthesize HSP70, suggesting that other mechanisms are involved in developmental acquisition of thermotolerance. (C) 1997 Wiiey-Liss, Inc. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT DAIRY & POULTRY SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT LARGE ANIM CLIN SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT ANIM SCI,COLUMBIA,MO. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,GENE EVALUAT & MAPPING LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 36 TC 50 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 1040-452X J9 MOL REPROD DEV JI Mol. Reprod. Dev. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 48 IS 1 BP 25 EP 33 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199709)48:1<25::AID-MRD4>3.0.CO;2-R PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology GA XP304 UT WOS:A1997XP30400004 PM 9266758 ER PT J AU Weinstein, RN Palm, ME Johnstone, K WynnWilliams, DD AF Weinstein, RN Palm, ME Johnstone, K WynnWilliams, DD TI Ecological and physiological characterization of Humicola marvinii, a new psychrophilic fungus from fellfield soils in the maritime Antarctic SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Antarctica; extreme environments; Hyphomycetes; microbial ecology; systematics ID CRYOPROTECTANTS AB Fungi were isolated from fellfield soils at Signy Island (60 degrees 43' S, 45 degrees 38' W) in the maritime Antarctic between December 1994 and February 1995 in order to study their role in colonization processes. A psychrophilic species of Humicola was isolated that differs physiologically and morphologically from Humicola fuscoatra, to which it bears a resemblance. Based on these characteristics it is described herein as a new species, Humicola marvinii. C1 USDA,APHIS,SYSTEMAT BOT & MYCOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. BRITISH ANTARCTIC SURVEY,NERC,CAMBRIDGE CB3 0ET,ENGLAND. RP Weinstein, RN (reprint author), UNIV CAMBRIDGE,DEPT PLANT SCI,DOWNING ST,CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EA,ENGLAND. NR 28 TC 9 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 5 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 89 IS 5 BP 706 EP 711 DI 10.2307/3761126 PG 6 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA YA889 UT WOS:A1997YA88900003 ER PT J AU Geistlinger, J Maqbool, S Kaiser, WJ Kahl, G AF Geistlinger, J Maqbool, S Kaiser, WJ Kahl, G TI Detection of microsatellite fingerprint markers and their Mendelian inheritance in Ascochyta rabiei SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID RICE BLAST FUNGUS; GENETIC DIVERSITY; DNA FINGERPRINTS; DIDYMELLA-RABIEI; SEQUENCES; PROBE; LOCUS; FIELD; PCR AB DNA fingerprinting with a set of synthetic oligonucleotides complementary to simple repetitive sequences was used to develop molecular markers for Ascochyta rabiei, the most important fungal pathogen of chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Two compatible mating type isolates (MatI and MatII) from the U.S. Pacific Northwest with the same low level of aggressivity were compared to highly virulent isolates from the Mediterranean region and Pakistan to End suitable mating partners for the production of a mapping population. After HinfI or TaqI restriction electrophoresis and in-gel hybridization with ten different simple repetitive oligonucleotides, all tested single-spored isolates exhibited unique fingerprint patterns. The analysis revealed that the two U.S. mating types share a considerable amount of genetic variability. A total of 77 polymorphic marker bands were detected. A higher number of polymorphic bands (up to 104) was observed between these isolates and those from different geographical regions. The isolates from the Mediterranean region and Pakistan shared a lower degree (between 80 and 90 bands) of detectable genetic diversity. These data permit selection of highly Virulent crossing partners for the different mating types with a high degree of detectable polymorphism. A sexual cross was performed to prove the Mendelian segregation of fingerprint bands for future linkage analysis. Additionally, the fingerprint data based on 268 informative characters combined with phenetic and phylogenetic algorithms allow determination of the genetic identity, relatedness and diversity of the different isolates. To confirm the phylogenetic data, two outgroupers Ascochyta fabae and Ascochyta pisi, were included. Results indicate that A. pisi is more closely related to A. rabiei than A. fabae. C1 PUNJAB UNIV,NATL CTR EXCELLENCE MOL BIOL,LAHORE 53700,PAKISTAN. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,PULLMAN,WA 99164. RP Geistlinger, J (reprint author), UNIV FRANKFURT,BIOCTR,D-60439 FRANKFURT,GERMANY. NR 40 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 101 BP 1113 EP 1121 DI 10.1017/S0953756297004231 PN 9 PG 9 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA XY104 UT WOS:A1997XY10400014 ER PT J AU Trappe, JM Bushnell, W Castellano, MA AF Trappe, JM Bushnell, W Castellano, MA TI Nats truffle and truffle-like fungi .6. Stephensia bynumii sp. nov. (Ascomycota), with a key to the species of Stephensia SO MYCOTAXON LA English DT Article AB A new truffle species,Stephensia bynumii, related to the Otidiaceae of the Pezizales, is described as endemic to the Willamette Valley of northwestern Oregon. A world key to the six species of Stephensia is presented. C1 N AMER TRUFFLING SOC,CORVALLIS,OR 97339. US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,USDA,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Trappe, JM (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST SCI,PEAVY HALL 154,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU MYCOTAXON LTD PI ITHACA PA PO BOX 264, ITHACA, NY 14851-0264 SN 0093-4666 J9 MYCOTAXON JI Mycotaxon PD SEP PY 1997 VL 64 BP 431 EP 435 PG 5 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA XY845 UT WOS:A1997XY84500037 ER PT J AU DeToledo, LSD Castellano, MA AF DeToledo, LSD Castellano, MA TI First report of Gastrosporium simplex (Gasteromycetes) from South America SO MYCOTAXON LA English DT Article AB This paper is a portion of extensive studies to re-examine the Gasteromycete mycota of Central Argentina (Dominguez de Toledo, 1989, 1993, 1994). On a 1991 trip to the eastern side of the Sierras Grandes de Cordoba in search of truffle-like fungi, the senior author collected specimens that appeared to be an immature Gasteromycete. Further study revealed them to be the genus Gastrosporium. The monotypic genus Gastrosporium is based on G. simplex Matt., originally described from Italy (Mattirolo, 1903). it is known from the Mediterranean and central and northern Europe (Pilat, 1934, 1958; Bugnon & Petitberghien, 1949; Rauschert, 1956; Henning, 1971; Winterhoff, 1974; Dring, 1973 and Kers, 1980). Ahmad (1950, 1952) reported it growing near Panjab in Pakistan and Miller & Askew (1982) in western Canada and the United States. The ontogeny, morphology, and ecology of this fungus have been well studied (Pilat, 1934, 1958, Monthoux and Rollin, 1976). These studies fed to placement of this genus in the new family Gastrosporiaceae, (Pilat, 1934). Monthoux (1977) studied the nature of the crystals abounding in the cortex of the well-developed rhizomorphs and the exoperidium and concluded they were quartz. We have expanded the spore description to include spore symmetry, length/width ratio (E), mean of E values (Q), and reaction to Melter's reagent and cotton blue. Freehand sections of dried material were mounted for microscopic observation in water, Melter's reagent, 3% KOH, or cotton blue in lactic acid. Spore size were measured in water and includes ornamentation. Number of spores measured for calculating mean size (x) and the length/width ratio (E) are included in brackets []; x = the arithmetic mean of spore length and width +/- standard deviation; Q = the mean of E values +/- standard deviation. Drawings were made with the aid of a camera lucida. Color names and numbers are cited from Kelly and Judd (1955). A SEM was used to study spore ornamentation. The specimens were coated with gold-palladium under vacuum and observed in an Amray 1000 scanning electron microscope at 15-40 kv. Photographs were taken using black and white, 4 x 5, Polaroid Type 55 film. The description is based on Argentian specimens. C1 US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,USDA,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP DeToledo, LSD (reprint author), UNIV NACL CORDOBA,INST MULTIDISCIPLINARIO BIOL VEGETAL,CASILLA CORREO 495,RA-5000 CORDOBA,ARGENTINA. NR 17 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU MYCOTAXON LTD PI ITHACA PA PO BOX 264, ITHACA, NY 14851-0264 SN 0093-4666 J9 MYCOTAXON JI Mycotaxon PD SEP PY 1997 VL 64 BP 443 EP 448 PG 6 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA XY845 UT WOS:A1997XY84500039 ER PT J AU Cain, MD AF Cain, MD TI Woody and herbaceous competition effects on the growth of naturally regenerated loblolly and shortleaf pines through 11 years SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article DE even-aged management; growth & yield; herbaceous weed control; Pinus echinata Mill.; P-taeda L.; woody plant control AB Four levels of vegetative competition were used to quantify the growth of loblolly and shortleaf pines (Pinus taeda L. and P. echinata Mill.) in naturally regenerated, even-aged stands on the Upper Coastal Plain of southeastern Arkansas, USA. Treatments included: (1) no competition control, (2) woody competition control, (3) herbaceous competition control, and (4) total control of nonpine vegetation. After pines became established from natural seeding, herbicides were used to control herbaceous plants for 4 consecutive years and woody plants for 5 consecutive years. Even though 89% of crop pines on untreated check plots were free-to-grow 11 years after establishment, crop pines on vegetation control plots were larger (P<0.001) in mean dbh, total height, and volume per tree. From age 5 through 11 years, crop pine diameter growth increased on woody control plots and decreased on herbaceous control plots because of hardwood competition in the latter treatment. At age 11, crop pine volume production averaged 207 m(3)/ha on total control plots, 158 m(3)/ha on herbaceous control plots, 130 m(3)/ha on woody control plots, and 102 m(3)/ha on untreated check plots. RP Cain, MD (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,SO RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,MONTICELLO,AR 71656, USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 14 IS 2 BP 107 EP 125 DI 10.1023/A:1006512721318 PG 19 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA YD547 UT WOS:A1997YD54700002 ER PT J AU Benito, P House, W Miller, D AF Benito, P House, W Miller, D TI Changes in meal frequency alter iron absorption efficiency in rats SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE meal frequency; absorption; radioiron; rats ID EPITHELIAL-CELLS; BIOAVAILABILITY; FE AB There is no standard procedure in regard to the type or feeding pattern of prestudy diet in studies on determinations of iron bioavailability. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of meal frequency on the absorptive capacity of mucosal cells. Male Wistar rats were assigned to three groups of ten rats each and fed 12 g of diet daily for three days. The food allotment was provided in either one meal (M1) daily (70 mg Fe/kg diet), four meals (M4) daily (70 mg Fe/kg diet), or a single meal for one day (210 mg Fe/kg diet) followed by single low-iron meals (9.4 mg Fe/kg diet) for two days (MX). The rats were then deprived of food for 18 hours, administered Fe-59 by gavage, and killed ten hours later. Absorption was estimated as the Fe-59 retained in carcass without the gastrointestinal tract. Mucosal cells from the duodenum were isolated by mechanical vibration and mucosal ferritin determined by an immunoassay method. The effect of meal frequency on absorption efficiency of Fe-59 was significant and independent of liver iron stores. Absorption of Fe-59 dose was higher in rats fed four meals daily (42.2 +/- 5.2%) than those fed one meal daily (27.1 +/- 2.7%), but rats fed a single meal for one day then iron-deficient meals for two days absorbed significantly more Fe-59 (64.8 +/- 4.8%) than did rats in the other groups. These data indicate that the frequency of iron consumed in a short-term period alter the efficiency of iron absorption in rats. Iron status of mucosal cells alone, as determined by mucosal ferritin, cannot explain the variations in iron absorption. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI,ITHACA,NY 14853. CORNELL UNIV,USDA ARS,DIV NUTR SCI,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 17 IS 9 BP 1469 EP 1478 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(97)00137-1 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA XR374 UT WOS:A1997XR37400008 ER PT J AU Roberts, SB Nicholson, M Staten, M Dallal, GE Sawaya, AL Heyman, MB Fuss, P Greenberg, AS AF Roberts, SB Nicholson, M Staten, M Dallal, GE Sawaya, AL Heyman, MB Fuss, P Greenberg, AS TI Relationship between circulating leptin and energy expenditure in adult men and women aged 18 years to 81 years SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ob gene; energy metabolism; physical activity; resting metabolic rate; body fat ID LABELED WATER METHOD; BODY-WEIGHT REGULATION; OBESE GENE; FOOD-INTAKE; YOUNG MEN; EXPRESSION; PROTEIN; REQUIREMENTS; RECEPTOR; CLONING AB Recent studies suggest that leptin may be an important metabolic signal for energy regulation in rodents, but the role of leptin in human energy regulation remains uncertain, Because adaptive variations in energy expenditure play an important role in human energy regulation, me investigated the relationship between leptin and energy expenditure parameters in 61 weight-stable men and women aged 18 years to 81 years who were not obese, Measurements mere made of circulating leptin in the fasting state, body fat and fat free mass, resting metabolic rate (n=61), free-living total energy expenditure (n=52), and the thermic effect of feeding (n=33), After statistically accounting for age, body fat, and fat free mass, there was no association between leptin and any measured energy expenditure parameter, In addition, there was no effect of age on the relationship between circulating leptin and body fat mass, These results indicate that physiological variations in circulating leptin are not linked with adaptive variations in energy expenditure in humans, in contrast to indications of this phenomenon in the ob/ob mouse. C1 AMGEN INC,THOUSAND OAKS,CA 91320. RP Roberts, SB (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,ENERGY METAB LAB,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. RI Sawaya, Ana/D-3845-2014 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK46124, P300 DK46200] NR 24 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI BATON ROUGE PA 6400 PERKINS RD, BATON ROUGE, LA 70808 SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 5 IS 5 BP 459 EP 463 PG 5 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA YE964 UT WOS:A1997YE96400012 PM 9385622 ER PT J AU Graczyk, TK Fayer, R Cranfield, MR AF Graczyk, TK Fayer, R Cranfield, MR TI Zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum: Implications for water-borne cryptosporidiosis SO PARASITOLOGY TODAY LA English DT Article ID OOCYSTS; INFECTIVITY; SERPENTIS; SNAKES AB The emergence of Cryptosporidium parvum-associated cryptosporidiosis as a worldwide zoonosis has stimulated interest in the modes of pathogen transmission. Here, Thaddeus Graczyk, Ronald Fayer and Michael Cranfield discuss the complex epidemiology of C. parvum, emphasizing the crosstransmission potential of the pathogen, mechanical vectors involved in water-borne transmission of the oocysts, and factors contributing to contamination of pristine waters with Cryptosporidium. They also outline the public health importance of proper interpretation of positive detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts at water-treatment facilities and identify means by which watersheds can be protected from Cryptosporidium contamination. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH MED,DIV COMPARAT MED,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. RP Graczyk, TK (reprint author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT MOL MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,615 N WOLFE ST,BALTIMORE,MD 21205, USA. NR 27 TC 71 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0169-4758 J9 PARASITOL TODAY JI Parasitol. Today PD SEP PY 1997 VL 13 IS 9 BP 348 EP 351 DI 10.1016/S0169-4758(97)01076-4 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA XT472 UT WOS:A1997XT47200009 PM 15275048 ER PT J AU Munoz, KA KrebsSmith, SM BallardBarbash, R Cleveland, GE AF Munoz, KA KrebsSmith, SM BallardBarbash, R Cleveland, GE TI Food intakes of US children and adolescents compared with recommendations SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE diet; children; food; RDA; pyramid ID AMERICAN CHILDREN; PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN; DIETARY FIBER; RECALL AB Objectives. To determine the proportion of youth meeting national recommendations for food group intake and to identify food intake patterns. Design. The US Department of Agriculture's 1989-1991 Continuing Surveys of Food Intakes by Individuals were used to estimate food intake. Intake was determined from 3 days of diet by disaggregating foods into their component ingredients and using weights that correspond to servings. Participants. The sample included 3307 youth, 2 to 19 years of age, living in the 48 conterminous United States. Main Outcome Measures. Mean number of servings and percentage of individuals meeting national recommendations for food group intake according to demographic characteristics, patterns of intake, and nutrient profiles associated with each pattern. Results. Mean numbers of servings per day were below minimum recommendations for all food groups except the dairy group (ages 2 to 11). Percentages of youth meeting recommendations ranged from similar to 30% for fruit, grain, meat, and dairy to 36% for vegetables. Sixteen percent of youth did not meet any recommendations, and 1% met all recommendations. The pattern of meeting all recommendations resulted in nutrient intakes above the recommended dietary allowances and was high in fat. Conversely, meeting none of the recommendations resulted in intakes well below the recommended dietary allowances for some nutrients. Total fat and added sugars averaged 35% and 15% of energy, respectively, and levels were similar among most demographic groups. Conclusion. Children and teens in the United States follow eating patterns that do not meet national recommendations. Nutrition education and intervention are needed among US children. C1 NCI,DIV CANC PREVENT & CONTROL,APPL RES BRANCH,NIH,BETHESDA,MD. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,FOOD SURVEYS RES GRP,RIVERDALE,MD. NR 23 TC 329 Z9 342 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD SEP PY 1997 VL 100 IS 3 BP 323 EP 329 DI 10.1542/peds.100.3.323 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA XU212 UT WOS:A1997XU21200001 PM 9282700 ER PT J AU Dayan, FE Duke, SO Weete, JD Hancock, HG AF Dayan, FE Duke, SO Weete, JD Hancock, HG TI Selectivity and mode of action of carfentrazone-ethyl, a novel phenyl triazolinone herbicide SO PESTICIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE metabolism; phytotoxicity; protoporphyrin IX; protoporphyrinogen oxidase; tolerance; carfentrazone-ethyl ID DIPHENYL ETHER HERBICIDES; OXIDASE-INHIBITING HERBICIDES; PROTOPORPHYRINOGEN OXIDASE; PHYSIOLOGICAL-BASIS; ACIFLUORFEN-METHYL; HYDROXYLATION; CHLOROPLASTS; GLYCINE; BINDING; TARGET AB Post-emergence application of carfentrazone-ethyl at rates as low as 2.2 g ha(-1) caused greater leaf injury and growth reduction in ivyleaf morningglory (Ipomoea hederacea) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) than in soybean (Glycine max). The herbicide was more rapidly metabolized in the crop than in the weed species, with 26.7, 54.3 and 60.6% of the parent compound remaining in soybean, ivyleaf morningglory and velvetleaf, respectively, 24 h after exposure. The free acid metabolite, carfentrazone, was present in all species and accounted for 21.2-27.4% of the total radioactivity. Unknown metabolites (R-f 0 and 0.22) were four to five times more abundant in soybean than in the weed species. Carfentrazone-ethyl induced more leakage from leaf discs from the weeds than those from soybean and the degree of injury correlated with the amount of protoporphyrin IX (Proto IX) present in the treated tissues. Both carfentrazone-ethyl and carfentrazone were potent inhibitors of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox). Therefore, the selectivity of this herbicide may, at least in part, be attributed to the lower accumulation of Proto IX in soybean than in the weeds, probably because of the ability of soybean to metabolize more carfentrazone into unknown metabolites than the weeds. C1 AUBURN UNIV,DEPT BOT & MICROBIOL,AUBURN,AL 36849. ARS,SO WEED SCI LAB,USDA,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. FMC CORP,HAMILTON,GA 31811. RI Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009 OI Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499 NR 36 TC 54 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0031-613X J9 PESTIC SCI JI Pestic. Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 51 IS 1 BP 65 EP 73 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199709)51:1<65::AID-PS598>3.0.CO;2-9 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA XV803 UT WOS:A1997XV80300009 ER PT J AU Arora, R Rowland, LJ Panta, GR AF Arora, R Rowland, LJ Panta, GR TI Chill-responsive dehydrins in blueberry: Are they associated with cold hardiness or dormancy transitions? SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE blueberry; chilling requirement; cold acclimation; dehydrins; dormancy; Vaccinium section Cyanococcus; woody perennials ID PERSICA L BATSCH; EVERGREEN PEACH; XYLEM TISSUES; FLORAL BUDS; ACCLIMATION; PROTEINS; ACCUMULATION; BARK; IDENTIFICATION; TEMPERATURE AB To survive winters, woody perennials of temperate zones must enter into endodormancy. Resumption of spring growth requires sufficient exposure to low temperature (chill units, CUs) in winter (chilling requirement), which also plays a role in the development of cold hardiness (cold acclimation). Physiological studies on dormancy breaking have focused on identifying markers, such as appearance or disappearance of proteins in response to varying degrees of chill unit accumulation. However, whether these changes are associated with dormancy transitions or cold acclimation is not clear. In the present study, greenhouse-grown blueberry (Vaccinium section Cyanococcus) plants were used to address this question. Three blueberry cultivars, Bluecrop, Tifblue, and Gulfcoast having chilling requirement of approximately 1200, 900 and 600 CUs, respectively, were first exposed to 4 degrees C for long enough to provide chill units equivalent to one-half of their respective chilling requirement. This treatment was expected to result in cold acclimation. A fraction of plants was then subjected to a 15/12 degrees C (Light/dark) regime for 2 weeks, a treatment expected to be ''dormancy-neutral'' but cause deacclimation, Before and after each treatment, cold hardiness and dormancy status of floral buds were determined; proteins were extracted from the buds collected on the same sampling date, and separated by one-dimensional SDS-PAGE, Dehydrin-like proteins were identified by immunoblotting, using anti-dehydrin antiserum. Results indicate that the chilling treatment resulted in cold acclimation as indicated by increased bud hardiness in all three cultivars. Data also indicate a distinct accumulation of three dehydrin-like proteins of 65, 60, and 14 kDa during cold acclimation. The cold hardiness and levels of dehydrin proteins decreased during the exposure to 15/12 degrees for 2 weeks. Results also confirmed that this treatment had no negative effect on chill unit accumulation, Densitometric scans of protein gels indicated a close association between the abundance of dehydrins and degree of cold hardiness in these cultivars. In addition, levels of the dehydrin proteins and cold hardiness remained about the same between 100% and >100% satisfaction of chilling requirement, These results suggest that changes in dehydrin expression are more closely associated with cold hardiness than with dormancy transitions. C1 USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR W, FRUIT LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. RP Arora, R (reprint author), W VIRGINIA UNIV, DIV PLANT & SOIL SCI, POB 6108, MORGANTOWN, WV 26506 USA. NR 27 TC 77 Z9 85 U1 1 U2 19 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 101 IS 1 BP 8 EP 16 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1997.1010102.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XZ327 UT WOS:A1997XZ32700002 ER PT J AU Blumenthal, JM Russelle, MP Vance, CP AF Blumenthal, JM Russelle, MP Vance, CP TI Localized and internal effect of nitrate on symbiotic dinitrogen fixation SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE alfalfa; Medicago sativa; nitrate; nodule mass; specific nitrogenase activity; symbiotic dinitrogen fixation; total nitrogenase activity; vertical split root system ID HALF-ROOT SYSTEMS; MEDICAGO-SATIVA L; NITROGEN-FIXATION; SOYBEAN PLANTS; VEGETATIVE REGROWTH; N-2 FIXATION; INHIBITION; ALFALFA; NODULATION; NODULES AB Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a deeply rooted perennial legume which, under field conditions, may be exposed to varying NO; concentrations with depth. Our objective was to characterize the effect of localized (deep vs shallow) exposure of alfalfa root systems to NO; on symbiotic Nz fixation and NO3--N uptake. Cuttings of a single alfalfa plant were grown in vertical split root systems in a controlled environment chamber. The split root system was a rigid acrylic tube (5 cm diam, by 60 cm long) filled with silica sand and divided into upper and lower sections at the 30-cm depth by a 5-mm-thick wax layer, Roots penetrated the wax layer, but mixing of nutrient solutions between the sections was prevented. Nodulation was restricted to the upper section, The plants were subjected for 10 days to the following treatments: both sections of the split root system received nutrient solution containing either 0.5, 5.25, or 10 mM NO3-; the upper section received 0.5 mM NO3- while the lower section received 10 mM NO3-; or the upper section received 10 mM NO3- while the lower section received 0.5 mM NO3-. Increasing supply of NO3- in the nutrient solution to both sections resulted in higher NO3--N uptake, lower nodule mass and lower specific nitrogenase activity. Although NO3--N uptake did not differ, plants exposed to 10 mM NO3- for 10 days in the upper, nodulated section of the root system had a 20% lower nodule mass than plants exposed to the same NO3- concentration in the lower, non-nodulated section of the root system. Specific nitrogenase activity was not different between these two treatments. Therefore, we conclude that: (1) nodule mass was dependent on two factors, the amount of NO3--N taken up and the concentration of NO3- within the nodulated root zone; and (2) specific nitrogenase activity was little affected by the concentration of NO; surrounding the nodules, but was strongly inhibited by NO3--N taken up. C1 USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,ST PAUL,MN. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP Blumenthal, JM (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL WATER & CLIMATE,439 BORLAUG HALL,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 8 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 101 IS 1 BP 59 EP 66 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1997.1010109.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XZ327 UT WOS:A1997XZ32700009 ER PT J AU McCall, PJ Heath, RR Dueben, BD Wilson, MD AF McCall, PJ Heath, RR Dueben, BD Wilson, MD TI Oviposition pheromone in the Simulium damnosum complex: biological activity of chemical fractions from gravid ovaries SO PHYSIOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Simulium damnosum; blackfly; bioassay; aggregation pheromone; semiochemical; oviposition; onchocerciasis ID ONCHOCERCIASIS CONTROL PROGRAM; AEDES-AEGYPTI; WEST-AFRICA; VECTORS; POPULATIONS; OVITRAP; DIPTERA; AREA AB Communal oviposition in the Afrotropical blackfly species complex Simulium damnosum Theobald (Diptera: Simuliidae) is mediated by a pheromone emitted by freshly laid eggs. Previously, two compounds (designated peaks A and B) emanating from fresh eggs were shown to be associated with attractiveness to gravid blackflies in bioassay. The present study investigated the role of these compounds by testing the responses of wild-caught Simulium yahense in Ghana to fractionated hexane extracts of gravid ovaries prepared by gas chromatography (GC). Although the fractions were prepared from Sierra Leonean Simulium leonense. GC analysis of the emissions from fresh S. yahense eggs showed that the volatile blends of both species were similar. When tested in a two-choice bioassay, 66% of ovipositing blackflies chose the substrate baited with a mixture of the four fractions recombined. In a series of bioassays testing responses to the four individual fractions presented with a control in a multiple-choice arrangement, only fraction 3 (containing peaks A and B) attracted significantly more ovipositions than the other fractions and control. However, fraction 3 failed to elicit a significant response when presented as the sole attractant with a control in a two-choice bioassay. It was concluded that fraction 3, though mainly responsible for mediating aggregated oviposition by S. yahense, was acting in tandem with additional cues, probably further chemicals, which remain to be isolated and characterized. C1 UNIV LIVERPOOL,LIVERPOOL SCH TROP MED,DIV PARASITE & VECTOR BIOL,LIVERPOOL L3 5QA,MERSEYSIDE,ENGLAND. USDA ARS,CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL,GAINESVILLE,FL. UNIV GHANA,NOGUCHI MEM INST MED RES,LEGON,ACCRA,GHANA. NR 21 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0307-6962 J9 PHYSIOL ENTOMOL JI Physiol. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 22 IS 3 BP 224 EP 230 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3032.1997.tb01162.x PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YG532 UT WOS:A1997YG53200005 ER PT J AU Hasegawa, S Suhayda, CG Hsu, WJ Robertson, GH AF Hasegawa, S Suhayda, CG Hsu, WJ Robertson, GH TI Purification of limonoid glucosyltransferase from navel orange albedo tissues SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Citrus sinensis; Rutaceae; limonoids; limonoid glucosides; UDP-D-glucose:limonoid glucosyltransferase ID UDP-GLUCOSE; O-GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE; ENZYME; CITRUS; 7-O-GLUCOSYLTRANSFERASE; SEEDLINGS; FRUIT AB UDP-D-glucose:limonoid glucosyltransferase was purified from albedo tissues of navel orange (Citrus sinensis) cultivars, Frost and Newhall, by a combination of (NH4)(2)SO4 fractionation, UDP-glucuronic acid affinity chromatography and DEAE ion exchange HPLC. This procedure resulted in a 452-fold increase in enzyme purification. This enzyme catalysed the glucosylation of both nomilin and limonin. SDS-PAGE showed a M-r of 56-58 k for the enzyme. The enzyme displayed a peak of activity between pH 6.5 and 9.0 with an optimum at 8.0. Mn2+ stimulated enzyme activity by 66% over basal activity observed with EDTA. Activity was lost when the purified enzyme was frozen and stored in Tris-HCl buffer at pH 8.0. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Hasegawa, S (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 23 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD SEP PY 1997 VL 46 IS 1 BP 33 EP 37 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00216-1 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA XR573 UT WOS:A1997XR57300007 ER PT J AU Hawksworth, DL Rossman, AY AF Hawksworth, DL Rossman, AY TI Where are all the undescribed fungi? SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Review DE biodiversity; biosystematics; diversity; emerging diseases; inventory; lichenized fungi; plant pathogens ID DIVERSITY; FOREST; MICROFUNGI; LITTER; NEED AB The hypothesis that there are 1.5 million fungal species on Earth, of which only about 70,000 are described, implies that 1.43 million remain undescribed. The recognition that many new species have yet to be found is of fundamental importance to plant pathologists, agronomists, and plant regulatory officials, among others, who continue to encounter diseases caused by previously unknown or understudied fungi. Unexplored habitats with their arsenal of unknown fungi are also of interest to those searching for novel organisms for use in biological control or for their pharmaceutical attributes. This paper presents data on the expected numbers of fungi in some relatively unexplored habitats, such as tropical forests, and those obligately associated with plants, lichens, and insects. In addition to undiscovered species, many have been collected but remain lost or hidden as named species and ignored for lack of modern characterization; others have been collected and recognized as new species but remain undescribed. Some fungal species are unrecognized within erroneously circumscribed species, often based on presumed host specificity, while others exist as biological species but remain buried within those broadly defined species for lack of gross morphological characterization. From these data, one must conclude that enormous numbers of unrecognized fungi can be found almost everywhere, including one's own backyard. C1 USDA ARS,SYSTEMAT BOT & MYCOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Hawksworth, DL (reprint author), INT MYCOL INST,BAKEHAM LANE,EGHAM TW20 9TY,SURREY,ENGLAND. NR 50 TC 165 Z9 197 U1 2 U2 36 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD SEP PY 1997 VL 87 IS 9 BP 888 EP 891 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.9.888 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XU066 UT WOS:A1997XU06600001 PM 18945058 ER PT J AU Roelfs, AP McCallum, B McVey, DV Groth, JV AF Roelfs, AP McCallum, B McVey, DV Groth, JV TI Comparison of virulence and isozyme phenotypes of Pgt-QCCJ and Great Plains races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STEM RUST; UNITED-STATES; RESISTANCE; WHEAT; POPULATIONS; BARLEY AB Stem rust race Pgt-QCCJ was first found in the Great Plains of the United States in 1989, collected primarily from barley. This race became a major part of the Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici population, even though it is virulent to only a few hard red winter wheat cultivars in the central Great Plains and to barley in the northern Great Plains. It threatens barley production in the northern Great Plains of the United States and Canada due to virulence to Rpg-1. Six differences in virulence and two in isozyme banding patterns from the most similar stem rust races make it unlikely that QCCJ arose as a mutant. Thus, QCCJ likely arose through sexual or parasexual recombination. Sexual recombination in the Great Plains is unlikely, as it has not been detected in many years. Avirulence to 'McNair 701' is only known from the Pacific Northwest of the United States and adjacent Canada. The rust population in this area is of sexual origin, and the pattern of virulence/avirulence and isozyme banding for QCCJ occurs there. Pgt-QCCJ likely originated in the Pacific Northwest during or before 1989 and was wind-transported into the Great Plains. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP Roelfs, AP (reprint author), UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,CEREAL RUST LAB,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD SEP PY 1997 VL 87 IS 9 BP 910 EP 914 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.9.910 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XU066 UT WOS:A1997XU06600004 PM 18945061 ER PT J AU Garber, RK Cotty, PJ AF Garber, RK Cotty, PJ TI Formation of sclerotia and aflatoxins in developing cotton bells infected by the S strain of Aspergillus flavus and potential for biocontrol with an atoxigenic strain SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biocompetition; mycotoxins ID GENETIC DIVERSITY; PARASITICUS; FIELD AB Aspergillus flavus can be divided into the S and L strains on the basis of sclerotial morphology. On average, S strain isolates produce greater quantities of aflatoxins than do L strain isolates. Sclerotia of the S strain were observed in commercial seed cotton from western Arizona. Greenhouse tests were performed to better define sclerotial formation in developing bells. Eight S Strain isolates were inoculated into developing bells via simulated pink bollworm exit holes. All eight isolates formed sclerotia on locule surfaces, and seven of eight isolates produced sclerotia within developing seed. Bell age at inoculation influences formation of sclerotia. More sclerotia formed within bells that were less than 31 days old at inoculation than in bells older than 30 days at inoculation. Frequent formation of sclerotia during bell infection may both favor S strain success within cotton fields and increase toxicity of A. flavus-infected cottonseed. Atoxigenic A. flavus L strain isolate AF36 reduced formation of both sclerotia and aflatoxin when coinoculated with S strain isolates. AF36 formed no sclerotia in developing bells and was more effective at preventing S strain isolates than L strain isolates from contaminating developing cottonseed with aflatoxins. The use of atoxigenic L strain isolates to prevent contamination through competitive exclusion may be particularly effective where S strain isolates are common. In addition to aflatoxin reduction, competitive exclusion of S strain isolates by L strain isolates may result in reduced overwintering by S strain isolates and lower toxicity resulting from sclerotial metabolites. C1 USDA ARS, SO REG RES CTR, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70179 USA. NR 30 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD SEP PY 1997 VL 87 IS 9 BP 940 EP 945 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.9.940 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XU066 UT WOS:A1997XU06600008 PM 18945065 ER PT J AU Kato, M Mizubuti, ES Goodwin, SB Fry, WE AF Kato, M Mizubuti, ES Goodwin, SB Fry, WE TI Sensitivity to protectant fungicides and pathogenic fitness of clonal lineages of Phytophthora infestans in the United States SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POTATO LATE BLIGHT; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; SEXUAL REPRODUCTION; POPULATIONS; RESISTANCE; METALAXYL; MIGRATIONS; NORTHERN; CANADA; GENOTYPES AB Since 1991, dramatic changes have occurred in the genetic composition of populations of Phytophthora infestans in the United States. Clonal lineages recently introduced into the United States (US-7 and US-8) are more common now than the previously dominant lineage (US-1). To help determine why these changes occurred, four clonal lineages of P. infestans common during the early 1990s in the United States and Canada were evaluated for sensitivity to the protectant fungicides mancozeb and chlorothalonil using amended agar assays for isolates collected from 1990 to 1994. No isolate or lineage was resistant to either mancozeb or chlorothalonil. There were significant differences among isolates for degree of sensitivity to one fungicide individually, but there were no significant (P = 0.05) differences among the US-1, US-6, US-7, and US-8 clonal lineages for degree of sensitivity to both fungicides. Therefore, resistance to protectant fungicides cannot explain the rapid increase in frequency of the US-7 and US-8 clonal lineages. Three components of pathogenic fitness (latent period, lesion area, and sporulation after 96 h) were tested for the three clonal lineages that were detected most commonly during 1994 (US-1, US-7, and US-8). All but one of the isolates in this analysis were collected during 1994 and evaluated within 10 months of collection by inoculating detached leaflets of the susceptible potato cultivar Norchip. There were significant differences between the US-1 and US-8 clonal lineages for lesion area and sporulation, and between US-1 and US-7 for latent period. The US-6 clonal lineage was excluded from the pathogenic fitness experiments, because no isolates of this lineage were collected during 1994. Compared with US-7 and US-8, US-1 had the longest latent period and the smallest lesions with the least sporulation. Incorporation of the differences between US-1 and US-8 in computer simulation experiments revealed that significantly more protectant fungicide (e.g., 25%) would be required to suppress epidemics caused by the US-8 clonal lineage compared with US-1. These differences in pathogenic fitness components probably contribute to the general predominance of the ''new'' clonal lineages (especially US-8) relative to the ''old'' US-1 lineage. C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ITHACA,NY 14853. HOKKAIDO NATL AGR EXPT STN,SAPPORO,HOKKAIDO 062,JAPAN. PURDUE UNIV,USDA ARS,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RI Mizubuti, Eduardo/C-3578-2013 OI Mizubuti, Eduardo/0000-0001-9612-5155 NR 50 TC 111 Z9 120 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD SEP PY 1997 VL 87 IS 9 BP 973 EP 978 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.9.973 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XU066 UT WOS:A1997XU06600013 PM 18945070 ER PT J AU Burgos, L Ledbetter, CA PerezTornero, O OrtinParraga, F Egea, J AF Burgos, L Ledbetter, CA PerezTornero, O OrtinParraga, F Egea, J TI Inheritance of sexual incompatibility in apricot SO PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Prunus armeniaca; breeding; genetics; incompatibility ID SELF-COMPATIBILITY; CULTIVARS AB The study was carried out with 3- to 6-year-old apricot progenies from the breeding programmes of ARS in Fresno, California, USA and of CEBAS in Murcia, Spain. Progenies from 19 different crosses were studied to determine the inheritance of the genetic incompatibility trait. The 19 crosses included those where both parents were self-compatible or both self-incompatible, and also those where a self-compatible parent and another self-incompatible were crossed. Segregating progenies were studied either by bagging a sufficiently high number of flowers in balloon stage and determining the percentage of fruit set several weeks later or by following pollen tube growth with fluorescence microscopy. Results indicated that a monofactorial system with a multiallelic series appears to control the trait. Alleles for self-compatibility would allow the pollen tubes to grow in any style and reach the ovules. Alleles for self-incompatibility would stop the pollen tube growth if the same allele is present in the pollen grain and in the pistil. C1 ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,USDA,FRESNO,CA 93727. RP Burgos, L (reprint author), CEBAS CSIC,DEPT MEJORA & PATOL VEGETAL,APARTADO CORREOS 4195,E-30080 MURCIA,SPAIN. NR 21 TC 20 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0179-9541 J9 PLANT BREEDING JI Plant Breed. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 116 IS 4 BP 383 EP 386 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0523.1997.tb01016.x PG 4 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA YE214 UT WOS:A1997YE21400013 ER PT J AU Uddin, W Stevenson, KL PardoSchultheiss, RA AF Uddin, W Stevenson, KL PardoSchultheiss, RA TI Pathogenicity of a species of Phomopsis causing a shoot blight on peach in Georgia and evaluation of possible infection courts SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Prunus persica ID PHYLOGENY; GUMMOSIS; TREES AB A species of Phomopsis was isolated consistently from blighted shoots of peach trees in Georgia and Alabama. Isolates of the fungus caused characteristic cankers on current season's shoots of Babygold-7 peach trees when wounded or nonwounded dormant buds, breaking buds, and natural or artificially-created leaf scars were inoculated with conidia of the fungus. Mean canker length for the isolates was 35 mm 30 days after inoculation. No disease developed on control trees. There was no significant difference between the canker length on inoculated wounded dormant buds (59 mm) and nonwounded breaking buds (54 mm). However, cankers from both sites of inoculation were significantly longer than those resulting from inoculated artificially-created leaf scars (33 mm), natural leaf scars (33 mm), and non-wounded dormant buds (30 mm). There was no significant difference in virulence among the 5 isolates of Phomopsis sp. tested, and multi-locus DNA fingerprint analysis resulted in a similarity coefficient of 0.94 among the isolates. Additionally, results of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions sequence comparisons for the isolates were consistent with the multi-locus polymerase chain reaction profiles, and the nucleotide sequences of the ITS region were identical for all 5 isolates. This is the first documentation of the pathogenicity of a Phomopsis sp. associated with shoot blight of peach in Georgia. Rapid development of disease in breaking buds indicates that they may be the primary site of invasion by the fungus. Natural leaf scars and dormant buds may also serve as possible infection courts. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR W B011A,SYSTEMAT BOT & MYCOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Uddin, W (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 29 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 81 IS 9 BP 983 EP 989 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.9.983 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XV064 UT WOS:A1997XV06400004 ER PT J AU Schnell, RJ Kuhn, DN Ronning, CM Harkins, D AF Schnell, RJ Kuhn, DN Ronning, CM Harkins, D TI Application of RT-PCR for indexing avocado sunblotch viroid SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID ENZYMATIC CDNA AMPLIFICATION; VARIANTS AB A method for the routine detection of avocado sunblotch viroid (ASBVd) in nucleic acid extracts of infected avocado tissues by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was developed using ASBVd-specific primers. Amplified cDNA products were analyzed by electrophoresis on nondenaturing 6% polyacrylamide slab gels. The size of the major RT-PCR product from ASBVd-infected tissue was estimated to be 250 bp. This product was absent from amplified extracts of uninfected tissue. The amplification product from ASBVd was sequenced by the dideoxynucleotide chain termination method, and the sequence was over 97% identical to the published sequence. The RT-PCR assay is sensitive enough to allow viroid detection without requiring large amounts of tissue, highly purified ASBVd, or molecular hybridization. C1 FLORIDA INT UNIV, DEPT BIOL SCI, MIAMI, FL 33199 USA. RP Schnell, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, NATL GERMPLASM REPOSITORY, 13601 OLD CUTLER RD, MIAMI, FL 33158 USA. NR 15 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 81 IS 9 BP 1023 EP 1026 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.9.1023 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XV064 UT WOS:A1997XV06400011 ER PT J AU Krupinsky, JM AF Krupinsky, JM TI Aggressiveness of Stagonospora nodorum isolates obtained from wheat in the northern Great Plains SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Leptosphaeria nodorum; Phaeosphaeria nodorum; Septoria nodorum ID SEPTORIA-NODORUM; VIRULENCE; RESISTANCE; DISEASES AB Isolates of Stagonospora nodorum, obtained from diseased wheat leaves collected in fields in Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota, were tested on detached seedling leaves of wheat and found to be pathogenic. Differences among isolates chosen at random were detected in the first phase of the inoculations. Isolates associated with severe and mild symptom severity, as measured by lesion size, were selected in phase two. Isolates associated with severe and mild symptom severity were statistically differentiated in phase three. The ability of isolates to cause significant differences in symptom severity was interpreted as differences in aggressiveness. The differences among isolates detected with detached leaf experiments was confirmed with glasshouse inoculations of seedling wheat plants. The high aggressive isolates consistently produced higher symptom severity on wheat seedlings, as measured by percentage necrosis, than low aggressive isolates. Cultivars were consistently differentiated with isolates associated with different levels of aggressiveness. With unselected isolates, the cultivar x isolate interaction was nonsignificant, indicating a lack of specificity. With high and low aggressive isolates, the cultivar x isolate interaction was significant. Considering that the magnitude of the mean squares for interactions were rather low compared to the main effects, it is speculated either that specificity is detected with the present isolates but only at a low level, or that specificity is apparent only when isolate extremes are tested. With studying isolates in phases rather than random comparisons, fungal isolates associated the high and low aggressiveness can be identified and, once identified, isolates from different hosts or geographical areas can be compared in an efficient and meaningful manner. RP Krupinsky, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO GREAT PLAINS RES LAB,POB 459,MANDAN,ND 58554, USA. NR 24 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 81 IS 9 BP 1027 EP 1031 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.9.1027 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XV064 UT WOS:A1997XV06400012 ER PT J AU Krupinsky, JM AF Krupinsky, JM TI Aggressiveness of Stagonospora nodorum isolates from perennial grasses on wheat SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Leptosphaeria nodorum; Phaeosphaeria nodorum; Septoria nodorum ID SEPTORIA GLUME BLOTCH; RESISTANCE; PATHOGENICITY; INHERITANCE; VIRULENCE AB Isolates of Stagonospora nodorum from 13 perennial grasses were tested on detached wheat leaves. Grass isolates that were consistently associated with large or small lesions were statistically differentiated. Some grass isolates were detected that were associated with large lesions on wheat (high symptom severity), but most isolates produced small lesions (mild level of symptom severity). The ability of grass isolates to cause significant differences in symptom severity, as measured by lesion length, was interpreted as differences in aggressiveness. Grass isolates that were associated with high symptom severity were found to be similar to selected wheat isolates in their level of aggressiveness. Results were confirmed with inoculations of seedling wheat plants in the glasshouse. Wheat cultivars were statistically differentiated from one another with all types of isolates. The cultivar x isolate interactions were, generally, not significant with unselected isolates, indicating a low possibility of specificity. In contrast, when isolates associated with large and small lesions were compared, the cultivar x isolate interaction was significant in most experiments, but the magnitude of the mean square for the interaction was low compared to the mean squares of the main effects. The ability of S. nodorum to infect perennial grasses would improve the likelihood of survival of this fungus between wheat crops. Because most isolates are not associated with severe symptom severity, their potential effect on wheat is probably less than would be expected considering the potential number of isolates available from the grasses. RP Krupinsky, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO GREAT PLAINS RES LAB,POB 459,MANDAN,ND 58554, USA. NR 27 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 81 IS 9 BP 1032 EP 1036 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.9.1032 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XV064 UT WOS:A1997XV06400013 ER PT J AU Krupinsky, JM AF Krupinsky, JM TI Stability of Stagonospora nodorum isolates from perennial grass hosts after passage through wheat SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Leptosphaeria nodorum; Phaeosphaeria nodorum; Septoria nodorum ID SEPTORIA-NODORUM; DETACHED LEAVES; BARLEY; PATHOGENICITY; VIRULENCE; ADAPTATION; CULTIVARS AB Eleven isolates of Stagonospora nodorum from smooth brome, western wheatgrass, intermediate wheatgrass, Altai wildrye, basin wildrye, and an Agropyron cross were passed through wheat five times using detached leaf inoculations. Lesion length, which was used as a measure of adaptation and aggressiveness, did not increase after passage through wheat. When the wheat-isolate check was removed from the analyses, the cultivar x isolate interactions were nonsignificant, indicating a lack of specificity among the original isolates and isolates passed through wheat. Inoculation of wheat seedlings in a glasshouse confirmed the results obtained with the detached leaf inoculations. These isolates showed no progressive adaptation to wheat and no significant change in their aggressiveness. This indicates that since most isolates from perennial grass hosts produce small lesions on wheat and do not easily adapt to wheat, they apparently would not cause severe symptoms on wheat. RP Krupinsky, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS,NO GREAT PLAINS RES LAB,POB 459,MANDAN,ND 58554, USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 81 IS 9 BP 1037 EP 1041 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.9.1037 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XV064 UT WOS:A1997XV06400014 ER PT J AU Tapsoba, H Wilson, JP AF Tapsoba, H Wilson, JP TI Effects of temperature and light on germination of urediniospores of the pearl millet rust pathogen, Puccinia substriata var. indica SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID FORAGE; YIELD AB Germination of urediniospores of Puccinia substriata var. indica was evaluated after 2, 4, 6, and 8 h of incubation in petri dishes containing 2% water agar under 10, 16, 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees C in light (1650 lux, cool white fluorescent), dark, alternate light-dark, and alternate dark-light. Less than 1% germination occurred at 35 degrees C. At 30 degrees C, percent germination did not significantly change after 4 h. At 10 degrees C, percent germination increased with longer incubation. Under all illumination conditions, percent maximum germination after 4 to 8 h occurred at 20-25 degrees C. Response surface analysis indicated that under all four illumination regimes, urediniospore germination greater than 90% occurs between 19 and 22 degrees C after 6-7 h of incubation. Two hours of continuous light appeared to significantly delay germination, but exposure to light during the first hour of incubation was stimulatory when followed by 1 h dark. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,USDA ARS,FORAGE & TURF RES UNIT,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,TIFTON,GA 31793. RP Tapsoba, H (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 12 TC 19 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 81 IS 9 BP 1049 EP 1052 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.9.1049 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XV064 UT WOS:A1997XV06400016 ER PT J AU Mehta, P Brlansky, RH Gowda, S Yokomi, RK AF Mehta, P Brlansky, RH Gowda, S Yokomi, RK TI Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction detection of citrus tristeza virus in aphids SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE acquisition; semi-persistent ID PLANT-VIRUSES; SEQUENCE; GENOME AB A rapid and simple reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method was developed for the detection of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) in three aphid species. Seven CTV isolates from a worldwide isolate collection were used for aphid acquisition feeding by three aphid species. These included the most efficient CTV vector, the brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida; the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii; and the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, a non-vector for CTV. A short procedure for nucleic acid extraction from single or groups of aphids was developed. Nucleic acid extracts from 1, 3, 5, and 10 aphids with acquisition-access periods of 24 and 48 h were reverse transcribed and amplified using primers for the coat protein gene of the Florida B3 (T-36) isolate of CTV. PCR-amplified fragments of approximately 670 bp were obtained from all the isolates tested and the amplified product from the aphids fed on citrus infected with isolate B3 was confirmed as the CTV coat protein gene by digesting with various restriction enzymes. This technique will be useful in investigations of CTV-vector-plant interactions and CTV epidemiology. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,CTR AGR RES & EDUC,CTR CITRUS RES & EDUC,LAKE ALFRED,FL 33850. USDA ARS,HORT RES LAB,ORLANDO,FL 32803. NR 17 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 81 IS 9 BP 1066 EP 1069 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.9.1066 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XV064 UT WOS:A1997XV06400019 ER PT J AU Heidel, GB Rush, CM Kendall, TL Lommel, SA French, RC AF Heidel, GB Rush, CM Kendall, TL Lommel, SA French, RC TI Characteristics of beet soilborne mosaic virus, a furo-like virus infecting sugar beet SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID YELLOW VEIN VIRUS; SOIL-BORNE VIRUS; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; UNITED-STATES; RNA; FUROVIRUSES; PROTEINS; PROBES; GENOME AB Beet soilborne mosaic virus (BSBMV) is a rigid rod-shaped virus transmitted by Polymyxa betae. Particles were 19 nm wide and ranged from 50 to over 400 nm, but no consistent modal lengths could be determined. Nucleic acids extracted from virions were polyadenylated and typically separated into three or four discrete bands of variable size by agarose-formaldehyde ,eel electrophoresis. RNA 1 and 2, the largest of the RNAs, consistently averaged 6.7 and 4.6 kb, respectively. The sizes and number of smaller RNA species were variable. The molecular mass of the capsid protein of BSBMV was estimated to be 22.5 kDa. In Northern blots, probes specific to the 3' end of individual beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) RNAs 1-4 hybridized strongly with the corresponding BNYVV RNA species and weakly with BSBMV RNAs 1, 2, and 4. Probes specific to the 5' end of BNYVV RNAs 1-4 hybridized with BNYVV but not with BSBMV. No cross-reaction between BNYVV and BSBMV was detected in Western blots. In greenhouse studies, root weights of BSBMV-infected plants were significantly lower than mock-inoculated controls but greater than root weights from plants infected with BNYVV. Results of serological, hybridization, and virulence experiments indicate that BSBMV is distinct from BNYVV. However, host range, capsid size, and the number, size, and polyadenylation of its RNAs indicate that BSBMV more closely resembles BNYVV than it does other members of the genus Furovirus. C1 TEXAS AGR EXPTL STN,BUSHLAND,TX 79012. PIONEER HI BRED INT INC,JOHNSTON,IA 50131. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,LINCOLN,NE 68583. NR 46 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 81 IS 9 BP 1070 EP 1076 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.9.1070 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XV064 UT WOS:A1997XV06400020 ER PT J AU Wilson, JP Williamson, W AF Wilson, JP Williamson, W TI Natural infection of eggplant by Puccinia substriata var. indica in the United States. SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article C1 UNIV GEORGIA,COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN,DIV PLANT PROTECT,GEORGIA DEPT AGR,TIFTON,GA 31793. RP Wilson, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,FORAGE & TURF RES UNIT,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 81 IS 9 BP 1093 EP 1093 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.9.1093B PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XV064 UT WOS:A1997XV06400026 ER PT J AU Sewalt, VJH Ni, WT Blount, JW Jung, HG Masoud, SA Howles, PA Lamb, C Dixon, RA AF Sewalt, VJH Ni, WT Blount, JW Jung, HG Masoud, SA Howles, PA Lamb, C Dixon, RA TI Reduced lignin content and altered lignin composition in transgenic tobacco down-regulated in expression of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase or cinnamate 4-hydroxylase SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACID O-METHYLTRANSFERASE; PYROLYSIS-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; PHENYLPROPANOID BIOSYNTHESIS; ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; ENZYME COMPLEXES; ANTISENSE GENE; PLANTS; POTATO; SUSCEPTIBILITY; NICOTIANA AB We analyzed lignin content and composition in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) lines altered in the expression of the early phenylpropanoid biosynthetic enzymes L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H). The reduction of C4H activity by antisense expression or sense suppression resulted in reduced levels of Klason lignin, accompanied by a decreased syringyl/guaiacyl monomer ratio as determined by pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Similar reduction of lignin levels by down-regulation of L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, the enzyme preceding C4H in the central phenylpropanoid pathway, did not result in a decreased syringyl/guaiacyl ratio. Rather, analysis of lignin methoxyl content and pyrolysis suggested an increased syringyl/guaiacyl ratio. One possible explanation of these results is that monolignol biosynthesis from L-phenylalanine might occur by more than one route, even at the early stages of the core phenylpropanoid pathway, prior to the formation of specific monolignol precursors. C1 SAMUEL ROBERTS NOBLE FDN INC,DIV PLANT BIOL,ARDMORE,OK 73402. SALK INST BIOL STUDIES,PLANT BIOL LAB,LA JOLLA,CA 92037. UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,DEPT AGRON & GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 45 TC 157 Z9 213 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 115 IS 1 BP 41 EP 50 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XW216 UT WOS:A1997XW21600006 ER PT J AU Echeverria, E Salvucci, ME Gonzalez, P Paris, G Salerno, G AF Echeverria, E Salvucci, ME Gonzalez, P Paris, G Salerno, G TI Physical and kinetic evidence for an association between sucrose-phosphate synthase and sucrose-phosphate phosphatase SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTRACELLULAR-LOCALIZATION; SPINACH LEAVES; INORGANIC-PHOSPHATE; PURIFICATION; PROTEIN; ENZYMES; SATIVA; CELLS; YEAST AB The possible formation of a multienzyme complex between sucrose (Suc)-phosphate synthase (SPS) and Suc-phosphate phosphatase (SPP) was examined by measuring the rates of Suc-6-phosphate (Suc-6-P) synthesis and hydrolysis in mixing experiments with partially purified enzymes from spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and rice (Oryza sativa) leaves. The addition of SPP to SPS stimulated the rate of Suc-6-P synthesis. SPS inhibited the hydrolysis of exogenous Suc-6-P by SPP when added in the absence of its substrate (i.e. UDP-glucose) but stimulated SPP activity when the SPS substrates were present and used to generate Suc-6-P directly in the reaction. Results from isotope-dilution experiments suggest that Suc-6-P was channeled between SPS and SPP. A portion of the SPS activity comigrated with SPP during native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, providing physical evidence for an enzyme-enzyme interaction. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that SPS and SPP associate to form a multienzyme complex. C1 FDN INVEST BIOL APLICADAS,RA-7600 MAR DEL PLATA,BUENOS AIRES,ARGENTINA. USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,PHOENIX,AZ 85040. UNIV FLORIDA,CTR CITRUS RES & EDUC,LAKE ALFRED,FL 33850. RI Paris, Gaston/J-6100-2014 OI Paris, Gaston/0000-0001-5984-7394 NR 18 TC 26 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 115 IS 1 BP 223 EP 227 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XW216 UT WOS:A1997XW21600026 ER PT J AU Moore, BD Palmquist, DE Seemann, JR AF Moore, BD Palmquist, DE Seemann, JR TI Influence of plant growth at high CO2 concentrations on leaf content of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and intracellular distribution of soluble carbohydrates in tobacco, snapdragon, and parsley SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ELEVATED CO2; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO; GAS-EXCHANGE; SUCROSE ACCUMULATION; METABOLITE LEVELS; SPINACH LEAVES; CELERY LEAVES; CARBON FLOW; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; MANNITOL AB We have examined the possible role of leaf cytosolic hexoses and the expression of mannitol metabolism as mechanisms that may affect the repression of photosynthetic capacity when plants are grown at 1000 versus 380 mu L L-1 CO2. In plants grown at high CO2, leaf ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase content declined by greater than or equal to 20% in tobacco (Nicotiana sylvestris) but was not affected in the mannitol-producing species snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) and parsley (Petroselinum hortense). In the three species mesophyll glucose and fructose at midday occurred almost entirely in the vacuole (>99%), irrespective of growth CO2 levels. The estimated cytosolic concentrations of glucose and fructose were less than or equal to 100 mu M. In the three species grown at high CO2, total leaf carbohydrates increased 60 to 100%, but mannitol metabolism did not function as an overflow mechanism for the increased accumulation of carbohydrate. In both snapdragon and parsley grown at ambient or high CO2, mannitol occurred in the chloroplast and cytosol at estimated midday concentrations of 0.1 M or more each. The compartmentation of leaf hexoses and the metabolism of alternate carbohydrates are further considered in relation to photosynthetic acclimation to high levels of CO2. C1 UNIV NEVADA, USDA, ARS, RENO, NV 89512 USA. RP Moore, BD (reprint author), UNIV NEVADA, DEPT BIOCHEM, RENO, NV 89557 USA. NR 46 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 EI 1532-2548 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 115 IS 1 BP 241 EP 248 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XW216 UT WOS:A1997XW21600028 ER PT J AU Edrington, TS Kubena, LF Harvey, RB Rottinghaus, GE AF Edrington, TS Kubena, LF Harvey, RB Rottinghaus, GE TI Influence of a superactivated charcoal on the toxic effects of aflatoxin or T-2 toxin in growing broilers SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE aflatoxin; T-2 toxin; superactivated charcoal; broiler; toxicity ID SODIUM CALCIUM ALUMINOSILICATE; ACTIVATED-CHARCOAL; CHICKENS; SWINE; RATS; REDUCTION; FEED AB To evaluate the effectiveness of a super-activated charcoal (SAG) in alleviating mycotoxicosis, two experiments were conducted in which 432 male broiler chicks (216 per experiment) were fed diets containing 4 mg aflatoxin (AF) or 6 mg T-2 toxin/kg of diet, with and without 0.5% SAG, from 1 to 21 d of age. Feeding AF and T-2 toxin significantly decreased BW gain over the 21-d experimental period. Inclusion of SAC in the diet containing AF resulted in BW gains that were intermediate between gains of chicks fed AF and those of controls. No benefits were seen in BW gain when SAC + T-2 toxin was fed. Feeding AF increased relative weights of liver, spleen, and kidney; however, only liver weight in Experiment 1 was similar to controls when SAC was included. Of the blood parameters altered by AF (decreased cholesterol, inorganic phosphorus, total protein, and urea nitrogen, and increased mean corpuscular volume and hematocrit in Experiment 1; decreased albumin and total protein, and increased creatine kinase in Experiment 2) only urea nitrogen, hematocrit, and inorganic phosphorus (Experiment 1) and hematocrit (Experiment 2) were comparable to controls when SAC was included in the diet. Feeding T-2 toxin decreased serum cholesterol, total protein, urea nitrogen, and mean corpuscular volume; however, only cholesterol and mean corpuscular volume were improved with the addition of SAC (Experiment 1). Oral lesions were observed in birds fed T-2 toxin with no difference in severity when SAC was added in Experiment 1, however in Experiment 2, birds fed SAC + T-2 had a significantly lower lesion scores than those fed T-2 alone. Mortality was noted in both experiments but was not influenced by SAC treatment. These findings suggest that the addition of dietary SAC is marginally effective in alleviating some of the toxic affects associated with AF, but was of little benefit when T-2 toxin was fed to growing broiler chicks. C1 USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. UNIV MISSOURI,COLL VET MED,VET MED DIAGNOST LAB,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. NR 37 TC 67 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 11 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 76 IS 9 BP 1205 EP 1211 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XR966 UT WOS:A1997XR96600004 PM 9276881 ER PT J AU Line, JE Bailey, JS Cox, NA Stern, NJ AF Line, JE Bailey, JS Cox, NA Stern, NJ TI Yeast treatment to reduce Salmonella and Campylobacter populations associated with broiler chickens subjected to transport stress SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Saccharomyces boulardii; yeast; Salmonella; Campylobacter; chicken ID POULTRY; CARCASSES; JEJUNI; COLONIZATION; PREVALENCE; CULTURES; RECOVERY AB The prevalence of Campylobacter and Salmonella on retail poultry carcasses remains a significant public health concern. The stresses associated with transporting poultry prior to slaughter have been shown to increase pathogen populations both in the intestinal tract and on the carcass exterior. The yeast, Saccharomyces boulardii, was evaluated for its ability to reduce populations of Salmonella and Campylobacter in broiler chickens subjected to transport stress. Chicks, inoculated with individual strains of Salmonella and Campylobacter were held for 6 wk and then divided into two groups with half of the chickens receiving 10% dried yeast in the feed for 60 h. The birds were then caged and transported to simulate commercial conditions. After euthanatizing the birds, the ceca were aseptically removed and analyzed for Salmonella and Campylobacter. With no yeast treatment, transport stress caused the Salmonella colonization frequency to increase more than fivefold, from 3.3 to 16.7%. Yeast treatment significantly reduced the frequency of Salmonella colonization to lower than prestress levels, as no Salmonella were recovered from the ceca of these birds (P < 0.05). Similar results were obtained from birds challenged with a mixture of Salmonella and Campylobacter strains. Before transport, 53.3% of these chickens were positive for Salmonella. Transport stress increased the colonization rate to 67.5% in control birds, whereas the colonization of yeast-treated chickens decreased to 40% (P < 0.05). Frequency of Campylobacter isolation from the ceca was not affected by treatment, but Campylobacter populations present in the ceca were significantly reduced in the mixed strain trial (P < 0.05). RP Line, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS,POULTRY MICROBIOL SAFETY RES UNIT,RUSSELL RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 21 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 9 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 76 IS 9 BP 1227 EP 1231 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XR966 UT WOS:A1997XR96600007 PM 9276884 ER PT J AU Kubena, LF Edrington, TS Harvey, RB Buckley, SA Phillips, TD Rottinghaus, GE Casper, HH AF Kubena, LF Edrington, TS Harvey, RB Buckley, SA Phillips, TD Rottinghaus, GE Casper, HH TI Individual and combined effects of fumonisin B-1 present in Fusarium moniliforme culture material and T-2 toxin or deoxynivalenol in broiler chicks SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fumonisin; T-2 toxin; deoxynivalenol; toxicity; chicken ID SODIUM CALCIUM ALUMINOSILICATE; MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; LEGHORN HENS DIETS; TURKEY POULTS; OCHRATOXIN-A; (VOMITOXIN)-CONTAMINATED WHEAT; WHITE LEGHORN; CONTAMINATED WHEAT; COMBINED TOXICITY; EMETIC PRINCIPLE AB The individual and combined effects of feeding diets containing 300 mg fumonisin B-1 (FB1), and 5 mg T-2 toxin (T-2)/kg of diet, or 15 mg/kg deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) from naturally contaminated wheat were evaluated in two studies in male broiler chicks from day of hatch to 19 or 21 d of age in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. When compared with controls, body weight gains were reduced 18 to 20% by FB1, 18% by T-2, 2% by DON, 32% by the FB1 and T-2 combination, and 19% by the FB1 and DON combination. The efficiency of feed utilization was adversely affected by FB1 with or without T-2 or DON. Mortality ranged from none for the controls to 15% for the FB1 and T-2 combination. Relative weights of the liver and kidney were significantly increased by FB1 with or without T-2 or DON. Serum concentrations of cholesterol were increased in chicks fed FBI with or without T-2 or DON. Activities of aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and gamma glutamyltransferase were increased in chicks fed FB1 at 300 mg/kg alone and in combination with T-2 or DON, indicating possible tissue damage and leakage of the enzymes into the blood. Results indicate additive toxicity when chicks were fed diets containing 300 mg FB1 and 5 mg T-2/kg of diet and less than additive toxicity when chicks were fed 300 mg FB1 and 15 mg DON/kg of diet. Of importance to the poultry industry is the fact that toxic synergy was not observed for either of these toxin combinations and the likelihood of encountering FBI at this concentration in finished feed is small. However, under field conditions with additional stress factors, the toxicity of these mycotoxins could be altered to adversely affect the health and performance of poultry. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT VET ANAT & PUBL HLTH,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. UNIV MISSOURI,COLL VET MED,VET MED DIAGNOST LAB,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. N DAKOTA STATE UNIV,VET DIAGNOST LAB,FARGO,ND 58105. RP Kubena, LF (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,2881 F&B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 73 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 4 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 76 IS 9 BP 1239 EP 1247 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XR966 UT WOS:A1997XR96600009 PM 9276886 ER PT J AU Ellison, RC Moore, LL Proctor, MH Nguyen, USDT Schaefer, EJ Stare, FJ AF Ellison, RC Moore, LL Proctor, MH Nguyen, USDT Schaefer, EJ Stare, FJ TI Effect of response to a low-fat diet among adolescent males on their adult blood cholesterol levels SO PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE cholesterol; diet, fat-restricted; primary prevention; coronary disease ID LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; PLASMA; PHENOTYPE AB Background. While primary prevention of adult cardiovascular diseases should bean early, there are problems in identifying children at increased risk of future disease. Methods. We did a follow-up study in 1991-1992 of 100 male former students at a boarding high school who had blood cholesterol measured in 1970-1971 both prior to and following a school-wide, reduced-fat dietary intervention, We compared adult cholesterol levels of the 50 subjects whose cholesterol decreased greater than or equal to 16.5% (the median decrease) following the 1970-1971 intervention (Diet-Sensitive) with the 50 whose response was <16.5% (Non-Diet-Sensitive). Results. Blood cholesterol of adults who were Diet-Sensitive in 1970-1971 was 4.2 mg/dl lower than their baseline values in adolescence, while adults classified as Non-Diet-Sensitive as adolescents showed a 15.9 mg/dl increase in cholesterol over 21 years. Adjusting for baseline adolescent values, Non-Diet-Sensitive subjects were 4.8 (95% CI 1.4, 15.9) times as likely as Diet-Sensitive subjects to have adult cholesterol greater than or equal to 200 mg/dl. Also, Diet-Sensitive adults on a low-fat diet had adult blood cholesterol levels >20 mg/dl lower than Non-Diet-Sensitive adults on a similar diet (180.1 vs 202.1 mg/dl, respectively). Conclusions. Degree of response to a low-fat, low-cholesterol diet during adolescence may identify male subjects who will have differing patterns of cholesterol change over time. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,EVANS DEPT MED,PREVENT MED & EPIDEMIOL SECT,BOSTON,MA 02118. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,USDA NUTR CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT NUTR,BOSTON,MA 02115. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0091-7435 J9 PREV MED JI Prev. Med. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 26 IS 5 BP 686 EP 693 DI 10.1006/pmed.1997.0192 PN 1 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA XX956 UT WOS:A1997XX95600017 PM 9327478 ER PT J AU Kahl, S Elsasser, TH Blum, JW AF Kahl, S Elsasser, TH Blum, JW TI Nutritional regulation of plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha and plasma and urinary nitrite/nitrate responses to endotoxin in cattle SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID NITRIC-OXIDE SYNTHASE; ACUTE-PHASE RESPONSE; L-ARGININE; DIFFERENTIAL INDUCTION; IN-VIVO; HEPATOCYTES; BOVINE; MACROPHAGES; SEPSIS; GROWTH AB Effects of dietary protein level with and without L-arginine (Arg) infusion on plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) response to endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) as well as plasma concentration and urine output of nitrite and nitrate (NOx), the stable end products of nitric oxide radical (NO), were studied in beef heifers (275-310 kg body wt). The animals were fed low-(LP; 7.96%) or high-(HP; 13.94%) protein diets for 10 days before LPS administration (Escherichia coti; 0.2 mu g/kg, iv), L-Arginlne In saline (0.5 g/kg body wt) or saline was infused for 8 hr with one-third of total Arg infused before LPS administration, Plasma TNF-alpha concentrations increased In all heifers after LPS injection (peak at 1 hr and return to baseline at 4 hr); however, concentrations were lower in HP-than in LP-fed heifers at 1, 2, and 3 hr, Infusion of Arg did not affect plasma TNF-alpha response to LPS, Plasma NOx concentrations increased in all heifers after LPS challenge; compared with saline, Arg infusion Increased the total response (integrated area under concentration curve) in LP-but not in HP fed heifers, Relative to pretreatment period, the rate of NOx output in urine collected 2-6 hr after LPS administration increased in all heifers regardless of dietary protein level and was further amplified by Arg infusion, The rate of NOx, output in urine collected 6-24 hr after LPS challenge was even higher in LP-fed heifers infused with Arg but returned to the basal values in other groups, Activity of hepatic inducible NO synthase was not affected by LPS, Arg, or dietary protein level at the time points studied, The data suggest that dietary protein levels can modulate both TNF-alpha and NO responses to LPS in cattle; high dietary protein intake decreases TNF-alpha response and attenuates the conversion of supplemental Arg to NO. C1 ARS, GROWTH BIOL LAB, USDA, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT ANIM SCI, COLLEGE PK, MD 20742 USA. UNIV BERN, INST ANIM BREEDING, DIV NUTR PATHOL, CH-3012 BERN, SWITZERLAND. NR 41 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0037-9727 J9 P SOC EXP BIOL MED JI Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 215 IS 4 BP 370 EP 376 PG 7 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA XQ613 UT WOS:A1997XQ61300006 PM 9270720 ER PT J AU Moran, MS Inoue, Y Barnes, EM AF Moran, MS Inoue, Y Barnes, EM TI Opportunities and limitations for image-based remote sensing in precision crop management SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Review ID GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION-SYSTEMS; SPECTRAL COMPONENTS-ANALYSIS; SURFACE REFLECTANCE FACTORS; ARTIFICIAL NEURAL-NETWORK; SALT-AFFECTED SOILS; LEAF-AREA INDEX; AVHRR DATA; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; VEGETATION INDEXES AB This review addresses ha potential of image-based remote sensing to provide spatially and temporally distributed information for precision crop management (PCM). PCM is an agricultural management system designed to target crop ann soil inputs according to within-field requirements to optimize profitability and protect the environment. Progress in PCM has been hampered by a lack of timely, distributed information an crop and soil conditions. Based on a review of the information requirements of PCM, eight areas were identified in which image-based remote sensing technology could provide in formation that is currently lacking or inadequate. Recommendations were made for applications with potential for near-term implementation with available remote sensing technology and instrumentation. We found that both aircraft- and satellite-based remote sensing could provide valuable information for PCM applications. Images from aircraft-based sensors have a unique role for monitoring seasonally variable crop/soil conditions and for time-specific and time-critical crop management; current satellite-based sensors have limited, but important, applications; and upcoming commercial Earth observation satellites mall provide the resolution, timeliness, and high quality required for many PCM operations. The current limitations for image-based remote sensing applications are mainly due to sensor attributes, such as restricted spectral range, coarse spatial resolution, slow turnaround time, and inadequate repeat coverage. According to experts in PCM, the potential market for remote sensing products in PCM is good. Future work should be focused on assimilating remotely sensed information into existing decision support systems (DSS), acid conducting economic and technical analysis of remote sensing applications with season-long pilot projects. (C) Elsevier Science Inc., 1997. C1 USDA ARS, US WATER CONSERVAT LAB, PHOENIX, AZ 85040 USA. NIAES, LAB AGROBIOL MEASUREMENTS, TSUKUBA, IBARAKI, JAPAN. NR 199 TC 414 Z9 439 U1 15 U2 99 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 61 IS 3 BP 319 EP 346 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(97)00045-X PG 28 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA XN253 UT WOS:A1997XN25300001 ER PT J AU Brown, CC AF Brown, CC TI A review of three pathology-based techniques for retrospective diagnosis of rinderpest, with comparison to virus isolation SO RESEARCH IN VETERINARY SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID DES-PETITS RUMINANTS; CATTLE; ANTIGEN AB Base of tongue, eyelid, and retropharyngeal lymph node were collected from three animals experimentally infected with rinderpest and utilised in a study comparing virus isolation with histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridisation to determine the usefulness of the latter three techniques as retrospective diagnostic aids for this disease. Virus isolation was positive for all nine samples. Histopathology was suggestive in all the tissues and definitive in some. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation highlighted the presence of rinderpest antigen or rinderpest nucleic acid in all of the sections. However, in situ hybridisation was more specific than immunohistochemistry. C1 USDA,APHIS,FOREIGN ANIM DIS DIAGNOST LAB,PLUM ISL,NY. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON, ENGLAND W1M 0AT SN 0034-5288 J9 RES VET SCI JI Res. Vet. Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 63 IS 2 BP 103 EP 106 DI 10.1016/S0034-5288(97)90000-X PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YL595 UT WOS:A1997YL59500001 PM 9429240 ER PT J AU Luce, CH AF Luce, CH TI Effectiveness of road ripping in restoring infiltration capacity of forest roads SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-MATTER; SOIL; MODEL; RAIN AB Many forest roads are being closed as a step in watershed restoration. Ripping roads with subsoilers or rock rippers is a common practice to increase the infiltration capacity of roads before closure. When considering the effectiveness of ripping for reducing runoff and erosion and the potential reduction in slope stability by saturating road fills, it is important to know how ripping changes the infiltration capacity of forest roads. Hydrographs from simulated rainfall on 1 x Im plots were analyzed to find the saturated hydraulic conductivity, an indicator of infiltration capacity. I examined saturated hydraulic conductivity for three treatments on two different soils. One road was built in a soil derived from the metamorphic belt series geology of northern Idaho, a soil noted for its high rock fragment content. The second road was built in a sandy soil derived from decomposed granitics of the Idaho batholith. On each soil, five plots were installed on a road before ripping, and nine plots were installed on the same road segment following ripping, four covered with a heavy straw mulch and five without. Three half-hour rainfall events with intensities near 90 mm/hr were simulated on each plot. Results show that ripping increases hydraulic conductivities enough to reduce risk of runoff but does not restore the natural hydraulic conductivity of a forested slope. The unripped road surfaces had hydraulic conductivities in the range of 0-4 mm/hr, whereas ripped roads were in the range of 20-40 mm/hr after the second event. Surface sealing and tilled soil subsidence processes are important in reducing the hydraulic conductivity of the soils with repeated wetting. Subsidence appears to be important on the granitic soil, whereas surface sealing was more important an the belt series soil. RP Luce, CH (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,INTERMT RES STN,USDA,1221 S MAIN,MOSCOW,ID 83843, USA. RI Luce, Charles/A-9267-2008 OI Luce, Charles/0000-0002-6938-9662 NR 29 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 4 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 5 IS 3 BP 265 EP 270 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100X.1997.09731.x PG 6 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XZ553 UT WOS:A1997XZ55300008 ER PT J AU Stark, NM White, RH Clemons, CM AF Stark, NM White, RH Clemons, CM TI Heat release rate of wood-plastic composites SO SAMPE JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Wood-plastic composites are becoming more important as a material that fulfills recycling needs. In this study, fire performance tests were conducted on several compositions of wood and plastic materials using the Ohio State University rate of heat release apparatus. Test results included five-minute average heat release rate in kW/m(2) (HRR avg) and maximum heat release rate in kW/m(2) (HRR max). As expected, the general trend was an increase in the values of HRR avg and HRR max with increasing concentrations of polypropylene or high density polyethylene. RP Stark, NM (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,FOREST PROD LAB,USDA,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 16 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU SAMPE PUBLISHERS PI COVINA PA 1161 PARKVIEW DRIVE, COVINA, CA 91722 SN 0091-1062 J9 SAMPE J JI Sampe J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 33 IS 5 BP 26 EP 31 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA XT482 UT WOS:A1997XT48200005 ER PT J AU Wergin, WP Yaklich, RW Roy, S Joy, DC Erbe, EF Murphy, CA Pooley, CD AF Wergin, WP Yaklich, RW Roy, S Joy, DC Erbe, EF Murphy, CA Pooley, CD TI Imaging thin and thick sections of biological tissue with the secondary electron detector in a field-emission scanning electron microscope SO SCANNING LA English DT Article DE field-emission scanning electron microscopy; transmission electron microscopy; cytochemistry; gold labeling; thick sections; stereo ID ULTRASTRUCTURE; CELLS AB A field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) equipped with the standard secondary electron (SE) detector was used to image thin (70-90 nm) and thick (1-3 mu m) sections of biological materials that were chemically fixed, dehydrated, and embedded in resin. The preparation procedures, as well as subsequent staining of the sections, were identical to those commonly used to prepare thin sections of biological material for observation with the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results suggested that the heavy metals, namely, osmium, uranium, and lead, that were used for postfixation and staining of the tissue provided an adequate SE signal that enabled imaging of the cells and organelles present in the sections. The FESEM was also used to image sections of tissues that were selectively stained using cytochemical and immunocytochemical techniques. Furthermore, thick sections could also be imaged in the SE mode. Stereo pairs of thick sections were easily recorded and provided images that approached those normally associated with high-voltage TEM. C1 ARS,BARC E,NEMATOL LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. ARS,SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. ARS,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. UNIV TENNESSEE,EM FACIL,KNOXVILLE,TN. OAK RIDGE NATL LAB,OAK RIDGE,TN. