FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Hespell, RB AF Hespell, RB TI Extraction and characterization of hemicellulose from the corn fiber produced by corn wet-milling processes SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE xylan; hemicellulose; corn fiber; corn hull; corn gum; corn xylan; arabinoxylan; pentosan AB The industrial processing of corn by wet-milling converts the hull layer into the byproduct known as corn fiber, which is combined with Other materials (e.g., steep and fermentation liquids) to make corn gluten feed. Increased fuel ethanol production from corn will necessitate other uses of corn fiber. More than 30% of the corn fiber is in the form of a xylan (CFX) composed mainly of xylose and arabinose. Various procedures were examined for rapid extraction of CFX from corn fiber to obtain a purified material with good recoveries. Using 2% calcium hydroxide and precipitation with ethanol yielded a relatively pure CFX material but required long extraction times (16-20 h) and produced a hard, insoluble fiber residue. Extractions with 15% ammonium hydroxide yielded a rather impure CFX material and required similar long extraction times. Extraction with potassium hydroxide solutions were attempted using various combinations of time, temperature, and concentrations. Extraction with 2% potassium hydroxide at 70 degrees C for 4-6 h, coupled with calcium hydroxide treatment of the dissolved CFX, produced a highly pure CFX material composed of about 94% neutral sugars (34% arabinose, 52% xylose, 7% galactose, 8% glucose), 7% hexuronic acids, and 3% protein. The overall CFX yields were good (15%), and the residual fiber material still appeared physically suitable for use as a feed or for other uses. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Hespell, RB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 17 TC 56 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 46 IS 7 BP 2615 EP 2619 DI 10.1021/jf971040y PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 104BV UT WOS:000074993100031 ER PT J AU Primus, TM Tawara, JN Goodall, MJ Brooks, JE Savarie, PJ Johnston, JJ AF Primus, TM Tawara, JN Goodall, MJ Brooks, JE Savarie, PJ Johnston, JJ TI Determination of propoxur residues in whole body brown tree snakes SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE propoxur (CAS No. 114-26-1, number supplied by author); brown tree snake; high-performance liquid chromatography; fluorescence detection; UV detection; tissue; matrix; solid-phase dispersion ID SOLID-PHASE DISPERSION; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; BOIGA-IRREGULARIS; EXTRACTION; GUAM AB Propoxur was extracted from brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis) and analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Propoxur was quantified by UV absorbance at 270 nm and fluorescence with excitation at 225 nm and emission at 305 nm. Recovery data were determined by analyzing propoxur-fortified blank homogenized tissue. The mean recovery of propoxur in whole body brown tree snakes was 86.7 +/- 7.8% for the concentration range of 0.1 to 250 mu g/g. The method limit of detection with fluorescence and UV detection was 9 and 100 ppb, respectively. C1 Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, WS, APHIS, USDA,Analyt Chem Project, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, WS, APHIS, USDA,Mammal Res Sect, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, WS, APHIS, USDA,Prod Dev Sect, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. RP Primus, TM (reprint author), Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, WS, APHIS, USDA,Analyt Chem Project, 3350 Eastbrook Dr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 46 IS 7 BP 2647 EP 2650 DI 10.1021/jf971009w PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 104BV UT WOS:000074993100037 ER PT J AU Prior, RL Cao, GH Martin, A Sofic, E McEwen, J O'Brien, C Lischner, N Ehlenfeldt, M Kalt, W Krewer, G Mainland, CM AF Prior, RL Cao, GH Martin, A Sofic, E McEwen, J O'Brien, C Lischner, N Ehlenfeldt, M Kalt, W Krewer, G Mainland, CM TI Antioxidant capacity as influenced by total phenolic and anthocyanin content, maturity, and variety of Vaccinium species SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE vitamin C; ascorbate; blueberry; bilberry; highbush; lowbush; rabbiteye; ORAC; HPLC ID RADICAL ABSORBENCY CAPACITY; ASSAY AB Different cultivars of four Vaccinium species [Vaccinium corymbosum L (Highbush), Vaccinium ashei Reade (Rabbiteye), Vaccinium angustifolium (Lowbush), and Vaccinium myrtillus L (Bilberry)] were analyzed for total phenolics, total anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity (oxygen radical absorbance capacity, ORAC). The total antioxidant capacity of different berries studied ranged from a low of 13.9 to 45.9 mu mol Trolox equivalents (TE)/g of fresh berry (63.2-282.3 mu mol TE/g of dry matter) in different species and cultivars of Vaccinium. Brightwell and Tifblue cultivars of rabbiteye blueberries were harvested at 2 times, 49 days apart. Increased maturity at harvest increased the ORAC, the anthocyanin, and the total phenolic content. The growing location (Oregon vs Michigan vs New Jersey) did not affect ORAC, anthocyanin or total phenolic content of the cv. Jersey of highbush blueberries. A linear relationship existed between ORAC and anthocyanin (r(xy) = 0.77) or total phenolic (r(xy) = 0.92) content. In general, blueberries are one of the richest sources of antioxidant phytonutrients of the fresh fruits and vegetables we have studied. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA ARS, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Nutr Sci, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. USDA ARS, Blueberry & Cranberry Res Ctr, Chatswood, NJ 08019 USA. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Atlantic Food & Hort Res Ctr, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada. Univ Georgia, Dept Hort, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Hort Crops Res Stn, Castle Hayne, NC 28429 USA. RP Prior, RL (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, USDA ARS, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM prior@hnrc.tufts.edu NR 24 TC 688 Z9 725 U1 21 U2 132 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 46 IS 7 BP 2686 EP 2693 DI 10.1021/jf980145d PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 104BV UT WOS:000074993100044 ER PT J AU Buttery, RG Ling, LC AF Buttery, RG Ling, LC TI Additional studies on flavor components of corn tortilla chips SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE corn; tortilla chips; volatiles; flavor; identification; concentrations; odor thresholds ID PRODUCTS AB Volatile components from tortilla chips were isolated by high flow dynamic headspace sampling using a closed loop system with excess anhydrous sodium sulfate and trapping the volatiles on Tenax. Capillary CC-MS was used to identify the components. Major volatiles identified included 2-methylpyrazine, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone,4-vinylguaiacol, 2-acetyltetrahydropyridine, (E,E)- and (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal, acetic acid, 3-methylbutanal, gamma-butyrolactone, furfuryl alcohol, and 2,5-dimethylpyrazine. Concentration/threshold ratios indicated that the components that have the highest probability to contribute to the aroma and flavor include (E,E)- and (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, 3-methylbutanal, 2-furfurylthiol, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, 2-acetyltetrahydropyridine, 2-aminoacetophenone, 4-vinylguaiacol, (E)-2-nonenal, 2-methylbutanal, a-propionyl-1-pyrroline, (E)-2-decenal, methional, and 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethylpyrazine. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Buttery, RG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 15 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 46 IS 7 BP 2764 EP 2769 DI 10.1021/jf980125b PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 104BV UT WOS:000074993100056 ER PT J AU Biermann, BJ de Banzie, JS Handelsman, J Thompson, JF Madison, JT AF Biermann, BJ de Banzie, JS Handelsman, J Thompson, JF Madison, JT TI Methionine and sulfate increase a Bowman-Birk-type protease inhibitor and its messenger RNA in soybeans SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Bowman-Birk; glycine max; protease inhibitor; soybean; sulfate ID EXOGENOUS L-METHIONINE; AMINO-ACID SEQUENCE; PROTEINASE-INHIBITOR; TRYPSIN-INHIBITORS; COTYLEDONS; INVITRO; CDNA; PURIFICATION; CLONING; KUNITZ AB A soybean cotyledon cDNA Library was screened for clones representing RNAs that were more abundant in cotyledons grown on methionine-supplemented medium than in those grown on unsupplemented (basal) medium. Three isolated clones encoded the Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (BBPI). RNA gel blot hybridization confirmed that the BBPI mRNA level is increased by methionine (Met). Met and/or sulfate supplementation increased the amount of protease inhibitor activity in cultured cotyledons. In seeds of greenhouse-grown plants, protease inhibitor activity was increased by the addition of exogenous sulfate to the nutrient solution. Since BBPI and related low molecular weight proteinase inhibitors have an unusually high cyst(e)ine content, these compounds have been hypothesized to function in the storage of reduced sulfur. The data presented here support this hypothesis by providing evidence that additional sulfur as Met or sulfate increases the quantity of these proteins in seeds by increasing their mRNA levels. C1 USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Thompson, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 42 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 46 IS 7 BP 2858 EP 2862 DI 10.1021/jf971086r PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 104BV UT WOS:000074993100073 ER PT J AU Arnade, C Gopinath, M AF Arnade, C Gopinath, M TI Capital adjustment in US agriculture and food processing: A cross-sectoral model SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE adjustment costs; capital adjustment; dynamic duality ID UNITED-STATES AGRICULTURE; RATIONAL-EXPECTATIONS; DYNAMIC ADJUSTMENT; FUNCTIONAL FORMS; DEMAND SCHEDULES; LABOR AB Significant differences exist in the rates of capital adjustment in the four major sectors of the U.S. economy: agriculture, food, manufacturing, and services. A multi-output adjustment cost model is specified to compute the rates of capital adjustment. This specification allows us to derive dynamic output supply and investment demand functions for the four sectors, which are then fitted to time-series data. Our estimates show that capital in agriculture and manufacturing is almost fixed and adjusts toward respective long-run equilibrium at a rate of about 2% per year. The food processing and services sectors are more flexible in that their capital stocks fully adjust in less than five years. Thus, the rate of adjustment of agricultural capital is lower than that of other sectors in the U.S. economy. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Arnade, C (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O E BRUCE GODFREY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 USA SN 0162-1912 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 23 IS 1 BP 85 EP 98 PG 14 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA ZT455 UT WOS:000074089600007 ER PT J AU Variyam, JN Blaylock, J Smallwood, D AF Variyam, JN Blaylock, J Smallwood, D TI Informational effects of nutrient intake determinants on cholesterol consumption SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE cholesterol; health inputs; health production; nutrient demand; nutrition knowledge ID DEPENDENT VARIABLE MODELS; NUTRITION INFORMATION; HEALTH; DEMAND AB Nutrition information and dietary data for a sample of U.S. household meal planners are used to estimate the direct and indirect effects of various dietary determinants on cholesterol intake. Holding sociodemographic and household characteristics constant, greater nutrition information translates to significantly lower intake of dietary cholesterol. Evidence supports the hypothesis that schooling promotes better health behavior through greater acquisition and use of health information. Blacks and Hispanics stand to benefit from nutrition education programs to increase their awareness of diet-health relationships. A low-calorie diet decreases the intake of cholesterol more than a low-fat diet. C1 USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Variyam, JN (reprint author), USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 34 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O E BRUCE GODFREY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 USA SN 0162-1912 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 23 IS 1 BP 110 EP 125 PG 16 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA ZT455 UT WOS:000074089600009 ER PT J AU El Bouhssini, M Hatchett, JH Wilde, GE AF El Bouhssini, M Hatchett, JH Wilde, GE TI Survival of Hessian fly (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) larvae on wheat cultivars carrying different genes for antibiosis SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mayetiola destructor; resistance genes; wheat; larval survival; antibiosis; Triticum ID MAYETIOLA-DESTRUCTOR; TRITICUM-TAUSCHII; RESISTANCE GENES; D-GENOME; INHERITANCE; RYE; TRANSLOCATION; EXPRESSION; BIOTYPES AB Field and growth chamber tests were conducted to determine which of the wheat (Triticum) genes that condition antibiosis to Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), allow for larval. survival on resistant plants. The results showed that the H1H2 genes allowed the highest larval survival and the H7H8 genes conditioned an intermediate level of larval survival. Wheats carrying the H3, H5, H6, H9, and H10 genes had low (<15%) larval survival No larvae survived on resistant plants carrying the H13 gene. Larvae that survived on resistant plants were smaller than those on susceptible 'Newton' plants. Resistance genes that allow avirulent genotypes td survive on resistant plants should be deployed to reduce selection for biotype development. C1 Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Hatchett, JH (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 20 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 USA SN 0735-939X J9 J AGR ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Entomol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 15 IS 3 BP 183 EP 193 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 116ND UT WOS:000075730700003 ER PT J AU Nieves-Rivera, AM Santos-Flores, CJ AF Nieves-Rivera, AM Santos-Flores, CJ TI New records of the myxomycetes from Mona Island, Puerto Rico SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO LA English DT Article DE slime molds; myxomycetes; mycobiota; protozoa; Mona Island; Puerto Rico AB Seven species of myxomycetes are reported as new records for the Mona Island Commonwealth Reserve, Puerto Rico. They are Ceratiomyxa, fruticulosa, Cribaria intricata, Dictydium cancellatum, Fuligo septica, Lycogala sp., Stemonitis axifera and Tubifera ferruginosa. C1 US Forest Serv, Ctr Forest Mycol Res, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Luquillo, PR 00773 USA. RP Nieves-Rivera, AM (reprint author), Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Marine Sci, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU COLL AGRICULTURAL SCI, AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STN PI RIO PIEDRAS PA UNIV PUERTO RICO, MAYAGUEZ CAMPUS, RIO PIEDRAS, PR 00928 USA SN 0041-994X J9 J AGR U PUERTO RICO JI J. Agric. Univ. P. R. PD JUL-OCT PY 1998 VL 82 IS 3-4 BP 189 EP 199 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 200YQ UT WOS:000080568200007 ER PT J AU Bennett, GL Echternkamp, SE Gregory, KE AF Bennett, GL Echternkamp, SE Gregory, KE TI A model of litter size distribution in cattle SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cattle; multiple births; prediction; conception; models; genetics ID THRESHOLD-MODEL AB Genetic increases in twinning of cattle could result in increased frequency of triplet or higher-order births. There are no estimates of the incidence of triplets in populations with genetic levels of twinning over 40% because these populations either have not existed or have not been documented. A model of the distribution of litter size in cattle is proposed. Empirical estimates of ovulation rate distribution in sheep were combined with biological hypotheses about the fate of embryos in cattle. Two phases of embryo loss were hypothesized. The first phase is considered to be preimplantation. Losses in this phase occur independently (i.e., the loss of one embryo does not affect the loss of the remaining embryos). The second phase occurs after implantation. The loss of one embryo in this stage results in the loss of all embryos. Fewer than 5% triplet births are predicted when 50% of births are twins and triplets. Above 60% multiple births, increased triplets accounted for most of the increase in litter size. Predictions were compared with data from 5,142 calvings by 14 groups of heifers and cows with average litter sizes ranging from 1.14 to 1.36 calves. The predicted number of triplets was not significantly different (chi(2) = 16.85, df = 14) from the observed number. The model also predicted differences in conception rates. A cow ovulating two ova was predicted to have the highest conception rate in a single breeding cycle. As mean ovulation rate increased, predicted conception to one breeding cycle increased. Conception to two or three breeding cycles decreased as mean ovulation increased because late-pregnancy failures increased. An alternative model of the fate of ova in cattle based on embryo and uterine competency predicts very similar proportions of singles, twins, and triplets but different conception rates. The proposed model of litter size distribution in cattle accurately predicts the proportion of triplets found in cattle with genetically high twinning rates; This model can be used in projecting efficiency changes resulting from genetically increasing the twinning rate in cattle. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 76 IS 7 BP 1789 EP 1793 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 102VG UT WOS:000074945700008 PM 9690633 ER PT J AU Lefcourt, AM Adams, WR AF Lefcourt, AM Adams, WR TI Radiotelemetric measurement of body temperature in feedlot steers during winter SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE body temperature; cold stress; steers; feedlots ID COWS AB Little is known concerning body temperature regulation in cattle under conditions of low ambient temperature. To investigate the influence of cold on body temperature regulation, core body temperatures of feedlot steers (crossbred Bos taurus) were monitored for two winters in Nebraska, from late December to mid-March in yr 1 and from late December through June in yr 2. In yr 1, radiotransmitters to monitor temperature were implanted in the peritoneum of five steers (360 kg); in yr 2, four steers (320 kg) were used. Body temperatures and ambient temperatures were recorded at S-min intervals and were mathematically filtered to produce 120 readings/d. For yr 1 and 2, daily maximum (40.09 and 39.66 degrees C), minimum (38.78 and 38.64 degrees C), and average (39.29 and 39.06 degrees C) body temperatures were not affected by ambient temperatures. Body temperatures exhibited circadian rhythms with the minima at approximately 0800 and the maxima at approximately 1900. For both years, sharp peaks in body temperature were often seen in the evening and, for yr 2, to a lesser extent in the morning. The occurrence of peaks was normally congruent, within a 1.5-h window, across steers. Congruent peaks in the evening with peak heights of 1.05 and .77 degrees C occurred on 65 and 56% of the days in yr 1 and 2, respectively. Occurrence of congruent peaks was correlated with dusk; peaks followed dusk by 30 to 60 min. Ambient temperature also influenced the occurrence of peaks; few peaks were observed when average daily ambient temperatures were below -7.5 degrees C. The dynamic changes in body temperature throughout the day, including the peaks in body temperature after dusk, strongly suggest that thermoregulatory systems in steers respond not only to current ambient conditions, but also to more integrative measures such as day length and daily heat load. C1 ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Bethesda, MD 20705 USA. Adams Land & Cattle Co, Broken Bow, NE 68822 USA. RP Lefcourt, AM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Bldg 200 Powder Mill Rd, Bethesda, MD 20705 USA. NR 13 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 76 IS 7 BP 1830 EP 1837 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 102VG UT WOS:000074945700013 PM 9690638 ER PT J AU Russell, JB AF Russell, JB TI Strategies that ruminal bacteria use to handle excess carbohydrate SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE rumen; bacteria; growth; protein synthesis; carbohydrates ID KLEBSIELLA-AEROGENES NCTC-418; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; STREPTOCOCCUS-BOVIS; BACTEROIDES-SUCCINOGENES; SELENOMONAS-RUMINANTIUM; CHEMOSTAT CULTURE; RUMEN BACTERIA; FIBROBACTER-SUCCINOGENES; LACTATE-DEHYDROGENASE; MAINTENANCE ENERGY AB When ruminal bacteria have insufficient nitrogen and other nutrients, excess carbohydrate can be toxic. Pure cultures that are nitrogen-limited can convert only some of the excess carbohydrate to intracellular polysaccharide, but this pool can be quickly saturated. Fibrobacter succinogenes cultures that have excess cellobiose secrete glucose and cellotriose into the culture medium, and Prevotella ruminicola produces methylglyoxal, a highly toxic substance that causes a dramatic decrease in viability. Some ruminal bacteria (e.g., Streptococcus bovis and Selenomonas ruminantium) have mechanisms to decrease ATP production or spill the ATP that has already been produced. These mechanisms of decreasing intracellular ATP seem to protect the cell. Most ruminal bacteria can use ammonia as a nitrogen source, but amino nitrogen increases the growth efficiency of mixed ruminal bacteria. Amino nitrogen-dependent improvements in growth efficiency can be explained by an increase in growth rate and a decrease in energy spilling. Amino nitrogen is only beneficial if the rate of carbohydrate fermentation is rapid and carbohydrate is in excess. C1 Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Russell, JB (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Microbiol Sect, Wing Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 68 TC 72 Z9 77 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 76 IS 7 BP 1955 EP 1963 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 102VG UT WOS:000074945700027 PM 9690652 ER PT J AU Moats, WA Buckley, SA AF Moats, WA Buckley, SA TI Determination of free metabolites of ceftiofur in animal tissues with an automated liquid chromatographic cleanup SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID SODIUM; MILK AB Ceftiofur, a recently introduced antibiotic of the beta-lactam group, is rapidly converted to both free and protein-bound metabolites when administered by the prescribed procedure, intramuscular injection. Free metabolites retain antimicrobial activity and may be detected by antibiotic-screening tests based on antimicrobial activity. It is thus desirable to distinguish ceftiofur metabolites from other antibiotics. A multiresidue procedure for p-lactams in milk was adapted for determination of free ceftiofur metabolites by collecting appropriate liquid chromatographic fractions during cleanup. analysis of tissues from treated animals showed that the principal free metabolite was the desfuroylceftiofurcysteine conjugate. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77840 USA. RP Moats, WA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 5 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 81 IS 4 BP 709 EP 713 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 101EL UT WOS:000074856600004 PM 9680694 ER PT J AU Lynch, JM Barbano, DM Fleming, JR AF Lynch, JM Barbano, DM Fleming, JR TI Indirect and direct determination of the casein content of milk by Kjeldahl nitrogen analysis: Collaborative study SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID TRUE PROTEIN; RAPID METHOD; SPECTROPHOTOMETRY; PROTEOLYSIS; VARIABILITY AB The classic method for determination of milk casein is based on precipitation of casein at pH 4.6. Precipitated milk casein is removed by filtration and the nitrogen content of either the precipitate (direct casein method) or filtrate (noncasein nitrogen; NCN) is determined by Kjeldahl analysis. For the indirect casein method, milk total nitrogen (TN; Method 991.20) is also determined and casein is calculated as TN minus NCN. Ten laboratories tested 9 pairs of blind duplicate raw milk materials with a casein range of 2.42-3.05% by both the direct and indirect casein methods. Statistical performance expressed in protein equivalents (nitrogen x 6.38) with invalid and outlier data removed was as follows: NCN method (wt%), mean = 0.762, S-r = 0.010, S-R = 0.016, repeatability relative standard deviation (RSDr) = 1.287%, reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSDR)= 2.146%; indirect casein method (wt%), mean = 2.585, repeatability = 0.015, reproducibility = 0.022, RSDr, = 0.560%, RSDR = 0.841; direct casein method (wt%), mean = 2.575, S-r = 0.015, S-R = 0.025, RSDr = 0.597%, RSDR = 0.988%. Method performance was acceptable and comparable to similar Kjeldahl methods for determining nitrogen content of milk (Methods 991.20, 991.21, 991.22, 991.23). The direct casein, indirect casein, and noncasein nitrogen methods have been adopted by AOAC INTERNATIONAL. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Food Sci, NE Dairy Foods Res Ctr, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Texas Milk Mkt Serv, USDA, Carrollton, TX 75006 USA. RP Lynch, JM (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Food Sci, NE Dairy Foods Res Ctr, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 25 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 12 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 81 IS 4 BP 763 EP 774 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 101EL UT WOS:000074856600012 PM 9680702 ER PT J AU Osheim, DL Rasmusson, MC AF Osheim, DL Rasmusson, MC TI Determination of fluoride in bovine urine SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB Fluoride concentration in bovine urine is determined by using a selective ion electrode. Urine is buffered and measured against known fluoride (F) standards. The method is applicable to 2 to 40 mg F/L without further dilution. Typical normal urine contains less than 10 mg F/L. Concentrations greater than 10 mg/L support a clinical diagnosis of fluorosis in cattle. Repeatability coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 1.6 to 3.5% for F concentrations of 3.2-43 mg/L. Reproducibility CV ranged from 0.3 to 7.3% for F concentrations of 7.0-17.2 mg/L. C1 USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Osheim, DL (reprint author), USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, POB 844, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 81 IS 4 BP 839 EP 843 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 101EL UT WOS:000074856600021 PM 9680709 ER PT J AU Landgraf, WW Ross, PF AF Landgraf, WW Ross, PF TI Thin-layer chromatographic determination of monensin in feeds: Screening method SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB Monensin is extracted from feed with methanol and purified by solvent-partitioning solid-phase extraction. After solvent reduction, monensin is separated by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel and visualized by color development with vanillin. No false-positive results were obtained in validation studies by submitting or peer laboratories when blank samples were analyzed. Three of 20 samples spiked with 5 ppm monensin were reported as containing no monensin. All samples spiked with 10 ppm monensin were reported positive for monensin. C1 USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Landgraf, WW (reprint author), USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, POB 844, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 3 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 81 IS 4 BP 844 EP 847 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 101EL UT WOS:000074856600022 PM 9680710 ER PT J AU Davis, CE AF Davis, CE TI Fluorometric determination of acid phosphatase in cooked, boneless, nonbreaded broiler breast and thigh meat SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID FLUID DAIRY-PRODUCTS; ALKALINE-PHOSPHATASE AB This method is applicable for determining activity of acid phosphatase (ACP), a heat-labile enzyme, in cooked, boneless, nonbreaded broiler marinated (83.65% meat) and non-marinated (100% meat) boast and thigh and in a 50:50 blend of boast and thigh meat. The assay uses a self-indicating substrate that, when acted upon by ACP, loses a phosphate radical and becomes a highly fluorescent compound. Cooked meat is added to deionized distilled water in a 1:3 ratio, blended with a hand-held homogenizer, and then centrifuged at 2500 relative centrifugal force for 5 min. ACP activity in the filtrate is measured after shaking on a Vortex mixer 75 mu L of the extract with a pH 5.00 acetate buffer containing a nonfluorescent aromatic monophosphoric eater substrate. The rate of fluorophore formation is monitored during a 3 min incubation period (38 degrees C) in a fluorometer, and ACP enzyme activity (mU/kg sample) is calculated. Three laboratories analyzed 6 cooked poultry products (marinated and nonmarinated breast, thigh, and 50:50 breast/thigh blend). Five cooking temperatures were used to generate different ACP activity levels, which were replicated twice with duplicate samples and duplicate sample tests representing 720 data points. Log(10) ACP activity (mU/kg sample) performance repeatability and reproducibility standard deviations (s(r) and s(R)) and relative standard deviations (RSDr and RSDR) over 5 cooking treatments for 6 products were as follows: marinated breast: s(r) = 0.02, s(R) = 0.08, RSDr = 0.60%, RSDR = 2.12%; nonmarinated breast: s(r) = 0.02, s(R) = 0.04, RSDr = 0.66%, RSDR = 1.29%; marinated thigh: s(r) = 0.01, s(R) = 0.01, RSDr = 0.37%, RSDR = 0.37%; nonmarinated thigh: s(r) = 0.02, s(R) = 0.05, RSDr 0.53%, RSDR = 1.43%; marinated 50:50 breast/thigh blend: s(r) = 0.01, s(R) = 0.05, RSDr = 0.36%, RSDR = 1.31%; nonmarinated 50:50 breast/thigh blend: s(r) = 0.01, s(R) = 0.04, RSDr 0.32%, RSDR = 1.12%. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Davis, CE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 7 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 81 IS 4 BP 887 EP 906 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 101EL UT WOS:000074856600027 PM 9680715 ER PT J AU Liquido, NJ Khrimian, AP DeMilo, AB McQuate, GT AF Liquido, NJ Khrimian, AP DeMilo, AB McQuate, GT TI Monofluoro analogues of methyl eugenol: new attractants for males of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Dipt., Tephritidae) SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ANGEWANDTE ENTOMOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID ORIENTAL FRUIT-FLY; INDUCE INTRACHROMOSOMAL RECOMBINATION; MALE ANNIHILATION; SAFROLE; YEAST; METHYLEUGENOL; DERIVATIVES; METABOLISM; RAT AB Reports questioning the safety of methyl eugenol (1,2-dimethoxy-4-[2-propenyl] benzene) stimulated us to develop and test synthetic analogues that may be used as alternative attractants for oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), males. Attraction to one propyl-substituted and six monofluorine-substituted methyl eugenol analogues were compared with attraction to methyl eugenol in field bioassays with both laboratory-reared and wild oriental fruit fly males. The attractiveness of the test compounds to oriental fruit fly males was compared using two parameters: number of adults caught per trap and number of adults caught per mg of compounds released in traps. Based on these two parameters (E)1,2-dimethoxy-4-(3-fluoro-2-propenyl)benzene was consistently as attractive as methyl eugenol to both laboratory-reared and wild oriental fruit fly males. With further studies to determine optimum release rates, (E)-1,2-dimethoxy-4-(3-fluoro-2-propenyl)benzene may potentially replace methyl eugenol for survey, detection, delimitation of infestation and eradication of oriental fruit fly populations. C1 USDA ARS, Trop Fruit Vegetable & Ornamental Crop Res Lab, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. USDA ARS, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20715 USA. RP McQuate, GT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Trop Fruit Vegetable & Ornamental Crop Res Lab, POB 4459, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 29 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-2048 J9 J APPL ENTOMOL JI J. Appl. Entomol.-Z. Angew. Entomol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 122 IS 5 BP 259 EP 264 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 102LU UT WOS:000074926500010 ER PT J AU Van, TK Madeira, PT AF Van, TK Madeira, PT TI Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) in Florida SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE RAPD; molecular marker; DNA fingerprint; bootstrap; AMOVA ID ARBITRARY PRIMERS; RAPD MARKERS; GENOTYPES; CULTIVARS AB The genetic relationship between three biotypes of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk.), including one 'upland' agricultural cultivar and two floating wild biotypes collected from Hillsborough County, Florida, were evaluated using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, Forty-eight decamer primers were screened; eighteen of these were informative and yielded 188 resolvable bands, of which 58 (31%) were polymorphic. Five primers produced unique DNA fingerprints useful for identification of the biotypes and fingerprints of the biotypes from two primers are presented. Phenetic analysis of the banding patterns grouped the three biotypes within unique clusters which bootstrap analysis further confirmed. Furthermore, while there is bootstrap evidence that the 'Cultivated' type is distinct, there is no evidence that the cultivated variety has diverged from the wild types to any greater extent than the wild types are different from each other. Marker variation occurs mainly between the biotypes (78%) which may reflect the limited number of farmers, limited wild type introductions, and frequent clonal reproduction, but also reflects the severely limited sample size. C1 ARS, USDA, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. RP Van, TK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 3205 Coll Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT SOC, INC PI CLERMONT PA PO BOX 121086, CLERMONT, FL 34712-1086 USA SN 0146-6623 J9 J AQUAT PLANT MANAGE JI J. Aquat. Plant Manage. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 36 BP 107 EP 111 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 159EA UT WOS:000078157800003 ER PT J AU Spencer, DF Ksander, GG AF Spencer, DF Ksander, GG TI Using videotaped transects to estimate submersed plant abundance in Fall River, California SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE sampling methods; aquatic plant frequency; vegetation map ID AQUATIC MACROPHYTES; RECORDING FATHOMETER; BIOMASS; VEGETATION; SAMPLER; LAKE AB Using an underwater viewing device, we videotaped transects of submersed aquatic plants during two years in Fall River, California. Less than eight hours on the river were required to videotape more than 50 transects in an eight km (5 miles) section of the river. Videotapes were viewed upon return to the laboratory. and plant frequency determined. Viewing required about 50 hours, but could be done at the laboratory instead of in the field. This technique yielded very clear pictures of the plants and the river bottom and distinguishing plant species was not difficult. Using this technique in conjunction with a global positioning system, we were also able to develop vegetation maps. Species frequency values were comparable to those collected by other workers using different techniques and sensitive enough Co reveal year to year differences when analyzed using 2 x 2 contingency tables. C1 UC Davis, USDA ARS, Aquat Weed Control Res Lab, Weed Sci Program Robbins Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Spencer, DF (reprint author), UC Davis, USDA ARS, Aquat Weed Control Res Lab, Weed Sci Program Robbins Hall, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 39 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT SOC, INC PI CLERMONT PA PO BOX 121086, CLERMONT, FL 34712-1086 USA SN 0146-6623 J9 J AQUAT PLANT MANAGE JI J. Aquat. Plant Manage. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 36 BP 130 EP 137 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 159EA UT WOS:000078157800007 ER PT J AU Stout, JE AF Stout, JE TI Effect of averaging time on the apparent threshold for aeolian transport SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Aeolian Research (ICAR 4) CY JUL, 1998 CL OXFORD, ENGLAND SP British Geomorphol Res Grp DE saltation; threshold; wind erosion; unsteady wind ID WIND EROSION; FIELD AB A fundamental feature of any wind-eroding surface is its threshold-the lowest wind speed (or friction velocity) at which soil movement is initiated. Many theoretical equations and numerical models of the saltation process include threshold as an important basic parameter. The question addressed here is whether or not the averaging time of a wind speed measurement affects the observed wind speed threshold. Using wind speed data taken at 1 Hz and simultaneously measuring saltation activity with a piezoelectric saltation sensor it was possible to calculate threshold. Threshold was then recalculated using the same data set averaged over periods of 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 60 s. The results reveal that, under typical field conditions with gusty turbulent winds, long averaging times produce an apparent threshold that is considerably lower than the true wind speed at which saltation is initiated. This result suggests that high-frequency sampling of wind speed and saltation activity is critical to the accurate determination of the true threshold of a wind-eroding surface. (C)1998 Academic Press Limited. C1 ARS, Wind Eros & Water Conservat Res Unit, USDA, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. RP Stout, JE (reprint author), ARS, Wind Eros & Water Conservat Res Unit, USDA, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. EM jstout@mail.csrl.ars.usda.gov NR 17 TC 43 Z9 51 U1 3 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 39 IS 3 BP 395 EP 401 DI 10.1006/jare.1997.0370 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZZ992 UT WOS:000074789900004 ER PT J AU Chen, WN Fryrear, DW Gillette, DA AF Chen, WN Fryrear, DW Gillette, DA TI Sedimentary characteristics of drifting sediments above an eroding loessal sandy loam soil as affected by mechanical disturbance SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Aeolian Research (ICAR 4) CY JUL, 1998 CL OXFORD, ENGLAND SP British Geomorphol Res Grp DE loessal sandy loam soil; surface disturbance ratio; wind erosion; sedimentary characteristics ID WIND EROSION; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; DESERT SOILS; PARTICLES; STORMS; AIR AB Our understanding of the physical mechanisms of wind erosion and dust emission stimulated by disturbance of surface soils is not adequate, even though it is a problem leading to desertification in the arid zone. Simulations of the influence of surface soil disturbance ratios on wind erosion and sedimentary characteristics of an eroded loessal sandy loam soil were conducted in an indoor wind tunnel. The results showed that the grain-size composition of the drifting soil was finer than, though similar to, the original soil, as the surface disturbance ratio increased. Wind erosion on the loessal sandy loam soil was selective. The eroded sediments were poorly sorted and became poorer with increases in the disturbance ratio and wind speed. The relative proportion of suspension population increased with increasing disturbance ratio. Several parameters such as the pattern of the frequency distribution curves, skewness and kurtosis reflected the dependence of the sedimentary characteristics of the drifting sediments on the eroding source soil. Soil erosion and dust emission by wind in drylands can be reduced by reducing unnecessary mechanical disturbance during erosion seasons. (C)1998 Academic Press Limited. C1 ARS, USDA, Wind Eros Res Stn, Big Spring, TX 79721 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Desert Res Inst, Lanzhou 730000, Peoples R China. NOAA, Environm Res Labs, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Chen, WN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Wind Eros Res Stn, POB 909, Big Spring, TX 79721 USA. NR 42 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 39 IS 3 BP 421 EP 440 PG 20 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZZ992 UT WOS:000074789900006 ER PT J AU Pemberton, RW AF Pemberton, RW TI The occurrence and abundance of plants with extrafloral nectaries, the basis for antiherbivore defensive mutualisms, along a latitudinal gradient in east Asia SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE extrafloral nectaries; plant defense; ants; parasitoids; mutualism ID LEAF DOMATIA; FUNGIVOROUS MITES; WOODY FLORA; COMMUNITIES; VEGETATION; HERBIVORE; FOREST; BRAZIL; ANTS AB The occurrence and abundance of indigenous plants with extrafloral nectaries was evaluated within local communities and regional floras along a north to south gradient from tundra in northeastern Russia (64-70 degrees N) through temperate types in eastern Russia and Korea to subtropical vegetation in the Bonin Islands (26-27 degrees N) south of Japan. Moving from tundra to subtropical vegetation, there is a pattern of increasing abundance of extrafloral bearing plants as a function of total plant cover (from 10.25 to 40.18%), number of species per sampled area (from 0.11 to 1.13/100m), and proportion of species within regional floras (from 0.32 to 7.46%). There were some plants with extrafloral nectaries in all communities but their abundance varied greatly, c. 1-25% in the four:northern latitudes and c.7-70% in the subtropical region. Ants, the primary mutualists associated with plants bearing extrafloral nectaries, have a similar pattern of increasing abundance (species richness, nest density, and colony size) along the same north-south latitudinal gradient. C1 Amer Embassy, USDA, Agr Res Serv, Asian Parasite Lab, Seoul, South Korea. RP Pemberton, RW (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Serv, Aquat Plant Management Lab, 3205 Coll Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. NR 51 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 13 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0305-0270 J9 J BIOGEOGR JI J. Biogeogr. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 25 IS 4 BP 661 EP 668 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.1998.2540661.x PG 8 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography GA 146ZA UT WOS:000077462700005 ER PT J AU Nout, MJR Bartelt, RJ AF Nout, MJR Bartelt, RJ TI Attraction of a flying nitidulid (Carpophilus humeralis) to volatiles produced by yeasts grown on sweet corn and a corn-based medium SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sap beetle; attraction; yeast; volatile; headspace; fermentation; glucose; maltose; sucrose; maize; sweet corn ID GLISCHROCHILUS-QUADRISIGNATUS COLEOPTERA; DRIEDFRUIT BEETLE; IDENTIFICATION; HEMIPTERUS AB Attraction to microbial volatiles was examined for the sap beetle, Carpophilus humeralis, which is a pest of maize. Using 54 pure yeast and bacterial cultures, we evaluated differences in volatile emissions among species of microorganisms and whether these differences were associated with insect attraction. On a sterile corn-based medium, both yeasts and bacteria generally multiplied well and produced detectable volatile metabolites. The yeasts ranged from inactive to highly attractive, but no bacterial cultures attracted beetles above control levels. A variety of alcohols, esters, ketones, acids, and phenolic compounds were identified from the headspace above yeast cultures. Growth, volatile production, and, ultimately, attractiveness to beetles depend strongly on the ability of the yeasts to assimilate andior ferment the carbohydrates present. Abundant volatile production on sweet corn was observed only with yeasts that are able to ferment sucrose and/or maltrose. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ferments glucose, sucrose, and maltose) and Candida shehatae (ferments glucose and maltose) produced considerably more attractive volatiles than Candida guilliermondii, which only ferments glucose. Yeast volatiles important for beetle attraction included typical fermentation-associated substances (ethanol, acetaldehyde, 2-methyl-1-propanol 1-propanol, ethyl acetate, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-methyl-1-butanol), and also 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, whose presence was not correlated with the occurrence of fermentation. Using aqueous mixtures of synthetic components that produced headspace compositions simulating those of attractive yeasts, it was shown that the typical fermentation volatiles an: attractive but not essential for attractiveness. 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone is sufficient but not necessary, although its attractiveness is enhanced by the presence of fermentation volatiles such as ethanol and 2-methyl-1-propanol. In nature, the beetles could take advantage of a variety of different microbial metabolic processes to locate hosts. The laboratory bioassays in this study involved flight and therefore were particularly relevant to host-finding behavior in the field. C1 Agr Univ Wageningen, Dept Food Technol & Nutr Sci, NL-6703 HD Wageningen, Netherlands. ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Nout, MJR (reprint author), Agr Univ Wageningen, Dept Food Technol & Nutr Sci, Bomenweg 2, NL-6703 HD Wageningen, Netherlands. RI Nout, M.J.R./B-8564-2008 NR 15 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 22 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 24 IS 7 BP 1217 EP 1239 DI 10.1023/A:1022451020013 PG 23 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 100HB UT WOS:000074809500008 ER PT J AU Moyna, G Zauhar, RJ Williams, HJ Nachman, RJ Scott, AI AF Moyna, G Zauhar, RJ Williams, HJ Nachman, RJ Scott, AI TI Comparison of ring current methods for use in molecular modeling refinement of NMR derived three-dimensional structures SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL INFORMATION AND COMPUTER SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN-STRUCTURE DETERMINATION; PROTON CHEMICAL-SHIFTS; NUCLEIC-ACIDS; FORCE-FIELD; SECONDARY STRUCTURE; COUPLING-CONSTANTS; 3RD DOMAIN; SPECTROSCOPY; IMPACT; SIMULATIONS AB A comparison between three different methods commonly used to estimate ring current effects on chemical shifts is presented. Haigh-Mallion, Johnson-Bovey, and classical point-dipole approximations were used to estimate the ring current contribution to chemical shifts for protons in several proteins for which both detailed X-ray crystal structures and chemical shift assignments were available. For the classical point-dipole model, new proportionality constants were calculated by fitting to ring current estimations from both the quantum-mechanical Haigh-Mallion and semiclassical Johnson-Bovey methods and compared with the previously used point-dipole constant of Perkins and Dwek. Statistical analysis of the predictions obtained by all methods indicates that the point-dipole approximation parametrized against quantum-mechanical data is superior to the previously used classical model, comparable to Johnson-Bovey calculations, and slightly poorer than predictions from the Haigh-Mallion theory. The implementation of a pseudoenergy penalty term for use in structure refinement from chemical shift data based on the classical point-dipole model is described, and its usefulness in cases where other NMR information is limited is discussed with a specific example. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, Ctr Biol NMR, College Stn, TX 77842 USA. Tripos Associates Inc, St Louis, MO 63144 USA. ARS, USDA, FAPRL, Vet Entomol Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Scott, AI (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, Ctr Biol NMR, POB 300012, College Stn, TX 77842 USA. NR 39 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0095-2338 J9 J CHEM INF COMP SCI JI J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 38 IS 4 BP 702 EP 709 DI 10.1021/ci980402e PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Chemistry; Computer Science GA 103UN UT WOS:000074976400021 PM 9691476 ER PT J AU Toles, CA Marshall, WE Johns, MM AF Toles, CA Marshall, WE Johns, MM TI Phosphoric acid activation of nutshells for metals and organic remediation: Process optimization SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE granular activated carbons; adsorbents; remediation; agricultural wastes ID CARBONS AB Almond, pecan, English walnut, black walnut and macadamia nut shells were chosen as hard, lignocellulosic precursors for the production of granular activated carbons (GACs). They were activated with H3PO4 under a variety of conditions. Following activation, a portion of each GACs was oxidized in air at 300 degrees C for 4 h in order to create a carbon surface presumably with more oxygen functional groups for the adsorption of metal cations. Also investigated was a streamlining of the production techniques used. Several of the samples were subjected to a 'Continuous' process in which the carbon was activated and upon cooling to 300 degrees C was oxidized with air. Beyond this activation, methods were developed wherein the activation process took place under air and without a discrete, separate oxidation step. These processes were designed to determine if any of the carbon's capabilities would be lost or enhanced in comparison to the more standard activate-cool-wash-oxidize method. The carbons produced from these various activation/oxidation methods consistently, and without regard to precursor composition, sequestered over 90% of available copper from a 3 mM copper chloride test solution and often adsorbed organic contaminants as effectively as some commercial carbons. (C) 1998 SCI. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Toles, CA (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 RE Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 16 TC 81 Z9 82 U1 3 U2 14 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0268-2575 J9 J CHEM TECHNOL BIOT JI J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 72 IS 3 BP 255 EP 263 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4660(199807)72:3<255::AID-JCTB890>3.0.CO;2-P PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry; Engineering GA 102RV UT WOS:000074939200008 ER PT J AU Cannon, JG Angel, JB Abad, LW O'Grady, J Lundgren, N Fagioli, L Komaroff, AL AF Cannon, JG Angel, JB Abad, LW O'Grady, J Lundgren, N Fagioli, L Komaroff, AL TI Hormonal influences on stress-induced neutrophil mobilization in health and chronic fatigue syndrome SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE progesterone; cortisol; complement; neutrophil; menstrual cycle; chronic fatigue syndrome ID MENSTRUAL-CYCLE; EXERCISE; MUSCLE; LEUKOCYTOSIS; PROGESTERONE; ACTIVATION; DEFINITION; SECRETION; RESPONSES; OVULATION AB This investigation tested the hypotheses that women diagnosed with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) would exhibit significantly greater systemic indices of exercise-induced leukocyte mobilization and inflammation (neutrophilia, lactoferrin release, complement activation) than controls matched for age, weight, and habitual activity and that responses in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle would be greater than in the follicular phase. Subjects stepped up and down on a platform adjusted to the height of the patella for 15 min, paced by metronome. Blood samples were collected under basal conditions (the day before exercise) and following exercise for determination of circulating neutrophils and plasma concentrations of lactoferrin, C3a des arg, and creatine kinase. Complete, 24-hr urine collections were made for determination of cortisol excretion. For all subjects, circulating neutrophil counts increased 33% (P < 0.0001) and lactoferrin increased 27% (P = 0.0006) after exercise, whereas plasma C3a des arg and creatine kinase did not increase. No indication of an exaggerated or excessive response was observed in the CFS patients compared to the controls. In healthy women, circulating neutrophil numbers exhibited previously described relationships with physiological variables: basal neutrophil counts correlated with plasma progesterone concentrations (R = 0.726, P = 0.003) and the exercise-induced neutrophilia correlated with both urinary cortisol (R = 0.660, P = 0.007) and plasma creatine kinase (R = 0.523, P = 0.038) concentrations. These relationships were not observed in the CFS patients (R = 0.240, P = 0.370; R = 0.042, P = 0.892; and R = 0.293, P = 0.270; respectively). These results suggest that normal endocrine influences on the circulating neutrophil pool may be disrupted in patients with CFS. C1 Penn State Univ, Noll Lab 103, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. New England Med Ctr, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Div Gen Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Cannon, JG (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Noll Lab 103, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. EM jgc2@psu.edu FU NCRR NIH HHS [MO1RROOO54]; PHS HHS [A133414, A132246] NR 38 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 1 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0271-9142 J9 J CLIN IMMUNOL JI J. Clin. Immunol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 18 IS 4 BP 291 EP 298 DI 10.1023/A:1027389907780 PG 8 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 109CR UT WOS:000075304100006 PM 9710746 ER PT J AU Knowlton, KF Glenn, BP Erdman, RA AF Knowlton, KF Glenn, BP Erdman, RA TI Performance, ruminal fermentation, and site of starch digestion in early lactation cows fed corn grain harvested and processed differently SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE corn processing; starch; intestinal digestion ID HIGH-MOISTURE BARLEY; DAIRY-COWS; SORGHUM GRAIN; RUMEN FERMENTATION; SMALL-INTESTINE; NUTRIENT FLOW; PARTICLE-SIZE; FIBER SOURCE; PROTEIN; DIETS AB Two experiments were conducted to assess the effects of corn grain processing on performance, ruminal fermentation, and starch digestion in early lactation dairy cows. Diets were based on wilted alfalfa silage and high moisture or dry corn grain that was either ground or rolled. Thirty-four cows (17 multiparous) were used to measure effects on intake and lactational performance in a free-stall environment during wk 2 to 15 postpartum. Grinding increased dry matter intake, particularly for cows fed diets containing dry corn, and tended to increase yields of milk, protein, lactose, and SNF. Cow performance was not affected by the moisture content of the corn grain. In the digestion experiment, six cows (43 d of lactation) with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were used to measure ruminal and intestinal digestion. Starch digestion in the rumen and small intestine was greater for high moisture corn, but disappearance of starch in the large intestine was greater for dry corn. Both the grinding process and the high moisture content of the corn increased starch digestibility in the total tract. Flow of microbial N in the duodenum was not affected by treatment. High moisture corn increased starch digestion in the rumen and total tract and enhanced ruminal fermentation as indicated by increased volatile fatty acids and decreased NH3 concentrations in the rumen. In the production experiment, however, only grinding improved the value of corn; ensiling at high moisture content had little effect. C1 USDA ARS, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Anim Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Glenn, BP (reprint author), 10300 Baltimore Blvd,Bldg 200 Room 100,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Erdman, Richard/F-6195-2010 OI Erdman, Richard/0000-0001-6954-4282 NR 43 TC 84 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 81 IS 7 BP 1972 EP 1984 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 107QA UT WOS:000075219400023 PM 9710767 ER PT J AU Weigel, KA Lawlor, TJ Vanraden, PM Wiggans, GR AF Weigel, KA Lawlor, TJ Vanraden, PM Wiggans, GR TI Use of linear type and production data to supplement early predicted transmitting abilities for productive life SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE productive life; herd life; conformation; indirect prediction ID HERD LIFE; TRAITS; CATTLE AB Genetic evaluations for the length of productive life based on actual DHIA culling data have been available in the US since January 1994. Although substantial genetic variation in productive life exists, the reliability of selection is often low, particularly for recently progeny-tested bulls having daughters that have not yet had an opportunity to be culled. Correlated production and conformation traits, which have higher heritability than productive Life and are available earlier in life, may be used to enhance evaluations of productive life for young bulls that have little or no direct culling information available. Genetic correlations between productive life and milk, fat, dairy form, and udder traits ranged from +0.22 to +0.46. The maximum reliability of the indirect prediction of productive life from 16 correlated type and production traits was 0.56, and the maximum reliability from a subset of 10 traits was 0.51. indirect information about productive life that was derived from type and production traits was combined with actual culling information to increase the total amount of available information for many recently progeny-tested bulls. The procedures described herein for enhancing direct evaluations for the productive life of dairy sires with indirect information about production and type were implemented by the USDA Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory and the Holstein Association USA in July 1994. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Dairy Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Holstein Friesian Assoc Amer, Brattleboro, VT 05301 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Weigel, KA (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Dairy Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 17 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 81 IS 7 BP 2040 EP 2044 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 107QA UT WOS:000075219400030 PM 9710774 ER PT J AU Proshold, FI Gross, HR Carpenter, JE AF Proshold, FI Gross, HR Carpenter, JE TI Inundative release of Archytas marmoratus (Diptera : Tachinidae) against the corn earworm and fall armyworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) in whorl-stage corn SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE parasitoid; augmentation; biological control ID SPODOPTERA-FRUGIPERDA LEPIDOPTERA; MECHANICALLY EXTRACTED MAGGOTS; HELIOTHIS-ZEA; LARVAL POPULATIONS; PERFORMANCE AB A 3-yr pilot test was conducted to determine the feasibility of controlling early-season populations of corn earworm, Helicoverpa tea (Boddie), and fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), by augmentative releases of the tachinid parasitoid Archytas marmoratus (Townsend). Percentage parasitism of corn earworm larvae was increased to 42% in non-isolated fields of whorl-stage corn and >90% in isolated fields by inundative releases (approximate to 1500 A. marmoratus female female per ha per week). Fall armyworm larvae were parasitized at a much lower level than corn earworm larvae. In a contiguous corn growing area, there was a positive correlation between density of corn earworm larvae and percentage parasitism within 0.8 km of the release field. The field with the greatest larval density and percentage parasitism of corn earworm larvae was the one farthest from the release site, indicating good host finding capability by A. marmoratus. These results show that inundative releases of this parasitoid could become an important component of integrated management strategies against early-season populations of corn earworm and fall armyworm. The high percentage of superparasitism in corn earworm larvae suggests that the release rate of A. marmoratus will need to be adjusted to host larval density. C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Proshold, FI (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 30 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 33 IS 3 BP 241 EP 255 PG 15 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 106FD UT WOS:000075118500002 ER PT J AU Snyder, JC Simmons, AM Thacker, RR AF Snyder, JC Simmons, AM Thacker, RR TI Attractancy and ovipositional response of adult Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) to type IV trichome density on leaves of Lycopersicon hirsutum grown in three day-length regimes SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE host plant resistance; Lycopersicon hirsutum; tomato; Bemisia argentifolii; Bemisia tabaci B strain; photophase; type IV trichome ID MITE RESPONSES; ESCULENTUM; RESISTANCE; HYBRIDS AB Clonal plants of six accessions of Lycopersicon hirsutum Humb. and Bonpl., a wild relative of tomato, were grown in three day-length regimes. Clones of an accession grown in different day-length regimes were genetically identical but differed in density of type IV and type VI trichomes on their leaves. Leaves on these plants were then evaluated for resistance to whiteflies (Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring) in choice and non-choice bioassays. Plants grown under short days had elevated type IV density, reduced type VI trichome density, and were less attractive to whiteflies. Correlation and covariance analysis supported the hypothesis that high type IV trichome density resulted in reduced attractancy, especially on plants grown under short days. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Hort & Landscape Architecture, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Snyder, JC (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Hort & Landscape Architecture, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. NR 20 TC 22 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 8 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 33 IS 3 BP 270 EP 281 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 106FD UT WOS:000075118500005 ER PT J AU Valles, SM AF Valles, SM TI Stage-dependent bendiocarb tolerance in the German cockroach (Dictyoptera : Blattellidae) SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE German cockroach; Blattella germanica; bendiocarb; insecticide tolerance; stage-dependent susceptibility ID SUSCEPTIBILITY AB Topical insecticide bioassays revealed that last-instar German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), nymphs were up to 19.8-fold more tolerant of bendiocarb than adult males. Pretreatment with the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide, eliminated this difference, Acetylcholinesterase activity was equally inhibited by bendiocarb in both the last-instar nymphal and adult male stages. The bimolecular rate constant (kr) for adult males was 3.58 x 10(5) +/- 1.0 M(-1)min(-1), which was not statistically different from nymphs at 3.33 x 10(5) +/- 1.1 M(-1)min(-1). Similar ki values indicate that altered acetylcholinesterase does not contribute to the increased nymphal tolerance to bendiocarb. These results indicate that increased detoxification catalyzed by microsomal oxidases is responsible for the enhanced nymphal tolerance to bendiocarb in the Village Green strain. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Valles, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600 SW 23rd Dr POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 33 IS 3 BP 313 EP 315 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 106FD UT WOS:000075118500009 ER PT J AU Vasquez, EE Schuster, DJ Hunter, WB AF Vasquez, EE Schuster, DJ Hunter, WB TI Alternative method for encapsulation of artificial diet used in rearing Ceraeochrysa cubana (Hagen) larvae (Neuroptera : Chrysopidae) SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE diet encapsulation; Ceraeochrysa cubana; lacewing; rearing C1 Univ Florida, Gulf Coast Res & Educ Ctr, Bradenton, FL 34203 USA. USDA ARS, US Hort Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP Vasquez, EE (reprint author), Univ Florida, Gulf Coast Res & Educ Ctr, 5007 60th St, Bradenton, FL 34203 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 33 IS 3 BP 316 EP 318 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 106FD UT WOS:000075118500010 ER PT J AU Figarola, JLM Skoda, SR AF Figarola, JLM Skoda, SR TI Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart) (Diptera : Calliphoridae) in Nebraska SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Chrysomya rufifacies; blow flies; hairy maggot fly; range expansion C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Dept Entomol, Midwest Livestock Insects Res Lab, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Figarola, JLM (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Dept Entomol, Midwest Livestock Insects Res Lab, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 33 IS 3 BP 319 EP 321 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 106FD UT WOS:000075118500011 ER PT J AU Benford, FA AF Benford, FA TI On the dynamics of the regulation of pollution: Incentive compatible regulation of a persistent pollutant SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTAL-POLICY; INCOMPLETE INFORMATION; IMPERFECT INFORMATION; MORAL HAZARD; CONTRACTS; TRUTH AB Consider the optimal regulation of a persistent pollutant. Because the pollutant is persistent, the levels of pollution in neighboring periods are causally related, and it is necessary to determine an optimal trajectory of emissions. The optimal level of emissions in any period depends on the costs to reduce emissions, but these costs are generally private information to the polluting firms. A regulatory agency may solicit firms' cost functions, but if the firms know how the agency will use the information they provide, they may have an incentive to lie. Hence the agency's problem is to design a regulatory scheme that elicits truthful responses from firms and achieves the optimal trajectory of emissions. This paper describes such a scheme, the extension to a dynamic setting of a scheme found by Evan Kwerel. The purpose of this paper is to describe: this "dynamic Kwerel scheme," derive its properties, and describe the associated trajectory of emissions. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM benfordf@ccmail.orst.edu NR 44 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0095-0696 EI 1096-0449 J9 J ENVIRON ECON MANAG JI J.Environ.Econ.Manage. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 36 IS 1 BP 1 EP 25 DI 10.1006/jeem.1998.1036 PG 25 WC Business; Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 117KT UT WOS:000075781000001 ER PT J AU Marcus, JA Miller, WW Blank, RR AF Marcus, JA Miller, WW Blank, RR TI Inorganic and suspended/dissolved-organic nitrogen in Sierra Nevada soil core leachates SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID LAKE TAHOE; PREFERENTIAL FLOW; CALIFORNIA-NEVADA; WATERSHED SOIL; COLLOIDS; RUNOFF; CHEMISTRY; NITRATE; BASIN; SIMULATION AB Watershed disturbance has been suggested as a possible mechanism for accelerated nutrient input into Lake Tahoe, California/Nevada, However, little is known regarding how nutrient discharge is coupled to physiochemical watershed processes. Recent investigations in the Lake Tahoe Basin have suggested that suspended/dissolved-organic nutrient transport may play an important role in lake and tributary water quality. The mobility of inorganic and suspended/dissolved-organic N in soils of a Lake Tahoe watershed was assessed using constant head permeameter leaching experiments with intact soil cores. We evaluated the interaction of plot condition (riparian, nonforested, and forested) and soil depth (0-15 and 15-30 cm) on magnitude and form of N discharge. Incremental leachate discharge was analyzed for concentrations of inorganic (NH4-N and NO3-N) and suspended/dissolved-organic N, Leachate from the riparian soil cores had significantly higher (P < 0.05) concentrations and total discharge NO3-N than that from the nonforested or forested areas. Loading of NH4-N was more consistent among vegetative cover types, but the riparian leachate again contributed a significantly (P < 0.05) greater amount. Suspended/dissolved-organic N was mobile and the most dominant form of N for nonforested and forested soil cores with discharge loading ratios (suspended/dissolved-organic:inorganic) of 17:1 and 7:1, respectively. Although the loading ratio was approximately 1:1 for the riparian soil cores, the amount of suspended/dissolved-organic N discharged was greatest. The mobility and presence of significant amounts of suspended/dissolved-organic N indicate that this once unrecognized nutrient form is an important component in at least one Sierra Ne, ada watershed, and should be more fully investigated elsewhere. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resour Sci, Reno, NV 89557 USA. ARS, USDA, Reno, NV USA. RP Miller, WW (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Environm & Resour Sci, 1000 Valley Rd, Reno, NV 89557 USA. EM wilymalr@ers.unr.edu NR 37 TC 8 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 27 IS 4 BP 755 EP 760 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 103VB UT WOS:000074977600004 ER PT J AU Weed, DAJ Kanwar, RS Cambardella, C Moorman, TB AF Weed, DAJ Kanwar, RS Cambardella, C Moorman, TB TI Alachlor dissipation in shallow cropland soil SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID PREFERENTIAL MOVEMENT; WATER-QUALITY; LOAM SOIL; ATRAZINE; PERSISTENCE; TILLAGE; VOLATILIZATION; METOLACHLOR; HERBICIDES; PESTICIDES AB A soil-column laboratory experiment and a 2-yr field-sampling study evaluated the overall dissipation of alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl) acetamide]. Theses studies also measured the effect of no-till and chisel-plow tillages on alachlor leaching and dissipation. In the top 30 cm layer of soil, the overall half-life was 3 d or less, and the time to 90% dissipation ranged from 17 to 30 d, In no-till soil, alachlor dissipated slightly faster, and more was transported into the 10 to 30 cm soil lager. Weather conditions promoting the movement of alachlor into the soil, however, weakened the effect of tillage on the dissipation rate. Most of the alachlor present in the soil, regardless of tillage, was found in the top 10 cm at all times. Of the alachlor applied to 30-cm tall soil columns, only 0.4% was removed by water flowing from chisel-plow columns and 1.6% from no-till columns. The results show that tillage was not a hey factor in alachlor dissipation and leaching. Alachlor leaching was also a minor component in overall dissipation. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Weed Engn, Postville, IA 52162 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Kanwar, RS (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 40 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 27 IS 4 BP 767 EP 776 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 103VB UT WOS:000074977600006 ER PT J AU Ressler, DE Horton, R Baker, JL Kaspar, TC AF Ressler, DE Horton, R Baker, JL Kaspar, TC TI Evaluation of localized compaction and doming to reduce anion leaching losses using lysimeters SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SUBSURFACE FLOW BARRIERS; RIDGE-TILLAGE SYSTEM; NITRATE MOVEMENT; SOIL-WATER; TRACERS AB Fertilizer N that leaches from the root zone is not available for uptake by plants and can be transported to surface waters by subsurface drains, where it is considered a contaminant. Localized soil compaction and doming (LCD) to divert precipitation or irrigation water around the zone of fertilizer injection may be one way to reduce nitrate (NO3-) leaching from agricultural fields. This study was designed to determine whether anion tracer transport through soil profiles to subsurface drains could be delayed by modified application methods, specifically (i) injection using a conventional knife shank; (ii) broadcast application; and (iii) injection and covering using an LCD injector, Three fluorobenzoate tracers, which move similarly to NO3- through soil, were applied to eight lysimeters at 63 kg ha(-1) using the three application treatments. Each treatment contained an individual tracer. Two rainfall intensity treatments were imposed, four lysimeters per rainfall intensity treatment. All lysimeters received 50 mm of simulated rain 3 d after chemical application. A storm of this magnitude occurs once in 5 yr in Iowa. There were no differences in cumulative tracer leaching between the different rainfall intensity treatments, At the end of 6 mo, 5% of the tracer applied by a conventional knife shank leached to the subsurface drains, 4% applied as broadcast leached, and 1% applied by the LCD leached. At 18 mo, corresponding values were 25, 17, and 13%, These results suggested that soil modification in the fertilizer injection zone was a simple and effective way to reduce anion leaching. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Horton, R (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 27 IS 4 BP 910 EP 916 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 103VB UT WOS:000074977600025 ER PT J AU Ebbs, SD Brady, DJ Kochian, LV AF Ebbs, SD Brady, DJ Kochian, LV TI Role of uranium speciation in the uptake and translocation of uranium by plants SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE uranium; citrate; phytoremediation; uptake; speciation ID SOIL; RADIONUCLIDES; COMPLEXES; THORIUM; FIELD; LEAD AB Uranium (U) uptake and translocation by plants was characterized using a computer speciation model to develop a nutrient culture system that provided U as a single predominant species in solution. A hydroponic uptake study determined that at pH 5.0, the uranyl (UO22+) cation was more readily taken up and translocated by peas (Pisum sativum) than the hydroxyl and carbonate U complexes present in the solution at pH 6.0 and 8,0, respectively. A subsequent experiment tested the extent to which various monocot acid dicot species take up and translocate the uranyl cation. Of the species screened, tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius) and red beet (Beta vulgaris) were the species showing the greatest accumulation of U, In addition to providing fundamental information regarding U uptake by plants, the results obtained also have implications for the phytoremediation of U-contaminated soils. The initial characterization of U uptake by peas suggested that in the field, a soil pH of <5.5 would be required in order to provide U in the most plant-available form. A pot study using U-contaminated soil was therefore conducted to assess the extent to which two soil amendments, HEDTA and citric acid, were capable of acidifying the soil, increasing U solubility, and enhancing U uptake by red beet, Of these two amendments, only citric acid proved effective, decreasing the soil pH to 5.0 and increasing U accumulation by a factor of 14. The results of this pot study provide a basis for the development of an effective phytoremediation strategy for U-contaminated soils. C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Kochian, LV (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X; Ebbs, Stephen/0000-0003-4042-9234 NR 25 TC 150 Z9 162 U1 3 U2 37 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 49 IS 324 BP 1183 EP 1190 DI 10.1093/jexbot/49.324.1183 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 103HA UT WOS:000074999600013 ER PT J AU Booker, FL Miller, JE AF Booker, FL Miller, JE TI Phenylpropanoid metabolism and phenolic composition of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] leaves following exposure to ozone SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE phenolics; lignin; ozone; soybean; air pollution ID CINNAMYL-ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; BIOCHEMICAL-PLANT RESPONSES; PINUS-SYLVESTRIS L; LOBLOLLY-PINE; FUNGAL ELICITOR; LIGNIN; PURIFICATION; INDUCTION; ACCUMULATION; SEEDLINGS AB Plants treated with the air pollutant, ozone (O-3), often respond with increased transcript levels and activities of enzymes in the general phenylpropanoid and lignin pathways. This suggests that increased biosynthesis of lignin and related products also occurs. The purpose of this study was to determine whether O-3 stimulated enzyme activities In these pathways in soybean [Glycine max (L,) Merr,] leaves, and if so, were hydroxycinnamic acids, lignin and suberin also produced. Plants were grown for 6 weeks in charcoal-filtered (CF) air and then treated with either CF air or CF air plus 100 nmol O-3 mol(-1) 7 h daily for up to 13 d in chambers in the greenhouse or in open-top chambers in the field. In greenhouse experiments, the activities of general phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and 4-coumarate:CoA ligase) were stimulated by O-3 after 6 h, The activity of an enzyme in the lignin pathway (cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase) increased in O-3-treated plants after 27 h, In greenhouse and field experiments, levels of cell-wall-bound total phenolics, acid-insoluble lignin and lignothioglycolic acid (LTGA) extracted from leaf tissue from O-3-treated plants increased on average by 65%, However, histochemistry, UV and in spectra, radiolabelling and a nitrobenzene oxidation assay all indicated that lignin and suberin did not increase with O-3-treatment. Acid-insoluble lignin and LTGA extracted from O-3-treated plants probably contained phenolic polymers that form in wounded or senescent tissues, thereby causing overestimates of the changes. Ozone-induced increases in phenolic metabolism, resembling certain elicited defence responses, thus occurred in concert with effects characteristic of the browning reaction and wound responses. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Air Qual Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Air Qual Res Unit, Box 7632, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM fitz@unity.ncsu.edu NR 61 TC 56 Z9 61 U1 3 U2 13 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 EI 1460-2431 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 49 IS 324 BP 1191 EP 1202 DI 10.1093/jexbot/49.324.1191 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 103HA UT WOS:000074999600014 ER PT J AU Bauer, MC Meyer, SE Allen, PS AF Bauer, MC Meyer, SE Allen, PS TI A simulation model to predict seed dormancy loss in the field for Bromus tectorum L. SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE after-ripening; cheatgrass; dormancy; hydrothermal time; thermal time ID HABITAT-CORRELATED VARIATION; GERMINATION RESPONSE; CONSTANT TEMPERATURES; BETWEEN-POPULATION; DOWNY BROME; PATTERNS; SCROPHULARIACEAE; ASTERACEAE; CYCLE AB Bromus tectorum L, (cheatgrass) is an invasive winter annual whose seeds lose dormancy through dry after-ripening. In this paper a thermal after-ripening time model for simulating seed dormancy loss of B, tecforum in the field is presented. The model employs the hydrothermal time parameter mean base water potential (psi(b)(50)) as an index of dormancy status. Other parameters of the hydrothermal time equation (the hydrothermal time constant theta(HT), the standard deviation of base water potentials sigma(psi b), and the base temperature T(b)) are held constant, while psi(b)(50) is allowed to vary and accounts for changes in germination time-course curves due to stage of after-ripening or incubation temperature. To obtain hydrothemal time parameters for each of four collections, seeds were stored dry at 20 degrees C for different intervals, then incubated in water (0 MPa) or polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions (-0.5, -1.0, -1.5 MPa) at 15 and 25 degrees C, Germination data for the thermal after-ripening time model were obtained from seeds stored dry in the laboratory at 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, and 50 degrees C for 0 to 42 weeks, then incubated at two alternating temperatures in water. Change in psi(b)(50) was characterized for each collection and incubation temperature as a linear function of thermal time in storage. Measurements of seed zone temperature at a field site were combined with equations describing changes in psi(b)(50) during after-ripening to make predictions of seed dormancy loss in the field. Model predictions were compared with values derived from incubation of seeds retrieved weekly from the field site. Predictions of changes in psi(b)(50) were generally close to observed values, suggesting the model is useful for simulating seed dormancy loss during after-ripening in the field. C1 USDA, Shrub Sci Lab, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Provo, UT 84606 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Provo, UT 84602 USA. RP Meyer, SE (reprint author), USDA, Shrub Sci Lab, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 735 N 500 E, Provo, UT 84606 USA. NR 35 TC 75 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 13 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 49 IS 324 BP 1235 EP 1244 DI 10.1093/jexbot/49.324.1235 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 103HA UT WOS:000074999600019 ER PT J AU Bailey, JS AF Bailey, JS TI Detection of Salmonella cells within 24 to 26 hours in poultry samples with the polymerase chain reaction BAX system SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID IMMUNOMAGNETIC SEPARATION; RAPID DETECTION; FOODS; ELISA; ENTERITIDIS; CULTURE; ASSAY AB BAX, a commercial polymerase chain reaction-based system, was evaluated to determine the efficacy of the system with different concentrations of Salmonella cells in mixed cultures and compared to conventional methods for detection of inoculated Salmonella cells from poultry samples. When present in enrichment broths at levels of 10(5), 10(4), and 10(3) CFU/ml, Salmonella cells were detected in 100, 93, and 41% of samples, respectively Salmonella cells were detected in 23 of 150 (15%) processed chicken rinse samples with the BAX system compared to 18 of 150 (12%) samples with conventional methods. Salmonella cells were detected in 28 of 50 (56%) ground turkey samples with the BAX system compared to 25 of 50 (50%) samples with conventional methods. Overall there was a 97% method agreement. One false-negative and two false-positive results were obtained with the BAX. Band sizes and intensity of the polymerase chain reaction product were shown to be correlated with estimated numbers of Salmonella CFU present in the enriched and inoculated samples. The assay was able to detect 10(4) Salmonella CFU/ml of enrichment medium, which allows consistent detection of Salmonella cells within 24 to 26 h. The high degree of sensitivity and specificity of the BAX system make it a reliable alternative to conventional bacterial cultural methods. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Bailey, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 18 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 61 IS 7 BP 792 EP 795 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 101PT UT WOS:000074877900005 PM 9678157 ER PT J AU Corrier, DE Nisbet, DJ Byrd, JA Hargis, BM Keith, NK Peterson, M Deloach, JR AF Corrier, DE Nisbet, DJ Byrd, JA Hargis, BM Keith, NK Peterson, M Deloach, JR TI Dosage titration of a characterized competitive exclusion culture to inhibit Salmonella colonization in broiler chickens during growout SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID TYPHIMURIUM COLONIZATION; DIETARY LACTOSE; INFECTION; BACTERIA; POULTRY AB Broiler chicks were spray treated on the day of hatch with titrated dosages (10(6), 10(7), or 10(8) anaerobic CFU) of a characterized competitive exclusion culture (CM) and challenged orally on day 3 with 10(4) CFU of Salmonella typhimurium. On day 10, cecal contents from control and CF3-treated chicks were cultured for S. typhimurium to determine the minimal efficacious dosage of the CF3 culture. The experiment was repeated in three replicated trials. Resistance to Salmonella cecal colonization was dosage related and progressively enhanced at the 10(7)- and 10(8)-CFU dosages compared with the 10(6)-CFU dosage. The 10(7)-CFU dosage was selected as the minimal effective dosage and evaluated for efficacy during a 43-day broiler growout study. Six hundred broilers were spray treated on the day of hatch and compared with 600 controls. One-half of the control and CF3-treated birds were challenged orally on day 3 with 10(4) CFU of S. typhimurium and designated "seeders." The remaining unchallenged birds were designated "contacts." Compared with the controls, the recovery of Salmonella cells from the ceca of the CF3-treated broilers was significantly decreased (P < 0.01) in the challenged seeders on days 21 and 43 of growout. Salmonella contamination of floor pen Litter was significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in pens of CF3-treated birds compared with controls. The transmission of Salmonella cells from seeder to contact birds in the same pens was decreased significantly (P < 0.01). The results indicated that treatment of broiler chicks on the day of hatch with the 10(7)-CFU dosage of CF3 culture effectively increased resistance to S. typhimurium challenge during growout to market age. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Milk Specialties Co, BioSci Div, Dundee, IL 60118 USA. Keith Associates, Springfield, MO 65804 USA. RP Corrier, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 20 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 61 IS 7 BP 796 EP 801 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 101PT UT WOS:000074877900006 PM 9678158 ER PT J AU Herriott, DE Hancock, DD Ebel, ED Carpenter, LV Rice, DH Besser, TE AF Herriott, DE Hancock, DD Ebel, ED Carpenter, LV Rice, DH Besser, TE TI Association of herd management factors with colonization of dairy cattle by shiga toxin-positive Escherichia coli O157 SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME; WASHINGTON-STATE; INFECTIONS; PREVALENCE; OUTBREAK; FECES AB Management factors in 36 Pacific Northwest dairy herds were evaluated for their association with the prevalence of Shiga toxin-positive Escherichia coli O157 (E. coli O157) in dairy cattle. The within-herd prevalence off. coli O157 was estimated by bacteriological culture of fecal pat samples, collected monthly for 6 months (approximately 60 per visit), from heifer cattle. During the first visit to each farm, a management questionnaire was administered that covered a broad range of animal husbandry practices. On each subsequent visit, a brief questionnaire was administered to detect changes in management practices. A significantly higher prevalence of E, coli O157 was noted in herds that fed corn silage to heifers compared to herds that did not feed corn silage, More tentative associations of E. coli O157 prevalence were observed for weaning method, protein level of calf starter, feeding of ionophores in heifer rations, feeding of grain screens to heifers, and feeding of animal by-products to cows. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Clin Sci, Field Dis Invest Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Salem, OR 97301 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Boise, ID 83709 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Olympia, WA 98502 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Hancock, DD (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Clin Sci, Field Dis Invest Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM hancock@vetmed.wsu.edu RI Besser, Thomas/A-4655-2011 NR 21 TC 77 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 6 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 61 IS 7 BP 802 EP 807 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 101PT UT WOS:000074877900007 PM 9678159 ER PT J AU McFeeters, RF AF McFeeters, RF TI Use and removal of sulfite by conversion to sulfate in the preservation of salt-free cucumbers SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID FERMENTED CUCUMBERS; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; RESISTANCE; AGENTS; ACIDS AB Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus) were microbiologically stable in cover liquid containing 300 ppm of added sodium metabisulfite (calculated as SO2), 20 mM calcium chloride, and HCl to give an equilibrated pH of 3.5. The sulfur(IV) oxoanions could be easily removed to nondetectable levels (<3 ppm) by addition of an equimolar amount of hydrogen peroxide, which rapidly converted S(IV) primarily to sulfate ions. When sulfur(N) oxoanions were removed from stored fresh cucumbers, 85% of the added metabisulfite could be accounted for by formation of sulfate ions. If cucumbers were heated before addition and removal of sulfur(IV) oxoanions, 96% of that added was converted to sulfate by hydrogen peroxide. Preservation of cucumbers in this way does not require fermentation, so addition of salt is not needed to select for lactic acid bacteria. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, N Carolina Agr Res Serv, Dept Food Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP McFeeters, RF (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 30 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 61 IS 7 BP 885 EP 890 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 101PT UT WOS:000074877900022 PM 9678174 ER PT J AU Perdue, D Neven, L Drake, S AF Perdue, D Neven, L Drake, S TI Cell wall beta-galactosidase in ripening 'd'Anjou' pears SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article ID MUTANT TOMATO FRUIT; PYRUS-COMMUNIS; COLD-STORAGE; ETHYLENE; POLYSACCHARIDES; METABOLISM AB beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) activity was measured in cell wall proteins extracted from fruits of 'd 'Anjou' pear (Pyrus communis L.) at various stages of ripening at 20C. The beta-galactosidase activity in cell wall protein Extracts peaked at 4 days of ripening and then decreased to initial activity levels at 8 days, Native isoelectric focusing of cell wall proteins resolved three distinct regions of cell wall beta-galactosidase activity: between pH 8.6 to 8.7; pH 7.1-7.7; and pH 5.6 to 5.7 During ripening, the activity of the Basic and Neutral pI Groups both peaked at 4 days. The activity of the Basic pI Group declines slowly, while the Neutral pI Group declines sharply after peaking at 4 days. The activity of the Acidic pI Group is initially low and steadily increases by 5-fold over 11 days. There are great differences in magnitude as well as timecourse of activity between these groups. These results suggest that the 3 isoform groups have distinct regulatory mechanisms during ripening. The presence of such distinct isoforms of beta-galactosidase demonstrates that assaying of beta-galactosidase activity in total cell wall protein extracts is not an accurate method for studying the possible role of beta-galactosidase in cell wall softening and fruit ripening. C1 USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Neven, L (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 21 IS 4 BP 341 EP 353 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.1998.tb00527.x PG 13 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 102EC UT WOS:000074910500006 ER PT J AU Bowles, BL Juneja, VK AF Bowles, BL Juneja, VK TI Inhibition of foodborne bacterial pathogens by naturally occurring food additives SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY LA English DT Article ID ANTIBOTULINAL PROPERTIES AB In this study diacetyl (DI), benzaldehyde (BE), pyruvic aldehyde (PY) and piperonal (PI) were tested for activity against Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus cereus, Shigella flexneri, Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli O157.H7, Staphylococcus aureus, and proteolytic Clostridium botulinum spores. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) required to inhibit pathogens ranged from 0.05 to 7.81 mM. The only exception was C, botulinum which was least sensitive, with DI or PY MIC of 25 mM; the MIC of BE or PI was 125 mM. A 30 min 56.8C heat treatment, of the organism/inhibitor mixture, reduced the MICs of BE and PI by 50-87%, and 77% less PY was required to inhibit E. coli O157:H7. BE or PI reduced C. botulinum spore 80C thermal- and radio-resistance. To determine whether antibacterial plant components exist naturally at inhibitory concentrations, EtOH-extracts of asparagus (As), carrots (Ca), radishes (Ra), shallots (Sh), and turnips (Tu) were tested for antibotulinal activity. As or Ca extracts were antigerminative at 0.07%. When combined equal quantities of As and Ca were tested, less than or equal to 0.03% delayed germination, however Although no activity was observed when Pa and Sh were rest singly, 0.13% AsCaRa, AsCaRaSh or AsCaRaShTu combinations were inhibitory. These data indicate that the naturally occurring food additives may be employed to control the foodborne pathogens assessed in this study. C1 ARS, Food Safety Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Juneja, VK (reprint author), ARS, Food Safety Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 15 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0149-6085 J9 J FOOD SAFETY JI J. Food Saf. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 18 IS 2 BP 101 EP 112 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1998.tb00206.x PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 110ZV UT WOS:000075413600003 ER PT J AU Tu, SI Patterson, D Uknalis, J AF Tu, SI Patterson, D Uknalis, J TI Adenosine triphosphate enhances the fluorescence of 4 ',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)-labeled Escherichia coli O157 : H7 SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SAFETY LA English DT Article ID DAPI 4',6-DIAMIDINO-2-PHENYLINDOLE; DNA; BACTERIA; BINDING; SITES AB Live cells off. coli O157:H7 were labeled by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) in buffers of different pH. The extent of labeling was relatively insensitive to pH in the range of 6.5 to 9.5. The fluorescence intensity of similar to 10(4) DAPI-labeled bacteria per mt in optical cuvettes could be detected by a luminescence spectrometer. With a fluorescence microplate reader attachment, less than 10(3) of labeled bacteria could be measured. DAPI-labeling inhibited the growth and respiratory activities of the bacteria. The addition of 0.5 to 6 mM concentrations of ATP induced a substantial increase in the fluorescence of labeled bacteria. Maximal enhancement by A TP was observed from bacteria still maintaining low levels of physiological activities. The enhancement favored more alkaline media with pH greater than 9. A replacement of A TP with ADP or AMP diminished the extent of enhancement. Other triphosphate nucleotides did nor enhance fluorescence of DAPI-labeled bacteria. Comparable A TP enhancements were also observed with Pseudomonas alcaligenes and Shewanella putrefaciens. Solubilization/destruction of cell membranes of labeled bacteria by detergents essentially eliminated the ATP enhancement. Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic measurements indicated that A TP could interact with free and bound DAPI. These results suggest that observed A TP enhancement in fluorescence intensity of DAPI labels in intact cells may be applied to increase the sensitivity of microorganism detection. C1 ARS, USDA, N Atlantic Area, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Tu, SI (reprint author), ARS, USDA, N Atlantic Area, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM stu@arserrc.gov NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0149-6085 J9 J FOOD SAFETY JI J. Food Saf. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 18 IS 2 BP 113 EP 126 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1998.tb00207.x PG 14 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 110ZV UT WOS:000075413600004 ER PT J AU Shofran, BG Purrington, ST Breidt, F Fleming, HP AF Shofran, BG Purrington, ST Breidt, F Fleming, HP TI Antimicrobial properties of sinigrin and its hydrolysis products SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sinigrin; allyl isothiocyanate; antimicrobial ID ALLYL ISOTHIOCYANATE; THIOCYANATE; EXTRACTS; CABBAGE AB Sinigrin, a thioglucoside of Cruciferae plants, may be enzymatically hydrolyzed to yield up to four distinct aglycones when the plants are injured or mechanically disrupted, These aglycones, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), allyl cyanide (AC), 1-cyano-2,3-epithiopropane (CETP), and allyl thiocyanate (ATC), were tested for their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) in broth to 9 species of bacteria and 8 species of yeasts. Sinigrin, AC, and CETP at 1,000 ppm were not inhibitory to any of the bacteria or yeasts tested. The inhibitory activity of ATC was uncertain due to its gradual conversion to AITC, AITC had an MIC of 50 to 1,000 ppm for bacteria and 1 to 4 ppm for nonxerotolerant yeasts, and, against xerotolerant yeasts at 50 ppm, it retarded but did not prevent growth. C1 USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Food & Agr Prod Res & Technol Ctr, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Food Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Fleming, HP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 22 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 14 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 63 IS 4 BP 621 EP 624 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 116ZY UT WOS:000075756300014 ER PT J AU Zheng, M Huang, YW Nelson, SO Bartley, PG Gates, KW AF Zheng, M Huang, YW Nelson, SO Bartley, PG Gates, KW TI Dielectric properties and thermal conductivity of marinated shrimp and channel catfish SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE shrimp; channel catfish; marination; dielectric properties; thermal conductivity AB Peeled shrimp (Peneaus spp,) and channel catfish (Ictalutus punctatus) fillets were either mixed with commercial lemon pepper marinade and vacuum tumbled at 4 degrees C for 30 min or soaked in 2% tripolyphosphate solution overnight. Dielectric constant and loss factor of marinated seafood and the penetration depth of microwaves were functions of temperature. When cooking temperature increased, the dielectric constant increased, while the loss factor and depth of penetration decreased. Because of the large variation in thermal conductivity measured for individual shrimp, no correlation between thermal conductivity and temperature was found. At constant temperature, thermal conductivity of 2% sodium tripolyphosphate-treated shrimp was higher than that of both marinated and nonmarinated shrimp as a result of higher moisture content, However, no difference in thermal conductivity was found between marinated and nonmarinated shrimp or catfish. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Ctr Food Safety & Qual Enhancement, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Marine Extens Serv, Brunswick, GA 31520 USA. RP Zheng, M (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Ctr Food Safety & Qual Enhancement, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 20 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 12 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 63 IS 4 BP 668 EP 672 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 116ZY UT WOS:000075756300025 ER PT J AU Yokoyama, WH Knuckles, BE Stafford, A Inglett, G AF Yokoyama, WH Knuckles, BE Stafford, A Inglett, G TI Raw and processed oat ingredients lower plasma cholesterol in the hamster SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Oatrim; oat bran; cholesterol; beta-glucan; hamster ID SIZE-EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; BETA-GLUCANS; BARLEY; FIBER AB The objective of this study was to determine if Oatrim, a product developed for use as a fat substitute, could also reduce plasma cholesterol due to its soluble dietary fiber content. Diets with soluble fiber contents of 0% (oat hydrolyzate) or 4.2-4.3% beta-glucan from oat or Oatrim were fed to hamsters for 21 days. All oat derived diets reduced serum cholesterol compared to a control diet containing cellulose (p less than or equal to 0.05). The available carbohydrate produced by the Oatrim process correlated inversely (r(2)=0.95) with low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration. C1 USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Yokoyama, WH (reprint author), USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 16 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 4 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 63 IS 4 BP 713 EP 715 PG 3 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 116ZY UT WOS:000075756300036 ER PT J AU Truong, VD Walter, WM Bett, KL AF Truong, VD Walter, WM Bett, KL TI Textural properties and sensory quality of processed sweetpotatoes as affected by low temperature blanching SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sweetpotato texture; low-temperature blanching; canned foods; sensory ID EGG-BOX MODEL; POTATO TEXTURE; FIRMNESS; TISSUE; CARROTS; VEGETABLES; CHEMISTRY; RETENTION; CATIONS; GREEN AB Sweetpotatoes (SP) stored for 9-12 mo after harvest were cut into cylindrical pieces and, following factorial experiments and response surface design, were blanched at 50-80 degrees C for 15-274 min. Instrumental textural properties were measured by uniaxial compression and texture profile analysis. Samples of selected blanching treatments were canned in syrup for textural and sensory evaluations. Both blanching temperature and time had significant effects on firmness. Optimal temperature for maximal firmness retention