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU FAMS INC PI MAHWAH PA BOX 832, MAHWAH, NJ 07430 SN 0161-0457 J9 SCANNING JI Scanning PD SEP PY 1997 VL 19 IS 6 BP 387 EP 395 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy GA XV938 UT WOS:A1997XV93800001 ER PT J AU Peters, KR Wergin, WP AF Peters, KR Wergin, WP TI Differential contrast imaging of secondary electron signals in cryo-field-emission scanning electron microscopy SO SCANNING LA English DT Article DE contrast imaging; differential hysteresis processing; contrast groups; signal components; charging contrast ID VERSATILITY AB Low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM) is limited in resolution and image duality by char,qing of frozen hydrated samples and collection deficiencies of secondary electron signal contrasts, We measured and corrected both effects using differential hysteresis processing (DHP) of LTSEM images, scanned at 15-bit from 5 x 4 inch Polaroid negatives. Bulk charging produced a major contrast component equal to 44-87% of the intensity range of the image. The strong charging contrast reduced the local high-resolution signal contrasts to an unrecognizable level. Segmentation and imaging of the unaffected surface contrasts produced high-quality images of high contrast from metal-coated samples as well as from uncoated samples. The differential contrast imaging can be used for control of the sequential etching of ice from the non metal-coated sample as well as improved LTSEM imaging of the finally coated sample. C1 ARS, ELECTRON MICROSCOPY LAB, USDA, BELTSVILLE, MD USA. RP Peters, KR (reprint author), UNIV CONNECTICUT, CTR HLTH, MOL IMAGING LAB, FARMINGTON, CT 06030 USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0161-0457 J9 SCANNING JI Scanning PD SEP PY 1997 VL 19 IS 6 BP 396 EP 402 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy GA XV938 UT WOS:A1997XV93800002 ER PT J AU Qian, JH Doran, JW Walters, DT AF Qian, JH Doran, JW Walters, DT TI Maize plant contributions to root zone available carbon and microbial transformations of nitrogen SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID AUTOMATED N-15 ANALYSIS; NATURAL-ABUNDANCE; ORGANIC-MATTER; SOIL; DENITRIFICATION; GROWTH; WHEAT; IMMOBILIZATION; RHIZOSPHERE; OXIDE AB Root-derived C influences soil microbial activities that regulate N transformations and cycling in soil. The change in C-13 abundance of soil microbial biomass was used to quantify contributions from maize (Zea mays L.), a C-4 plant, to root zone-available C during growth in soil with a long history of C-3 vegetation. Effects of root-derived available C on microbial transformations of N were also evaluated using a (NH)-N-15:5NO(3) fertilizer, tracer. Root-released C (microbial respired C-4-C + soil residue C-4-C) accounted for 12% (210 kg C ha(-1)) of measured C fixed by, maize at 4 wk and 5% at maturity when root-released C totaled 1135 kg C ha(-1). Of the C-4-C remaining in soil, only 18-23% was found in microbial biomass, indicating either a rapid turnover rate of biomass or a lower availability of C-4 substrates. Average daily production of root-derived available C was greatest during 4-8 wk maize growth (7 kg C ha(-1) d(-1)) when 4-11% of the soil microbial biomass came from this C source. At maize maturity, 15% of the microbial biomass (161 kg C ha(-1)) came from root-derived available C, which totaled 402 kg ha(-1). Of the N-15 remaining in bare and cropped soils, averages of 23 and 16% (IO and 2 kg N ha(-1)) were found in microbial biomass, and 64 and 2% (28 and 0.2 kg N ha(-1)) were in inorganic N-15 form, leaving 13 and 82% (6 and 10 kg N ha(-1)) as non-biomass organic N, respectively; this suggests that N cycling through microbial biomass was enhanced by root-derived C. Denitrification and N2O losses from planted soils were low (1-136 g N ha(-1) d(-1)) when soil water-filled pore space (WFPS) was (50%, but increased to 0.02-3.4 kg N ha(-1) d(-1) when soils were wetted to 85-95% WFPS when N-2 comprised 70-99% of denitrification products. The maximum denitrification rate was 1.5 times greater, and the cumulative denitrification losses 77% greater during early growth stages in planted soil as compared to bare soil when adequate NO3--N (> 2-3 mg kg(-1)) present in the soil. The presence of maize plants increased denitrification losses from soil by 19 to 57% (average of 29%) during early growth stages when the release of root-derived C was greatest. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,USDA ARS,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT AGRON,LINCOLN,NE 68583. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DEPT PLANT & MICROBIAL BIOL,BERKELEY,CA 94720. NR 46 TC 87 Z9 93 U1 4 U2 25 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 29 IS 9-10 BP 1451 EP 1462 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00043-6 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA XV126 UT WOS:A1997XV12600018 ER PT J AU Ramirez, ME Israel, DW Wollum, AG AF Ramirez, ME Israel, DW Wollum, AG TI Phenotypic and genotypic diversity of similar serotypes of soybean bradyrhizobia from two soil populations SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; GENETIC DIVERSITY; JAPONICUM; STRAINS; SEROGROUP-110; NODULATION AB The physiological and genetic diversity within two major serotypic groups of bradyrhizobial isolates obtained from soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) plants grown on a Dothan and a Cape Fear soil was examined. All isolates serotyped as 31/94 had large colonies with smooth borders and high resistances to erythromycin, streptomycin and spectinomycin with minimal inhibitory concentration values (MIG) ranging from 200 to 400 mu g ml(-1). Pulsed-field gel-electrophoresis (PFGE) separation of DNA fragments generated with the rarely cutting restriction endonuclease, Xba I, revealed six genotypes among 28 different 31/94 isolates. Four of these genotypes were common to both soils and only 21% of the isolates were classified as having high N-2-fixation capacity. Leaf chlorosis was induced by 46% of the 31/94 isolates. Among the 122/124 isolates, MIC values were lower than for 31/94 isolates ranging from < 13 to 200 mu g ml(-1). These 122/124 isolates produced small colonies (50%) and large colonies with rough borders (50%) when plated on YEM. The genetic diversity of serotype 122/124 isolates differed with soil type as PFGE patterns revealed nine genotypes among the 16 isolates from the mineral organic (Cape Fear) soil and only three genotypes among the 14 isolates from the sandy mineral (Dothan) soil. Only two of the 12 genotypes were common to both soils. Sixty percent of the 122/124 isolates were classified as having high N-2-fixation capacity and none induced foliar chlorosis. Pulsed-field gel-electrophoresis pattern was the only trait that generated groups of isolates that were similar with respect to other measured traits. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT SOIL SCI,PLANT PHYSIOL PROGRAM,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 29 IS 9-10 BP 1539 EP 1545 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00009-6 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA XV126 UT WOS:A1997XV12600026 ER PT J AU Ramirez, ME Israel, DW Wollum, AG AF Ramirez, ME Israel, DW Wollum, AG TI Phenotypic characterization of soybean bradyrhizobia in two soils of North Carolina SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID INTRINSIC-ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; RHIZOBIUM-JAPONICUM; TOTAL NITROGEN; DIVERSITY; NODULATION; RHIZOBITOXINE; SEROGROUPS; STRAINS; IDENTIFICATION; COMPETITION AB Serotypic composition of nodules (480 per soil type) from five soybean cultivars grown on two (Dothan and Cape Fear) soils of the Atlantic Coastal Plain of North Carolina was characterized. Symbiotic N-2-fixation efficiency, capacity for induction of foliar chlorosis symptomatic of rhizobitoxine production and antibiotic resistances of isolates purified from these nodules were also determined. While host plant cultivar had no significant effect on the serotype distribution, soil type had a large effect on the distribution and diversity of serotypes. Forty-six serotypes were identified among nodules from the Cape Fear soil, but only serotype 46/76 (8%), 76 (11%), 94 (9%) and 122/124 (12%) occurred in, more than 5% of the nodules. Thirty percent of nodule occupants were not identified with the eleven antisera used. Twenty-four serotypes were identified among nodules from the Dothan soil. Of these serotypes 31/94 (32%), 46/76 (16%), and 76 (23%) occurred in more than 15% of the nodules. Five percent of the nodule occupants were not identified. Major serotypes did not change, but their frequency changed when fields were sampled at different growth stages in the same season and at the same growth stage in different seasons. Isolates serotyped as 31/94, 46/76, and most of the isolates serotyped as 76 generally exhibited higher levels of resistance to streptomycin and erythromycin than isolates serotyped as 24, 94 and 122/124. Five percent of the isolates from the Cape Fear soil (all serotyped as 31/94) and 18% of the isolates from the Dothan soil (serotyped as 31/94 or 76) induced foliar chlorosis when cultivar Brim was the host. Only 12-14% of the isolates from the two populations had N-2-fixation capacity equal to or greater than that of the efficient reference strain MN110. However, four improved soybean cultivars grown in the same fields and year that isolates were obtained did not exhibit a significant seed yield response to application of 150 kg N ha(-1) when yields in the minus N treatment ranged from 3.2 to 3.7 Mg ha(-1). A significant seed yield response by a non-nodulated cultivar indicated that these soils were N limited. Therefore, the symbiotic N-2-fixation capacity of these bradyrhizobial populations did not limit soybean seed yields despite the low percentage of isolates with high N-2-fixation efficiency and the presence of isolates with the capacity to induce leaf chlorosis symptomatic of rhizobitoxine production. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT SOIL SCI,PLANT PHYSIOL PROGRAM,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695. N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL,RALEIGH,NC 27695. NR 35 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 29 IS 9-10 BP 1547 EP 1555 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00008-4 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA XV126 UT WOS:A1997XV12600027 ER PT J AU Kennedy, AC Gewin, VL AF Kennedy, AC Gewin, VL TI Soil microbial diversity: Present and future considerations SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CARBON-SOURCE UTILIZATION; AGRICULTURAL SOILS; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; HYBRIDIZATION TECHNIQUE; BACTERIAL COMMUNITIES; UTILIZATION PATTERNS; ARCHAEAL DIVERSITY; POPULATIONS; BIOMASS; QUALITY AB Microbes are the most diverse group of soil organisms, yet very little is known about them. Until recently, research has focused on those organisms that are culturable; however, a wealth of information is now being collected from both culturable and, as yet, unculturable organisms. Functions of the soil microbial population impact many soil processes and, therefore, productivity. Without microbes and their functions, there would be no other life forms. A greater understanding of soil microbial ecology can only benefit land management decisions. These organisms are the basis for transformations that enable life to continue; thus, knowledge of their interactions, roles, and functions are vital to our understanding of soils and sustainability. Our objective was to assess the areas of current soil microbiological research that will most influence future research. New research methods involving molecular techniques will extend our understanding of taxonomic and functional diversity in soil systems. The development of molecular techniques for microbial identification, coupled with traditional methods are promising areas for continued research. The application of this type of information is limitless, as are the avenues of exploration. Agricultural science, and its impact on agricultural and environmental policy, will benefit from this expanding knowledge base. RP Kennedy, AC (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV, USDA, LAND MANAGEMENT & WATER CONSERVAT RES UNIT, 217 JOHNSON HALL, PULLMAN, WA 99164 USA. NR 77 TC 62 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 17 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 162 IS 9 BP 607 EP 617 DI 10.1097/00010694-199709000-00002 PG 11 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA XY611 UT WOS:A1997XY61100002 ER PT J AU Gimenez, D Allmaras, RR Huggins, DR Nater, EA AF Gimenez, D Allmaras, RR Huggins, DR Nater, EA TI Prediction of the saturated hydraulic conductivity porosity dependence using fractals SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID POROUS-MEDIA; FLUID-FLOW; SOIL; GEOMETRY; DIMENSIONS; TILLAGE; QUANTIFICATION; MACROPOROSITY; CONTINUITY; DIFFUSION AB Fractal theory has been used to quantify morphological properties of pore systems in soil, but predictive capabilities of the derived fractal dimensions have remained largely untested. The objective of this study was to use morphologic ally derived fractal dimensions to predict an exponent N in a power law relation between saturated hydraulic conductivity, K-sat, and porosity. A Kozeny-Carman equation was used to derive N as a function of two fractal dimensions (pore volume, D-v, and pore surface roughness, D-s) and a connectivity parameter, alpha. The alpha parameter was used as a matching factor between fitted and calculated N values. Values of D-v and D-s characterizing pores in both undisturbed and packed soil were obtained from images with pixel sizes of 0.06 and 0.29 mm. Porosity was measured on the 0.29-mm pixel images, while K-sat was measured in undisturbed cores and packed soil columns. Also, published data on porosity, K-sat, and D-v and D-s from dye-stained patterns of four undisturbed soils were used. Lower coefficients of variation and lower absolute values of or were obtained with fractal dimensions from the 0.06-mm pixel images. Values of alpha were related to parameters from probability distributions of hydraulic radii as calculated from the 0.06-mm pixel images, and to the connectivity of pores as inferred from dye-stained patterns. Fractal characterization of pore structure proved useful for predicting N, but predictions would probably be improved by considering only flow-arrive pores in the calculation of a fractal dimension. Methods to obtain such fractal dimensions were suggested. C1 ARS,USDA,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,SW EXPT STN,LAMBERTON,MN 56152. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL WATER & CLIMATE,ST PAUL,MN 55108. RP Gimenez, D (reprint author), ARS,USDA,HYDROL LAB,BLDG 007,RM 104,BARC-W,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI Gimenez, Daniel/A-6193-2013 NR 41 TC 27 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 61 IS 5 BP 1285 EP 1292 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YB548 UT WOS:A1997YB54800001 ER PT J AU Zhang, R Shouse, S Yates, S AF Zhang, R Shouse, S Yates, S TI Use of pseudo-crossvariograms and cokriging to improve estimates sf soil solute concentrations SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LARGE LAND AREAS; GEOSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS; CHEMICAL-PROPERTIES; CROSS-VARIOGRAMS AB Estimating mass and distributions of chemicals in soils is one of the key steps to study chemical transport in the vadose zone and groundwater systems. In this study, solute mass and distributions were computed in an 800 by 800 by 1.8 m soil volume using kriging and cokriging with nonsymmetric pseudo-crossvariograms. Among the measured chemicals of Cl-, SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+ Na+, P2O5-, K+, and NO3- in the three-dimensional system, Cl- was used as the model to show the estimation process and results. Using pseudo-crossvariograms maximized the use of available information at different soil depths and improved solute estimation. AII sample pseudo-crossvariograms between depths were modeled successfully with common variogram functions such as spherical and linear. Therefore, it was relatively easier to test the positive definiteness or the cokriging coefficient matrix adapted to pseudo-crossvariograms. Cokriging allows easily obtained information at shallower depths to be used to improve solute estimations at deeper depths. Compared with kriging, cokriging reduced the mean squared errors of estimations between 30 and 60% at different depths, and reduced the mean kriging variances between 35 and 58%. In the total mass estimation of Cl- in the soil, cokriging with nonsymmetric pseudo-crossvariograms used less than half the data; potentially; it could reduce more than half the sampling cost of kriging estimation. Meanwhile, cokriging reduced the estimation error bg about 18%, when compared with kriging estimates using all observations. Using the same data at each layer cokriging would reduce the estimation error 40% more than kriging because cokriging efficiently incorporated information al-upper layers without increasing the sample requirement. Cokriging with nonsymmetric pseudo-crossvariograms is an accurate and economical way to calculate solute distributions and total mass in a large field. C1 ARS, US SALIN LAB, USDA, RIVERSIDE, CA 92507 USA. RP Zhang, R (reprint author), UNIV WYOMING, DEPT PLANT SOIL & INSECT SCI, LARAMIE, WY 82071 USA. NR 12 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 61 IS 5 BP 1342 EP 1347 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YB548 UT WOS:A1997YB54800008 ER PT J AU Fischer, U Dury, O Fluhler, H vanGenuchten, MT AF Fischer, U Dury, O Fluhler, H vanGenuchten, MT TI Modeling nonwetting-phase relative permeability accounting for a discontinuous nonwetting phase SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID GOVERNING MULTIPHASE FLOW; POROUS-MEDIA; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; TRAPPED-AIR; 2 SOILS AB A model Par the wetting and nonwetting-phase constitutive relationships is presented. The nonwetting-phase relative permeability in the model is a function of the degree of continuous nonwetting-phase saturation. Different formulations of the continuous nonwetting-phase model were evaluated by comparison of calculated anti measured air permeabilities as well as discontinuous air saturations. A Brooks and Corey-Burdine type formulation of the nonwetting phase relative permeability was more accurate than the corresponding van Genuchten-Mualem equation. Estimated discontinuous air saturations were higher for drying than for wetting, thus reflecting hysteresis in the water-retention smd relative air permeability functions. The continuous nonwetting-phase model provided a much better prediction of relative air permeabilities than a formulation that neglects the presence of a discontinuous nonwetting phase. Three emergence point model for the nonwetting-phase relative permeability provided a good approximation of the continuous nonwetting-phase model. C1 ETH ZURICH, INST TERR ECOL, CH-8952 SCHLIEREN, SWITZERLAND. ARS, US SALIN LAB, USDA, RIVERSIDE, CA 92507 USA. RP Fischer, U (reprint author), PRINCETON UNIV, DEPT CIVIL ENGN & OPERAT RES, PRINCETON, NJ 08544 USA. RI van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013; Fischer, Ulrich/G-2348-2010 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858; Fischer, Ulrich/0000-0002-5633-7505 NR 15 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 61 IS 5 BP 1348 EP 1354 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YB548 UT WOS:A1997YB54800009 ER PT J AU Franzluebbers, AJ Arshad, MA AF Franzluebbers, AJ Arshad, MA TI Particulate organic carbon content and potential mineralization as affected by tillage and texture SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MICROBIAL BIOMASS; DENSITY FRACTIONS; SIZE FRACTIONS; ZERO-TILLAGE; MATTER POOLS; SOIL CARBON; CULTIVATION; SYSTEMS AB Conservation of soil organic carbon (SOC) is important for improving soil qualify, Increasing the poor of particulate organic carbon (POC), thought to have a ''slow'' or medium turnover late, with conservation tillage may be a critical step in improving the quality of agricultural soils. We determined the standing stock and potential mineralization rate of POC (defined as material > 53 mu m diam.) at depths of 0 to 50, 50 to 125, and 125 to 200 mm in four Boralis (loam, silt loam, clay loam, and clay) under conventional shallow tillage (CT) and 4 to 16 yr of zero tillage (ZT) in northern Albeata and British Columbia. Standing stock of POC was consistently different between tillage regimes only at a depth of 0 to 50 mm, averaging 0.63 kg m(-2) under CT and 0.76 kg m(-2) under ZT, However, the ratio of specific POC mineralization to specific whole-SOC mineralization averaged 23% greater under ZT than under CT, suggesting that POC was of higher quality (i.e., more mineralizable) under ZT relative to other pools of SOC. With increasing clay content of the original soil, specific mineralization rate of POC increased after clay was removed by dispersion, This result suggests that clay may play an important role in sequestering POC by protecting its decomposition. Particulate organic C content was a more sensitive indicator of tillage-induced changes in SOC than the total amount of SOC. Zero tillage in this cold semiarid climate may increase both the active and slow pools of SOC within several years. C1 AGR & AGRI FOOD CANADA,NO AGR RES CTR,BEAVERLODGE,AB T0H 0C0,CANADA. ARS,USDA,SO PIEDMONT CONSERVAT RES CTR,WATKINSVILLE,GA 30677. RI El Husny, Chafic/G-5410-2012 NR 24 TC 90 Z9 130 U1 5 U2 32 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 61 IS 5 BP 1382 EP 1386 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YB548 UT WOS:A1997YB54800014 ER PT J AU Bowman, RA Halvorson, AD AF Bowman, RA Halvorson, AD TI Crop rotation and tillage effects on phosphorus distribution in the central Great Plains SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SOIL ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS; FERTILIZER AB The fate and availability of soil P in the central Great Plains may become less predictable with less tillage and more intensive crop rotations that produce more crop residue and litter than conventional-till (CT) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow (W-F). We need to evaluate these new systems relative to new P distribution patterns that may be occurring, We determined P changes in a Weld silt loam soil (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic aridic Paleustoll) in predetermined plots from a 5-year rotation-tillage experiment where 45 kg P ha(-1) was applied in 1990, and 18 kg P ha(-1) was applied to the wheat phase of the rotation thereafter, We determined changes in water-soluble P, resin-extractable P, total organic P, bicarbonate-extractable P, and phosphomonoesterase activity as a function of tillage and cropping intensity in soil from the 0- to 5-cm and 0- to 15-cm depths. Phosphorus concentration in wheat tops at an early stage was also determined lo assess soil P availability. Generally, P. availability indices increased significantly in the 0- to 5-cm depth with continuous cropping treatments compared with wheat-fallow treatments. The results suggest that under more intensive cropping systems P recycling through residue and litter could be an important mechanism resulting in additional plant-available P. RP Bowman, RA (reprint author), ARS,USDA,POB 400,40335 CITY RD GG,AKRON,CO 80720, USA. NR 35 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 61 IS 5 BP 1418 EP 1422 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YB548 UT WOS:A1997YB54800020 ER PT J AU Sharpley, AN Sisak, I AF Sharpley, AN Sisak, I TI Differential availability of manure and inorganic sources of phosphorus in soil SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID IMPREGNATED FILTER-PAPER; POULTRY LITTER; SORPTION AB As little information is available on whether differences in the availability of manure and fertilizer P in soil exist, manure management recommendations are being based on fertilizer response, Thus, the availability of P (as Fe-oxide strip P) from poultry litter leachate or KH2PO4 was investigated by incubation for 7 d with 193 soils with a wide range of properties associated with P sorption, Phosphorus availability, calculated as the slope of the linear relationship (F) between strip P and P added (0-108 mg inorganic P kg(-1)), was consistently greater for soils treated with KH2PO4 (F-k of 0.50) than litter leachate (F-l of 0.29), Although F-k and F-l were linearly related (r(2) of 0.92), relative availabilities were inversely related to the ratio of soil clay/organic C content (r(2) of 0.68), an estimate of the reactive surface area involved in P sorption and availability, The differential availability in soil of the two sources of P is attributed to the complexation of P with Ca and organo-Ca, Fe, and Al, with the addition of Ca and soluble organic compounds in poultry litter leachate, Thus, manure management recommendations should be based on yield trials for manure and its availability in soil rather than on fertilizer P, Current fertilizer recommendations may be modified by soil CaCO3, extractable Fe, and clay/organic C to account for the differential availability of manure and inorganic P sources in soil. C1 PANON UNIV AGR SCI,GEORGIKON FAC AGR,DEPT AGR CHEM,H-8360 KESZTHELY,HUNGARY. RP Sharpley, AN (reprint author), ARS,USDA,PASTURE SYST & WATERSHED MANAGEMENT LAB,CURTIN RD,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802, USA. NR 32 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 61 IS 5 BP 1503 EP 1508 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YB548 UT WOS:A1997YB54800030 ER PT J AU Skidmore, EL AF Skidmore, EL TI Comment on chain method for measuring soil roughness SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material RP Skidmore, EL (reprint author), KANSAS STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,THROCKMORTON HALL,MANHATTAN,KS 66506, USA. NR 3 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 61 IS 5 BP 1532 EP 1533 PG 2 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YB548 UT WOS:A1997YB54800034 ER PT J AU Saleh, A AF Saleh, A TI Comment on chain method for measuring soil roughness - Reply SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material RP Saleh, A (reprint author), ARS,USDA,POB 909,BIG SPRING,TX 79721, USA. NR 3 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 61 IS 5 BP 1533 EP 1535 PG 3 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA YB548 UT WOS:A1997YB54800035 ER PT J AU Everitt, JH Richerson, JV Karges, JP Davis, MR AF Everitt, JH Richerson, JV Karges, JP Davis, MR TI Using remote sensing to detect and monitor a western pine beetle infestation in west Texas SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB We studied the feasibility of using remote sensing techniques to detect and monitor an infestation of western pine beetles, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, in a ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laud., forest in the Davis Mountains of west Texas. Aerial photography and videography were used in this study. Color-infrared (CIR) and conventional color aerial photography were evaluated and compared on four dates over a 10-week period. Although both films were useful for detecting and monitoring stressed trees, CIR film was better because trees with early stress symptoms could be more clearly delineated from trees showing no symptoms. Trees under moderate to severe stress could also be distinguished better with CIR film. CIR videography was evaluated on a single date and also showed potential for detecting pine beetle infestations. C1 SUL ROSS STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,ALPINE,TX 79831. NAT CONSERVANCY TEXAS,ALPINE,TX 79831. RP Everitt, JH (reprint author), USDA ARS,REMOTE SENSING RES UNIT,2413 E HIGHWAY 83,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 22 IS 3 BP 285 EP 292 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YE272 UT WOS:A1997YE27200001 ER PT J AU Everitt, JH Richerson, JV Karges, J Alaniz, MA Davis, MR Gomez, A AF Everitt, JH Richerson, JV Karges, J Alaniz, MA Davis, MR Gomez, A TI Detecting and mapping western pine beetle infestations with airborne videography, global positioning system and geographic information system technologies SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID VIDEO AB Aerial color-infrared digital videography was used with global positioning system (GPS) and geographic information system (GIS) technologies for detecting and mapping western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte, infestations in ponderosa pines, Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laud., in the Davis Mountains of west Texas. Ponderosa pines infested with western pine beetles could be detected in the CIR video imagery due to their pinkish-white or yellowish-gray image responses. The integration of the GPS with the video imagery permitted latitude-longitude coordinates of pine beetle infestations to be recorded on each image. The GPS latitude-longitude coordinates were entered into a GIS to map western pine beetle infestations in a 8 x 10km study area. C1 SUL ROSS STATE UNIV,DEPT BIOL,ALPINE,TX 79831. NATURE CONSERVANCY,ALPINE,TX 79831. RP Everitt, JH (reprint author), USDA ARS,REMOTE SENSING RES UNIT,2413 E HIGHWAY 83,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 22 IS 3 BP 293 EP 300 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YE272 UT WOS:A1997YE27200002 ER PT J AU Karns, JS Ahrens, EH Davey, RB AF Karns, JS Ahrens, EH Davey, RB TI Preservation of coumaphos in cattle dipping vats SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB A method to prevent the formation of potasan in coumaphos suspensions was tested in cattle dipping vats near the Texas-Mexico border. The suspensions were acidified to below pH 5.5 by the addition of triple superphosphate fertilizer (TSP) al the initial charging and the vats were then operated in the usual manner. A vat in Falcon, TX, was used to dip 4,325 head of cattle over a 396-d period and a vat in Zapata, TX, was used to dip 2,733 cattle over a 681-d period before they needed to be cleaned and recharged. Potasan, a toxic by-product of coumaphos produced by microbial activity, was not formed in either vat. In another study, potasan formed in vats after the addition of TSP was discontinued, allowing the pH to increase. Addition of TSP to reduce the pH of the vat contents to below pH 5.5 quickly prevented further potasan formation. Although the use of TSP in dipping vats containing coumaphos increased the rate of sedimentation of active ingredient in freshly made material, this problem was not considered unmanageable and was alleviated as vats were used. RP Karns, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS,SOIL MICROBIAL SYST LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 22 IS 3 BP 307 EP 314 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YE272 UT WOS:A1997YE27200004 ER PT J AU Mulrooney, JE Skjoldager, L AF Mulrooney, JE Skjoldager, L TI Evaluation of an air-assisted ground sprayer for control of boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and beet armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID COTTON; CROP AB Control of bell weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, and beet armyworms, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), in cotton using air-assisted ground application of insecticides was studied in field and laboratory bioassays, and by insecticide residue analysis with gas chromatography. A Hardi Twin air-assisted ground sprayer was used to apply malathion(1.12 kg [AI]/ha) and Spod-X LC (247 ml/ha). Laboratory bioassays of individual leaves and squares using bell weevils were used to compare applications with and without air-assistance. A field bioassay also was conducted by caging boil weevils on individual plants. Bioassays of cotton treated with Spod-X LC were conducted by caging beet armyworm larvae on the undersides of leaves at mid-canopy. In these tests, the effectiveness of angling the air curtain was compared to application with the air oriented straight down. Air-assistance did not significantly increase bell weevil mortality in the bioassays of individual leaves, nor were there differences in malathion residues on leaves al top and mid-canopy. Bioassays of squares, caged plant bioassays, and residue analysis of squares showed enhanced efficacy when air-assistance was used. Application with air-assistance enhanced beet armyworm mortality Angling the air curtain forward 30 degrees increased beet armyworm mortality above that of the other treatments in one test and produced numerically higher, though not significant, mortality in another test. Air-assistance shows potential for enhancing the control of the bell weevil and beet armyworm. RP Mulrooney, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS,APPLICAT & PROD TECHNOL RES UNIT,POB 36,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 22 IS 3 BP 315 EP 322 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YE272 UT WOS:A1997YE27200005 ER PT J AU Summy, KR Greenberg, SM MoralesRamos, JA AF Summy, KR Greenberg, SM MoralesRamos, JA TI Patterns of host utilization by Catolaccus grandis, an exotic parasite of boll weevil: Effects of host microhabitat SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID PTEROMALIDAE; HYMENOPTERA; COLEOPTERA; CURCULIONIDAE; COTTON AB Research was conducted to investigate the effects of host microhabitat on the incidence of oviposition by Catolaccus grandis (Burks), an exotic parasite of boil weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman. Third-instar bell weevil larvae and pupae infesting cotton squares were shown to be highly susceptible to attack by C. grandis, regardless of location within the cotton habitat (i.e., within the canopy or on the soil surface following abscision). In contrast, the susceptibility of immature host stages infesting cotton bells was shown to be largely predicated on the physical condition of the individual fruiting form. Third-instar bell weevil larvae and pupae infesting bells characterized by separated carpel segments or other types of surface damage (which presumably provide access to the parasite's ovipositor) were readily parasitized, whereas contemporaries infesting fresh (undamaged) bells appear to have been largely protected from attack by this parasite species. RP Summy, KR (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,2413 E HWY 83,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. OI Morales-Ramos, Juan/0000-0002-3506-3859 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 22 IS 3 BP 331 EP 336 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YE272 UT WOS:A1997YE27200007 ER PT J AU Summy, KR Greenberg, SM MoralesRamos, JA AF Summy, KR Greenberg, SM MoralesRamos, JA TI Patterns of host utilization by Catolaccus grandis, an exotic parasite of boll weevil: Effects of host stage SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID PTEROMALIDAE; HYMENOPTERA; CURCULIONIDAE; COLEOPTERA AB A series of experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions to clarify ovipositional preferences by Catolaccus grandis (Burks), an exotic parasite of boil weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman. and to determine the suitability of various host stages for development of immature parasites. In both choice and no-choice ovipositional experiments, female C. grandis exhibited a pronounced preference for (but did not appear to discriminate between) third-instar bell weevil larvae and pupae. Parasitism of younger and older host stages was either nonexistent (eggs and first-instar larvae) or occurred at extremely low levels (second-instar larvae and unemerged teneral adults). Immature C. grandis developed with equal facility on third-instar bell weevil larvae and pupae, to a lesser extent on second-instar host larvae, and failed to develop on the remaining life stages of the host. The relationship between ovipositional preferences of C. grandis and its potential efficacy under field conditions is discussed. RP Summy, KR (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,2413 E HWY 83,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. OI Morales-Ramos, Juan/0000-0002-3506-3859 NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 22 IS 3 BP 337 EP 343 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YE272 UT WOS:A1997YE27200008 ER PT J AU Rummel, DR Summy, KR AF Rummel, DR Summy, KR TI Ecology of the boll weevil in the United States cottonbelt SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Review ID TEXAS ROLLING PLAINS; RIO-GRANDE VALLEY; ANTHONOMUS-GRANDIS; COLEOPTERA-CURCULIONIDAE; NORTHEASTERN MEXICO; OVERWINTERING SURVIVAL; SPRING EMERGENCE; WINTER SURVIVAL; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; METHYL PARATHION C1 USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,WESLACO,TX 78596. RP Rummel, DR (reprint author), TEXAS A&M UNIV,AGR RES & EXTENS CTR,ROUTE 3,BOX 219,LUBBOCK,TX 79401, USA. NR 146 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 22 IS 3 BP 356 EP 376 PG 21 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA YE272 UT WOS:A1997YE27200010 ER PT J AU FedorkaCray, PJ Hogg, A Gray, JT Lorenzen, K Velasquez, J VonBehren, P AF FedorkaCray, PJ Hogg, A Gray, JT Lorenzen, K Velasquez, J VonBehren, P TI Feed and feed trucks as sources of Salmonella contamination in swine SO SWINE HEALTH AND PRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE swine; Salmonella; feed; trucks; food safety ID FOODBORNE DISEASE; INTERNAL ORGANS; UNITED-STATES; CHOLERAESUIS; TYPHIMURIUM; INFECTION; TRANSMISSION; INGREDIENTS; PATHOGENS; OUTBREAK AB Purpose: To investigate whether feed trucks and feed could be sources of Salmonella contamination in swine operations. Materials: Five hundred forty-nine swab samples were taken from approximately 25 different places in the grain box on 22 different feed trucks and cultured for Salmonella spp. In addition, a sample of the feed components from 17 of those trucks was cultured for the presence of Salmonella. Results: Culture of both truck swab and feed samples indicate that Salmonella was present on five of the 22 (22.7%) trucks. A total of 549 swabs were cultured and the rate of isolation was 0.7% (four of 549 positive for Salmonella). Positive swabs were recovered from three trucks for a recovery rate of 13.6%. Feed was submitted for 17 of 22 trucks and Salmonella was recovered from four of 17 samples (23.5%). However, positive swabs and feed samples only matched for two trucks. No trucks had been used to transport livestock within the past 30 days nor were any trucks cleaned or disinfected between loads. Implications: While sample prevalence of Salmonella in feed trucks is low (0.7%),the overall contamination rate for feed trucks is much higher (22.7%). The presence of positive feed samples suggests that feed could be a source of Salmonella contamination for swine. C1 UNIV ANTIOQUIA,MEDELLIN,COLOMBIA. RP FedorkaCray, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS,RICHARD RUSSELL RES CTR,934 COLL STN RD,ATHENS,GA 30605, USA. NR 34 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC SWINE PRACTITIONERS PI DES MOINES PA 5921 FLEUR DR, DES MOINES, IA 50321 SN 1066-4963 J9 SWINE HEALTH PROD JI Swine Health Prod. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 5 IS 5 BP 189 EP 193 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA XY050 UT WOS:A1997XY05000005 ER PT J AU Pinkerton, JE Abubakr, S Meadows, DG AF Pinkerton, JE Abubakr, S Meadows, DG TI 1997 environmental conference reflects continuing high profile of industry environmental concerns and achievements SO TAPPI JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,MADISON,WI 53705. RP Pinkerton, JE (reprint author), NCASI,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TECH ASSN PULP PAPER IND INC PI NORCROSS PA 15 TECHNOLOGY PARK SOUTH, NORCROSS, GA 30092 SN 0734-1415 J9 TAPPI J JI TAPPI J. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 80 IS 9 BP 243 EP 247 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA XW589 UT WOS:A1997XW58900047 ER PT J AU Cardamone, JM Bao, GP Francis, A Marmer, WN AF Cardamone, JM Bao, GP Francis, A Marmer, WN TI Modifying wool/cotton textiles for union dyeing SO TEXTILE CHEMIST AND COLORIST LA English DT Article DE dyeing; fixatives; union dyeing; wool/cotton ID COTTON; DYEABILITY; IMPROVE; RESINS AB Pad/dry/cure and cold-hatch processes have been evaluated as pretreatment steps for union dyeing wool/cotton textiles. Both processes selectively modify cotton without affecting wool. These processes were compared to evaluate N-hydroxy and N-methyl urea compound resin systems in the presence of amino or quaternary nitrogen compounds and the monomeric and polymeric dye-fixative systems containing quaternary ammonium, epoxide, azetidinium, and guanidino constituents. The objective measurements used for the comparison include union shade index, colorimetric analysis, mechanical properties, and colorfastness. RP Cardamone, JM (reprint author), USDA,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LN,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19118, USA. NR 21 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSN TEXT CHEM COLOR PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA PO BOX 12215, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 SN 0040-490X J9 TEXT CHEM COLOR JI Text. Chem. Color. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 29 IS 9 BP 30 EP 36 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA XX088 UT WOS:A1997XX08800022 ER PT J AU Cronn, R Brothers, M Klier, K Bretting, PK Wendel, JF AF Cronn, R Brothers, M Klier, K Bretting, PK Wendel, JF TI Allozyme variation in domesticated annual sunflower and its wild relatives SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Helianthus annuus; allozymes; crop evolution; genetic diversity ID HELIANTHUS-ANNUUS; ASTERACEAE; ORIGIN; MAP; DNA AB The annual sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is a morphologically and genetically variable species composed of wild, weedy, and domesticated forms that are used for ornament, oilseed, and edible seeds. In this study, we evaluated genetic variation in 146 germplasm accessions of wild and domesticated sunflowers using allozyme analysis. Results from this survey showed that wild sunflower exhibits geographically structured genetic variation, as samples from the Great Plains region of the central United States were genetically divergent from accessions from California and the southwestern United States. Sunflower populations from the Great Plains harbored greater allelic diversity than did wild sunflower from the western United States. Comparison of genetic variability in wild and domesticated sunflower by principal coordinate analysis showed these groups to be genetically divergent, in large part due to differences in the frequency of common alleles. Neighbor-Joining analyses of domesticated H. annuus, wild H. annuus and two closely related wild species (H. argophyllus T. & G. and H. petiolaris Nutt.) showed that domesticated sunflowers form a genetically coherent group and that wild sunflowers from the Great Plains may include the most likely progenitor of domesticated sunflowers. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,USDA ARS,N CENT REG PLANT INTRODUCT STN,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT,AMES,IA 50011. OI Cronn, Richard/0000-0001-5342-3494 NR 39 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 95 IS 4 BP 532 EP 545 DI 10.1007/s001220050594 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA XY604 UT WOS:A1997XY60400004 ER PT J AU Bucci, G Kubisiak, TL Nance, WL Menozzi, P AF Bucci, G Kubisiak, TL Nance, WL Menozzi, P TI A population 'consensus', partial linkage map of Picea abies Karst. based on RAPD markers SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Norway spruce; genomic co-linearity; integrated map; log-likelihood; genomic arrangements ID PINE PINUS-PINASTER; APPROXIMATE CONFIDENCE-INTERVAL; AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNAS; RFLP MAP; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; BRASSICA-OLERACEA; HYBRID SPECIATION; GENETIC-VARIATION; ALLOZYME LOCI; CONSTRUCTION AB We built a ''consensus'' partial linkage map based on RAPD markers using 48 sibships of eight megagametophytes each from a natural population of Norway spruce. A RAPD linkage map for a single individual from the same population had previously been constructed. Using 30 random decamers that had yielded 83 RAPD markers in the single-tree map, eight megagametophytes for each of the 48 sibships were screened. The linkage relationship among markers was estimated considering each family of eight megagametophytes as a progeny of a phase-unknown backcross mating between a heterozygous mother and a fictitious 'recessive' father. Markers were assigned to windows using LOD = 2.0 and theta = 0.4 as thresholds, and ordered using a criterion of interval support greater than or equal to 2.0. For eight ''windows'' of recombination selected on the single-tree map, we investigated the consistency of marker order in the two maps. We adopted restrictive criteria for rejecting co-linearity between the two locus orders. For each window we imposed the most likely locus order obtained from one data set to the other (and vice versa), obtaining two symmetrical log-likelihood differences. We considered the hypothesis of colinearity rejected when both symmetrical differences were significant (Delta LOD > 3.0). By bootstrapping a subset of markers for each window (highly informative, 'framework' loci chosen on the previous single-tree map using a matrix correlation method) the sampling variability of the single-tree and population maps was estimated. As expected the population map was affected by a larger variability than the single-tree map, Heterogeneity in pairwise recombination fractions among groups of sibship revealed a (possible) alternative genomic arrangement detected within a single recombination window. C1 UNIV PARMA,DIPARTIMENTO SCI AMBIENTALI,I-43100 PARMA,ITALY. US FOREST SERV,USDA,SO INST FOREST GENET,HARRISON EXPT FOREST,SAUCIER,MS 39574. RI MENOZZI, PAOLO/A-6234-2012; Bucci, Gabriele/I-6582-2013 OI MENOZZI, PAOLO/0000-0001-8638-7370; Bucci, Gabriele/0000-0001-8931-0344 NR 58 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 95 IS 4 BP 643 EP 654 DI 10.1007/s001220050607 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA XY604 UT WOS:A1997XY60400017 ER PT J AU Heller, SR AF Heller, SR TI Analytical chemistry information at NIST SO TRAC-TRENDS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Editorial Material ID PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY; SUBSTITUTED PYRIDINES; KINETIC SHIFT; SPECTRA; FRAGMENTATION; IONIZATION AB NIST is a unique and valuable source of scientific data. It is now just starting to make some of this data available, presently at no cost, to the chemical community. Plans are now underway to expand the types and amounts of data which will be on the Chemistry Webbook site. Included in this will be limited, but useful, access to the NIST IR and mass spectral data. As the amount of high quality data available increases, this web site will be an even more valuable tool. I suggest you visit it often. RP Heller, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 24 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-9936 J9 TRAC-TREND ANAL CHEM JI Trac-Trends Anal. Chem. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 16 IS 8 BP 425 EP 431 DI 10.1016/S0165-9936(97)00061-7 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA YB774 UT WOS:A1997YB77400005 ER PT J AU Leftwich, KN Angermeier, PL Dolloff, CA AF Leftwich, KN Angermeier, PL Dolloff, CA TI Factors influencing behavior and transferability of habitat models for a benthic stream fish SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID VIRGINIA STREAMS; SYSTEMS; TEMPLET AB We examined the predictive power and transferability of habitat-based models by comparing associations of tangerine darter Percina aurantiaca and stream habitat at local and regional scales in North Fork Holston River (NFHR) and Little River, Virginia. Our models correctly predicted the presence or absence of tangerine darters in NFHR for 64% (local model) and 78% (regional model) of the sampled habitat-units (i.e., pools, runs, riffles). The distribution of tangerine darters apparently was influenced more by regional variables than local variables. Data from Little River and 37 historical records from Virginia were used to assess transferability of our models developed from NFHR data. In general, the models did not transfer well to Little River; all models predicted that either no (regional model) or few (local model) habitat-units in Little River would contain tangerine darter even though the species was observed in 83% of the habitat-units sampled. Conversely, the regional model correctly predicted presence of tangerine darters for 95% of the historical records. Principal components analysis showed extensive overlap in NFHR and Little River habitat which suggests that the two streams are ecologically similar. The suitability of Little River for tangerine darters was shown more clearly by principal components analysis than by our models. Because different limiting factors may apply in different systems, the elimination of potentially important ecological variables may compromise model transferability. A hierarchical approach to habitat modeling, with regard to variable retention, may improve transferability of habitat models. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn,Ctr Aquat Technol Transfer, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, US Geol Survey, Virginia Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn,Coldwater Fisheries Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Leftwich, KN (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife Sci, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn,Ctr Aquat Technol Transfer, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 34 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 126 IS 5 BP 725 EP 734 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1997)126<0725:FIBATO>2.3.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA YM628 UT WOS:000071083800001 ER PT J AU Edwards, DR Daniel, TC Scott, HD Moore, PA Murdoch, JF Vendrell, PF AF Edwards, DR Daniel, TC Scott, HD Moore, PA Murdoch, JF Vendrell, PF TI Effect of BMP implementation on storm flow quality of two northwestern Arkansas streams SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE water quality; nonpoint source pollution; best management practices ID WATER-QUALITY; PHOSPHORUS; RUNOFF; MANURE; MANAGEMENT; LOSSES AB The effectiveness of management practices in improving quality of runoff from agricultural land areas has been reported based primarily on results from plot-and field-scale studies. There is limited information available on watershed scales, particularly when the dominant agricultural land use is pasture. The objective of this study was to determine whether a program of Best Management Practice (BMP) implementation in the Lincoln Lake watershed of northwestern Arkansas was effective in reducing storm streamflow concentrations and mass transport of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ortho-phosphorus (PO4-P), total phosphorus (TP), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total suspended solids (TSS). Storm flow quality of the two main tributaries to Lincoln Lake was monitored from September 1991 to April 1994. Significant decreases (from 23 to 75% per year) in both concentrations and mass transport of NO3-N, NH3-N, TKN, and COD occurred concurrently with BMP implementation. The decreases in nitrogen and COD concentrations and mass transport are attributed to BMP implementation, and the BMP most responsible for these decreases is most likely nutrient management. C1 UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT AGRON,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. UNIV ARKANSAS,USDA ARS,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT BIOL & AGR ENGN,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. UNIV ARKANSAS,ARKANSAS WATER RESOURCES CTR,WATER QUAL LAB,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. RP Edwards, DR (reprint author), UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT AGR & BIOSYST ENGN,LEXINGTON,KY 40546, USA. NR 25 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 40 IS 5 BP 1311 EP 1319 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA YD156 UT WOS:A1997YD15600011 ER PT J AU Bingner, RL Garbrecht, J Arnold, JG Srinivasan, R AF Bingner, RL Garbrecht, J Arnold, JG Srinivasan, R TI Effect of watershed subdivision on simulation runoff and fine sediment yield SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE watersheds; erosion; runoff; sediment yield; modeling; GIS ID GOODWIN-CREEK; SCALE; MODEL AB The objective of this study was to establish the subwatershed size dependency of the Soil and Water Analysis Tool (SWAT) erosion model to adequately simulate annual runoff and fine sediment (< 0.063 mm) from the 21.3 km(2) Goodwin Creek Watershed (GCW). Results of the GCW application show that runoff volume is not appreciably affected by the number and size of subwatersheds. However an upper limit to subwatershed size is required to adequately simulate fine sediment yield produced from upland sources. Decreasing the size of subwatersheds beyond this threshold does not substantially affect the computed fine sediment yield. The proper identification of this threshold size cart optimize input data preparation requirements and computational resources needed for effective utilization of the SWAT model, and simplify the interpretation of results. C1 USDA ARS,GRAZINGLANDS RES LAB,DURANT,OK. USDA ARS,GRASSLAND SOIL WATER RES LAB,TEMPLE,TX. TEXAS AGR EXPTL STN,GRASSLAND SOIL WATER RES LAB,TEMPLE,TX. RP Bingner, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SEDIMENTAT LAB,POB 1157,OXFORD,MS 38655, USA. RI Srinivasan, R/D-3937-2009 NR 17 TC 72 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 40 IS 5 BP 1329 EP 1335 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA YD156 UT WOS:A1997YD15600013 ER PT J AU Bosch, DD AF Bosch, DD TI Constant head permeameter formula dependence on alpha parameter SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE hydraulic conductivity; infiltration; parameter estimation ID SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; GUELPH PERMEAMETER; INSITU MEASUREMENT; WELL PERMEAMETER; VADOSE ZONE; SORPTIVITY AB Reliable estimates of saturated hydraulic conductivity are prerequisites for accurate estimations of waterflow and chemical transport through soil profiles. One useful method for evaluating the saturated hydraulic conductivity in the field (Kfs) is the constant-head well permeameter (CHWP) method. The governing equation for this test is based upon flow of water from a cylindrical hole and flow theory for unsaturated-saturated steady flow from the hole. By making assumptions concerning the flow from the well, a solution to the equation is derived which includes coefficients obtained from measurements taken during the test and two parameters related to the soil type being studied. An important parameter in this solution method is the alpha* parameter the ratio of Kfs to the matric flux potential. Relationships are derived and presented which describe the sensitivity of the CHWP solution to variations in alpha*. Results show the solution for Kfs is most sensitive to error in the estimate of alpha* when alpha* < 0.015 mm(-1), corresponding to fine-textured and compacted clay soils. The error in Kfs introduced by poor estimates of alpha* is shown to be as large as 210%, for some cases. Thus, the current classification system used to evaluate alpha* for this test appears to be inadequate to produce reasonable estimates in Kfs. RP Bosch, DD (reprint author), USDA ARS,SE WATERSHED RES LAB,POB 946,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 40 IS 5 BP 1377 EP 1379 PG 3 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA YD156 UT WOS:A1997YD15600019 ER PT J AU Lu, R Abbott, JA AF Lu, R Abbott, JA TI Finite element modeling of transient responses of apples to impulse excitation SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE apples; firmness; finite element; sonic; vibration ID FIRMNESS MEASUREMENT; MAGNESS-TAYLOR; SONIC TRANSMISSION; DELICIOUS APPLES; VIBRATION MODES; SENSORY METHODS; FRUIT FIRMNESS; MODAL-ANALYSIS; COMPRESSION AB Finite element models were developed using MARC to study transient responses of apples to impulse excitations under a real instrument configuration. Apples were modeled as an axisymmetric composite material comprised of skin, cortex, and core. The modeling approach was validated using a homogeneous elastic material. Simulation results show that the first resonant frequency was not affected by the geometry, size, and mechanical properties of the fruit and was related to the contact material. The square of the second resonant frequency was linearly related to Young's modulus of the fruit (r(2) = 0.999). Apple skin had a small effect on the second and third resonant frequencies (less than 2%). Core had a large effect on the second resonant frequency (up to 15%) but had a negligible effect on the third one. Firmness measurement using the second resonant frequency was affected by apple shape (up to 11%) but not by apple size. Shape did not affect the third resonant frequency. Contact material and area and the input signal affected the amplitude of the frequency spectrum but did not affect the resonant frequencies. Resonance measurement was sensitive to sensor's location on the fruit's equator Resonance identification was enhanced by using a contact material slightly softer than the apple, using a larger contact area and using an input acceleration with the frequency approximately equal to the highest output frequency of interest. RP Lu, R (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,NAT RESOURCES INST,INSTRUMENTAT & SENSING LAB,BLDG 303,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 34 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 4 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 40 IS 5 BP 1395 EP 1406 PG 12 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA YD156 UT WOS:A1997YD15600022 ER PT J AU Schatzki, TF Haff, RP Young, R Can, I Le, LC Toyofuku, N AF Schatzki, TF Haff, RP Young, R Can, I Le, LC Toyofuku, N TI Defect detection in apples by means of x-ray imaging SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE apples; internal defects; human recognition; line-scanning; X-ray; film; sorting ID DELICIOUS APPLES; WATERCORE; FIRMNESS; PRODUCTS; STORAGE AB X-ray radiograms were obtained for 400 to 700 each of four State of Washington apple cultivars ('Fuji', 'Granny Smith', 'Red' and 'Golden Delicious') and 79 'Braeburns' carrying assorted defects(bruises, senescence browning, rot, watercore and insect damage). Radiograms of whole apples, most out of long term storage, were obtained with line scanning x-ray, suitable for real-time inspection, and with high resolution film, at two orientations, following which the apples were sliced and photographed. Apples were characterized as defective or not based on the appearance in these photos. Sets of x-ray images for a given cultivar/orientation (good and bad apples mixed randomly) were inspected by human observers and the recognition rates recorded. When still images were viewed on a computer screen, acceptable recognition (greater than or equal to 50% of defective apples recognized, less than or equal to 5% of good apples classified defective) of images was obtained for senescence browning of 'Red Delicious', for watercore and stem rot in 'Fuji'(requiring orientation), possibly for watercore in 'Red Delicious', and for codling moth damage in the first four cultivars 8 to 19 days after larval entry. However when images were scrolled across the screen at increasing rates, simulating a three-chain sorting line, recognition fell off to unacceptable levels at rates one half that corresponding to a commercial sorting line. This decrease is not unexpected in light of previous work in more structured situations. The implications for devising an apple sorting system based on x-ray are discussed. RP Schatzki, TF (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 28 TC 67 Z9 70 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 40 IS 5 BP 1407 EP 1415 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA YD156 UT WOS:A1997YD15600023 ER PT J AU Wesley, IV AF Wesley, IV TI Helicobacter and Arcobacter: Potential human foodborne pathogens? SO TRENDS IN FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SP-NOV; PYLORI INFECTION; DIARRHEAL ILLNESS; ABATTOIR WORKERS; GROUND PORK; CAMPYLOBACTER; TRANSMISSION; BUTZLERI; ANIMALS; RISK AB Helicobacter pylori is associated with human gastric ulcers and gastric cancer; it has been detected in water, but not in foods. Arcobacter, a newly described Campylobacter-like organism, has been associated with cases of livestock abortion and human enteritis. Arcobacter spp. have been detected in water, cattle, swine, poultry, and ground pork products. This article reviews the evidence for considering Helicobacter spp, and Arcobacter spp., especially Arcobacter butzleri, as emerging foodborne pathogens. RP Wesley, IV (reprint author), USDA,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,POB 70,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 60 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0924-2244 J9 TRENDS FOOD SCI TECH JI Trends Food Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 8 IS 9 BP 293 EP 299 DI 10.1016/S0924-2244(97)01050-9 PG 7 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA YA285 UT WOS:A1997YA28500002 ER PT J AU Kinlaw, CS Neale, DB AF Kinlaw, CS Neale, DB TI Complex gene families in pine genomes SO TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; SEQUENCE; TOMATO; HOMOLOG; CLONES; MAIZE; MAP AB The genome structures of extant species suggest that conifer and angiosperm genomes have evolved by different mechanisms. For example, in the evolution of the pine genome, the amplification and dispersal of genes to form complex families appears to have been especially prominent. An analysis of the structure and organization of pine gene families is critical for understanding the organization and evolution of pine genomes, and may help explain adaptation. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT ENVIRONM HORT,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP Kinlaw, CS (reprint author), INST FOREST GENET,PACIFIC SW RES STN,USDA,FOREST SERV,POB 245,BERKELEY,CA 94701, USA. NR 30 TC 91 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 1360-1385 J9 TRENDS PLANT SCI JI Trends Plant Sci. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 2 IS 9 BP 356 EP 359 DI 10.1016/S1360-1385(97)84624-9 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XT888 UT WOS:A1997XT88800009 ER PT J AU Stabel, JR Kehrli, ME Reinhardt, TA Nonnecke, BJ AF Stabel, JR Kehrli, ME Reinhardt, TA Nonnecke, BJ TI Functional assessment of bovine monocytes isolated from peripheral blood SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bovine; monocytes; function ID OXIDATIVE BURST; CELLS; MACROPHAGES AB Bovine monocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood of cattle by adherence of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to plastic. Three in vitro methods were modified to evaluate bovine monocyte function. These methods were: (1) ingestion of I-125-iododeoxyuridine labeled Staphylococcus aureus; (2) antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; (3) luminol-dependent and native chemiluminescence. Description of monocyte isolation and assay development is discussed in the text. Assays to evaluate monocyte function are useful for assessing immune status of the animal. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. RP Stabel, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,ZOONOT DIS RES UNIT,2300 DAYTON RD,AMES,IA 50010, USA. RI Reinhardt, Timothy/A-7536-2009 OI Reinhardt, Timothy/0000-0001-5552-2509 NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD SEP 1 PY 1997 VL 58 IS 2 BP 147 EP 153 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(97)00024-X PG 7 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA YA080 UT WOS:A1997YA08000005 PM 9336882 ER PT J AU Zilberg, D Klesius, PH AF Zilberg, D Klesius, PH TI Quantification of immunoglobulin in the serum and mucus of channel catfish at different ages and following infection with Edwardsiella ictaluri SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fish; skin; serum; mucus; immunoglobulin; Edwardsiella ID TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; IMMUNE-SYSTEM; ANTIBODIES; PUNCTATUS; IGM; IMMUNOASSAY; FISH AB An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to quantify immunoglobulin (Ig) in the serum and mucus of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). The capture antibody (Ab) was a monoclonal Ab to channel catfish Ig and the detector was a polyclonal goat serum against channel catfish Ig. Detectable levels of channel catfish Ig were 0.1 mu g ml(-1) and coefficients of intra-and interassay variations were 20% and 15%, respectively. Serum Ig concentration was found to increase from 0.36 +/- 0.25 to 0.49 +/- 0.26 mg ml(-1) between 3 and 15 months of age. In contrast, mucus Ig concentration slightly decreased from 0.55 +/- 0.52 to 0.45 +/- 0.82 ng cm(-2) of skin between 3 and 15 months of age. Mucus Ig concentrations were highest immediately caudal to gill covers and between pectoral to anal fins, at concentrations of 0.45 +/- 0.82 and 0.34 +/- 0.67 ng cm(-2), respectively. The concentration of mucus Ig between anal and caudal fins and on the ventral skin between gill covers and pectoral fin was 0.18 +/- 0.42 and 0.09 +/- 0.14 ng cm(-2), respectively. The kinetics of Ig production following infection with Edwardsiella ictaluri showed that serum Ig concentrations markedly increased (20.92 + 32.75 mg ml(-1)) at 13 days post-infection. The increase in mucus Ig concentrations occurred 14 days later (0.80 +/- 1.91 ng cm(-2)). Individual variation in both serum and mucus Ig production increased considerably during the course of infection (+/-0.23 to +/-32.75 mg ml(-1) for serum Ig and +/-0.1 to + 3,41 ng cm(-2) for mucus Ig). The results suggest that E. ictaluri infection causes higher Ig production than that found in non-infected fish of the same age. Ab response to E, ictaluri was detected in the serum but not in the mucus of infected fish. Our results show differences in serum and mucus Ie concentrations with age and after infection with E. ictaluri. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 AGR RES SERV,USDA,FISH DIS & PARASITES RES LAB,AUBURN,AL 36830. AUBURN UNIV,COLL VET MED,AUBURN,AL 36830. RI ZILBERG, DINA/F-1337-2012 NR 21 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD SEP 1 PY 1997 VL 58 IS 2 BP 171 EP 180 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(97)00033-0 PG 10 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA YA080 UT WOS:A1997YA08000008 PM 9336885 ER PT J AU Shoemaker, CA Klesius, PH Plumb, JA AF Shoemaker, CA Klesius, PH Plumb, JA TI Killing of Edwardsiella ictaluri by macrophages from channel catfish immune and susceptible to enteric septicemia of catfish SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE macrophage; bacteriocidal; Edwardsiella ictaluri; channel catfish; immune; susceptible ID AEROMONAS-SALMONICIDA; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; RAINBOW-TROUT; ANTIBODIES; PUNCTATUS; ASSAY; FISH AB The role of peritoneal macrophages in immunity to enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC) after infection with live Edwardsiella ictaluri was investigated. Channel catfish macrophage-mediated bacteriocidal activity was dependent on the macrophage:bacteria ratio. Ratios of 1:1 to 1:12 exhibited significant differences (P less than or equal to 0.05) in killing between macrophages from immune fish when compared to killing by macrophages from susceptible fish at 2.5 h. At 5 h, macrophages from immune fish were capable of effective killing (83.3%) at a 1:24 effector:target ratio, whereas macrophages from susceptible fish killed significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) less (56.9%). Macrophage bacteriocidal activity was significantly greater (P less than or equal to 0.05) in macrophages from individual immune fish (93.4%) compared to macrophages from individual susceptible fish (85.4%). The kinetics of macrophage killing showed a linear increase in bacteriocidal activity from 1 to 3 h. Opsonization with immune serum enabled macrophages from immune fish to kill bacteria more effectively (93.8 vs. 75.9%) at 2.5 h. Opsonization of E. ictaluri with immune serum significantly suppressed the killing ability of macrophages from susceptible fish (46.2%) at 2.5 h. The results suggest that macrophages from fish immune to ESC had a greater capacity to kill E. ictaluri than macrophages from susceptible fish especially when E. ictaluri were opsonized with anti-E. ictaluri antibody. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 AGR RES SERV,USDA,FISH DIS & PARASITE RES LAB,AUBURN,AL 36830. AUBURN UNIV,DEPT FISHERIES & ALLIED AQUACULTURES,AUBURN,AL 36849. NR 20 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD SEP 1 PY 1997 VL 58 IS 2 BP 181 EP 190 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(97)00026-3 PG 10 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA YA080 UT WOS:A1997YA08000009 PM 9336886 ER PT J AU Reddy, JR Kwang, J Okwumabua, O Kapil, S Loughin, TM Lechtenberg, KF Chengappa, MM Minocha, HC AF Reddy, JR Kwang, J Okwumabua, O Kapil, S Loughin, TM Lechtenberg, KF Chengappa, MM Minocha, HC TI Application of recombinant bovine viral diarrhea virus proteins in the diagnosis of bovine viral diarrhea infection in cattle SO VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bovine viral diarrhea virus; diagnosis-viruses; cattle-viruses ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; BACULOVIRUS EXPRESSION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; MOLECULAR-CLONING; REGION; IDENTIFICATION; ELISA; SERA; SPECIFICITY AB The National Animal Disease Laboratory (NADL) vaccine strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) genes for gp48 and p80 were expressed in Escherichia coli. The BVDV-NADL gene for gp62 was integrated into a baculovirus genome for expression in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-9) insect ovarian cells. The antigenicity of baculovirus expressed BVDV protein was detected by anti-BVDV specific antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect immunofluorescent assay (LFA) and radio-immunoprecipitation (RIP). The recombinant proteins isolated from bacteria showed antigenic properties when analyzed by ELISA and immunoblotting using BVDV antibodies. The recombinant proteins were then used in ELISA or IFA to detect BVDV infection by testing 54 independent bovine serum samples. The baculovirus-expressed BVDV protein was used as an ELISA and IFA antigen, and the bacteria-expressed proteins were used as ELISA antigens. BVDV-NADL-infected Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell monolayers served as a control antigen. Statistical analysis showed a high degree of correlation between the reactivity of recombinants and natural antigens in ELISA using bovine sera. The results of ELISA or IFA proved there is a high degree of correlation with the virus neutralization. In the comparative ELISA assays, the insect-cell-mediated expression revealed greater specificity and sensitivity than the bacterial expression or the natural BVDV antigens produced by cell cultures. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 COLL VET MED, DEPT DIAGNOST MED PATHOBIOL, MANHATTAN, KS 66506 USA. KANSAS STATE UNIV, DEPT STAT, MANHATTAN, KS 66506 USA. MIDWEST VET SERV INC, OAKLAND, NE 68045 USA. USDA ARS, US MEAT ANIM RES CTR, CLAY CTR, NE 68933 USA. NR 33 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1135 EI 1873-2542 J9 VET MICROBIOL JI Vet. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 57 IS 2-3 BP 119 EP 133 DI 10.1016/S0378-1135(97)00128-4 PG 15 WC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences SC Microbiology; Veterinary Sciences GA YC870 UT WOS:A1997YC87000003 PM 9355247 ER PT J AU Ballweber, LR Smith, LL Stuedemann, JA Yazwinski, TA Skogerboe, TL AF Ballweber, LR Smith, LL Stuedemann, JA Yazwinski, TA Skogerboe, TL TI The effectiveness of a single treatment with doramectin or ivermectin in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in grazing yearling stocker cattle SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE doramectin; ivermectin; cattle: nematoda; parasite control ID INFECTIONS; EFFICACY AB Four studies were conducted to a similar experimental design in the U.S. to evaluate the effectiveness of doramectin injectable administered to yearling stocker cattle in the control of gastrointestinal nematodiasis over the subsequent grazing period. Studies were conducted in Wisconsin (WI) and Arkansas (AR) during the summer season. The other two studies were conducted in Georgia (GA) and Mississippi (MS) during the winter/spring season. Doramectin was compared with both ivermectin injectable and ivermectin pour-on in the WI study, with ivermectin injectable alone in the GA study and with ivermectin pour-on alone in the other two studies. At each study site, an area of permanent pasture previously grazed by parasitized animals was subdivided by fencing into equal pasture units each with its own water supply. A treatment designation (non-medicated control, doramectin injectable, ivermectin injectable or ivermectin pour-on) was randomly assigned to each pasture unit. Weaned beef calves with confirmed gastrointestinal nematode infections were randomly allotted to a pasture unit and corresponding treatment group, Each treatment group consisted of three replicates of seven animals per pasture unit (total 21 animals) in the WI study, three replicates of four or six animals per pasture unit (total 16 animals) in the AR study, five replicates of six animals per pasture unit (total 30 animals) in the GA study and three replicates of 12 animals per pasture unit (total 36 animals) in the MS study. Treatments were 1% doramectin injectable solution, 1% ivermectin injectable solution, 0.5% ivermectin pour-on solution or non-medicated controls. The injectables were administered at a dose of 1 ml/50 kg body weight (200 mu g doramectin or ivermectin/kg) by subcutaneous injection in the neck. Ivermectin pour-on solution was administered topically at a dose of 1 ml/10 kg body weight (500 mu g ivermectin/kg). After receiving their prescribed treatment, animals were placed on their designated pasture unit where they remained for the entire grazing period (84-140 days). Fecal nematode egg counts and body weights were monitored at predetermined intervals throughout each study. Doramectin treatment reduced pretreatment egg counts by between 95 and 100% by 21 days post-treatment. Subsequent rises in egg output from exposure to infective pastures were delayed by two to four weeks resulting in substantial reductions in total egg deposition over the grazing period and, therefore, potential pasture recontamination. Doramectin treatment resulted in substantial average daily weight gain advantages (0.152-0.272 kg) over the grazing season compared to non-medicated controls. Advantages were statistically significant (P < 0.05) in three of the four studies. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in average daily gain between the doramectin and ivermectin injectable or ivermectin pour-on treated groups. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 PFIZER INC,PFIZER ANIM HLTH GRP,LEES SUMMIT,MO 64081. MISSISSIPPI STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762. RES & DEV,LODI,WI. ARS,USDA,SO PIEDMONT CONSERVAT RES CTR,WATKINSVILLE,GA. UNIV ARKANSAS,DEPT ANIM SCI,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. NR 7 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 72 IS 1 BP 53 EP 68 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(97)00078-2 PG 16 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA YG589 UT WOS:A1997YG58900008 PM 9403977 ER PT J AU Gwaltney, SM Galvin, RJS Register, KB Rimler, RB Ackermann, MR AF Gwaltney, SM Galvin, RJS Register, KB Rimler, RB Ackermann, MR TI Effects of Pasteurella multocida toxin on porcine bone marrow cell differentiation into osteoclasts and osteoblasts SO VETERINARY PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE atrophic rhinitis; osteoblast osteoclast; Pasteurella multocida toxin; pigs ID DERMONECROTIC TOXIN; CONDITIONED MEDIUM; PROTEIN TOXIN; IN-VITRO; STIMULATION; RESORPTION; INVITRO; CULTURES; BINDING; PIGS AB The effect of Pasteurella multocida toxin (PMT) on porcine osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation was studied using in vitro cell culture systems. When grown in the presence of Vitamin D-3, isolated porcine bone marrow cells formed multinucleated cells with features characteristic of osteoclasts. Exposure of bone marrow cells to Vitamin D-3, and PMT during growth resulted in formation of increased numbers and earlier appearance of osteoclasts compared to controls. Ultrafiltered medium from PMT-treated cells likewise increased osteoclast numbers, suggesting that a soluble mediator may be involved in the action of PMT. When cell cultures were treated with fluorescein-labeled PMT, fluorescence was found within the cytoplasm of small, round cells that did not resemble either osteoclasts or osteoclastic precursor cells. Cultures of porcine bone marrow cells exposed to dexamethasone, ascorbic acid, and beta-glycerophosphate developed into osteoblastic cells that formed multilayered, mineralized nodules. Exposure of osteoblastic cultures to low concentrations of PMT resulted in retarded cell growth, formation of decreased numbers of nodules, and minimal to no mineralization in the nodules; higher concentrations of PMT resulted in increased cellular debris and poor growth of cells, with no nodule formation. These findings suggest that PMT may induce turbinate atrophy in pigs by increasing osteoclast numbers and inhibiting osteoblastic bone formation. The effect of PMT on osteoclastic differentiation and growth may not be due to a direct effect on preosteoclastic cells, but rather due to alterations in the soluble mediator secretion by marrow stromal cells. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AVIAN & SWINE RESP DIS RES UNIT,AMES,IA. LILLY RES LABS,INDIANAPOLIS,IN. NR 30 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL VET PATHOLOGIST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0300-9858 J9 VET PATHOL JI Vet. Pathol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 34 IS 5 BP 421 EP 430 PG 10 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA XW975 UT WOS:A1997XW97500006 PM 9381653 ER PT J AU Neilan, JG Lu, Z Kutish, GF Zsak, L Lewis, TL Rock, DL AF Neilan, JG Lu, Z Kutish, GF Zsak, L Lewis, TL Rock, DL TI A conserved African swine fever virus I kappa B homolog, 5EL, is nonessential for growth in vitro and virulence in domestic swine SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR; CYTOKINE RESPONSES; INFECTION; PROTEIN; GENE; DNA; EXPRESSION; DROSOPHILA; MEMBRANE AB An African swine fever virus (ASFV) gene with similarity to the cellular inhibitor of NF kappa B (I kappa B) was described in the pathogenic African isolate Malawi Lil-20/1 (ORF 5EL) and a cell-culture-adapted European virus, BA71V (ORF A238L). Recently, this gene was shown to be a functional I kappa B homolog capable of downregulating NF kappa B-regulated gene expression. This observation suggests the gene may be of significance to aspects of ASFV pathogenesis and virulence in domestic swine by interfering with a normal antiviral host response. Here we show, using nucleotide sequence analysis, that 5EL is highly conserved among Various African and European pathogenic field isolates and that in all cases its similarity to I kappa B genes is limited to the presence of four low complexity ankyrin repeats in the ASFV gene. The 5EL gene of Malawi Lil-20/1 encodes a 28-kDa protein which was expressed early in virus-infected macrophage cell cultures with maximum levels observed at 3 to 5 hr postinfection. To study gene function, a Malawi Lil-20/1 5EL gene deletion mutant (Delta 5EL) was constructed. Growth characteristics of Delta 5EL in porcine macrophage cell cultures were indistinguishable from those of the parental virus. And, Delta 5EL exhibited an unaltered parental Malawi Lil-20/1 disease and virulence phenotype in domestic swine. Thus, although highly conserved among ASN isolates, 5EL is nonessential for growth in porcine macrophages in vitro and for viral virulence in domestic swine. A possible role for this gene in transmission of ASFV in nature, a setting which involves the cycling of ASFV between two highly adapted hosts, Ornithodoros ticks and warthogs or bush pigs, in sub-Saharan Africa is discussed. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS,PLUM ISL ANIM DIS CTR,GREENPORT,NY 11944. NR 58 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD SEP 1 PY 1997 VL 235 IS 2 BP 377 EP 385 DI 10.1006/viro.1997.8693 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA XV859 UT WOS:A1997XV85900022 PM 9281518 ER PT J AU Riegel, CI Slavicek, JM AF Riegel, CI Slavicek, JM TI Characterization of the replication cycle of the Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE baculovirus; Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus; virus life cycle; Lymantria dispar; DNA replication ID SPODOPTERA-FRUGIPERDA CELLS; DNA-POLYMERASE GENE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; PROTEIN GENE; IDENTIFICATION; REGION; EXPRESSION; TRANSACTIVATION; TRANSCRIPTION; INFECTION AB The life cycle of the Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdMNPV) was characterized through analysis of budded virus (BV) release, the temporal formation of polyhedra, the temporal transcription pattern of representative early, late, and hyper-expressed late genes, and the onset of DNA replication in the Ld652Y cell line. Transcripts from the LdMNPV immediate early gene G22 were detected 4 h post infection (h p.i.). The late and hyper-expressed late p39 capsid and polyhedrin genes were initially transcribed at approximately 20 and 24 h p.i., respectively. Viral DNA replication initiated at approximately 18-20 h p.i. Budded virus was released from infected cells between 24 and 36 h p.i., and polyhedra were first detected at approximately 48 h p.i. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,NE FOREST EXPT STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,DELAWARE,OH 43015. NR 34 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 51 IS 1 BP 9 EP 17 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(97)00075-0 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA XY338 UT WOS:A1997XY33800002 PM 9381798 ER PT J AU Mohanty, BP Bowman, RS Hendrickx, JMH vanGenuchten, MT AF Mohanty, BP Bowman, RS Hendrickx, JMH vanGenuchten, MT TI New piecewise-continuous hydraulic functions for modeling preferential flow in an intermittent-flood-irrigated field SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID SOLUTE TRANSPORT; TENSION-INFILTROMETER; WATER-FLOW; CLAY SOIL; CHARACTERIZING MACROPORES; FORESTED HILLSLOPE; MULTIREGION MODEL; UNSATURATED SOILS; STORM EVENTS; CONDUCTIVITY AB Modeling water flow in macroporous field soils near saturation has been a major challenge in vadose zone hydrology. Using in situ and laboratory measurements, we developed new piecewise-continuous soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity functions to describe preferential flow in tile drains under a flood-irrigated agricultural field in Las Nutrias, New Mexico. After incorporation into a two-dimensional numerical flow code, CHAIN 2D, the performance of the new piecewise-continuous hydraulic functions was compared with that of the unimodal van Genuchten-Mualem model and with measured tile-flow data at the field site during a number of irrigation events. Model parameters were collected/estimated by site characterization (e.g., soil texture, surface/subsurface saturated/unsaturated soil hydraulic property measurements), as well as by local and regional-scale hydrologic monitoring (including the use of groundwater monitoring wells, piezometers, and different surface-irrigation and subsurface-drainage measurement systems). Comparison of numerical simulation results with the observed tile flow indicated that the new piecewise-continuous hydraulic functions generally predicted preferential flow in the tile drain reasonably well following all irrigation events at the field site. Also, the new bimodal soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity functions performed better than the unimodal van Genuchten-Mualem functions in terms of describing the observed flow regime at the held site. C1 NEW MEXICO INST MIN & TECHNOL,DEPT GEOSCI,SOCORRO,NM 87801. RP Mohanty, BP (reprint author), USDA ARS,US SALIN LAB,450 W BIG SPRINGS RD,RIVERSIDE,CA 92507, USA. RI van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 76 TC 98 Z9 98 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 33 IS 9 BP 2049 EP 2063 DI 10.1029/97WR01701 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA XU473 UT WOS:A1997XU47300001 ER PT J AU Dayan, FE Weete, JD Duke, SO Hancock, HG AF Dayan, FE Weete, JD Duke, SO Hancock, HG TI Soybean (Glycine max) cultivar differences in response to sulfentrazone SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sulfentrazone technical grade (98.2%), N-[2,4-dichloro-5-[4-(difluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-1,2, 4-triazol-1-yl]-phenyl]methanesulfonamide; 3-hydroxymethyl derivative(97.2%), N-[2,4-dichloro-5-[4(difluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-hydroxymethyl-5-oxo-1 H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide; 3-carboxylic acid derivative (95.2%), N-[2,4-dichloro-5-[4-(difluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-carboxyl-5-oxo-1H-1, 2,4-triazol-1-yl]phenyl]methanesulfbnamide; IV. 3-desmethyl derivarive (95.6%), N-[2,4-dichloro-5-[4-(difluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1H-1,2,4-triazol -1-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide; 5'-amino derivative (91.7%), N-2,4-dichloro-5-[4-(difluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-1,2,4 -triazol-1-yl]aniline; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr; herbicide tolerance; metabolism; mode of action; peroxidizing herbicide; protoporphyrin IX; protoporphyrinogen oxidase; translocation; uptake ID OXIDASE-INHIBITING HERBICIDES; DIPHENYL ETHER HERBICIDES; PROTOPORPHYRINOGEN OXIDASE; CELLULAR-LOCALIZATION; PHYSIOLOGICAL-BASIS; PORPHYRIN PATHWAY; METABOLISM; ACIFLUORFEN; HYDROXYLATION; METRIBUZIN AB Greenhouse-grown soybean cultivars varied in their tolerance to preemergence application of sulfentrazone. The cultivars Ransom, Hutcheson, Kato, Gasoy 17, and Cobb exhibited relatively low tolerance to 0.5 kg al ha(-1) sulfentrazone with 38, 41, 46, 50, and 58% height reduction compared to respective controls. The growth of tolerant cultivars Centennial, Edison, and Hartz 5164 was not affected by this treatment. However, the growth of all cultivars was reduced at the excessive rate of 2.0 kg ha(-1) preemergence application of sulfentrazone. No differences in root uptake or translocation of [C-14] sulfentrazone were observed between the relatively tolerant and less tolerant cultivars tested. Centennial and Hutcheson cultivars rapidly metabolized sulfentrazone via oxidative degradation of the 3-methyl group on the triazolinone ring of the herbicide. Only 4.7 and 4.9% of the active ingredient remained in the foliage of Hutcheson and Centennial 24 h after treatment, respectively. While there were no differences in Protox inhibition or Proto IX accumulation between the two cultivars, Hutcheson was more sensitive than Centennial to peroxidative stresses induced by either Proto IX accumulation or rose bengal. Therefore, tolerance to sulfentrazone is due to rapid metabolism of the herbicide however, the intraspecific difference in response to sulfentrazone appears to be due to intrinsic differential tolerance to the herbicide-induced peroxidative stress. C1 AUBURN UNIV, DEPT BOT & MICROBIOL, AUBURN, AL 36849 USA. USDA ARS, SO WEED SCI LAB, STONEVILLE, MS 38776 USA. FMC CORP, HAMILTON, GA 31811 USA. RI Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009 OI Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499 NR 48 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 2 U2 9 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 45 IS 5 BP 634 EP 641 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA XY844 UT WOS:A1997XY84400007 ER PT J AU Bailey, BA Jennings, JC Anderson, JD AF Bailey, BA Jennings, JC Anderson, JD TI Sensitivity of coca (Erythroxylum coca var. coca) to ethylene and fungal proteins SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend.:Fr. f. sp. erythroxyli; coca; Erythroxylum coca var. coca; elicitot; ethylene; Fusarium oxysporum ID TRICHODERMA-VIRIDE XYLANASE; WALL-DEGRADING ENZYMES; F-SP LYCOPERSICI; FUSARIUM-OXYSPORUM; NICOTIANA-TABACUM; BIOSYNTHESIS; LEAVES; ENDOXYLANASE; TRANSCRIPTS; INDUCTION AB Leaves of coca are the primary source of cocaine. There is interest in using Fusarium oxysporum as a mycoherbicide in addition to other measures to control coca production, but information on coca physiology, including the stress responses of coca leaves, is limited. Deleafing coca plants stimulates rapid production of new leaves, and young expanding leaves readily abscise if treated with ethylene. Commercial preparations of cell wall degrading enzymes, as well as a 24-kDa elicitor from Fusarium oxysporum, induced significant levels of ethylene production by coca leaves. Ethylene pretreatment of coca leaves enhanced the production of ethylene by coca leaves in response to the cell wall degrading enzyme preparation, Driselase, and the 24-kDa elicitor. However, ethylene pretreatment did nor enhance the rate of necrosis induced in response to either Driselase or purified 24-kDa elicitor. Driselase failed to elicit levels of necrosis comparable to the 24-kDa elicitor even at 30-fold higher protein concentrations. The response of coca leaves to the 24-kDa elicitor saturated at 6.7 mu g ml(-1). Age of coca leaves influenced both the level of resulting necrosis and the amount of ethylene produced in response to protein. Very young leaves produced the highest levels of ethylene and necrosis in response to Driselase and the 24-kDa elicitor. The data suggest that responsiveness of coca leaves to control measures may be synchronized over the first few weeks following defoliation. C1 USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR, WEED SCI LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. RP Bailey, BA (reprint author), USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR, BIOCONTROL PLANT DIS LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 28 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 45 IS 5 BP 716 EP 721 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA XY844 UT WOS:A1997XY84400021 ER PT J AU Reddy, KN Locke, MA Zablotowicz, RM AF Reddy, KN Locke, MA Zablotowicz, RM TI Soil type and tillage effects on sorption of cyanazine and degradation products SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chloroacid cyanazine; N-[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-2-methylalanine; cyanazine; 2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-; methylpropanenitrile; cyanazine amide; 2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropanamide ; desethyl cyanazine; 2-[(4-amino-6-chloro-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile; desmethylpropanenitrile cyanazine; 6-chloro-N-ethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine; hydroxyacid cyanazine; N-[6-(ethylamino)-1,4-dihydro-4-oxy-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]-2-methylalanine ID DESORPTION-KINETICS; COVER CROP; ADSORPTION; ATRAZINE; ALACHLOR; SYSTEMS; MOBILITY; BENTAZON AB The hydrolytic and dealkylation products of cyanazine have been detected in soils, bur the sorption of these products in soil has not been well studied. We examined sorption characteristics of five cyanazine degradation products in relation to cyanazine in Norfolk loamy sand, Tunica silty clay, and Dundee silt loam soils. Sorption was determined using a batch equilibrium method. Air-dried soil (3 g) was shaken in 6 ml of solution containing cyanazine or one of its degradation products for 48 h at 4 C. Five concentrations (2.04 to 54.67 mu mol L-1) of each chemical were evaluated. The cyanazine Freundlich coefficient (K-f) ranged from 0.64 in Norfolk soil to 4.75 in Dundee no-tillage (NT) soil, and was higher in Dundee NT than in Dundee conventional-tillage (CT) soil. The Freundlich exponent (N) values for cyanazine were less than 0.85 in all soils, indicating nonlinearity of the sorption isotherm. In general, cyanazine sorption among the soils increased in the order of Norfolk < < Dundee CT < Tunica < Dundee NT. Cyanazine sorption among the soils was correlated with fine texture and higher organic carbon content. Sorption of cyanazine degradation products was less than cyanazine sorption in all soils. Isotherms were nonlinear, with sorption decreasing in the order of cyanazine > desmethylpropanenitrile cyanazine > hydroxyacid cyanazine > desethyl cyanazine > cyanazine amide > > chloroacid cyanazine. The K-f for chloroacid cyanazine ranged from 0.21 in Norfolk soil to 0.42 in Dundee NT soil. Sorption patterns of five degradation products among the soils were generally similar to that of cyanazine. Our data indicate that under field conditions, cyanazine degradation products (especially cyanazine amide and chloroacid cyanazine) are more likely to remain in the aqueous phase and thus have a greater potential to move with water compared to cyanazine. RP Reddy, KN (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO WEED SCI LAB,POB 350,STONEVILLE,MS 38776, USA. OI Zablotowicz, Robert/0000-0001-8070-1998 NR 27 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 45 IS 5 BP 727 EP 732 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA XY844 UT WOS:A1997XY84400023 ER PT J AU Kawate, MK Colwell, SG Ogg, AG Kraft, JM AF Kawate, MK Colwell, SG Ogg, AG Kraft, JM TI Effect of glyphosate-treated henbit (Lamium amplexicaule) and downy brome (Bromus tectorum) on Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi and Pythium ultimum SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE glyphosate; downy brome; Bromus tectorum L. BROTE; henbit; Lamium amplexicaule L.; LAMAM; pea; Pisum sativum L.; rhizosphere; host; colonization; infection ID WEED RESIDUES; SOIL; COLONIZATION; PATHOGENS; SEEDLINGS; EMERGENCE; CEREALS; FUNGI AB Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the following: if treating henbit or downy brome with glyphosate increased populations of Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi and Pythium ultimum in soil and rhizosphere soil; if treating henbit or downy brome with glyphosate increased root colonization and infection by F. solani f. sp. pisi or P. ultimum; and, if henbit and downy brome are hosts of F. solani f. sp. pisi or P. ultimum. Pythium ultimum populations increased only in soil containing glyphosate-treated henbit. Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi and P. ultimum populations increased in rhizosphere soil from glyphosate-treated henbit, while only P. ultimum populations increased in rhizosphere soil from glyphosate-treated downy brome. These results suggest that peas planted in soil where either downy brome or henbit had been treated with glyphosate could be exposed to higher populations of F. solani f. sp. pisi and P. ultimum. Root colonization and infection, plant height, and root weight data indicated that henbit and downy brome are alternate hosts of P. ultimum. F. solani f. sp. pisi colonized, but did not readily infect roots of downy brome and henbit. C1 WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,PULLMAN,WA 99164. OREGON STATE UNIV,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,PULLMAN,WA 99164. USDA ARS,IRRIGATED AGR RES & EXTENS CTR,PROSSER,WA 99350. NR 32 TC 14 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 45 IS 5 BP 739 EP 743 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA XY844 UT WOS:A1997XY84400025 ER PT J AU Camp, RJ Sinton, DT Knight, RL AF Camp, RJ Sinton, DT Knight, RL TI Viewsheds: A complementary management approach to buffer zones SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Aquila chrysaetos; buffer zone; Colorado; disturbance management; geographic information systems; golden eagle; viewshed C1 US FOREST SERV,N KAIBAB RANGER DIST,FREDONIA,AZ 86022. RP Camp, RJ (reprint author), COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT FISHERY & WILDLIFE BIOL,FT COLLINS,CO 80523, USA. OI Camp, Richard/0000-0001-7008-923X NR 12 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1997 VL 25 IS 3 BP 612 EP 615 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA YH633 UT WOS:A1997YH63300011 ER PT J AU Rice, PM Toney, JC Bedunah, DJ Carlson, CE AF Rice, PM Toney, JC Bedunah, DJ Carlson, CE TI Elk winter forage enhancement by herbicide control of spotted knapweed SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE Centaurea maculosa; Cervus elaphus; elk; exotic weeds; fescue grassland; herbicides; restoration; western Montana; winter range ID MONTANA AB Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) is an exotic forb that aggressively invades grassland and early-successional forest sites in the Northern Rocky Mountains of the United States and Canada. Reduced vigor of native bunchgrass populations on spotted knapweed-infested winter elk ranges is potentially decreasing the forage value of these sites. We analyzed standing crop data collected 1 and 3 years after spraying for spotted knapweed control at 3 experimental sites in western Montana. Plant species biomass estimates were scaled by numerical indices quantifying the selection behavior of elk on winter range, and then summed over all species in each experimental plot. By the third year after spraying, herbicide plots averaged 47% greater (P < 0.05) elk winter forage than the no-spray check plots. Implications for management of elk winter range sites in the Northern Rockies are discussed. C1 UNIV MONTANA,SCH FORESTRY,MISSOULA,MT 59812. US FOREST SERV,FORESTRY SCI LAB,ROCKY MT RES STN,MISSOULA,MT 59806. RP Rice, PM (reprint author), UNIV MONTANA,DIV BIOL SCI,MISSOULA,MT 59812, USA. NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 8 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1997 VL 25 IS 3 BP 627 EP 633 PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA YH633 UT WOS:A1997YH63300013 ER PT J AU Noyes, JH Sasser, RG Johnson, BK Bryant, LD Alexander, B AF Noyes, JH Sasser, RG Johnson, BK Bryant, LD Alexander, B TI Accuracy of pregnancy detection by serum protein (PSPB) in elk SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE elk; pregnancy; PSPB ID DEER AB Blood sera from 225 Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) were tested for presence of pregnancy-specific protein-B (PSPB) and compared to pregnancy results from uterus examinations. Lowering the criterion used to indicate pregnancy from 95% to 93% binding of elk antiserum to bovine PSPB improved overall pregnancy detection accuracy from 94% to 96% and reduced the rate of false positive tests from 15% to 3%, No relationship was observed (P = 0.62) between percent binding and day of gestation. C1 UNIV IDAHO,DEPT ANIM & VET SCI,MOSCOW,ID 83843. US FOREST SERV,USDA,PACIFIC NW RES STN,LA GRANDE,OR 97850. RP Noyes, JH (reprint author), OREGON DEPT FISH & WILDLIFE,1401 GEKELER LANE,LA GRANDE,OR 97850, USA. NR 14 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1997 VL 25 IS 3 BP 695 EP 698 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA YH633 UT WOS:A1997YH63300023 ER PT J AU Pagel, JE Bell, DA AF Pagel, JE Bell, DA TI Are there enough good data to justify de-listing the American peregrine falcon? Reply SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID POPULATION C1 CALIF ACAD SCI, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94118 USA. RP Pagel, JE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, POB 520, MEDFORD, OR 97501 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1938-5463 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD FAL PY 1997 VL 25 IS 3 BP 739 EP 742 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA YH633 UT WOS:A1997YH63300030 ER PT J AU Grubb, TG Lopez, RG AF Grubb, TG Lopez, RG TI Ice fishing by wintering bald eagles in Arizona. SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article RP Grubb, TG (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,2500 S PINE KNOLL DR,FLAGSTAFF,AZ 86001, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 109 IS 3 BP 546 EP 548 PG 3 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA XY843 UT WOS:A1997XY84300019 ER PT J AU Connick, W Jackson, MA Williams, KS Boyette, CD AF Connick, W Jackson, MA Williams, KS Boyette, CD TI Stability of microsclerotial inoculum of Colletotrichum truncatum encapsulated in wheat flour-kaolin granules SO WORLD JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Colletotrichum truncatum; formulation; granules; microsclerotial; storage; water activity ID SESBANIA SESBANIA-EXALTATA; CONIDIATION; GERMINATION AB Maintaining adequate viability of microorganisms in products for biocontrol is critically important for commercial reasons. Microsclerotia (MS) of the mycoherbicide agent, Colletotrichum truncatum, are its hardy, over-wintering fungal structures. Microsclerotial inoculum at 2, 7, and 23 MS/granule were matrix-encapsulated in wheat flour-kaolin granules ('Pesta'), in which the flour provided gluten for the matrix and a food base for the fungus. Pesta granules were dried to a water activity of 0.18-0.29. After storage for 52 weeks at 25 degrees C, granules containing 7 and 23 MS were 100% viable and granules with 2 MS were 95% viable. Granules with 7 MS were 50% viable after 36 weeks at 35 degrees C, Pesta granules (440 granules/g) with conidial inoculum at 3.3 x 10(5) c.f.u./g were less storage-stable than granules at the 2 MS/granule level. At all MS inoculum levels, granules stored for up to 2 years produced 10(8) c.f.u./g in vitro when incubated on water agar. High water activity was detrimental to long-term viability. In the greenhouse, 7 MS/granule samples controlled 94% of hemp sesbania when incorporated into the soil pre-planting. The strategy of encapsulation of the naturally stable C. truncatum MS and drying to a favourable water activity led to excellent shelf-life for a live biocontrol agent. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. USDA ARS,SO WEED SCI LAB,STONEVILLE,MS 38776. RP Connick, W (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 15 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU RAPID SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8NH SN 0959-3993 J9 WORLD J MICROB BIOT JI World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD SEP PY 1997 VL 13 IS 5 BP 549 EP 554 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA XX406 UT WOS:A1997XX40600011 ER PT J AU Wollenweber, E Dorr, M Beyer, M Roitman, JN Puttock, CF AF Wollenweber, E Dorr, M Beyer, M Roitman, JN Puttock, CF TI Rare flavonoids from Odixia and Ozothamnus spp. (Asteraceae, Gnaphalieae) SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG C-A JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Odixia ssp.; Ozothamnus ssp.; Asteraceae-Gnaphalieae; lipophilic exudates; flavonoid aglycones ID EXUDATE AB Representatives of the genera Odixia and Ozothamnus, Australian Asteraceae belonging to the tribe Gnaphalieae, have been analyzed for the presence of flavonoid aglycones accumulated on leaf and stem surfaces. Fiftytwo more or less lipophilic flavonoids have been identified. Methyl ethers of apigenin, luteolin, kaempferol and quercetin are abundant, while rare methyl ethers of isoscutellarein, 8-hydroxy galangin, herbacetin and gossypetin appear to be characteristic. The distribution of rare flavonoids is discussed. C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. CSIRO,DIV PLANT IND,AUSTRALIAN NATL HERBARIUM,CANBERRA,ACT 2601,AUSTRALIA. RP Wollenweber, E (reprint author), INST BOT TECH HSCH,SCHNITTSPAHNSTR 3,D-64287 DARMSTADT,GERMANY. NR 32 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU VERLAG Z NATURFORSCH PI TUBINGEN PA POSTFACH 2645, W-7400 TUBINGEN, GERMANY SN 0939-5075 J9 Z NATURFORSCH C JI Z.Naturforsch.(C) PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 52 IS 9-10 BP 571 EP 576 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA YE467 UT WOS:A1997YE46700003 ER PT J AU Johnson, EL Schmidt, WF Norman, HA AF Johnson, EL Schmidt, WF Norman, HA TI Leaf flavonoids as chemotaxonomic markers for two Erythroxylum taxa SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG C-A JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Erythroxylum coca var. coca; Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense; eriodictyol; flavonoids; kaempferol; luteolin ID TROPANE ALKALOIDS; BIOSYNTHESIS; COCAINE; GROWTH AB Leaf extracts of Erythroxylum coca var. coca Lam. (E. c. var. coca) yielded six O-conjugates of Eriodictyol flavonoids, while the equivalent extracts from Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense (Morris) Hieron (E. rt. var. novogranatense) contained five flavonoids, two of which were O-conjugates of Luteolin and three were O-conjugates of Kaempferol. All six of E. c. var. coca methanolic extracted peaks (resolved by HPLC) were found to have a 2, 3 single bond, which in E. n. var. novogranatense is replaced by a 2-hydroxy allene. The other primary difference in the predominant flavonoids between these taxa is the chemical composition of the sugar and/or acyl O-conjugation and site(s) al which this conjugation occurred. The results suggest that the most abundant O-conjugated flavonoids of E. c. var. coca and E. n. var. novogranatense may be used as chemotaxonomic markers for the two taxa. Therefore, the O-conjugated peaks of Eriodictyol, are distinct chemotaxonomic markers for E. c. var. coca and the O-conjugated peaks Luteolin and Kaempferol for E. n. var. novogranatense. These taxa are two of the four cultivated Erythroxylum taxa that contain commercial quantities of the cocaine alkaloid in their leaves, this entity also sets apart the taxa from other members of Erythroxylum. We suggest that the biochemistry of flavonoids of other Erythroxylum taxa may also be species selective. RP Johnson, EL (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,WEED SCI LAB,BLDG 001,RM 329 BARC-W,10300 BALTIMORE AVE,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 41 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU VERLAG Z NATURFORSCH PI TUBINGEN PA POSTFACH 2645, W-7400 TUBINGEN, GERMANY SN 0939-5075 J9 Z NATURFORSCH C JI Z.Naturforsch.(C) PD SEP-OCT PY 1997 VL 52 IS 9-10 BP 577 EP 585 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA YE467 UT WOS:A1997YE46700004 ER PT J AU Adlof, R AF Adlof, R TI Preparation of methyl cis-9-, trans-11- and trans-9-, trans-11-octadecadienoate-17,17,18,18-d(4), two of the isomers of conjugated linoleic acid SO CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS OF LIPIDS LA English DT Article DE fats; deuterium; conjugated; cis; trans; isomers ID LIPIDS; FAT AB A multi-step synthesis was used to prepare the cis-9, trans-11- and trans-9, trans-11-isomers (in a ratio of 46/54) of conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid) labeled with deuterium atoms on the 17- and 18-carbon atoms (17,17,18,18-d(4)). The methyl cis/trans-9, trans-11-octadecadienoate-17,17,18,18-d(4) isomer pair were obtained from the Wittig coupling of trans-2-nonenyltriphenyl-phosphonium bromide (8,8,9,9-d(4)) and methyl 9-oxononanoate. To prepare the phosphonium bromide, 5-hexyn-1-ol was reduced with deuterium gas/Wilkinson's catalyst to yield 1-hexanol-5,5,6,6-d(4). The alcohol was converted to the iodide with phosphorous pentoxide/phosphoric acid/potassium iodide. Coupling of the iodide with 2-propyn-1-ol via lithium amide in liquid ammonia gave 2-nonyn-1-ol-d(4). The acetylenic alcohol was reduced with lithium metal in liquid ammonia to yield the trans-2-nonen-1-ol-d(4). The alcohol was converted to the bromide (using triphenylphosphine dibromide) and then converted to the phosphonium salt. The aldehyde ester was prepared by the reductive ozonization of methyl 9-cis-octadecenoate. The two conjugated linoleic acid isomers, formed during the final Wittig coupling reaction, were readily separated by a combination of reversed-phase and silver resin chromatography. Isotopic and chemical purities were > 95% for each geometric isomer. Overall yield (both isomers) from the 8-step synthesis was 12%. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. RP Adlof, R (reprint author), ARS,USDA,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES FOOD QUAL & SAFETY RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0009-3084 J9 CHEM PHYS LIPIDS JI Chem. Phys. Lipids PD AUG 29 PY 1997 VL 88 IS 2 BP 107 EP 112 DI 10.1016/S0009-3084(97)00053-4 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA XY584 UT WOS:A1997XY58400003 ER PT J AU Whitehead, DR Ball, GE AF Whitehead, DR Ball, GE TI The Middle American genus Onypterygia Dejean (Insecta: Coleoptera: Carabidae: Platynini): A taxonomic revision of the species, with notes about their way of life and geographical distribution SO ANNALS OF CARNEGIE MUSEUM LA English DT Article ID BIOGEOGRAPHY; VICARIANCE; MEXICAN AB Keys, descriptions, and illustrations distinguish the known species of the Middle American genus Onypterygia Dejean (type species Onypterygia fulgens Dejean), and each taxon is characterized in terms of structural features of adults, habitat, geographical distribution, and chorological affinities. For allopatric species that are markedly similar in structural features, a hypothesis of phylogenetic relationship is postulated. Fifteen new species are described. The species of Onypterygia are arranged in seven groups, sequenced according to judgment about extent of departure from a generalized platynine body plan (type areas for new species in parentheses): O. famini group, including O. famini Solier and O. cyanea Chaudoir; O. wappesi group, including O. wappesi, n. sp. (Mexico, Guerrero, Sierra de Atoyac); O. amecameca, n. sp. (Mexico, state of Mexico, Amecameca):, O. atoyac, n. sp. (Mexico, Guerrero, Sierra de Atoyac); O. shpeleyi, n. sp. (Mexico, Guerrero, Sierra de Atoyac); and O. pacifica, n. sp. (Mexico, Oaxaca, Sierra de Miahuatlan); O. aeneipennis group, including O. batesi, n. sp. (Mexico, Tamaulipas, Sierra Madre Oriental [Sierra de Guatemala]), O. aeneipennis Chaudoir, O. cupricauda Casey, O. stenapteryx, n. sp. (Mexico, Michoacan, Sierra Transvolcanica West), O. pallidipes Chaudoir, and O. rubida Bates; the O. perissostigma group, including only O. perissostigma, n. sp. (Mexico, Oaxaca, Sierra de Juarez), the O. pusilla group, including O. pusilla Chaudoir and O. rawlinsi, n. sp. (Mexico, Nayarit, Sierra Transvolcanica West); the O. angustata group, including O. longispinis Bates, O. angustata Chevrolat, O. pseudangustata, n. sp. (Mexico, Puebla, Sierra Trans-volcanic East), and O. striblingi, n. sp. (Mexico, Oaxaca, Sierra de Juarez); and O. fulgens group, including O. iris Chaudoir, O. championi Bates, O. donate Ball and Shpeley, O. chrysura Bates, O. kathleenae, n. sp. (Mexico, Oaxaca, Sierra de Juarez), O. exeuros, n. sp. (Mexico, Oaxaca, Sierra de Juarez), O. polytreta, n. sp. (Panama, Chiriqui Province, Talamancan Cordillera, Cerro Pando), O. crabilli, n. sp. (Costa Rica, Puntarenas Province, Talamancan Cordillera, Monteverde), O. quadrispinosa Bates, O. scintillans, n. sp. (probably Costa Rica, Talamancan Cordillera), O. Sulgens Dejean, O. tricolor Dejean, O. hoepfneri Dejean, and O. sallei Chaudoir. New synonymy is as follows: O. cyanea Chaudoir, 1878 = O. valdestriata Bates, 1884; O. fulgens Dejean, 1831 = O. thoreyi Mannerheim, 1844; O. tricolor Dejean, 1831 = O. apicalis Chaudoir, 1837 = O. tricolor var. dimidiata Chevrolat, 1837. Other synonyms are as published by previous authors. Geographical distribution of Onypterygia is analyzed in terms of altitudinal range, and nine areas of precinction, each of which is highland isolated by surrounding lowlands. The areas are, from south to north: Talamancan Cordillera; Chiapan-Guatemalan Highlands; Sierra Madre de Oaxaca; Sierra de Miahuatlan; Sierra de Atoyac; Sierra Transvolcanica East and West; Sierra Madre Oriental and Occidental. Seven areas have representatives of four to six species groups, but the northwestern most (Sierra Madre Occidental) and southernmost (Talamancan Cordillera) have only two groups. At the species level, the northern centers (Sierra Madre Oriental and Occidental) lack precinctive species, but the southern Talamancan Cordillera has nine such species. Speciation, then, has been most frequent in the more southerly centers. Probably the northern centers have been invaded relatively recently, or evidence of older invasions has been lost because of extinctions. RP Whitehead, DR (reprint author), NATL MUSEUM, ENTOMOL LAB,BBH,AGR RES SERV,USDA, NHB 168, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA. NR 74 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU CARNEGIE MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY PI PITTSBURGH PA 4400 FORBES AVE, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213 USA SN 0097-4463 J9 ANN CARNEGIE MUS JI Ann. Carnegie Mus. PD AUG 22 PY 1997 VL 66 IS 3 BP 289 EP 409 PG 121 WC Paleontology; Zoology SC Paleontology; Zoology GA XU070 UT WOS:A1997XU07000002 ER PT J AU Sun, YJ Flannigan, BA Madison, JT Setter, TL AF Sun, YJ Flannigan, BA Madison, JT Setter, TL TI Alternative splicing of cyclin transcripts in maize endosperm SO GENE LA English DT Article DE cell cycle; MPF; polymerase chain reaction; post-transcriptional control; pre-mRNA processing ID MESSENGER-RNA; M-PHASE; HIGHER-PLANTS; CELL-CYCLE; PROTEIN; ACTIVATION; CLONING; KINASE; GENES; BOX AB Cyclins are the regulatory subunits of cyclin-dependent protein kinases. In investigations of the expression of a cyclin gene during maize endosperm development, we detected a cyclin transcript with a 63-bp deletion in the region encoding the conserved 'cyclin box' where cyclin interacts with p34(cdc2), th, catalytic domain of the cyclin-dependent protein kinase. Analysis of cDNA and genomic sequences, and other observations, indicated that the deletion was caused by alternative splicing of a retained intron in the normally spliced transcript. Whereas the normally spliced cyclin RNA was mitotically functional, as indicated by its ability to promote maturation of Xenopus oocytes, the alternatively spliced transcript was unable to promote maturation. In addition to maize endosperm, the alternatively spliced cyclin was detected in apical meristem, mature leaf, root tip and mature root. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 CORNELL UNIV,DEPT SOIL CROP & ATMOSPHER SCI,ITHACA,NY 14853. USDA ARS,ITHACA,NY 14853. NR 40 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1119 J9 GENE JI Gene PD AUG 22 PY 1997 VL 195 IS 2 BP 167 EP 175 DI 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00133-9 PG 9 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA XV224 UT WOS:A1997XV22400008 PM 9305761 ER PT J AU Poch, MT Somkuti, GA Solaiman, DKY AF Poch, MT Somkuti, GA Solaiman, DKY TI Sth132I, a novel class-IIS restriction endonuclease of Streptococcus thermophilus ST132 SO GENE LA English DT Article DE Streptococcus thermophilus; restriction endonuclease; Sth132I ID LACTIC-ACID BACTERIA; SALIVARIUS SUBSP THERMOPHILUS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; MODIFICATION SYSTEMS; BETA-GALACTOSIDASE; ABORTIVE INFECTION; MOLECULAR-CLONING; PLASMID PTR2030; EXPRESSION; GENES AB The Sth132I restriction endonuclease (R.Sth132I) was detected in Streptococcus thermophilus ST132 and purified to near homogeneity by heparin Sepharose CL-6B affinity chromatography. Fragments from Sth132I digestion of plasmid DNA were subcloned into pUC19 in Escherichia coli DH5 alpha and sequenced. Sequence analysis of inserts and their ligation junction sites revealed that Sth132I is a novel class-IIS restriction endonuclease, which recognizes the non-palindromic sequence 5'-CCCG(N)(4)-3' 3'-GGGC(N)(8)-5'. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038. NR 43 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1119 J9 GENE JI Gene PD AUG 22 PY 1997 VL 195 IS 2 BP 201 EP 206 DI 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00153-4 PG 6 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA XV224 UT WOS:A1997XV22400012 PM 9305765 ER PT J AU Canals, A Grimm, DR Gasbarre, LC Lunney, JK Zarlenga, DS AF Canals, A Grimm, DR Gasbarre, LC Lunney, JK Zarlenga, DS TI Molecular cloning of cDNA encoding porcine interleukin-15 SO GENE LA English DT Article DE cytokine; cloning; interleukin; IL-15; polymerase chain reaction; nucleotide sequence; amino acid sequence ID CELL GROWTH-FACTOR; IL-2 RECEPTOR; KILLER-CELLS; BETA-CHAIN; INDUCTION; PROLIFERATION; EXPRESSION; COMPONENTS; CYTOKINE; SEQUENCE AB Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a recently identified growth and differentiation factor with an important potential role in the initial immune responses to infection. To enable the study of the role of this cytokine in the protective immune-mechanisms generated against parasitic diseases of swine, cDNA was generated from a macrophage enriched adherent cell population from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). This cDNA was used for the enzymatic amplification of the porcine IL-15 sequence using human IL-15-derived primers. The open-reading frame of the porcine IL-15 cDNA is 486 base pairs (bp) in length and encodes a 162-amino-acid (aa) protein. Comparisons of the predicted swine protein sequence with those predicted from human, bovine and mouse IL-15 sequences indicate similarities of 82.1, 84.6, and 71.6%, respectively. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Canals, A (reprint author), USDA ARS,IMMUNOL & DIS RESISTANCE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1119 J9 GENE JI Gene PD AUG 22 PY 1997 VL 195 IS 2 BP 337 EP 339 DI 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00188-1 PG 3 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA XV224 UT WOS:A1997XV22400027 PM 9305780 ER PT J AU Quideau, S Ralph, J AF Quideau, S Ralph, J TI Lignin-ferulate cross-links in grasses .4. Incorporation of 5-5-coupled dehydrodiferulate into synthetic lignin SO JOURNAL OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY-PERKIN TRANSACTIONS 1 LA English DT Article ID CONIFERYL ALCOHOL; CELL-WALLS; NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; DIFERULIC ACID; COMPONENTS; ESTERS; WHEAT AB Ferulates and dehydrodiferulates have a significant role in cross-linking polysaccharides to lignin in grass cell walls. Among the various ferulate dehydrodimers, the 5-5-coupled dehydrodimer (E,E)-4,4'-dihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxy-5,5'-bicinnamate is capable of the most extensive cross-linking into lignin, forming major branch-points, However, current literature fails to recognise the role of radical cross-coupling reactions with lignin monomers/oligomers, Here we demonstrate that a synthetic model for 5-5-coupled dehydrodiferulate polysaccharide esters in grass cell walls biomimetically incorporates into synthetic lignins via radical coupling mechanisms to produce a range of cross-coupled structures, The incorporation profile is remarkably similar to that for ferulate, Importantly significant coupling at the cinnamoyl 8-position readily occurs, Evidence for the expected incorporation of the 5-5-coupled dehydrodiferulate into the newly discovered dibenzodioxocine structures is readily apparent in HMQC or HSQC spectra. Since some of the structures that dehydrodiferulates are involved in cannot be hydrolytically cleaved, their current 'quantification' is a significant underestimation of the importance of these species. What is clear is that dehydrodiferulates can have a powerful role in effecting lignin-polysaccharlde cross-linking. C1 ARS, US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR, USDA, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. UNIV WISCONSIN, DEPT FORESTRY, MADISON, WI 53706 USA. NR 54 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 9 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1472-7781 J9 J CHEM SOC PERK T 1 JI J. Chem. Soc.-Perkin Trans. 1 PD AUG 21 PY 1997 IS 16 BP 2351 EP 2358 DI 10.1039/a701808h PG 8 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA XR712 UT WOS:A1997XR71200016 ER PT J AU Steynberg, PJ Steynberg, JP Hemingway, RW Ferreira, D McGraw, GW AF Steynberg, PJ Steynberg, JP Hemingway, RW Ferreira, D McGraw, GW TI Acid-catalyzed rearrangements of flavan-4-phloroglucinol derivatives to novel 6-hydroxyphenyl-6a,11b-dihydro-6H-[1]benzofuro[2,3-c]chromenes and hydroxyphenyl-3,2'-spirobi[dihydro[1]benzofurans] SO JOURNAL OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY-PERKIN TRANSACTIONS 1 LA English DT Article ID CONDENSED TANNINS; CIRCULAR-DICHROISM; STEREOCHEMISTRY; PROCYANIDINS AB Acetic acid-catalyzed cleavage of proanthocyanidins in the presence of phloroglucinol gives a series of 2R procyanidin-and prodelphinidin-phloroglucinol adducts together with a novel 2S all-cis derivative implicating cleavage of the pyran ring and subsequent inversion of stereochemistry at C-2(C), These flavan-4-phloroglucinol adducts also suffer dehydration to products with novel fused dihydrobenzopyran-dihydrobenzofuran rings, In addition, cleavage of the flavan C-10(A)-C-4(C) bond followed by dehydration results in unique 3,2'-spirobi[dihydro[1]benzofurans]. C1 UNIV ORANGE FREE STATE, DEPT CHEM, ZA-9300 BLOEMFONTEIN, SOUTH AFRICA. LOUISIANA COLL, DEPT CHEM, PINEVILLE, LA 71360 USA. RP Steynberg, PJ (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, SO RES STN, USDA, PINEVILLE, LA 71360 USA. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1472-7781 J9 J CHEM SOC PERK T 1 JI J. Chem. Soc.-Perkin Trans. 1 PD AUG 21 PY 1997 IS 16 BP 2395 EP 2403 DI 10.1039/a700889i PG 9 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA XR712 UT WOS:A1997XR71200022 ER PT J AU Massman, WJ Sommerfeld, RA Mosier, AR Zeller, KF Hehn, TJ Rochelle, SG AF Massman, WJ Sommerfeld, RA Mosier, AR Zeller, KF Hehn, TJ Rochelle, SG TI A model investigation of turbulence-driven pressure-pumping effects on the rate of diffusion of CO2, N2O, and CH4 through layered snowpacks SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID AIR-FLOW; SNOW; TRANSPORT; FIRN AB Pressure pumping at the Earth's surface is caused by short-period atmospheric turbulence, longer-period barometric changes, and quasi-static pressure fields induced by wind blowing across irregular topography. These naturally occurring atmospheric pressure variations induce periodic fluctuations in airflow through snowpacks, soils, and any other porous media at the Earth's surface. Consequently, the uptake or release of trace-gases from soils and snowpacks is a combination of molecular diffusion and advection forced by pressure pumping. Using model-estimated fluxes, this study attempts to quantify the influence that turbulent pressure fluctuations with periods between 0.1 and 1000 s can have on the rate of exchange of CO2, N2O, and CH4 through a seasonal snowpack. Data for this study were collected at a forested subalpine meadow site in the Rocky Mountains of southern Wyoming, during February 1995 when the snowpack was distinctly layered and approximately 1.4 m deep. The data include mole fraction of CO2, N2O, and CH4 just above and at the base of the snowpack, several profiles of CO2, N2O, and CH4 mole fraction in the top 1 m of the snowpack, and a profile of snowpack density and tortuosity. Turbulent atmospheric pressure-pumping fluctuations, sampled at approximately 11 Hz for several hours, were obtained with a fast response differential pressure sensor. A one-dimensional steady state diffusion model and one- and three-dimensional time-dependent pressure-pumping models are used to estimate the gas fluxes through the snowpack. Boundary conditions are provided by grab samples just above the snowpack and at the soil/snow interface. The pressure-pumping models are driven by the observed pressure fluctuations, and all models include the observed layering of the snowpack. As with previous studies the present results indicate that the effects of pressure pumping are diminished with increasingly strong gradients. Furthermore, we conclude that unless pressure pumping influences the gas concentrations at the boundaries of the snowpack, it appears unlikely that it can significantly impact the rate of gaseous diffusion through the snowpack. Even two-and three-dimensional effects, which can have a significant shortterm impact on the flues and concentration profiles, are nearly eliminated when averaged over a period of hours. It is also suggested that vertical layering is important for three-dimensional pressure-pumping studies and that the time-dependent temperature term, which is traditionally ignored when modeling dynamic pressure variations, may in fact be dominant in some situations and probably should be incorporated in future modeling studies of pressure pumping. C1 ARS, USDA, FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA. RP US FOREST SERV, ROCKY MT STN, USDA, 240 W PROSPECT, FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA. NR 39 TC 88 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 20 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D15 BP 18851 EP 18863 DI 10.1029/97JD00844 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XT101 UT WOS:A1997XT10100006 ER PT J AU Yokelson, RJ Susott, R Ward, DE Reardon, J Griffith, DWT AF Yokelson, RJ Susott, R Ward, DE Reardon, J Griffith, DWT TI Emissions from smoldering combustion of biomass measured by open-path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID TRACE GAS EMISSIONS; OXYGENATED HYDROCARBONS; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; PYROLYSIS; LIGNIN; FIRE; WOOD; GLYCOLALDEHYDE; DEFORESTATION AB Biomass samples from a diverse range of ecosystems were burned in the Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory open combustion facility. Midinfrared spectra of the nascent emissions were acquired at several heights above the fires with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) coupled to an open multipass cell. In this report, the results from smoldering combustion during 24 fires are presented including production of carbon dioxide carbon monoxide, methane, ethene, ethyne, propene, formaldehyde, 2-hydroxyethanal, methanol, phenol, acetic acid, formic acid, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and carbonyl sulfide. These were the dominant products observed, and many have significant influence on atmospheric chemistry at the local, regional, and global scale. Included in these results are the first optical, in situ measurements of smoke composition from fires in grasses, hardwoods, and organic soils. About one half of the detected organic emissions arose from fuel pyrolysis which produces white smoke rich in oxygenated organic compounds. These compounds deserve more attention in the assessment of fire impacts on the atmosphere. The compound 2-hydroxyethanal is a significant component of the smoke, and it is reported here for the first time as a product of fires. Most of the observed alkane and ammonia production accompanied visible glowing combustion. NH3 is normally the major nitrogen-containing emission detected from smoldering combustion of biomass, but from some smoldering organic soils, HCN was dominant. Tar condensed on cool surfaces below the fires accounting for similar to 1% of the biomass burned, but it was enriched in N by a factor of 6-7 over the parent material, and its possible role in postfire nutrient cycling should be further investigated. C1 UNIV WOLLONGONG, DEPT CHEM, WOLLONGONG, NSW 2522, AUSTRALIA. ARS, INTERMT FIRE SCI LAB, USDA, MISSOULA, MT 59807 USA. RP UNIV MONTANA, DEPT CHEM, MISSOULA, MT 59812 USA. RI Yokelson, Robert/C-9971-2011 OI Yokelson, Robert/0000-0002-8415-6808 NR 76 TC 188 Z9 191 U1 3 U2 63 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 20 PY 1997 VL 102 IS D15 BP 18865 EP 18877 DI 10.1029/97JD00852 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XT101 UT WOS:A1997XT10100007 ER PT J AU Brown, S Schroeder, P Birdsey, R AF Brown, S Schroeder, P Birdsey, R TI Aboveground biomass distribution of US eastern hardwood forests and the use of large trees as an indicator of forest development SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE aboveground biomass density; biomass distribution; carbon cycle; disturbance; hardwood forests; large trees; old-growth; USA ID PATTERNS AB Past clearing and harvesting of the deciduous hardwood forests of eastern USA released large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, but through recovery and regrowth these forests are now accumulating atmospheric carbon (C). This study examined quantities and distribution of aboveground biomass density (AGBD, M-g ha(-1)) of US eastern hardwood forests and assessed their biological potential for continued biomass accumulation in the future. Studies have shown that the presence of a large proportion of the AGBD of moist tropical forests in large diameter trees (> 70 cm diameter) is indicative of mature and undisturbed conditions. This relationship was tested as a criterion for the eastern US deciduous forests to assess their stage of recovery and maturity, and evaluate their potential for continued C storage. The approach was to compare AGBD and its distribution in large trees for old-growth forests derived from published studies and for oak-hickory and maple-beech-birch forests using the extensive US Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data base. Old-growth forests generally had AGBD of 220-260 Mg ha(-1) with up to 30% in trees with diameter > 70 cm. In contrast, maximum AGBD for the FIA units was about 175-185 Mg ha(-1) with 8%-10% in large trees. Most units, however, were below these maximum values, suggesting that the forests represented by the FIA inventory are in various stages of recovery from past disturbance. Biologically, therefore, they have the potential to accumulate significant quantities of additional biomass, if left unharvested, and thus storing atmospheric C into the future. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,RADNOR,PA 19087. RP Brown, S (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,WESTERN ECOL DIV,DYNAM CORP,200 SW 35TH ST,CORVALLIS,OR 97333, USA. NR 29 TC 81 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD AUG 15 PY 1997 VL 96 IS 1-2 BP 37 EP 47 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00044-3 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XV220 UT WOS:A1997XV22000004 ER PT J AU Waters, JR McKelvey, KS Luoma, DL Zabel, CJ AF Waters, JR McKelvey, KS Luoma, DL Zabel, CJ TI Truffle production in old-growth and mature fir stands in northeastern California SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Abies; hypogeous fungi; sporocarps ID HYPOGEOUS FUNGI; SPOROCARP PRODUCTION; MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; WESTERN MONTANA; OREGON; ECTOMYCORRHIZAE; FORESTS; MYCOPHAGY; BIOMASS AB Few studies have examined fruiting patterns of hypogeous fungi, and relationships between sporocarp production of hypogeous fungi and forest habitat components such as organic soil depth and amounts of decayed wood are poorly understood. We sampled sporocarps of hypogeous fungi (truffles) in four old-growth (> 200 years) and four paired, mature (ca 100 years) fir (Abies spp.) stands during four sample periods in 1993 and three sample periods in 1994 in the Lassen National Forest in northeastern California. Truffles were collected from 4-m(2) circular plots systematically located at 36 grid points per stand during-each sample period. Habitat characteristics were measured in 50.3-m(2) circles centered at each grid point in 1993. We found a total of 46 truffle species in 30.4% of the 2016 total plots, and the total standing dry weight of truffles was equivalent to 2.43 kg ha(-1). Total frequency and biomass of truffles and number of truffle species did not differ significantly between stand types in 1993 or 1994, but species composition did. We found no significant associations between measures of total truffle abundance and measures of habitat structure and composition at the 0.25-ha grid scale or at the 50.3-m(2) habitat plot scale. At the scale of the 4-m(2) truffle plot, plots with decayed wood were more likely to have truffles than plots without decayed wood during the final sample period of each year, but the association was significant only in 1993. Mean organic soil depth was greater in plots with truffles than plots without truffles in each sample period in both years, but ranked values were only marginally significant in one sample period. Goodness-of-fit tests to the Poisson distribution indicated that individual truffles had clumped distributions, but we could not reject the null hypothesis of random distribution of truffle collections. Our results indicate that total truffle production had recovered from stand-replacement wildfire in the mature stands, and that total truffle abundance was not strongly associated with habitat characteristics within the range of habitat variation exhibited in these stands. Individual species, however, were associated with old-growth stands and others with mature stands. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT FOREST SCI, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. RP Waters, JR (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, PACIFIC SW RES STN, 1700 BAYVIEW DR, ARCATA, CA 95521 USA. NR 34 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD AUG 15 PY 1997 VL 96 IS 1-2 BP 155 EP 166 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00016-9 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XV220 UT WOS:A1997XV22000013 ER PT J AU Brockway, DG Lewis, CE AF Brockway, DG Lewis, CE TI Long-term effects of dormant-season prescribed fire on plant community diversity, structure and productivity in a longleaf pine wiregrass ecosystem SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Pinus palustris Mill; Aristida stricta Michx; Sporobolus curtissii (Vasey) Small ex Scribn; Ilex glabra (L) A Gray; Vaccinium myrsinites Lam flatwoods ID DYNAMICS; FLORIDA AB A flatwoods longleaf pine wiregrass ecosystem, which regenerated naturally following wildfire in 1942, on the Coastal Plain of southern Georgia was treated over a period of four decades with prescribed fire at annual, biennial and triennial intervals during the winter dormant season. Burning caused substantial changes in the understory plant community, with significant reductions in the foliar cover of Ilex glabra in the shrub layer resulting in corresponding increases in the cover of Vaccinium myrsinites, Sporobolus curtissii, Aristida stricta and Andropogon spp. Understory plant species richness, diversity and evenness also increased as a result of periodic fire. Dormant-season burning decreased the cover of litter on the forest floor and significantly increased the standing biomass of A. stricta, S. curtissii, Andropogon spp., all other grasses and all forbs, Recurrent fire also prevented the development of a Vigorous midstory, that impedes understory growth and poses a serious fire hazard to the stand. Overstory trees were largely unaffected by burning. Historical light grazing on the site produced no measurable effects on the plant community. Findings suggest that the biennial burning interval results in declines of I, glabra in the shrub layer and litter cover on the forest floor, leading to the largest increases in understory plant species richness and diversity and the biomass productivity of grasses and forbs. Although flatwoods plant communities evolved in environments characterized by growing-season fires of variable frequency, long-term application of dormant-season fire is also recommended as a useful option for sustaining resource Values in this and similar longleaf pine wiregrass ecosystems. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 CHIPOLA JR COLL, MARIANNA, FL 32446 USA. RP Brockway, DG (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, ROCKY MT EXPT STN, 2205 COLUMBIA DR SE, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87106 USA. NR 82 TC 119 Z9 122 U1 34 U2 157 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD AUG 15 PY 1997 VL 96 IS 1-2 BP 167 EP 183 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03939-4 PG 17 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XV220 UT WOS:A1997XV22000014 ER PT J AU Brown, S Czaplewski, RL AF Brown, S Czaplewski, RL TI Global information on tropical forests SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT RES STN,USDA,FT COLLINS,CO 80526. RP Brown, S (reprint author), UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT NAT SCI & ENVIRONM SCI,URBANA,IL 61801, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD AUG 15 PY 1997 VL 277 IS 5328 BP 883 EP 884 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA XQ985 UT WOS:A1997XQ98500003 ER PT J AU Sorrells, ME Anderson, OD Baenziger, PS Cook, RJ Cregan, PB Dubcovsky, J Dvorak, J Gill, BS Hart, GE Hayes, PM Herman, EM Kleinhofs, A Line, RF Qualset, CO McGuire, PE AF Sorrells, ME Anderson, OD Baenziger, PS Cook, RJ Cregan, PB Dubcovsky, J Dvorak, J Gill, BS Hart, GE Hayes, PM Herman, EM Kleinhofs, A Line, RF Qualset, CO McGuire, PE TI Corn genome initiative SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. UNIV NEBRASKA,LINCOLN,NE 68583. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,PULLMAN,WA 99164. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,SOYBEAN & ALFALFA RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. KANSAS STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,WHEAT GENET RESOURCE CTR,MANHATTAN,KS 66506. TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT SOIL & CROP SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI,N AMER BARLEY GENOME MAPPING PROJECT,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,CLIMATE STRESS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,WESTERN WHEAT QUAL LAB,PULLMAN,WA 99164. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,GENET RESOURCES CONSERVAT PROGRAM,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP Sorrells, ME (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,DEPT PLANT BREEDING & BIOMETRY,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. RI Baenziger, Peter/C-6490-2014 OI Baenziger, Peter/0000-0002-9109-6954 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD AUG 15 PY 1997 VL 277 IS 5328 BP 884 EP 885 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA XQ985 UT WOS:A1997XQ98500005 PM 9281064 ER PT J AU Lichtenstein, AH AF Lichtenstein, AH TI Fish consumption and the risk of myocardial infarction SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter RP Lichtenstein, AH (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,DEPT AGR,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD AUG 14 PY 1997 VL 337 IS 7 BP 498 EP 498 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA XQ499 UT WOS:A1997XQ49900013 PM 9254334 ER PT J AU Uri, ND AF Uri, ND TI Incorporating the environmental consequences in the fertilizer use decision SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE fertilizer use; agricultural productivity; economic factors; tax AB The increase in the use of fertilizer in agricultural production has been associated with a substantial increase in agricultural productivity in the US. This increase in fertilizer use has been driven by a variety of economic forces including variations in the price of output and changing relative factor prices. Associated with the increase in the use of fertilizer have been adverse environmental consequences that are not reflected in the costs and returns of agricultural production. That is, externalities exist whose cost need to be internalized. Because the use of fertilizer has been shown to respond to market forces, it is efficient to use the market to control the use of fertilizer. This can be done through, for example, the use of a fertilizer tax. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), USDA,ROOM 428,1301 NEW YORK AVE NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20005, USA. NR 43 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD AUG 10 PY 1997 VL 201 IS 2 BP 99 EP 111 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00088-0 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XL684 UT WOS:A1997XL68400002 ER PT J AU Rowland, LJ Arora, R AF Rowland, LJ Arora, R TI Proteins related to endodormancy (rest) in woody perennials SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE dormancy; chilling requirement; photoperiod; seasonal changes; rest-breaking treatments; dehydrins; bark storage proteins ID VEGETATIVE STORAGE PROTEINS; RED-OSIER DOGWOOD; INDUCED LATERAL BUDBREAK; PEROXIDE-SCAVENGING SYSTEMS; DECIDUOUS FRUIT-TREES; MALUS-DOMESTICA BORKH; HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; NEAR-LETHAL STRESS; DORMANT APPLE BUDS; PEACH FLOWER BUDS C1 W VIRGINIA UNIV, DIV PLANT & SOIL SCI, MORGANTOWN, WV 26506 USA. RP Rowland, LJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR, FRUIT LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 205 TC 41 Z9 45 U1 3 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA ELSEVIER HOUSE, BROOKVALE PLAZA, EAST PARK SHANNON, CO, CLARE, 00000, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD AUG 8 PY 1997 VL 126 IS 2 BP 119 EP 144 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(97)00104-0 PG 26 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA XK975 UT WOS:A1997XK97500001 ER PT J AU Nikolaeva, OV Karasev, AV Powell, CA Garnsey, SM Lee, RF AF Nikolaeva, OV Karasev, AV Powell, CA Garnsey, SM Lee, RF TI Modulation of the antigenic reactivity of the citrus tristeza virus coat protein SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE citrus tristeza virus; ELISA; antigenic structure; epitopes; closterovirus ID LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; TOBACCO MOSAIC-VIRUS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; EPITOPES; BINDING AB Trapping properties of a panel of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) raised against citrus tristeza virus (CTV) were analyzed in an indirect double-antibody sandwich ELISA (I-DAS-ELISA), These antibodies had been previously assigned by serological specificity into five groups (I to V). Mabs from group V, which are directed to conformational epitopes, trapped significant amounts of virus antigen from CTV-infected plant tissue at IgG concentration above 10 ng/ml. Mabs from groups I to IV, which are directed to linear, continuous epitopes, performed poorly as coating antibodies, even at a 1 mu g/ml concentration of the IgG's, indicating that the respective linear epitopes were inaccessible. However, when Mabs from groups I to IV were combined with a small amount of Mabs from group V, a substantial increase in trapping of the CTV antigen was recorded, In this 'two antibody-binding assay' previously cryptic, linear epitopes of the CTV CP apparently became accessible to the Mabs from groups I to IV. Modulation of the antigenic reactivity of the CTV CP was also recorded upon binding of the Mabs directed to the conformational epitopes in solution. Induced exposure of the linear epitopes of the CTV CP was revealed in 'two antibody-binding assays' with pairwise combinations of different mouse IL labs and several rabbit and chicken polyclonal antisera with different serological specificities, including antisera to bacterially expressed CP fragments, This mixed coating in I-DAS-ELISA resulted in substantially increased efficiency of the virus antigen trapping by antisera produced against bacterially expressed protein fragments and an increased sensitivity of the CTV detection after optimization of the ratio between conformational and linear antibodies. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,INDIAN RIVER RES & EDUC CTR,FT PIERCE,FL 34945. ARS,USDA,HORT RES LAB,ORLANDO,FL 32803. RP Nikolaeva, OV (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,CTR AGR RES & EDUC,CTR CITRUS RES & EDUC,700 EXPT STN RD,LAKE ALFRED,FL 33850, USA. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1759 J9 J IMMUNOL METHODS JI J. Immunol. Methods PD AUG 7 PY 1997 VL 206 IS 1-2 BP 97 EP 105 DI 10.1016/S0022-1759(97)00093-8 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Immunology GA XV746 UT WOS:A1997XV74600011 PM 9328572 ER PT J AU Simard, SW Perry, DA Jones, MD Myrold, DD Durall, DM Molina, R AF Simard, SW Perry, DA Jones, MD Myrold, DD Durall, DM Molina, R TI Net transfer of carbon between ectomycorrhizal tree species in the field SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID MYCORRHIZAL MYCELIUM; NUTRIENT TRANSPORT; PLANTS; ECOSYSTEMS AB Different plant species can be compatible with the same species of mycorrhizal fungi(1,2) and be connected to one another by a common mycelium(3,4). Transfer of carbon(3-5), nitrogen(6,7) and phosphorus(8,9) through interconnecting mycelia has been measured frequently in laboratory experiments, but it is not known whether transfer is bidirectional, whether there is a net gain by one plant over its connected partner, or whether transfer affects plant performance in the field(10,11). Laboratory studies using isotope tracers show that the magnitude of one-way transfer can be influenced by shading of 'receiver' plants(3,5), fertilization of 'donor' plants with phosphorus(12), or use of nitrogen-fixing donor plants and non-nitrogen-fixing receiver plants(13,14), indicating that movement may be governed by source-sink relationships. Here we use reciprocal isotope labelling in the field to demonstrate bidirectional carbon transfer between the ectomycorrhizal tree species Betula papyrifera and Pseudotsuga menziesii, resulting in net carbon gain by P. menziesii. Thuja plicata seedlings lacking ectomycorrhizae absorb small amounts of isotope, suggesting that carbon transfer between B. papyrifera and P. menziesii is primarily through the direct hyphal pathway. Net gain by P. menziesii seedlings represents on average 6% of carbon isotope uptake through photosynthesis. The magnitude of net transfer is influenced by shading of P. menziesii indicating that source-sink relationships regulate such carbon transfer under field conditions. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT FOREST SCI, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT CROP & SOIL SCI, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. OKANAGAN UNIV COLL, DEPT BIOL, KELOWNA, BC V1V 1V7, CANADA. US FOREST SERV, USDA, PACIFIC NW RES STN, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. RP BRITISH COLUMBIA MINIST FORESTS, KAMLOOPS FOREST REG, KAMLOOPS, BC V2C 2T7, CANADA. RI Myrold, David/E-1813-2011; Jones, melanie/A-5011-2012 OI Myrold, David/0000-0001-6418-226X; NR 30 TC 361 Z9 400 U1 31 U2 162 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 EI 1476-4687 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD AUG 7 PY 1997 VL 388 IS 6642 BP 579 EP 582 DI 10.1038/41557 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA XP722 UT WOS:A1997XP72200048 ER PT J AU Dolja, VV Hong, J Keller, KE Martin, RR Peremyslov, VV AF Dolja, VV Hong, J Keller, KE Martin, RR Peremyslov, VV TI Suppression of potyvirus infection by coexpressed closterovirus protein SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID BEET YELLOWS CLOSTEROVIRUS; HELPER COMPONENT-PROTEINASE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; BETA-GLUCURONIDASE; GENOME STRUCTURE; KDA PROTEIN; RNA GENOME; VIRUS; GENE AB A tobacco etch virus (TEV)-based expression vector has been used for insertion of several ORFs derived from the unrelated beet yellows virus (BW). Hybrid TEV variants expressing the BW capsid protein, 20-kDa protein, or HSP70 homolog systemically infected Nicotiana tabacum and stably retained BW sequences. In contrast, insertion of the ORF encoding BW leader proteinase (L-Pro) resulted in severely impaired systemic transport and accumulation of recombinant TEV. Progeny of this virus underwent various deletions affecting the L-Pro sequence and mitigating the defects in virus spread. Model experiments involving several spontaneous and engineered mutants indicated that the central domain of BW L-Pro was responsible for the defect in hybrid virus accumulation, whereas full-size L-Pro was required for maximal debilitation of systemic transport. Strikingly, BW L-Pro expression did not debilitate systemic infection of hybrid TEV in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. No major defects in replication or encapsidation of recombinant RNA were revealed in N. tabacum protoplasts. These results indicated that BW L-Pro specifically interfered with TEV systemic transport and accumulation in a host-dependent manner and suggested a potential utility of closterovirus L-Pro as an inhibitor of potyvirus infection. In addition, it was demonstrated that the 107-amino-acid-residues-long N-terminal part of the TEV helper component proteinase is not essential for systemic infection. (C) 1997 Academic Press. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,CTR GENE RES & BIOTECHNOL,CORVALLIS,OR 97330. USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97330. RP Dolja, VV (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT & PLANT PATHOL,CORVALLIS,OR 97330, USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R5GM53190A] NR 40 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD AUG 4 PY 1997 VL 234 IS 2 BP 243 EP 252 DI 10.1006/viro.1997.8660 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA XQ515 UT WOS:A1997XQ51500008 PM 9268155 ER PT J AU Liefert, WM AF Liefert, WM TI Comparative advantage and government budget effects: An application to the grain trade of the former USSR SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE comparative advantage; former USSR; gains from trade; government revenue; grain trade AB A model is developed for analyzing the relationship between trade according to comparative advantage, price policy, and government budget effects. The model is used to examine a debate in the USSR in its last years concerning the economic rationale of grain imports, one concern being government budgetary consequences. It appears that changing the mix of goods produced and traded such that grain imports would fall, which many Soviet economists advocated, would have unintentionally decreased state revenue. This is mainly because empirical evidence indicates that the former USSR had a comparative disadvantage in the production of grain. C1 Econ Res Serv, Market & Trade Econ Div, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Liefert, WM (reprint author), Econ Res Serv, Market & Trade Econ Div, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 79 IS 3 BP 715 EP 725 DI 10.2307/1244414 PG 11 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA YZ531 UT WOS:000072263400002 ER PT J AU Fernandez-Cornejo, J Shumway, CR AF Fernandez-Cornejo, J Shumway, CR TI Research and productivity in Mexican agriculture SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE green revolution; Mexican agricultural productivity; returns to agricultural research ID RESEARCH EXPENDITURES; COINTEGRATION; DEMAND AB Partial and total factor productivity (TFP) measures of Mexican agriculture are calculated for 1960-90. The long-run effects of research and international transfer of technology an TFP are examined over the 1940-90 period using cointegration procedures, TFP increased at an average annual rate of 2.5%, exceeding the corresponding growth in the United Stares (2.1%). TFP grew particularly fast in the 1960s and 1970s. A 1% rise in research investment increased TFP by 0.13%, and a 1% increase in U.S. TFP translated into a 1.11% increase in Mexican TFP. The average annual rate of return to research investment is about 64%. C1 Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Agr Econ, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Fernandez-Cornejo, J (reprint author), Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RI Shumway, C/A-9495-2009 NR 73 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 1110 BUCKEYE AVE, AMES, IA 50010-8063 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 79 IS 3 BP 738 EP 753 DI 10.2307/1244416 PG 16 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA YZ531 UT WOS:000072263400004 ER PT J AU Ilarslan, H Palmer, RG Imsande, J Horner, HT AF Ilarslan, H Palmer, RG Imsande, J Horner, HT TI Quantitative determination of calcium oxalate and oxalate in developing seeds of soybean (Leguminosae) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE calcium; crystals; development; legume; Leguminosae; oxalate; quantification; soybean ID INHIBITION; CRYSTALS; PLANTS; MALATE AB Developing soybean seeds accumulate very large amounts of both soluble oxalate and insoluble crystalline calcium ( Ca) oxalate. Use of two methods of detection for the determination of total, soluble, and insoluble oxalate revealed that at +16 d postfertilization, the seeds were 24% dry mass of oxalate, and three-fourths of this oxalate (18%) was bound Ca oxalate. During later seed development, the dry mass of oxalate decreased. Crystals were isolated from the seeds, and X-ray diffraction and polarizing microscopy identified them as Ca oxalate monohydrate. These crystals were a mixture of kinked and straight prismatics. Even though certain plant tissues are known to contain significant amounts of oxalate and Ca oxalate during certain periods of growth, the accumulation of oxalate during soybean seed development was surprising and raises interesting questions regarding its function. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV,BESSEY MICROSCOPY FACIL,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,FCR,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT ZOOL GENET,AMES,IA 50011. NR 30 TC 51 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 9 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 84 IS 8 BP 1042 EP 1046 DI 10.2307/2446147 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XT046 UT WOS:A1997XT04600003 PM 21708659 ER PT J AU Prior, SA Pritchard, SG Runion, GB Rogers, HH Mitchell, RJ AF Prior, SA Pritchard, SG Runion, GB Rogers, HH Mitchell, RJ TI Influence of atmospheric CO2 enrichment, soil N, and water stress on needle surface wax formation in Pinus palustris (Pinaceae) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; longleaf pine; needle wax; Pinaceae; Pinus palustris; resource limitations ID ELEVATED CARBON-DIOXIDE; EPICUTICULAR WAX; PLANT-RESPONSES; LEAF; SEEDLINGS; GROWTH; LEAVES; NITROGEN; ULTRASTRUCTURE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB Interactive effects of increasing atmospheric CO2 with resource limitations on production of surface wax in plants have not been studied. Pinus palustris seedlings were grown for 1 yr at two levels of soil N (40 or 400 kg N.ha(-1).yr(-1)) and water stress (-0.5 or -1.5 MPa xylem pressure potential) in open-top field chambers under two levels of CO2 (365 or 720 mu mol/mol). Needle surface wax content was determined at 8 mo (fall) and 12 mo (spring) and epicuticular wax morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 12 mo. Wax content expressed on both a leaf area and dry mass basis was increased due to main effects of low N and water stress. No main effects of CO2 were observed; however, a CO2 x N interaction at 12 mo indicated that under low soil N the elevated CO2 treatment had less wax (surface area or dry mass basis) compared to its ambient counterpart. Morphologically, low N needle surfaces appeared rougher compared to those of high N needles due to more extensive wax ridges. Although the main effect of water treatment on wax density was not reflected by changes in wax morphology, the CO2 x N interaction was paralleled by alterations in wax appearance. Decreases in density and less prominent epicuticular wax ridges resulting from growth under elevated CO2 and limiting N suggest that dynamics of plant/atmosphere and plant/pathogen interactions may be altered. C1 AUBURN UNIV,DEPT BOT & MICROBIOL,AUBURN,AL 36849. AUBURN UNIV,SCH FORESTRY,AUBURN,AL 36849. JOSEPH W JONES ECOL RES CTR,NEWTON,GA 31770. RP Prior, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL SOIL DYNAM LAB,POB 3439,AUBURN,AL 36831, USA. NR 59 TC 28 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 6 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 84 IS 8 BP 1070 EP 1077 DI 10.2307/2446150 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XT046 UT WOS:A1997XT04600006 PM 21708662 ER PT J AU Reeds, PJ Burrin, DG Stoll, B Jahoor, F Wykes, L Henry, J Frazer, ME AF Reeds, PJ Burrin, DG Stoll, B Jahoor, F Wykes, L Henry, J Frazer, ME TI Enteral glutamate is the preferential source for mucosal glutathione synthesis in fed piglets SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM LA English DT Article DE gut amino acid metabolism; metabolic compartmentation; stable isotope-labeled amino acids; isotopomer analysis ID RAT SMALL-INTESTINE; PEROXIDIZED LIPIDS; METABOLISM; PIGS; TISSUES; SYSTEM; ACID; GSH AB To measure the source and rate of mucosal glutathione (GSH) synthesis, fed piglets (28 days old; 7.7 kg) received a 6-h infusion of intragastric [U-C-13]glutamate (n = 11) either with (n = 5) or without (n = 6) an intragastric infusion of [1-C-13]glycine (0-6 h) and [1,2-C-13(2)(U-C-13)]glycine (3-6 h). Eighty-four percent of the labeled mucosal GSH-glutamate and 86% of the luminal GSH-glutamate was C-13(5). The tracer-to-tracee ratio of GSH-[U-C-13]glutamate was 75% of that of mucosal glutamate. Sixty percent of the labeled mucosal glutamate was C-13(1), C-13(2), or C-13(3), but the tracer-to-tracee ratios of these isotopomers in GSH-glutamate were not significantly different from zero. After 3 h of infusion, the tracer-to-tracee ratio of GSH-[U-C-13]glycine was 46%, and after 6 h of infusion GSH-[C-13(1)]glycine was 82% of that of mucosal glycine. This suggested that the half-life of mucosal GSH was 2.7 +/- 0.1 h. We concluded that! in fed piglets, mucosal GSH-glutamate derived largely from the direct metabolism of enteral glutamate rather than from glutamate that was metabolized within the mucosa. RP Reeds, PJ (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED, USDA ARS, CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR, DEPT PEDIAT, 1100 BATES ST, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. NR 25 TC 86 Z9 100 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1849 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-ENDOC M JI Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 273 IS 2 BP E408 EP E415 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology GA XQ274 UT WOS:A1997XQ27400023 PM 9277395 ER PT J AU WrayCahen, D Beckett, PR Nguyen, HV Davis, TA AF WrayCahen, D Beckett, PR Nguyen, HV Davis, TA TI Insulin-stimulated amino acid utilization during glucose and amino acid clamps decreases with development SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 96 Annual Meeting CY APR 14-18, 1996 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Federat Amer Soc Exptl Biol DE neonate; pig; insulin sensitivity; insulin responsiveness; protein metabolism ID MUSCLE PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; WHOLE-BODY; POSTABSORPTIVE RATS; FOOD-INTAKE; HYPERINSULINEMIA; PROTEOLYSIS; SENSITIVITY; TURNOVER; INFUSION AB Neonatal animals utilize their dietary amino acids for protein accretion with high efficiency, and this efficiency declines during early life. The factors responsible for this developmental change are unknown. Our objectives were to determine whether amino acid (AA) utilization is stimulated by insulin in the neonate and whether this response changes during the suckling period. Two hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp infusion studies, using 10-2,000 ng insulin.kg(-0.66).min(-1), were performed in 7- and 26-day-old pigs. In study I, no AA were provided during the infusion, and the resultant decline in plasma AA levels was defined. In study II, plasma AA were clamped at near-fasting levels, and whole body utilization of exogenous AA was determined by measuring the rate of infusion of an AA mixture necessary to maintain basal plasma lysine concentrations. In study I, the half-maximal effective dose (ED50) for the fall in AA concentrations with increasing plasma insulin concentration was lower in 7- than in 26-day-old pigs, and the nadir in AA concentration was achieved by only 20 mu U/ml insulin. In study II, the utilization of exogenous AA during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic AA clamps exhibited a higher maximum response (R-max) (49 vs. 26 mu mol AA(total).min(-1).kg(-1)) and a lower ED50 (18 VS. 45 mu U insulin/ml) in 7- than in 26-day-old pigs. Plasma urea nitrogen concentrations did not rise with increasing insulin and AA infusion rates. These results indicate that insulin stimulates the utilization of exogenous AA in neonatal pigs and that both the insulin sensitivity and responsiveness of AA utilization decline over the suckling period. The infused AA were likely utilized for protein accretion. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED, CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR, USDA ARS, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. BAYLOR COLL MED, DEPT PEDIAT, ENDOCRINOL & METAB SECT, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR044474]; NICHD NIH HHS [T32 HD-07445] NR 23 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1849 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-ENDOC M JI Am. J. Physiol.-Endocrinol. Metab. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 273 IS 2 BP E305 EP E314 PG 10 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Physiology GA XQ274 UT WOS:A1997XQ27400011 PM 9277383 ER PT J AU Sojka, J Wastney, M Abrams, S Lewis, SF Martin, B Weaver, C Peacock, M AF Sojka, J Wastney, M Abrams, S Lewis, SF Martin, B Weaver, C Peacock, M TI Magnesium kinetics in adolescent girls determined using stable isotopes: effects of high and low calcium intake SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-REGULATORY INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE kinetic modeling; magnesium absorption; magnesium excretion ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; BIRTH-WEIGHT INFANTS; ABSORPTION; BALANCE; MG-25; MILK AB Magnesium kinetics were measured in five adolescent girls who were participating in a calcium balance study. Two calcium levels were fed in a randomized crossover design. After an acclimation period, Mg-26 was consumed orally and Mg-25 was given intravenously, and then blood, urine, and feces were collected for 14 days. Total magnesium and percent enrichment were determined, and data were fitted to a eight-compartment model. There was no significant difference between high and low calcium intakes for any of the parameters examined. Mean values for control (800 mg/day) and high (1,800 mg/day) calcium intake were as follows: Mg intake, 305 +/- 30 and 286 +/- 9 mg/day; absorption (percent), 44 +/- 7 and 39 +/- 9; absorption (mg/day), 134 +/- 35 and 110 +/- 28; urinary excretion, 96 +/- 22 and 101 +/- 31 mg/day; fecal excretion, 175 +/- 32 and 200 +/- 11 mg/day; and magnesium balance, 13 +/- 35 and -34 +/- 48 mg/day, respectively. In conclusion, high calcium intake did not alter magnesium kinetics or balance in adolescent girls. C1 PURDUE UNIV, SCH VET MED, DEPT FOODS & NUTR, W LAFAYETTE, IN 47907 USA. GEORGETOWN UNIV, MED CTR, DEPT PEDIAT, WASHINGTON, DC 20007 USA. INDIANA UNIV, SCH MED, INDIANAPOLIS, IN 46226 USA. BAYLOR COLL MED, CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR, USDA ARS, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. RP Sojka, J (reprint author), PURDUE UNIV, SCH VET MED, DEPT VET CLIN SCI, W LAFAYETTE, IN 47907 USA. NR 28 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0363-6119 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-REG I JI Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 273 IS 2 BP R710 EP R715 PG 6 WC Physiology SC Physiology GA XP269 UT WOS:A1997XP26900033 PM 9277559 ER PT J AU Purdy, CW Straus, DC Ayers, JR AF Purdy, CW Straus, DC Ayers, JR TI Efficacy of a subcutaneously administered, ultraviolet light-killed Pasteurella multocida A:3-containing bacterin against transthoracic challenge exposure in goats SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FOWL CHOLERA; HAEMOLYTICA; PNEUMONIA; CALVES; VACCINE; CATTLE; MODEL; IDENTIFICATION; PROTECTION; SEROTYPES AB Objective-To determine the effectiveness of Pasteurella multocida biovar A, serovar 3 (Pm A:3) killed by exposure to UV light and incorporated with a polyacrylate bead carrier as a vaccine. Animals-18 weanling male Spanish goats. Procedure-Prospective, randomized controlled study with 3 treatment groups: positive-control (PC), negative-control (NC), and principal Pm A:3 bacterin (PA) groups. Six PC goats each received live Pm A:3 and polyacrylate beads twice, 22 days apart, by transthoracic injection into the left lung. Six NC goats each received only PA beads twice, 22 days apart, by transthoracic injection. Six principal goats each received Pm A:3 vaccine SC twice, 22 days apart. Fourteen days after the second vaccination, ail goats were challenge exposed with live Pm A:3 by transthoracic injection into the right lung, and 4 days later they were euthanatized and necropsied. Results-Mean volume of consolidated lung tissue at the challenge site was 1.75 cm(3) for the PC group, 15.18 cm(3) for the NC group, and 3.9 cm(3) for the PA vaccine group. The NC group had a significantly (P less than or equal to 0.002) larger mean volume of consolidated lung tissue than did the PC and PA groups after challenge exposure. Conclusions-The PA bacterin and the PC groups developed protective immunity against live Pm A:3 challenge exposure. An SC administered, UV light-killed, Pm A:3 bacterin induced protective immunity similar to that induced by virulent live Pm A:3 injected into the target organ, the lung. C1 TEXAS TECH UNIV,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,LUBBOCK,TX 79430. TEXAS A&M UNIV,TEXAS VET MED DIAGNOST LAB,AMARILLO,TX 79106. RP Purdy, CW (reprint author), USDA ARS,CONSERVAT & PROD RES LAB,PO DRAWER 10,BUSHLAND,TX 79012, USA. NR 47 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 58 IS 8 BP 841 EP 847 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA XN784 UT WOS:A1997XN78400013 PM 9256967 ER PT J AU Palmer, MV Cheville, NF AF Palmer, MV Cheville, NF TI Effects of oral or intravenous inoculation with Brucella abortus strain RB51 vaccine in Beagles SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID IMMUNE-RESPONSES; MUTANT STRAINS; INFECTION AB Objectives-To determine whether the vaccine Brucella abortus strain RB51 (SRB51) would infect dogs, be shed in urine or feces, or cause placentitis and abortion. Animals-18 Beagles. Procedure-Males (n = 3), nonpregnant females (n = 3), and pregnant females (n = 4) were inoculated orally with SRB51; control dogs (n = 2) were fed sterile saline solution. A separate group of pregnant females (n = 5) received SRB51 IV, and their controls (n = 1) received sterile saline solution IV. Dogs were observed twice daily for evidence of abortion. Urine and feces were collected periodically for bacteriologic culture, and blood was collected for bacteriologic culture and serologic analysis. At full gestation (oral and IV inoculated pregnant females) or on postinoculation day 49 (nonpregnant females and males), dogs were euthanatized and samples were collected for bacteriologic culture and microscopic examination. Results-Abortion was not apparent during the study, and SRB51 was not found in samples of urine or feces from any dog. Strain RB51 was isolated from retropharyngeal lymph nodes from all orally inoculated dogs (9/9). One orally inoculated and 1 IV inoculated pregnant dog had SRB51 in placental tissues. Strain RB51 was also isolated from 1 fetus from the orally inoculated female dog with placentitis, but lesions were not detected in the fetus. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Oral inoculation of nonpregnant female or male dogs with SRB51 did not result in shedding in urine or feces, although oropharyngeal lymph nodes became infected; in pregnant females, it caused infection of the placenta, with resulting placentitis and fetal infection, but abortion was not apparent. Intravenous inoculation resulted in infection of maternal spleen, liver, and placenta; however, fetal infection and abortion were not observed. Infected canine placental membranes or fluids may be a source of infection for other animals and human beings. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET PATHOL,AMES,IA 50011. RP Palmer, MV (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,ZOONOT DIS RES UNIT,2300 DAYTON AVE,AMES,IA 50010, USA. NR 38 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 58 IS 8 BP 851 EP 856 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA XN784 UT WOS:A1997XN78400015 PM 9256969 ER PT J AU Heath, HL Blagburn, BL Elsasser, TH Pugh, DG Sanders, LG Sartin, EA Steele, B Sartin, JL AF Heath, HL Blagburn, BL Elsasser, TH Pugh, DG Sanders, LG Sartin, EA Steele, B Sartin, JL TI Hormonal modulation of the physiologic responses of calves infected with Eimeria bovis SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; GROWTH-HORMONE; SEX-HORMONES; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; IMMUNE-SYSTEM; SECRETION; STEERS; CELLS; BLOOD; ENDOTOXIN AB Objective-To determine whether an estradiol-progesterone (EP) growth implant would have an effect on febrile responses and on the catabolic component of Eimeria bovis infection. Animals-27 Holstein bull calves. Procedure-Calves were assigned to treatment groups as: control (n = 5), EP implant (EP, n = 5), E bovis-inoculated (coccidia: C, n = 7), pair fed (n = 4), or EP plus E bovis-inoculated coccidia (EP/C, n = 6) groups. Calves were provided subcutaneous EP implants at 8 weeks of age, and were inoculated with 2 x 10(5) oocysts of E bovis at 11 weeks of age. Body weight was measured on postinoculation day (PID) 0, 14, and 28. Rectal temperature and food intake were determined and fecal samples were collected daily from PID 15 to 28. Blood samples were collected on PID 24 for analysis of CD2+, CD4+, and CD8+ antigens and plasma insulin-like growth factor I concentration. Blood samples were collected at 15-minute intervals for measurement of pulsatile growth hormone release. Results-Group-EP/C calves had fever for 2 days versus 5 days for group-C calves (P < 0.05). These calves had diarrhea for fewer days than did their group-C counterparts (P <0.05). Fibrinogen and glucose values were high in group-C (P < 0.05) but not group-EP/C calves. The latter had positive weight gain from PID 14 to 28, whereas group-C calves had weight loss (P < 0.05). Plasma insulin-like growth factor I concentration was reduced by infection (P < 0.05). EP-treated noninfected calves had increased numbers of CD2+, CD4+, and CD8+ blood mononuclear cells (P < 0.05). Conclusions-EP has a protective effect in calves infected with E bovis. This may relate to changes in immune function induced by EP. Clinical Relevance-Treatment of calves with EP could offer some protection against the often severe wasting and debilitation associated with E bovis infection. C1 AUBURN UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT PHYSIOL & PHARMACOL,AUBURN,AL 36849. AUBURN UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT PATHOBIOL,AUBURN,AL 36849. AUBURN UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT LARGE ANIM SURG & MED,AUBURN,AL 36849. AUBURN UNIV,ALABAMA AGR EXPT STN,DEPT RES DATA ANAL,AUBURN,AL 36849. AUBURN UNIV,ALABAMA AGR EXPT STN,DEPT ANIM HLTH RES,AUBURN,AL 36849. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0002-9645 J9 AM J VET RES JI Am. J. Vet. Res. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 58 IS 8 BP 891 EP 896 PG 6 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA XN784 UT WOS:A1997XN78400023 PM 9256977 ER PT J AU Dabo, SM Taliaferro, CM Coleman, SW AF Dabo, SM Taliaferro, CM Coleman, SW TI Anatomical and histological factors affecting the ruminal degradation of stem tissues in Bothriochloa species SO ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lignin; phenolic compounds; Old World bluestem; digestibility; bacteria; fungi ID RUMEN; DIGESTIBILITY; BACTERIA; GRASS; FORAGES; FUNGI; YIELD AB Anatomical and histological features affecting the degradation of stem tissues by ruminal microorganisms were examined in 'Caucasian', 'Ganada,' and 'WW-Spar' Old World bluestem grasses (Bothriochloa spp.). Tissue degradation and/or staining results revealed variation among cultivars in the degree of lignification of parenchyma, sclerenchyma, and epidermal cells. In both immature and mature stems, parenchyma and sclerenchyma cell degradation by microorganisms was rapid and extensive for Ganada as compared with Caucasian and WW-Spar. In general, Caucasian tissues were more resistant to degradation than WW-Spar. There also were differences in tissue composition and degradation as a result of stem maturity. Increased lignification in parenchyma cells was primarily responsible for a decreased rate and extent of degradation in older stem portions. The major difference in tissue composition among cultivars was found in older stems; WW-Spar had more vascular and less parenchyma tissues than Caucasian and Ganada. However, Caucasian had a greater percentage of xylem-metaxylem complex tissues than the other two cultivars. The amount of lignified tissues did not seen to be related strongly with rate and extent of tissue degradation. Instead, the data suggest that our previously reported differences in digestibility among the three Old World bluestem grasses could be attributed to differences in the degradation of their individual tissue types. Fungal attachment was greatest on mature tissues, hence, the rate and extent of degradation of lignified tissues may be associated with the colonization of fungi in mature stems. Also, there was minimal colonization of fungi on immature tissues suggesting that their degradation was primarily affected by enzymatic or direct involvement of bacteria. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,STILLWATER,OK 74078. OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT VET PATHOL,STILLWATER,OK 74078. USDA ARS,GRAZINGLANDS RES LAB,EL RENO,OK 73036. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8401 J9 ANIM FEED SCI TECH JI Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 67 IS 4 BP 299 EP 309 DI 10.1016/S0377-8401(97)00012-6 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA YA025 UT WOS:A1997YA02500004 ER PT J AU deGortari, MJ Freking, BA Kappes, SM Leymaster, KA Crawford, AM Stone, RT Beattie, CW AF deGortari, MJ Freking, BA Kappes, SM Leymaster, KA Crawford, AM Stone, RT Beattie, CW TI Extensive genomic conservation of cattle microsatellite heterozygosity in sheep SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE heterozygosity; microsatellite; ovine ID DINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT POLYMORPHISMS; GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; BOVINE MICROSATELLITES; CHROMOSOMAL LOCALIZATION; DNA MICROSATELLITES; MOLECULAR-CLONING; OVIS-ARIES; LOCI; EXPRESSION; MARKERS AB We report the evaluation of 1036 bovine microsatellite primer pairs for their suitability as linkage markers in sheep. Approximately 58% (605/1036) of bovine primer pairs amplified a locus in sheep. Sixty-seven per cent (409/605) of amplified loci were detected as polymorphic. Marker heterozygosity, allele number and range of allele sizes were significantly lower in sheep than cattle sampled in this study. However, median fragment size was similar, These data suggest that high-resolution comparative linkage maps between closely related species can be constructed relatively efficiently. C1 USDA ARS, US MEAT ANIM RES CTR, CLAY CTR, NE 68933 USA. UNIV OTAGO, DEPT BIOCHEM, AGRES MOL BIOL UNIT, DUNEDIN, NEW ZEALAND. RI Freking, Brad/C-6494-2008 NR 88 TC 49 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 28 IS 4 BP 274 EP 290 PG 17 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA XZ080 UT WOS:A1997XZ08000005 PM 9345724 ER PT J AU Waldbieser, GC Bosworth, BG AF Waldbieser, GC Bosworth, BG TI Cloning and characterization of microsatellite loci in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE catfish; DNA; genetics; microsatellite; reproduction; selection ID GENETIC-MARKERS; IDENTIFICATION; SEQUENCES; GENOME AB Short tandem repeat (microsatellite) loci were cloned from the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, genome for use as molecular markers for genetic improvement of this important agricultural species. Plasmid clones containing catfish genomic DNA inserts were identified, by hybridization with tandem repeat DNA probes, and sequenced using automated laser fluorescence. A feral population of catfish displayed levels of heterozygosity greater than 0.7 for 13 of 22 loci and heterozygosity greater than 0.5 for 20 of 22 loci. Allelic polymorphism ranged from three to 17 alleles per locus in the feral population. Populations of domestic, farm-raised catfish and a research strain displayed levels of heterozygosity similar to the feral population. Non-invasive tissue sampling provided abundant material for the polymerase chain reaction-based genotype assay. The microsatellite loci will be useful in the molecular characterization and genetic improvement of channel catfish populations. RP Waldbieser, GC (reprint author), USDA ARS, CATFISH GENET RES UNIT, STONEVILLE, MS 38776 USA. NR 14 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0268-9146 EI 1365-2052 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 28 IS 4 BP 295 EP 298 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1997.00140.x PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA XZ080 UT WOS:A1997XZ08000007 ER PT J AU Shi, Y Weimer, PJ Ralph, J AF Shi, Y Weimer, PJ Ralph, J TI Formation of formate and hydrogen, and flux of reducing equivalents and carbon in Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 SO ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GENERAL AND MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE continous culture; formate; hydrogen; regulation; Ruminococcus flavefaciens; succinate ID CONTINUOUS CULTURE; SELENOMONAS-RUMINANTIUM; ENERGY-CONSERVATION; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; FERMENTATION; CELLULOSE; PATHWAY; ACETATE; GLUCOSE; MICROORGANISMS AB A pathway for conversion of the metabolic intermediate phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and the formation of acetate, succinate, formate, and H-2 in the anaerobic cellulolytic bacterium Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 was constructed on the basis of enzyme activities detected in extracts of cells grown in cellulose-or cellobiose-limited continuous culture. PEP was converted to acetate and CO2 (via pyruvate kinase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and acetate kinase) or carboxylated to form succinate (via PEP carboxykinase, malate dehydrogenase, fumarase, and fumarate reductase). Lactate was not formed even during rapid growth (batch culture, mu = 0.35/h). H-2 was formed by a hydrogenase rather than by cleavage of formate, and C-13-NMR and C-14-exchange reaction data indicated that formate was produced by CO2 reduction, not by a cleavage of pyruvate. The distribution of PEP into the acetate and succinate pathways was not affected by changing extracellular pH and growth rates within the normal growth range. However, increasing growth rate from 0.017/h to 0.244/h resulted in a shift toward formate production, presumably at the expense of H-2. This shift suggested that reducing equivalents could be balanced through formate or H-2 production without affecting the yields of the major carbon-containing fermentation endproducts. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT BACTERIOL,MADISON,WI 53706. USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT FORESTRY,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 34 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0003-6072 J9 ANTON LEEUW INT J G JI Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek PD AUG PY 1997 VL 72 IS 2 BP 101 EP 109 DI 10.1023/A:1000256221938 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA XV391 UT WOS:A1997XV39100004 PM 9298188 ER PT J AU Hanson, K Rose, A AF Hanson, K Rose, A TI Factor productivity and income inequality: A general equilibrium analysis SO APPLIED ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES AB Economic growth over the past two decades has failed to reduce income inequality. We contend that major reasons for this are the slowdown and bias in technological change (productivity growth). Given the complexity of the many interactions that take place, this phenomenon is best addressed in a general equilibrium context. For this purpose, we have developed a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model with advanced features relating to income distribution. We perform a series of simulations based on recent overall productivity changes, but under various forms of technological change bias, factor mobility, and government budgetary balance. We find the labour-augmenting technological change cases to be most consistent with recent experience. C1 PENN STATE UNIV,DEPT ENERGY ENVIRONM & MINERAL ECON,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. RP Hanson, K (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,ROOM 924,1301 NEW YORK AVE NW,WASHINGTON,DC 20005, USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 8 PU ROUTLEDGE PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4P 4EE SN 0003-6846 J9 APPL ECON JI Appl. Econ. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 29 IS 8 BP 1061 EP 1071 PG 11 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA XR664 UT WOS:A1997XR66400009 ER PT J AU Reeves, JB DelWiche, SR AF Reeves, JB DelWiche, SR TI Determination of protein in ground wheat samples by mid-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE wheat; near-infrared; mid-infrared; NIRS; diffuse reflectance ID PARTICLE-SIZE MORPHOLOGY; CARBOHYDRATE SYSTEMS; DILUTION; SPECTRA AB The objective of this study was to determine whether mid-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy could be used in the same manner as near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to quantitatively determine the protein content of ground wheat samples. One hundred and thirty hard red winter wheat samples were assayed for protein by combustion and scanned in the near- and mid-infrared, Samples (UDY: ground) were scanned neat in the near-infrared from 1100 nm (9091 cm(-1)) to 2498 nm (4003 cm(-1)) on a scanning monochromator and in the mid-infrared from 4000 cm(-1) (2500 nm) to 400 cm(-1) (25,000 nm) on a Fourier transform spectrometer at 4-and 16-cm(-1) resolutions. Protein content varied from a low of 8.98% to a high of 18.70% (average of 12.86% with a standard deviation of 1.66%). Calibrations developed with the use of partial least-squares gave an R-2 and bias-corrected standard error of performance of 0.999 and 0.054 for the near-infrared and 0.997 and 0.085 for the mid-infrared (4 cm(-1) resolution), Calibration results based opt mid-infrared spectra, while not as good as those for near-infrared spectra, were nevertheless quite good, These results demonstrate that it is possible to develop satisfactory calibrations for protein in ground wheat,with the use of mid-infrared spectra without the need for sample dilution with KBr. C1 ISL,NRI,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Reeves, JB (reprint author), USDA ARS,NCML,LPSI,BLDG 200,RM 124,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 18 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY PI FREDERICK PA 201B BROADWAY ST, FREDERICK, MD 21701 SN 0003-7028 J9 APPL SPECTROSC JI Appl. Spectrosc. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 51 IS 8 BP 1200 EP 1204 DI 10.1366/0003702971941746 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA XU635 UT WOS:A1997XU63500021 ER PT J AU Jansen, S LopezMiranda, J Salas, J Ordovas, JM Castro, P Marin, C Ostos, MA LopezSegura, F JimenezPereperez, JA Blanco, A PerezJimenez, F AF Jansen, S LopezMiranda, J Salas, J Ordovas, JM Castro, P Marin, C Ostos, MA LopezSegura, F JimenezPereperez, JA Blanco, A PerezJimenez, F TI Effect of 347-serine mutation in apoprotein A-IV on plasma LDL cholesterol response to dietary fat SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE apolipoprotein A-IV; diet; genetic polymorphism; cholesterol ID DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; APOLIPOPROTEIN-C-II; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; GENE; POLYMORPHISM; TRIGLYCERIDE; ACTIVATION; POPULATION; PHENOTYPE; EVOLUTION AB Lipid response to dietary fat and cholesterol is, to a large extent, genetically controlled. Apoprotein (apo) A-IV has been related to fat absorption and to the activation of some of the enzymes involved in lipid metabolism One mutation has been described in the apo A-IV gene that causes substitution of Ser for Thr at position 347. To study the influence of this mutation on the plasma LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) response in diets of various fat content and fatty acid saturation, 41 healthy male subjects were studied, 25 of whom were homozygous for the Thr allele (347Thr) and the rest who were either homozygous (n=2) or heterozygous carriers of the Ser allele (347Ser). They consumed three consecutive diets, each of 4 weeks' duration: one rich in saturated fat (SFA diet: 38% fat, 20% saturated), a National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) type 1 diet (28% fat, 10% saturated), and a third rich in monounsaturated fat (MUFA diet; 38% fat, 22% monounsaturated). Carriers of the 347Ser allele presented a greater decrease in total cholesterol (-0.7 vs -0.44 mmol/L, P<.034), LDL-C (-0.62 vs -0.31 mmol/L, P<.012), and apo B (-14 vs -8 mg/dL, P<.01) levels when they were switched from the SFA to the NCEP type 1 diet than homozygous carriers of the 347Thr allele. The change from the NCEP type 1 to the MUFA diet resulted in a greater increase in total cholesterol (0.18 vs -0.05 mmol/L, P<.028) and apo B (5 vs -1 mg/dL, P<.006) levels in the 347Ser than in the 347Thr individuals. In a previous study, we demonstrated that the G-->A polymorphism at position -76 of the gene promoter of apo A-I affects the LDL-C response to dietary fat. We therefore decided to study the effect of the interaction between these mutations on this response. We found that both mutations have an additive effect on total cholesterol, LDL-C, and apo B dietary-induced changes. Our results suggest that total cholesterol and LDL-C response to dietary fat is influenced by the 347Ser mutation of apo A-IV. C1 UNIV CORDOBA,SCH MED,UNIV HOSP REINA SOFIA,LIPID RES UNIT,CORDOBA,SPAIN. TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. OI Perez Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-9808-1280; Perez-Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-7499-7681; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 38 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER HEART ASSOC PI DALLAS PA 7272 GREENVILLE AVENUE, DALLAS, TX 75231-4596 SN 1079-5642 J9 ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS JI Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 17 IS 8 BP 1532 EP 1538 PG 7 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA XX937 UT WOS:A1997XX93700009 PM 9301632 ER PT J AU Zhao, Z Williams, SE Schuman, GE AF Zhao, Z Williams, SE Schuman, GE TI Renodulation and characterization of Rhizobium isolates from cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L) SO BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS LA English DT Article DE Astragalus cicer; nodulation; DNA; milkvetch; nitrogen fixation; forage legume; Rhizobium spp. AB In 1993 and 1994, 12 bacterial isolates were isolated from root nodules of cicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer). In the tests for nodulation of A. cicer by these bacterial isolates, five were found to form hypertrophic structures, while only two formed true nodules. These true nodules were formed in a sterilized soil system. This system might be able to act as a DNA donor to provide residual DNA to other microbes in the soil. The rhizobial isolates were thought to have lost genetic material crucial to nodulation during the isolation process. This hypothesis was supported by an experiment in which isolate B2 was able to nodulate A. cicer in vermiculite culture after being mixed with heat-killed rhizobia, Rhizobium leguminosarum by. trifolii and R. loti. The nodulation would not occur in vermiculite culture system without the heat-killed rhizobia. Based on the biochemical data, the B2 and 9462L, which formed true nodules with A. cicer, were closely related. The rhizobia type cultures that nodulate A. cicer include Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Rhizobium leguminosarum by. trifolii, R. leguminosarum by. viceae, and R. loti. All of these rhizobia were from different cross-inoculation groups. The B2 and 9462L isolates could only nodulate Medicago sativa, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Melilotus officinalis, but not these species within the genus from which they were isolated: Astragalus. The traditional cross-inoculation group concept obviously does not fit well in the classification of rhizobia associated with Astragalus. The rhizobia isolated from A. cicer can be quite different, and the rhizobia able to renodulate A. cicer also quite diverse. C1 UNIV WYOMING,DEPT PLANT SOIL & INSECT SCI,LARAMIE,WY 82071. USDA ARS,HIGH PLAINS GRASSLANDS RES STN,CHEYENNE,WY 82009. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0178-2762 J9 BIOL FERT SOILS JI Biol. Fertil. Soils PD AUG PY 1997 VL 25 IS 2 BP 169 EP 174 DI 10.1007/s003740050299 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA XQ283 UT WOS:A1997XQ28300012 ER PT J AU Rendleman, JA AF Rendleman, JA TI Enhancement of cyclodextrin production through use of debranching enzymes SO BIOTECHNOLOGY AND APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID GAMMA-CYCLODEXTRIN; BACILLUS SP; STARCH; GLYCOSYLTRANSFERASE; GLUCANOTRANSFERASE AB In the presence of a complexant and a debranching enzyme capable of cleaving alpha-(1 --> 6) linkages in alpha-D-glucans, Bacillus mascerans cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase; EC 2.4.1.19) converted starch, maltodextrin and glycogen into cyclodextrin (CD) in yields higher than those obtainable in the absence of debranching enzyme, The extent of yield enhancement by pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41; from Enterobacter aerogenes) was dependent upon temperature, type of substrate (including source of starch) and kind of complexant, Highest yields with pullulanase were attained generally by use of low temperature (15-25 degrees C) and starches of low amylose content, At 25 degrees C and pH 7, with cyclodecanone as complexant, 91-93% yields of B-CD were obtainable from amylopectin, waxy-maize starch, and tapioca starch, With decan-1-ol as complexant, amylopectin was converted at 15 degrees C into alpha-CD in 84% yield. With cyclotridecanone as complexant, amylopectin was converted at 40 degrees C into gamma-CD in 72% yield, The debranching enzyme isoamylase (EC 3.2.1.68; from Pseudomonas amyloderamosa) was also employed successfully to achieve high beta-CD yields, A 90% yield of beta-CD from amylopectin was obtained by applying isoamylase, CGTase and cyclodecanone at pH 6 and 25 degrees C. RP Rendleman, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES, BIOPOLYMER RES UNIT, 1815 N UNIV ST, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. NR 29 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0885-4513 EI 1470-8744 J9 BIOTECHNOL APPL BIOC JI Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 26 BP 51 EP 61 PN 1 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA XN778 UT WOS:A1997XN77800008 PM 9262003 ER PT J AU Bragg, DC Mroz, GD Reed, DD Shetron, SG Stokke, DD AF Bragg, DC Mroz, GD Reed, DD Shetron, SG Stokke, DD TI Relationship between ''birdseye'' sugar maple (Acer saccharum) occurrence and its environment SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID COMPETITION INDEXES; NORTHERN HARDWOODS; SIMULATION; REGION; STANDS AB We tested the premise that the ''birdseye'' grain abnormality in sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) develops from local environmental conditions, with special emphasis on the role of competition in birdseye formation. Previous experience with birdseye maple frequency and the inherent differences in stand structure between old-growth and managed northern hardwoods led to stratification by stand type. Old growth contained considerably more birdseye than managed stands, but the levels in both types exceeded previously published frequencies. Unlike earlier studies, we did not fmd greater local density (and, presumably, greater competition) surrounding birdseye maples (versus non-birdeyes) in either old-growth (31.5 and 30.9 m(2).ha(-1), respectively) or managed northern hardwoods (25.0 and 23.7 m(2).ha(-1), respectively). Except for diameter, no tree variable strongly correlated with birdseye occurrence. Two plot-level variables, stand density and percent hemlock stems, strongly correlated with stand-level birdseye frequency primarily because of differences related to stand type, not because they represented causal factors. A logistic regression model was developed to estimate the likelihood of birdseye occurrence in an individual tree. Model performance varied, with non-birdseyes being predicted more accurately than birdseye maples. No evidence in this study explicitly supported a competition-birdseye linkage, but the frequency of birdseye in old growth suggests that prolonged suppression may influence birdseye formation from the extended exposure to a highly competitive environment. Management apparently results in decreased birdseye occurrence, a trend that might be ameliorated through retention of higher residual basal area and structure similar to old-growth stands. C1 UTAH STATE UNIV,CTR ECOL,LOGAN,UT 84322. MICHIGAN TECHNOL UNIV,SCH FORESTRY & WOOD PROD,HOUGHTON,MI 49931. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT FORESTRY,USDA,FOREST SERV,NE FOREST EXPT STN,AMES,IA 50011. RP Bragg, DC (reprint author), UTAH STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST RESOURCES,LOGAN,UT 84322, USA. NR 46 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 27 IS 8 BP 1182 EP 1191 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XZ807 UT WOS:A1997XZ80700006 ER PT J AU Hallett, RA Hornbeck, JW AF Hallett, RA Hornbeck, JW TI Foliar and soil nutrient relationships in red oak and white pine forests SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID WHOLE-TREE HARVEST; NEW-ENGLAND; NITROGEN SATURATION; ACIDIC DEPOSITION; SPRUCE; ALUMINUM; CALCIUM; ECOSYSTEMS; DECLINE; CHEMISTRY AB Red oak (Quercus rubra L.) and white pine (Pinus strobus L.) forests on sandy soils of the northeastern United States may have been depleted of nutrient cations by acid precipitation and intensive land use. Foliar Ca in oak was 5260 mg Ca.kg(-1) dry matter, or more than 3 times the amount in white pine foliage. Red oak also has more Mg, K, and N than white pine. Foliar Al concentration for white pine foliage, 132 mg Al.kg(-1) dry matter, was twice that of red oak foliage. Foliar Ca and N was correlated with basal-area increment. Foliar Ca/Al ratios and Mg levels in pine foliage suggest a risk to tree health. In the organic horizons of both oak and pine forests, bases occupied 80% of the exchange sites. However, in the mineral horizons, Al occupied 96% of the exchange sites. Al may be accumulating in the O horizon. These data indicate that both forest types are susceptible to nutrient imbalances and deficiencies that result from atmospheric deposition and harvesting. RP Hallett, RA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,NE FOREST EXPT STN,POB 640,DURHAM,NH 03824, USA. NR 71 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 27 IS 8 BP 1233 EP 1244 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XZ807 UT WOS:A1997XZ80700012 ER PT J AU Harrington, CA Radwan, MA DeBell, DS AF Harrington, CA Radwan, MA DeBell, DS TI Leaf characteristics reflect growth rates of 2-year-old Populus trees SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID CLONES AB We examined the relationships between biomass or growth rates and leaf characteristics of 2-year-old trees of two clones of Populus. Leaf characteristics were total plant leaf area or leaf weight, mean size (or weight) of fully expanded terminal leaves, and foliar concentrations and contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, total chlorophyll, and total available carbohydrates. Sample trees (n = 156) were chosen from two irrigation regimes and several fertilization treatments to provide a wide range of environmental conditions and growth rates for each clone. Total plant leaf area or weight was strongly correlated with total aboveground biomass (r = 0.98-0.99); however, mean size (area or weight) of the fully expanded terminal leaves was also quite strongly correlated with biomass (r = 0.64-0.72), height growth (r = 0.54-0.72), and diameter growth (r = 0.53-0.73). With one exception (correlation between foliar K concentration and height growth of one clone, r = 0.67), leaf size characteristics were more strongly correlated with biomass or growth than were concentrations or contents of foliar chemicals. Since size of the terminal leaves is easy to measure, it may be useful as a simple indicator of potential productivity. RP Harrington, CA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,PACIFIC NW RES STN,FORESTRY SCI LAB,3625 93RD AVE SW,OLYMPIA,WA 98512, USA. RI Harrington, Constance/G-6161-2012 NR 16 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 27 IS 8 BP 1321 EP 1325 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XZ807 UT WOS:A1997XZ80700023 ER PT J AU Cai, YN Kleiner, H Johnston, D Dubowski, A Bostic, S Ivie, W DiGiovanni, J AF Cai, YN Kleiner, H Johnston, D Dubowski, A Bostic, S Ivie, W DiGiovanni, J TI Effect of naturally occurring coumarins on the formation of epidermal DNA adducts and skin tumors induced by benzo[a]pyrene and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene in SENCAR mice SO CARCINOGENESIS LA English DT Article ID MOUSE EPIDERMIS; METABOLISM; 7,12-DIMETHYLBENZ(A)ANTHRACENE; CYTOCHROME-P-450; CARCINOGENESIS; INITIATION; BINDING; CELLS AB Several naturally occurring coumarins previously found to be potent inhibitors of mouse hepatic ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (PROD) and/or pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (PROD) were examined for their effects on formation of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) DNA adducts in mouse epidermis, as well as, their effects on skin tumor initiation by these polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Bergamottin, a potent inhibitor of hepatic EROD, given topically 5 min prior to an initiating dose of B[a]P, significantly decreased total covalent binding of B[a]P to DNA in a dose-dependent manner 24 h after treatment. A dose of 400 nmol bergamottin reduced covalent binding of B[a]P by 72%, Coriandrin, at a dose of 400 nmol also significantly reduced total covalent binding of B[a]P by 59%, In addition, formation of the major (+)anti-B[a]P-diol epoxide-N2-dGuo adduct was selectively reduced by both of these coumarins, In contrast, bergamottin and coriandrin did not significantly decrease covalent binding of DMBA to epidermal DNA at doses of either 400 nmol or 800 nmol. Imperatorin and isopimpinellin, which are more potent inhibitors of hepatic PROD activity, significantly reduced overall binding of DMBA to epidermal DNA by 67% and 52%, respectively, when applied at doses of 400 nmol, These two coumarins also inhibited B[a]P-DNA adduct formation at similar doses but to a lesser extent, Imperatorin at a dose of 400 nmol dramatically decreased formation of covalent DNA adducts derived from both the anti and syn diol epoxides of DMBA, Bergamottin was a potent inhibitor of tumor initiation by B[a]P while coriandrin was less effective in this regard, Imperatorin was an effective inhibitor of skin tumor initiation by DMBA and also inhibited complete carcinogenesis by this PAH, At dose levels higher than those effective against DMBA, imperatorin also inhibited tumor initiation by B[a]P, The results demonstrate that several naturally occurring coumarins possess the ability to block DNA adduct formation and tumor initiation by PAHs such as B[a]P and DMBA. The mechanism for reduced DNA adduct formation and tumor initiation appears to involve inhibition of the P450s involved in the metabolic activation of these hydrocarbons, Finally, the differential effects of certain coumarins on B[a]P vs DMBA DNA adduct formation and tumor initiation may be useful for dissecting the role of specific cytochromes p450 in their metabolic activation. C1 UNIV TEXAS,MD ANDERSON CANC CTR,DIV SCI PK RES,DEPT CARCINOGENESIS,SMITHVILLE,TX 78957. USDA ARS,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA 16672]; NIEHS NIH HHS [ES 06014, ES07784] NR 24 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0143-3334 J9 CARCINOGENESIS JI Carcinogenesis PD AUG PY 1997 VL 18 IS 8 BP 1521 EP 1527 DI 10.1093/carcin/18.8.1521 PG 7 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA XQ878 UT WOS:A1997XQ87800013 PM 9276625 ER PT J AU Rice, CP Chernyak, SM AF Rice, CP Chernyak, SM TI Marine arctic fog: An accumulator of currently used pesticide SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID AIR-WATER; PHYTOPLANKTON; FRACTIONATION; SURFACE; CLIMATE AB Coincident samples of arctic marine fog and air were found to contain the following pesticides, chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil, metolachlor, terbufos and trifluralin. The levels of the different pesticides in the fog ranged from 0.08 to 12 ng/L and for the air from < 0.1 to 5.0 pg/m(3). Field derived air-water partition coefficients (Henry's law contstants-HLCs) were calculated from the paired air and water concentrations for chlorpyrifos and trifluralin. Comparisons of the field measured HLC values with laboratory determined HLCs (based on distilled water and on the fogwater itself) indicated that the pesticides were enriched in the field collected fogwater. The enrichments appear to be predominantly caused by surface interaction processes. Concentrations of the pesticides in the fog were much higher than adjoining compartments of snow, ice, air, water or microlayer. Exchanges at these interfaces may be a common occurrence in the Arctic especially since fogs are common over much of the area. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Rice, CP (reprint author), USDA,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,ENVIRONM CHEM LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 34 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD AUG PY 1997 VL 35 IS 4 BP 867 EP 878 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00132-X PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XM827 UT WOS:A1997XM82700013 ER PT J AU McNamara, JR Leary, ET Ceriotti, F BoersmaCobbaert, CM Cole, TG Hassemer, DJ Nakamura, M Packard, CJ Seccombe, DW Kimberly, MM Myers, GL Cooper, GR AF McNamara, JR Leary, ET Ceriotti, F BoersmaCobbaert, CM Cole, TG Hassemer, DJ Nakamura, M Packard, CJ Seccombe, DW Kimberly, MM Myers, GL Cooper, GR TI Point: Status of lipid and lipoprotein standardization. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID EDUCATION-PROGRAM RECOMMENDATIONS; INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE MATERIAL; CANDIDATE DEFINITIVE METHOD; DILUTION-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; APOLIPOPROTEIN-A-I; CHOLESTEROL; SERUM; COMPARABILITY; FEDERATION; PROJECT AB Cholesterol and triglyceride standardization procedures have been used extensively and continuously since the 1950s. Definitive and Reference Methods, as well as primary and secondary standards, have been developed and maintained as the basis far evaluating the accuracy of results by various methods in many laboratories. But, although standardization efforts for apolipoprotein A-I and B measurements have been reported in detail in the scientific literature, much less has been reported in the area of total and lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride standardization efforts. Standardized cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, determined in multiple large epidemiological and clinical studies, have been instrumental to the National Cholesterol Education Program panels that have assessed the lipoprotein values associated with risk of coronary disease, and have determined the cutpoints that are now used extensively by physicians to guide diagnosis and treatment of individual patients. C1 PACIFIC BIOMETR RES FDN,SEATTLE,WA. HS RAFFAELE,MILAN,ITALY. UNIV ROTTERDAM HOSP,ROTTERDAM,NETHERLANDS. WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,ST LOUIS,MO. STATE LAB HYG,MADISON,WI. OSAKA MED CTR CANC & CARDIOVASC DIS,OSAKA,JAPAN. GLASGOW ROYAL INFIRM,INST BIOCHEM,GLASGOW G4 0SF,LANARK,SCOTLAND. CANADIAN REFERENCE LAB 1996 LTD,VANCOUVER,BC,CANADA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. RP McNamara, JR (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. OI Ferruccio, Ceriotti/0000-0002-0958-5354 NR 29 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 43 IS 8 BP 1306 EP 1310 PN 1 PG 5 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA XP425 UT WOS:A1997XP42500002 PM 9267305 ER PT J AU Fields, M Bureau, I Lewis, CG AF Fields, M Bureau, I Lewis, CG TI Ferritin is not an indicator of available hepatic iron stores in anemia of copper deficiency in rats SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Letter ID SERUM FERRITIN; CHRONIC DISEASE; DIFFERENTIATION; INDEX RP Fields, M (reprint author), USDA,BHNRC,NRFL,BARC E,BLDG 307,RM 330,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 43 IS 8 BP 1457 EP 1459 PN 1 PG 3 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA XP425 UT WOS:A1997XP42500026 PM 9267329 ER PT J AU Ratner, S Lande, R Roper, BB AF Ratner, S Lande, R Roper, BB TI Population viability analysis of spring chinook salmon in the South Umpqua River, Oregon SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LONG-TERM CHANGES; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; PACIFIC SALMON; COHO SALMON; HATCHERY; EXTINCTION; SURVIVAL; GROWTH AB Run sizes of spring chinook salmon in the South Umpqua River in Oregon have declined dramatically since the early part of this century. Habitat degradation is thought to be an important factor contributing to the decline of this stock, and qualitative assessment suggests the stock is at moderate risk of extinction. We use data from this and similar stocks to develop an age-structured, density-dependent model of the population dynamics that incorporates both demographic and environmental stochasticity. Under the assumption of no further habitat destruction, the population is predicted to have a greater than 95% probability of persistence for 200 years. However, sensitivity analysis for the density-dependence estimated from historical run-return data shows that substantially lower predicted viabilities are also statistically consistent with the data. A model that stimulates continued habitat degradation results in almost certain extinction within 100 years. C1 UNIV OREGON,DEPT BIOL,EUGENE,OR 97403. FOREST SERV,USDA,TILLER RANGER DIST,TILLER,OR 97484. RI Roper, Brett/F-2891-2010 NR 53 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 11 IS 4 BP 879 EP 889 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.95457.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XR571 UT WOS:A1997XR57100012 ER PT J AU Rieman, BE Myers, DL AF Rieman, BE Myers, DL TI Use of Redd counts to detect trends in bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) populations SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS RP Rieman, BE (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT RES STN,316 E MYRTLE,BOISE,ID 83709, USA. NR 11 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 3 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 11 IS 4 BP 1015 EP 1018 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96228.x PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XR571 UT WOS:A1997XR57100026 ER PT J AU Engeman, RM Barnes, VG Anthony, RM Krupa, HW AF Engeman, RM Barnes, VG Anthony, RM Krupa, HW TI Effect of vegetation management for reducing damage to lodgepole pine seedlings from northern pocket gophers SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE animal damage; reforestation; seedling survival analysis; herbicide; 2,4-D AB The effects of vegetation management on northern pocket gopher (Thomomys talpoides) activity and damage to lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) seedlings were studied using 2,4-D herbicide to alter the habitat. Treatments were applied to a large (8.1 ha) treatment unit and observed effects were compared with an untreated control unit of the same size. The greatly reduced forb and grass cover on the treated unit was associated with a corresponding decrease in pocket gopher activity that persisted for 6 years after initial treatment. Times until seedlings first incurred gopher damage and overall survival of seedlings were greatly increased on the treated unit. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDI,NBS,KODIAK NATL WILDLIFE REFUGE,KODIAK,AK 99615. USDI,NBS,ALASKA FISH & WILDLIFE RES CTR,ANCHORAGE,AK 99503. RP Engeman, RM (reprint author), USDA,APHIS,NATL WILDLIFE RES CTR,1716 HEATH PKWY,FT COLLINS,CO 80524, USA. NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 16 IS 5 BP 407 EP 410 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(97)00022-7 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XT700 UT WOS:A1997XT70000001 ER PT J AU Belant, JL Ickes, SK Tyson, LA Seamans, TW AF Belant, JL Ickes, SK Tyson, LA Seamans, TW TI Comparison of four particulate substances as wildlife feeding repellents SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE activated charcoal; Branta canadensis; brown-headed cowbird; Canada goose; dolomitic lime; Molothrus ater; Nutra-lite; Odocoileus virginianus; particulate; repellent; white quartz sand; white-tailed deer ID METHYL ANTHRANILATE; ACTIVATED-CHARCOAL; CHEMICAL-STRUCTURE; GEESE; DETERRENTS AB We compared the effectiveness of dolomitic lime, activated charcoal, Nutra-lite (a silica-based compound), and white quartz sand as feeding repellents for brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and Canada geese (Branta canadensis). In 4 day, two-choice aviary tests with cowbirds, consumption of treated millet (1-4% g g(-1)) was less than consumption of untreated millet for all particulates except Nutra-lite at 1% g g(-1). Greatest reductions in consumption occurred with lime-treated millet, followed by charcoal, Nutra-lite, and sand. Overall mean daily consumption of treated millet by cowbirds in one-choice tests was similar to total consumption of millet in comparable two-choice tests for each particulate. However, millet treated with 4% lime reduced cowbird consumption for 1 day. Similarly, in 4 day, two-choice field tests involving free-ranging deer, deer consumed less corn treated (4% g g(-1)) with lime or charcoal than corn treated with Nutra-lite or sand. Corn treated with sand did not reduce consumption by deer relative to untreated corn. Lime applied to turf in 10 m x 21 m enclosures at an application rate of 270 kg ha(-1) did not suppress grazing by geese. Nutra-lite applied to turf at the manufacturer-recommended rate of 2568 kg ha(-1) reduced overall goose presence on treated plots in enclosures for 3 days but suppressed goose grazing for 1 day only. We conclude that lime is more effective overall as a white-tailed deer and brown-headed cowbird feeding repellent than is charcoal, Nutra-lite, or sand. Lime has considerable potential as a feeding repellent in agricultural and possibly turf situations. Charcoal could be used effectively in situations where lime is impractical. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. RP Belant, JL (reprint author), USDA,NATL WILDLIFE RES CTR,6100 COLUMBUS AVE,SANDUSKY,OH 44870, USA. NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 16 IS 5 BP 439 EP 447 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(97)00019-7 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XT700 UT WOS:A1997XT70000006 ER PT J AU Callaway, TR DeMelo, AMS Russell, JB AF Callaway, TR DeMelo, AMS Russell, JB TI The effect of nisin and monensin on ruminal fermentations in vitro SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RUMEN; BACTERIA; IONOPHORES; MICROORGANISMS; MECHANISM; PEPTIDES; GROWTH AB When mixed ruminal bacteria and alfalfa were incubated in vitro, monensin and nisin both inhibited methane production so long as the concentrations were greater than 1 mu M. Monensin- and nisin-dependent methane depressions caused a decrease in the acetate to propionate ratio (4.5 to 3.0). Total volatile fatty acid production was decreased by both monensin and nisin addition at concentrations greater than 2 mu M. Starch-digesting ruminal bacteria were initially inhibited by monensin and nisin, but this effect disappeared after two to four transfers, Nisin always inhibited cellulolytic bacteria, but the nisin-dependent inhibition of cellulose digestion was no greater than the inhibition caused by monensin. Monensin and nisin also inhibited amino acid degradation, and nisin was more effective than monensin in controlling the growth of Clostridium aminophilum, an obligate aminoacid-fermenting ruminal bacterium that can tolerate low concentrations of monensin. Because nisin was as potent as monensin, bacteriocins such as nisin may have potential as feed additives. C1 CORNELL UNIV,MICROBIOL SECT,ITHACA,NY 14853. UNIV LONDON KINGS COLL,DIV LIFE SCI,LONDON W8 7AH,ENGLAND. USDA ARS,ITHACA,NY 14853. NR 34 TC 58 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 35 IS 2 BP 90 EP 96 DI 10.1007/s002849900218 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA XK989 UT WOS:A1997XK98900004 PM 9216882 ER PT J AU Moreau, RA Powell, MJ Fett, WF Whitaker, BD AF Moreau, RA Powell, MJ Fett, WF Whitaker, BD TI The effect of ethanol and oxygen on the growth of Zymomonas mobilis and the levels of hopanoids and other membrane lipids SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Zymomonas mobilis (ATCC 29191) was grown either aerobically or anaerobically in the presence of 2% (wt/vol) glucose and 0, 3, or 6% (vol/vol) ethanol. The rates of growth and the composition of hopanoids, cellular fatty acids, and other lipids in the bacterial membranes were quantitatively analyzed. The bacterium grew in the presence of 3% and 6% ethanol and was more ethanol tolerant when grown anaerobically. Ln the absence of ethanol, hopanoids comprised about 30% (by mass) of the total cellular lipids, Addition of ethanol to the media caused complex changes in the levels of hopanoids and other lipids. However, there was not a significant increase in any of the hopanoid lipid classes as ethanol concentration was increased. As previously reported, vaccenic acid was the most abundant fatty acid in the lipids of Z. mobilis, and its high constitutive levels were unaffected by the variations in ethanol and oxygen concentrations, A cyclopropane fatty acid accounted for 2.6-6.4 wt % of the total fatty acids in all treatments. C1 USDA ARS,BARC W,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Moreau, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. OI Moreau, Robert/0000-0002-8166-8322 NR 9 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 12 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 35 IS 2 BP 124 EP 128 DI 10.1007/s002849900224 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA XK989 UT WOS:A1997XK98900010 PM 9216888 ER PT J AU Jackson, D Hake, S AF Jackson, D Hake, S TI Morphogenesis on the move: cell-to-cell trafficking of plant regulatory proteins SO CURRENT OPINION IN GENETICS & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article ID MAIZE HOMEOBOX GENE; PERICLINAL CHIMERAS; HOMEODOMAIN PROTEIN; PLASMODESMATA; MERISTEM; ARABIDOPSIS; CYTOSKELETON; EXPRESSION; KNOTTED-1; LAYERS AB It has been shown recently that some plant transcription factors that regulate cell fate during development can traffic through plasmodesmata - the intercellular channels that connect plant cells. This phenomenon helps explain the non-autonomous effects of many developmental mutations in plants and defines a novel mechanism by which cells signal to each other during development. RP Jackson, D (reprint author), UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,USDA,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 41 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 1 PU CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD PI LONDON PA 34-42 CLEVELAND STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND W1P 6LB SN 0959-437X J9 CURR OPIN GENET DEV JI Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 7 IS 4 BP 495 EP 500 DI 10.1016/S0959-437X(97)80076-7 PG 6 WC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Cell Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA XU025 UT WOS:A1997XU02500008 PM 9309180 ER PT J AU Kerstetter, RA LaudenciaChingcuanco, D Smith, LG Hake, S AF Kerstetter, RA LaudenciaChingcuanco, D Smith, LG Hake, S TI Loss-of-function mutations in the maize homeobox gene, knotted1, are defective in shoot meristem maintenance SO DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE meristem; homeobox; knotted1; maize ID NONSENSE MUTATIONS; ECTOPIC EXPRESSION; SEX DETERMINATION; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; APICAL MERISTEM; HOMEOTIC GENE; BOX GENE; ARABIDOPSIS; LEAF; RNA AB The product of the maize homeobox gene, knotted1 (kn1), localizes to the nuclei of cells in shoot meristems, but is absent from portions of the meristem where leaf primordia or floral organs initiate. Recessive mutant alleles of kn1 were obtained by screening for loss of the dominant leaf phenotype in maize, Mutant kn1 alleles carrying nonsense, splicing and frame shift mutations cause severe inflorescence and floral defects. Mutant tassels produce fewer branches and spikelets. Ears are often absent, and when present, are small with few spikelets. In addition, extra carpels form in female florets and ovule tissue proliferates abnormally. Less frequently, extra leaves form in the axils of vegetative leaves. These mutations reveal a role for kn1 in meristem maintenance, particularly as it affects branching and lateral organ formation. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,PLANT & MICROBIAL BIOL DEPT,BERKELEY,CA 94720. ARS,CTR PLANT GENE EXPRESS,USDA,ALBANY,CA 94710. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT BIOL,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. NR 48 TC 199 Z9 208 U1 2 U2 9 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4DL SN 0950-1991 J9 DEVELOPMENT JI Development PD AUG PY 1997 VL 124 IS 16 BP 3045 EP 3054 PG 10 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA XU058 UT WOS:A1997XU05800003 PM 9272946 ER PT J AU Lemly, AD AF Lemly, AD TI A teratogenic deformity index for evaluating impacts of selenium on fish populations SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article ID BLUEGILLS LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS; FINGERLING CHANNEL CATFISH; MINNOW PIMEPHALES-PROMELAS; TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; DIETARY SELENIUM; VITAMIN-E; DEFICIENCY; BIOCHEMISTRY; TOXICITY AB This paper describes a method for using teratogenic deformities in fish as the basis for evaluating impacts of selenium contamination, Teratogenic deformities are reliable bioindicators of selenium toxicosis in fish. They are produced in response to dietary exposure of parent fish and subsequent deposition of selenium in eggs. There is a close parallel between selenium concentrations in eggs, incidence of teratogenic deformities in larvae, and magnitude of reproductive failure, Using these relationships, an index was developed for teratogenic-based assessment of impacts to fish populations, The index is composed of three ratings that signify increasing levels of terata-induced population mortality: 1, negligible impact (<5% population mortality); 2, slight to moderate impact (5-20% population mortality); 3, major impact (>20% population mortality). Each rating is based on the anticipated population-level impact of the corresponding degree of mortality. Teratogenic-based impact assessment provides a conclusive cause-effect linkage between the contaminant and the fish. It is particularly useful for verifying selenium-induced impacts on reproductive success because poor reproduction can be caused by many things-i.e., fluctuating water levels, nest predation, food shortages, poor recruitment, etc. The index given here should be a useful tool for evaluating the effect of selenium on fish populations. Moreover, application of this technique may save considerable time and money by identifying the most efficient use of manpower and funds early in the assessment process. (C) 1997 Academic Press. RP Lemly, AD (reprint author), VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,US FOREST SERV,SO RES STN,DEPT FISHERIES & WILDLIFE SCI,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061, USA. NR 34 TC 73 Z9 76 U1 4 U2 21 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 37 IS 3 BP 259 EP 266 DI 10.1006/eesa.1997.1554 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YB069 UT WOS:A1997YB06900010 PM 9378093 ER PT J AU Aldrich, JR Leal, WS Nishida, R Khrimian, AP Lee, CJ Sakuratani, Y AF Aldrich, JR Leal, WS Nishida, R Khrimian, AP Lee, CJ Sakuratani, Y TI Semiochemistry of aposematic seed bugs SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE Hemiptera; Heteroptera; Lygaeidae; Oncopeltus; Tropidothorax; Neacoryphus; pheromone; attractant; aposematic; Asclepiadaceae ID METATHORACIC SCENT GLAND; HYALINIPENNIS COSTA HETEROPTERA; VERBASCI MEYER HETEROPTERA; ONCOPELTUS-FASCIATUS; SEX-PHEROMONE; ATTRACTANT PHEROMONE; CARDIAC-GLYCOSIDES; MULLEIN BUG; LYGAEIDAE; HEMIPTERA AB (E)-2,7-Octadienyl acetate and (E)-2-octenyl acetate (1:10 by volume) were identified an a pheromone attractive to both sexes of the lygaeid bug, Tropidothorax cruciger. In a parallel investigation of Neacoryphus bicrucis (Lygaeidae), (E, E)-2,4-hexadienyl acetate and phenethyl acetate (approximate to 9:1) were identified from males, and found attractive to both sexes of adults in the field plus a tachinid fly parasitoid of the bugs. In N. bicrucis, the pheromone was clearly shown to come from the tubular accessory glands of the metathoracic scent gland; this evidence, plus earlier literature reports for other species, indicate that male lygaeids are the pheromone emitters. In another lygaeid, Oncopeltus fasciatus, 2-isobutyl-3-methoxypyrazine was identified in the cardiac glycoside;laden fluid sequestered from milkweed hosts and expelled by these bugs when they are attacked. Alkyl methoxypyrazines are warning odorants associated with poisonous insect secretions, and their presence in O. fasciatus indicates that the plant-derived chemical defense of lygaeines is more elaborate than previously appreciated. C1 KYOTO UNIV,PESTICIDE RES INST,KYOTO 606,JAPAN. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT CHEM ECOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. KINKI UNIV,FAC AGR,ENTOMOL LAB,NARA 631,JAPAN. RP Aldrich, JR (reprint author), NATL INST SERICULTURAL & ENTOMOL SCI,LAB CHEM PROSPECT,TSUKUBA,IBARAKI 305,JAPAN. NR 38 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 84 IS 2 BP 127 EP 135 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.1997.00207.x PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XW628 UT WOS:A1997XW62800003 ER PT J AU Naranjo, SE Diehl, JW Ellsworth, PC AF Naranjo, SE Diehl, JW Ellsworth, PC TI Sampling whiteflies in cotton: Validation and analysis of enumerative and binomial plans SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bemisia tabaci; Bemisia argentifolii; sequential sampling; binomial sampling; resampling; sampling plan validation ID BEMISIA-TABACI HOMOPTERA; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; POPULATION-DENSITY; SWEET-POTATO; ALEYRODIDAE; DYNAMICS AB We tested enumerative and binomial sampling plans developed for Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in 3,240 ha of commercial cotton as part of the implementation of a community-wide integrated pest management (IPM) program in Laveen and Tolleson, AZ, in 1994. We compared new field observations to sampling distribution models developed previously for all lifestages, and validated and analyzed the performance of 5 sampling plans based on these models by resampling field data from 129 to 284 sites. Mean-variance relationships for the new data differed statistically from mean-variance models previously developed for adults, but not for eggs or nymphs. Resampling analyses indicated that desired precision (SE to mean ratio) was rarely achieved, on average, by fixed-precision sequential sampling plans. These enumerative sampling plans provided better precision than desired at moderate to high densities of eggs and adults and worse precision than desired at most densities of nymphs. An empirical model relating mean density to the proportion of leaves infested with 3 or more adult B. tabaci was accurate at mean densities < 2 adults per leaf but over-predicted mean density at higher densities. Resampling analysis revealed that a sequential sampling plan based on this empirical model was accurate at classifying population density relative to an action threshold of 5 adults per leaf. At nominal alpha and beta error rates of 0.10, population density was correctly classified approximate to 87% of the time. Accuracy was not improved by reducing nominal error rates to 0.05. Resampling analysis of a fixed-sample size plan based on n = 30 gave similar results and increasing sample size to 50 increased accuracy only 3%. Further resampling analyses that more closely approximated scouting protocols (15 sample units drawn from each of 2 quadrants in the field) resulted in an average accuracy of approximate to 70%. Accuracy declined when populations densities differed greatly among quadrants in a field. Most of this error was associated with making a decision to control when pest density was below the action threshold. Based on a robust validation technique using field observations representing a wide range of environmental and agronomic conditions, our sampling plans performed well and should be useful for estimating and classifying population densities of B. tabaci in cotton over a wide area. C1 UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT ENTOMOL,MARICOPA,AZ 85239. RP Naranjo, SE (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN COTTON RES LAB,4135 E BROADWAY RD,PHOENIX,AZ 85040, USA. OI Ellsworth, Peter/0000-0002-2485-0830 NR 34 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 26 IS 4 BP 777 EP 788 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XU119 UT WOS:A1997XU11900007 ER PT J AU Woods, SA ONeill, KM Streett, DA AF Woods, SA ONeill, KM Streett, DA TI Scavenging behavior of rangeland grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae): Rubidium-label studies SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE grasshoppers; rubidium chloride; cannibalism; epizootiology ID WEST-AFRICAN GRASSHOPPERS AB Scavenging on grasshopper cadavers by other grasshoppers is a common phenomenon that might provide an efficient mechanism for disease transmission. Field-cage studies were conducted in Montana to quantify the consumption of cadaver tissues by various members of the grasshopper community. Caged grasshoppers were exposed to Rb-enriched cadavers for 24-32 h. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry was used to quantify the concentration of Rb in tissues of the feeding grasshoppers. The probability of feeding on cadavers, the average amount of Rb assimilated (micrograms), and the resultant tissue concentrations of Rb (parts per million) among feeders, increased with the weight of the live grasshoppers. The increase in Rb concentrations indicates that larger grasshoppers consumed more Rb per gram of body weight. These results are consistent with behavioral observations that larger grasshoppers were more likely to find cadavers and defend them against intruders. The implications of these competitive interactions for pathogen epizootiology in grasshopper communities are discussed. C1 MONTANA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RANGELAND INSECT LAB,BOZEMAN,MT 59715. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 26 IS 4 BP 789 EP 796 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XU119 UT WOS:A1997XU11900008 ER PT J AU Fisher, JR AF Fisher, JR TI Embryonic diapause in Aulocara elliotti and Ageneotettix deorum (Orthoptera: Acrididae): Low-temperature relationships SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ageneotettix deorum; Aulocara elliotti; diapause termination; embryonic diapause; temperature ID POSTDIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT AB Controlled environmental chambers were used to determine the effect of constant low temperatures (0-18 degrees C) on diapause termination of the eggs of Aulocara elliotti (Thomas) and Ageneotettix deorum (Scudder), species that require low temperatures for diapause termination. When eggs of A. elliotti and A. deorum were incubated at 30 degrees C without low-temperature treatments, 6.1% of A. Elliotti hatched after approximate to 36 d of incubation and 1.5% of A. deorum hatched after approximate to 46 d of incubation. Exposure times (days) to selected constant low temperatures ranged from 15 to 100 d. For both species, the greatest hatch at all tow temperatures was induced with exposures of >60 d. Optimum conditions for diapause termination of A. elliotti were calculated to be between 75 and 98 d exposure to 6.6-8 degrees C. Optimum conditions for diapause termination of A. deorum were calculated to be between 75 and 77 d exposure to 7-8.6 degrees C. These studies provide insight about the univoltinism of these insects and offer evidence that with these species, embryonic diapause terminates before the prolonged subfreezing temperatures of winter. RP Fisher, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,PWA,HORT CROPS RES LAB,CORVALLIS,OR 97330, USA. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 26 IS 4 BP 906 EP 911 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XU119 UT WOS:A1997XU11900022 ER PT J AU Ignoffo, CM Garcia, C AF Ignoffo, CM Garcia, C TI Effect of viral concentration and body weight on mortality of larvae of Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) exposed to wild-type or recombinant strains of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Autographa californica (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Autographa californica; baculovirus; recombinants; wild-type strains; nuclear polyhedrosis virus; mortality rate ID JUVENILE-HORMONE ESTERASE; EXPRESSION VECTORS; GENE; BACULOVIRUSES; NEUROTOXIN; INSECTS AB A parental, wild-type strain of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Autographa californica (Speyer) (AcMNPV) and 2 recombinant strains, engineered to express a scorpion toxin (AcAaIT) or a juvenile hormone esterase (AcJHE-KK), were used to infect larvae of cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner). Initial mortality of 1st, 4th, and 5th instars, regardless of the polyhedral inclusion body (PIE) concentration, was not detected earlier than the 2nd d after exposure. At equivalent concentrations of virus, the recombinant AcAaIT was the fastest acting strain followed by the recombinant AcJHE-KK and then the wild-type AcC6. Each doubling of the viral concentration of AcC6 decreased the LT50 by approximate to 5%. Therefore, an 8- to 18-fold increase in the concentration of virus of the wild-type AcC6 was needed to attain LT(50)s equivalent to that of the recombinants AcAaIT and AcJHE-KK. Six weight classes (ranging from 0.3 to 95 mg per larva) of T. ni larvae also were exposed to AcC6 or the recombinant strain AcAaIT. The recombinant AcAaIT always killed cabbage loopers more quickly than the wild AcC6 strain regardless of larval size. Differences in LT50 between strains AcC6 and AcAaIT were significant for all weight classes except for larvae weighing 45-60 mg per larva. The greatest difference in the LT50 of the strains was for 1st instars weighing 0.3-0.5 mg per larva and the least difference was for 3rd instars weighing 45-50 mg per larva. RP Ignoffo, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS,BIOL CONTROL INSECTS RES LAB,COLUMBIA,MO 65205, USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 26 IS 4 BP 955 EP 960 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XU119 UT WOS:A1997XU11900029 ER PT J AU Corwin, DL Vaughan, PJ Loague, K AF Corwin, DL Vaughan, PJ Loague, K TI Monitoring nonpoint source pollutants in the vadose zone with GIS SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review ID SOIL HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION MEASUREMENTS; WATER RETENTION CHARACTERISTICS; GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION-SYSTEMS; RAY COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY; BULK-DENSITY DATA; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; ORGANIC-MATTER AB Nonpoint source (NPS) pollutants are recognized as the single greatest threat to surface and subsurface sources of drinking water throughout the world. The vadose zone serves as the conduit through which NPS pollutants travel through surface soil to groundwater supplies. Because of increased dependency on groundwater supplies, the ability to model groundwater vulnerability to the leaching of NPS pollutants through the vadose zone has grown in significance. Geographic information systems (GIS) have emerged as a useful tool in environmental modeling, particularly for NPS pollutants. A review is presented concerning the modeling of NPS pollutants in the vadose zone with GIS. Areas discussed include the significance of NPS pollutants as a global environmental problem, the justification for the modeling of NPS pollutants in the vadose zone with GIS, the basic components of environmental modeling with GIS, a review of existing GIS-based NPS pollutant models, the application of geostatistics to GIS-based NPS pollutant modeling, the influence of scale, the reliability of NPS pollutant models based on model error and data uncertainties, and the future direction of GIS-based NPS pollutant modeling. The proliferation of GIS-based NPS pollutant models holds promise, yet caution is needed to avoid misuse of a potentially valuable environmental assessment tool for decision makers. C1 STANFORD UNIV, DEPT GEOG & ENVIRONM SCI, STANFORD, CA 94305 USA. RP USDA ARS, US SALIN LAB, 450 W BIG SPRINGS RD, RIVERSIDE, CA 92507 USA. NR 254 TC 83 Z9 92 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X EI 1520-5851 J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 31 IS 8 BP 2157 EP 2175 DI 10.1021/es960796v PG 19 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XN758 UT WOS:A1997XN75800029 ER PT J AU Reeds, PJ Berthold, HK Boza, JJ Burrin, DG Jahoor, F Jaksic, T Klein, PD Keshen, T Miller, R Stoll, B Wykes, LJ AF Reeds, PJ Berthold, HK Boza, JJ Burrin, DG Jahoor, F Jaksic, T Klein, PD Keshen, T Miller, R Stoll, B Wykes, LJ TI Integration of amino acid and carbon intermediary metabolism: studies with uniformly labeled tracers and mass isotopomer analysis SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Stable Isotopes in Inborn Errors of Metabolism CY NOV 22-24, 1995 CL FULDA, GERMANY DE metabolism; glutamate; gluconeogenesis; stable isotopes ID MAGNETIC-RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; STABLE ISOTOPE; GLYCOGEN-SYNTHESIS; ESTIMATING RATES; KREBS CYCLE; IN-VIVO; GLUCONEOGENESIS; LIVER; GLUCOSE; NMR AB The central pathways of metabolism include glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, fatty acid synthesis and beta-oxidation, the citric acid cycle and ureagenesis. Because these pathways intersect, changes in one pathway, due to inborn error or disease, affect pathways that may seem remote from the initial metabolic defect. These metabolic interrelationships also present difficulties for isotopic studies, because once carbon derived from isotopic tracers is introduced into metabolism it is extensively recycled. The use of multiple labeled (especially uniformly C-13-labeled ([U-C-13]), metabolic tracers, in conjunction with mass isotopomer distribution analysis of mass and nuclear magnetic spectra, has enabled the development of methods that resolve some of these difficulties. Suitable choices of tracers and analytes allow the simultaneous measurement of multiple pathways and, importantly, their kinetic interrelationships. We illustrate three uses of the technique: (1) the unequivocal determination of tracee fluxes; (2) the quantification of biosynthetic pathways; and (3) the dissection, in vivo, of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle. In each case, different combinations of [U-C-13]tracer and metabolic end product have revealed metabolic phenomena that otherwise would remain unidentified. A particularly striking, and unexpected, observation that has emerged from recent studies using the technique, suggests that the key dehydrogenase reactions in the Krebs cycle may be reversible. Although this approach is of relatively recent development, it has already given a number of novel insights into the organization of the central metabolic pathways. It should provide a powerful method of investigating the metabolic impact of genetic disease and provide invaluable support of the assessment of new therapeutic interventions. C1 UNIV BONN,DEPT CLIN PHARMACOL,D-53100 BONN 1,GERMANY. ABBOTT LABS,GRANADA 18004,SPAIN. MCGILL UNIV,SCH DIETET & HUMAN NUTR,ST ANNE BELLEVUE,PQ,CANADA. RP Reeds, PJ (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,HOUSTON,TX 77030, USA. RI Berthold, Heiner/E-6017-2011 OI Berthold, Heiner/0000-0002-1457-2216 NR 46 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0340-6199 J9 EUR J PEDIATR JI Eur. J. Pediatr. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 156 SU 1 BP S50 EP S58 DI 10.1007/PL00014272 PG 9 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA XR537 UT WOS:A1997XR53700011 PM 9266216 ER PT J AU Wachsmuth, IK Sparling, PH Barrett, TJ Potter, ME AF Wachsmuth, IK Sparling, PH Barrett, TJ Potter, ME TI Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in the United States SO FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Emerging Diseases CY APR, 1997 CL TOKYO, JAPAN SP US Japan Cooperat Med Sci Program DE Escherichia coli O157:H7 disease emergence; enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli; Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli; surveillance; hazard analysis critical control point; transmission vehicle ID HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; APPLE CIDER; O157-H7; DIARRHEA; OUTBREAK; SURVIVAL; STRAINS C1 FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV, USDA, WASHINGTON, DC 20250 USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. NR 19 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0928-8244 J9 FEMS IMMUNOL MED MIC JI FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 18 IS 4 BP 233 EP 239 DI 10.1016/S0928-8244(97)00053-9 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA XX747 UT WOS:A1997XX74700004 PM 9348158 ER PT J AU Agboma, PC Sinclair, TR Jokinen, K PeltonenSainio, P Pehu, E AF Agboma, PC Sinclair, TR Jokinen, K PeltonenSainio, P Pehu, E TI An evaluation of the effect of exogenous glycinebetaine on the growth and yield of soybean: Timing of application, watering regimes and cultivars SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE acetylene reduction; anti-transpirant; drought; leaf diffusive resistance; nitrogen fixation; photosynthesis; soybean ID DROUGHT STRESS; NITROGEN-FIXATION; PLANTS; LEAF; SENSITIVITY; TRAITS; RATES AB Various soybean cultivars were grown under different watering regimes in the field and greenhouse in south-eastern U.S.A. (1995 and 1996), and in the field in north-eastern Western Australia (1995). Aqueous glycinebetaine was applied at different growth stages onto their foliage with the objective of ameliorating effects of water stress on photosynthesis activity, nitrogen fixation, leaf growth, biomass accumulation and seed yield, There were cultivar differences in response to drought. Trends which suggest that exogenous glycinebetaine could improve photosynthesis activity, nitrogen fixation and leaf area development, were established. The observed seed yield increase of both well-watered and drought-stressed plants was associated with greater number of seeds following the application of 3 kg ha(-1) glycinebetaine. The results indicate that foliar-applied glycinebetaine possesses anti-transpirant properties and has the potential to improve drought tolerance and reduce the amount of water used for irrigation, without any significant decrease in economic yield. There is evidence that soybean could be classified as a low-accumulator of glycinebetaine. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,USDA ARS,DEPT AGRON,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. CULTOR LTD,FINNSUGAR BIOPROD,FIN-00241 HELSINKI,FINLAND. RP Agboma, PC (reprint author), UNIV HELSINKI,DEPT PLANT PROD,POB 27,FIN-00014 HELSINKI,FINLAND. NR 41 TC 34 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 54 IS 1 BP 51 EP 64 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(97)00040-3 PG 14 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XK827 UT WOS:A1997XK82700006 ER PT J AU McKenzie, KS Sarr, AB Mayura, K Bailey, RH Miller, DR Rogers, TD Norred, WP Voss, KA Plattner, RD Kubena, LF Phillips, TD AF McKenzie, KS Sarr, AB Mayura, K Bailey, RH Miller, DR Rogers, TD Norred, WP Voss, KA Plattner, RD Kubena, LF Phillips, TD TI Oxidative degradation and detoxification of mycotoxins using a novel source of ozone SO FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SECALONIC ACID-D; SODIUM CALCIUM ALUMINOSILICATE; CYCLOPIAZONIC ACID; FUMONISIN B-1; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; CHLORINATED PHENOLS; PHYSICAL TREATMENT; CONTAMINATED CORN; OCHRATOXIN-A; RAT-LIVER AB Practical methods to degrade mycotoxins using ozone gas (O-3) have been limited due to low O-3 production capabilities of conventional systems and their associated costs. Recent advances in electrochemistry (i.e. proton-exchange membrane and electrolysis technologies) have made available a novel and continuous source of O-3 gas up to 20% by weight. It is possible that the rapid delivery of high concentrations of O-3 will result in mycotoxin degradation in contaminated grains-with minimal destruction of nutrients. The major objectives of this study were to investigate the degradation and detoxification of common mycotoxins in the presence of high concentrations of O-3 In this study, aqueous equimolar (32 mu M) solutions of aflatoxins B-1 (AfB(1)), B-2 (AfB(2)), G(1) (AfG(1)), G(2) (AfG(2)), cyclopiazonic acid (CPA), fumonisin B-1 (FB1), ochratoxin A (OA), patulin, secalonic acid D (SAD) and zearalenone (ZEN) were treated with 2, 10 and/or 20 weight% O-3 over a period of 5.0 min and analysed by HPLC. Results indicated that AfB(1) and AfG(1) were rapidly degraded using 2% O-3, while AfB(2) and AfG(2) were more resistant to oxidation and required higher levels of O-3 (20%) for rapid degradation. In other studies, patulin, CPA, OA, SAD and ZEN were degraded at 15 sec, with no by-products detectable by HPLC. Additionally, the toxicity of these compounds (measured by a mycotoxin-sensitive bioassay) was significantly decreased following treatment with O-3 for 15 sec. In another study, FB1 (following reaction with O-3) was rapidly degraded at 15 sec, with the formation of new products. One of these appeared to be a 3-keto derivative of FB1. Importantly, degradation of FB1 did not correlate with detoxification, since FB1 solutions treated with O-3 were still positive in two bioassay systems. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV, COLL VET MED, FAC TOXICOL, DEPT VET ANAT & PUBL HLTH, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843 USA. LYNNTECH INC, COLLEGE STN, TX 77840 USA. ARS, TOXICOL & MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT, RUSSELL RES CTR, USDA, ATHENS, GA 30613 USA. ARS, BIOACT CONSTITUENTS RES, USDA, PEORIA, IL 61604 USA. ARS, FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB, USDA, COLLEGE STN, TX 77841 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P42-ESO4917] NR 65 TC 163 Z9 183 U1 9 U2 65 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-6915 J9 FOOD CHEM TOXICOL JI Food Chem. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 35 IS 8 BP 807 EP 820 DI 10.1016/S0278-6915(97)00052-5 PG 14 WC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology SC Food Science & Technology; Toxicology GA YB595 UT WOS:A1997YB59500008 PM 9350226 ER PT J AU Solomon, MB Pursel, VG Campbell, RG Steele, NC AF Solomon, MB Pursel, VG Campbell, RG Steele, NC TI Biotechnology for porcine products and its effect on meat products SO FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Mediterranean Aspects of Meat Quality as Related to Muscle Biochemistry CY MAY 09-10, 1996 CL SEGOVIA, SPAIN SP Org Econ Cooperat & Dev, Res Program Biol Resource Management Sustainable A, gr Syst ID MUSCLE-FIBER MORPHOLOGY; GROWTH-HORMONE; LONGISSIMUS MUSCLE; DIETARY-PROTEIN; GROWING PIGS; YOUNG-PIGS; SOMATOTROPIN; MICE; TISSUE; EGGS AB Recombinant DNA technology has provided a mechanism for large scale production of somatotropin (growth hormone). There is no question that exogenous administration of somatotropin (ST) to pigs significantly improves efficiency of growth and carcass composition. Microinjecting foreign DNA into the pronucleus of fertilized ova is the predominant method employed to produce transgenic animals. The goal of producing transgenic pigs is to improve productive traits and carcass composition, enhance animal health and produce useful human health products, With greater emphasis on lean tissue accretion and less lipid deposition, either exogenous administration of ST or transgene technology can be used as a tool to maximize genetic potential for protein accretion and/or lipid depletion. The magnitudes of response for protein accretion and lipid depletion differ between these two biotechnological strategies. However, both offer means for progress in meeting consumer demands for lean meat. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 MEAT SCI RES LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD. GENE EVALUAT & MAPPING LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD. BUNGE MEATS LTD,COROWA,NSW 2626,AUSTRALIA. GROWTH BIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Solomon, MB (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 22 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0308-8146 J9 FOOD CHEM JI Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 59 IS 4 BP 499 EP 504 DI 10.1016/S0308-8146(97)00010-1 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA WX465 UT WOS:A1997WX46500003 ER PT J AU Spanier, AM Flores, M McMillin, KW Bidner, TD AF Spanier, AM Flores, M McMillin, KW Bidner, TD TI The effect of post-mortem aging on meat flavor quality in Brangus beef. Correlation of treatments, sensory, instrumental and chemical descriptors SO FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Mediterranean Aspects of Meat Quality as Related to Muscle Biochemistry CY MAY 09-10, 1996 CL SEGOVIA, SPAIN SP Org Econ Cooperat & Dev, Res Program Biol Resource Management Sustainable A, gr Syst ID SKELETAL-MUSCLE; TENDERNESS AB The flavor of muscle foods is dependent upon factors such as the animal's age, breed, sex, nutritional status and manner of cooking. Most important to the final flavor of the meat is relative age in the post-mortem aging process as it is during this time that many chemical flavor components are formed (Spanier et al., 1990). These components serve either directly as flavor components or as a pool of reactive flavors and intermediates that form many of the characteristic meat flavors after cooking. The post-mortem aging process is identified with enhancement of beef sensory quality due to enhanced tenderization. While this is true for beef texture, it is not true for the overall flavor of meat. Data is shown indicating that, during post-mortem aging, desirable flavors such as beefy, brothy, browned-caramel, and sweet decline while off-flavors such as bitter and sour increase. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,BATON ROUGE,LA 70803. RP Spanier, AM (reprint author), ARS,USDA,SO REG RES CTR,1100 ROBERT E LEE BLVD,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124, USA. OI Flores, Monica/0000-0002-4228-9899 NR 28 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0308-8146 J9 FOOD CHEM JI Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 59 IS 4 BP 531 EP 538 DI 10.1016/S0308-8146(97)00003-4 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA WX465 UT WOS:A1997WX46500007 ER PT J AU Mebus, C Arias, M Pineda, JM Tapiador, J House, C SanchezVizcaino, JM AF Mebus, C Arias, M Pineda, JM Tapiador, J House, C SanchezVizcaino, JM TI Survival of several porcine viruses in different Spanish dry-cured meat products SO FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Mediterranean Aspects of Meat Quality as Related to Muscle Biochemistry CY MAY 09-10, 1996 CL SEGOVIA, SPAIN SP Org Econ Cooperat & Dev, Res Program Biol Resource Management Sustainable A, gr Syst ID VESICULAR DISEASE VIRUS; PARMA PARMA HAM; SHOULDERS; LOINS AB The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the Spanish dry curing process on the inactivation of viruses of main economic importance: African swine fever virus (ASFV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) and swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) in Serrano cured hams and Iberian cured hams, shoulders and loins. 31 to 35 Iberian, or white pigs were infected with the respective viruses, and slaughtered at the estimated peak of viremia. The meat products were processed using the commercial procedures currently used in Spain. Samples collected at slaughter and at predetermined intervals during processing were analysed for virus survival by in-vitro and in-vivo assays. The results demonstrated that ASFV, FMDV, CSFV and SVDV are inactivated during Spanish commercial curing process in the dry-cured products studied except in the case of the Serrano ham infected with SVDV, in which the curing time required for inactivation of the virus in lymph nodes exceeded the maximum commercial curing time. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 INTERALIMEN,MADRID 29006,SPAIN. GRP NAVIDUL,MADRID 28006,SPAIN. INST NACL INVEST & TECNOL AGR & ALIMENTARIA,CTR INVEST SANIDAD ANIM,MADRID 28130,SPAIN. RP Mebus, C (reprint author), USDA,APHIS,VS,NVSL,FOREIGN ANIM DIS DIAGNOST LAB,POB 848,GREENPORT,NY 11944, USA. RI Sanchez-Vizcaino, Jose Manuel/G-6299-2015 OI Sanchez-Vizcaino, Jose Manuel/0000-0002-1502-8968 NR 10 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0308-8146 J9 FOOD CHEM JI Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 59 IS 4 BP 555 EP 559 DI 10.1016/S0308-8146(97)00006-X PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA WX465 UT WOS:A1997WX46500010 ER PT J AU Buchanan, RL Whiting, RC Damert, WC AF Buchanan, RL Whiting, RC Damert, WC TI When is simple good enough: A comparison of the Gompertz, Baranyi, and three-phase linear models for fitting bacterial growth curves SO FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Predictive Microbiology CY FEB 18-22, 1996 CL HOBART, AUSTRALIA ID STORAGE-TEMPERATURE; MICROBIAL-GROWTH; SODIUM-CHLORIDE; CELL-CYCLE; POPULATIONS; SALMONELLAE; NITRITE; FOOD; PH AB The use of primary mathematical models with curve fitting software is dramatically changing quantitative food microbiology. The two most widely used primary growth models are the Baranyi and Gompertz models. A three-phase linear model was developed to determine how well growth curves could be described using a simpler model. The model divides bacterial growth curves into three phases: the lag and stationary phases where the specific growth rate is zero (mu=0), and the exponential phase where the logarithm of the bacterial population increases linearly with time (mu=constant). The model has four parameters: N-0 (Log(10) of initial population density), NMAX (Log(10) of final population density), hac (time when lag phase ends), and tMax (time when exponential phase ends). A comparison of the linear model was made against the Baranyi and Gompertz models, using established growth data for Escherichia coli 0157:H7. The growth curves predicted by the three models showed good agreement. The linear model was more 'robust' than the others, especially when experimental data were minimal. The physiological assumptions underlying the linear model are discussed, with particular emphasis on assuring that the model is consistent with bacterial behavior both as individual cells and as populations. it is proposed that the transitional behavior of bacteria at the end of the lag phase can be explained on the basis of biological variability. (C) 1997 Academic Press Limited. RP Buchanan, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, EASTERN REG RES CTR, 600 E MERMAID LANE, WYNDMOOR, PA 19038 USA. NR 24 TC 228 Z9 246 U1 13 U2 82 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0740-0020 EI 1095-9998 J9 FOOD MICROBIOL JI Food Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 14 IS 4 BP 313 EP 326 DI 10.1006/fmic.1997.0125 PG 14 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA XR314 UT WOS:A1997XR31400003 ER PT J AU Uri, ND Beach, ED AF Uri, ND Beach, ED TI A note on quality differences and United States Canadian wheat trade SO FOOD POLICY LA English DT Article DE agricultural trade; Canadian wheat; interindustry trade; intrinsic characteristics; quality differences ID PRODUCT; PRICES AB This paper provides some insights as to why the United States, the fifth largest wheat producer in the world, imports a significant amount of wheat from Canada. The assessment relies on an implicit price function of the import demand for wheat, This function focuses on the physical and intrinsic characteristics of wheat, There is a premium for the protein content and the percentage of heat damaged kernels in wheat. The fact that wheat is a differentiated commodity possessing a mix of physical and intrinsic characteristics together with price considerations helps to explain why the import of Canadian wheat by the United States exists and why this became a significant issue in 1993. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 OHIO DEPT AGING,COLUMBUS,OH. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), USDA,ECON RES SERV,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0306-9192 J9 FOOD POLICY JI Food Policy PD AUG PY 1997 VL 22 IS 4 BP 359 EP 367 DI 10.1016/S0306-9192(97)00014-6 PG 9 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA XT738 UT WOS:A1997XT73800007 ER PT J AU Berry, BW AF Berry, BW TI Color of cooked beef patties as influenced by formulation and final internal temperature SO FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE ground beef patties; formulation; pH; internal temperature; cooked color ID GROUND-BEEF; ELECTRICAL-STIMULATION; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; COOKING; FAT; HOT; PH AB Five separate formulations of ground beef patties were processed to represent differences in animal maturity, muscle pH, fat content and processing of hot vs cold boned beef. Patties were cooked on electric griddles to internal temperatures (thickest portion) of either 68.3 or 71.1 degrees C before making visual and instrumental assessment of color. High pH (>6.2) muscle (whether obtained 48 h post-mortem or through hot processing) produced more red, uncooked color, while patties made from younger age (similar to 36 months) cows (regardless of fat content) appeared more well-done. Patties processed from high pH (not hot processed) muscle had the highest saturation index and highest CIE a* values (71.1 degrees C only), but still required the longest cooking times to reach final internal temperatures. Reductions in CIE a* values between 68.3 and 71.1 degrees C temperatures were observed only for patties made from hot processed muscle. This may be related to the decrease in pH that occurred during the early stages of cooking for this formulation. Differences in color between the two internal temperatures were minimal with patties cooked to 68.3 degrees C possessing higher CIE b*, higher saturation index and lower hue angle values (p less than or equal to 0.01). Inconsistent relationships between cooked color and internal temperature in cooked patties may result when broad differences exist in muscle pH and animal maturity between ground beef formulations. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of the Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Berry, BW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9969 J9 FOOD RES INT JI Food Res. Int. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 30 IS 7 BP 473 EP 478 DI 10.1016/S0963-9969(98)00023-4 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 100YB UT WOS:000074842000001 ER PT J AU Bett, KL Dionigi, CP AF Bett, KL Dionigi, CP TI Detecting seafood off-flavors: Limitations of sensory evaluation SO FOOD TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Flavor of Aquatic Food Products and Their Sensory Evaluation, at the Annual Meeting of the Institute-of-Food-Technologists CY JUN 22-26, 1996 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Inst Food Technologists, IFT Seafood Prod Div, IFT Sensory Evaluat Div AB Off-flavors in seafood can occur as a result of many factors. The farm-raised catfish industry considers environmental off-flavors associated with blooms of blue-green algae and other microbes to be its most significant problem (Tucker and Martin, 1991). Algal blooms can produce geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), which impart a muddy, musty flavor in seafood (Johnsen, 1991). Other environmental taints occur in seafood from exposure to wood processing effluents, odorants of detergents, spilled petroleum products (ASTM, 1996a), and chemical tanker washings and spills (Peels et al., 1988), Postharvest conditions can contribute to the development of fishy and sour flavors if products are exposed to temperatures above 4 degrees C after collection; this is due primarily to the breakdown of amino acids by bacterial enzymes (Gorga and Ronsivalli, 1982; Hebard et al., 1982). Freezer storage of seafood can contribute to development of cardboardy and painty flavors which are typically associated with lipid oxidation products (Johnsen and Kelly, 1990; Johnsen et al., 1987). RP Bett, KL (reprint author), USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,CATFISH RELAT CURRENT RES INFORM SYST DATABASE,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 29 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 SN 0015-6639 J9 FOOD TECHNOL-CHICAGO JI Food Technol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 51 IS 8 BP 70 EP & PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA XR917 UT WOS:A1997XR91700017 ER PT J AU Conard, SG Sparks, SR Regelbrugge, JC AF Conard, SG Sparks, SR Regelbrugge, JC TI Comparative plant water relations and soil water depletion patterns of three seral shrub species on forest sites in southwestern Oregon SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE stomatal conductance; transpiration; water use; soil moisture ID APPLE LEAF STOMATA; DOUGLAS-FIR; PACIFIC MADRONE; ABSCISIC-ACID; CONDUCTANCE; RESPONSES; GROWTH; FIELD; MODEL; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB We compared stomatal conductance, transpiration, plant water potential, and soil moisture depletion patterns for three shrub species common on early seral forest sites in southwestern Oregon following logging or fire. Our goal was to determine which of these species were move likely to be the strongest competitors with regenerating conifers. The three species, Arctostaphylos patula Greene, Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh., and Holodiscus discolor(Pursh.) Maxim., were selected to represent a range in leaf morphology and expected water use patterns. Diurnal patterns of leaf conductance, plant water potential, and environmental parameters were measured throughout the growing season, along with seasonal patterns in soil moisture. As with any data obtained under ambient field conditions, environmental parameters and exact timing of measurements varied among shrubs. To better evaluate the response of individual species to common environmental parameters, we constructed models of leaf conductance based on field data and used these models to estimate responses of conductance and transpiration to averaged environmental conditions. This allowed us to better compare species responses to seasonal and diurnal trends in environmental variables. C. sanguineus typically had the highest transpiration rates per unit leaf area, and H. discolor the lowest; however, due to much higher leaf area indices of H. discolor, the two species depleted soil moisture at about the same rate. C. sanguineus and A. patula both had high predawn water potentials throughout the season, even when soil water potential at 1 m depth was less than -1.2 Mpa, suggesting that these species, but not H. discolor, had roots in deeper soil layers. We predict that the two deciduous species, C. sanguineus and H. discolor, will be stronger competitors for soil moisture than A. patula, at least in the top meter of soil. In contrast, A. patula and C. sanguineus are capable of depleting moisture from deeper in the soil and may therefore strongly compete even with deep-rooted conifers late in the season. Our use of empirical models allowed us to compare species responses to common environmental conditions, which facilitated ecological interpretation of species differences in water use patterns. By early August, soil water potentials under all species were low enough to significantly inhibit conifer transpiration, photosynthesis, and growth. C1 ARIZONA WESTERN COLL, DIV MATH & SCI, YUMA, AZ 85366 USA. US FOREST SERV, PACIFIC SW RES STN, USDA, RIVERSIDE, CA 92507 USA. RI Conard, Susan/H-8158-2013 NR 43 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 43 IS 3 BP 336 EP 347 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XQ402 UT WOS:A1997XQ40200004 ER PT J AU Williams, MS Reich, RM AF Williams, MS Reich, RM TI Exploring the error structure of Taper equations SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bias; correlated errors; covariance ID STEM-PROFILE PREDICTIONS; WESTERN HEMLOCK; TOTAL HEIGHT; VOLUME; MODEL; PINE; DBH AB Much work has been done fitting taper equations to specific tree bole shapes, but few researchers have investigated what effect the correlated error structure has on the fit of a taper equation. The Max and Burkhart (1976) taper equation was used in conjunction with a number of equations which modeled the covariance structures. The equations proposed were continuously differentiable, which simplifies the fitting process, and selected to minimize the number of parameters. A maximum likelihood method was proposed to fit these equations and test the statistical significance of the correlated errors. Accounting for the correlated errors structure in the equation fitting process significantly improved fit. Tests showed a small, but significant, bias of 1.05% (+/- 0.143%) when the correlated errors were ignored. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV, DEPT FOREST SCI, FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA. RP Williams, MS (reprint author), US FOREST SERV, ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN, USDA, 240 W PROSPECT RD, FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 43 IS 3 BP 378 EP 386 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XQ402 UT WOS:A1997XQ40200008 ER PT J AU Schroeder, P Brown, S Mo, JM Birdsey, R Cieszewski, C AF Schroeder, P Brown, S Mo, JM Birdsey, R Cieszewski, C TI Biomass estimation for temperate broadleaf forests of the United States using inventory data SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE forest biomass; expansion factors; forest inventory; global carbon cycle ID CARBON BUDGET; TROPICAL FORESTS AB A potentially valuable data source for estimating forest biomass is forest volume inventory data that are widely collected and available throughout the world. In this paper we present a general methodology for using such data to reliably estimate aboveground biomass density (AGED) and to develop expansion factors for converting volume directly to AGED from USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data. Growing stock volume inventory data and stand tables were combined with independently developed biomass regression equations to estimate AGED and to calculate biomass expansion factors (BEF: factors that convert volume to mass, accounting for noncommercial components) for the extensive oak-hickory and maple-beech-birch forest types of the eastern United States. Estimated aboveground biomass for both forest types ranged between 28 and 200 Mg ha(-1). Expansion factors decreased from more than 4.0 at low growing stock volume to nearly 1.0 when growing stock volume was as high as 190 m(3)ha(-1), consistent with theoretical expectations. In stands with low AGED (< 50 Mg ha(-1)), small diameter trees (< 10 cm diameter) contained up to 75% of the AGED in trees greater than or equal to 10 cm diameter; this proportion dropped to < 10% for stands with AGED > 175 Mg ha(-1). The similarity of our results for two major forest types suggests that they may be generally applicable for estimating AGBD from inventory data for other temperate broad leaf forests. Further, the pattern between BEF and stand volume was similar to that obtained for tropical broadleaf forests, except that tropical forests generally had larger BEFs than temperate forests at a given volume. The implications of these results suggest that a recent assessment of forest biomass in developed countries is too low. C1 US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, WESTERN ECOL DIV, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. DINGHUSHAN ARBORETUM, GUANGDONG 526070, PEOPLES R CHINA. US FOREST SERV, NE FOREST EXPT STN, USDA, RADNOR, PA 19087 USA. RP Schroeder, P (reprint author), DYNAMAC CORP, US EPA, NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB, WESTERN ECOL DIV, 200 SW 35TH ST, CORVALLIS, OR 97333 USA. NR 39 TC 156 Z9 191 U1 5 U2 29 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 43 IS 3 BP 424 EP 434 PG 11 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XQ402 UT WOS:A1997XQ40200013 ER PT J AU Havey, MJ AF Havey, MJ TI On the origin and distribution of normal cytoplasm of onion SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Allium cepa; cytoplasmic-genic male sterility; germplasm ID RESTRICTION ENZYME ANALYSIS; OPEN-POLLINATED POPULATIONS; 45S RIBOSOMAL DNA; OXIDASE SUBUNIT-I; MAIZE MITOCHONDRIA; SECTION CEPA; ALLIUM; ALLIACEAE; GENE; POLYMORPHISM AB Seventy populations of bulb onion (Allium cepa) from the Middle East, Central Asia, and Indian subcontinent introduced into the United States National Plant Germplasm System before 1964 were evaluated for the presence of normal (N) male-fertile and male-sterile (S) cytoplasms using three polymorphisms in the chloroplast genome. One accession acquired in 1948 from Turkey possessed only S cytoplasm. Fifty accessions possessed only N cytoplasm. Nineteen accessions possessed both N and S cytoplasm, of which S predominated in two accessions. The prevalence of N cytoplasm among populations originating from the Central Asian center of origin supports it as the wild type cytoplasm of onion. One accession of A. vavilovii recently collected in Turkmenistan was identical to N cytoplasmic onion for all of 42 previously characterized polymorphisms in the chloroplast genome, at all sites for 12 restriction enzymes in the nuclear 45s ribosomal DNA, and for 68 of 72 mitochondrial probe-enzyme combinations. Polymorphisms between this accession of A. vavilovii and three N cytoplasmic onions were detected only with cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 and four restriction enzymes. The cytoplasm of A. vavilovii is closely related to N cytoplasm and this species may be the progenitor of bulb onion. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT HORT,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Havey, MJ (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,AGR RES SERV,USDA,1575 LINDEN DR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 34 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 44 IS 4 BP 307 EP 313 DI 10.1023/A:1008680713032 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA XT001 UT WOS:A1997XT00100004 ER PT J AU Staub, JE Serquen, FC McCreight, JD AF Staub, JE Serquen, FC McCreight, JD TI Genetic diversity in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) .3. An evaluation of Indian germplasm SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE cluster analysis; ethnobotany; isozymes; plant collection; plant exploration; plant germplasm; principal component analysis ID STARCH-GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; LOCI AB Genetic variation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus) accessions from India was assessed by examining variation at 21 polymorphic isozyme loci. Forty-six accessions acquired by the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) before 1972 were compared with 146 accessions collected during a 1992 U.S.-India expedition to the states of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, India. Isozymic profiles of these Indian accessions were also compared with 707 previously examined U.S. NPGS cucumber accessions. Two distinct groups (Group 1 and Group 2) were identified within accessions collected in 1992 (0.025 < P < 0.01). Variation at Ak-2, Fdp-2, Gr, Mdh-2, Mpi-1, Per, Pgm and Skdh was important in the detection of this difference. A previously unreported Pgm allele [Pgm (3)-105] was detected in accessions collected in a market in Pall, Rajasthan. Group 1 contained 37 (27 Madhya Pradesh + 10 Uttar Pradesh) accessions and Group 2 contains 102 (84 Rajasthan + 18 Madhya Pradesh) accessions. Seven accessions (5 Madhya Pradesh + 2 Rajasthan) were not associated with either group. The accessions 20664 (Tonk, Rahjasthan), 20666 (Jaipur, Rahjasthan), 20872 (Sehore, Madhya Pradesh), 20881 (Ashtok, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh) and 21026 (Bhatta, Dehra Dun, Uttar Pradesh) were heterozygous for at least nine loci and represent the genetic diversity within this collection. Isozymic variation in U.S. NPGS accessions acquired before 1972 differed significantly (P < 0.005) from those collected during 1992. All loci were important in the detection of this difference, except Ak-2, Pep-prp, and Pgd-2. When Indian accessions taken collectively (i.e., those acquired before 1972 and during 1992) were compared with an array of 707 C. sativus accessions examined previously, relationships between accessions grouped by country or subcontinent differed from those found in previous work. C1 AGR RES SERV,USDA,CROP IMPROVEMENT & PROTECT UNIT,SALINAS,CA. RP Staub, JE (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,USDA ARS,VEGETABLE CROPS UNIT,DEPT HORT,1575 LINDEN DR,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 35 TC 37 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 44 IS 4 BP 315 EP 326 DI 10.1023/A:1008639103328 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA XT001 UT WOS:A1997XT00100005 ER PT J AU Handler, AM Gomez, SP AF Handler, AM Gomez, SP TI P element excision in Drosophila is stimulated by gamma-irradiation in transient embryonic assays SO GENETICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID REPAIR-RECOMBINATION SYSTEM; INDUCED GENETIC-DAMAGE; FEMALE GERM-LINE; X-RAYS; MELANOGASTER; TRANSPOSASE; MOBILITY AB The influence of gamma-irradiation on P element excision and excision-site repair mechanisms was directly tested by embryonic somatic excision assays. Preblastoderm P[ry(+), Delta 2-3](99B) embryos, having a stable source of somatically active P transposase, were irradiated previous to injection with P excision indicator plasmids. Frequencies of precise or nearly precise P excision increased with gamma-ray doses ranging from 0.5 to 3.5 Gy. Higher doses resulted in frequencies close to that in unirradiated embryos, though considerable embryonic lethality was also evident at these doses. A direct positive interaction between gamma-irradiation and P element activity is concluded. RP Handler, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS,CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL,1700 SW 23RD DR,GAINESVILLE,FL 32608, USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0016-6723 J9 GENET RES JI Genet. Res. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 70 IS 1 BP 75 EP 78 DI 10.1017/S0016672397002759 PG 4 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA YF210 UT WOS:A1997YF21000008 PM 9369099 ER PT J AU Marek, LF Shoemaker, RC AF Marek, LF Shoemaker, RC TI BAC contig development by fingerprint analysis in soybean SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE bacterial artificial chromosome; BAC library; soybean; contig; resistance gene analog ID ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME LIBRARY; GENOME; CLONING; DNA; CONSTRUCTION; MICROBEADS; EVOLUTION; CLONES; GENE AB We constructed a soybean bacterial artificial chromosome (BAG) Library suitable for map-based cloning and physical mapping in soybean. This library consists of approximately 40 000 dones (4-5 genome equivalents) stored individually in 384-well microtiter dishes. A random sampling of 224 clones yielded an average insert size of 150 kb, giving a 98% probability of recovering any specific sequence. We screened the library for seven single or very low copy genic or genomic sequences using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and found between one and seven BACs for each of the seven sequences. When testing the library with a portion of the soybean psbA chloroplast gene, we found less than 1 % chloroplast DNA representation. We also screened the library for eight different classes of disease resistance gene analogs (RGAs) and identified BACs containing all RGAs except class 8. We arranged nine of the class 1 RGA BACs and six of the class 3 RGA BACs into individual contigs based on fingerprint patterns observed after Southern probing of restriction digests of the member BACs with a class-specific sequence. This resulted in the partial localization of the different multigene family sequences without precise definition of their exact positions. Using PCR-based end rescue techniques and RFLP mapping of BAC ends, we mapped individual BACs of each contig onto linkage group J of the soybean public map. The class 1 contig mapped to the region on linkage group J that contains several disease resistance genes. The class 1 contig extended approximately 400 kb. The arrangement of the BACs within this contig has been confirmed using PCR. One end of the class 1 contig core BAC mapped to two positions on linkage group J and cosegregated with two class 1 RGA loci, suggesting that this segment is within an area of regional duplication. C1 IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,USDA ARS,AMES,IA 50011. IOWA STATE UNIV SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT AGRON,AMES,IA 50011. NR 32 TC 73 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD AUG PY 1997 VL 40 IS 4 BP 420 EP 427 DI 10.1139/g97-056 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA XR480 UT WOS:A1997XR48000002 PM 18464837 ER PT J AU Besse, P McIntyre, CL Burner, DM deAlmeida, CG AF Besse, P McIntyre, CL Burner, DM deAlmeida, CG TI Using genomic slot blot hybridization to assess intergeneric Saccharum x Erianthus hybrids (Andropogoneae-Sacoharinae) SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE slot blot; Erianthus; genomic DNA; Saccharum; sugarcane ID SUGARCANE; DNA; RESISTANCE; RELATIVES AB The use of genomic slot blot hybridization enabled the differentiation of hybrids from selfs in Saccharum x Erianthus intergeneric crosses in which Saccharum was used as the female parent. Based on the genomic in situ hybridization technique, slot blots of DNA from the parents and the progeny were blocked with the Saccharum parent DNA and hybridized with the labelled male Erianthus genomic DNA. This technique allowed a rapid screening for hybrids and was sensitive enough to detect a 1/20 dilution of Erianthus in Saccharum DNA, which should enable the detection of most partial hybrids. The genomic slot blot hybridization technique was shown to be potentially useful for assessing crosses involving Saccharum species with either Old World Erianthus section Ripidium or North American Erianthus (= Saccharum) species. The effectiveness of the technique was assessed on 144 progeny of a Saccharum officinarum x Erianthus arundinaceus cross, revealing that 43% of the progeny were selfs. The importance of this test as a tool to support intergeneric breeding programs is discussed. C1 USDA ARS,SUGARCANE RES UNIT,HOUMA,LA 70361. COPERSUCAR TECHNOL CTR,BR-13400970 SAO PAULO,BRAZIL. RP Besse, P (reprint author), CSIRO,DIV TROP CROPS & PASTURES,306 CARMODY RD,ST LUCIA,QLD 4067,AUSTRALIA. RI McIntyre, Cathrine/F-5782-2011 NR 20 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD AUG PY 1997 VL 40 IS 4 BP 428 EP 432 DI 10.1139/g97-057 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA XR480 UT WOS:A1997XR48000003 PM 18464838 ER PT J AU Jarret, RL Merrick, LC Holms, T Evans, J Aradhya, MK AF Jarret, RL Merrick, LC Holms, T Evans, J Aradhya, MK TI Simple sequence repeats in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb) Matsum & Nakai) SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE Citrullus; watermelon; simple sequence repeats; genetic diversity ID YELLOW MOSAIC-VIRUS; DNA; CUCURBITACEAE; BENINCASEAE; INHERITANCE; RESISTANCE; ISOZYME; FLORIDA; SEED AB Simple sequence repeat length polymorphisms were utilized to examine genetic relatedness among accessions of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai). A size-fractionated TaqI genomic library was screened for the occurrence of dimer and trimer simple sequence repeats (SSRs). A total of 96 (0.53%) SSR-bearing clones were identified and the inserts from 50 of these were sequenced. The dinucleotide repeats (CT)(n) and (GA)(n) accounted for 82% of the SSRs sequenced. PCR primer pairs flanking seven SSR loci were used to amplify SSRs from 32 morphologically variable watermelon genotypes from Africa, Europe, Asia, and Mexico and a single accession of Citrullus colocynthis from Chad. Cluster analysis of SSR length polymorphisms delineated 4 groups at the 25% level of genetic similarity. The largest group contained C. lanatus var. lanatus accessions. The second largest group contained only wild and cultivated ''citron''-type or C. lanatus var. citroides accessions. The third group contained an accession tentatively identified as C. lanatus var. lanatus but which perhaps is a hybrid between C. lanatus var. lanatus and C. lanatus var. citroides. The fourth group consisted of a single accession identified as C. colocynthis. ''Egusi''-type watermelons from Nigeria grouped with C. lanatus var. lanatus. The use of SSRs for watermelon germplasm characterization and genetic diversity studies is discussed. C1 UNIV MAINE,DEPT APPL ECOL & ENVIRONM SCI,ORONO,ME 04469. LINKAGE GENET,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84119. UNIV HAWAII,DEPT HORT,HONOLULU,HI 96822. RP Jarret, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS,1109 EXPT ST,GRIFFIN,GA 30223, USA. NR 49 TC 96 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD AUG PY 1997 VL 40 IS 4 BP 433 EP 441 DI 10.1139/g97-058 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA XR480 UT WOS:A1997XR48000004 PM 9276932 ER PT J AU Gomez, MI IslamFaridi, MN Woo, SS Schertz, KF Czeschin, D Zwick, MS Wing, RA Stelly, DM Price, HJ AF Gomez, MI IslamFaridi, MN Woo, SS Schertz, KF Czeschin, D Zwick, MS Wing, RA Stelly, DM Price, HJ TI FISH of a maize sh2-selected sorghum BAC to chromosomes of Sorghum bicolor SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE sorghum; maize; shrunken locus; physical mapping; fluorescence in situ hybridization; bacterial artificial chromosomes ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; BACTERIAL ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME; RFLP MAP; CONSTRUCTION; DNA; GENOMES; COTTON; RICE AB Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of a 205 kb Sorghum bicolor bacterial artificial chromosome (BAG) containing a sequence complementary to maize sh2 cDNA produced a large pair of FISH signals at one end of a midsize metacentric chromosome of S. bicolor. Three pairs of signals were observed in metaphase spreads of chromosomes of a sorghum plant containing an extra copy of one arm of the sorghum chromosome arbitrarily designated with the letter D. Therefore, the sequence cloned in this BAC must reside in the arm of chromosome D represented by this monotelosome. This demonstrates a novel procedure for physically mapping cloned genes or other single-copy sequences by FISH, sh2 in this case, by using BACs containing their complementary sequences. The results reported herein suggest homology, at least in part, between one arm of chromosome D in sorghum and the long arm of chromosome 3 in maize. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,DEPT SOIL & CROP SCI,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. TEXAS A&M UNIV,USDA ARS,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT AGRON,CLEMSON,SC 29634. OI Stelly, David/0000-0002-3468-4119; Wing, Rod/0000-0001-6633-6226 NR 22 TC 19 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD AUG PY 1997 VL 40 IS 4 BP 475 EP 478 DI 10.1139/g97-063 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA XR480 UT WOS:A1997XR48000009 PM 18464840 ER PT J AU Wang, CY AF Wang, CY TI Effect of preharvest factors on postharvest quality: Introduction to the colloquium SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material RP Wang, CY (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1997 VL 32 IS 5 BP 807 EP 807 PG 1 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA XR104 UT WOS:A1997XR10400003 ER PT J AU Fallahi, E Conway, WS Hickey, KD Sams, CE AF Fallahi, E Conway, WS Hickey, KD Sams, CE TI The role of calcium and nitrogen in postharvest quality and disease resistance of apples SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Colloquium on Effect of Preharvest Factors on Postharvest Quality at the 92nd ASHS Annual Meeting CY AUG 01, 1995 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP Amer Soc Hort Sci, Postharvest Working Grp, Mineral Nutr Working Grp, Environm Stress Physiol Working Grp, Growth Regulators Fruit & Nut Prod Working Grp, Fruit Breeding Working Grp, Pomol Working Grp, Trop Hort Prod Res & Dev Opportun Working Grp ID GOLDEN DELICIOUS APPLES; MINERAL ANALYSES; FRUIT-DEVELOPMENT; MCINTOSH APPLES; ION RELATIONS; CELL-WALLS; BITTER PIT; CHLORIDE; STORAGE; TISSUE C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. PENN STATE UNIV,BIEGLERVILLE,PA 17307. UNIV TENNESSEE,DEPT PLANT & SOIL SCI,KNOXVILLE,TN 37901. RP Fallahi, E (reprint author), UNIV IDAHO,DEPT PLANT SOIL & ENTOMOL SCI,PARMA,ID 83660, USA. NR 71 TC 95 Z9 110 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1997 VL 32 IS 5 BP 831 EP 835 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA XR104 UT WOS:A1997XR10400009 ER PT J AU AbdulBaki, AA Morse, RD Devine, TE Teasdale, JR AF AbdulBaki, AA Morse, RD Devine, TE Teasdale, JR TI Broccoli production in forage soybean and foxtail millet cover crop mulches SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Brassica oleracea; Glycine max; Setaria italica; sustainable agriculture; no-tillage ID SOIL-TEMPERATURE; SYSTEMS-APPROACH; HAIRY VETCH; MANAGEMENT; RESIDUE AB 'Emperor' broccoli (Brassica oleraceae L. Botrytis Group) was grown in Fall 1995 at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center (BARC), Md., and at the Kentland Agricultural Research Farm (KARF), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Blacksburg. The objectives were to determine the effects of cover crop mulches in no-tillage production systems on marketable broccoli yield and weed suppression, The mulch treatments included cover crops of forage soybean (Glycine max L.), foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.P. Beauv), and a combination of soybean and millet. Broccoli marketable yield from all three mulch treatments was equal to that from a conventional clean cultivation system, except for the millet treatment at BARC, which produced a lower yield. All treatments maintained weeds below levels that reduced yield, Cover crop biomass ranged from 4.6 to 9.6 t.ha(-1) and N content from 10 g.kg(-1) for millet to 28 g.kg(-1) for soybean. C1 VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV, DEPT HORT, BLACKSBURG, VA 24061 USA. USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR, INST PLANT SCI, PLANT MOL BIOL LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR, INST PLANT SCI, WEED SCI LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. RP AbdulBaki, AA (reprint author), USDA ARS, BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR, INST PLANT SCI, VEGETABLE LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1997 VL 32 IS 5 BP 836 EP 839 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA XR104 UT WOS:A1997XR10400010 ER PT J AU Foshee, WG Raper, RL Goff, WD Patterson, MG AF Foshee, WG Raper, RL Goff, WD Patterson, MG TI Orchard floor practices affect soil compaction around young pecan trees SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Carya illinoensis; Carya illinoinensis; disking; mowing; soil penetrometer; cone index ID GROWTH AB Orchard floor treatments of total weed control with herbicides, disking, mowing, grass control only with herbicides, and no control of vegetation were maintained in a 3 x 3-m area underneath young pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangehn.) K. Koch] trees, Soil compaction in treated areas was compared to heavily trafficked row middles, Mean cone index (CI) readings obtained from a cone penetrometer for the heavily trafficked areas were higher, indicating greater compaction than all other treatments in the 4.7- to 11.8-cm soil depth range, Heavily trafficked areas had severe compaction (>2.0 MPa) at the 9.5- to 22.9-cm soil depths, Mowed plots had similar CI readings at 14.2- to 54.3-cm depth as those heavily trafficked, The mowed areas had severe compaction at the 14.2- to 22.9-cm depth range, Grass control only with herbicides and plots with no control of vegetation had low CI throughout the soil profile, Disking, grass control, and no control treatments had similar effects, except at the 4.7-cm depth, where disking reduced compaction, An orchard floor management practice that minimized traffic near young trees, but also reduced weed competition, appears to be the best choice. C1 AUBURN UNIV,USDA ARS,NATL SOIL DYNAM LAB,AUBURN,AL 36849. AUBURN UNIV,DEPT AGRON,AUBURN,AL 36849. RP Foshee, WG (reprint author), AUBURN UNIV,DEPT HORT,AUBURN,AL 36849, USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1997 VL 32 IS 5 BP 871 EP 873 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA XR104 UT WOS:A1997XR10400019 ER PT J AU Nugent, PE Dukes, PD AF Nugent, PE Dukes, PD TI Root-knot nematode resistance in Cucumis species SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Meloidogyne incognita; melon; muskmelon; cantaloupe; Cucumis melo; Cucumis metuliferus; nematodes AB The southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita [(Kofoid & White) Chitwood], causes serious economic losses to melon (Cucumis melo L.) production in the United States, The present study was conducted to determine if separable differences in nematode resistance of Cucumis melo could be found at some inoculum level, Five C. melo lines were compared with Cucumis metuliferus Naud. (C701A), a highly resistant species, for root necrosis, galling, egg mass production, and reproduction when inoculated at 0, 500, 1000, 2000, or 5000 nematode eggs per plant, Using these criteria, melon line C880 inoculated with 1000 eggs per plant was highly susceptible, while PI140471, PI 183311, and the cultivars Chilton, Georgia 47, Gulf Coast, Planters Jumbo, and Southland were less susceptible, In greenhouse tests with an inoculum level of 1000 eggs per plant, low levels of resistance were evident, A thorough screening of the available germplasm against M. incognita may identify higher levels of root-knot nematode resistance for incorporation into improved melon cultivars. RP Nugent, PE (reprint author), USDA ARS,US VEGETABLE LAB,2875 SAVANNAH HIGHWAY,CHARLESTON,SC 29414, USA. NR 8 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1997 VL 32 IS 5 BP 880 EP 881 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA XR104 UT WOS:A1997XR10400022 ER PT J AU Ehlenfeldt, MK Stretch, AW Lehman, JS AF Ehlenfeldt, MK Stretch, AW Lehman, JS TI Shoot length affects susceptibility to mummy berry blight within highbush blueberry cultivars SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Vaccinium corymbosum; Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi; disease avoidance; shoot development; resistance ID MONILINIA-VACCINII-CORYMBOSI AB Shoot growth of six blight-resistant highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars and of one susceptible cultivar was manipulated during the primary infection period of mummy berry disease to determine if some portion of the observed resistance was based on disease avoidance, In experiments across 2 years, resistant cultivars either increased continually in susceptibility or exhibited a peak and then decreased in susceptibility as shoots elongated. In a larger experiment that included both susceptible and resistant cultivars, peaks of susceptibility were identified for 'Bluejay', 'Darrow', and 'Jersey'. In contrast, general decreases in susceptibility were identified for 'Duke', 'Blueray', and 'Croatan' as shoots elongated, Shoot lengths associated with peak susceptibility varied among and within cultivars across experiments, The increases in susceptibility observed at longer shoot lengths were generally small, This finding suggests that cultivars identified as resistant have intrinsic levels of resistance, but maturity and general condition of the plant tissue can also affect disease levels. C1 OTTERBEIN COLL,DEPT LIFE & EARTH SCI,WESTERVILLE,OH 43081. RP Ehlenfeldt, MK (reprint author), USDA ARS,RUTGERS BLUEBERRY & CRANBERRY RES CTR,LAKE OSWEGO RD,CHATSWORTH,NJ 08019, USA. NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1997 VL 32 IS 5 BP 884 EP 887 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA XR104 UT WOS:A1997XR10400024 ER PT J AU Miller, WR McDonald, RE AF Miller, WR McDonald, RE TI Carambola quality after ethylene and cold treatments and storage SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Averrhoa carambola; postharvest; quarantine treatment; Caribbean fruit fly; Anastrepha suspensa ID FRUIT-FLY DIPTERA; QUARANTINE TREATMENT; TEPHRITIDAE AB Carambolas (Averrhoa carambola L.) must be treated with an approved insect quarantine procedure such as cold treatment before shipment to certain markets. Condition and quality of mature-green (MG) and slightly yellow (SY) fruit were determined after they were: 1) treated with ethylene at 0.1 ml.L-1 for 48 hours (C2H4), 2) subjected to cold treatment (CT) at 1 degrees C for 15 days,and 3) held in storage at 5 degrees C for 7 days plus 3 days at 15 degrees C. Ethylene-treated fruit were softer and yellowness was enhanced compared with non-C2H4-treated fruit. MG fruit were firmer and lost more mass following CT and storage than SY fruit. C2H4 treatment increased the severity of peel scald, stem-end breakdown (SEE), and fin browning but had no effect on pitting. CT increased the severity of scald and pitting, and the severity of SEE, but did not affect fin browning. Peel scald, pitting, SEE, and fin browning were more severe in MG than in SY fruit at the final evaluation. C2H4-treated fruit had lower total soluble solids concentration, higher titratable acidity and pH, and a less preferred flavor and texture than control fruit, We conclude that carambola fruit should be selected at harvest at the slight-yellow stage (3% to 25% of surface area) instead of at the mature-green stage. Fruit to be cold-stored should not be C2H4 treated due to enhanced mold development and severity of SEE. RP Miller, WR (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT RES LAB,2120 CAMDEN RD,ORLANDO,FL 32803, USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1997 VL 32 IS 5 BP 897 EP 899 PG 3 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA XR104 UT WOS:A1997XR10400027 ER PT J AU Plotto, A Azarenko, AN McDaniel, MR Crockett, PW Mattheis, JP AF Plotto, A Azarenko, AN McDaniel, MR Crockett, PW Mattheis, JP TI Eating quality of 'Gala' and 'Fuji' apples from multiple harvests and storage durations SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Malus domestica; maturity; factor analysis; sensory analysis; firmness; titratable acidity; soluble solids concentration AB Eating quality of 'Gala' and 'Fuji' apples (Malus domestica Borkh,) from multiple harvests and storage durations was assessed using an untrained consumer panel. Apples were harvested at weekly intervals for 6 weeks and stored in air, Changes; due to harvest maturity and storage for overall liking (OL), sweetness, tartness, firmness, and flavor intensity were evaluated over 8 months. A multivariate factor analysis revealed multicollinearity for OL, sweetness, and flavor intensity ratings in both cultivars, These attributes had the highest loadings in the first factor, explaining 51% and 52% of the variance of 'Gala' and 'Fuji' data sets, respectively, and were interpreted as a quality factor, Tartness and firmness had the highest loadings in the second factor for 'Gala', explaining an additional 23% of the variability and reducing that cultivar's data set to two factors, For 'Fuji', however, tartness and firmness were independent and included in factors 2 and 3, respectively, Factors 2 and 3 were interpreted as maturity factors, which explained 23% and 12% of the variance, The plots of the mean factor scores provided a multivariate technique to illustrate that panelists could differentiate between the stages of maturity of apples, Canonical correlations were calculated between the sensory and instrumental data, Only firmness measurements were correlated with sensory ratings for firmness (r = 0.53 and 0.44 for 'Gala' and 'Fuji', respectively). C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI & TECHNOL,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. PW CROCKETT ASSOCIATES,DURHAM,NC 27713. USDA,TREE FRUIT RES CTR,WENATCHEE,WA 98001. RP Plotto, A (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV,DEPT HORT,4017 ALS,CORVALLIS,OR 97331, USA. NR 19 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1997 VL 32 IS 5 BP 903 EP 908 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA XR104 UT WOS:A1997XR10400029 ER PT J AU Fery, RL Thies, JA AF Fery, RL Thies, JA TI Evaluation of Capsicum chinense Jacq cultigens for resistance to the southern root-knot nematode SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pepper; Meloidogyne incognita; nematode resistance; vegetable breeding ID PEPPER AB Scotch Bonnet and Habanero peppers, extremely pungent cultivar classes of Capsicum chinense Jacq,, are increasing in popularity in the United States. Because the southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood, is a major pest of many C. annuum cultivars, a series of greenhouse and field experiments was conducted to determine if Scotch Bonnet and Habanero peppers from available commercial and private sources also are vulnerable to the pest. In an initial greenhouse test, a collection of 59 C. chinense cultigens was evaluated for reaction to M. incognito race 3. All cultigens obtained from commercial sources were moderately susceptible or susceptible. However, four accessions obtained through Seed Savers Exchange listings exhibited high levels of resistance. Three of these cultigens (PA-353, PA-398, and PA-426) mere studied in subsequent greenhouse and field plantings, and each was confirmed to have a level of resistance similar to that available in C. annuum. All three of the resistant cultigens are well-adapted and each is potentially useful in commercial production without further development. None of the Habanero cultigens was resistant to the southern root-knot nematode. The resistant Scotch Bonnet cultigens may serve as sources of resistance for development of root-knot nematode-resistant Habanero peppers. RP Fery, RL (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,US VEGETABLE LAB,USDA,2875 SAVANNAH HIGHWAY,CHARLESTON,SC 29414, USA. NR 18 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1997 VL 32 IS 5 BP 923 EP 926 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA XR104 UT WOS:A1997XR10400036 ER PT J AU Zimmerman, RH AF Zimmerman, RH TI Orchard variation in micropropagated trees of 'Redspur Delicious' apple SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Malus x domestica; tissue culture ID GROWTH AB Micropropagated trees of 'Redspur Delicious' apple (Mains x domestica Borkh,), planted as small, actively growing trees in May 1982, lacked uniformity in tree size, appearance, and flowering by the spring of 1986. Only four of the 18 trees had a typical spur-type growth habit; these four trees had 80% more spurs per meter of shoot, 8 to 10 times as many flowers the first year of flowering and 9.5-fold higher early fruit yields, but were 40% smaller after 14 years in the orchard and had 25% less cumulative fruit yield than the nonspur types. Shoots from the spur-type trees were recultured in 1988 and the resulting trees planted in an orchard in 1990. These latter trees were uniform in appearance and all had typical spur-type growth, with about 30% more spurs per meter of shoot growth than the spur-type trees from which they were propagated, Micropropagating spur-type apples from previously micropropagated trees that have maintained clonal fidelity may overcome the potential problem of clonal variation in orchard planted micropropagated trees. RP Zimmerman, RH (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,FRUIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1997 VL 32 IS 5 BP 935 EP 936 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA XR104 UT WOS:A1997XR10400039 ER PT J AU Gupton, CL Smith, BJ AF Gupton, CL Smith, BJ TI Heritability of rosette resistance in blackberry SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Cercosporella rubi; blackberry breeding; double blossom; witches'-broom RP Gupton, CL (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,USDA,SMALL FRUIT RES STN,POB 287,POPLARVILLE,MS 39470, USA. NR 3 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 SN 0018-5345 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1997 VL 32 IS 5 BP 940 EP 940 PG 1 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA XR104 UT WOS:A1997XR10400041 ER PT J AU Dukes, PD Fery, RL AF Dukes, PD Fery, RL TI 'Charleston hot', a southern root-knot nematode-resistant, yellow-fruited cayenne pepper with a compact plant habit SO HORTSCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CAROLINA CAYENNE C1 AGR RES SERV, US VEGETABLE LAB, USDA, CHARLESTON, SC 29414 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0018-5345 EI 2327-9834 J9 HORTSCIENCE JI Hortscience PD AUG PY 1997 VL 32 IS 5 BP 947 EP 948 PG 2 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA XR104 UT WOS:A1997XR10400044 ER PT J AU Johnston, JJ Petty, EE Volt, SA AF Johnston, JJ Petty, EE Volt, SA TI Solid phase extraction GC/ECD method for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in wildlife plasma SO HRC-JOURNAL OF HIGH RESOLUTION CHROMATOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE capillary gas chromatography; solid phase extraction; dieldrin; organochlorine; plasma AB A gas chromatographic method for the analysis of nine organochlorine pesticides in wildlife plasma is described. Reversed-phase solid phase extraction is utilized to extract the organochlorine pesticides from plasma. This is followed by a normal phase solid phase extraction clean-up as the pesticides are recovered by elution with hexane:ethyl ether (1:1) and quantified by gas chromatography/electron capture detection. Method limits of detection range from 7.0-25 mu g/L. The mean recovery for all pesticides is 81%. RP Johnston, JJ (reprint author), APHIS,USDA,ADC,NATL WILDLIFE RES CTR,3350 EASTBROOK DR,FT COLLINS,CO 80525, USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU DR ALFRED HUTHIG VERLAG GMBH PI HEIDELBERG 1 PA POSTFACH 102869, W-69018 HEIDELBERG 1, GERMANY SN 0935-6304 J9 HRC-J HIGH RES CHROM JI HRC-J. High Resolut. Chromatogr. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 20 IS 8 BP 405 EP 409 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA XN369 UT WOS:A1997XN36900001 ER PT J AU Nelson, SO Bartley, PG Lawrence, KC AF Nelson, SO Bartley, PG Lawrence, KC TI Measuring RF and microwave permittivities of adult rice weevils SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE dielectric constant; dielectric loss factor; insects; microwave; permittivity; rice weevils; temperature dependence ID DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; DENSITY DEPENDENCE; GRAIN; INSECTS; ENERGY AB The dielectric permittivities of bulk samples of adult rice weevils were measured over the frequency range from 0.2 GHz to 20 GHz at temperatures from 10 degrees C to 65 degrees C with an open-ended coaxial-line probe, network analyzer, and a sample temperature control assembly designed for the measurements, Repeated measurements were highly variable, because mean sample bulk densities did not accurately reflect effective densities of the bulk rice weevil samples in the small volume of sample sensed by the coaxial-line probe, Density corrections based on earlier permittivity measurements on bulk rice weevil samples at 9.4 GHz, at known sample densities, removed much of the variability, The corrections utilized the linear relationship between the cube root of the dielectric constant and bulk density, which permitted estimates of the weevil body permittivities to be obtained with the Landau, Lifshitz, and Looyenga equation for dielectric mixtures, Estimated dielectric constants and loss factors of the insects from averages of seven different measurement sequences are presented graphically for temperatures from 15 degrees C to 65 degrees C. RP Nelson, SO (reprint author), USDA ARS,RUSSELL RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 15 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 46 IS 4 BP 941 EP 946 DI 10.1109/19.650805 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA YB638 UT WOS:A1997YB63800041 ER PT J AU McKeon, TA Lin, JT GoodrichTanrikulu, M Stafford, AE AF McKeon, TA Lin, JT GoodrichTanrikulu, M Stafford, AE TI Ricinoleate biosynthesis in castor microsomes SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on Industrial Crops and Products CY APR 22-24, 1996 CL REIMS, FRANCE DE oleoyl hydroxylase; plant lipids; Ricinus; oilseed ID RICINUS-COMMUNIS L; ACID BIOSYNTHESIS; OLEATE 12-HYDROXYLASE; FATTY-ACIDS; SEEDS AB Oleoyl-12-hydroxylase is the enzyme responsible for ricinoleate biosynthesis in castor (Ricinus communis). The hydroxylase introduces the mid-chain hydroxyl group, resulting in a fatty acid with numerous chemical uses. To determine conditions for high levers of ricinoleate production, it is important to characterize the hydroxylase activity in isolation from interfering activities. However, progress in purifying this enzyme has been limited by the inability to solubilize and reconstitute the enzyme activity from microsomes. By using low levels of microsomal protein (12-35 mu g) and following conversion of C-14-oleoyl-CoA to C-14-ricinoleate, the reaction is linear as a function of time and the rate is directly proportional to amount of protein. Moreover, at the lower levels of microsomal protein, microsomes treated under conditions that solubilize the hydroxylase recover full activity. This represents an important step in developing the ability to reconstitute the hydroxylase activity. Other factors involved in the high level of ricinoleate production by castor are the steady increase in hydroxylase activity throughout development and the decline in oleoyl desaturase. The glycol lipid oleoyloxyethyl phosphocholine is an effective inhibitor of hydroxylase activity, and should prove to be a useful tool in following the movement of labelled fatty acids through lipid pools. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP McKeon, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 6 IS 3-4 BP 383 EP 389 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(97)00029-0 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XR622 UT WOS:A1997XR62200025 ER PT J AU Kugler, DE AF Kugler, DE TI Policy directions for agricultural industrial products in the United States SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on Industrial Crops and Products CY APR 22-24, 1996 CL REIMS, FRANCE DE agricultural policy; industrial products; new crops AB Policy for research, development and commercialization of agricultural industrial products in the U.S. is subject to many forces. In the mid-1990s, important new information is available or forthcoming for policy makers to use in preparing our Nation's agenda for agricultural industrial products in the 21st century. Among those, new information sources are the US Department of Agriculture's budget and strategic plans, work by the President's Council on Sustainable Development, the 1996 Farm Bill passed by the U.S. Congress, and a biobased industrial products study by the National Academy of Sciences. It is concluded that the overall policy climate is very positive and, given broad collaboration from all sectors, opportunity is evident for the United States to transition to a more renewable resource-based economy. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Kugler, DE (reprint author), USDA,EDUC & EXTENS SERV,STOP 2220,1400 INDEPENDENCE AVE SW,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 4 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 6 IS 3-4 BP 391 EP 396 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(97)00030-7 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA XR622 UT WOS:A1997XR62200026 ER PT J AU Shuster, DE Kehrli, ME Rainard, P Paape, M AF Shuster, DE Kehrli, ME Rainard, P Paape, M TI Complement fragment C5a and inflammatory cytokines in neutrophil recruitment during intramammary infection with Escherichia coli SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID LEUKOCYTE ADHESION DEFICIENCY; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; IL-8 RECEPTOR HOMOLOG; MAMMARY-GLAND; BOVINE-MILK; DAIRY-COW; MASTITIS; INTERLEUKIN-8; EXPRESSION; MIGRATION AB Generation of inflammatory mediators and leukocyte recruitment to infection at an epithelial surface were studied during Escherichia coli-induced mastitis. One uninfected gland of each of eight midlactation cows was challenged with only 30 CFU off. coli McDonald strain 487, a serum-resistant isolate from a cow with mastitis, Bacteria grew logarithmically during the first 10 to 12 h after challenge, reaching concentrations of more than 10(5) CFU/ml with no detectable host response during this time. An intense inflammatory reaction began approximately 12 h after the challenge and was characterized by a breakdown in the blood-milk permeability barrier followed by pyrexia and a pronounced leukocytic influx. Coincident with the onset of mammary inflammation was the appearance of neutrophil chemotactic activity in the milk from infected glands. Factors able to upregulate CD18 expression on peripheral blood neutrophils also appeared in milk at this time. The lack of appearance of chemotactic and CD18-upregulating activities until 12 h after challenge indicated that delays in neutrophil recruitment resulted from an initial lack of bacterial recognition and inflammatory mediator production, Production of complement fragment C5a, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-l (IL-1) occurred earlier than production of IL-6 or IL-8. The early and intense production of C5a indicates that this chemoattractant may be more important than IL-8 during the initial recruitment and activation of neutrophils to a developing E. coli infection. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. INRA,PATHOL INFECT & IMMUNOL LAB,CTR RECH TOURS,F-37380 NOUZILLY,FRANCE. USDA,IMMUNOL & DIS RESISTANCE LAB,AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 49 TC 130 Z9 130 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 65 IS 8 BP 3286 EP 3292 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA XM714 UT WOS:A1997XM71400044 PM 9234788 ER PT J AU Guerrero, FD Jamroz, RC Kammlah, D Kunz, SE AF Guerrero, FD Jamroz, RC Kammlah, D Kunz, SE TI Toxicological and molecular characterization of pyrethroid-resistant horn flies, Haematobia irritans: Identification of kdr and super-kdr point mutations SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pyrethroid-resistance; cDNA sequence; sodium channel; horn fly ID SODIUM-CHANNEL GENE; MUSCA-DOMESTICA; FLY; MUSCIDAE; DIPTERA; INSECTICIDES; DROSOPHILA; LOCUS; PCR AB Two pyrethroid-resistant strains of horn flies were found to be 17- and 688-fold more resistant to permethrin and 17- and 11,300-fold more resistant to cyhalothrin than a susceptible control strain, Synergism experiments with piperonyl butoxide showed that both target site insensitivity and metabolic resistance mechanisms were present in the Super Resistant strain, Using the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), a 0.9 kb fragment of the putative sodium channel gene from susceptible and resistant flies was cloned and sequenced, Two sequence variants were detected, presumably arising from alternative splicing of transcripts, The amino acid sequences deduced from the resistant and susceptible fly gene fragments were identical except for three amino acid substitutions, two of which have been associated with resistance in house flies, A leucine to phenylalanine substitution associated with knockdown resistance (kdr) was found in both resistant strains. A methionine to threonine substitution associated with super-kdr was found in the Super Resistant strain, Translation of poly(A)(+) RNA followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) detected translation products whose concentrations increased in association with pyrethroid resistance, Random-amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR of genomic DNA with over 260 DNA oligomers yielded one resistance-associated marker, designated HF-77, which was not detected in any susceptible flies but was present in 16% of the resistant individuals, (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd, All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Guerrero, FD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 22 TC 105 Z9 114 U1 1 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD AUG-SEP PY 1997 VL 27 IS 8-9 BP 745 EP 755 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(97)00057-X PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA YQ576 UT WOS:000071401700006 PM 9443375 ER PT J AU Shufran, KA Peters, DC Webster, JA AF Shufran, KA Peters, DC Webster, JA TI Generation of clonal diversity by sexual reproduction in the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aphid; holocycle; intergenic spacer; ribosomal DNA; molecular drive ID APHID CLONES; AMPHOROPHORA-IDAEI; RIBOSOMAL DNA; HOMOPTERA; DIFFERENTIATION; RESISTANCE; EVOLUTION; VIRULENCE AB In the United States, the greenbug, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), reproduces primarily by apomictic parthenogenesis. Although a periodic sexual cycle exists, the extent to which it occurs naturally and its influence on the genetic variability of greenbug populations is unclear. Length variation in the intergenic spacer (IGS) of the rRNA cistron in the greenbug indicates that populations are made up of many genetically distinct clones. Previous laboratory studies have shown the stability of the IGS within parthenogenetic clones, By inducing the sexual reproductive cycle of the greenbug, we conducted both intra-and inter-clone matings and studied the inheritance of the IGS in the offspring. In both mating schemes, rearrangements in the IGS were apparent. IGS diversity found among the offspring could be attributed to unequal cross-over and probably other molecular drive events during meiosis. Periodic sexual reproduction is a primary mechanism for the generation and maintenance of genetic variability in greenbug populations, and explains the level of clonal diversity found in previous studies. C1 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT ENTOMOL,STILLWATER,OK 74078. RP Shufran, KA (reprint author), USDA,ARS,PLANT SCI RES LAB,1301 N WESTERN ST,STILLWATER,OK 74075, USA. NR 30 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0962-1075 J9 INSECT MOL BIOL JI Insect Mol. Biol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 6 IS 3 BP 203 EP 209 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2583.1997.00174.x PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA XQ851 UT WOS:A1997XQ85100001 PM 9272438 ER PT J AU Hammond, BR Johnson, EJ Russell, RM Krinsky, NI Yeum, KJ Edwards, RB Snodderly, DM AF Hammond, BR Johnson, EJ Russell, RM Krinsky, NI Yeum, KJ Edwards, RB Snodderly, DM TI Dietary modification of human macular pigment density SO INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BETA-CAROTENE; DEGENERATION; VEGETABLES; FRUITS AB Purpose. The retinal carotenoids lutein (L) and zeaxanthin (Z) that form the macular pigment (MP) may help to prevent neovascular age-related macular degeneration. The purpose of this study was to determine whether MP density in the retina could be raised by increasing dietary intake of L and Z from foods. Methods. Macular pigment was measured psychophysically for 13 subjects. Serum concentrations of L, Z, and beta-carotene were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Eleven subjects modified their usual daily diets by adding 60 g of spinach (10.8 mg L, 0.3 mg Z, 5 mg beta-carotene) and ten also added 150 g of corn (0.3 mg Z, 0.4 mg L); two other subjects were given only corn. Dietary modification lasted up to 15 weeks. Results. For the subjects fed spinach or spinach and corn, three types of responses to dietary modification were identified: Eight ''retinal responders'' had increases in serum L (mean 33%; SD, 22%) and in MP density (mean, 19%; SD, 11%; two ''retinal nonresponders'' showed substantial increases in serum L (mean, 31%) but not in MP density (mean, -11%); one ''serum and retinal nonresponder'' showed no changes in serum L, Z, or beta-carotene and no change in MP density. For the two subjects given only corn, serum L changed little (+11%, -6%, but in one subject serum Z increased (70%) and MP density increased (25%). Conclusions. Increases in MP density were obtained within 4 weeks of dietary modification for most, but not all, subjects. When MP density increased with dietary modification, it remained elevated for at least several months after resuming an unmodified diet. Augmentation of MP for both experimental and clinical investigation appears to be feasible for many persons. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. TUFTS UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT BIOCHEM,BOSTON,MA 02111. SCHEPENS EYE RES INST,BOSTON,MA 02111. HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA. RP Hammond, BR (reprint author), ARIZONA STATE UNIV W,COLL ARTS & SCI,DEPT SOCIAL & BEHAV SCI,4701 W THUNDERBIRD RD,PHOENIX,AZ 85069, USA. FU NEI NIH HHS [EY06591, EY04911] NR 16 TC 299 Z9 306 U1 1 U2 17 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0146-0404 J9 INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI JI Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 38 IS 9 BP 1795 EP 1801 PG 7 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA XU430 UT WOS:A1997XU43000016 PM 9286268 ER PT J AU Khachik, F Bernstein, PS Garland, DL AF Khachik, F Bernstein, PS Garland, DL TI Identification of lutein and zeaxanthin oxidation products in human and monkey retinas SO INVESTIGATIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY & VISUAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Symposium on Carotenoids CY AUG 18-23, 1996 CL LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS SP Int Union Pure & Appl Chem, Natl Inst Hlth, Switzerland, Swiss Natl Fdn, F Hoffmann La Roche Ltd, BASF Nederland B V, Betatene Ltd, Austr, Birkhauser Verlag, Switzerland, Bruker Nederland B V, Coca Cola Co, US, Kemin Ind, US, Wyeth Ayerst, US, European Community, Leiden City Council, Leiden Univ, Royal Dutch Acad Sci, Royal Dutch Chem Soc, Royal Gist Brocades N V, Netherlands, Dutch Soc Biochem & Molec Biol ID HUMAN PLASMA; MACULAR PIGMENT; CAROTENOIDS; SEPARATION; QUANTIFICATION; EXTRACTS; AGE AB Purpose. To characterize fully all the major and minor carotenoids and their metabolites in human retina and probe for the presence of the oxidative metabolites of lutein and zeaxanthin. Methods, Carotenoids of a composite of 58 pairs of human retinas and a monkey retina were elucidated by comparing their high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-ultraviolet/visible absorption spectrophotometry (UV/Vis)-mass spectrometry (MS) profile with those of authentic standards prepared by organic synthesis. Results. In addition to lutein and zeaxanthin, several oxidation products of these compounds were present in the extracts from human retina. A major carotenoid resulting from direct oxidation of lutein was identified as 3-hydroxy-beta,epsilon-caroten-3'-one. Minor carotenoids were identified as: 3'-epilutein,epsilon ,epsilon-carotene-3,3'-diol, epsilon,epsilon-carotene-3,3'-dione, 3'-hydroxy-epsilon,epsilon-caroten-one, and 2,6-cyclolycopene-1,5-diol. Several of the geometric isomers of lutein and zeaxanthin were also detected at low concentrations. These were as follows: 9-cis-lutein, 9'-cis-lutein, 13-cis-lutein, 13'-cis-lutein, 9-cis-zeaxanthin, and 13-cis-zeaxanthin. Similar results were also obtained from HPLC analysis of a freshly dissected monkey retina. Conclusions. Lutein, zeaxanthin, 3'-epilutein, and 3-hydroxy-beta,epsilon-caroten-3'-one in human retina may be interconverted through a series of oxidation-reduction reactions similar to our earlier proposed metabolic transformation of these compounds in humans. The presence of the direct oxidation product of lutein and 3'-epilutein (metabolite of lutein and zeaxanthin) in human retina suggests that lutein and zeaxanthin may act as antioxidants to protect the macula against short-wavelength visible light. The proposed oxidative-reductive pathways for lutein and zeaxanthin in human retina, may therefore play an important role in prevention of age-related macular-degeneration and cataracts. C1 CATHOLIC UNIV AMER,DEPT CHEM,WASHINGTON,DC 20064. UNIV UTAH,HLTH SCI CTR,MORAN EYE CTR,SALT LAKE CITY,UT. NEI,LAB MECHANISMS OCULAR DIS,BETHESDA,MD 20892. RP Khachik, F (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,CAROTENOIDS RES UNIT,BLDG 161 E,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. RI Khachik, Frederick/C-5055-2009 NR 24 TC 267 Z9 282 U1 1 U2 16 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0146-0404 J9 INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI JI Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 38 IS 9 BP 1802 EP 1811 PG 10 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA XU430 UT WOS:A1997XU43000017 PM 9286269 ER PT J AU Sathe, SK SzeTao, KWC Wolf, WJ Hamaker, BR AF Sathe, SK SzeTao, KWC Wolf, WJ Hamaker, BR TI Biochemical characterization and in vitro digestibility of the major globulin in cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 56th Annual Meeting of the Institute-of-Food-Technologists CY JUN 22-26, 1996 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP Inst Food Technologists DE cashew; nuts; globulin; protein; in vitro digestibility ID ELECTROPHORETIC CHARACTERIZATION; INVITRO DIGESTIBILITY; NUTRITIVE-VALUE; PROTEINS; SOLUBILIZATION AB The major globulin (anacardein) in cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) is a 13S globulin. The globulin is not a glycoprotein and is composed of at least two major types of polypeptides with estimated molecular weights in the range 18000-24000 and 30000-37000. The globulin has A(280nm)(1%) of 9.88, 10.56, 9.68, and 9.59 in distilled water, 0.5 M NaCl, 0.02 M sodium phosphate buffer pH 7.5, and 0.02 M Tris-HCl buffer pH 8.1, respectively. The Stokes radius of the globulin was 57+/- 3.2 Angstrom (n=17). The isoelectric pH (pI) of the globulin was in the pH range 6.2-7.2. Hydrophobic, uncharged polar, acidic, and basic amino acids respectively accounted for 36.4, 19.88, 25.3, and 18.4% of the total amino acids. Sulfur amino acids and threonine were respectively the first and second limiting amino acids in the purified globulin. Among the proteinases tested, pepsin was the most efficient in hydrolyzing the globulin in vitro. C1 USDA,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. PURDUE UNIV,DEPT FOOD SCI,W LAFAYETTE,IN 47907. RP Sathe, SK (reprint author), FLORIDA STATE UNIV,DEPT NUTR FOOD & MOVEMENT SCI,TALLAHASSEE,FL 32306, USA. NR 26 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 45 IS 8 BP 2854 EP 2860 DI 10.1021/jf970153e PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XR856 UT WOS:A1997XR85600008 ER PT J AU Hagenmaier, RD Baker, RA AF Hagenmaier, RD Baker, RA TI Low-dose irradiation of cut iceberg lettuce in modified atmosphere packaging SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE lettuce; irradiation; minimally processed ID VEGETABLES; STORAGE AB Irradiation at a mean dosage of 0.19 kGy of commercially prepared fresh-cut lettuce resulted in a product that had, 8 days after irradiation, microbial population of 290 cfu/g and yeast population of 60 cfu/g, compared with values of 220,000 and 1,400 cfu/g, respectively, for the nonirradiated control. Irradiation also caused moderate changes in respiration rate and headspace gas concentrations. It appears feasible to combine chlorination with irradiation at 0.15-0.5 kGy to produce fresh-cut, chopped lettuce with reduced microbial population. RP Hagenmaier, RD (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,S ATLANTIC AREA,USDA,CITRUS & SUBTROP PROD LAB,600 AVE S NW,WINTER HAVEN,FL 33881, USA. NR 15 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 45 IS 8 BP 2864 EP 2868 DI 10.1021/jf970080z PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XR856 UT WOS:A1997XR85600010 ER PT J AU Glass, RL AF Glass, RL TI Analysis of hygrine and cuscohygrine in Coca leaves using gas chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE hygrine; cuscohygrine; alkaloids; Erythroxylum; coca extracts ID TROPANE ALKALOIDS; SOUTH-AMERICAN AB The alkaloids hygrine and cuscohygrine in Erythroxylum coca var. Coca leaves were analyzed by a gas chromatographic (GC) method using a dimethylsilicone capillary column and a high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method using a weak cation exchange column. Hygrine content in E. coca leaves was determined as 0.12% by GC and 0.07% by HPLC, whereas cuscohygrine content was 0.25% by GC and 0.21% by HPLC. RP Glass, RL (reprint author), ARS,INST PLANT SCI,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 45 IS 8 BP 3114 EP 3117 DI 10.1021/jf960967f PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XR856 UT WOS:A1997XR85600052 ER PT J AU Meredith, F Bacon, C Norred, W Plattner, R AF Meredith, F Bacon, C Norred, W Plattner, R TI Purification of fumonisin B-2 isolated from rice culture SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fumonisin B-2; rice culture material; purification FB2 ID F-SP-LYCOPERSICI; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; BROILER CHICKS; EQUINE LEUKOENCEPHALOMALACIA; ESOPHAGEAL CANCER; PROLIFERATUM; MYCOTOXINS; PHYTOTOXINS; TOXICITY; TRANSKEI AB Procedures are presented for the production, isolation, and purification of the mycotoxin fumonisin B-2 from cultures of Fusarium moniliform MRC 826 grown on rice. Fumonisins B-1, B-2, and B-3 were extracted with acetonitrile:water, and the extracts were filtered and reduced in volume with a rotary evaporator. Fumonisin B-2 was isolated from the other fumonisins B-1 and B-3 by preparative reversed-phase Liquid chromatography(LC). Fractions that contained fumonisin B-2 were concentrated to remove acetonitrile, and the remaining water fraction was frozen and freeze dried. The freeze-dried material was dissolved in a minimum amount of methanol and separated by preparative, centrifugally accelerated, radial, thin-layer chromatography on a silica gel-coated plate. An applicator that precisely controlled the rate of application of extract to the sorbent material was used to minimize the width of the band of extract. Fractions were eluted from the spinning plate with a linear gradient of (A) chloroform:acetone (4:3) and (B) methanol:acetone (1:1) applied at a rate of 3 mL/min. Gradient starting conditions were 10% B and 90% A, and ending conditions were 50% A and B. Fractions that contained fumonisin B-2 were combined and freeze dried. Recovery of purified fumonisin B(?)2 was 90% of that of the starting extract, and purity as determined by HPLC light scattering detection was greater than 90%. C1 USDA ARS,BIOACT CONSTITUENTS RES UNIT,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP Meredith, F (reprint author), USDA ARS,TOXICOL & MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT,RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR,POB 5677,ATHENS,GA 30604, USA. NR 27 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 45 IS 8 BP 3143 EP 3147 DI 10.1021/jf9608276 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XR856 UT WOS:A1997XR85600057 ER PT J AU Takeoka, GR Full, GH Dao, LT AF Takeoka, GR Full, GH Dao, LT TI Effect of heating on the characteristics and chemical composition of selected frying oils and fats SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE frying oils; total polar material; polymeric triglycerides; iodine value; oil qualify ID SIZE-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY; QUALITY ASSESSMENT; HEATED OILS; PERFORMANCE; GAS; DETERIORATION; STABILITY; COLUMN AB Seven commonly used frying oils and fats (beef tallow, canola oil, partially hydrogenated canola oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, and partially hydrogenated soybean oil) were heated at two different temperatures (190 and 204 degrees C) for 8 h/day until they reached a critical level of polar constituents. Iodine value, color index, and the levels of polar compounds and of dimeric and polymeric triglycerides were monitored daily using AOCS official methods. In general, oils with higher levels of unsaturated fatty acids produced more polar compounds compared to the more saturated oils. Cottonseed oil had the fastest rate of formation of polar material and of polymeric triglycerides of oils heated at 204 degrees C while corn oil had the greatest yield of polar material and polymeric triglycerides at 190 degrees C. For all seven oils and fats, total polar material was highly (r greater than or equal to 0.99) and significantly (P < 0.001) correlated with the dimeric and polymeric triglyceride content and also highly (r > 0.94 and r less than or equal to -0.97) and significantly (P < 0.001 for the majority of cases; P < 0.05 for the poorest correlation) with the color index and iodine value, respectively. Despite its significant correlations with total polar material, color index was not a reliable indicator of oil quality. RP Takeoka, GR (reprint author), ARS,WESTERN REG RES CTR,USDA,800 BUCHANAN ST,ALBANY,CA 94710, USA. NR 37 TC 67 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 45 IS 8 BP 3244 EP 3249 DI 10.1021/jf970111q PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XR856 UT WOS:A1997XR85600077 ER PT J AU Hedin, PA McCarty, JC Jenkins, JN AF Hedin, PA McCarty, JC Jenkins, JN TI Caloric analyses of the distribution of energy in ripened cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE caloric analysis; Gossypium hirsutum L; ripened cotton; energy distribution ID COMPARATIVE GROWTH; CULTIVARS; OBSOLETE AB Caloric analyses of the distribution of energy were carried out for Suregrow 125 and DPL-50 cotton plants 40, 101, and 115 days after emergence and for ripened cotton. For these analyses, plants were harvested, dried, weighed, and subsequently analyzed for protein, crude fat, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, nitrogen-free solubles, and total gossypol according to standard AOAC methods. In ripened cotton, approximately twice as much caloric energy was found to be released in the combustion of seed in comparison with lint. About half of the caloric content was constituted in lint and seed, the remainder apportioned to vegetative tissues. With 40-day-old plants, the content of nitrogen-free solubles was high and decreased steadily through the 101st and 115th days after emergence with a concomitant increase in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. RP Hedin, PA (reprint author), ARS,CROP SCI RES LAB,USDA,POB 5367,MISSISSIPPI STATE,MS 39762, USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 45 IS 8 BP 3258 EP 3261 DI 10.1021/jf960976o PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XR856 UT WOS:A1997XR85600080 ER PT J AU Tellez, MR Estell, RE Fredrickson, EL Havstad, KM AF Tellez, MR Estell, RE Fredrickson, EL Havstad, KM TI Essential oil of Dyssodia acerosa DC SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Dyssodia acerosa; Asteraceae; essential oil composition; chrysanthenone; limonene; camphor ID FLOURENSIA-CERNUA; COMPONENTS; THIOPHENES; INGESTION; BEETLE; BARK AB Samples of the suffrutescent Dyssodia acerosa DC. were collected from the Jornada Experimental Range in south-central New Mexico, and GC/MS and retention indices were used to identify 62 components from the steam-distilled oil. Chrysanthenone (34.8%), limonene (14.5%), camphor (12.3%), alpha-pinene (6.8%), sabinene (4.3%), camphene (3.9%), (E)-beta-ocimene (2.5%), 1,8-cineole (2.2%), myrcene (2.0%), and cis-sabinene hydrate (1.6%) were the major components of the steam-distilled oil. RP Tellez, MR (reprint author), NEW MEXICO STATE UNIV,USDA,AGR RES SERV,JORNADA EXPT RANGE,POB 30003,MSC 3JER,LAS CRUCES,NM 88003, USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 45 IS 8 BP 3276 EP 3278 DI 10.1021/jf9701502 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XR856 UT WOS:A1997XR85600083 ER PT J AU Torrents, A Jayasundera, S Schmidt, WJ AF Torrents, A Jayasundera, S Schmidt, WJ TI Influence of the polarity of organic matter on the sorption of acetamide pesticides SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE acetamide pesticides; alachlor; metolachlor; propachlor; organic sorbents; sorption; desorption ID PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; SOIL; WATER; ADSORPTION; POLLUTANTS; SEDIMENTS; SORBENTS; TOLUENE AB Understanding and quantifying the sorption of agrochemicals onto soils is essential to predict their fate and transport in the environment. While many correlations exist between partition coefficients of organic pollutants onto soils and the quantity of soil organic matter, only recently studies have revealed the importance of the nature of soil organic matter. Here we report on the uptake of three acetamide pesticides onto four model organic sorbents. The organic carbon referenced sorption coefficient, K-oc, decreased with the increasing polarity index (PI) (O + N/C) of the organic sorbent. A regression of K-ow, solubility, and polarity index indicated that such correlations are very specific to the pollutant class. Apart from the quality of the organic sorbent properties, the hydrophobicity of the pesticide and the presence of functional groups also contribute to sorption. The more polar the solute and/or the organic sorbent the more likely it is that interactions other than hydrophobic will contribute to sorption, causing the currently used K-oc - K-ow correlations to fail. C1 ARS, ENVIRONM CHEM LAB NRI, USDA, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. RP Torrents, A (reprint author), UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT CIVIL ENGN, ENVIRONM ENGN PROGRAM, COLLEGE PK, MD 20742 USA. NR 24 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 45 IS 8 BP 3320 EP 3325 DI 10.1021/jf970112i PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XR856 UT WOS:A1997XR85600090 ER PT J AU Phillippy, BQ Mullaney, EJ AF Phillippy, BQ Mullaney, EJ TI Expression of an Aspergillus niger phytase (phyA) in Escherichia coli SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE phytase; phosphatase; phytic acid; inositol phosphates; Aspergillus niger ID INOSITOL-PHOSPHATE; PHYTIC ACID; FICUUM; PURIFICATION; CLONING; IDENTIFICATION; ACCUMULATION; PROTEINS AB The gene (phyA) for the Aspergillus niger phytase with optima at pH 5.5 and 2.2 was expressed in Escherichia coli under the control of the T7lac promoter. A 56 kDa fusion protein comprised of phytase linked to an S-Tag leader peptide accumulated in inclusion bodies at 30 degrees C. The yield of unglycosylated recombinant phytase purified from 50 mL cultures by anion exchange chromatography of solubilized inclusion body protein was 10 mg. The refolded enzyme had an activity of 1.5 mu mol mg(-1) min(-1) at 37 degrees C, but most of the protein was in the form of inactive aggregates. Recombinant phytase displayed a single pH optimum at pH 5.1, was irreversibly denatured at pH 2.0 and was not active above 55 degrees C. As with A. niger phytase, the initial breakdown product observed was inositol 1,2,4,5,6-pentakis(phosphate). K-m values for the hydrolysis of inositol hexakis(phosphate) and p-nitrophenylphosphate were 96 mu M and 2.0 mM, respectively, at pH 4.5. RP Phillippy, BQ (reprint author), ARS,SO REG RES CTR,USDA,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70124, USA. NR 30 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 45 IS 8 BP 3337 EP 3342 DI 10.1021/jf970276z PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XR856 UT WOS:A1997XR85600093 ER PT J AU Ozkan, HE Miralles, A Sinfort, C Zhu, H Fox, RD AF Ozkan, HE Miralles, A Sinfort, C Zhu, H Fox, RD TI Shields to reduce spray drift SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FIELD SPRAYERS; DROPLET SIZE; HIGH-SPEED; NOZZLES AB The effects of several spray-boom shield designs and ''low-drift'' nozzles on spray drift are presented. Results are based on experiments conducted in a wind tunnel. Performances of all experimental shields were evaluated under two spray pressures (0.15 and 0.3 MPa), and two air velocities (2.75 and 4.80 m/s) in the wind tunnel. The distance to the centre of mass of the spray pattern from the nozzle (D-c) was used to characterize spray drift from different shield and nozzle combinations. D-c values resulting from different shields and nozzles were compared with the D-c value from a standard hat-fan nozzle with no shield. A smaller D-c value is desirable because it indicates that more spray is deposited near the nozzle and there is less material available for drift. All nine shields tested during this study effectively reduced D-c. Even the least effective shield design produced a 13% reduction in the D-c value. A double-foil shield produced the best spray-deposit result with a reduction of 59% in D-c compared with the same nozzles spraying without the shield. The shields were effective even when used with nozzles with higher flow rates (producing a smaller percentage of spray volume in small droplets). However, the use of larger capacity nozzles reduced drift more than smaller capacity nozzles with even the most effective shield. Low-drift (LD) nozzles without a shield provided reductions in D-c ranging from 20 percent to 67 percent when compared with the D-c from a 0.61 l/min standard flat-fan (SFF) nozzle operating under identical conditions. The reduction in D-c with the 0.61 l/min SFF nozzles operating with shield 2 (the best shield) was twice as high (59% versus 27%) as that from same capacity LD nozzles operating without a shield. However, the reduction in D-c from low-capacity LD nozzles without a shield was twice that of the SFF nozzles of the same capacity operating with shield 5/1 (the shield with the worst performance). Without a shield, LD nozzles at higher flow rates are no more advantageous in reducing drift than SFF nozzles of similar flow rate. (C) 1997 Silsoe Research Institute. C1 CEMAGREF,F-34033 MONTPELLIER 1,FRANCE. OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,DEPT FOOD AGR & BIOL ENGN,WOOSTER,OH 44691. OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,USDA ARS,APPLICAT TECHNOL RES UNIT,WOOSTER,OH 44691. RP Ozkan, HE (reprint author), OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT FOOD AGR & BIOL ENGN,COLUMBUS,OH 43210, USA. NR 25 TC 19 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0021-8634 J9 J AGR ENG RES JI J. Agr. Eng. Res. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 67 IS 4 BP 311 EP 322 DI 10.1006/jaer.1997.0174 PG 12 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA XV519 UT WOS:A1997XV51900006 ER PT J AU Fike, KE Day, ML Inskeep, EK Kinder, JE Lewis, PE Short, RE Hafs, HD AF Fike, KE Day, ML Inskeep, EK Kinder, JE Lewis, PE Short, RE Hafs, HD TI Estrus and luteal function in suckled beef cows that were anestrous when treated with an intravaginal device containing progesterone with or without a subsequent injection of estradiol benzoate SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE anestrus; estradiol; progesterone; beef cows ID GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; POSTPARTUM ANESTRUS; CORPORA-LUTEA; ESTROUS-CYCLE; RECEPTORS; PITUITARY; OXYTOCIN; HEIFERS; CATTLE AB The objectives in this study were to determine whether treatment with progesterone (P-4) via an intravaginal device would induce estrus and development of corpora lutea (CL) with typical life spans and whether treatment with estradiol benzoate (EB) following device removal would enhance the responses. At treatment initiation (d 0), suckled beef cows (n = 362) that were anestrous received one of the following: 1) an intravaginal device containing P-4 for 7 d plus an injection of 1 mg of EB 24 to 30 h after device removal (P-4 + EB), 2) an intravaginal device containing P-4 for 7 d (P-4), 3) a sham device for 7 d plus an injection of 1 mg of EB 24 to 30 h after device removal (EB), or 4) a sham device for 7 d (control). Progesterone treatment increased the proportion of cows that formed CL with a typical lifespan (P < .001) and exhibited behavioral estrus (P < .05). Treatment with EB in combination with P-4 increased (P < .001) the proportion of cows that exhibited estrus. Treatment with P-4 alone had no effect, but the combination of P-4 and EB increased (P < .01) the proportion of cows that formed short-lived or typical lifespan CL by the end of the experiment compared with untreated cows. In summary, treatment with P-4 increased the incidence of estrus and the proportion of cows that formed CL with a typical lifespan. Treatment with P-4 resulted in resumption of luteal function in suckled beef cows that were anestrous, with most cows developing CL with a typical lifespan, whereas EB enhanced the expression of estrus. C1 UNIV NEBRASKA,DEPT ANIM SCI,LINCOLN,NE 68583. OHIO STATE UNIV,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. W VIRGINIA UNIV,MORGANTOWN,WV 26506. USDA ARS,FT KEOGH LIVESTOCK & RANGE RES LAB,MILES CITY,MT 59301. RUTGERS STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903. RI Day, Michael/K-4311-2013 NR 33 TC 58 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 75 IS 8 BP 2009 EP 2015 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XQ502 UT WOS:A1997XQ50200003 PM 9263045 ER PT J AU Eisemann, JH Huntington, GB Catherman, DR AF Eisemann, JH Huntington, GB Catherman, DR TI Insulin sensitivity and responsiveness of portal-drained viscera, liver, hindquarters, and whole body of beef steers weighing 275 or 490 kilograms SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bovidae; growth; insulin ID TISSUE RESPONSIVENESS; METABOLIC RESPONSES; LEAN HEIFERS; GLUCOSE; SHEEP; RUMINANTS; OBESE; KINETICS; INVIVO; FLUX AB Our objective was to quantify effects of age, weight, and body composition on responsiveness (R-max or R-min) and sensitivity (ED50) of several parameters of glucose metabolism to insulin in growing beef steers. Steers ate equal-sized meals every 2 h; the diet contained 62% concentrate and sustained 1 kg ADG. Treatments were euglycemic clamps at 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, and 320 mU.h(-1).kg BW-1 of insulin infused into a mesenteric vein of seven younger (275 kg BW) and seven older (490 kg BW) steers. Most steers received three of the six treatments; two extra steers were added to compensate for missing data. Steers had blood vessel catheters and ultrasound flow probes that allowed measurement of net uptake or release of glucose and insulin by portal-drained viscera (PDV), liver, and hindquarters (HQ). Steady-state glucose infusion rate (SSGIR) was intrajugular glucose infused during treatments to maintain euglycemia. Within age groups, R-max or R-min and ED50 were estimated by nonlinear regression of glucose flux on arterial plasma insulin concentrations. Steers were killed after sampling, tissues were weighed, and HQ content of fat and protein was determined. Those data were used to predict tissue weights and HQ composition at the time of the euglycemic clamps. Predicted EBW (243 vs 444 kg), liver (4.24 vs 6.19 kg), and HQ (73 vs 122 kg) were heavier for older than for younger steers. Fat in HQ was higher for older than for younger steers (173 vs 134 g/kg), but protein was similar (198 g/kg). The ED50 (mU of insulin/L of plasma) for SSGIR (237 +/- 65 vs 113 +/- 22), liver glucose release (89 +/- 22 vs 44 +/- 11), total glucose entry (418 +/- 184 vs 125 +/- 20), and HQ glucose uptake (488 +/- 151 vs 243 +/- 78) was higher for older than for younger steers. The R-max (mmol glucose.h(-1).kg tissue(-1)) for SSGIR (2.68 +/- .22 vs 2.09 +/- .23) and HQ (3.08 +/- .33 vs 2.46 +/- .30) was higher for younger than for older steers. Liver glucose release decreased in response to insulin, R-min (mmol glucose.h(-1).kg liver(-1)) was higher for younger (36.0 +/- 6.9) than for older (24.7 +/- 3.2) steers. We conclude that as steers grew older, heavier, and fatter, their peripheral tissues and liver became less sensitive and less responsive to insulin. C1 USDA ARS,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Eisemann, JH (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,BOX 7621,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 25 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 75 IS 8 BP 2084 EP 2091 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XQ502 UT WOS:A1997XQ50200013 PM 9263055 ER PT J AU Shackelford, SD Wheeler, TL Koohmaraie, M AF Shackelford, SD Wheeler, TL Koohmaraie, M TI Effect of the callipyge phenotype and cooking method on tenderness of several major lamb muscles SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cookery; lambs; meat; tenderness ID LONGISSIMUS MUSCLE; BOS-INDICUS; TAURUS; CATTLE AB We conducted three experiments to determine the effects of the callipyge phenotype on the tenderness of several major lamb muscles and to determine the effect of method of cookery on the tenderness of callipyge lamb at 7 d postmortem. In Exp. 1, chops from normal (n = 23) and callipyge (n = 16) carcasses were open-hearth-broiled. Warner-Bratzler shear force values of longissimus, gluteus medius, semimembranosus, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, adductor, and quadriceps femoris were 123, 44, 28, 26, 19, 16, and 13% greater, respectively, for callipyge (P < .05). In Exp. 2, muscles from normal (n = 18) and callipyge in = 18) carcasses were oven-roasted. Shear force of triceps brachii was 11% greater for callipyge (P < .001); however, phenotype did not affect shear force of supraspinatus (P = .87) or psoas major (P = .64). In Exp. 3, a trained sensory panel evaluated leg roasts and open-hearth-broiled leg chops from normal in = 60) and callipyge lamb carcasses in = 60). Callipyge chops were less tender than normal chops (P < .05). Regardless of callipyge phenotype, muscles were more (P < .05) tender when roasted; however, the effect of method of cookery on tenderness scores was greater for callipyge muscles than for normal muscles. Callipyge roasts and normal roasts had similar tenderness (P = .58), and callipyge roasts were more tender than normal chops (P < .05). Regardless of cooking method, callipyge samples were less juicy than normal samples (P < .05). These data demonstrate that the callipyge phenotype will likely reduce consumer satisfaction due to reduced tenderness and juiciness; however, reduced tenderness in callipyge leg muscles could be prevented by oven-roasting. RP Shackelford, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 12 TC 32 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 75 IS 8 BP 2100 EP 2105 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XQ502 UT WOS:A1997XQ50200015 PM 9263057 ER PT J AU Wise, T Roberts, AJ Christenson, RK AF Wise, T Roberts, AJ Christenson, RK TI Relationships of light and heavy fetuses to uterine position, placental weight, gestational age, and fetal cholesterol concentrations SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cholesterol; litter size; fetus; fetal development; fetal growth ID INTRAUTERINE GROWTH-RETARDATION; LOW SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; BINDING-PROTEINS; SWINE; SURVIVAL; UTERUS; PIGS; LACTATION; ENDOCRINE; ALBUMIN AB With emphasis on increasing litter size to improve productivity and profitability, lightweight pigs born will increase in number as litter size increases and may be problematic due to reduced neonatal survival of lightweight pigs. To study developmental aspects of lightweight fetuses, fetal and placental weights were evaluated at three stages of pregnancy (30, 70, and 104 d) from white composite gilts (n = 88, 123, and 135, respectively) in relation to uterine position of light and heavy fetuses. Fetal cholesterol concentrations were analyzed at the beginning (d 70) and end (d 104) of the in utero growth phase (last third of gestation). At 30 d of gestation, no differences were noted between fetal weight and position within the uterine horn, but at 70 d and 104 d of pregnancy, heavy fetuses were found at the tubal ends and light fetuses at the cervical ends of the uterus. Using the criteria of +/- 1 SD or +/- 2 SD of the mean and lower and upper 10 or 20% of fetal weights for each gestational age, light and heavy fetuses in conjunction with their placentas were different from population means at all stages of gestation. Cholesterol concentrations were lower in light fetuses (d 104) and increased in heavy fetuses. In 28 litters (d 104) selected for extremes in within-litter fetal weights, concentrations of IGF-I increased with fetal weight (P < .01), which suggests that growth and development in lightweight pigs may be limited by critical endocrine components. RP Wise, T (reprint author), USDA ARS,ROMAN L HRUSKA US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,POB 166,CLAY CTR,NE 68933, USA. NR 49 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 75 IS 8 BP 2197 EP 2207 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XQ502 UT WOS:A1997XQ50200027 PM 9263069 ER PT J AU Pursel, VG Wall, RJ Solomon, MB Bolt, DJ Murray, JD Ward, KA AF Pursel, VG Wall, RJ Solomon, MB Bolt, DJ Murray, JD Ward, KA TI Transfer of an ovine metallothionein-ovine growth hormone fusion gene into swine SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE pigs; transgenic animals; growth hormone; growth; carcass composition ID RECOMBINANT PORCINE SOMATOTROPIN; MUSCLE-FIBER MORPHOLOGY; TRANSGENIC MICE; CARCASS COMPOSITION; 60 KILOGRAMS; FACTOR-I; PIGS; EXPRESSION; PERFORMANCE; SHEEP AB An ovine metallothionein-la (oMT1a)-ovine growth hormone (oGH) fusion gene was microinjected into 400 pig zygotes, the zygotes were transferred into recipient females, and 15 founder transgenic pigs were born. Of 12 transgenic pigs assayed, five expressed high levels of oGH (> 900 ng/mL plasma), one expressed low levels of oGH (10 to 30 ng/mL), and six did not express oGH. Dietary supplementation with 2,000 ppm of zinc for 6 d induced a 20-fold increase in plasma oGH in the transgenic pig with low expression but did not induce expression in the six transgenic pigs with no constitutive oGH expression. The average daily gain of five transgenic pigs with elevated oGH was similar to that of non-transgenic littermates during a 9-wk feeding trial (P = .52). The liver, kidney, adrenal, and thyroid weights were all significantly heavier for the oGH-expressing transgenic pigs than for non-transgenic littermates. Total carcass fat, longissimus muscle fat, subcutaneous backfat thickness, and loin eye area were lower and carcass protein and water content and BR fiber area of longissimus muscle were higher in the transgenic pigs with elevated oGH than in their littermate controls (P < .05 for each). The data indicate that even though the oMT1a promoter was more inducible by zinc than was previously reported for the mouse MT promoter in swine, the former provided a higher level of oGH expression than the mouse MT promoter. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT ANIM SCI,DAVIS,CA 95616. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,DEPT POPULAT HLTH & REPROD,DAVIS,CA 95616. RP Pursel, VG (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 42 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 75 IS 8 BP 2208 EP 2214 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XQ502 UT WOS:A1997XQ50200028 PM 9263070 ER PT J AU Allwine, KJ Bian, XD Whiteman, CD Thistle, HW AF Allwine, KJ Bian, XD Whiteman, CD Thistle, HW TI VALDRIFT - A valley atmospheric dispersion model SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE INVERSIONS; MOUNTAIN VALLEY; TRANSPORT; TRACER; AIRCRAFT; FIELD; WINDS AB VALDRIFT (valley drift) is a valley atmospheric transport, diffusion, and deposition model. The model is phenomenological-that is, the dominant meteorological processes governing the behavior of the valley atmosphere are formulated explicitly in the model, although in a highly parameterized fashion. The key meteorological processes treated are 1) nonsteady and nonhomogeneous along-valley winds and turbulent diffusivities, 2) convective boundary layer growth, 3) inversion descent, and 4) nocturnal temperature inversion breakup. The model is applicable under relatively cloud-free, undisturbed synoptic conditions in which the winds in the valley are predominantly along the valley's axis. The model is configured to operate through one diurnal cycle for a single narrow valley. The inputs required are the valley topographic characteristics, pollutant release rate as a function of time and space, wind speed and direction as functions of time measured at one height, lateral and vertical turbulent eddy diffusivities as functions of stability, and the valley temperature inversion characteristics at sunrise. The outputs are three-dimensional concentration fields and ground-level deposition fields as functions of time. The scientific foundations of VALDRIFT are given in this paper along with a brief discussion of the model inputs and outputs. Air concentrations estimated by VALDRIFT compare favorably with results from a tracer experiment conducted in a deep mountain valley. C1 PACIFIC NW NATL LAB,RICHLAND,WA. US FOREST SERV,USDA,MISSOULA,MT. RP Allwine, KJ (reprint author), ALLWINE ENVIRONM SERV,1763 DULUTH ST,RICHLAND,WA 99352, USA. NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 36 IS 8 BP 1076 EP 1087 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(1997)036<1076:VAVADM>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA XN978 UT WOS:A1997XN97800012 ER PT J AU Hume, ME Nisbet, DJ DeLoach, JR AF Hume, ME Nisbet, DJ DeLoach, JR TI In vitro C-14-amino acid fermentation by CF3(TM), a characterized continuous-flow competitive exclusion culture of caecal bacteria SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM COLONIZATION; BROILER CHICKS; CECAL MICROFLORA; DIETARY LACTOSE; RESISTANCE; INFECTION; GROWTH; PH AB Competition for growth-limiting nutrients by broiler caecal bacteria and Salmonella has been suggested as one factor associated with decreased Salmonella caecal colonization. The amino acids arginine, aspartic acid, serine and threonine have been indicated as Salmonella growth-limiting nutrients. Broiler caecal bacteria maintained in a continuous-flow culture (CF3TM) were used as inoculum for media containing C-14-arginine, C-14-aspartic acid, C-14-serine or C-14-threonine. The C-14-labelled amino acids, except C-14-arginine, were metabolized to lactic, formic, acetic, propionic and butyric acids. In glucose-based media, 72%, 72% and 33% of the radiolabel from aspartic acid, serine and threonine, respectively, were detected in organic acids. Fermentation without glucose resulted in 48%, 50% and 71% of the radiolabel from aspartic acid, serine and threonine, respectively, being detected in organic acids. Results indicated that the early establishment of CF3TM in young chicks may result in the depletion of growth-limiting amino acids and, therefore, reduction of Salmonella colonization. RP Hume, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,2881 F&B RD,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845, USA. NR 33 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 1364-5072 J9 J APPL MICROBIOL JI J. Appl. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 83 IS 2 BP 236 EP 242 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1997.00224.x PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA XR151 UT WOS:A1997XR15100013 PM 9281827 ER PT J AU Tshabalala, MA AF Tshabalala, MA TI Determination of the acid-base characteristics of lignocellulosic surfaces by inverse gas chromatography SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE surface acid-base characteristics; inverse gas chromatography; lignocellulosic surfaces; pine wood; kenaf ID FREE-ENERGY; FIBERS AB The surface acid-base characteristics of samples of cellulose, pine wood, and kenaf powder were determined by inverse gas chromatography (IGC). The test substrates were packed in a deactivated glass column and the IGC probes were injected at infinite dilution. The surface acid-base parameters were expressed in terms of the acceptor K-A and donor K-D parameters, analogous to the Gutmann acceptor and donor numbers derived from the Lewis concept of acids and bases. The K-A and K-D values were calculated from the experimental values of the enthalpy of desorption, corresponding to the specific acid-base interactions, and literature values of the acceptor and donor numbers for the acid-base probes, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl acetate, and diethyl ether. Values of K-A and K-D suggest that the surfaces of cellulose, pine wood, and kenaf powder that have been washed by extraction with toluene/ethanol (2 : 1, v/v) are amphoteric, with a relatively greater capacity to accept electrons. The effect of the washing procedure on the dispersive component of the surface energy of the pine wood and kenaf powder was also determined. It was observed that the values for the washed substrates were relatively greater than those of the nonwashed counterparts. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. RP Tshabalala, MA (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,FOREST PROD LAB,1 GIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 15 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 7 U2 12 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD AUG 1 PY 1997 VL 65 IS 5 BP 1013 EP 1020 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19970801)65:5<1013::AID-APP19>3.0.CO;2-2 PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA XG542 UT WOS:A1997XG54200019 ER PT J AU Fanta, GF Shogren, RL AF Fanta, GF Shogren, RL TI Modification of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymers by steam jet cooking SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE starch; poly(methyl acrylate); graft copolymer; steam jet cooking ID METHYL ACRYLATE; STARCH; EXTRUSION AB Starch-g-poly(methyl acrylate) containing 12.3, 31.9, 51.7, and 58.3% PMA, by weight, were prepared by eerie ammonium nitrate-initiated polymerization of methyl acrylate onto granular cornstarch. The granular structures of these graft copolymers were not disrupted by steam jet cooking at 140 degrees C. At most, only 13% of the polymer was dissolved, and this soluble fraction was comprised largely of starch. The probability of crosslinking within these graft copolymer granules was considered. Physical properties of extruded ribbons depended upon whether or not granular graft copolymers were jet cooked prior to extrusion. Although tensile strengths were not greatly affected by steam jet cooking, cooked samples showed significant increases in both percent elongation and tear resistance. The effects of jet cooking upon the properties of extruded ribbons can be explained by gelatinization of starch within the grafted starch granules. Although jet-cooked granules still remain intact, gelatinization of the starch moiety causes these granules to be less rigid, more deformable, and more easily plasticized by small amounts of water. Loss of starch crystallinity after steam jet cooking was proved by both differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. (C) 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.* RP Fanta, GF (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 60604, USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD AUG 1 PY 1997 VL 65 IS 5 BP 1021 EP 1029 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19970801)65:5<1021::AID-APP20>3.3.CO;2-J PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA XG542 UT WOS:A1997XG54200020 ER PT J AU Hannan, MT Tucker, K DawsonHughes, B Felson, DT Kiel, DP AF Hannan, MT Tucker, K DawsonHughes, B Felson, DT Kiel, DP TI Effect of dietary protein on bone loss in elderly men and women: The Framingham Osteoporosis Study. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 HEBREW REHABIL CTR AGED,BOSTON,MA 02131. HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,BOSTON,MA 02131. USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BOSTON,MA 02131. TUFTS UNIV,BOSTON,MA 02131. BU ARTHRIT CTR,BOSTON,MA 02131. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 12 SU 1 BP 194 EP 194 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA XP627 UT WOS:A1997XP62700194 ER PT J AU Arimandi, BH Juma, S Beharka, A Bapna, MS Meydani, SN AF Arimandi, BH Juma, S Beharka, A Bapna, MS Meydani, SN TI Beneficial effects of vitamin E on bone in old mice. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,CHICAGO,IL. TUFTS UNIV,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,JMUSDA,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 12 SU 1 BP F522 EP F522 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA XP627 UT WOS:A1997XP62701011 ER PT J AU Rath, NC Huff, WE Balog, JM Bayyari, GR AF Rath, NC Huff, WE Balog, JM Bayyari, GR TI Atypical chondrocyte death in hypertrophic zone causes avian tibial dyschondroplasia. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV ARKANSAS,POULTRY SCI CTR,USDA ARS,FAYETTEVILLE,AR 72701. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 12 SU 1 BP F289 EP F289 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA XP627 UT WOS:A1997XP62700777 ER PT J AU Abrams, SA AF Abrams, SA TI Relationship between calcium and magnesium kinetics in young adolescents studied using 25Mg and 42Ca. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,BAYLOR COLL MED,HOUSTON,TX 77030. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 12 SU 1 BP T495 EP T495 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA XP627 UT WOS:A1997XP62700488 ER PT J AU Harris, S DawsonHughes, B AF Harris, S DawsonHughes, B TI The influence of race on seasonal changes in 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels of young women. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 12 SU 1 BP T462 EP T462 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA XP627 UT WOS:A1997XP62700457 ER PT J AU Krall, EA DawsonHughes, B AF Krall, EA DawsonHughes, B TI Smoking reduces fractional calcium absorption and increases bone loss. SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 12 SU 1 BP T496 EP T496 PG 1 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA XP627 UT WOS:A1997XP62700490 ER PT J AU Schmidt, JO Morgan, ED Oldham, NJ DoNascimento, RR Dani, FR AF Schmidt, JO Morgan, ED Oldham, NJ DoNascimento, RR Dani, FR TI (Z)-11-eicosen-1-ol, a major component of Apis cerana venom SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE (Z)-11-eicosen-1-ol; octadecanol; eicosanol; docosenol; alarm pheromone; venom; Apis cerana; Apis koschevnikovi; Apis dorsata; Apidae; Hymenoptera ID MELLIFERA-L; STING APPARATUS; HONEY-BEE; WORKER HONEYBEE; CHROMATOGRAPHY; HYMENOPTERA; RESPONSES; BIOASSAY; SAMPLES; APIDAE AB The unusual venom of Apis cerana contains large oily droplets within an otherwise aqueous secretion. Chemical analysis (CC-MS) revealed that the venom oil consists of (Z)-11-eicosen-1-ol (81.2%), other linear alcohols (7.7%), and linear hydrocarbons (11.1%). The eicosenol is present in extremely large quantities, averaging over 250 mu g per insect, and is absent, or present in small quantities, in other parts of the sting apparatus. An investigation of the site of eicosenol storage in A. mellifera showed it to be absent from the venom and to be associated with the setose area where the more volatile components of the alarm pheromone are stored, as previously shown by others. A third honeybee species, A. dorsata, does not to contain the alcohol. The function of eicosenol in A. cerana in not clear, but may serve to mark stung intruders with pheromone or to attract foragers to marked floral resources. C1 UNIV KEELE,DEPT CHEM,KEELE ST5 5BG,STAFFS,ENGLAND. RP Schmidt, JO (reprint author), USDA,ARS,CARL HAYDEN BEE RES CTR,2000 E ALLEN RD,TUCSON,AZ 85719, USA. NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 7 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 23 IS 8 BP 1929 EP 1939 DI 10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006480.49252.df PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XT058 UT WOS:A1997XT05800003 ER PT J AU Krall, BS Zilkowski, BW Kight, SL Bartelt, RJ Whitman, DW AF Krall, BS Zilkowski, BW Kight, SL Bartelt, RJ Whitman, DW TI Chemistry and defensive efficacy of secretion of burrowing bug (Sehirus cinctus cinctus) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE terpenes; chemical defense; Heteroptera; Cydnidae; Sehirus cinctus cinctus; (1R)-(+)-alpha-pinene; (1S)-(-)-beta-pinene; beta-myrcene; (R)-(+)-limonene; alpha-terpinolene; (E)-2-hexenyl acetate; (E)-2-octenal ID HETEROPTERA; HEMIPTERA; GLAND AB Adult Sehirus cinctus cinctus emit a volatile secretion from their metathoracic scent glands when tactually stimulated. We identified the volatile components by gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry. The secretion of both sexes contained (1R)-(+)-alpha-pinene, (1S)-(-)-beta-pinene, beta-myrcene, (R)-(+)-limonene, and alpha-terpinolene. Two additional compounds were found in only female secretions: (E)-2-hexenyl acetate and (E)-2-octenal. We also tested the defensive capability of this insect by offering it to various predators. Anoles, starlings, and a killdeer rejected S. c. cinctus after an initial sampling. These findings suggest that the secretion plays a defensive role. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOACT AGENTS RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. INDIANA UNIV,DEPT BIOL,BLOOMINGTON,IN 47405. INDIANA UNIV,CTR INTEGRAT STUDY ANIM BEHAV,BLOOMINGTON,IN 47405. RP Krall, BS (reprint author), ILLINOIS STATE UNIV,NORMAL,IL 61790, USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 23 IS 8 BP 1951 EP 1962 DI 10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006482.12576.90 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XT058 UT WOS:A1997XT05800005 ER PT J AU Miller, DR Gibson, KE Raffa, KF Seybold, SJ Teale, SA Wood, DL AF Miller, DR Gibson, KE Raffa, KF Seybold, SJ Teale, SA Wood, DL TI Geographic variation in response of pine engraver, Ips pini, and associated species to pheromone, lanierone SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ips pini; Ips integer; Coleoptera; Scolytidae; aggregation pheromone; lanierone; ipsdienol; geographic variation; synergism; Enoclerus lecontei; Cleridae; kairomone ID EUROPEAN CORN-BORER; INSECT SEX-PHEROMONES; BARK BEETLES; COLEOPTERA-SCOLYTIDAE; SAY COLEOPTERA; NEW-YORK; LEPIDOPTERA; POPULATIONS; ATTRACTION; IPSDIENOL AB Lanierone strongly synergized the attraction of male and female Ips pini (Say) to ipsdienol in New York and Wisconsin. Synergy was only weakly significant in Montana and British Columbia and not significant in California. Catches of I. pini in ipsdienol-baited traps were increased 0% (i.e., nonsignificant) to 9942% by lanierone, with the highest increases in eastern North America. Lanierone had the least effect in California. The effects of lanierone on sex ratios of I. pini in trap catches varied significantly between regions. The addition of lanierone to ipsdienol-baited traps resulted in a general increase in male representation at nine of 12 sites. Ips integer (Eichhoff) was attracted to lanierone alone. Ipsdienol reduced the response of I. integer to lanierone. Enoclerus lecontei (Wolcott) (Cleridae) preferred traps baited with the combination of ipsdienol and lanierone. (R)-(-)-Ipsdienol was attractive to E. sphegeus (F.), Thanasimus undatulus (Say) (Cleridae), and Temnochila chlorodia (Mannerheim) (Trogositidae), while racemic ipsdienol was attractive to E. nigrifrons var. gerhardi Wolc. and Thanasimus dubius (F.). Lanierone had no effect on these species. C1 PHERO TECH INC,DELTA,BC V4G 1E9,CANADA. US FOREST SERV,USDA,MISSOULA,MT 59807. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT ENTOMOL,MADISON,WI 53706. US FOREST SERV,USDA,BERKELEY,CA 94701. SUNY SYRACUSE,COLL ENVIRONM SCI & FORESTRY,DEPT ENVIRONM & FOREST BIOL,SYRACUSE,NY 13210. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,DIV INSECT BIOL ENVIRONM SCI POLICY & MANAGEMENT,BERKELEY,CA 94720. NR 51 TC 56 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 3 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 23 IS 8 BP 2013 EP 2031 DI 10.1023/B:JOEC.0000006486.39056.48 PG 19 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XT058 UT WOS:A1997XT05800009 ER PT J AU Beckett, PR Jahoor, F Copeland, KC AF Beckett, PR Jahoor, F Copeland, KC TI The efficiency of dietary protein utilization is increased during puberty SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN-BALANCE RESPONSE; ENERGY REQUIREMENTS; METABOLISM; LEUCINE; GROWTH; HUMANS AB We investigated whether the efficiency of dietary protein utilization for growth increases during the pubertal growth spurt in both nondiabetic and diabetic subjects. We measured leucine oxidation and retention (intake minus oxidation) in orally fed nondiabetic (n = 9) and diabetic (n = 9) human subjects, aged 7-17 yr. Eight subjects were Tanner stage I, and 10 were Tanner stages III-V; groups were not matched for gender. After 3 days of consuming a diet containing approximately 1 g/kg.day protein, subjects drank a commercial liquid nutrition formula, con containing L-[1-C-13]leucine, every 30 min for a total of 6 h to provide 1 g protein/kg.day. Isotopic enrichment of CO2 was used to calculate the fractional leucine oxidation rate and, together with alpha-ketoisocaproate isotopic enrichment, to calculate total leucine oxidation. Leucine oxidation rates decreased with puberty in both nondiabetic subjects (36.0 +/- 10.4 vs. 23.9 +/- 4.2 mu mol/kg fat-free mass (FFM).h, prepubertal and pubertal, respectively; P < 0.05) and diabetic (33.6 +/- 4.94;, us. 27.3 +/- 3.4 mu mol/kg FFM.h, prepubertal and pubertal, respectively: P < 0.1) subjects. Leucine retention increased with puberty in both nondiabetic (0.27 +/- 3.2 vs. 15.7 +/- 5.3 mu mol/kg FFM.h, prepubertal and pubertal, respectively; P < 0.001) and diabetic (1.9 +/- 4.9 vs. 13.2 +/- 4.4 mu mol/kg FFM.h, prepubertal and pubertal subjects, respectively; P < 0.05) subjects. The data suggest that the pubertal growth spurt is associated with a marked increase in the efficiency of dietary protein utilization for growth. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED, CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR, ARS, USDA, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. RP Beckett, PR (reprint author), TEXAS CHILDRENS HOSP, DEPT PEDIAT, ENDOCRINOL & METAB SECT, 6621 FANNIN, MC 3-2351, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [MOI-RR00188] NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0021-972X EI 1945-7197 J9 J CLIN ENDOCR METAB JI J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 82 IS 8 BP 2445 EP 2449 DI 10.1210/jc.82.8.2445 PG 5 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA XP098 UT WOS:A1997XP09800012 PM 9253315 ER PT J AU RamirezRomero, R Brogden, KA Cutlip, RC AF RamirezRomero, R Brogden, KA Cutlip, RC TI Influence of immunization on the pulmonary inflammatory response of rabbits induced by Pasteurella haemolytica A1 lipopolysaccharide SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BOVINE PNEUMONIC PASTEURELLOSIS; RESPIRATORY-DISEASE; ANTIGENS; ANTIBODIES; MULTOCIDA; EXPOSURE; CALVES; MICE AB Immune complex formation has long been thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of Pasteurella haemolytica pneumonia. This study in laboratory rabbits was designed to investigate immune-mediated damage in respiratory tissue caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Severe lesions were induced by the intratracheal (IT) injection of P. haemolytica A1 LPS (50 mu g) into rabbits previously immunized with P. haemolytica killed whole cells emulsified with Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FIA); these lesions included perivascular oedema and polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) infiltration of the subintima, with degeneration and necrosis of the media. Smaller vessels were occluded by PMNs in various stages of degranulation. PMN counts in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were significantly elevated (P<0.05). Lesions were also induced by the IT injection of LPS (50 mu g) into rabbits pretreated with an emulsion consisting merely of FIA and formol-saline; these lesions included moderate to severe congestion, interstitial oedema, alveolar serofibrinous exudation and PMN infiltration. PMNs were also present in BAL fluid. Rabbits pretreated with FIA in formol-saline and given a later IT injection of saline, and rabbits pretreated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) in FIA and given a later IT injection of BSA, were included as negative and positive control groups. Cutaneous lesions were also induced by the intradermal injection of LPS into rabbits immunized against P. haemolytica and of BSA into rabbits immunized with BSA. Overall, the pulmonary and cutaneous lesions induced in vaccinated rabbits by antigen administration were more severe than those seen in non-vaccinated rabbits. The lesions in rabbits, which were similar to those seen in natural cases of P. haemolytica pneumonia in cattle, were characterized by a fibrinopurulent inflammatory process with extensive interstitial oedema, fibrinous exudate, and PMNs. This model may help to elucidate the pathogenesis of pneumonic pasteurellosis in immunized animals. C1 USDA ARS, NATL ANIM DIS CTR, AMES, IA 50010 USA. UNIV AUTONOMA NUEVO LEON, FAC MED VET & ZOOTECNIA, MONTERREY 64930, NL, MEXICO. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0021-9975 J9 J COMP PATHOL JI J. Comp. Pathol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 117 IS 2 BP 137 EP 145 DI 10.1016/S0021-9975(97)80030-8 PG 9 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA YA157 UT WOS:A1997YA15700005 PM 9352438 ER PT J AU Jung, HG Mertens, DR Payne, AJ AF Jung, HG Mertens, DR Payne, AJ TI Correlation of acid detergent lignin and Klason lignin with digestibility of forage dry matter and neutral detergent fiber SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE acid detergent; lignin; Klason lignin; digestibility; neutral detergent fiber ID DIGESTION AB The acid detergent lignin and Klason lignin methods were compared for their correlation with forage digestibility. Thirty-six forages, including C-3 legumes and C-3 and C-4 grasses, were analyzed for sulfuric acid detergent lignin, Klason lignin, and in vitro digestibilities of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Twenty of these forages were also fed to lambs at restricted intake for measurement of DM and NDF digestibilities. Lignin concentrations determined by the two lignin methods were positively correlated, and the Klason lignin value was always greater than the acid detergent Lignin concentration. The largest differences were observed for grass forages. Digestibilities of forage DM and NDF were negatively correlated with both lignin methods for the in vitro system and the lamb digestibility trials. The degree of correlation for the two lignin methods with digestibility was generally similar across all forages and within forage classes. Slopes of linear regressions of digestibility on lignin concentration did not differ between legumes and grasses. Although the sulfuric acid detergent lignin and Klason lignin procedures gave very different estimates of forage lignin concentration, they were similarly correlated with digestibility and should yield predictions of forage digestibility that have similar accuracy. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT ANIM SCI,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. AGR RES SERV,USDA,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. RP Jung, HG (reprint author), USDA ARS,RES SERV,411 BORLAUG HALL,1991 UPPER BUFORD CIRCLE,ST PAUL,MN 55108, USA. NR 26 TC 107 Z9 114 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 80 IS 8 BP 1622 EP 1628 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA XT452 UT WOS:A1997XT45200018 PM 9276801 ER PT J AU West, JW Hill, GM Gates, RN Mullinix, BG AF West, JW Hill, GM Gates, RN Mullinix, BG TI Effects of dietary forage source and amount of forage addition on intake, milk yield, and digestion for lactating dairy cows SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE forage; intake; neutral detergent fiber; lactation ID RUMEN FILL; FIBER; PASSAGE; PERFORMANCE; QUALITY; BERMUDAGRASS; TIFTON-85; MARKERS; MATTER; IMPACT AB Lactating cows were used to determine the effects of increasing forage content from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) hay or Tifton 85 bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.) hay on dry matter intake (DML), milk yield, and nutrient digestion. Forage proportions and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content of diets were (dry basis) 1) 45% corn (Zea mays L.) silage (control), 33.5% NDF; 2) 15% bermudagrass hay and 30% corn silage, 39.5% NDF; 3) 30% bermudagrass hay and 15% corn silage, 46.6% NDF; 4) 15% alfalfa hay and 30% corn silage, 35.5% NDF; or 5) 30% alfalfa hay and 15% corn silage, 33.5% NDF. The DMI was greater with alfalfa diets than with bermudagrass diets, with low hay diets than with high hay diets, and with the control diet than with the hay diets. Digestibility of NDF in bermudagrass diets was greater than that in alfalfa diets, in high hay diets than in low hay diets, and in hay diets than in the control diet. In vitro NDF digestion was most rapid for bermudagrass hay, intermediate for corn silage, and slowest for alfalfa hay. Results suggest that NDF from bermudagrass was digested more completely and rapidly than was NDF from corn silage or alfalfa, which improved the rate of passage despite the high NDF content of diets containing bermudagrass. Milk yield followed trends for DMI. The control diet and diets containing alfalfa elicited the greatest DMI and milk yield, but DMI per 100 kg of body weight for Holsteins was equal for diets containing either bermudagrass or alfalfa. High quality bermudagrass can be used in rations Ear lactating dairy cows. C1 UNIV GEORGIA, COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN, AGR RES SERV, USDA, TIFTON, GA 31793 USA. RP West, JW (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA, COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STN, DEPT ANIM & DAIRY SCI, TIFTON, GA 31793 USA. NR 23 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 80 IS 8 BP 1656 EP 1665 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA XT452 UT WOS:A1997XT45200022 PM 9276805 ER PT J AU Waldo, DR Tyrrell, HF Capuco, AV Rexroad, CE AF Waldo, DR Tyrrell, HF Capuco, AV Rexroad, CE TI Components of growth in Holstein heifers fed either alfalfa or corn silage diets to produce two daily gains SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cattle; energy deposition; protein deposition; fat deposition AB Growth components were compared in an experiment with a 2 x 2 factorial design. Eight replicates of Holstein heifers were fed diets based on either alfalfa or corn silage for daily gain of either 725 or 950 g from 181 to 334 kg of body weight (BW). Mean daily gains from corn diets were greater than gains from alfalfa diets for BW, udder, empty body, fat, fat-free matter, protein, H2O, C, and energy but were less than gains from alfalfa for gut contents and ash. High daily gain produced higher mean values for all of these variables than did lower daily gain. The percentage of protein in fat-free matter was not affected by either main effect. The percentage of fat in empty body gain was increased as daily gain increased. Energy concentration of fat-free matter that was gained was not affected by either diet or daily gain. Energy concentration of empty body gain increased as daily gain increased. The percentage of gut contents in daily BW gain was higher for heifers fed the alfalfa diet than for those fed the corn diet. Energy concentration in daily BW gain was affected by diet and daily gain. Variations of:at and gut contents in daily BW gain must be considered when requirements or expected growth are described. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,GENE EVALUAT & MAPPING LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Waldo, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,NUTRIENT CONSERVAT & METAB LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 25 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 80 IS 8 BP 1674 EP 1684 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA XT452 UT WOS:A1997XT45200024 PM 9276807 ER PT J AU Vagnoni, DB Broderick, GA Clayton, MK Hatfield, RD AF Vagnoni, DB Broderick, GA Clayton, MK Hatfield, RD TI Excretion of purine derivatives by Holstein cows abomasally infused with incremental amounts of purines SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE purine derivatives; purines; microbial protein synthesis; urinary excretion ID URINARY-EXCRETION; RUMINANTS; MARKERS; DIGESTA; PLASMA; STEERS; SHEEP AB Five multiparous, ruminally cannulated Holstein cows (two lactating and three dry) weighing((X) over bar +/- SD) 667 +/- 35 kg were used to study the effect of abomasal purine infusion on the excretion of purine derivatives. Cows were fed corn silage four times daily at 90% of ad libitum intake ((X) over bar = 9.16 kg of dry matter/d). Purines were infused into the abomasum as brewer's yeast suspensions in five incremental amounts (0 to 380 mmol/d) during five experimental periods according to a 5 x 5 Latin square design. Periods were 7 d; purine infusions were conducted during the last 4 d, and urine was collected during the last 3 d of each period. Ruminal purine outflow in all cows was measured during an experimental period immediately preceding and immediately following the five infusion periods and in each cow during the 0-mmol/d infusion period of the experiment. The relationship between total (milk plus urine) daily excretion of purine derivatives (allantoin plus uric acid) and total (abomasal infusion plus ruminal outflow) daily purine flow was quantified by linear regression analysis and was described by the relationship: Y = 0.856X + 103 (r(2) = 0.93). The slope (0.856) indicated that 86% of purines that reached the omasum were excreted as purine derivatives. In the two lactating cows, urinary purine derivatives accounted for 98.4% of the total purine derivatives that were excreted. Ruminal flow of microbial CP can be estimated from the CP:purine ratio of ruminal microorganisms and the excretion of purine derivatives. C1 AGR RES SERV,USDA,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 16 TC 82 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 80 IS 8 BP 1695 EP 1702 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA XT452 UT WOS:A1997XT45200026 PM 9276809 ER PT J AU Vagnoni, DB Broderick, GA AF Vagnoni, DB Broderick, GA TI Effects of supplementation of energy or ruminally undegraded protein to lactating cows fed alfalfa hay or silage SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE alfalfa; purines; purine derivatives; microbial protein synthesis ID PURINE DERIVATIVE EXCRETION; DAIRY-COWS; PURE CULTURES; RUMEN; MICROORGANISMS; CELLULOSE; BACTERIA; INFUSION; AMMONIA; INVITRO AB Alfalfa was harvested as silage or hay and fed in two 12-wk trials with a 4 x 4 Latin square design that used 12 (trial 1) or 24 (trial 2) multiparous lactating cows (4 ruminally cannulated cows per trial). Diets contained (dry matter basis) 75 or 50% alfalfa plus 24 or 40% high moisture corn (trial 1) or 50% alfalfa, 44 or 41% high moisture corn, with (3%) or without fish meal (trial 2). Experiments were conducted to evaluate the responses of cows fed alfalfa hay or alfalfa silage diets to an increase in protein supply from microbial protein synthesis (trial 1) or from the supplementation of ruminally undegraded protein (RUP) (trial 2). In trial 1, the increase in high moisture corn in the diet increased both milk protein and microbial crude protein yields (estimated from the excretion of purine derivatives) to a greater extent for the cows fed the alfalfa silage diets (170 and 337 g/d, respectively) than for the cows fed the alfalfa hay diets (100 and 100 g/d, respectively). In trial 2, RUP supplementation (as fish meal) increased milk protein yield 100 g/d for cows fed alfalfa silage diets and 20 g/d for cows fed alfalfa hay diets. These results indicated that protein status was poorer and, thus, more responsive to absorbable protein from microbial protein (trial 1) or RUP (trial 2) for cows that consumed alfalfa conserved as silage versus those that consumed alfalfa conserved as hay. C1 USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT DAIRY SCI,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 31 TC 57 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 80 IS 8 BP 1703 EP 1712 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA XT452 UT WOS:A1997XT45200027 PM 9276810 ER PT J AU Dhiman, TR Korevaar, AC Satter, LD AF Dhiman, TR Korevaar, AC Satter, LD TI Particle size of roasted soybeans and the effect on milk production of dairy cows SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cows; roasted soybeans; particle size; milk ID TREATED WHOLE SOYBEANS; EARLY LACTATION; PROTEIN; DIGESTIBILITY; QUALITY; RAW AB Fifteen cows were used in an experiment with a 5 x 5 replicated Latin square design to quantify the effect of particle size of roasted soybeans on milk production and fecal excretion of soybeans. The five experimental periods were each 2 wk long. Diets contained (percentage of dry matter) 33% alfalfa silage, 17% corn silage, 30.6% high moisture ear corn, 18% soybeans, and 1.4% mineral supplement. The five dietary treatments included raw whole soybeans or roasted soybeans in four particle sizes (whole and half, half and quarter, quarter and smaller, and coarsely ground). Mean particle sizes of the raw soybeans and of the roasted soybeans in whole and half sizes were >4.75 mm. Mean particle sizes of the roasted soybeans in half and quarter, quarter and smaller, and coarsely ground roasted soybeans were 2.92, 2.01, and 1.59, respectively. During the normal handling of roasted soybeans, a large number of seeds was broken into halves in the treatment with whole and half sizes (36%, wt/wt basis). Production of 3.5% fat-corrected milk was 35.4, 37.7, 37.2, 35.1, and 35.4 kg/d for cows fed raw soybeans; roasted soybeans in whole and half, half and quarter, and quarter and smaller sizes; and ground roasted soybeans, respectively. Cows that were fed raw soybeans excreted the largest amount of visible soybean particles in feces, and cows that were fed ground roasted soybeans had the least amount of soybeans in the feces (61.3 vs. 10.6 g of soybeans/kg of fecal dry matter). Roasted soybeans in half and quarter sizes are optimal for milk production. C1 USDA ARS,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT DAIRY SCI,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 24 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 80 IS 8 BP 1722 EP 1727 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA XT452 UT WOS:A1997XT45200029 PM 9276812 ER PT J AU Kelm, SC Detilleux, JC Freeman, AE Kehrli, ME Dietz, AB Fox, LK Butler, JE Kasckovics, I Kelley, DH AF Kelm, SC Detilleux, JC Freeman, AE Kehrli, ME Dietz, AB Fox, LK Butler, JE Kasckovics, I Kelley, DH TI Genetic association between parameters of innate immunity and measures of mastitis in periparturient Holstein cattle SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genetic; mastitis; immunology; cattle ID BOVINE GRANULOCYTOPATHY SYNDROME; LEUKOCYTE ADHESION DEFICIENCY; ESCHERICHIA-COLI MASTITIS; LYMPHOCYTE BLASTOGENESIS; NEUTROPHIL FUNCTIONS; DAIRY-COWS; CALVES; IDENTIFICATION; HETEROGENEITY; POLYMORPHISM AB Relationships between genetic measures of mastitis (somatic cell score, score for clinical mastitis, and scores for IMI with major or minor pathogens) and immunological parameters (physiological and molecular markers) were examined for periparturient Holstein cows. Physiological markers included 11 in vitro immunological assays. Molecular markers included the second exon of the DRB3 locus of the bovine major histocompatibility complex, the IgG2 isotype genotype, and the CD18 genotype(the locus responsible for bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency). A gene substitution model was used to estimate the additive genetic effects of alleles of the three molecular markers on estimated breeding value (EBV) for mastitis measures. Pearson correlation coefficients between EBV for immunological assays and EBV for mastitis measures were computed. Molecular markers explained up to 40% of the variation in EBV for measures of mastitis. The presence of allele DRB3.2*16 was associated with higher EBV for SCS. Allele DRB3.2*8 was associated with increased EBV for clinical mastitis, as was the IgG2(b) allele and the normal CD18 allele. Alleles DRB3.2*11, *23, IgG2(a), and the recessive allele for bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency were associated with decreased clinical mastitis. A positive genetic association was found between allele DRB3.2*24 and EBV for IMI by major pathogens and between DRB3.2*3 and IMI by minor pathogens. Several correlations between EBV for immunological assays and EBV for mastitis measures were significantly different from 0. Cows with low EBV for SCS tended to have neutrophils that had greater functional ability at maximal immunosuppression, low serum IgG(1), and high numbers of circulating mononuclear cells. Immunological parameters, including physiological and molecular markers, are useful aids to understand the genetics of resistance to mastitis. C1 USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT,AMES,IA 50010. IOWA STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,AMES,IA 50011. WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT CLIN VET MED,PULLMAN,WA 99164. UNIV IOWA,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL,IOWA CITY,IA 52242. RI Dietz, Allan/H-7414-2015; OI Dietz, Allan/0000-0003-3410-9621; Kacskovics, Imre/0000-0002-0402-3862 NR 38 TC 93 Z9 99 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 80 IS 8 BP 1767 EP 1775 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA XT452 UT WOS:A1997XT45200035 PM 9276818 ER PT J AU Wiggans, GR Goddard, ME AF Wiggans, GR Goddard, ME TI A computationally feasible test day model for genetic evaluation of yield traits in the United States SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE test day model; genetic evaluation; multitrait analysis; yield traits ID AUSTRALIAN BLACK; DAIRY PRODUCTION; ANIMAL-MODELS; MISSING DATA; WHITE COWS; PARAMETERS; TRANSFORMATION; LACTATIONS AB A multitrait analysis of test day yields is proposed that includes 60 traits [3 yield traits (milk, fat, and protein), 2 parity groups (first and later) per yield trait, and 10 stages of lactation per parity]. To reduce the computations needed for the 60 traits, test day effects are estimated within the herd before analysis across herds, the rank of the genetic (co)variance matrix is reduced, a canonical transformation is used with missing values replaced by their expectations, and a repeatability model is applied to allow inclusion of parities after second. Historical 305-d records are included through their correlations with test day effects. Possible benefits from this model include 1) more accurate estimation of environmental effects from including the influence of particular days of recording, 2) optimal use of information from all test days (especially for lactations with long intervals from calving to first test or between tests), 3) improved accuracy of evaluations for component yields through contributions from information for milk yield, and 4) greater stability of bull evaluations from accounting for genetic differences among daughters in the shape of lactation curve and maturity rate. C1 UNIV NEW ENGLAND,ARMIDALE,NSW,AUSTRALIA. RP Wiggans, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS,ANIM IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. OI Goddard, Michael/0000-0001-9917-7946 NR 25 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 80 IS 8 BP 1795 EP 1800 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA XT452 UT WOS:A1997XT45200038 PM 9276821 ER PT J AU Gengler, N Wiggans, GR Wright, JR Norman, HD Wolfe, CW AF Gengler, N Wiggans, GR Wright, JR Norman, HD Wolfe, CW TI Estimation of (co)variance components for Jersey type traits using a repeatability model SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Jersey; type traits; (co)variance; repeatability model ID RESTRICTED MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; EQUAL DESIGN MATRICES; LINEAR TYPE TRAITS; VARIANCE-COMPONENTS; ANIMAL-MODEL; MIXED MODEL; YIELD; DIAGONALIZATION; TRANSFORMATION; MULTITRAIT AB (Co)variance components for final score and 15 linear type traits of Jersey cows were estimated by multitrait REML using multiple diagonalization and a repeatability model with 34,999 records of 22,354 cows. Multiple diagonalization gave relative off-diagonals (ratio of squared off-diagonals to the product of diagonals) of <0.1%. Heritabilities and repeatabilities, respectively, were estimated as 0.29 and 0.48 for final score, 0.40 and 0.57 for stature, 0.26 and 0.39 for strength, 0.28 and 0.43 for dairy form, 0.13 and 0.25 for foot angle, 0.13 and 0.25 for rear legs (side view), 0.27 and 0.41 for body depth, 0.31 and 0.52 for rump angle, 0.22 and 0.33 for thurl width, 0.22 and 0.36 for fore udder attachment, 0.28 and 0.46 for rear udder height, 0.26 and 0.42 for rear udder width, 0.32 and 0.48 for udder depth, 0.20 and 0.36 for udder cleft, 0.29 and 0.46 for front teat placement, and 0.31 and 0.48 for teat length. Estimates of heritability generally were higher, and estimates of repeatability were lower, than values used previously for USDA genetic evaluations, which were based on data from the 1970s and early 1980s. Final score was highly correlated both genetically and phenotypically with dairy form and rear udder traits. These estimates of heritabilities and (co)variance components are necessary for multitrait genetic evaluation of linear type traits of US Jerseys. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,ANIM IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. FAC UNIV SCI AGRON,UNITE ZOOTECH,FONDS NATL BELGE RECH SCI,GEMBLOUX,BELGIUM. AMER JERSEY CATTLE ASSOC,REYNOLDSBURG,OH 43068. OI Gengler, Nicolas/0000-0002-5981-5509 NR 19 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 80 IS 8 BP 1801 EP 1806 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA XT452 UT WOS:A1997XT45200039 PM 9276822 ER PT J AU Powell, RL VanRaden, PM Wiggans, GR AF Powell, RL VanRaden, PM Wiggans, GR TI Relationship between United States and Canadian genetic evaluations of longevity and somatic cell score SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genetic evaluation; longevity; somatic cell score AB Canadian and US evaluations of Holstein bulls were compared for longevity measures (433 bulls) and somatic cell score (354 bulls). Bulls were required to have a birth year of greater than or equal to 1975, daughter information from greater than or equal to 20 herds, and a reliability of greater than or equal to 50% in both Canada and the US. The number of bulls with longevity evaluations was greater for early years because longevity information was available from lactation data and daughters were required to be greater than or equal to 3 yr of age for US evaluations; evaluations for somatic cell score required additional collection of data and did not have corresponding numbers of bulls until the 1980s. Correlation between longevity measures in the US (productive life) and Canada (herd life) was 0.60. This low correlation was expected because US productive life includes yield information, but yield is excluded from Canadian herd life. For evaluations for somatic cell score, the correlation between the two countries was 0.82. Genetic correlations with productive life were estimated to be 0.69 for herd life and 0.81 for herd life combined with protein yield. Conversion equations were developed to predict a US evaluation for somatic cell score from a Canadian evaluation for somatic cell score and to predict a US evaluation for productive life from Canadian evaluations for herd life and yield. RP Powell, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,ANIM IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 80 IS 8 BP 1807 EP 1812 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA XT452 UT WOS:A1997XT45200040 PM 9276823 ER PT J AU Borton, LR Rotz, CA Black, JR Allen, MS Lloyd, JW AF Borton, LR Rotz, CA Black, JR Allen, MS Lloyd, JW TI Alfalfa and corn silage systems compared on Michigan dairy farms SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE corn silage; alfalfa; forage systems; economics ID FORAGE AB Two primary roughages used for diets of dairy cows are corn silage (Zea mays L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). A dairy forage system model was used to compare the relative merits of these two forages when varied amounts (none, one-third, two-thirds, and all on a dry matter basis) of the forage requirement were ammoniated corn silage and the remainder was alfalfa. Primary comparisons were the net return above feed and manure costs, but manure management issues and labor requirements were also considered. Economic comparisons were made for representative farms using a partial budget analysis synthesized from research reports and surveys. The highest net return was from alfalfa at 100% of the forage requirement, but differences in net returns across forage systems were small compared with the variation caused by weather among years. Changes in assumptions concerning farm size, soil type, crop yield, milk production, relative prices, and manure handling did not affect the conclusions of the analysis. In systems that used all alfalfa forage, much of the manure was applied to alfalfa crops, a practice that is normally discouraged because the manure reduces weed control, stand persistence, and yield. With alfalfa at 100% of the forage requirement, large amounts of excess manure nitrogen were produced on the farm. Application of nitrogen to alfalfa must be compensated by a reduced nitrogen fixation to avoid ground water contamination. Because of the lack of a strong economic advantage among the forage systems, the practice of having at least one-third of the forage requirement provided by each of the forage crops is favored to improve management of crops, manure disposal, and labor. C1 MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,E LANSING,MI 48824. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT LARGE ANIM CLIN SCI,E LANSING,MI 48824. RP Borton, LR (reprint author), MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT AGR ECON,E LANSING,MI 48824, USA. RI Allen, Michael/B-5771-2009 NR 29 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 80 IS 8 BP 1813 EP 1826 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA XT452 UT WOS:A1997XT45200041 ER PT J AU Luchini, ND Broderick, GA Muck, RE Makoni, NF Vetter, RL AF Luchini, ND Broderick, GA Muck, RE Makoni, NF Vetter, RL TI Effect of storage system and dry matter content on the composition of alfalfa silage SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE alfalfa silage; storage system; dry matter ID QUALITY AB The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of dry matter (DM) content and three different storage systems on the quality of alfalfa ensiled on commercial farms. Alfalfa silage samples were collected from 21 bunker silos, 20 silos that limited oxygen infiltration, and 19 tower silos on 43 commercial dairy farms. Storage system and DM content were confounded because silages from bunker silos generally were wetter than silages from O-2-limiting and tower silos. There was no effect of storage system on crude protein content of the silages. However, silage from bunker silos had higher concentrations of nonprotein N, NH3 N, and acid detergent insoluble N than did silages from the other two storage systems. The proportion of total N in neutral detergent insoluble N minus acid detergent insoluble N was greatest in silage from O-2-limiting silos. Fiber components were affected by storage system; silage from bunker silos had the greatest concentration of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber. Concentrations of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber were higher in wetter silages from bunker silos, but DM content did not influence fiber content of silages from O-2-limiting and tower silos. Concentrations of total organic acids, acetic acid, and butyric acid were highest in silages from bunker silos. The general effects of DM on the quality of silages obtained from commercial dairy farms were similar to results obtained from laboratory-scale silos. C1 AGR RES SERV,USDA,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,MADISON,WI 53706. UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT DAIRY SCI,MADISON,WI 53706. HARVESTORE PROD INC,DE KALB,IL 60115. NR 16 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 309 W CLARK ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 80 IS 8 BP 1827 EP 1832 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA XT452 UT WOS:A1997XT45200042 ER PT J AU Harbo, JR Hoopingarner, RA AF Harbo, JR Hoopingarner, RA TI Honey bees (Hymenoptera:Apidae) in the United States that express resistance to Varroa jacobsoni (Mesostigmata:Varroidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Apis mellifera; Varroa jacobsoni; breeding; selection ID APIS-MELLIFERA L; MITE; REPRODUCTION; HERITABILITY; COLONIES; STAGE; OUD AB The purposes of this study were to select honey bees, Apis mellifera L., for resistance to varroa mites, Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans, and to find a probable cause for this resistance. As a genetic source, we assembled 8 colonies that we thought had potential for resistance to varroa. Queens and drones were propagated from this group to produce 43 instrumentally inseminated queens, each queen mated to only 1 drone. Colonies from 27 of these queens were tested in Louisiana and 16 were tested in Michigan. Each colony in the Louisiana test began with 986 +/- 13 g (mean +/- SD) of bees and approximate to 290 mites; Michigan colonies began with 3,212 +/- 171 bees and approximate to 51 mites. The populations of mites and bees were measured 10 wk later. Three of the 43 colonies had fewer mites at the end of the Lest than at the beginning. During the experiment, we evaluated each colony for grooming behavior, hygienic behavior, the duration of the postcapping period, and the frequency of nonreproducing mites in brood cells. Of these 4 characteristics, only nonreproduction of mites was highly related to a change in the mite population. The duration of the postcapping period was marginally related, and the other 2 characteristics were apparently unrelated to the growth of the mite population. This study showed that resistance to varroa mites is present in the honey bee population in the United States, nonreproduction of mites was highly correlated with the growth of a mite population, and nonreproduction of mites may be a valuable characteristic for selecting bees for resistance to varroa mites. RP Harbo, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS,HONEY BEE BREEDING GENET & PHYSIOL RES LAB,1157 BEN HUR RD,BATON ROUGE,LA 70820, USA. NR 20 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 3 U2 10 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 90 IS 4 BP 893 EP 898 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XP764 UT WOS:A1997XP76400006 ER PT J AU Shapiro, M Argauer, R AF Shapiro, M Argauer, R TI Components of the stilbene optical brightener Tinopal LPW as enhancers for the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera:Lymantriidae) baculovirus SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Lymantria dispar; insect viruses; optical brightener ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; FLUORESCENT BRIGHTENER; PROTECTANTS; INHIBITION; NOCTUIDAE; MEMBRANE; DIDS AB The optical brightener Tinopal LPW is a derivative of triazinyldiamihostilbene sulfonic acid, and consists of 1,3,5-triazine, stilbene, and sulfonic acid components. These components and derivatives were compared with Tinopal LPW to determine the source of activity enhancement for the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), nuclear polyhedrosis virus. None of the components or derivatives was as active as Tinopal LPW. RP Shapiro, M (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INSECT BIOCONTROL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 27 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 90 IS 4 BP 899 EP 904 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XP764 UT WOS:A1997XP76400007 ER PT J AU Mangan, RL AF Mangan, RL TI Effects of strain and access to males on female longevity, lifetime oviposition rate, and egg fertility of the Mexican fruit fly (Diptera:Tephritidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mexican fruit fly; fecundity; fertility; mating behavior ID DEMOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS; INSECTS; CALLIPHORIDAE; SELECTION; SCREWWORM; FREQUENCY; HISTORY AB The effect of mating frequency on fertility and fecundity over the lifetime of an insect is a major factor influencing reproductive behavior. In this study I tested the relationship between oviposition, egg fertility, and longevity of individual females under conditions of single mating or multiple mating opportunities. Percentage of eggs that were fertile decreased after approximate to 3 wk of egg production for single mated females of old lines. New lines either had decreased egg fertility or decreased oviposition when no additional males were available. Repeated exposure to males decreased female longevity in all tests, effects of access to males on oviposition rates varied considerably among females. Profiles of egg production rates of the groups over the adult lifespan were not consistent for the 2 sets of tests for either old or new strains. This study indicated that several factors such as degree of adaptation to rearing conditions and access to males can affect female longevity, total egg production, and fertility. These effects, however also appear to be influenced by environmental conditions and may vary considerably between experiments. RP Mangan, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUBTROP AGR RES LAB,WESLACO,TX 78596, USA. NR 39 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 90 IS 4 BP 945 EP 954 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XP764 UT WOS:A1997XP76400012 ER PT J AU Xia, YL Johnson, AW Chortyk, OT AF Xia, YL Johnson, AW Chortyk, OT TI Enhanced toxicity of sugar esters to the tobacco aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) using humectants SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Myzus nicotianae; Nicotiana spp.; humectants; sugar esters; sucrose esters; glucose esters ID NICOTIANA-GOSSEI; SUCROSE ESTERS; RESISTANCE; TRICHOMES AB Eighteen humectants were evaluated in the laboratory and in the field to determine if they enhanced the insecticidal activity of natural and synthetic sugar esters against the tobacco aphid, Myzus nicotianae Blackman. Sugar esters included 3 types of mixtures of sucrose esters and glucose esters extracted from Nicotiana gossei Domin, N. palmeri Gray, and N. glutinosa L., and 4 types of synthetic sucrose esters. A leaf spray technique was used to apply sugar esters and treatment combinations in the laboratory Sugar esters from N. gossei also were evaluated alone and in combination with certain humectants in the field by using a CO2 hand-held sprayer and a high-clearance sprayer fitted with a compressed air system. Toxicities of all sugar esters to tobacco aphids were significantly improved by certain humectants. Improved efficacy was related to the concentration of humectants and the type of sugar esters and humectants. The addition of humectants Volpo G-31, Incromectant AMEA 100, Aqua-Tein C, Incromectant AMEA 70, Incromectant LQ, Incromectant LAMEA, Incromectant AQ, Hydrolactin 2500, Crosilk 10,000, and Cromoist CS at a 5% concentration to a solution of N. gossei sugar esters at a concentration of I mg/ml resulted in >90% aphid mortality. Aphid mortality from the sugar esters alone was only 12%. Aphid mortality increased as the concentration of humectants with sugar esters increased. Field evaluations showed that 5 humectants also were effective in enhancing the toxicity of N. gossei sugar esters against the tobacco aphid. Sugar esters applied with a CO2 hand-held sprayer in the field gave higher aphid control than a high-clearance sprayer. Humectants alone were not toxic to tobacco aphids. C1 USDA ARS, RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR, ATHENS, GA 30613 USA. RP Xia, YL (reprint author), CLEMSON UNIV, PEE DEE RES & EDUC CTR, DEPT ENTOMOL, 2200 POCKET RD, FLORENCE, SC 29506 USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 90 IS 4 BP 1015 EP 1021 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XP764 UT WOS:A1997XP76400022 ER PT J AU Mankin, RW Shuman, D Coffelt, JA AF Mankin, RW Shuman, D Coffelt, JA TI Acoustic counting of adult insects with differing rates and intensities of sound production in stored wheat SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Cryptolestes ferrugineus; Oryzaephilus surinamensis; Rhyzopertha dominica; Stilophilus oryzae; Tribolium castaneum; sound detection ID GRAIN; KERNELS; COLEOPTERA; CURCULIONIDAE; BOSTRICHIDAE; POPULATIONS; BEETLES; LARVAE; SYSTEM AB Automated acoustic detection systems count the insects in a grain sample by analyzing the spatial and temporal distribution of sounds. The acoustic location fixing insect detector is an automated system developed originally to quantify hidden lan nl infestations in l-kg samples of wheat. The detector analyzes input from an array of sensors embedded in the sample container walls. It identifies (scores) a specific pattern of input as an insect if the spatial and temporal distribution matches the criteria based on a calibration with 4th-instar rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L). However, expanded testing has revealed considerable differences in the spatial and temporal distributions of sounds made by insects of different species and sizes. These differences were examined in a series of tests with insects that range an order of magnitude above and below the 1.5-mg weight of the S. oryzae larvae. A particular focus was the detection order of the first 2 sensors registering each sound. Multiple sounds from an insect tend to cluster together into a small number of contiguous Ist :end sensor detection pairs, but the pattern for background noises is random. It was determined that the cluster size, the number of contiguous Ist:2nd detection pairs, was proportional to insect weight. The rate of sound detection was inversely proportional to weight. Thus, to reliably count insects with widely varying sound production patterns, the sound pattern identification algorithm needs to self correct, depending on the input received from the grain sample. Adults or larvae generating large numbers of loud sounds, typically weighing >1 mg, can be scored in a few seconds, but those generating small numbers of weak sounds, typically <1 mg, should be monitored for periods >10 min. The possibility of using differences in cluster size to distinguish among species is also discussed. RP Mankin, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS,CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 31 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 90 IS 4 BP 1032 EP 1038 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XP764 UT WOS:A1997XP76400025 ER PT J AU Byrne, PF McMullen, MD Wiseman, BR Snook, ME Musket, TA Theuri, JM Widstrom, NW Coe, EH AF Byrne, PF McMullen, MD Wiseman, BR Snook, ME Musket, TA Theuri, JM Widstrom, NW Coe, EH TI Identification of maize chromosome regions associated with antibiosis to corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Helicoverpa zea; flavonoid; insect resistance; quantitative trait locus ID ZEA-MAYS; SILKS; RESISTANT; GROWTH; FLAVONOIDS; GERMPLASM; LINES; DIETS AB A better understanding of the genetic basis of antibiosis to the corn earworm, Helicoverpa tea (Boddie), in maize, Zea mays L., silks will help breeders develop hybrids with improved resistance to this pest. We identified maize chromosome regions associated with antibiosis to the corn earworm, and compared the results with those previously obtained for concentration of silk maysin, a C-glycosyl flavone that inhibits larval growth. We evaluated antibiosis with a dried-silk bioassay of 76 (GT114 x GT119)F-2:3 lines, derived by self-pollinating Fz plants from the high and low tails of the distribution for silk maysin concentration. Variation in 8-d larval weights resulting from silks of the F-2:3 lines was compared with variation in restriction fragment length polymorphism genotypes at 39 flavonoid pathway loci or linked markers of corresponding F-2 plants. The multiple-locus model that best explained variation of larval weights included a major effect at the pi region of chromosome I and smaller effects in the umc166b region (chromosome 1) and the sh1 region (chromosome 9). The model for maysin concentration of the corresponding F-2 plants was nearly identical, with the exception that the sh1 locus was replaced by the nearby umc105a locus. Our results provide evidence that in this population silk maysin concentration and corn earworm antibiosis are under similar genetic control and that the pi locus plays the major role in determining variation in both traits. Because we evaluated the tails of the distribution and probed only at flavonoid pathway loci, all chromosome regions associated with corn earworm resistance in this population may not have been detected. C1 UNIV MISSOURI,USDA ARS,PLANT GENET RES UNIT,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. UNIV MISSOURI,DEPT AGRON,COLUMBIA,MO 65211. NR 32 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 4 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 90 IS 4 BP 1039 EP 1045 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA XP764 UT WOS:A1997XP76400026 ER PT J AU Tu, SI Patterson, D Brauer, D Hsu, AF AF Tu, SI Patterson, D Brauer, D Hsu, AF TI Antimycin A inhibition of proton pumping associated with root plasma membrane H+-ATPase SO JOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PLANT; TRANSPORT AB Plasma membrane vesicles obtained by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation from corn roots, exhibited vanadate-sensitive H+-ATPase activity with minimum contaminations of other subcellular ATPases and phosphatase activities. The H+-ATPase catalyzed the hydrolysis of Mg-ATP and supported a proton pumping process. The presence of antimycin A had no significant effects on the rate of catalyzed ATP hydrolysis. However, proton pumping activity was substantially reduced. Time courses of proton pumping were analyzed by a kinetic model which allowed an accurate determination of the initial pumping rate (R-0) and the proton leakage of the energized membrane (k(1)) from steady-state properties. With a rapid quenching of ATP hydrolysis by the use of hexokinase, the proton leakage of de-energized membrane (k(2)) was also determined This analysis indicated that antimycin A inhibition was characterized by a decrease in R-0 without any significant effects on both k(1) and k(2). Possible implications of this differential inhibition on coupled ATPase activities ape discussed. C1 USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 SN 0145-8884 J9 J FOOD BIOCHEM JI J. Food Biochem. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 21 IS 3 BP 181 EP 190 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4514.1997.tb00213.x PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Food Science & Technology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Food Science & Technology GA XU097 UT WOS:A1997XU09700001 ER PT J AU Tomasula, PM Craig, JC Boswell, RT AF Tomasula, PM Craig, JC Boswell, RT TI A continuous process for casein production using high-pressure carbon dioxide SO JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID PRECIPITATION TEMPERATURE; CURD; PH AB A continuous process for protein production that uses high-pressure carbon dioxide (CO2) instead of organic acids as precipitant has been used to isolate casein rom milk. Central to the process is a pressure reduction stage that follows a reaction/precipitation stage, in which protein produced in the reactor may be removed without depressurizing the reactor and subjecting the products to excessive shear. Two reactor/precipitators were designed and tested. One was a spray reactor in which milk and CO2 were contacted by spraying milk into CO2. The other was a tubular reactor fed a mixture of liquid CO2 and milk. Both reactors gave casein products of good quality, but casein yield from the tubular reactor was greater than that from the spray reactor The methods presented here may be extended to other processes that currently use organic acids for precipitation or supercritical extraction systems at pressures less than 15000 kPa for continuous transport of solid-liquid mixtures from high-pressure units to atmospheric pressure. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Limited. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Tomasula, PM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 17 TC 33 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0260-8774 J9 J FOOD ENG JI J. Food Eng. PD AUG-SEP PY 1997 VL 33 IS 3-4 BP 405 EP 419 DI 10.1016/S0260-8774(97)00053-8 PG 15 WC Engineering, Chemical; Food Science & Technology SC Engineering; Food Science & Technology GA YQ868 UT WOS:000071432500016 ER PT J AU Babic, I Watada, AE Buta, JG AF Babic, I Watada, AE Buta, JG TI Growth of Listeria monocytogenes restricted by native microorganisms and other properties of fresh-cut spinach SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE Listeria monocytogenes; mesophilic microorganisms; fresh-cut spinach ID ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ENRICHMENT CULTURE; BEHAVIOR; FOODS; MEAT; PSEUDOMONAS; MICROFLORA; BACTERIA; STRAIN; WATER AB A study was undertaken to investigate the cause of the bacteriostatic activity of fresh-cut spinach leaves against Listeria monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes was cultivated in pure tryptic soy broth for use as a monoculture, in tryptic soy broth containing 10 mg ml(-1) of autoclaved or nonautoclaved freeze-dried spinach powder, and in tryptic soy broth in mixed cultures with various microorganisms isolated from fresh-cut spinach, including Pseudomonas fluorescens biovar I, P. fluorescens biovar III, Staphylococcus xylosus, and an undefined culture of mesophilic aerobic microorganisms (MAMs) isolated from freeze-dried spinach pow der. These microorganisms were inoculated at 4.3 log CFU ml(-1) and L. monocytogenes was inoculated at 2.4 and 4.4 log CFU ml(-1) After 24 h of incubation at 30 degrees C, the populations of the two inoculum levels L. monocytogenes increased to 9.0 and 9.6 log CFU ml(-1) in the tryptic soy broth control, to 5.4 and 7.5 in nonautoclaved spinach powder cultures, and to 8.8 and 9.1 log CFU ml(-1) in autoclaved spinach powder cultures; In mixed cultures with biovar I of Fl fluorescens, L. monocytogenes increased to 7.4 and 8.6 log CFU ml(-1); with biovar III to 7.7 and 9.1, with S. xylosus to 7.8 and 9.2, and with the MAMs to 7.1 and 8.0 CFU ml(-1) in the low and high listerial inoculum cultures respectively. The LSD(0.05), of the means were 0.5 and 0.6, respectively. The freeze-dried spinach powder had an inhibitory effect on the growth of L. monocytogenes. The inhibitory effect was greatly decreased when the native microorganisms were almost eliminated by heating or irradiation. These results indicate that if L. monocytogenes is present as a contaminant on fresh-cut spinach, its growth probably will be restricted by native microorganisms. C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,HORT CROPS QUAL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 25 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 9 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 60 IS 8 BP 912 EP 917 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA XT095 UT WOS:A1997XT09500006 ER PT J AU Buchanan, RL Damert, WG Whiting, RC vanSchothorst, M AF Buchanan, RL Damert, WG Whiting, RC vanSchothorst, M TI Use of epidemiologic and food survey data to estimate a purposefully conservative dose-response relationship for Listeria monocytogenes levels and incidence of listeriosis SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE smoked fish; immunocompromised; risk assessment ID RISK ASSESSMENT; CRITERIA; HACCP AB The development of effective quantitative microbial risk-assessment models for foodborne pathogens depends on the availability of data on the consumers' exposure to a biological agent and the dose-response relationship that relates levels of the biological agent ingested with frequency of infection or disease. Information on the latter has historically been acquired from human volunteer feeding studies. However, such studies are not feasible for pathogens that either have a significant risk of being life threatening or for which morbidity is primarily associated with high-risk populations (i,e,, immunocompromised persons). For these pathogens, it is proposed that purposefully conservative dose-response relationships can be estimated on the basis of combining available epidemiologic data with food-survey data for a ready-to-eat product. As an example, data on the incidence of listeriosis in Germany were combined with data on the levels of Listeria monocytogenes in smoked fish to generate a dose-response curve for this foodborne pathogen. C1 NESTLE,CH-1800 VEVEY,SWITZERLAND. RP Buchanan, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 16 TC 95 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 14 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 60 IS 8 BP 918 EP 922 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA XT095 UT WOS:A1997XT09500007 ER PT J AU Hayes, JP Chan, SS Emmingham, WH Tappeiner, JC Kellogg, LD Bailey, JD AF Hayes, JP Chan, SS Emmingham, WH Tappeiner, JC Kellogg, LD Bailey, JD TI Wildlife response to thinning young forests in the Pacific Northwest SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article ID DOUGLAS-FIR PLANTATIONS; OREGON COAST RANGE; WESTERN OREGON; STAND; DENSITY; TIMBER; BIRDS; SIZE C1 US FOREST SERV, USDA, PACIFIC NW FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN, CORVALLIS, OR USA. OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT FOREST ENGN, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. NO ARIZONA UNIV, SCH FORESTRY, FLAGSTAFF, AZ 86011 USA. OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT FOREST RESOURCES, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. RP Hayes, JP (reprint author), OREGON STATE UNIV, DEPT FOREST SCI, FORESTRY SCI LAB 020, PEAVY HALL 154, CORVALLIS, OR 97331 USA. RI Hayes, John/C-7967-2016 OI Hayes, John/0000-0002-6462-6876 NR 53 TC 83 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 9 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 95 IS 8 BP 28 EP 33 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XN728 UT WOS:A1997XN72800007 ER PT J AU Dix, ME Akkuzu, E Klopfenstein, NB Zhang, JW Kim, MS Foster, JE AF Dix, ME Akkuzu, E Klopfenstein, NB Zhang, JW Kim, MS Foster, JE TI Riparian refugia in agroforestry systems SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article ID ABUNDANCE; HABITAT; FIELDS; BIRDS C1 UNIV NEBRASKA, DEPT FORESTRY FISHERIES & WILDLIFE, LINCOLN, NE 68584 USA. US FOREST SERV, USDA, NATL AGROFORESTRY CTR, ROCKY MT RES STN, LINCOLN, NE USA. RP Dix, ME (reprint author), UNIV NEBRASKA, DEPT ENTOMOL, LINCOLN, NE 68584 USA. NR 38 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 95 IS 8 BP 38 EP 41 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA XN728 UT WOS:A1997XN72800010 ER PT J AU Stottlemyer, R Troendle, CA Markowitz, D AF Stottlemyer, R Troendle, CA Markowitz, D TI Change in snowpack, soil water, and streamwater chemistry with elevation during 1990, Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; ALPINE ECOSYSTEM; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; SNOWMELT WATER; TUNDRA STREAM; FRONT RANGE; NITROGEN; CATCHMENT; NITRATE; PRECIPITATION AB Every 7-10 days during the winter of 1989-1990, we measured precipitation ion input, snowpack water equivalent (SWE) and ion content, soil water and streamwater chemistry along a subalpine to alpine elevation gradient in the Fraser Experimental Forest (FEF), Colorado. The objective was to quantify the effect of elevation and aspect on snowpack ion accumulation and loss, and relate these processes to subsequent change in soil water and first-order stream chemistry during snowmelt. SWE increased with elevation (P < 0.001) and was greatest on NE aspects (P < 0.001), Snowpack ion concentration increased with elevation, with NH4+ and NO3- showing the most consistent (P < 0.05) increase throughout winter. Snowpack base cation (C-B) and SO42- concentrations were significantly higher on NE aspect transects. In most weeks, the snowpack NH4+ and NO3- content was highest (P < 0.05) in the alpine zone. Peak snowpack NH4+ and NO3- content totalled more than 1 kg inorganic N ha(-1). Alpine soil water NO3- concentration during and after snowmelt was greater (P < 0.001) than at lower elevations. However, there was no significant correlation between weekly snowpack ion loss and soil water chemistry. At the FEF, it seems that most snowmelt is routed through the watershed as subsurface flow. Soil processes such as ion exchange, biological uptake, overwinter nitrification and mineralization are probably major factors modifying melt water chemistry. There was no correlation between soil water chemistry and streamwater chemistry, which probably reflected the high variation in distance and time required for soil water to reach the stream. C1 US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FT COLLINS,CO 80526. DUKE UNIV,SCH ENVIRONM,DURHAM,NC 27708. RP Stottlemyer, R (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,NATL BIOL SERV,240 W PROSPECT RD,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. NR 58 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 195 IS 1-4 BP 114 EP 136 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03241-6 PG 23 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA XM204 UT WOS:A1997XM20400006 ER PT J AU Gause, WC Mitro, V Via, V Linsley, P Urban, JF Greenwald, RJ AF Gause, WC Mitro, V Via, V Linsley, P Urban, JF Greenwald, RJ TI Do effector and memory T helper cells also need B7 ligand costimulatory signals? SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID VERSUS-HOST DISEASE; CTLA4IG TREATMENT; REGULATORY ROLE; CTLA-4; TH2; CYTOKINES; INDUCTION; ANTIGEN; INVIVO; INTERLEUKIN-4 AB Blocking B7 ligand-costimulatory molecules can inhibit a primary T-dependent immune response, but whether these interactions also mediate ongoing or memory immune responses is less clear. Development of immunotherapies based on blocking B7 ligand interactions would be limited if they were effective only at the initiation of an immune response. We discuss the conditions under which T helper effector and memory cells may or may not require B7 ligand interactions for their function. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DIV CLIN IMMUNOL & RHEUMATOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. BRISTOL MYERS SQUIBB PHARMACEUT RES INST,DEPT CELLULAR IMMUNOL,SEATTLE,WA 98121. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,IMMUNOL & DIS RESISTANCE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Gause, WC (reprint author), UNIFORMED SERV UNIV HLTH SCI,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,4301 JONES BRIDGE RD,ROOM B3106,BETHESDA,MD 20814, USA. OI Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI31678] NR 47 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC IMMUNOLOGISTS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-1767 J9 J IMMUNOL JI J. Immunol. PD AUG 1 PY 1997 VL 159 IS 3 BP 1055 EP 1058 PG 4 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA XL789 UT WOS:A1997XL78900001 PM 9233595 ER PT J AU Kelly, TJ Chen, AC AF Kelly, TJ Chen, AC TI Cycling of ecdysteroid levels in adult female stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans in relation to blood feeding SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE blood meal; protein feeding; diptera; egg maturation ID MUSCA-DOMESTICA; FLY; MATURATION; MUSCIDAE; DIPTERA AB The effect of blood-feeding on total and specific immunoreactive ecdysteroids in Stomoxys calcitrans adult females was examined following the fourth and fifth blood meals when total whole body and hemolymph ecdysteroids showed a dramatic increase in the titer, In general, for both total and specific immunoreactive ecdysteroids that included highly polar material, 20,26-dihydroxyecdysone, 20-hydroxyecdysone and ecdysone, there were clear differences between the effects of the fourth and fifth meals, Following the fifth meal, the titers rose sooner, reached higher levels and remained high longer than those following the fourth meal, This is the first examination of the effects of back-to-back blood meals on total and specific ecdysteroid levels in an intermittent blood-feeding fly. These results suggest that both rates of synthesis and degradation are affected by blood-feeding and that the number of meals and possibly quantity of blood ingested affect the biochemical mechanisms that regulate ecdysteroid titers in S. calcitrans. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST PLANT SCI,NEMATOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 43 IS 8 BP 789 EP 794 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(97)00031-0 PG 6 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA YA242 UT WOS:A1997YA24200010 ER PT J AU Canals, A Gasbarre, LC Boyd, PC Almeria, S Zarlenga, DS AF Canals, A Gasbarre, LC Boyd, PC Almeria, S Zarlenga, DS TI Cloning and expression of bovine interleukin-15: Analysis and modulation of transcription by exogenous stimulation SO JOURNAL OF INTERFERON AND CYTOKINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID RECEPTOR-ALPHA CHAIN; IL-2 RECEPTOR; BETA-CHAIN; CELL PROLIFERATION; HUMAN MONOCYTES; KILLER-CELLS; IFN-GAMMA; INDUCTION; CYTOKINE; INFECTION AB The bovine interleukin-15 (IL-15) sequence was cloned from abomasal lymph node mRNA by enzymatic amplification of cDNA using human primers proximal to and including the translation start and stop sites. The open reading frame is 486 base pairs in length, and the proposed protein sequence shows 78.4% and 73.5% similarity with that predicted for the human and mouse sequences, respectively, Expressed and purified recombinant bovine IL-15 in the absence of the 48-amino acid leader sequence stimulated the proliferation of bovine lymphoblast cells at least 12-fold over background at maximum concentration levels. Competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed constitutive levels of IL-15 mRNA within a broad range of tissues and cell types. Lipopolysaccharide addition to adherent lymph node populations caused moderate increases in IL-15 transcription, whereas the addition of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and calcium ionophore failed to induce gene expression for this cytokine. Transcription of IL-15 was also downregulated in the presence of low concentrations of human recombinant interleukin-2. RP ARS, BARC E,USDA,IMMUNOL & DIS RESISTANCE LAB,ROOM 105, BLDG 1180, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. RI Almeria, Sonia/N-4663-2014 OI Almeria, Sonia/0000-0002-0558-5488 NR 31 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 1079-9907 EI 1557-7465 J9 J INTERF CYTOK RES JI J. Interferon Cytokine Res. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 17 IS 8 BP 473 EP 480 DI 10.1089/jir.1997.17.473 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Immunology GA XR583 UT WOS:A1997XR58300006 PM 9282828 ER PT J AU Welty, FK Lichtenstein, AH Barrett, PHR Dolnikowski, GG Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ AF Welty, FK Lichtenstein, AH Barrett, PHR Dolnikowski, GG Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ TI Production of apolipoprotein B-67 in apolipoprotein B-67/B-100 heterozygotes: Technical problems associated with leucine contamination in stable isotope studies SO JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE hypobetalipoproteinemia; apolipoprotein B; kinetics; metabolism; deuterium; lipoproteins; cholesterol; leucine; stable isotope ID B-CONTAINING LIPOPROTEINS; FAMILIAL HYPOBETALIPOPROTEINEMIA; TRUNCATED APOLIPOPROTEIN; B-100 KINETICS; RECEPTOR GENE; HUMAN-PLASMA; HEPG2 CELLS; SECRETION; DEGRADATION; METABOLISM AB In vivo kinetics of apoB were performed in three apoB-67/apoB-100 heterozygotes using a primed-constant infusion of (5,5,5-H-2(3))-leucine. Mean plasma VLDL and LDL apoB-67 concentrations were 0.05 +/- 0.01 mg/dl and 0.62 +/- 0.17 mg/dl, respectively, which were 0.2% and 2.8% of total plasma apoB concentrations. When cation exchange chromatography was used to separate plasma amino acids from fragments of polyacrylamide gels, the tracer/tracee ratio at plateau for VLDL apoB-67 was less than 50% of that observed when centrifugation was used. Mean fractional catabolic rate for LDL apoB-67 was 2-fold higher when the lower plateau was used in multicompartmental analysis compared to the higher plateau (0.70 +/- 0.21 Versus 0.31 +/- 0.06 pools per day, P = 0.06). The lower plateau resulted from introduction of unlabeled leucine during cation exchange chromatography; therefore, all samples were processed with centrifugation. Mean fractional catabolic rates for VLDL and LDL apoB-67 were not significantly different from VLDL and LDL apoB-100 (VLDL: 9.7 +/- 3.4 versus 18.1 +/- 8.6 pools per day, respectively, P = 0.19; LDL: 0.37 +/- 0.06 versus 0.34 +/- 0.11 pools per day, respectively, P = 0.66). Mean secretion rate of VLDL apoB-67 was 5.6% of VLDL apoB-100 (0.20 +/- 0.04 versus 3.6 +/- 1.3 mg/kg/day, P = 0.01). Fifty-three % of apoB-67 was directly removed from VLDL compared to only 3.5% of apoB-100 (P = 0.003), thus accounting for the lower proportion of apoB-67 in LDL (3.3 +/- 1.8%) as compared to VLDL (11.2 +/- 2.5%). Mean LDL production rate for apoB-67 was 2.6% of LDL apoB-100 (0.09 +/- 0.02 versus 3.50 +/- 1.39 mg/kg/day, P = 0.05). Thus, decreased secretion of apoB-67 is responsible for low levels of apoB-67. C1 TUFTS UNIV NEW ENGLAND MED CTR,GEN CLIN RES CTR,BOSTON,MA 02111. UNIV WASHINGTON,CTR BIOENGN,RESOURCE FACIL KINET ANAL,SEATTLE,WA 98195. RP Welty, FK (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,LIPID METAB LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. RI Barrett, Hugh/B-2745-2011; OI Barrett, Peter Hugh/0000-0003-3223-6125; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR00054]; NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-49110, HL-02626] NR 34 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPID RESEARCH INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0022-2275 J9 J LIPID RES JI J. Lipid Res. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 38 IS 8 BP 1535 EP 1543 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA XU911 UT WOS:A1997XU91100003 PM 9300775 ER PT J AU Rammer, DR Lebow, PK AF Rammer, DR Lebow, PK TI Shear strength of solid-sawn Douglas-fir beams SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB The objective of this study was to improve current shear design criteria by establishing a test method for creating a database of beam shear strength of solid-sawn Douglas-fir lumber and correlating it to shear block test results; verifying whether the beam-size equation is a valid correlation between shear strength and beam size for solid-sawn material; and determining whether shear strength is more dependent on shear area, volume, or depth for modeling purposes. Experimental results are presented for 160 shear strength tests on unsplit, green, sawn No. 2 or better Douglas-fir lumber. Five different size specimens, ranging from 38 by 89 mm (2 by 4 in.) to 38 by 337 mm (4 by 14 in.), were tested in five-point beam shear. ASTM D143 shear block miners were cut and tested from each beam. Results adjusted to 12% moisture content were compared with prior research on southern pine and Douglas-fir glued-laminated timber beams. Statistical methods of censored statistics and regression investigated the following possible correlations: shear strength to beam size and beam shear strength to ASTM shear block strength. Results indicate that (1) a five-point test setup can consistently produce beam shear failures over a wide range of beam sizes; (2) shear strength is dependent on beam shear area; and (3) beam shear strength is related to ASTM D143 shear block strength values provided the reentrant corner stress-concentration effects are considered. RP Rammer, DR (reprint author), FOREST SERV,USDA,FOREST PROD LABS,1 CLIFFORD PINCHOT DR,MADISON,WI 53705, USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0899-1561 J9 J MATER CIVIL ENG JI J. Mater. Civ. Eng. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 9 IS 3 BP 130 EP 138 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1997)9:3(130) PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA XM220 UT WOS:A1997XM22000005 ER PT J AU Oosumi, T Belknap, WR AF Oosumi, T Belknap, WR TI Characterization of the Sol3 family of nonautonomous transposable elements in tomato and potato SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE transposon; solanaceous; plant; inverted repeat ID INVERTED-REPEAT ELEMENTS; CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; DNA ELEMENTS; ZEA-MAYS; GENES; IDENTIFICATION; INSERTION; PROTEIN; PLANTS AB Sol3 transposons are mobile elements defined by long terminal inverted repeats which are found in tomato and potato. Members of the Sol3 family have been isolated from a variety of solanaceous species including Solanum tuberosum (potato), S. demissum, S. chacoense, Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), and L. hirsutum. While highly conserved elements are found within different species, Sol3 terminal inverted repeats can also flank unrelated sequences. Southern blot analysis indicates that Sol3 elements are less prevalent in the potato (approximately 50 copies) than in the tomato (>100 copies) genome. No Sol3-hybridizing sequences were observed in tobacco, While a number of Sol3 elements ranging in size from 500 bp to 2 kbp were sequenced, no transposase coding domains could be identified within the internal regions of the elements. The data suggest that the Sol3 represent a heterogeneous family of nonautonomous transposable elements associated with an as-yet-unidentified autonomous transposon. C1 ARS,USDA,WESTERN REG RES CTR,ALBANY,CA 94710. RI Belknap, William/B-4500-2009 NR 43 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0022-2844 J9 J MOL EVOL JI J. Mol. Evol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 45 IS 2 BP 137 EP 144 DI 10.1007/PL00006213 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA XN368 UT WOS:A1997XN36800006 PM 9236273 ER PT J AU Mattern, DL Scott, WD McDaniel, CA Weldon, PJ Graves, DE AF Mattern, DL Scott, WD McDaniel, CA Weldon, PJ Graves, DE TI Cembrene A and congeneric ketone isolated from the paracloacal glands of the Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis) SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY; SECRETIONS; LIPIDS; MISSISSIPPIENSIS; IDENTIFICATION; TRIGONATUS; TERMITIDAE AB A diterpene hydrocarbon and diterpene ketone isolated from the paracloacal gland secretions of the Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis) were examined by GC-MS and H-1-NMR, C-13-NMR, and IR spectroscopy, and identified as 4,8,12-trimethyl-1-(1-methylethenyl)-3,7,11-cyclotetradecatriene (cembrene A, 1) and its congeneric ketone, 4,8,12-trimethyl-1-(1-methylethenyl)-3, 7-cyclotetradecadien-10-one (2), respectively. This is the first report of cembrene A from a vertebrate; the ketone has not been described previously. C1 UNIV MISSISSIPPI,DEPT CHEM,UNIVERSITY,MS 38677. FS,SO FOREST EXPT STN,USDA,GULFPORT,MS 39505. SMITHSONIAN INST,CONSERVAT & RES CTR,FRONT ROYAL,VA 22630. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA 41474] NR 19 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 60 IS 8 BP 828 EP 831 DI 10.1021/np970129v PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA XT789 UT WOS:A1997XT78900024 PM 9287418 ER PT J AU Sobolev, VS Cole, RJ Dorner, JW Horn, BW Harrigan, GG Gloer, JB AF Sobolev, VS Cole, RJ Dorner, JW Horn, BW Harrigan, GG Gloer, JB TI Isolation and structure elucidation of a new metabolite produced by Aspergillus parasiticus SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article AB A new metabolite, 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxy-2-(1'-hydroxy-3'-oxobutyl)-arthraquinone, designated as asparasone A (1), was isolated from an Aspergillus parasiticus mutant (ATCC 20979), and its structure was deduced from spectral data. Several wild-type isolates of A. parasiticus also produced 1. Asparasone A (1) is structurally related to intermediates in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway. C1 UNIV IOWA,DEPT CHEM,IOWA CITY,IA 52242. RP Sobolev, VS (reprint author), ARS,USDA,NATL PEANUT RES LAB,1011 FORRESTER DR,DAWSON,GA 31742, USA. NR 4 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 60 IS 8 BP 847 EP 850 DI 10.1021/np970131m PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA XT789 UT WOS:A1997XT78900030 ER PT J AU Morlese, JF Forrester, T DelRosario, M Frazer, M Jahoor, F AF Morlese, JF Forrester, T DelRosario, M Frazer, M Jahoor, F TI Transferrin kinetics are altered in children with severe protein-energy malnutrition SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE transferrin concentration; transferrin synthesis; protein-energy malnutrition; children ID TRANSPORT PROTEINS; KWASHIORKOR; PHYSIOLOGY; TURNOVER; ALBUMIN; INDEX AB This study was undertaken to determine the following: 1) the kinetic changes responsible for the depletion and repletion of plasma transferrin (Tr) concentration in children with protein-energy malnutrition (PEM); 2) the role of infection in mediating these changes; and 3) whether plasma Tr concentration is related to body protein status. We measured plasma Tr concentration, and fractional (FSR) and absolute (ASR) Tr synthesis rates with the use of a constant intragastric infusion of H-2(3)-leucine in 14 children with PEM, at 2 d postadmission (study 1), 8 d postadmission when infections were under control (study 2), and at recovery (study 3). In studies 1 and 2, the children synthesized less Tr and had lower Tr concentrations compared with values at recovery. When infections were controlled, plasma Tr concentration rose, but Tr synthesis was unchanged, There were only fair correlations (P < 0.05) between plasma Tr concentrations and indices of wasting. Concerning malnourished children, we reached the following conclusions: 1) changes in the Tr pool size are achieved mainly through changes in synthesis rate; 2) infections play a minor role in reducing the Tr pool through either changes in the rate of catabolism or loss from the intravascular space; and 3) Tr concentration is not a very good indicator of protein nutritional status. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,USDA ARS,HOUSTON,TX 77030. UNIV W INDIES,TROP METAB RES UNIT,KINGSTON 7,JAMAICA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK41764] NR 29 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 127 IS 8 BP 1469 EP 1474 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA XQ504 UT WOS:A1997XQ50400006 PM 9237939 ER PT J AU Pascual, M Jahoor, F Reeds, PJ AF Pascual, M Jahoor, F Reeds, PJ TI Dietary glucose is extensively recycled in the splanchnic bed of fed adult mice SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE dietary glucose metabolism; stable isotopes; gluconeogenesis; mice ID ISOTOPOMER DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS; HEPATIC GLYCOGEN REPLETION; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; CONSCIOUS DOG; KREBS CYCLE; GLUCONEOGENESIS; MASS; PATHWAYS; LIVER; METABOLISM AB Quantification of the metabolism of dietary glucose by the splanchnic tissues is incomplete, Whether habitual carbohydrate intake affects splanchnic glucose metabolism is not known, Female mice were offered isoenergetic and isonitrogenous quantities of diets containing high (HCD) or low (LCD) amounts of carbohydrate, 5% of which was [U-C-13]-glucose. Four mice from each dietary group were killed after 24, 48 and 120 h. The C-13-isotopomer distribution in blood glucose, lactate and alanine and in hepatic alanine and glycogen was measured by selected ion monitoring mass spectrometry. [U-C-13]-Glucose and its products, [U-C-13]-lactate and alanine, were in complete isotopic equilibrium in the blood. The tracer:tracee ratio of hepatic [U-C-13]-alanine was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than that of circulating alanine. In both groups, the tracer:tracee ratio of circulating [U-C-13]-glucose was significantly (P < 0.001) lower than that of the dietary carbohydrate, and the ratio of [C-13(3)]-glucose:[U-C-13]-glucose [0.57 (HCD) and 0.78 (LCD); diet effect P < 0.05], a measure of glucose metabolic cycling, was between two-and fivefold higher than published values obtained with intravenous tracer glucose. The tracer:tracee ratio of [U-C-13]-glycogen glucose was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of arterial glucose. We conclude the following: 1) dietary glucose is extensively recycled, via pyruvate, within the liver; 2) this metabolic cycle is maintained in mice consuming low carbohydrate diets; and 3) dietary carbohydrate is channelled to hepatic glycogen. We speculate that the metabolic cycling of enteral glucose is related to the hepatic catabolism of dietary protein. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,USDA ARS,HOUSTON,TX 77030. NR 36 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 127 IS 8 BP 1480 EP 1488 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA XQ504 UT WOS:A1997XQ50400008 PM 9237941 ER PT J AU Baer, DJ Oftedal, OT Rumpler, WV Ullrey, DE AF Baer, DJ Oftedal, OT Rumpler, WV Ullrey, DE TI Dietary fiber influences nutrient utilization, growth and dry matter intake of green iguanas (Iguana iguana) SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE Iguana iguana; growth rate; digestibility; neutral detergent fiber; energy intake ID BODY-TEMPERATURE; FOOD; DIGESTION; LIZARDS; HERBIVORES AB Herbivory is an uncommon feeding strategy in lizards. Appropriate diet formulations for captive lizards should be based on performance measures, yet few data are available on the effect of plant fiber on food intake, nutrient utilization and growth of captive herbivorous lizards. This study was conducted to determine the effect of three levels of dietary fiber on dry matter intake, nutrient and energy metabolizability and growth rate of the green iguana (Iguana iguana). Twenty-one captive iguanas were fed nutritionally complete diets containing three levels of dietary fiber: 19, 24, and 27% neutral detergent fiber. The iguanas were fed each diet for at least 12 wk, and total excreta were collected for 11.3 +/- 4.0 d (means +/- SEM, range of 7 to 25 d). Diets and excreta were analyzed for dry matter, organic matter, gross energy, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and acid detergent lignin. The study was designed as a Latin square crossover. Across all diets, dry matter intake was proportional to body mass(1.0) (BM). Growth rate was greater (P < 0.05) when iguanas were fed the low and medium fiber diets (2.2 and 2.4 g/d, respectively) than when fed the high fiber diet (1.4 g/d). However, mean daily dry matter intake of the three diets [7.2 g/(d . kg BM)] was not different. In general, digestibility of fiber fractions and the metabolizability of dietary energy decreased (P < 0.05) as the level of dietary fiber increased. These data suggest that a diet containing less than 27% neutral detergent fiber should be fed if rapid growth is to be sustained during intensive captive production of green iguanas. C1 ARS,BARC E,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,DIET & HUMAN PERFORMANCE LAB,USDA,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT ANIM SCI,COMPARAT NUTR GRP,E LANSING,MI 48824. RP Baer, DJ (reprint author), SMITHSONIAN INST,NATL ZOOL PK,DEPT ZOOL RES,WASHINGTON,DC 20008, USA. NR 32 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 127 IS 8 BP 1501 EP 1507 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA XQ504 UT WOS:A1997XQ50400011 PM 9237944 ER PT J AU Tucker, KL Selhub, J Rosenberg, I AF Tucker, KL Selhub, J Rosenberg, I TI Some vitamin sources relating to plasma homocysteine provide not only folate but also vitamins B-12 and B-6 - Response SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Letter RP Tucker, KL (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER USDA HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 127 IS 8 BP 1536 EP 1536 PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA XQ504 UT WOS:A1997XQ50400018 ER PT J AU Waters, WR Reinhardt, TA Harp, JA AF Waters, WR Reinhardt, TA Harp, JA TI Oral administration of putrescine inhibits Cryptosporidium parvum infection of neonatal C57BL-6 mice and is independent of nitric oxide synthesis SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SUSCEPTIBILITY; POLYAMINES; ARGININE; CELLS; GAMMA AB We examined the efficacy of oral administration of putrescine (a byproduct of arginine metabolism) in the prevention of Cryptosporidium parvum infection of neonatal C57BL-6 mice. Mice were challenged with the parasite at 7 days of age. Mice receiving putrescine from 3 through 10 days of age had a delayed pattern of infection as compared with control mice. Mice receiving putrescine from 3 through 21 days of age did not become infected, whereas control mice were heavily infected. We also rested the hypothesis that putrescine inhibited C. parvum infection by enhancing nitric oxide (NO) production, Mice receiving the NO inhibitor N omega-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) parenterally and putrescine orally did not become infected. Thus, it appears that putrescine inhibits C. parvum infection in an NO-independent manner. C1 USDA ARS, NATL ANIM DIS CTR, METAB DIS & IMMUNOL RES UNIT, AMES, IA 50010 USA. RI Reinhardt, Timothy/A-7536-2009 OI Reinhardt, Timothy/0000-0001-5552-2509 FU NIAID NIH HHS [T32 AI07378] NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 83 IS 4 BP 746 EP 750 DI 10.2307/3284255 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA XR150 UT WOS:A1997XR15000031 PM 9267420 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP AF Dubey, JP TI Distribution of tissue cysts in organs of rats fed Toxoplasma gondii oocysts SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Toxoplasma gondii-infected rats are considered important in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis because they can serve as a source of infection for pigs and possibly for cats. To study the distribution of tissue cysts, 10 Sprague-Dawley female adult rats were fed 1 oocyst (3 rats, group A) or 10(5) oocysts (3 rats, group B) of the VEG strain or 10(4) oocysts of the GT-1 strain (4 rats, group C) of T. gondii. All rats in a group were killed at 1 time: 76 (group A), 240 (group B), and 443 (group C) days after oocyst inoculation (DAI). Tissue cysts were seen in the brains of all 10 rats by direct microscopic examination. Portions or whole organs from heart, lung, liver, spleen, small intestines, kidneys, skeletal muscle, eyes, mesenteric lymph nodes, stomach, uterus, and tongue from ail rats in a group were pooled by organ, digested in acid-pepsin solution for 60 min, washed in saline, and then bioassayed in mice. Based on bioassay in mice, tissue cysts were present in 3 extraneural tissues of rats from group A, 6 extraneural organs of group B, and in 10 extraneural organs of rats of group C. Tissue cysts were present in skeletal muscles and kidneys of all 3 groups. Thus, tissue cysts are formed both in neural and extraneural tissues of rats. Therefore portions of infected rats, excluding the head, can be a source of infection for pigs and cats. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 13 TC 13 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 83 IS 4 BP 755 EP 757 DI 10.2307/3284258 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA XR150 UT WOS:A1997XR15000034 PM 9267423 ER PT J AU Jensen, CL Prager, TC Fraley, JK Chen, HM Anderson, RE Heird, WC AF Jensen, CL Prager, TC Fraley, JK Chen, HM Anderson, RE Heird, WC TI Effect of dietary linoleic/alpha-linolenic acid ratio on growth and visual function of term infants SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID POLYUNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS; 1ST YEAR GROWTH; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; ARACHIDONIC-ACID; PRETERM INFANTS; FETAL GROWTH; GENE-TRANSCRIPTION; BREAST-MILK; ERUCIC-ACID; WEIGHT-GAIN AB Objectives: To determine the effect of a-linolenic acid (ALA) intake (or the dietary linoleic acid [LA]/ALA ratio) on the growth and visual function of term infants. Study design: Normal term infants were assigned randomly and in masked fashion at birth to receive formulas with approximately 16% of total fatty acids as LA and 0.4%, 1.0%, 1.7%, or 3.2% of fatty acids as ALA (LA/ALA ratios of 44, 18.2, 9.7, and 4.8) for the first 4 months of life. The fatty acid pattern of plasma phospholipids was determined shortly after birth and at approximately 21, 60, and 120 days of age. Anthropometric data were obtained at the same times and also at approximately 240 days of age. Transient visual evoked responses (VERs) were measured at approximately 120 and 240 days of age. For comparisons, anthropometric and VER data also were obtained in infants who were exclusively breast-fed for the first 4 months of life. Results: Infants who received the formula with 3.2% ALA (LA/ALA ratio, 4.8) had higher plasma concentrations of phospholipid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) but lower concentrations of arachidonic acid at 21, 60, and 120 days of age. Mean weight of this group at 120 days of age was 760 gm less (p < 0.05) than the mean weight of the group that received the formula with 0.4% ALA (LA/ALA ratio, 44). Despite differences in plasma phospholipid DHA contents among groups, neither VER latency nor amplitude differed significantly among formula groups or between any formula group and age-matched, breast-fed infants. Conclusions: The highest versus the lowest ALA intake (or the lowest vs the highest LA/ALA ratio) resulted in higher plasma phospholipid DHA content from 21 to 120 days of age but was not associated with improved visual function as assessed by transient VER. Moreover, mean body weight of infants who received the highest versus lowest ALA intake was less at 120 days (p < 0.05). These data suggest that the lower LA/ALA ratios currently recommended for infant formulas should not be adopted until the effect of such ratios on growth are evaluated more completely. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED, DEPT OPHTHALMOL, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. BAYLOR COLL MED, DEPT BIOCHEM, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. UNIV TEXAS, HLTH SCI CTR, HERMANN EYE CTR, HOUSTON, TX USA. RP Jensen, CL (reprint author), BAYLOR COLL MED, USDA ARS, CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR, DEPT PEDIAT, 1100 BATES ST, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. FU NEI NIH HHS [EY00871, EY04149] NR 53 TC 109 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 2 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 J9 J PEDIATR-US JI J. Pediatr. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 131 IS 2 BP 200 EP 209 DI 10.1016/S0022-3476(97)70154-9 PG 10 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA XU680 UT WOS:A1997XU68000010 PM 9290604 ER PT J AU Fellers, JP Guenzi, AC Porter, DR AF Fellers, JP Guenzi, AC Porter, DR TI Marker proteins associated with somatic embryogenesis of wheat callus cultures SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE embryogenesis; proteins; two-dimensional PAGE; wheat ID PLANT-REGENERATION; POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS; TISSUE-CULTURE; CARROT; ELECTROPHORESIS; INDUCTION; GENES; ACID AB A marker protein for embryogenic potential could be useful in determining if target tissue for microprojectile bombardment has the ability to regenerate plants. The identification of such a protein in wheat callus cultures was approached by using isoelectric focusing and SDS-PAGE of proteins labeled in vivo with (35)[S]-methionine and cysteine. Protein profile differences were examined in embryogenic (E-callus) and non-embryogenic (NE-callus) wheat callus, 105 or 271 d: after callus initiation. Callus was maintained on medium containing either 5.6 or 9 mu mol/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Proteins unique to E-callus (E-proteins) were identified by computer assisted analysis of scanned images of fluorographs of in vivo-labeled proteins of E-and NE-callus. Thirty-three E-proteins were identified in 105-day-old E-callus growing on 5.6 mu mol/L 2,4-D, 71 E-proteins in 105-day-old callus on 9 mu mol/L 2,4-D, 43 E-proteins in 271-day-old callus on 5.6 mu mol/L 2,4-D, and 39 E-proteins in 271-day-old callus growing on 9 mu mol/L 2,4-D. Of these E-proteins, 10 were in 105-day-old callus regardless of 2,4-D concentration. One E-protein was present in 271-day-old callus from both 2,4-D concentrations. Two E-proteins with relative molecular masses/pIs of 43.0/7.6 and 27.0/8.2 were present in E-callus from three of the four treatments. These proteins could be used as markers for determining if tissue has embryogenic potential. C1 OKLAHOMA STATE UNIV,DEPT AGRON,STILLWATER,OK 74078. USDA,ARS,PLANT SCI RES LAB,STILLWATER,OK 74075. RP Fellers, JP (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT BOT,BOX 7612,RALEIGH,NC 27613, USA. NR 28 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 151 IS 2 BP 201 EP 208 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XT591 UT WOS:A1997XT59100010 ER PT J AU PattonMallory, M Pellicane, PJ Smith, FW AF PattonMallory, M Pellicane, PJ Smith, FW TI Modeling bolted connections in wood: Review SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID PIN-LOADED HOLES; FINITE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS; STEEL SIDE-MEMBERS; LAMINATED COMPOSITES; ORTHOTROPIC PLATES; SLIP RELATIONSHIP; FAILURE ANALYSIS; NONLINEAR LOAD; ELASTIC-FOUNDATION; GENERALIZED THEORY AB This paper presents a discussion of salient issues surrounding the modeling and, performance of bolted connections in wood construction To understand the complex behavior of bolted joints under load, a number of key issues related to Connection geometry, material, and mechanics need to be understood Issues addressed in this paper include the design philosophy of bolted joints (allowable stress and reliability-based design), the influence of connection geometry on behavior under load, and a discussion of previous models that have been used to predict connection performance. Discussions of the key models used to predict connection behavior, including the European yield model, which currently serves as a basis for allowable connection load in U.S. codes, and various failure criteria are presented. Of particular interest is the discussion of the strengths and weaknesses of the two-dimensional (2D) models that have been used historically to quantify connection behavior. These are seen relative to developments in three-dimensional (3D) modeling of bolted connections, The contributions of modeling pin/wood contact surfaces to connection behavior prediction are also considered. C1 COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST SCI,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT MECH ENGN,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. RP PattonMallory, M (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FT COLLINS,CO 80523, USA. NR 98 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 4 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD AUG PY 1997 VL 123 IS 8 BP 1054 EP 1062 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1997)123:8(1054) PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA XM355 UT WOS:A1997XM35500011 ER PT J AU PattonMallory, M Cramer, SM Smith, FW Pellicane, PJ AF PattonMallory, M Cramer, SM Smith, FW Pellicane, PJ TI Nonlinear material models for analysis of bolted wood connections SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID POLE FAILURE AB Three-dimensional (3D) constitutive models for wood were developed and evaluated for use in a 3D numerical model of a bolted wood connection. The connection model applies to parallel-to-grain loading of wood. Nonlinear parallel-to-grain compression of wood and degradation of shear stiffness are described using a trilinear stress-strain relationship. Elastic parameters were determined that best fit numerically predicted load-displacement (P-Delta) curves to those obtained from experiments on bolted connections. The connection model also accounted for an elastic-perfectly plastic steel pin, oversized hole, and a changing contact surface at the pin-hole interface. The numerically obtained P-Delta curves were generally stiffer than the experimental curves but displayed important characteristics found in the experimentally obtained curves. Effects of material property assumptions and different forms of the trilinear curves were also evaluated. C1 UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT CIVIL & ENVIRONM ENGN,MADISON,WI 53706. COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT MECH ENGN,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT FOREST SCI,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. RP PattonMallory, M (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPT STN,FT COLLINS,CO 80526, USA. NR 26 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD AUG PY 1997 VL 123 IS 8 BP 1063 EP 1070 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1997)123:8(1063) PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA XM355 UT WOS:A1997XM35500012 ER PT J AU Fields, M Lewis, CG AF Fields, M Lewis, CG TI Impaired endocrine and exocrine pancreatic functions in copper-deficient rats: The effect of gender SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE copper deficiency; iron; pancreas; insulin; lipase; amylase; male; female rats ID DIETARY CARBOHYDRATE; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; GLUCOSE-TOLERANCE; GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; HIGH-FRUCTOSE; FEMALE RATS; TISSUES; DEFEROXAMINE AB Objective: To examine the effect of gender on endocrine and exocrine pancreatic function in female and male rats fed from weaning a copper-deficient diet. Methods: Weanling male and female rats were fed a copper-deficient or adequate diet for 4 weeks. Rats were sacrificed after an overnight fast. Livers and pancreata were removed, weighed and the concentrations of copper and iron were determined. In addition, insulin was measured in pancreatic tissue and plasma. Lipase and amylase activities were measured in pancreas. Lipid peroxidation was assessed in liver. Results: Copper deficiency in the male resulted in a profound reduced glandular mass of the pancreas. The pancreas contained low activities of lipase and amylase but excessive levels of insulin. Iron retention in the pancreas of the copper-deficient male rat was greater than in the female counterpart. Effects of copper deficiency in female rats on pancreas mass and endocrine pancreas were of lesser magnitude compared with males. Plasma insulin in the female rat was much higher than in the male rat. Hepatic lipid peroxidation was increased by copper deficiency in the male rat but was unaffected in the female. Conclusions: Data show that pancreatic atrophy is more pronounced in males compared with females, and the endocrine pancreas of the male is more susceptible to dietary copper deprivation than the female rat. The greater degree of pancreatic atrophy and associated abnormalities in males compared with females may be related to the greater retention of pancreatic iron and subsequent peroxidative damage. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Metab & Nutr Interact Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Fields, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Metab & Nutr Interact Lab, Room 323,Bldg 307,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 58 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 16 IS 4 BP 346 EP 351 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YT620 UT WOS:000071625300008 PM 9263184 ER PT J AU Lakritz, L Jones, KC AF Lakritz, L Jones, KC TI Separation and quantitation of cholesterol oxides by HPLC with an evaporative light scattering detector in a model system SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE cholesterol; cholesterol oxidation products; evaporative light-scattering detection; HPLC; quantitation ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY AB A method to analyze cholesterol and 10 of its oxidation products, ranging from the weakly polar cholest-4-ene-3,6-dione to moderately polar cholest-5-ene-3 beta,7 alpha-diol, in a single run is described, The separation was achieved by normal-phase gradient high-performance liquid chromatography with an evaporative light-scattering detector. This universal mass detector does not detect changes in solvent composition; this makes it possible to employ gradients, an essential technique whenever a wide range of compounds with diverse characteristics is to be separated. Standards at Concentrations from 0.1-1.0 mu g were separated within 37 min on an alumina/silica column with a gradient elution system that contained dichloromethane, acetonitrile, and water. RP Lakritz, L (reprint author), USDA ARS,ERRC,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 13 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 74 IS 8 BP 943 EP 946 DI 10.1007/s11746-997-0008-1 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XR227 UT WOS:A1997XR22700008 ER PT J AU Foglia, TA Nelson, LA Dunn, RO Marmer, WN AF Foglia, TA Nelson, LA Dunn, RO Marmer, WN TI Low-temperature properties of alkyl esters of tallow and grease SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE alkyl esters; cloud point (CP); cold filter plugging point (CFPP); crystallization onset temperatures; kinematic viscosity; low-temperature flow test (LTFT); pour point (PP) ID DIESEL FUEL BLENDS; VEGETABLE-OILS; ENGINES; METHYL; EMISSIONS AB The low-temperature properties of mono-alkyl esters derived from tallow and recycled greases were determined for neat esters and 20% ester blends in No. 2 low-sulfur diesel fuel. Properties studied included cloud point, pour point, cold filter plugging point, low-temperature flow test, crystallization onset temperature, and kinematic viscosity. Compositional properties of the alkyl esters determined included water, residual free fatty acids, and free glycerol content. In general, the secondary alkyl esters of tallow showed significantly improved cold-temperature properties over the normal tallow alkyl ester derivatives. The low-temperature flow test did not show a 1:1 correlation with cloud point as previously observed with methyl soyate and methyl tallowate. For the homologous series methyl to n-butyl tallowate, ethyl tallowate had the best broad-spectrum low-temperature properties, both neat and when blended in diesel fuel. For the greases studied, both the normal and branched alkyl ester derivatives showed improved properties over corresponding tallow esters, especially with neat esters. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP Foglia, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS,ERRC,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 20 TC 91 Z9 93 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 74 IS 8 BP 951 EP 955 DI 10.1007/s11746-997-0010-7 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XR227 UT WOS:A1997XR22700010 ER PT J AU Kwanyuen, P Pantalone, VR Burton, JW Wilson, RF AF Kwanyuen, P Pantalone, VR Burton, JW Wilson, RF TI A new approach to genetic alteration of soybean protein composition and quality SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE amino acids; composition; genetics; Glycine soja; protein quality; storage protein; wild soybean; 11S; 7S ID GLYCINE-MAX L; BETA-CONGLYCININ; STORAGE PROTEIN; METHIONINE; SUBUNIT; SEEDS; LACKING AB Although soybeans produce high-quality meal, modern animal and fish production systems often require synthetic essential amino acid supplements to fortify feed rations. However, biotechnology may enable development of soybeans with naturally adequate levels of certain essential amino acids for advanced feed formulations. One approach involves genetic manipulation of glycinin (11S) and beta-conglycinin (7S) contents, the principal components of soybean storage proteins. Because 11S contains more cysteine and methionine than 7S protein, a higher 11S:7S ratio could lead to beneficial changes in the nutritional quality of soybean meal. Although genotypic variation for 11S:7S may be low among soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm, ratios ranging from 1.7-4.9 were observed among accessions of the wild ancestor of cultivated soybean (Glycine soja Sieb. and Zucc.). Thus, wild soybean germplasm was evaluated as a potential source-of genes that govern protein synthesis that may have been lost during the domestication of G. max. Change in the amount of 11S protein accounts for a significant portion of the genotypic variation in protein concentration and composition among wild soybeans. Strong positive correlation exists between the 11S:7S ratio and methionine or cysteine concentration of total protein. Moderate positive associations were found for threonine or tyrosine. A moderate negative correlation was found between lysine and 11S:7S. No association was found for leucine and phenylalanine or for total essential amino acid concentration. Based on these data, G. soja may contain a different complement of genes that influence expression of 11S and 7S proteins than G. max germplasm. Thus, through interspecific hybridization, wild soybeans may be a useful genetic resource for the further improvement of protein quality in cultivated soybeans. C1 N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP SCI,RALEIGH,NC 27695. RP Kwanyuen, P (reprint author), N CAROLINA STATE UNIV,USDA ARS,RALEIGH,NC 27695, USA. NR 25 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 74 IS 8 BP 983 EP 987 DI 10.1007/s11746-997-0015-2 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XR227 UT WOS:A1997XR22700015 ER PT J AU Hollingsworth, J AF Hollingsworth, J TI USDA plans for BSE contingency SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material RP Hollingsworth, J (reprint author), FOOD SAFETY & INSPECT SERV,USDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD AUG 1 PY 1997 VL 211 IS 3 BP 273 EP 273 PG 1 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA XP093 UT WOS:A1997XP09300007 PM 9262658 ER PT J AU Ryan, S AF Ryan, S TI Morphologic response of subalpine streams to transbasin flow diversion SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE wildland hydrology; mountain streams; subalpine environment; flow diversion; geomorphic impacts; channel processes ID RIVER; GRAVEL; OREGON; ENTRAINMENT; COLORADO; FLOODS; DAMS AB Flow has been diverted from Rocky Mountain streams for many years with little documentation of the impacts on physical form and biological function of the losing stream system. This study addresses whether differences in form can be detected in subalpine step-pool, plane bed, or pool-riffle channels and linked to changes in flow regime from diversion. Total annual discharge was reduced between 20 and 60 percent and average annual peak flow was reduced up to 45 percent in the subalpine systems assessed; channels were diverted between 20 and 100 years. Expected impacts include reduced conveyance and changes in vegetation growth patterns because formerly active surfaces are colonized by riparian species, effectuating shrinking channel capacity. In this study, reduced channel width is used as an indicator of morphologic response. Observed reductions in width, ranging from 35 to 50 percent at some sites, resulted not only from vegetation invasion of stable surfaces but also from the development of an inset beside former cut banks. This observation, however, was restricted to wider pool-riffle channels with gravel bars. Outside of these areas, morphologic changes were either subtle or absent. The absence of widespread response is attributed primarily to periodic ''flooding'' of the diverted channel. During wetter-than-average years when excess water is available, minimal flow is diverted and the hydrograph resembles a free-flowing regime. The release of high flow to the natural channel potentially offsets changes in form incurred during ''dry'' periods. The stable nature and structure of subalpine channels also contributes to the absence of reduced capacity. RP Ryan, S (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,FORESTRY SCI LAB,222 S 22ND ST,LARAMIE,WY 82070, USA. NR 51 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 33 IS 4 BP 839 EP 854 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04109.x PG 16 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA XY941 UT WOS:A1997XY94100011 ER PT J AU Bakke, PD Pyles, MR AF Bakke, PD Pyles, MR TI Predictive model for nitrate load in the Bull Run Watershed, Oregon SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE nitrate load; model; streamflow; Bull Run Watershed; time series ID STREAM AB Predictive models for nitrate in four streams in the Bull Run Watershed in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon were developed from a record of 17 years of nitrate samples. The models are time series regression models written in terms of Log(nitrate load). The independent variables are logarithm of 14-day mean daily stream discharge, current day's precipitation, logarithm of the previous day's precipitation, total precipitation for the previous seven days, a hydrograph position variable that indicates rising or falling limb, and average maximum air temperature for the preceding 14 days. The models describe annual cycle and seasonable trends and variations in nitrate load, but are unable to describe large day to day variations like those associated with hydrograph peaks. C1 OREGON STATE UNIV,FOREST ENGN DEPT,CORVALLIS,OR 97331. RP Bakke, PD (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,WINEAM NATL FOREST,2819 DAHLIA ST,KLAMATH FALLS,OR 97601, USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 33 IS 4 BP 897 EP 906 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04113.x PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA XY941 UT WOS:A1997XY94100015 ER PT J AU Bonta, JV Amerman, CR Harlukowicz, TJ Dich, WA AF Bonta, JV Amerman, CR Harlukowicz, TJ Dich, WA TI Impact of coal surface mining on three Ohio watersheds - Surface-water hydrology SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE strip mine; surface mine; hydrology; curve number; peak flow; flow duration ID GROUNDWATER AB A study was conducted to determine the effects of mining and reclaiming originally undisturbed watersheds on surface-water hydrology in three small experimental watersheds in Ohio. Approximately six years of data were collected at each site, with differing lengths of premining (Phase 1), mining and reclamation (Phase 2), and post-reclamation (Phase 3) periods. Mining and reclamation activities showed no consistent pattern in base-flow, and caused slightly more frequent higher daily flow volumes. Phase 2 activities can cause reductions in seasonal variation in double mass curves compared with Phase 1. Restoration of seasonal variations was noticeably apparent at one site during Phase 3. The responses of the watersheds to rainfall intensities causing larger peak flow rates generally decreased due to mining and reclamation, but tended to exceed responses observed in Phase 1 during Phase 3. Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) curve numbers increased due to mining and reclamation (Phase 2), ranging from 83 to 91. During Phase 3, curve numbers remained approximately constant from Phase 2, ranging from 87 to 91. C1 USDA ARS,NATL PROGRAM STAFF,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. OHIO STATE UNIV,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,SCH NAT RESOURCES,WOOSTER,OH 44691. PUBL SERV ELECT & GAS,NEWARK,NJ 07102. RP Bonta, JV (reprint author), ARS,USDA,N APPALACHIAN EXPT WATERSHED,POB 488,COSHOCTON,OH 43812, USA. NR 23 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 33 IS 4 BP 907 EP 917 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1997.tb04114.x PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA XY941 UT WOS:A1997XY94100016 ER PT J AU Gomez, E Ledbetter, CA AF Gomez, E Ledbetter, CA TI Development of volatile compounds during fruit maturation: Characterization of apricot and plum x apricot hybrids SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE aroma; volatile compounds; apricot; maturation; plum x apricot hybrids ID AROMA COMPONENTS; PRUNUS-ARMENIACA; CONSTITUENTS; PEACHES; VARIETY AB Optimum fruit quality depends upon a number of factors, including fruit developmental stage at harvest. The volatile constituents present in apricot fruit and plumcot accession P251-002 during three different developmental stages have been studied, as well as some physical characteristics such as weight, firmness, degrees Brix, titratable acidity and flesh and skin colour. The volatile compounds behaved differently during the fruit maturation period, alcohols being the most important group, quantitatively, during the three developmental stages in apricot fruit. In plumcot, total volatiles obtained from fruit sample extractions were very similar in each developmental stage; however, the aromatic profile of constituents changed as fruit maturity progressed to a tree ripe stage. Important differences were found in the volatile constituents profile for both fruits; at the tree ripe stage, the concentration of lactones and terpenic alcohols, characteristic compounds of apricot aroma, were much higher in apricot than plumcot, the latter more resembling a plum aromatic profile. Even with the important presence of lactones that gives a very aromatic apricot when tree ripe, the low firmness at this point does not allow any commercial use of the fruit. C1 ARS,USDA,HORT CROPS RES LAB,POSTHARVEST QUAL & GENET RES UNIT,FRESNO,CA 93727. RP Gomez, E (reprint author), CTR INVEST & DESARROLLO AGROALIMENTARIO,CTRA LA ALBERCA,MURCIA 30150,SPAIN. NR 29 TC 37 Z9 49 U1 4 U2 12 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 74 IS 4 BP 541 EP 546 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199708)74:4<541::AID-JSFA851>3.0.CO;2-D PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA XR220 UT WOS:A1997XR22000017 ER PT J AU Korthals, RL Chen, YR Hahn, GL Eigenberg, RA AF Korthals, RL Chen, YR Hahn, GL Eigenberg, RA TI Calculation of fractal dimension from cattle thermoregulatory responses SO JOURNAL OF THERMAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chaos; stress; environment; tympanic; temperature; thermoregulation; animals ID SWINE AB Fractal dimension analyses have previously been shown to objectively classify thermoregulatory responses of cattle to non-stressing and stressing thermal environments. This report presents a geometric method for calculating fractal dimensions (D) from time-series datasets of tympanic temperatures, and evaluates the effects of sampling intervals, recording system resolution and noise, and length of sample datasets on the calculated D-value. From these analyses, recommendations were developed for minimum temperature data resolution (0.16 degrees C), sampling interval (3 to 15 min), and data set length (integer multiples of 24-h periods). To reduce the impact of 'noise' in the recording system to less than 5% change in the D-value, the number of errors times the magnitude of the errors (degrees C) should be limited to 0.64 when substituting for missing or questionable data. The fractal dimension computed using the prescribed technique with data collected according to the recommended criteria allows use of all collected data, without requiring removal of underlying deterministic functions or filtering of the data. The method is robust and provides objective differentiation of thermal stress levels in cattle, thereby serving as a basis for environmental evaluation and management. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Korthals, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 31 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4565 J9 J THERM BIOL JI J. Therm. Biol. PD AUG-OCT PY 1997 VL 22 IS 4-5 BP 285 EP 293 DI 10.1016/S0306-4565(97)00024-7 PG 9 WC Biology; Zoology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Zoology GA YQ222 UT WOS:000071363000008 ER PT J AU Karasev, AV Hilf, ME Garnsey, SM Dawson, WO AF Karasev, AV Hilf, ME Garnsey, SM Dawson, WO TI Transcriptional strategy of closteroviruses: Mapping the 5' termini of the citrus tristeza virus subgenomic RNAs SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID BEET YELLOWS CLOSTEROVIRUS; CUCUMBER MOSAIC-VIRUS; DOUBLE-STRANDED RNAS; GENOME STRUCTURE; IN-VITRO; REPLICATION; EXPRESSION; EVOLUTION; IDENTIFICATION; GUANOSINE AB Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) induces formation of a nested set of at least nine 3' coterminal subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs) in infected tissue, The organization and expression of the 19,296-nucleotide (nt) CTV genome resembles that of coronaviruses, with polyprotein processing, translational frameshifting, and multiple sgRNA formation, but phylogenetically the CTV polymerase, like polymerases of other closteroviruses, belongs to the Sindbis virus-like lineage of RNA virus polymerases. Both positive-strand RNA virus supergroups, coronaviruses and Sindbis-like viruses, utilize different mechanisms of transcription. To address the mechanism of CTV transcription, 5' termini for the two most abundant sgRNAs, 1.5 and 0.9 kb, respectively, were mapped by runoff reverse transcription. The two sgRNAs were demonstrated to have 48- and 38-nt 5' untranslated regions (5'-UTRs), respectively. The 5'-UTR for the 1.5-kb RNA was cloned, sequenced, and demonstrated to be colinear with the 48-nt genomic sequence upstream of the initiator codon of the respective open reading frame 10, i.e., to be of continuous template origin. The data obtained suggest that the sgRNA transcription of CTV is dissimilar from the coronavirus transcription and consistent with the transcriptional mechanism of other Sindbis-like viruses. Thus, the Sindbis virus-like mechanism of transcription of the positive-strand RNA genomes might be successfully utilized by the closterovirus genome of up to 19.3 kb with multiple sgRNAs. C1 USDA ARS,HORT RES LAB,ORLANDO,FL 32803. RP Karasev, AV (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,CTR AGR RES & EDUC,CTR CITRUS RES & EDUC,700 EXPT STN RD,LAKE ALFRED,FL 33850, USA. NR 30 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 71 IS 8 BP 6233 EP 6236 PG 4 WC Virology SC Virology GA XK153 UT WOS:A1997XK15300068 PM 9223524 ER PT J AU Cheevers, WP Beyer, JC Knowles, DP AF Cheevers, WP Beyer, JC Knowles, DP TI Type 1 and type 2 cytokine gene expression by viral gp135 surface protein-activated T lymphocytes in caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus infection SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; HIV-INFECTION; PROGRESSIVE ARTHRITIS; ANTIBODY-RESPONSE; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; SYNOVIAL-FLUID; GOATS; VIRUS; IMMUNODOMINANT; EPITOPES AB Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from Saanen goats experimentally infected with the lentivirus caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) were evaluated by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase PCR for gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and IL-2 gene expression following in vitro stimulation with purified CAEV gp135 surface protein (SU). Studies examined three goats with chronic arthritis and four clinically asymptomatic goats at 5 years postinfection. SU-responsive IFN-gamma mRNA-positive cells and IL-4 mRNA-positive cells in PMBC from infected goats reflected differences in lymphokine balance associated with disease status. IFN-gamma mRNA-positive cells were dominant in PBMC from asymptomatic goats, whereas SU-responsive IL-4 mRNA-positive cells were dominant in PBMC from goats with arthritis. IL-2 gene expression was not responsive to SU stimulation of PBMC from either asymptomatic or arthritic goats. Lymphokine mRNA profiles in SU-stimulated PBMC were dependent on the presence of CD4+ T lymphocytes. The results indicate that asymptomatic goats have a dominant population of CAEV SU-reactive T-helper 1 (Th1)-like lymphocytes in PBMC whereas goats with clinical arthritis have a dominant population of SU-reactive Th2-like lymphocytes. C1 ARS,ANIM DIS RES UNIT,USDA,PULLMAN,WA. RP Cheevers, WP (reprint author), WASHINGTON STATE UNIV,DEPT VET MICROBIOL & PATHOL,PULLMAN,WA 99164, USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [K08 AI01384]; NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR43718] NR 37 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 71 IS 8 BP 6259 EP 6263 PG 5 WC Virology SC Virology GA XK153 UT WOS:A1997XK15300073 PM 9223529 ER PT J AU Lewandrowski, J Tobey, J Cook, Z AF Lewandrowski, J Tobey, J Cook, Z TI The interface between agricultural assistance and the environment: Chemical fertilizer consumption and area expansion SO LAND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID POLICY; TECHNOLOGY; QUALITY; DEMAND AB This paper considers aggregate linkages between government farm sector assistance and the environment. Agricultural intensification (input use per unit of land in production-here measured by fertilizer use per hectare) and extensification (agricultural land expansion) are used as indicators of environmental impacts, and the relationship between these indicators and agricultural assistance is illustrated graphically. Empirical relationships between farm sector assistance and fertilizer and land use are estimated. In general, agricultural assistance is positively related to per hectare use of chemical fertilizers. The relationship between agricultural assistance and land area in production differs between high income industrialized and low income countries. C1 UNIV RHODE ISL,KINGSTON,RI 02881. BOISE STATE UNIV,BOISE,ID 83725. RP Lewandrowski, J (reprint author), ECON RES SERV,USDA,WASHINGTON,DC 20250, USA. NR 54 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 6 PU UNIV WISCONSIN PI MADISON PA SOCIAL SCIENCE BLDG, MADISON, WI 53706 SN 0023-7639 J9 LAND ECON JI Land Econ. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 73 IS 3 BP 404 EP 427 DI 10.2307/3147176 PG 24 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA XT324 UT WOS:A1997XT32400009 ER PT J AU Bryant, FO Cutler, HG AF Bryant, FO Cutler, HG TI Isolation of Actinomyces viscosus strain GA: Characteristics of its cellular biological retardant(s) SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Actinomyces viscosus strain GA produces an exocellular biological retardant(s) that prevents certain vegetable plants from becoming overgrown. The biological retardant(s) was assayed using the etiolated wheat coleoptile assay, and fractionation of culture supernatant fluid resulted in a partial purification of the retardant(s). The biological retardant(s) was most active around pH 7 in the bioassay and when applied to sterile soil mixture. The biological retardant(s) was tentatively identified as a derivative of a rare hexose carbohydrate (but not an amino sugar) but an exact structure was not determined. In a sterilized synthetic soil system, the biological retardant(s) has an effect on tomato cultivars similar to that observed by the synthetic plant growth regulators Alar (succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide) and Bonzi (paclobutrazol). C1 USDA ARS,RUSSELL RES CTR,ATHENS,GA 30613. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 25 IS 2 BP 117 EP 122 DI 10.1046/j.1472-765X.1997.00178.x PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA XR120 UT WOS:A1997XR12000010 PM 9281860 ER PT J AU Pooler, MR Myung, IS Bentz, J Sherald, J Hartung, JS AF Pooler, MR Myung, IS Bentz, J Sherald, J Hartung, JS TI Detection of Xylella fastidiosa in potential insect vectors by immunomagnetic separation and nested polymerase chain reaction SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CITRUS VARIEGATED CHLOROSIS; LEAF SCORCH DISEASE; PIERCES DISEASE; CAUSAL AGENT; BACTERIUM; PATHOGENICITY; CULTURE; IDENTIFICATION; ASSOCIATION; STRAINS AB A sensitive and specific assay for detecting Xylella fastidiosa in potential insect vectors was developed. This assay involves immunomagnetic separation of the bacteria from the insect, followed by a two-step, nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using previously developed oligonucleotide primers specific to X fastidiosa. A total of 347 leafhoppers representing 16 species were captured and sampled from American elm (Ulmus americana L.) trees growing in a nursery where bacterial leaf scorch caused by X. fastidiosa occurs. Two of these leafhopper species, Graphocephala coccinea and G. versuta, regularly tested positive for X. fastidiosa using this technique. These insects are therefore potential vectors of X. fastidiosa. Using immunocapture and nested PCR, it was possible to detect as few as five bacteria per sample. C1 NATL INST AGR SCI & TECHNOL,DEPT CROP PROTECT,DIV OVERSEAS PESTS,SUWON,SOUTH KOREA. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,FRUIT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,FLORAL & NURSERY PLANTS RES UNIT,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. NATL PK SERV,USDI,CTR URBAN ECOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20240. RP Pooler, MR (reprint author), USDA,US NATL ARBORETUM,3501 NEW YORK AVE NE,WASHINGTON,DC 20002, USA. NR 27 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 25 IS 2 BP 123 EP 126 DI 10.1046/j.1472-765X.1997.00188.x PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA XR120 UT WOS:A1997XR12000011 PM 9281861 ER PT J AU Hu, ZL Rohrer, GA Stone, RT Rutherford, M Osinski, MA Pampusch, MS Murtaugh, MP Brown, DR Beattie, CW AF Hu, ZL Rohrer, GA Stone, RT Rutherford, M Osinski, MA Pampusch, MS Murtaugh, MP Brown, DR Beattie, CW TI Linkage assignment of eleven genes to the porcine genome SO MAMMALIAN GENOME LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; PIG SUS SCROFA; MAP; CONSERVATION; REVEALS; PEPTIDE; CLONING AB We report comparative linkage mapping of eleven genes in the swine genome by RFLP analysis. These genes include: Acid phosphatase type 5 (ACP5), Cholecystokinin Type B Receptor (CCKBR), Antibiotic Peptide (FALL39), Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor (IGF1R), Integrin Alpha M (ITGAM), Integrin Beta 2 (ITG beta 2), Opioid Receptor Mu-1 (OPRM1), Prohormone Converter (PC1/3), Retinol Binding Protein 3 (RBP3), Ribosomal DNA (RNR1), and Zona Pellucida Glycoprotein 1 (ZP1). The CCKBR and ITG beta 2 loci define the ends of the linkage groups on Chromosomes (Chro) (SSC) 9p and 13qter, respectively. C1 USDA ARS,US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68933. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT VET & PATHOBIOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 34 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0938-8990 J9 MAMM GENOME JI Mamm. Genome PD AUG PY 1997 VL 8 IS 8 BP 559 EP 563 DI 10.1007/s003359900503 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA XN178 UT WOS:A1997XN17800005 PM 9250860 ER PT J AU Hu, ZL Rohrer, GA Murtaugh, MP Stone, RT Beattie, CW AF Hu, ZL Rohrer, GA Murtaugh, MP Stone, RT Beattie, CW TI Mapping genes to swine X Chromosome provides reference loci for comparative mapping SO MAMMALIAN GENOME LA English DT Article ID LINKAGE MAP; LOCALIZATION; GENOME; G6PD; HPRT C1 USDA ARS,US MEAT ANIM RES CTR,CLAY CTR,NE 68938. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT VET & PATHOBIOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 19 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0938-8990 J9 MAMM GENOME JI Mamm. Genome PD AUG PY 1997 VL 8 IS 8 BP 608 EP 610 DI 10.1007/s003359900513 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA XN178 UT WOS:A1997XN17800015 PM 9250870 ER PT J AU Kraszewski, AW Trabelsi, S Nelson, SO AF Kraszewski, AW Trabelsi, S Nelson, SO TI Moisture content determination in grain by measuring microwave parameters SO MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB A concept of moisture content determination from the measurement of the attenuation and phase shift of an electromagnetic wave transmitted through a layer of wet material is explored in the paper. Experimental results for wheat of 10 to 19% moisture content (wet basis) at temperatures from -1 degrees; to 42 degrees C at the frequency of 16.8 GHz are used to illustrate the procedure which provides a density-independent and temperature-compensated moisture content determination. RP USDA ARS, RICHARD B RUSSELL AGR RES CTR, ATHENS, GA 30604 USA. NR 5 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0957-0233 EI 1361-6501 J9 MEAS SCI TECHNOL JI Meas. Sci. Technol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 8 IS 8 BP 857 EP 863 DI 10.1088/0957-0233/8/8/004 PG 7 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA XQ216 UT WOS:A1997XQ21600004 ER PT J AU Fielding, RA Frontera, WR Hughes, VA Fisher, EC Evans, WJ AF Fielding, RA Frontera, WR Hughes, VA Fisher, EC Evans, WJ TI The reproducibility of the Bruce protocol exercise test for the determination of aerobic capacity in older women SO MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE LA English DT Article DE stress testing; VO2max; aging; aerobic fitness ID MAXIMAL OXYGEN-UPTAKE; MEN AB The reproducibility of the Bruce exercise test protocol for the determination of maximal aerobic capacity was evaluated in sedentary older women. Seventeen women between the ages of 51 and 68 yr performed five maximal graded exercise tests to volitional fatigue on a treadmill. (V) over dot O-2max (mL.kg(-1).min(-1)) values averaged 27.5 +/- 1.1; 28.3 +/- 1.3; 28.4 +/- 1.3; 29.6 +/- 1.5; and 28.2 +/- 1.4 for trials 1-5, respectively, and were not significantly different. Criteria for a plateau in (V) over dot O-2 at the point of exhaustion were met in 21 out of 85 tests (25%). The mean coefficient of variation in (V) over dot O-2max for the subjects for the 5 tests was 6.5% (range, 2.0-14%). Pearson's correlation coefficients for the study variables were significant, indicating good agreement between repeated tests (r(2): between 0.70 to 0.89). Although there were no significant differences among the mean (V) over dot O-2max values in the 5 trials, 11 subjects had a 1.0 mL.kg(-1).min(-1) or greater increase in the (V) over dot O-2max from test 1 to test 2, and only 6 subjects had no change or a decrease in (V) over dot O-2max. The mean difference between T2 and T3 was lower (T1 vs T2: 0.8 mL.kg(-1) min(-1), T2 vs T3: 0.1 mL.kg(-1).min(-1)) indicating slightly better agreement between the second and third test. Estimates of the between and within subject variance revealed a low within subject variance (4.2 (mL.kg(-1).min(-1))(2)) compared to the between subject variance (22.1(mL.kg(-1).min(-1))(2)). This study demonstrates that a commonly used exercise testing protocol generates highly reproducible measurements of (V) over dot O (2max) in women between 51 and 68 yr. The mean differences between tests and the high level of agreement between repeated tests suggests that a single measurement of (V) over dot O-2max can be performed to assess functional aerobic capacity in this population. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,JEAN MAYER HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,HUMAN PHYSIOL LAB,BOSTON,MA 02111. PENN STATE UNIV,NOLL PHYSIOL RES CTR,UNIVERSITY PK,PA 16802. HARVARD UNIV,SCH MED,SPAULDING REHAB HOSP,DEPT PHYS MED & REHABIL,BOSTON,MA 02114. RP Fielding, RA (reprint author), BOSTON UNIV,SARGENT COLL HLTH & REHABIL SERV,DEPT HLTH SCI,635 COMMONWEALTH AVE,BOSTON,MA 02215, USA. NR 28 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0195-9131 J9 MED SCI SPORT EXER JI Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 29 IS 8 BP 1109 EP 1113 DI 10.1097/00005768-199708000-00018 PG 5 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA XR035 UT WOS:A1997XR03500018 PM 9268970 ER PT J AU Proctor, RH Hohn, TM McCormick, SP AF Proctor, RH Hohn, TM McCormick, SP TI Restoration of wild-type virulence to Tri5 disruption mutants of Gibberella zeae via gene reversion and mutant complementation SO MICROBIOLOGY-UK LA English DT Article DE Gibberella zeae; trichothecene; Tri5; gene disruption ID F SP PISI; FUSARIUM-SPOROTRICHIOIDES; TRICHODIENE SYNTHASE; PATHOGENICITY; PULICARIS; TRANSFORMATION; SYNTHETASE; CUTINASE; PEA; DNA AB Gibberella zeae is a pathogen of small grain crops and produces trichothecene mycotoxins in infected host tissue. The role of trichothecenes in the virulence of C. zeae was previously investigated using trichothecene-non-producing mutants that were generated via transformation-mediated disruption of a gene (Tri5) that encodes the first enzyme in the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway. The mutants were less virulent on some hosts than the wild-type strain from which they were derived. Here, we used two approaches to determine whether the reduced virulence of mutants was due specifically to Tri5 disruption or to non-target effects caused by the transformation process. First, we generated a revertant from a Tri5 disruption mutant by allowing the mutant to pass through the sexual phase of its life cycle. In approximately 2% of the resulting progeny the disrupted Tri5 had reverted to wild-type; however, only one of three revertant progeny also regained the ability to produce trichothecenes. In the second approach, we complemented the Tri5 mutation in a disruption mutant by transforming the mutant with a plasmid carrying a functional copy of Tri5. In all transformants examined, the ability to produce trichothecenes was restored. The restoration of trichothecene production in the revertant progeny and in the complemented mutant was accompanied by restoration of wild-type or near wild-type levels of virulence on wheat seedlings (cultivar Wheaten). The results indicate that the reduced virulence of the mutants was caused by disruption of Tri5 rather than nontarget effects resulting from the transformation process. The results also provide further evidence that trichothecenes contribute to the virulence of plant-pathogenic fungi. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP Proctor, RH (reprint author), USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOACT AGENTS UNIT,1815 N UNIV ST,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 35 TC 67 Z9 76 U1 3 U2 6 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 1350-0872 J9 MICROBIOL-UK JI Microbiology-(UK) PD AUG PY 1997 VL 143 BP 2583 EP 2591 PN 8 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA XQ875 UT WOS:A1997XQ87500009 PM 9274012 ER PT J AU Lally, N Jenkins, M Liddell, S Dubey, JP AF Lally, N Jenkins, M Liddell, S Dubey, JP TI A dense granule protein (NCDG1) gene from Neospora caninum SO MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATE HYDROLASE; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; PARASITOPHOROUS VACUOLE; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; ANTIGEN; PHYLOGENY; CLONING; NETWORK C1 USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,LPSI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE AGR RES CTR,LPSI,IMMUNOL & DIS RESISTANCE LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RI liddell, susan/C-2653-2012 NR 24 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-6851 J9 MOL BIOCHEM PARASIT JI Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 87 IS 2 BP 239 EP 243 DI 10.1016/S0166-6851(97)00070-4 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Parasitology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Parasitology GA XL350 UT WOS:A1997XL35000014 PM 9247937 ER PT J AU Ayres, DR Ryan, FJ AF Ayres, DR Ryan, FJ TI The clonal and population structure of a rare endemic plant, Wyethia reticulata (Asteraceae): allozyme and RAPD analysis SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE clone; population biology; allozyme; RAPD; rare plants ID GENETIC DIVERSITY; POLYMORPHISMS; ACCESSIONS; PATTERNS; DISTANCE; POACEAE; MARKERS AB Genetic structure arises when limited gene flow between populations favours the development of distinct arrays of genetic characters within each population. Determining the spatial scale at which this differentiation occurs is critical to our understanding of population biology and microevolution of species. The genetic structure and spatial pattern of genetic variation in an endemic, clonal perennial, Wyethia reticulata E. Greene, was investigated using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers and allozyme alleles. Large stands (250-360 m(2)) were found to contain few genetic individuals. Despite the small population sizes and endemism of the species, W. reticulata was highly diverse genetically, with most of the variation (75-81%) distributed within populations. A population structure in full agreement with spatially defined populations was achieved only by combining RAPD and allozyme markers. Analysis using both types of markers appeared to provide estimates of genetic similarity between individuals that were most consistent with empirical data on plant distributions. We postulated that large, long-lived clones dominated genetic relationships within populations but also provided opportunities for gene flow between populations on a longer time scale. The two marker types yielded different estimates of between-individual similarity and revealed disparate patterns of population structure. This result will arise because allozymes and random DNA segments have dissimilar evolutionary dynamics with respect to mutation and selection. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS,PLANT BIOL SECT,DAVIS,CA 95616. UNIV CALIF DAVIS,USDA ARS,AQUAT WEED LAB,DAVIS,CA 95616. NR 56 TC 50 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 6 IS 8 BP 761 EP 772 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294X.1997.00248.x PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA XP592 UT WOS:A1997XP59200006 ER PT J AU House, WA Apgar, J Smith, JC AF House, WA Apgar, J Smith, JC TI The gerbil: A model for studying the metabolism of beta-carotene and minerals SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE gerbil; beta-carotene; iron; zinc; manganese; copper; minerals ID TISSUE TRACE-ELEMENT; DIETARY CEREAL BRANS; LONG-TERM RAT; VITAMIN-A; ZINC; BIOAVAILABILITY; CALCIUM; MAGNESIUM; ABSORPTION; DEPLETION AB Because the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) absorbs beta-carotene (beta C) intact, it may be a good model for studying the metabolism of dietary carotenoids. Moreover, its ability to concentrate minerals suggests it may be useful for studying mineral metabolism. The nutritional requirements of gerbils are not well established, so we: 1) investigated the suitability of the AIN-93G diet; 2) obtained information on utilization of supplemental dietary beta C; and 3) determined mineral concentrations in bone, liver and kidneys. Weanling, male gerbils (n=33) were fed either: 1) a pelleted rodent diet, 2) the AIN-93G diet, or 3) a modified AIN-93G diet which contained vitamin-free casein but no added vitamin A for 1 mo and then the same diet with added beta C (10 g/kg diet). Growth rates were not affected by treatment. Hepatic concentrations of beta C were very high in animals fed supplemental beta C, but no signs of toxicity were apparent. Gerbils fed the pelleted diet had higher manganese concentrations in liver and kidneys and lower bone zinc concentration than did gerbils fed the other diets. The study showed that male gerbils: 1) grew normally when fed the AIN-93G rodent diet; 2) readily absorbed supplemental beta C; and 3) generally had tissue mineral concentrations similar to those of rats. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP House, WA (reprint author), USDA ARS,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. NR 41 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 17 IS 8 BP 1293 EP 1302 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(97)00113-9 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA XL501 UT WOS:A1997XL50100008 ER PT J AU South, PK House, WA Miller, DD AF South, PK House, WA Miller, DD TI Tea consumption does not affect iron absorption in rats unless tea and iron are consumed together SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE iron absorption; intestinal permeability; tea; rats; lactulose ID INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY; PHENOLIC-COMPOUNDS; CHILDREN; DISEASE; ANEMIA; MEALS AB Phenolic compounds may influence iron absorption by complexing iron in the intestinal lumen or by altering intestinal permeability. We assessed the effects of tea on iron absorption and intestinal permeability in rats in two experiments. In experiment 1, rats maintained on a commercial rat diet were fasted overnight with free access to water and then gavaged with 1.0 ml of Fe-59 labeled FeCl3 (0.1 mM or 1.0 mM) and lactulose (0.5 M) in water or black tea. Iron absorption was estimated from Fe-59 retention. Intestinal permeability was evaluated by lactulose excretion in the urine. Iron absorption was lower when given with tea at both iron concentrations but tea did not affect lactulose excretion. In experiment 2, rats maintained on a commercial rat diet were divided into two groups. One group was given black tea as the only source of water for 3 d. The other group was given water. Both groups were fasted overnight with free access to water and then gavaged with 1.0 mi of water or black tea containing Fe-59 labeled FeCl3 (0.1 mM) and lactulose (0.5 M). Iron absorption was not affected by 3 d of tea consumption but was decreased when delivered in tea. Lactulose excretion was not affected by 3 d tea consumption or by delivery in tea. These data suggest that tea affects iron absorption by forming iron complexes in the lumen. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 CORNELL UNIV,INST FOOD SCI,ITHACA,NY 14853. USDA ARS,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853. NR 26 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 17 IS 8 BP 1303 EP 1310 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(97)00114-0 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA XL501 UT WOS:A1997XL50100009 ER PT J AU Wu, WD Vesonder, RF AF Wu, WD Vesonder, RF TI Nutrient supplementation protects cultured chicken embryo skeletomyocytes from cytotoxicity of moniliformin and oxythiamine SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE skeletomyocyte; cytotoxicity; moniliformin; oxythiamine; thiamine; glucose ID FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; TOXICITY AB Basal Medium 199 supplemented with 100 mu M Of pyruvate, alpha-ketoglutarate, thiamine or thiamine pyrophosphate (substrates and cofactor of alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenases) or 10 mM of glucose or fructose were tested for the nutrient's ability to protect cultured primary chicken embryo skeletomyocytes from the cytotoxicity of moniliformin (a mycotoxin) and oxythiamine (a thiamine antagonist) after 48 hr exposure. Supplemented thiamine or its pyrophosphate completely inhibited the cytotoxicity of oxythiamine, but had no effect on the cytotoxicity of moniliformin, supporting that oxythiamine is a thiamine antagonist and moniliformin is not an anti-thiamine factor. Supplemented glucose and fructose either negated or protected the cells from the cytotoxicity of moniliformin and oxythiamine while supplemented alpha-ketoacids offered no protection, suggesting cellular energy depletion as a cause of cell death. Moniliformin increased a dose-dependent depletion of glucose and accumulation of pyruvate and lactate in culture supernatant, further supporting the cellular energy depletion as a mechanism of cell death caused by moniliformin. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,MYCOTOXIN RES UNIT,PEORIA,IL 61604. RP Wu, WD (reprint author), UNIV WISCONSIN,DEPT ANIM SCI,MADISON,WI 53706, USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 17 IS 8 BP 1351 EP 1361 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(97)00119-X PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA XL501 UT WOS:A1997XL50100014 ER PT J AU RibayaMercado, JD Mayer, J AF RibayaMercado, JD Mayer, J TI Importance of adequate vitamin A status during iron supplementation SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID METABOLISM; CHILDREN; INFECTION AB Nutritional deficiencies, including iron deficiency, may promote infection by lowering the body's resistance to infectious diseases. However, it has been shown that administration of iron in developing countries can result in increased morbidity, because pathogenic bacteria may compete effectively for iron in the circulation, resulting in an exacerbation of existing infections. Improved vitamin A status may protect against this potentially harmful effect of iron supplementation in environments where infections are highly prevalent. RP RibayaMercado, JD (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,JEAN MAYER USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 13 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST NORTH AMERICA PI WASHINGTON PA ONE THOMAS CIRCLE, N W, 9TH FLOOR, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 55 IS 8 BP 306 EP 307 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA XU971 UT WOS:A1997XU97100004 PM 9287481 ER PT J AU Schoknecht, PA Ebner, S Skottner, A Burrin, DG Davis, TA Ellis, K Pond, WG AF Schoknecht, PA Ebner, S Skottner, A Burrin, DG Davis, TA Ellis, K Pond, WG TI Exogenous insulin-like growth factor-I increases weight gain in intrauterine growth-retarded neonatal pigs SO PEDIATRIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID MUSCLE PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; FACTOR BINDING-PROTEINS; IGF-I; TRANSGENIC MICE; SKELETAL-MUSCLE; SOMATIC GROWTH; FETAL GROWTH; HUMAN FETUS; SERUM; RATS AB Many cases of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) are the result of placental insufficiency, suggesting that potential therapies should focus on the neonate rather than the pregnant female. We wished to determine whether IGF-I could be used therapeutically to stimulate normal rates of growth in these neonates. Eight sows received 2.3 kg/d of either a control (13% protein) or protein restricted (0.5% protein) diet from d 63 of pregnancy to parturition. Litters were reduced to 6 pigs at 3 d of age, and IUGR neonates were fostered onto a control sow. Three pigs/litter received an osmotic minipump containing either saline or recombinant human IGF-I, delivered at 4 mu g/h from d 3 to d 10 of age. Tissue protein synthesis was measured in all pigs using a flooding dose of [H-3]phenylalanine. At birth, both body weight (10%) and circulating IGF-I concentration (30%) were significantly lower in IUGR than in control newborns. The infusion of IGF-I to IUGR neonates significantly increased the circulating concentration of IGF-I, growth rate, and protein and fat accretion to control levels. The infusion of IGF-I did not alter concentrations of insulin, glucose, IGF-II, or the thyroid hormones. Our results suggest that IGF-I may be a potential therapy to restore normal growth in IUGR infants. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,HOUSTON,TX 77030. INRA,RECH PORCINES STN,F-35590 HERMITAGE,FRANCE. KABI PHARMACIA,STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR044474] NR 31 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0031-3998 J9 PEDIATR RES JI Pediatr. Res. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 42 IS 2 BP 201 EP 207 DI 10.1203/00006450-199708000-00012 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA XM263 UT WOS:A1997XM26300011 PM 9262223 ER PT J AU Jocson, MAL Mason, EO Schanler, RJ AF Jocson, MAL Mason, EO Schanler, RJ TI The effects of nutrient fortification and varying storage conditions on host defense properties of human milk SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE fortified human milk; immunoprotective properties; premature infants ID BANKING; INFANT AB Objective. Data are scarce regarding the effects of nutrient fortification and storage on the immunoprotective properties of human milk. These effects are important considerations when feeding premature infants. We hypothesized that total bacterial colony counts (TBCC) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentration were not affected by the addition of fortifier even when tested under extreme storage conditions and that osmolality of fortified human milk does not increase with storage. Methods. Ten frozen and five fresh milk samples from mothers of premature infants were divided into fortified and unfortified milk, and stored for 72 hours at either refrigerator or room temperature. Aliquots were obtained at 0 to 72 hours for TBCC, osmolality, and total IgA, and analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results. Log(10) TBCC in milk stored at refrigerator temperature for 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours were significantly greater in fortified vs unfortified milk; both increased similarly with storage. Osmolality was greater in fortified than unfortified milk; both increased by approximately 4% with storage. IgA concentration was not affected by fortification or storage. To simulate the usual nursery use of fortified human milk, a separate evaluation was performed. Fortified milk was stored at refrigerator temperature for 20 hours, warmed in a 40 degrees C laboratory incubator for 20 minutes, and placed in a 34 degrees C infant incubator for 4 hours, Samples for TBCC were obtained at 0, 20, and 24 hours and analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA. Log(10) TBCC in fortified, refrigerated milk did not change over the 20-hour storage but increased during the simulated 4-hour usage. Conclusions. These findings may warrant consideration when using human milk in the neonatal nursery but support recommendations to use commercially fortified human milk within 24 hours. C1 BAYLOR COLL MED,USDA ARS,CHILDRENS NUTR RES CTR,COLL MED,HOUSTON,TX 77030. BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,SECT NEONATOL,HOUSTON,TX 77030. BAYLOR COLL MED,DEPT PEDIAT,INFECT DIS SECT,HOUSTON,TX 77030. TEXAS CHILDRENS HOSP,HOUSTON,TX 77030. NR 14 TC 36 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD AUG PY 1997 VL 100 IS 2 BP 240 EP 243 DI 10.1542/peds.100.2.240 PG 4 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA XP050 UT WOS:A1997XP05000013 PM 9240806 ER PT J AU Krizek, DT Mirecki, RM Britz, SJ AF Krizek, DT Mirecki, RM Britz, SJ TI Inhibitory effects of ambient levels of solar UV-A and UV-B radiation on growth of cucumber SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE biomass production; Cucumis sativus; flavonoids; leaf expansion; solar radiation effects; stem elongation; UV exclusion effects ID SYLVESTRIS L SEEDLINGS; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; ABSORBING PIGMENTS; HIGH IRRADIANCE; EARTHS SURFACE; RADISH PLANTS; RESPONSES; LIGHT; DAMAGE; LEAVES AB The influence of solar UV-A and UV-B radiation at Beltsville, Maryland, on growth and flavonoid content in four cultivars of Cucumis sativus L. (Ashley, Poinsett, Marketmore, and Salad Bush cucumber) was examined during the summers of 1994 and 1995. Plants were grown from seed in UV exclusion chambers consisting of W-transmitting Plexiglas, lined with Llumar to exclude UV-A and UV-B, polyester to exclude UV-B, or cellulose acetate to transmit UV-A and UV-B. Despite previously determined differences in sensitivity to supplemental UV-B radiation, all four cultivars responded similarly to UV-B exclusion treatment. After 19-21 days, the four cultivars grown in the absence of solar UV-B (polyester) had an average of 34, 55, and 40% greater biomass of leaves, stems, and roots, respectively, 27% greater stem height, and 35% greater leaf area than those grown under ambient W-B (cellulose acetate). Plants protected from UV-A radiation as well (Llumar) showed an additional 14 and 22% average increase, respectively, in biomass of leaves and stems, and a 22 and 19% average increase, respectively, in stem elongation and leaf area over those grown under polyester. These findings demonstrate the extreme sensitivity of cucumber not only to present levels of UV-B but also to UV-A and suggest that even small changes in ozone depletion may have important biological consequences for certain plant species. RP Krizek, DT (reprint author), USDA ARS, NRI, CLIMATE STRESS LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. NR 49 TC 107 Z9 113 U1 1 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 100 IS 4 BP 886 EP 893 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1997.1000414.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XU260 UT WOS:A1997XU26000014 ER PT J AU Norton, RA AF Norton, RA TI Effect of carotenoids on aflatoxin B-1 synthesis by Aspergillus flavus SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aflatoxin inhibition; ionones ID EAR WORM ATTRACTANTS; MAIZE KERNELS; BETA-CAROTENE; CORN; GROWTH; BIOSYNTHESIS; PARASITICUS; ERGOSTEROL; VOLATILES; OXIDATION AB Carotenes and xanthophylls occurring in yellow corn and related terpenoids were tested for their effect on growth and aflatoxin B-1 production by Aspergillus flavus NRRL 3357, using the suspended disc culture method. Aflatoxin synthesis was inhibited at concentrations of beta-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin comparable to those found in the horny endosperm of mature corn. Usually growth was not significantly affected. Inhibition of aflatoxin biosynthesis was greater for compounds with an alpha-ionone-type ring (alpha-carotene, lutein, or alpha-ionone) compared with compounds with a beta-ionone ring. The presence of hydroxy groups on the rings tended to decrease inhibition, but did not override the effect of the ringtype; lutein was similar to alpha-carotene and zeaxanthin was similar to beta-carotene in inhibition. A mutant accumulating norsolorinic acid (NA), A. parasiticus SRRC 162, incubated with alpha-carotene produced reduced levels of both NA and aflatoxin, indicating that inhibition occurred before NA. Additional A. flavus strains tested against 50 mu g/ml of beta-carotene had 89 to 96% inhibition, which was significantly more sensitive than NRRL 3357. A. parasiticus strains were less sensitive and generally had similar or lower inhibition than NRRL 3357. The results indicate that the presence of carotenoids in endosperm may decrease the amount of aflatoxin produced by A. flavus. RP Norton, RA (reprint author), ARS,USDA,NATL CTR AGR UTILIZAT RES,BIOACT AGENTS RES,1815 N UNIV,PEORIA,IL 61604, USA. NR 44 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD AUG PY 1997 VL 87 IS 8 BP 814 EP 821 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1997.87.8.814 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XN272 UT WOS:A1997XN27200005 PM 18945049 ER PT J AU Lasat, MM Norvell, WA Kochian, LV AF Lasat, MM Norvell, WA Kochian, LV TI Potential for phytoextraction of Cs-137 from a contaminated soil SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE ammonium nitrate; cesium accumulators; cesium bioavailability; cesium uptake; phytoremediation; radiocesium ID RADIOCESIUM; PLANTS; CROPS; PHYTOREMEDIATION; CESIUM-137; AMMONIUM; SR-90; WHEAT AB Potential for phytoremediation of a soil contaminated with radiocesium was investigated in three phases: (1) hydroponic screening for plant species capable of accumulating elevated levels of cesium in shoots, (2) investigation of several amendments for their potential to increase the bioavailability of Cs-137 in the contaminated soil, and (3) bioaccumulation of radiocesium in shoots of plants grown in Cs-137-contaminated soil. The bioaccumulation ratio for Cs in shoots of hydroponically grown plants ranged between 38 and 165. From solution, dicot species accumulated 2- to 4-fold more cesium in shoots than grasses. In studies investigating the bioavailability of Cs-137 in aged contaminated soil, ammonium salts were found to be the most effective desorbing agents, releasing approximately 25% of the Cs-137. The extent of Cs-137 desorption from the soil increased with ammonium concentration up to 0.2 M. In a pot study conducted in a greenhouse, there was significant species-dependent variability in the ability to accumulate Cs-137 in the shoot from contaminated soil. The ability to accumulate Cs-137 from the soil increased in the order: reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) < Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) < tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) < cabbage (B. oleracea var. capitata). It was also found that addition of NH4NO3 solution to the soil elicited a two-to twelve-fold increase in Cs-137 accumulation in the shoot. The greatest amount of Cs-137 (40 Bq g(-1) dw) was removed in shoots of cabbage grown in contaminated soil amended with 80 mmols NH4NO3 kg(-1) soil. Bioaccumulation ratios of 2-3 were obtained with the best performing plant species. These values are significantly greater than those previously reported in the literature (usually < 0.1) for plants grown on aged contaminated soil. These results indicate that careful species selection along with amendments that increase the bioavailability of Cs-137 in the soil could greatly enhance the prospects for the use of plants to remediate Cs-137-contaminated soils. RP Lasat, MM (reprint author), CORNELL UNIV,USDA ARS,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853, USA. OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 33 TC 57 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 21 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD AUG PY 1997 VL 195 IS 1 BP 99 EP 106 DI 10.1023/A:1004210110855 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA YE363 UT WOS:A1997YE36300011 ER PT J AU Baligar, V He, ZL Martens, DC Ritchey, KD Kemper, WD AF Baligar, V He, ZL Martens, DC Ritchey, KD Kemper, WD TI Effect of phosphate rock, coal combustion by-product, lime, and cellulose on ryegrass in an acidic soil SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE aluminium; cellulose; coal combustion by-product; lime; Lolium perenne; phosphate rock; phosphorus; ryegrass; Ultisol ID LIMING MATERIALS; DISSOLUTION; ASH AB Remediation of soil acidity is crucial for increasing crop production and improving environmental quality of acid infertile soils. Soil incubation and greenhouse pot experiments were carried out to examine the interactions between phosphate rock (PR), coal combustion by-product (BP), dolomitic lime (L), and cellulose (C) in an acidic soil and their effects on ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. cv 'Linn') growth. BP and PR application increased plant P content and dry matter yield (DMY) of shoots and roots by improving soil Ca availability and reducing Al toxicity. Application of BP at low rates (5 to 10 g BP kg(-1)) with PR appeared to decrease both plant P content and DMY compared to PR application alone. The reduced DMY is due to an increased Al concentration in soil solution as a result of displacement of sorbed Al by Ca of BP Increases in DMY were obtained by addition of lime along with PR and BP at low rates or by increasing BP application rates above 15 g kg(-1). This improved plant response was Likely related to alleviation of Al toxicity by CaCO3 contained in the BP. In addition to raising the pH to an acceptable level for plant growth, the dolomitic lime supplied needed Mg for plants, thereby maintaining a good balance between available Ca and Mg for plants in the BP- and PR-amended soils. The addition of cellulose to the BP-and PR-amended soils reduced water-soluble Al and increased DMY. Plant growth increased PR dissolution by 2.4 to 243% in a soil with low available P. Use of BP at moderate rates with PR and dolomitic lime appears to be the best combination in increasing crop yields on infertile acidic soils. C1 ZHEJIANG AGR UNIV,DEPT LAND USE & APPL CHEM,HANGZHOU,PEOPLES R CHINA. VIRGINIA POLYTECH INST & STATE UNIV,DEPT CROP & SOIL ENVIRONM SCI,BLACKSBURG,VA 24061. USDA ARS,NPS,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Baligar, V (reprint author), ARS,USDA,ASWCRL,BEAVER,WV 25813, USA. RI He, Zhenli/R-1494-2016 OI He, Zhenli/0000-0001-7761-2070 NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD AUG PY 1997 VL 195 IS 1 BP 129 EP 136 DI 10.1023/A:1004203800706 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA YE363 UT WOS:A1997YE36300014 ER PT J AU Shi, LF Twary, SN Yoshioka, H Gregerson, RG Miller, SS Samac, DA Gantt, JS Unkefer, PJ Vance, CP AF Shi, LF Twary, SN Yoshioka, H Gregerson, RG Miller, SS Samac, DA Gantt, JS Unkefer, PJ Vance, CP TI Nitrogen assimilation in alfalfa: Isolation and characterization of an asparagine synthetase gene showing enhanced expression in root nodules and dark-adapted leaves SO PLANT CELL LA English DT Article ID MEDICAGO-SATIVA L; TRANSGENIC LOTUS-CORNICULATUS; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS L; GLUTAMINE-SYNTHETASE; PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; RHIZOBIUM-MELILOTI; SOYBEAN NODULES; METABOLIC-REGULATION; LEGHEMOGLOBIN GENE AB Asparagine, the primary assimilation product from N-2 fixation in temperate legumes and the predominant nitrogen transport product in many plant species, is synthesized via asparagine synthetase (AS; EC 6.3.5.4). Here, we report the isolation and characterization of a cDNA and a gene encoding the nodule-enhanced form of AS from alfalfa. The AS gene is comprised of 13 exons separated by 12 introns. The 5' flanking region of the AS gene confers nodule-enhanced reporter gene activity in transformed alfalfa. This region also confers enhanced reporter gene activity in dark-treated leaves. These results indicate that the 5' upstream region of the AS gene contains elements that affect expression in root nodules and leaves. Both AS mRNA and enzyme activity increased similar to 10- to 20-fold during the development of effective nodules. Ineffective nodules have strikingly reduced amounts of AS transcript. Alfalfa leaves have quite low levels of AS mRNA and protein; however, exposure to darkness resulted in a considerable increase in both. In situ hybridization with effective nodules and beta-glucuronidase staining of nodules from transgenic plants showed that AS is expressed in both infected and uninfected cells of the nodule symbiotic zone and in the nodule parenchyma. RNA gel blot analysis and in situ hybridization results are consistent with the hypothesis that initial AS expression in nodules is independent of nitrogenase activity. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,USDA ARS,PLANT SCI RES UNIT,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,LOS ALAMOS,NM 87545. NAGOYA UNIV,PLANT PATHOL LAB,CHIKUSA KU,NAGOYA,AICHI 46401,JAPAN. LYON COLL,DEPT BIOL,BATESVILLE,AR 72503. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT PLANT BIOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 79 TC 60 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 1040-4651 J9 PLANT CELL JI Plant Cell PD AUG PY 1997 VL 9 IS 8 BP 1339 EP 1356 PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA XT474 UT WOS:A1997XT47400009 PM 9286111 ER PT J AU Pachepsky, LB Acock, B HoffmanBenning, S Willmitzer, L Fisahn, J AF Pachepsky, LB Acock, B HoffmanBenning, S Willmitzer, L Fisahn, J TI Estimation of the anatomical, stomatal and biochemical components of differences in photosynthesis and transpiration of wild-type and transgenic (expressing yeast-derived invertase targeted to the vacuole) tobacco leaves SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE leaf anatomy; leaf gas exchange; Nicotiana tabacum L.; tobacco; two-dimensional modelling; wild-type and transgenic ID RIBULOSE-1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE-OXYGENASE; ANTISENSE RBCS; TOMATO PLANTS; LEAF ANATOMY; CO2; CONDUCTANCE; GROWTH; MODEL; LIGHT; HUMIDITY AB Photosynthesis and transpiration rates of transgenic (expressing yeast-derived invertase targeted to the vacuole) tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves were, respectively, 50 and 70% of those of a wild type at 20 degrees C, 350 cm(3) m(-3) CO2 concentration, 450 mu mol (photons) m(-2) s(-1) of light intensity, and 70% relative air humidity, These differences could be attributed: (a) to changes in leaf anatomy and, consequently, to changes in gases diffusion between the cells' surfaces and the atmosphere; (b) to different stomatal apertures, and, for the photosynthesis rate, (c) to the altered CO2 assimilation rate, Our objective was to estimate the relative contributions of these three sources of difference, Measurements on the wild-type and the transgenic leaf cross-sections gave values for the cell area index (CAI, cell area surface per unit of leaf area surface) of 15.91 and 13.97, respectively. The two-dimensional model 2DLEAF for leaf gas exchange was used to estimate quantitatively anatomical, stomatal and biochemical components of these differences, Transpiration rate was equal to 0.9 for the wild-type and to 0.63 mmol m(-2) s(-1) for the transgenic leaf: 24.0% of the difference (0.066 mmol m(-2) s(-1)) was caused by the greater cell area surface in the wild-type leaf, and 66.0% was caused by a smaller stomatal aperture in the transgenic leaf, Photosynthetic rate was 3.10 and 1.55 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) for the wild-type and transgenic leaves, respectively. Only 10.3% of this difference (0.16 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) was caused by the difference in CAI, and the remaining 89.7% was caused by altered CO2 assimilation rate. C1 ARS, USDA, REMOTE SENSING & MODELLING LAB, BELTSVILLE, MD 20705 USA. DUKE UNIV, DEPT BOT, DURHAM, NC 27708 USA. MAX PLANCK INST MOL PFLANZENPHYSIOL, D-14476 GOLM, GERMANY. RI Willmitzer, Lothar/F-7377-2011 NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 20 IS 8 BP 1070 EP 1078 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1997.tb00683.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XW015 UT WOS:A1997XW01500010 ER PT J AU Wells, JM Butterfield, JE AF Wells, JM Butterfield, JE TI Salmonella contamination associated with bacterial soft rot of fresh fruits and vegetables in the marketplace SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID NEW-YORK MARKET; DISORDERS; SHIPMENTS; TOMATOES; MONTEVIDEO; GROWTH AB Wash water from 66% of 401 samples of fresh fruits and vegetables collected in the marketplace and affected by bacterial soft rot were positive for suspected strains of Salmonella, i.e., black, hydrogen sulfide-positive colonies on Salmonella-Shigella agar incubated for 24 h at 37 degrees C. By comparison, 30% of 402 healthy samples were positive. Incidence of suspected Salmonella in broth enrichment cultures was 59% in 533 soft rotted samples and 33% in 781 healthy samples. Thirty percent of 166 representative strains of suspected Salmonella, selected at random from 20 different commodities, were confirmed to be Salmonella by physiological and serological tests. Adjusting incidence values accordingly, Salmonella contamination was potentially present in at least 18 to 20% of soft rotted samples and in 9 to 10% of healthy samples. Wash water from 120 paired healthy and soft rotted fruits and vegetables contained an average of 1.0 x 10(5) and 3.7 x 10(6) CFU/ml, respectively, of suspected Salmonella-a ratio of 1:37. Average concentrations of suspected Salmonella in enrichment cultures of healthy and soft rotted samples were 7.5 x 10(7) and 2.7 x 10(9) CFU/ml, respectively, also in the ratio of 1:37. Fresh potato, carrot, and pepper disks coinoculated with the soft rot bacterium Erwinia carotovora and with Salmonella typhimurium, and incubated for up to 72 h at room temperature, contained approximately 10 times the concentration of S. typhimurium as did disks inoculated with Salmonella alone. Disks coinoculated with Pseudomonas viridiflava and S. typhimurium contained approximately three times the Salmonella populations as disks inoculated with Salmonella alone. RP Wells, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 27 TC 126 Z9 132 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 81 IS 8 BP 867 EP 872 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.8.867 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XN287 UT WOS:A1997XN28700006 ER PT J AU Gitaitis, R Sumner, D Gay, D Smittle, D McDonald, G Maw, B Johnson, WC Tollner, B Hung, Y AF Gitaitis, R Sumner, D Gay, D Smittle, D McDonald, G Maw, B Johnson, WC Tollner, B Hung, Y TI Bacterial streak and bulb rot of onion .1. A diagnostic medium for the semiselective isolation and enumeration of Pseudomonas viridiflava SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID SYRINGAE PV SYRINGAE; FLUORESCENT PSEUDOMONADS; SELECTIVE MEDIUM; TOMATO; XANTHOMONAS; VESICATORIA; TRANSPLANTS; BLIGHT AB A semiselective, diagnostic agar medium (T-5) and low temperature incubation technique were developed for recovering Pseudomonas viridiflava from the environment or plant material. Medium T-5 contains the following per liter: NaCl, 5.0 g; NH4H2PO4, 1.0 g; K2HPO4, 1.0 g; MgSO4 . H2O, 0.2 g; D-tartaric acid, 3.0 g; phenol red, 0.01 g; agar, 20.0 g; bacitracin, 10 mg; vancomycin, 6 mg; cycloheximide, 75 mg; novobiocin, 45 mg; penicillin G, 5 mg. The pH is adjusted to 7.4. Antibiotics are added aseptically after autoclaving. P. viridiflava recovery from artificially infested, field-soil (Tifton loamy-sand), with a cropping history of no onion production, was high, with a corresponding reduction of 99.99% of nontarget bacteria. However, soils from fields with a long history of onion production, near Vidalia, Georgia, contained significantly larger populations of background microflora that grew on medium T-5. Incubation at 5 degrees C reduced contaminating microflora 1,000- to 10,000-fold with no reduction in recovery of the target organism. However, this low temperature incubation required an increased incubation period of 3 weeks and reduced the level of fluorescence of P. viridiflava. C1 UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT HORT,TIFTON,GA 31793. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT BIOL & AGR ENGN,TIFTON,GA 31793. USDA ARS,NEMATODES WEEDS & CROPS UNIT,TIFTON,GA 31793. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT BIOL & AGR ENGN,ATHENS,GA 30602. UNIV GEORGIA,CTR FOOD SAFETY & QUAL,ATHENS,GA 30602. RP Gitaitis, R (reprint author), UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,TIFTON,GA 31793, USA. NR 24 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 81 IS 8 BP 897 EP 900 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.8.897 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XN287 UT WOS:A1997XN28700011 ER PT J AU Orum, TV Bigelow, DM Nelson, MR Howell, DR Cotty, PJ AF Orum, TV Bigelow, DM Nelson, MR Howell, DR Cotty, PJ TI Spatial and temporal patterns of Aspergillus flavus strain composition and propagule density in Yuma County, Arizona, soils SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE geographic information systems; geostatistics; GIS ID GENETIC DIVERSITY; ATOXIGENIC STRAIN; COTTONSEED; FIELD AB Aspergillus flavus isolates from Arizona can be divided into S and L strains on the basis of sclerotial morphology. These genetically distinct strains differ in aflatoxin production. To help understand factors influencing the aflatoxin producing potential of A. flavus communities, spatial and temporal patterns of strain incidence were compared with patterns of A. flavus propagule density in Yuma County soils. Strain S isolates were found in all sampled fields, but the percentage of strain S isolates ranged from 4 to 93%. A nested analysis of variance was used to determine the spatial scale at which most variability in strain composition and propagule density occurred. For both variables, the largest component of variance occurred among fields within areas at a spatial scale of 1 to 5 km. There was also spatial structure (12 to 21% of the variance) at the subregional level (> 20 km) in strain composition, but not in propagule density. Temporal patterns for both variables were similar. The sampling periods with the highest incidence of strain S isolates, August 1994 (60%) and July 1995 (62%), occurred during cotton boil formation. The regional average for A. flavus propagule density was near 1000 propagules/g in the summer, but less than 100 propagules/g in the spring. The results suggest that insights into factors influencing the toxigenicity and propagule density of A. flavus communities might be achieved most readily by contrasting fields in close spatial proximity. C1 UNIV ARIZONA,COOPERAT EXTENS SERV,YUMA,AZ 85364. USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. RP Orum, TV (reprint author), UNIV ARIZONA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,TUCSON,AZ 85721, USA. NR 18 TC 50 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 81 IS 8 BP 911 EP 916 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.8.911 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XN287 UT WOS:A1997XN28700014 ER PT J AU Smilanick, JL Hershberger, W Bonde, MR Nester, SE AF Smilanick, JL Hershberger, W Bonde, MR Nester, SE TI Germinability of teliospores of Tilletia indica after hot water and sodium hypochlorite treatments SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID KARNAL BUNT; WHEAT; DISEASE; SEED AB Hot water and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were evaluated to eradicate teliospores of the Karnal bunt fungus, Tilletia indica for the purpose of decontaminating grain storage and handling equipment. The germinability of free teliospores and teliospores within the sori of infected wheat was assessed. Temperatures of 25, 60, and 80 degrees C, NaOCl concentrations (wt/vol, pH 11.5) of 0, 0.53, and 1.60%, and immersion periods of 1, 5, 15, and 30 min were evaluated. In other tests, the influence of pH on NaOCl potency and of a delay between treatment and water rinsing were evaluated. Immersion at 80 degrees C in water alone or with NaOCl killed both free teliospores and those within the sori of infected seeds within 1 min. NaOCI at 1.60% at 25 degrees C killed teliospores suspended in water within 15 min, but some teliospores inside sori survived 30 min of this treatment. NaOCI adjusted to pH 8 before use was superior to NaOCI at pH 11.5. An application of 1.60% NaOCl at 25 degrees C for 5 min followed by a 10-min delay before the seeds were rinsed in fresh water killed free teliospores but not all teliospores within sori. This treatment was more effective than the 5-min treatment alone but inferior to the 15-min treatment with NaOCI at a concentration of 1.60%. Because teliospores within the sori of infected seeds are partially protected and much more resistant to NaOCI, we recommend the removal and disposal of seeds from equipment before the treatments are applied. NaOCI radically altered the appearance of the teliospores, leaving a persistent visual indication that they had been treated, while hot water treatment alone did not. Therefore, it is beneficial to add NaOCI to hot water, although the improvement in the sporicidal efficacy was often small. C1 USDA ARS,KEARNEYSVILLE,WV 25430. USA,FT DETRICK,MD 21702. RP Smilanick, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS,2021 S PEACH AVE,FRESNO,CA 93727, USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 81 IS 8 BP 932 EP 935 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.8.932 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XN287 UT WOS:A1997XN28700018 ER PT J AU Otrosina, WJ Hess, NJ Zarnoch, SJ Perry, TJ Jones, JP AF Otrosina, WJ Hess, NJ Zarnoch, SJ Perry, TJ Jones, JP TI Blue-stain fungi associated with roots of southern pine trees attacked by the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID PATHOGENICITY; LEPTOGRAPHIUM; FLORIDA AB Forty paired plots were established from eastern Texas to Alabama to study root-infecting, blue-stain fungi in southern pine stands undergoing southern pine beetle (SPB) attack. Woody roots were sampled in plots undergoing recent or current attack by the SPB. Comparisons were made between occurrence of Leptographium spp. and related fungi and data on various characteristics of natural stands and plantations studied. Three fungal species, L. terebrantis, L. procerum, and Ophiostoma ips, along with unidentified Leptographium and Graphium species, were isolated from sampled roots. L. terebrantis was isolated more frequently from SPB-attacked plots (P < 0.001) than was either L. procerum or O. ips. More blue-stain fungal species and related genera were isolated from SPB-attacked plots than from control plots (P < 0.001). This also was true for combined isolation percentages of L. terebrantis, L. procerum, and O. ips (P = 0.03). Presence of blue-stain fungi also was associated with higher stand basal area in the control plots (P = 0.045). Isolation frequencies of O. ips and L. procerum, along with the combination of these fungal species with L. terebrantis, were logistically related to increasing stand basal area in the control plots (P = 0.02, 0.02, and 0.01, respectively). No logistic relationship was found for frequency of any of the three blue-stain species with respect to basal area in SPB-attacked plots. These results suggest blue stain fungi are important in the dynamics of susceptibility of southern pines to SPB attack. C1 US FOREST SERV,USDA,FOREST HLTH STAFF,ALEXANDRIA FIELD OFF,PINEVILLE,LA 71360. US FOREST SERV,USDA,SO RES STN,ASHEVILLE,NC 28802. LOUISIANA STATE UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,BATON ROUGE,LA 70893. RP Otrosina, WJ (reprint author), US FOREST SERV,USDA,SO RES STN,ATHENS,GA 30602, USA. NR 24 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 81 IS 8 BP 942 EP 945 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.8.942 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XN287 UT WOS:A1997XN28700020 ER PT J AU Keinath, AP Farnham, MW AF Keinath, AP Farnham, MW TI Differential cultivars and criteria for evaluating resistance to Rhizoctonia solani in seedling Brassica oleracea SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Brassica perviridis; cole crops ID DAMPING-OFF; ROOT-ROT; RAPESEED-CANOLA; PATHOGENICITY; ANASTOMOSIS; INOCULUM; GROWTH AB Growth-room and field experiments were conducted to develop methods of studying resistance in Brassica oleracea crops to Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis groups (AG) 2-1 and 4, causal agents of wirestem. Seedlings of 12 cultivars (3 each of broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and collard) at the four- to five-leaf stage were transplanted to trays in a growth room and covered with steamed soil infested with cornmeal-sand cultures or sclerotia of R. solani or to fumigated field plots infested with sclerotia. The percent healthy, diseased, and dead plants was assessed every 3 to 5 days for 2 weeks in the growth room and for 3 weeks in field trials. At harvest, plants were dug out with roots intact and rated for wirestem severity. In most experiments, wirestem incidence (percent diseased and dead plants) stabilized within 10 to 14 days after inoculation. Inoculation with cornmeal-sand cultures of both AGs and sclerotia of AG-4 resulted in severe wirestem in all experiments, whereas sclerotia of AG-2-1 were less effective in the growth room and not effective in the field. Percent healthy and surviving (healthy plus diseased) plants, area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), and wirestem severity all separated the most susceptible from the partially resistant cultivars more consistently than fresh weight of inoculated plants expressed as a percentage of noninoculated plant weight. Wirestem severity and AUDPC were always negatively and significantly (P less than or equal to 0.01) correlated with per cent healthy plants. Although genotype by environment interactions were observed, the cauliflower cvs. Snowcone and Snow Crown were severely diseased in all experiments, whereas collard cv. Blue Max was consistently and significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) less diseased. C1 USDA ARS,US VEGETABLE LAB,CHARLESTON,SC 29414. RP Keinath, AP (reprint author), CLEMSON UNIV,DEPT PLANT PATHOL & PHYSIOL,COASTAL RES & EDUC CTR,CLEMSON,SC 29414, USA. NR 32 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 81 IS 8 BP 946 EP 952 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.8.946 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XN287 UT WOS:A1997XN28700021 ER PT J AU Bedendo, IP Davis, RE Dally, EL AF Bedendo, IP Davis, RE Dally, EL TI Molecular evidence for the presence of maize bushy stunt phytoplasma in corn in Brazil. SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article C1 USP,ESCOLA SUPER AGR LUIZ QUEIROZ,BR-13418900 PIRACICABA,SP,BRAZIL. USDA ARS,MOL PLANT PATHOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Bedendo, IP (reprint author), USDA ARS,MOL PLANT PATHOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 4 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 81 IS 8 BP 957 EP 957 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.8.957C PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XN287 UT WOS:A1997XN28700026 ER PT J AU Comstock, JC Mirkov, TE AF Comstock, JC Mirkov, TE TI Outbreak of sugarcane mosaic in commercial sugarcane cultivar CP 72-2086, in Florida. SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article C1 TEXAS A&M AGR EXPT STN,DEPT PLANT PATHOL & MICROBIOL,WESLACO,TX 78596. RP Comstock, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS,SUGARCANE FIELD STN,CANAL POINT,FL 33438, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 81 IS 8 BP 957 EP 957 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1997.81.8.957A PG 1 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XN287 UT WOS:A1997XN28700024 ER PT J AU Pathirana, MS Samac, DA Roeven, R Yoshioka, H Vance, CP Gantt, JS AF Pathirana, MS Samac, DA Roeven, R Yoshioka, H Vance, CP Gantt, JS TI Analyses of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene structure and expression in alfalfa nodules SO PLANT JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PHASEOLUS-COCCINEUS L; ROOT-NODULE; VICIA-FABA; MESEMBRYANTHEMUM-CRYSTALLINUM; ASPARTATE-AMINOTRANSFERASE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; LEGHEMOGLOBIN GENES; SESBANIA-ROSTRATA; PROMOTER ACTIVITY; CELL PROTOPLASTS AB Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) plays a crucial role in the assimilation of CO2 during symbiotic N-2 fixation in legume root nodules. In this study, an alfalfa PEPC gene (PEPC-7), whose transcripts are found at elevated revels in nodules relative to either leaves or roots, has been isolated and characterized. The intron/exon structure of this gene is identical to that of most other plant PEPC genes except for the presence of an additional intron in the 5' untranslated region. In situ RNA hybridization studies showed that PEPC transcripts were present in the nodule meristem, the infection zone, the nitrogen-fixing zone, and the parenchyma. PEPC transcripts were also found in vascular tissue of roots and nodules and in the pulvinus of petioles. In transgenic alfalfa, a chimeric reporter gene was expressed in these same regions except that little expression was found in the nodule meristem. Analyses of promoter deletions suggest that the region between -634 and -536 is of particular importance in directing transcriptional activity to the infected zone of nodules. Within this region is a mirror repeat sequence that is potentially capable of forming an H-DNA structure. These results indicate that PEPC-7 has a central role in nitrogenfixing nodules and that regulation of transcription is an important determinant of its activity. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT PLANT BIOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT PLANT PATHOL,ST PAUL,MN 55108. ARS,USDA,PLANT SCI RES UNIT,ST PAUL,MN 55108. HIGHER INST PROFESS EDUC VENLO,DIV SCI LAB,DEPT TECH MICROBIOL,NL-5822 BD VENLO,NETHERLANDS. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NAGOYA UNIV,SCH AGR SCI,PLANT PATHOL LAB,NAGOYA,AICHI 46401,JAPAN. NR 72 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0NE SN 0960-7412 J9 PLANT J JI Plant J. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 12 IS 2 BP 293 EP 304 DI 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1997.12020293.x PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XW536 UT WOS:A1997XW53600005 PM 9301082 ER PT J AU Pare, PW Tumlinson, JH AF Pare, PW Tumlinson, JH TI De novo biosynthesis of volatiles induced by insect herbivory in cotton plants SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PARASITIC WASPS; ACYCLIC HOMOTERPENES; BETA-GLUCOSIDASE; METABOLISM; EMISSION; ELICITOR; MONOTERPENE; SEEDLINGS; LARVAE AB In response to insect feeding on the leaves, cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants release elevated levels of volatiles, which can serve as a chemical signal that attracts natural enemies of the herbivore to the damaged plant. Pulse-labeling experiments with [C-13]CO2 demonstrated that many of the volatiles released, including the acyclic terpenes (E,E)-alpha-farnesene, (E)-beta-farnesene, (E)-beta-ocimene, linalool, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene, and (E,E)-4,8,12-trimethyl-1,3,7,11-tridecatetraene, as well as the shikimate pathway product indole, are biosynthesized de novo following insect damage. However, other volatile constituents, including several cyclic terpenes, butyrates, and green leaf volatiles of the lipoxygenase pathway are released from storage or synthesized from stored intermediates. Analysis of volatiles from artificially damaged plants, with and without beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua Hubner) oral secretions exogenously applied to the leaves, as well as volatiles from beet armyworm-damaged and -undamaged control plants, demonstrated that the application of caterpillar oral secretions increased both the production and release of several volatiles that are synthesized de novo in response to insect feeding. These results establish that the plant plays an active and dynamic role in mediating the interaction between herbivores and natural enemies of herbivores. C1 USDA,ARS,CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32608. RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011; Pare, Paul/E-3055-2013 OI Pare, Paul/0000-0003-1644-723X NR 30 TC 266 Z9 301 U1 3 U2 32 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 114 IS 4 BP 1161 EP 1167 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XQ976 UT WOS:A1997XQ97600004 ER PT J AU Larsen, PB Kochian, LV Howell, SH AF Larsen, PB Kochian, LV Howell, SH TI Al inhibits both shoot development and root growth in als3, an Al-sensitive Arabidopsis mutant SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AESTIVUM L ROOTS; WHEAT ROOTS; ALUMINUM; CELLS; GENES; CULTIVARS; TOXICITY; CALCIUM; TIPS AB In als3, an Al-sensitive Arabidopsis mutant, shoot development and root growth are sensitive to Al. Mutant als3 seedlings grown in an Al-containing medium exhibit severely inhibited leaf expansion and root growth. In the presence of Al, unexpanded leaves accumulate callose, an indicator of Al damage in roots. The possibility that the inhibition of shoot development in als3 is due to the hyperaccumulation of Al in this tissue was examined. However, it was found that the levels of Al that accumulated in shoots of als3 are not different from the wild type. The inhibition of shoot development in als3 is not a consequence of nonspecific damage to roots, because other metals (e.g. LaCl3 or CuSO4) that strongly inhibit root growth did not block shoot development in als3 seedlings. Al did not block leaf development in excised als3 shoots grown in an Al-containing medium, demonstrating that the Al-induced damage in als3 shoots was dependent on the presence of roots. This suggests that Al inhibition of als3 shoot development may be a delocalized response to Al-induced stresses in roots following Al exposure. C1 CORNELL UNIV,BOYCE THOMPSON INST,ITHACA,NY 14853. USDA ARS,US PLANT SOIL & NUTR LAB,ITHACA,NY 14853. OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 26 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 114 IS 4 BP 1207 EP 1214 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XQ976 UT WOS:A1997XQ97600009 ER PT J AU Blumenthal, JM Russelle, MP Vance, CP AF Blumenthal, JM Russelle, MP Vance, CP TI Nitrogenase activity is affected by reduced partial pressures of N-2 and NO3- SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRIFOLIUM-REPENS L; LEGUME NODULES; ELECTRON ALLOCATION; SOYBEAN NODULES; MEDICAGO-SATIVA; INDUCED DECLINE; ROOT-NODULES; WHITE CLOVER; FIXATION; OXYGEN AB Optimal use of legumes in cropping systems requires a thorough understanding of the interaction between inorganic N nutrition and symbiotic N-2 fixation. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that increased NO3- uptake by alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) would compensate for lower N-2 fixation caused by low partial pressure of N-2. Root systems of hydroponically grown alfalfa at 2 mg L-1 NO3--N were exposed to (a) 80% N-2, (b) 7% N-2, (c) 2% N-2, or (d) 0% N-2. Exposure to reduced partial pressures of N-2 reduced total nitrogenase activity (TNA, measured as H-2 production in 20% O-2 and 80% Ar) by 40% within less than 30 min, followed by a recovery period over the next 30 min to initial activity. Five hours after treatments began, the TNA of plants exposed to 7 and 2% N-2 was substantially higher than pretreatment activities, whereas the TNA of plants exposed either to 0 or 80% N-2 did not differ from pretreatment values. The decline in TNA due to NO3- exposure over 4 d was not affected by reduced partial pressure of N-2. During the 1st h the proportion of electrons used for the reduction of N-2 fell from 0.52 to 0.23 for plants exposed to 7% N-2, and to 0.09 for plants exposed to 2% N-2 and remained unchanged for the rest of the experiment. Although the hypothesis that alfalfa compensated with increased NO3- uptake for lower N-2 fixation was not validated by our results, we unexpectedly demonstrated that the decline in TNA upon exposure to NO3- was independent of the N-2-fixing efficiency (i.e. the amount of N-2 reduced by nitrogenase) of the symbiosis. C1 ARS,PLANT SCI RES UNIT,USDA,US DAIRY FORAGE RES CTR,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT SOIL WATER & CLIMATE,ST PAUL,MN 55108. UNIV MINNESOTA,DEPT AGRON & PLANT GENET,ST PAUL,MN 55108. NR 43 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 114 IS 4 BP 1405 EP 1412 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XQ976 UT WOS:A1997XQ97600029 ER PT J AU Pesacreta, TC Carlson, LC Triplett, BA AF Pesacreta, TC Carlson, LC Triplett, BA TI Atomic force microscopy of cotton fiber cell wall surfaces in air and water: Quantitative and qualitative aspects SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE atomic force microscopy; cellulose; cell wall; fiber (cotton); Gossypium; microfibril ID IMAGING SOFT SAMPLES; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; TECHNOLOGY AB Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum cv. MD51) fiber cell walls were analyzed with an atomic force microscope to determine the effect of chemical treatments on cell wall organization and topography. Analysis of fibers in either air or water and without any staining or coating produced high-resolution images of cell wall microstructure which could be used for detailed quantitative analysis. Treatment of fibers with 1% H2O2 had little effect on surface morphology. Alkali removed much of the cuticle, some primary wall components, and revealed mostly thin-diameter microfibrils. Acidic Updegraff reagent fragmented the fibers, removed much of the cuticle, and revealed mostly thick microfibrils. The surface roughness of fibers treated sequentially with alkali and acid was quantitatively distinguishable from all other fiber types based on the standard deviation of the height data, amplification of surface area, and integration of the scan line data. Analysis of the fractal dimension enabled untreated and peroxide-treated fibers to be clearly distinguished from the other fiber types. Segmentation of the fractal data revealed specific portions of the fractal dimension which were especially useful for defining the size of structures that differentiated fiber types. Areas containing microfibrils could be quantitatively differentiated from non-microfibrillar areas. In water, some alkali-treated fibers had microfibrils that were relatively small in diameter while others appeared to consist of crystalline arrays of smaller fibrils. C1 USDA ARS,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. RP Pesacreta, TC (reprint author), UNIV SW LOUISIANA,MICROSCOPY CTR,POB 42451,LAFAYETTE,LA 70504, USA. NR 32 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 13 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD AUG PY 1997 VL 202 IS 4 BP 435 EP 442 DI 10.1007/s004250050147 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA XP340 UT WOS:A1997XP34000006 ER PT J AU Meydani, M Meisler, JG AF Meydani, M Meisler, JG TI A closer look at vitamin E - Can this antioxidant prevent chronic diseases? SO POSTGRADUATE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID E SUPPLEMENTATION; E CONSUMPTION; RISK; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; PROGRESSION; POPULATION; IMMUNITY AB Vitamin E, the most effective natural free radical scavenger identified to date, is taking America by storm - and apparently for good reason. Reports of benefits ranging from improved immunity to prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease are appearing regularly. In this article, the authors review the scientific literature to help you evaluate whether patients might benefit from supplemental vitamin E. C1 TUFTS UNIV,USDA,HUMAN NUTR RES CTR AGING,BOSTON,MA 02111. RP Meydani, M (reprint author), TUFTS UNIV,VASC BIOL PROGRAM,VASC BIOL LAB,711 WASHINGTON ST,BOSTON,MA 02111, USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU MCGRAW HILL HEALTHCARE PUBLICATIONS PI MINNEAPOLIS PA 4530 WEST 77TH ST, MINNEAPOLIS, MN 55435-5000 SN 0032-5481 J9 POSTGRAD MED JI Postgrad. Med. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 102 IS 2 BP 199 EP & PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA XQ861 UT WOS:A1997XQ86100018 PM 9270709 ER PT J AU Obenland, DM Aung, LH AF Obenland, DM Aung, LH TI Sodium chloride reduces damage to nectarines caused by hot water treatments SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE disinfestation; quarantine; osmotic potential ID QUARANTINE TREATMENT; HEAT-TREATMENT; DECAY CONTROL; FRUIT-FLY; TEPHRITIDAE; DIPTERA; QUALITY AB The tolerance of six nectarine (Prunus persica L. Batch var. (Ait.) Maxim.) cultivars to hot water treatment was evaluated and the effect of addition of NaCl to the treatment solution rested as a means of reducing treatment damage. Hot water-immersion was extremely damaging to all cultivars tested, although differences in tolerance existed. Treatment at 50 degrees C for 25 min: a treatment for fruit fly disinfestation, rendered the fruit of all cultivars unmarketable. Sodium chloride at a concentration of 200 mM reduced the mean injury rating averaged over all six cultivars from 3.9 (severe damage) to 1.9 (slight damage), although the latter was still too severe for the fruit to be marketable. At the less injurious temperature of 46 degrees C, the slight amount of injury caused by hot water treatment was eliminated in the presence of NaCl. Flesh firmness was not altered by NaCl in the treatment solution, but firmness was slightly greater in fruit treated at 50 degrees C as compared with 46 degrees C. Sodium chloride reduced damage by effectively reducing the amount of water entering the fruit during treatment and may be useful in reducing the damage from hot water immersion treatments used for surface disinfestation. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Obenland, DM (reprint author), USDA ARS,HORT CROPS RES LAB,2021 S PEACH AVE,FRESNO,CA 93727, USA. NR 8 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 12 IS 1 BP 15 EP 19 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(97)00037-9 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA XW237 UT WOS:A1997XW23700002 ER PT J AU Cheng, HH AF Cheng, HH TI Mapping the chicken genome SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE chicken; genetic markers; deoxyribonucleic acid; microsatellites; comparative mapping ID GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; DNA POLYMORPHISMS; MICROSATELLITE MARKERS; PRIMERS; SEQUENCE; LOCI AB Most economically important traits are genetically complex and controlled by numerous genes. A quality genetic map is a prerequisite for identifying quantitative trait loci (QTL) that contain the genes involved in these traits. Currently, there are two internationally recognized reference families that are used to build genetic maps. In this paper, the East Lansing (EL) genetic map is described in detail. Presently, the EL genetic map contains 617 genetic markers, of which 589 are resolved into 41 linkage groups. The map coverage within linkage groups is over 2,700 cM, which is about the estimated size of the chicken genome. There are 322 microsatellite markers, which greatly enhances the utility of this genetic map for genome-wide QTL searches. Also, 101 genes have been mapped, which will aid in the development of a comparative map. Further efforts to improve the genetic map and the potential for the map to identify QTL are discussed. RP Cheng, HH (reprint author), ARS,USDA,AVIAN DIS & ONCOL LAB,3606 E MT HOPE RD,E LANSING,MI 48823, USA. NR 28 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 76 IS 8 BP 1101 EP 1107 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XM614 UT WOS:A1997XM61400008 PM 9251135 ER PT J AU Dodgson, JB Cheng, HH Okimoto, R AF Dodgson, JB Cheng, HH Okimoto, R TI DNA marker technology: A revolution in animal genetics SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genome; gene mapping; markers; restriction fragment length polymorphism; microsatellites ID YEAST ARTIFICIAL-CHROMOSOME; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; SEQUENCE-TAGGED SITES; CHICKEN GENOME; LINKAGE MAP; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; POLYMORPHISMS; MICROSATELLITE; AMPLIFICATION; FINGERPRINTS AB The development of DNA-based markers has had a revolutionary impact on gene mapping and, more generally, on all of animal and plant genetics. With DNA-based markers, it is theoretically possible to exploit the entire diversity in DNA sequence that exists in any cross. For this reason, high resolution genetic maps are being developed at an unprecedented speed. The most commonly used DNA-based markers include those based on a cloned and (usually) sequenced DNA fragment and other, more random, assays for genetic polymorphism that can be grouped under the heading of fingerprint markers. The advantages and disadvantages of the various marker types are discussed, along with their application to the reference chicken genetic linkage maps and to the search for quantitative trait loci (QTL). The prospects for the use of DNA-based markers in marker-assisted selection are considered, along with likely future trends in poultry gene mapping. Further development of both physical and linkage genome maps of the chicken will allow animal scientists to more efficiently detect and characterize QTL and will provide them access to the wealth of genetic information that is being generated about the human genome and the genomes of model species, such as the mouse and Drosophila. C1 ARS,USDA,AVIAN DIS & ONCOL LAB,E LANSING,MI 48823. RP Dodgson, JB (reprint author), MICHIGAN STATE UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL,E LANSING,MI 48824, USA. NR 49 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 5 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 76 IS 8 BP 1108 EP 1114 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XM614 UT WOS:A1997XM61400009 PM 9251136 ER PT J AU Hogsette, JA Wilson, HR SempleRowland, SL AF Hogsette, JA Wilson, HR SempleRowland, SL TI Effects on white leghorn hens of constant exposure to ultraviolet light from insect traps SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE egg production; fly traps; ocular abnormalities; fertility; hatchability ID STABLE FLIES AB Constant exposure of Hy-Line(R) W-36 White Leghorn hens to ultraviolet light from insect traps resulted in no significant differences in egg production, fertility, hatchability of fertile eggs, or total hatchability. Also, there were no apparent effects on the eyes of the birds. Results were the same when either blacklight or blacklight blue tubes were used. The need for additional testing of light traps for nuisance fly control in commercial caged layer houses is discussed. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,INST FOOD & AGR SCI,DEPT DAIRY & POULTRY SCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. UNIV FLORIDA,COLL MED,DEPT NEUROSCI,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610. RP Hogsette, JA (reprint author), ARS,CTR MED AGR & VET ENTOMOL RES,USDA,POB 14565,GAINESVILLE,FL 32604, USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 76 IS 8 BP 1134 EP 1137 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XM614 UT WOS:A1997XM61400015 PM 9251142 ER PT J AU Dwyer, MR Kubena, LF Harvey, RB Mayura, K Sarr, AB Buckley, S Bailey, RH Phillips, TD AF Dwyer, MR Kubena, LF Harvey, RB Mayura, K Sarr, AB Buckley, S Bailey, RH Phillips, TD TI Effects of inorganic adsorbents and cyclopiazonic acid in broiler chickens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE mycotoxin; cyclopiazonic acid; toxicity; inorganic adsorbents; chicken ID SODIUM-CALCIUM ALUMINOSILICATE; ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; GROWING BARROWS; OCHRATOXIN-A; AFLATOXIN; TOXICITY; RATS; MYCOTOXIN; DIETS; SWINE AB Previous studies with cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) have indicated that this mycotoxin strongly adsorbs onto the surface of a naturally acidic phyllosilicate clay (AC). The objective of this study was to determine whether AC (and similar adsorbents) could protect against the toxicity of CPA in vivo. Acidic phyllosilicate clay, neutral phyllosilicate clay (NC, or hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate), and a common zeolite (CZ, or clinoptilolite) were evaluated. One-day-old broiler chicks consumed diets containing 0 or 45 mg/kg CPA alone or in combination with 1% AC, NC, or CZ ad libitum from Day 1 to 21. Body weight, feed consumption, feed:gain, hematology, serum biochemical values, and enzyme activities were evaluated. Compared to controls, CPA alone reduced body weight at Day 21 by a total of 26% and resulted in a significantly higher feed:gain ratio. Toxicity of CPA was also expressed through increased relative weights of kidney, proventriculus, and gizzard. Also, there were some alterations in hematology, serum biochemical values, and enzyme activities. Treatment with inorganic adsorbents did not effectively diminish the growth-inhibitory effects of CPA or the increased weights of organs, although there was some protection from hematological, serum biochemical, and enzymatic changes produced by CPA. The results of this study suggest that in vitro binding of CPA to clay does not accurately forecast its efficacy in vivo; the reasons for this discrepancy are not clear, but they may be related to differences in clay binding capacity and ligand selectivity for CPA in vitro vs in vivo. Predictions about the ability of inorganic adsorbents to protect chickens from the adverse effects of mycotoxins should be approached with caution and should be confirmed in vivo, paying particular attention to the potential for nutrient interactions. C1 TEXAS A&M UNIV,COLL VET MED,DEPT VET ANAT & PUBL HLTH,COLLEGE STN,TX 77843. ARS,USDA,FOOD ANIM PROTECT RES LAB,COLLEGE STN,TX 77845. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [P42-ES04917] NR 56 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 2 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 76 IS 8 BP 1141 EP 1149 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XM614 UT WOS:A1997XM61400017 PM 9251144 ER PT J AU Allen, PC Danforth, HD Gregory, SA ComensKeller, P AF Allen, PC Danforth, HD Gregory, SA ComensKeller, P TI Assessment of recombinant bovine somatotropin(R) as an immunomodulator during avian coccidiosis: Immunization with living oocysts SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE coccidiosis; recombinant bovine somatotropin(R); immunomodulation; poultry ID EXOGENOUS GROWTH-HORMONE; SUPEROXIDE ANION; FACTOR-I; MACROPHAGES; SECRETION; HYPOPHYSECTOMY; INCREASES; CHICKENS AB Coccidiosis, a disease of great economic importance to the poultry industry, is generally controlled prophylactically by additions of anticoccidial drugs to the feed. However, increasing development of drug-resistant coccidia species has stimulated searches for alternative control methods, one of which is vaccination. As part of this effort, recombinant bovine growth hormone(R) (rbST) was tested as a possible immune stimulator in combination with live oocyst vaccination. At a dose of 0.045 mg per chick, given by s.c. injection at 1 d of age, rbST did not improve immunity developed by immunization with 500 or 2,500 oocysts of Eimeria maxima as judged by weight gain and lesion scores. At a single dose of 0.09 mg per chick given at 1 d of age in combination with IMMUCOX(R), rbST provided some protection against challenge infection with Eimeria tenella but not Eimeria acervulina as judged by reduction in lesion scores. Treatment with 0.09 mg rbST per chick alone at 1 and 3 d of age was protective against challenge with E. tenella but not E. acervulina or E. maxima as judged by reduction in lesion scores. These results strongly indicate that rbST can act as an immune modulator in chickens infected with coccidia, and provide a basis for further investigations of its use as a vaccine adjuvant. C1 MONSANTO CO,ST LOUIS,MO 63198. GD SEARLE & CO,ST LOUIS,MO 63198. RP Allen, PC (reprint author), ARS,USDA,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 76 IS 8 BP 1150 EP 1155 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XM614 UT WOS:A1997XM61400018 PM 9251145 ER PT J AU Allen, PC Lydon, J Danforth, HD AF Allen, PC Lydon, J Danforth, HD TI Effects of components of Artemisia annua on coccidia infections in chickens SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE coccidiosis; Artemisia annua; artemisinin; anticoccidial; feed additive ID ESSENTIAL OIL; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; QINGHAOSU ARTEMISININ; MICE; DRUG AB Four experiments were run to test the anticoccidial activity of dried Artemisia annua leaves and several of their chemical constituents for possible use as prophylactic feed additives. When fed over a period of 3 wk at a level of 5%, a dried leaf supplement of A. annua provided significant protection against lesions due to Eimeria tenella but not Eimeria acervulina or Eimeria maxima. When fed over a period of 5 wk at a level of 1% to chicks undergoing immunization with a live vaccine, it provided significant protection in partially immunized chicks against E. acervulina and E. tenella lesions from a dual species challenge infection, It also afforded lower mean lesion scores in challenged chicks immunized over a period of 5 wk. Artemisinin, an antimalarial component of A. annua, was present at a level of 0.034% in the dried leaf preparation. A 5% supplement thus afforded about 17 ppm artemisinin. When the pure compound was fed at that level for a period of 3 wk, it protected weight gains and significantly reduced lesion scores attributable to E. tenella but not E. acervulina. Other components of A. annua, camphor and 1,8-cineole, at 119 ppm also protected weight gains, and reduced E. tenella lesion scores. Camphor reduced E. acervulina lesions. Artemisinin fed for 4 wk at levels of 2, 8.5, and 17 ppm significantly reduced oocyst output from separate E. acervulina and E. tenella infections and a dual species infection. Pure artemisinin thus appears to be effective against at least two coccidia species when used as a feed additive, and its activity may depend, in part, on the length of time it is administered before a challenge infection. C1 ARS,USDA,INST PLANT SCI,WEED SCI LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705. RP Allen, PC (reprint author), ARS,USDA,INST LIVESTOCK & POULTRY SCI,PARASITE BIOL & EPIDEMIOL LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 22 TC 85 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 17 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 76 IS 8 BP 1156 EP 1163 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA XM614 UT WOS:A1997XM61400019 PM 9251146 ER PT J AU Losinger, WC Garber, LP Smith, MA Hurd, HS Biehl, LG FedorkaCray, PJ Thomas, LA Ferris, K AF Losinger, WC Garber, LP Smith, MA Hurd, HS Biehl, LG FedorkaCray, PJ Thomas, LA Ferris, K TI Management and nutritional factors associated with the detection of Salmonella sp. from cattle fecal specimens from feedlot operations in the United States SO PREVENTIVE VETERINARY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Salmonella; cattle; feedlot; risk factors; national study; national survey ID T-2 TOXIN; RESISTANT SALMONELLA; FOODBORNE DISEASE; WHOLE COTTONSEED; DAIRY-CATTLE; PERFORMANCE; TYPHIMURIUM; INHIBITION; MYCOTOXINS; CALIFORNIA AB In a convenience sample of 100 feedlot operations (included in the United States Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service 1994 Cattle on Feed Evaluation), up to 25 cattle fecal samples were collected and tested for the presence of Salmonella from each of two pens (the pen which contained the most-recent arrivals, and the pen with cattle that had been on feed the longest). One or more Salmonella spp. were recovered from 38 (38.0%) of the 100 feedlots, 52 (26.0%) of the 200 pens and 273 (5.5%) of the 4977 feed samples collected. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that feeding tallow and feeding whole cottonseed or cottonseed hulls within seven days prior to fecal sample collection was associated with an increased risk of finding Salmonella in a pen. Variables not found to be significantly associated with the detection of Salmonella in a pen included region, operation size, use of sprinklers, time on feed, type of cattle in the pen, number and concentration of cattle in a pen, feeding probiotics, and various other feeds. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,COLL VET MED,URBANA,IL 61801. USDA ARS,NATL ANIM DIS CTR,AMES,IA 50010. USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,VET SERV,CTR ANIM HLTH,FT COLLINS,CO 80521. USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,VET SERV,CTR EPIDEMIOL,FT COLLINS,CO 80521. USDA ARS,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,VET SERV,FOREIGN ANIM DIS DIAGNOST LAB,GREENPORT,NY 11944. NATL VET SERV LAB,USDA,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,AMES,IA 50010. NR 45 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-5877 J9 PREV VET MED JI Prev. Vet. Med. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 31 IS 3-4 BP 231 EP 244 DI 10.1016/S0167-5877(96)01143-9 PG 14 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA XM113 UT WOS:A1997XM11300008 PM 9234447 ER PT J AU Anderson, RA AF Anderson, RA TI Chromium as an essential nutrient for humans SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Chromium Symposium - 1996 CY APR 23-24, 1996 CL ARLINGTON, VA SP Allied Signal Inc, Bayer AG, Harcros Chem Grp, Occidental Chem Corp ID TOTAL PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; SUPPLEMENTAL-CHROMIUM; GLUCOSE-TOLERANCE; CORONARY-ARTERY; SERUM CHROMIUM; EXCRETION; DEFICIENCY; LIPIDS; DIETS AB Chromium is an essential nutrient required for sugar and fat metabolism. Normal dietary intake of Cr for humans is suboptimal. The estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake for Cr is 50 to 200 mu g. However, most diets contain less than 60% of the minimum suggested intake of 50 mu g. Insufficient dietary intake of Cr leads to signs and symptoms that are similar to those observed for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Supplemental Cr given to people with impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes leads to improved blood glucose, insulin, and lipid variables. Chromium has also been shown to improve lean body mass in humans and swine. Response to Cr is dependent upon form and amount of supplemental Cr. Chromium is a nutrient; therefore, it will only be of benefit to those who are marginally or overtly Cr deficient. Trivalent Cr has a very large safety range and there have been no documented signs of Cr toxicity in any of the nutritional studies at levels up to 1 mg per day. (C) 1997 Academic Press. RP Anderson, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS,BELTSVILLE HUMAN NUTR RES CTR,NUTR REQUIREMENTS & FUNCT LAB,BELTSVILLE,MD 20705, USA. NR 48 TC 162 Z9 168 U1 2 U2 22 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 26 IS 1 BP S35 EP S41 DI 10.1006/rtph.1997.1136 PN 2 PG 7 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA XZ587 UT WOS:A1997XZ58700006 PM 9380836 ER PT J AU Ahl, AS Buntain, B AF Ahl, AS Buntain, B TI Risk and the food safety chain: animal health, public health and the environment SO REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE DE L OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES LA English DT Article DE animal health; environment; foodborne disease; microbial pathogens; public health; risk assessment AB Food safety related to the consumption of animal-derived protein encompasses a wide variety of production and processing procedures which begins with the farm and inputs to the animals on the farm (e.g. feed and water) and includes the environment in which animals are reared. Hazards may be physical, artificial or naturally-occurring chemicals, organisms which cannot reproduce outside a specified life-cycle (e.g., parasites such as tapeworm in pigs) or viruses. Other microbes reproduce in the gastrointestinal tra ct of food animals as well as on the surface of food and in the environment. Methods of risk assessment for physical and chemical hazards have been used for many years. However, with microbial pathogens which can survive and grow on meat, in sail, water or other media, risk assessment methods are at the early stages of development. Due to the broad habitat range, the role of microbial pathogens in the food safety of meat, poultry, fruit and vegetables is important. The use of antibiotics in livestock species may accelerate the development of antibiotic-resistant strains of microbial pathogens, potentially complicating treatment for both animals and humans. The authors discuss the food chain, risk analysis and hazard analysis and critical control points in relation to foodborne pathogens, and introduce general strategies for improving pathogen control on the farm. C1 USDA, Off Risk Assessment & Cost Benefit Anal, Washington, DC 20050 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20050 USA. RP Ahl, AS (reprint author), USDA, Off Risk Assessment & Cost Benefit Anal, 1400 Independence Ave,SW,Stop 8811, Washington, DC 20050 USA. NR 35 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 7 PU OFFICE INT EPIZOOTIES PI PARIS PA 12 RUE DE PRONY, 75017 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0253-1933 J9 REV SCI TECH OIE JI Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 16 IS 2 BP 322 EP 330 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YX445 UT WOS:000072040700003 PM 9501344 ER PT J AU McDowell, RM McElvaine, MD AF McDowell, RM McElvaine, MD TI Long-term sequelae to foodborne disease SO REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE DE L OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES LA English DT Article DE chronic disease sequelae; Crohn's disease; foodborne disease; Guillain-Barre syndrome; public health; reactive arthritis ID GUILLAIN-BARRE-SYNDROME; CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI; MYCOBACTERIUM-PARATUBERCULOSIS; UNITED-STATES; ARTHRITIS; MILK AB Most of the concern about foodborne disease has been focused on the immediate effects of acute infection. Recent information has shown that many of these foodborne infections also have long-term sequelae with serious health effects and a significant economic impact. To increase the awareness of animal health professionals to these sequelae, the authors discuss two groups of sequelae which are strongly associated with preceding infection (reactive arthritides, including Reiter's syndrome, and the Guillain-Barre syndrome) as well as the possible association between Crohn's disease and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. The discussion includes a description of the disease syndromes along with epidemiological and economic information. More reliable epidemiological and economic data on chronic sequelae to foodborne disease will be needed for future evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of mitigation strategies to reduce the occurrence of foodborne pathogens. C1 USDA, Off Risk Assessment & Cost Benefit Anal, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. RP McElvaine, MD (reprint author), USDA, Off Risk Assessment & Cost Benefit Anal, 1400 Independence Ave SW,Room 5248-S, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 21 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU OFFICE INT EPIZOOTIES PI PARIS PA 12 RUE DE PRONY, 75017 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0253-1933 J9 REV SCI TECH OIE JI Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 16 IS 2 BP 337 EP 341 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YX445 UT WOS:000072040700005 PM 9501346 ER PT J AU Billy, TJ Wachsmuth, IK AF Billy, TJ Wachsmuth, IK TI Hazard analysis and critical control point systems in the United States Department of Agriculture regulatory policy SO REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE DE L OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES LA English DT Article DE farm-to-table food safety; hazard analysis and critical control points; pathogen reduction; public health; risk assessment; United States of America AB Recent outbreaks of foodborne illness and studies by expert groups have established the need for fundamental change in the United States meat and poultry inspection programme to reduce the risk of foodborne illness. The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has embarked on a broad effort to bring about such change, with particular emphasis on the reduction of pathogenic micro-organisms in raw meat and poultry products. The publication on 25 July 1996 of the Final Rule on pathogen reduction and hazard analysis and critical control point(HACCP) systems was a major milestone in the FSIS strategy for change. The Final Rule provides a framework for change and clarifies the respective roles of industry and government in ensuring the safety of meat and poultry products. With the implementation of this Final Rule underway, the FSIS has been exploring ways in which slaughter inspection carried out under an HACCP-based system can be changed so that food safety risks are addressed more adequately and the allocation of inspection resources is improved further. In addition, the FSIS is broadening the focus of food safety activities to extend beyond slaughter and processing plants by working with industry, academia and other government agencies. Such co-operation should lead to the development of measures to improve food safety before animals reach the slaughter plant and after products leave the inspected establishment for distribution to the retail level. For the future, the FSIS believes that quantitative risk assessments will be at the core of food safety activities. Risk assessments provide the most effective means of identifying how specific pathogens and other hazards may he encountered throughout the farm-to-table chain and of measuring the potential impact of various interventions. In addition, these assessments will be used in the development and evaluation of HACCP systems. The FSIS is currently conducting a quantitative risk assessment for eggs, and several surveys and studies are being performed to supply data needed to conduct other risk assessments. The FSIS has established a food safety research agenda which will fill data gaps. C1 USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Billy, TJ (reprint author), USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, 14th & Independence Ave,SW, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU OFFICE INT EPIZOOTIES PI PARIS PA 12 RUE DE PRONY, 75017 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0253-1933 J9 REV SCI TECH OIE JI Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 16 IS 2 BP 342 EP 348 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YX445 UT WOS:000072040700006 PM 9501347 ER PT J AU Smith, RA Griffin, DD Dargatz, DA AF Smith, RA Griffin, DD Dargatz, DA TI The risks and prevention of contamination of beef feedlot cattle: the perspective of the United States of America SO REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE DE L OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; feedlots; hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP); pre-harvest food safety; public health; residues; United States of America AB There are currently no scientifically defined critical management points or critical control points to manage foodborne pathogens at the pre-harvest level. Research is ongoing: much of the pre-harvest research is funded by producer organisations. The beef industry has Beef Quality Assurance (BQA) programmes in place and these are dynamic. Groups of cattlemen have made a very strong commitment to reducing foodborne pathogens in beef. Fewer Escherichia coli O157:H7 organisms are shed by feedlot cattle near the end of the feeding period than by newly arrived cattle. Moreover, there is less shedding of the organisms in cattle of slaughter age than in younger cattle. The prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in feedlot cattle is similar to that in range cattle. This suggests that concentrating cattle in feedlot dirt pens does not increase the risk of shedding E. coli organisms. Pen maintenance, considered a good management practice, appears to be an adequate means of keeping pathogen levels in pens low. It is not likely that pre-harvest food safety programmes will eliminate the threat of pathogens such as E. coli O157:H7 or Salmonella. The management of foodborne pathogens will become part of an integrated programme to enhance food safety which includes the producer, the packer, the distributors, retailers and the consumer. The feedlot industry initiated a residue avoidance programme several years ago. As a result, the risk of chemical residues in beef from feedlots in the United States of America is near zero. Hazard analysis and critical control point-type prevention programmes, using scientifically based critical management points, will help ensure that the risk remains negligible. C1 Oklahoma State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Univ Nebraska, Great Plains Vet Educ Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Ctr Anim Hlth Monitoring, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Ctr Epidemiol, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Ctr Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Smith, RA (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 9 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 6 PU OFFICE INT EPIZOOTIES PI PARIS PA 12 RUE DE PRONY, 75017 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0253-1933 J9 REV SCI TECH OIE JI Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 16 IS 2 BP 359 EP 368 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YX445 UT WOS:000072040700008 PM 9501349 ER PT J AU Holsinger, VH Rajkowski, KT Stabel, JR AF Holsinger, VH Rajkowski, KT Stabel, JR TI Milk pasteurisation and safety: a brief history and update SO REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE DE L OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES LA English DT Article DE cheese; milk; milk-borne pathogens; mycobacteria; pasteurisation; public health ID MYCOBACTERIUM-BOVIS INFECTIONS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI; FOODBORNE ILLNESS; COWS MILK; PARATUBERCULOSIS; PASTEURIZATION; TUBERCULOSIS; CHEESE AB A brief history of the development of milk pasteurisation is presented and updated. Concerns about the margin of safety provided by current pasteurisation standards in terms of milk-borne pathogens such as mycobacteria (in particular Mycobacterium paratuberculosis) and other emerging pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7 are discussed. With the exception of the endospores of Bacillus cereus, current standards appear to be adequate for public health assurance of milk safety provided good manufacturing practices are followed. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Holsinger, VH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 79 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 6 U2 22 PU OFFICE INT EPIZOOTIES PI PARIS PA 12 RUE DE PRONY, 75017 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0253-1933 J9 REV SCI TECH OIE JI Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 16 IS 2 BP 441 EP 451 PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YX445 UT WOS:000072040700017 PM 9501358 ER PT J AU Gamble, HR AF Gamble, HR TI Parasites associated with pork and pork products SO REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE DE L OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES LA English DT Article DE cooking; curing; freezing; meat inspection; public health; Taenia solium; Toxoplasma gondii; Trichinella spiralis; zoonotic parasites ID GONDII TISSUE CYSTS; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; TRICHINELLA-SPIRALIS; SWINE FARMS; HIGH-TEMPERATURE; INFECTIVITY; PIGS; IRRADIATION; TRICHINOSIS; PREVALENCE AB Three parasites pose a public health risk from the ingestion of raw or undercooked pork, namely: Trichinella spiralis, Taenia solium and Toxoplasma gondii. Inspection procedures, when practised according to prescribed methods, are effective in eliminating the majority of risks from T. spiralis and T. solium. No suitable methods for the post-slaughter detection of T. gondii are available. All three parasites are inactivated by various methods of cooking, freezing and curing; some information is also available on inactivation by irradiation. Good production practices, including a high level of sanitation, rodent and cat control on farms, can prevent opportunities for exposure of pigs to these parasites. Alternatively, meat inspection, proper commercial processing and adherence to guidelines for in-home preparation of meat are effective methods for reduction of risks for human exposure. C1 USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gamble, HR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Bldg 1040,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 53 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 6 PU OFFICE INT EPIZOOTIES PI PARIS PA 12 RUE DE PRONY, 75017 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0253-1933 J9 REV SCI TECH OIE JI Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 16 IS 2 BP 496 EP 506 PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YX445 UT WOS:000072040700022 PM 9501363 ER PT J AU White, PL Baker, AR James, WO AF White, PL Baker, AR James, WO TI Strategies to control Salmonella and Campylobacter in raw poultry products SO REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE DE L OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES LA English DT Article DE Campylobacter; foodborne illness; poultry; public health; risk reduction; Salmonella; United States of America ID MUCOSAL COMPETITIVE-EXCLUSION; COMMERCIAL BROILER-CHICKENS; BACTERIOLOGICAL PROFILE; JEJUNI INFECTION; ENVIRONMENTAL-CONDITIONS; COLONIZATION; CONTAMINATION; CARCASSES; FLOCKS; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB Foodborne illness is a major public health concern. The largest number of foodborne illness cases attributed to poultry and poultry products are caused by paratyphoid serotypes of Salmonella and by Campylobacter jejuni. The effective prevention of foodborne disease requires an understanding that contamination can be introduced into foods at numerous points along the food chain. Since multiple entry points exist for foodborne pathogens, multifaceted intervention approaches are required to successfully control contamination of poultry during the various phases of the growth period and processing procedure of broiler chickens. Strategies during the grow-out period (the period during which day-old chicks are raised to six-to seven-week-old broiler chickens) include sanitation, biosecurity, vaccine and drug therapy, and biological control procedures, such as those aimed at preventing colonisation. There are also many critical control points identified in the processing plant which reduce contamination. These include temperature controls (washer and product), chemical interventions, water replacements and counter-flaw technology in the scalder and chiller, and equipment maintenance. Transportation and food handling at retail outlets and by the consumer (i.e., storage at the proper temperature and adequate cooking) are the final critical control points in the farm-to-table continuum. It is important to apply risk reduction strategies throughout the food chain. These include: easing the development and implementation of voluntary animal production 'best management practices', implementing in-plant hazard analysis and critical control point systems, developing effective transportation and refrigeration standards, working to facilitate adoption of the model Food Code in all States and providing educational materials and support for public health activities nationwide. C1 USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP White, PL (reprint author), USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, 1400 Independence Ave SW,0002 South Bldg, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 81 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 4 U2 10 PU OFFICE INT EPIZOOTIES PI PARIS PA 12 RUE DE PRONY, 75017 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0253-1933 J9 REV SCI TECH OIE JI Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 16 IS 2 BP 525 EP 541 PG 17 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YX445 UT WOS:000072040700025 PM 9501366 ER PT J AU Hogue, A White, P Guard-Petter, J Schlosser, W Gast, R Ebel, E Farrar, J Gomez, T Madden, J Madison, M McNamara, AM Morales, R Parham, D Sparling, P Sutherlin, W Swerdlow, D AF Hogue, A White, P Guard-Petter, J Schlosser, W Gast, R Ebel, E Farrar, J Gomez, T Madden, J Madison, M McNamara, AM Morales, R Parham, D Sparling, P Sutherlin, W Swerdlow, D TI Epidemiology and control of egg-associated Salmonella Enteritidis in the United States of America SO REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE DE L OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES LA English DT Article DE epidemiology; food safety; public health; poultry; Salmonella Enteritidis; United States of America ID PHAGE TYPE-4; INFECTIONS; VIRULENCE; PLASMIDS; ENGLAND; POULTRY AB The isolation rate for Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (SE) in humans in the United States of America (USA) increased from 1,207 sporadic isolates identified in 1976 (0.6 isolates/100,000 population) to 10,201 identified in 1995 (4.0/100,000 population). The proportion of reported Salmonella isolates which were SE increased from 5% to 25% during the same time period. In 1990, 1994, and 1995, SE was the most commonly reported Salmonella serotype in the USA. Much of this increase has been associated with the consumption of contaminated shell eggs. An examination of the results of a United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) survey of spent hens at slaughter and unpasteurised liquid egg at breaker plants (liquid egg processors) in 1991 and 1995 reveals an increase in the prevalence of SE isolates overall and in most regions of the USA. SE phage type 4 (pt 4), the predominant SE phage type in other parts of the world, has emerged in the egg industry in the western USA concurrent with a sharp increase in the number of sporadic human SE pt 4 isolates in California and Utah. Research on the molecular structure and virulence of SE pt 4 isolates from the USA as compared with isolates from other parts of the world (human and poultry) should be a priority. A comparison of DNA from pt 4 isolates from the USA and Europe may provide information about the potential threat to public health and poultry in the USA from this phage type. Some regional success in the reduction of human illness as a result of SE control efforts is apparent. The Pennsylvania Egg Quality Assurance Program has shown progress in reducing SE infection in participating flocks. At a national level, however, neither the incidence of human illness due to SE nor the prevalence of SE in flocks and unpasteurised liquid eggs have decreased significantly, despite the implementation of the USDA 'trace back' regulation from 1990 to 1995, and intensified efforts to educate food handlers and to enforce safe food handling pra cti ces. More effort is needed to control SE at every stage of the egg continuum, from production through to consumption. A risk-reduction approach, with barriers to the introduction and multiplication of the pathogen throughout the farm-to-table continuum, is the most practical method for reducing human illness from SE in shell eggs at present. An effective long-term solution will require interdisciplinary efforts involving government, industry, consumers, and academics. Interventions should be developed and evaluated in compliance with the potential for reducing the risk to human health and cost-effectiveness. C1 USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Washington, DC 20005 USA. USDA ARS, Athens, GA 30604 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Emerging Pathogens & Zoonot Dis Div, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Sacramento, CA 94234 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US FDA, Hlth & Human Serv 1042, Ctr Food Safety, Washington, DC 20204 USA. US FDA, Hlth & Human Serv 1042, Ctr Nutr, Washington, DC 20204 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20005 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hogue, A (reprint author), USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Room 6913A,Franklin Court Suite,1099 14th St NW, Washington, DC 20005 USA. NR 31 TC 110 Z9 111 U1 0 U2 8 PU OFFICE INT EPIZOOTIES PI PARIS PA 12 RUE DE PRONY, 75017 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0253-1933 J9 REV SCI TECH OIE JI Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 16 IS 2 BP 542 EP 553 PG 12 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YX445 UT WOS:000072040700026 PM 9501367 ER PT J AU Van Tiem, JS AF Van Tiem, JS TI The public health risks of cervid production in the United States of America SO REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE DE L OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES LA English DT Article DE Cervidae; public health; tuberculosis; United States of America; zoonoses ID MYCOBACTERIUM-BOVIS INFECTION; DEER; ELK; TUBERCULOSIS; INSPECTION; ELAPHUS; CATTLE; HERD AB Cervid species represent a growing livestock enterprise in the United Stales of America (USA), The zoonotic threat of bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) is the only significant public health risk posed by this alternative livestock industry. This paper examines the potential sources of tuberculosis exposure as related to public health and compares and contrasts the status of tuberculosis in Cervidae with the situation in the cattle industry in the USA, Based on the existing prevalence of the disease and the limited potential of human exposure to infected meat or meat products, bovine tuberculosis in Cervidae poses a minimal threat to public health. The only significant public health concern is exposure to infected free-ranging cervids of hunters who field-dress carcasses and may unknowingly incise tuberculous lesions. This risk is mitigated only by the small size of the cervid population at risk when compared to the general population of cervids hunted yearly. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. RP Van Tiem, JS (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, 4700 River Rd,Unit 43, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. NR 21 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU OFFICE INT EPIZOOTIES PI PARIS PA 12 RUE DE PRONY, 75017 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0253-1933 J9 REV SCI TECH OIE JI Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 16 IS 2 BP 564 EP 570 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YX445 UT WOS:000072040700028 PM 9501369 ER PT J AU Jensen, GL Greenlees, KJ AF Jensen, GL Greenlees, KJ TI Public health issues in aquaculture SO REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE-OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES LA English DT Article DE aquaculture; drug residues; environmental contaminants; food safety; hazard analysis and critical control points; heavy metals; natural toxins; public health; quality assurance; United States of America ID VIBRIO-VULNIFICUS; RAW OYSTERS; FISH; SHELLFISH; SURVEILLANCE; ENVIRONMENTS; CONSUMPTION; PREVALENCE; TISSUES; QUALITY AB The authors address the public health issues associated with the consumption of aquacultural products using numerous examples from the United States of America. As with other foods, public health risks exist but these mostly involve open water environments or products which are consumed raw or undercooked. Unlike wild fisheries, inland aquaculture systems can minimise public health risks by proper site evaluation and good aquacultural practices. Responsible use of pesticides and therapeutants can prevent violative residues to assure product safety and wholesomeness. The implementation of hazard analysis and critical control point regulations will further enhance the preventive approach to hazards control. The most challenging public health risks arise from shellfish production in open, surface waters, where both naturally-occurring and trace environmental residue contaminants can bioaccumulate in tissues and may cause disease outbreaks (and, in severe cases, death). Water quality certification programmes and field surveillance efforts including product sampling, testing and monitoring can address critical safety criteria. This paper focuses primarily on public health risks associated with production: however, the fact that consumer risks also occur as a result of the processing of aquacultural products and that foodborne diseases arise additionally from unsanitary handling or preparation and storage at incorrect temperatures (as is the case for food products from other animals) must also be taken into consideration. C1 USDA, Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. US FDA, Ctr Vet Med, Off New Anim Drug Evaluat, Rockville, MD 20855 USA. RP Jensen, GL (reprint author), USDA, Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, Stop 2220,1400 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 62 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU OFFICE INT EPIZOOTIES PI PARIS PA 12 RUE DE PRONY, 75017 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0253-1933 J9 REV SCI TECH OIE JI Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 16 IS 2 BP 641 EP 651 PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YX445 UT WOS:000072040700037 PM 9501378 ER PT J AU Adams, AM Murrell, KD Cross, JH AF Adams, AM Murrell, KD Cross, JH TI Parasites of fish and risks to public health SO REVUE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE-OFFICE INTERNATIONAL DES EPIZOOTIES LA English DT Article DE acanthocephalans; cestodes; fish; freezing; good manufacturing practices; hazard analysis and critical control points; nematodes; parasites; public health; seafood; trematodes ID NANOPHYETUS-SALMINCOLA; ANISAKIS; INFECTION; SALMON AB A multitude of parasites have been reported in fish, but only a few species are capable of infecting humans, The most important of the helminths acquired by humans from fish are the anisakid nematodes (particularly Anisakis simplex and Pseudoterranova decipiens), cestodes of the genus Diphyllobothrium and digenetic trematodes of the families Heterophyidae, Opisthorchiidae and Nanophyetidae. Seafood-associated infections by acanthocephalans are rarely reported in humans. All of the helminths mentioned above are associated with social-cultural and behavioural factors, in particular the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood. Measures can be taken during harvesting, processing or post-processing (e.g., by the consumer) to mitigate the risks of infection. The seafood industry and government authorities can apply various programmes to reduce these risks, including good manufacturing practices (GMPs) and hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) systems. Such measures may include avoiding particular harvest areas, sizes of fish, or even particular species of fish. The method of capture, handling and storage of the catch can directly affect the quality of the seafood with regard to the presence and numbers of parasites. The extent of processing - including heading and gutting, candling and trimming - and the type of product derived (fresh, frozen, salted or pickled) can all contribute to the control of the risks posed by helminths. The most effective means of killing the parasites are either freezing or heat inactivation. C1 US FDA, Bothell, WA 98041 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Natl Program Staff, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. RP Adams, AM (reprint author), US FDA, POB 3012,22201 23rd Dr SE, Bothell, WA 98041 USA. NR 33 TC 63 Z9 68 U1 4 U2 20 PU OFFICE INT EPIZOOTIES PI PARIS PA 12 RUE DE PRONY, 75017 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0253-1933 J9 REV SCI TECH OIE JI Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epizoot. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 16 IS 2 BP 652 EP 660 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YX445 UT WOS:000072040700038 PM 9501379 ER PT J AU Sharratt, BS AF Sharratt, BS TI Thermal conductivity and water retention of a black spruce forest floor SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FILTER-PAPER METHOD; INTERIOR ALASKA; BOREAL FORESTS; SOIL; VEGETATION AB The forest Boor of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) stands is typified by a thick layer of moss and organic material overlying the soil, This layer is an important source of nutrients and water for spruce and provides thermal insulation of permafrost, However, little is known about the water retention characteristics and thermal conductivity of black spruce forest Boors, Near Fairbanks, Alaska, in situ thermal conductivity and water content of a black spruce forest floor (0-0.05 m depth) were assessed during the 1992 growing season, In addition, core samples were taken for laboratory estimates of bulk density, water retention, and thermal conductivity, Bulk density was about 0.035 Mg m(-3) at the 0 to 0.10-m depth and 0.050 Mg m(-3) at the 0.10 to 0.20-m depth, In situ thermal conductivity of moss was generally smaller than previously estimated and ranged from 0.03 to 0.09 W m(-1) K-1 over the growing season, Thermal conductivity varied linearly with water content at the 0 to 0.10-m depth and exponentially with water content below 0.10 m. Water retention differed within the forest Boor profile, with an apparently smaller air-entry matric suction and pore size distribution index below the 0.1-m depth, This study suggests that variations in bulk density within a forest Boor profile, which result from changes in organic material composition, affect both the thermal and hydrologic properties of black spruce forest floors. RP Sharratt, BS (reprint author), USDA ARS,803 IOWA AVE,MORRIS,MN 56267, USA. NR 27 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 162 IS 8 BP 576 EP 582 DI 10.1097/00010694-199708000-00006 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA XV921 UT WOS:A1997XV92100006 ER PT J AU Alaimo, MH Roberts, JE AF Alaimo, MH Roberts, JE TI Effects of paramagnetic cations on the nonexponential spin-lattice relaxation of rare spin nuclei in solids SO SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE LA English DT Article DE silica gel; C-13-NMR; Si-29-NMR; paramagnetic relaxations; stretched exponential ID C-13 NMR; STATE NMR; SILICA-GEL; ARTIFACTS; POLYMERS; DECAY; TIME AB Nonexponential spin-lattice relaxation is often observed for rare spin nuclei in the solid state. Deviation from single-component decay may be amplified by the coupling of rare spin nuclei to paramagnetic centers. Nonexponential spin-lattice relaxation was observed in derivatized silica gels resins. This phenomenon was localized and enhanced when paramagnetic transition metal cations were bound to surface functional groups. A stretched exponential analysis method was determined to be robust in fitting nonexponential relaxation curves for silica gels both with and without bound paramagnetic ions. Spin-lattice relaxation rates (T-1(-1)) for functional group nuclei increased as a function of percent surface coverage with metal ion. The magnitude of the relaxation rate increase was dependent upon internuclear distances from the paramagnetic center. At low surface coverages, a semi-random distribution of paramagnetic centers increased the degree of stretching of spin-lattice relaxation decays, as measured by decreases in the calculated stretching parameter beta. At higher surface coverages, calculated beta values reached a limiting value, indicating that while the spin-diffusion mechanism in metal-exchanged silica gels is restricted, it is not completely diminished. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 LEHIGH UNIV,DEPT CHEM,BETHLEHEM,PA 18015. AGR RES SERV,USDA,RES CTR,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038. NR 32 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-2040 J9 SOLID STATE NUCL MAG JI Solid State Nucl. Magn. Reson. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 8 IS 4 BP 241 EP 250 DI 10.1016/S0926-2040(97)00006-4 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Condensed Matter; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Physics; Spectroscopy GA YD904 UT WOS:A1997YD90400005 PM 9373904 ER PT J AU Kumosinski, TF Unruh, JJ Farrell, HF AF Kumosinski, TF Unruh, JJ Farrell, HF TI Reproducibility of the nonlinear regression fit to the FTIR spectra of lysozyme SO TALANTA LA English DT Article DE FTIR; Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy; lysozyme; precision; proteins; protein secondary structure ID WATER AB Controversy exists concerning the influence of experimental artifacts on the number of component FTIR vibrational bands which may be resolved from the amide I and II envelopes of proteins in water. Whether these bands represent unique populations of vibrating protein groups in a particular global 2 degrees structure or whether the bands are due to instrumental and environmental fluctuations has been addressed, T.F. Kumosinski and J.J. Unruh, Talanta, 43 (1996) 199-219. The repeatability of the methodology and the apparent uniqueness of the nonlinear regression fits are addressed in this study. We obtained a series of the spectra of lysozyme, and carried-out nonlinear regression analysis of each spectrum. Coefficients of variation (COV) were calculated for the wavenumber and area values of assigned component peaks obtained. Low COVs obtained attest to the precision of the methodology and the apparent uniqueness of the nonlinear regression fits. This methodology for acquisition and analysis of protein FTIR spectra yields results with good precision. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. RP Kumosinski, TF (reprint author), USDA ARS,EASTERN REG RES CTR,600 E MERMAID LANE,WYNDMOOR,PA 19038, USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-9140 J9 TALANTA JI Talanta PD AUG PY 1997 VL 44 IS 8 BP 1441 EP 1445 DI 10.1016/S0039-9140(97)00025-8 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA XH759 UT WOS:A1997XH75900012 PM 18966881 ER PT J AU Calamari, TA Tao, WY Goynes, WR AF Calamari, TA Tao, WY Goynes, WR TI A preliminary study of kenaf fiber bundles and their composite cells SO TAPPI JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE composites; fiber diameter; fiber dimensions; fiber length; fiber structure; kenaf; lignins; nonwovens; scanning electron microscopy; textiles AB Only the bark of the kenaf stalk is fibrous. It has fiber bundles bound by lignin and other natural binders. The fiber bundles have single kenaf fibers of varying lengths widths. Fiber dimensions are critical for textile preparation, nonwoven processing, and pulp and papermaking. This study examined the characteristics of single kenaf fibers by treating bundles with a mixture of glacial acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Examining the structure of kenaf bundles and individual fibers by light and by scanning electron microscopy provided an average length for a single fiber of 2.72 mm and an average width of 12.5 microns. C1 AGR RES SERV,COTTON FIBER QUAL UNIT,SO REG RES CTR,USDA,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. RP Calamari, TA (reprint author), AGR RES SERV,COTTON TEXT ENGN UNIT,SO REG RES CTR,USDA,POB 19687,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179, USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU TECH ASSN PULP PAPER IND INC PI NORCROSS PA 15 TECHNOLOGY PARK SOUTH, NORCROSS, GA 30092 SN 0734-1415 J9 TAPPI J JI TAPPI J. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 80 IS 8 BP 149 EP 154 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA XQ024 UT WOS:A1997XQ02400014 ER PT J AU Gordon, SG Montalvo, JG Faught, SE Grimball, RT Watkins, TA AF Gordon, SG Montalvo, JG Faught, SE Grimball, RT Watkins, TA TI Theoretical and experimental profiles of fiber fineness and maturity using the Shirley Micromat and the Zellweger Uster advanced fiber information system module SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CROSS-SECTIONAL DIMENSIONS; NIR DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE; FUNDAMENTALS AB Past research has demonstrated that the fundamental properties of wall thickness and perimeter, computed from the FMT (Micromat model) readings, produce better correlations with the Southern Regional Research Center (SRRC) near-infrared high volume instrumentation (NIR HVI) than similar property data from the AFIS fineness and maturity module. (The NIR HVI analyzes about 3,000,000 fibers or 30 g, the Micromat 400,000 fibers or 4 g, and the AFIS 5000 fibers or 0.05 g, a single fiber at a time.) To help understand these differences in correlation, we probe the random and systematic variations in the Micromat and Ans data using appropriate data analysis techniques. We present descriptive statistics and an internal correlation of paired means from replicate measurements, and we compare the fit of wall thickness versus perimeter with the expected theoretical fit. Preliminary results suggest that the Micromat is more robust in representing changes in mean wall thickness and perimeter values. Direct comparison of wall thickness and perimeter from each method shows that although the relationships are highly significant, the values are different. C1 USDA ARS,SO REG RES CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70179. UNIV NEW ORLEANS,DEPT MATH,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70148. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD AUG PY 1997 VL 67 IS 8 BP 545 EP 555 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA XN851 UT WOS:A1997XN85100001 ER EF