was about 62 degrees C. For canned SP, the 62 degrees C blanched samples were more intact (2-3-fold) and firmer (2-7-fold) than controls. Sensory texture and overall acceptability were greatest for samples blanched at 62 degrees C for 30 or 45 min before canning. C1 USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Food Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Walter, WM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 28 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 8 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 63 IS 4 BP 739 EP 743 PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 116ZY UT WOS:000075756300042 ER PT J AU Stout, SL AF Stout, SL TI Multiaged silviculture: Solutions for today's challenges SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Irvine, PA 16329 USA. RP Stout, SL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, POB 267, Irvine, PA 16329 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 96 IS 7 BP 4 EP 4 PG 1 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZW722 UT WOS:000074441200004 ER PT J AU Seymour, RS Kenefic, LS AF Seymour, RS Kenefic, LS TI Balance and sustainability in multiaged stands - A northern conifer case study SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB Classical silvicultural concepts of balance and in selection stands are examined using a 40-year case study in a mixed hemlock-spruce-fir stand. Although the stand initially conformed well to the target structure, deficits of poletimber and surpluses of sawtimber ave since developed. Viewing stand structure in terms of area occupied by 10-year age classes, in addition to the diameter distribution, reveals important structural and species imbalances and suggests future management directions. C1 Univ Maine, Dept Forest Ecosyst Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Bradley, ME USA. RP Seymour, RS (reprint author), Univ Maine, Dept Forest Ecosyst Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. EM Seymour@umenfa.maine.edu RI Kenefic, Laura/H-3177-2014 NR 18 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 96 IS 7 BP 12 EP 17 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZW722 UT WOS:000074441200007 ER PT J AU Guldin, JM Baker, JB AF Guldin, JM Baker, JB TI Uneven-aged silviculture, southern style SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB Data spanning 60 years on uneven-aged lolblolly-shortleaf pine stands in Arkansas show that two regulation methods have been successful in regulating stand development. Key attributes of these methods are that regulation is more important than balance, basal area drives stand development, and regeneration is the first indicator of sustainability. Marking uneven-aged stands best kept simple: mark to cut the poorest trees and leave the best, regardless of target structure or method of regeneration. To be successful in the long term, new methods of regulating uneven-aged and multiaged stands should share these attributes. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Ecosyst Management Res Team, So Res Stn,Ouachita Natl Forest, Hot Springs, AR 71902 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Monticello, AR USA. RP Guldin, JM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Ecosyst Management Res Team, So Res Stn,Ouachita Natl Forest, POB 1270, Hot Springs, AR 71902 USA. NR 22 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 96 IS 7 BP 22 EP 26 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZW722 UT WOS:000074441200009 ER PT J AU Miller, GW Kochenderfer, JN AF Miller, GW Kochenderfer, JN TI Maintaining species diversity in the central Appalachians SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB Maintaining species diversity is the key to sustaining production of desired benefits in central Appalachian forests. Long-term research indicates that traditional uneven-aged silviculture based on single-tree selection eventually reduces the abundance of certain species, but desirable species composition can be maintained in two-aged stands or in uneven-aged stands where sizable canopy openings are created. In both situations, silvicultural treatments are needed to prepare for desirable reproduction before harvest operations. The increased application of two-aged systems in the central Appalachians is an example of how silvicultural strategies can evolve in response to emerging management goals. C1 US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, USDA, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. RP Miller, GW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, USDA, POB 404, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. NR 56 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 96 IS 7 BP 28 EP 33 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZW722 UT WOS:000074441200010 ER PT J AU Curtis, RO AF Curtis, RO TI "Selective cutting" in Douglas-fir - History revisited SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB In the 1930's "selective cutting" was practiced in old-growth Douglas-fir; in the 1950s the experiment was pronounced a failure. In fact, the original concept was not an individual tree selection system; it called for regeneration in small clearcut patches and resembled some current proposals. Flexible applications might well have been successful, but as it was practiced, removals were limited to large Douglas-fir, very old stands deteriorated after disturbance, and small openings did not allow Douglas-fir regeneration. As a result, partial cutting trials came to an abrupt end, and the consequent lack of research into alternatives to clearcutting severely handicaps current efforts to meet changing objectives and public concerns. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Curtis, RO (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3625 93rd Ave SW, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. NR 24 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 96 IS 7 BP 40 EP 46 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZW722 UT WOS:000074441200013 ER PT J AU Carrillo, C Borca, M Moore, DM Morgan, DO Sobrino, F AF Carrillo, C Borca, M Moore, DM Morgan, DO Sobrino, F TI In vivo analysis of the stability and fitness of variants recovered from foot-and-mouth disease virus quasispecies SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID RNA VIRUS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; NEUTRALIZING EPITOPES; ANTIGENIC VARIANTS; MULLER RATCHET; CELL-CULTURE; POPULATIONS; HETEROGENEITY; RECOGNITION; REPLICATION AB We have analysed the ability to infect pigs of two foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) variants isolated at low frequencies from virus populations (quasispecies) generated in pigs on infection with a parental virus, C-S8c1, A monoclonal antibody-resistant mutant (MARM21), and a variant isolated at early times post-infection (S-3T(1)), each exhibiting a unique amino acid substitution in VP1, were able to cause disease in pigs, both by direct inoculation or by contact transmission. The symptoms developed were similar to those produced by C-S8c1 or the related virus C-S15c1, The VP1 sequence of viral RNA directly recovered from lesions of infected animals confirmed the stability of the variant genotypes. Rigs infected with S-3T(1) consistently showed an advance of 12 to 24 h in the emergence of fever and lesions when compared to animals infected with C-S8c1 or the remaining variants, an observation consistent with its early isolation. The ability of FMDV variants to compete in vivo with C-S8c1 was investigated in co-infection experiments. Analysis of the proportion of each of the competitors in lesions of co-infected pigs revealed that none of the variants was completely overgrown by the parent. However, co-infection with C-S8c1 and MARM21 resulted in lesions in which C-S8c1 was predominant, indicating a selective disadvantage of this variant in swine. In contrast, lesions from swine coinfected with C-S8c1 and S-3T(1) contained similar proportions of the two viruses. These results document fitness variations in vivo among components of the mutant spectrum of FMDV quasispecies. C1 INIA, Ctr Invest Sanidad Anim, Madrid 28130, Spain. USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. Ctr Biol Mol Severo Ochoa, Madrid 28049, Spain. RP Sobrino, F (reprint author), INIA, Ctr Invest Sanidad Anim, Madrid 28130, Spain. EM sobrino@samba.cnb.uam.es OI Sobrino, Francisco/0000-0003-4968-8291 NR 36 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 79 BP 1699 EP 1706 PN 7 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA ZY138 UT WOS:000074590100015 PM 9680133 ER PT J AU Hammond, RW Crosslin, JM AF Hammond, RW Crosslin, JM TI Virulence and molecular polymorphism of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus isolates SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMPLETE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; TOBACCO MOSAIC-VIRUS; COAT PROTEIN GENE; NUCLEOPROTEIN COMPONENTS; ILAR-VIRUSES; STREAK VIRUS; ALFALFA; ILARVIRUSES; RUGOSE; RNA-3 AB Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) occurs as numerous strains or isolates that vary widely in their pathogenic, biophysical and serological properties. Prior attempts to distinguish pathotypes based upon physical properties have not been successful; our approach was to examine the molecular properties that may distinguish these isolates. The nucleic acid sequence was determined from 1.65 kbp RT-PCR products derived from RNA 3 of seven distinct isolates of PNRSV that differ serologically and in pathology on sweet cherry. Sequence comparisons of ORF 3a (putative movement protein) and ORF 3b (coat protein) revealed single nucleotide and amino acid differences with strong correlations to serology and symptom types (pathotypes). Sequence differences between serotypes and pathotypes were also reflected in the overall phylogenetic relationships between the isolates. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Prosser, WA 99450 USA. RP Hammond, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Room 252,Bldg 011A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM rhammond@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 33 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 79 BP 1815 EP 1823 PN 7 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA ZY138 UT WOS:000074590100029 PM 9680147 ER PT J AU Zhang, Q Wolters, WR Tiersch, TR AF Zhang, Q Wolters, WR Tiersch, TR TI Replication banding and sister-chromatid exchange of chromosomes of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID CYPRINID FISHES; PATTERNS; CRYOPRESERVATION; LYMPHOCYTES; LEUKOCYTES; SYSTEM C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA ARS, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Tiersch, TR (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 89 IS 4 BP 348 EP 353 DI 10.1093/jhered/89.4.348 PG 6 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 106YF UT WOS:000075178500013 ER PT J AU Butnaru, G Chen, J Goicoechea, P Gustafson, JP AF Butnaru, G Chen, J Goicoechea, P Gustafson, JP TI In situ hybridization mapping of genes in Hordeum vulgare L. SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID RYE SECALE-CEREALE; FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; GENOMIC INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; COPY DNA-SEQUENCE; LINKAGE MAP; GROUP-7 CHROMOSOMES; PLANT CHROMOSOMES; PHYSICAL MAPS; RFLP MARKERS AB Linkage maps of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) containing genomic and cDNA sequences and functional genes have been constructed which cover a large genetic distance throughout the entire genome. It was decided to physically locate three genes from the barley linkage map to sites on chromosomes within the barley genome. In situ hybridization (ISH) with biotin-labeied DNA probes was used to determine the physical chromosome location of the genes for nitrate reductase, carboxypeptidase, and ol-amylase within the barley genome. The results indicated all of the genes studied hybridized to barley chromosomes 5H and 6H, and that the gene order on the physical map was similar to that observed on the genetic map. The major difference between the genetic map location of nitrate reductase and carboxypeptidase on chromosome 5H was the locations observed for each gene on the 5H short and long arms. The hybridization site of nitrate reductase on the short and long arms of chromosome 5H and the hybridization site for carboxypeptidase on the short arm of 5H was not observed on any genetic map. However, these sites were observed by ISH in the same location on different cultivars. The additional hybridization sites are probably due to the presence of silenced homologous sequences, or to unrelated sequences that show considerable homology. The nitrate reductase hybridization sites were also detected on the satellite, and the short and long arms of chromosome 6H. C1 Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Plant Sci Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Banats Univ Agr Sci, Dept Genet, Timisoara, Romania. Wuhan Univ, Coll Life Sci, Wuhan, Hubei, Peoples R China. CIMA Arkaute, Vitoria, Spain. RP Gustafson, JP (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RI Goicoechea, Pablo/O-8276-2015 OI Goicoechea, Pablo/0000-0002-5558-1098 NR 41 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 89 IS 4 BP 366 EP 370 DI 10.1093/jhered/89.4.366 PG 5 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 106YF UT WOS:000075178500019 ER PT J AU Smith, MR Zahnley, JC Wong, RY Lundin, RE Ahlgren, JA AF Smith, MR Zahnley, JC Wong, RY Lundin, RE Ahlgren, JA TI A mutant strain of Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-1355 producing a glucosyltransferase synthesizing alpha(1 -> 2) glucosidic linkages SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE glucosyltransferase; dextransucrase; alternansucrase; Leuconostoc mesenteroides; mutant; glucan; dextran; polysaccharide ID ENZYME-ACTIVITY; NRRL B-512F; DEXTRANSUCRASE; B-1299; OLIGOSACCHARIDES; SELECTION; SUCROSE; MASS AB A mutant strain (R1510) of Leuconostoc mesenteroides 8-1355 was isolated which synthesized primarily an insoluble polysaccharide and little soluble polysaccharide when grown in sucrose-containing medium, Glucose or sucrose cultures of this strain produced a single intense band of GTF-1 activity of 240 kDa on SDS gels, and a number of faint, smaller bands. Oligosaccharides synthesized by strain R1510 from methyl-alpha-D-glucoside and sucrose included a trisaccharide whose structure contained an alpha(1 --> 2) glucosidic linkage, This type of linkage has not been seen before in any products from strain 8-1355 or its mutant derivatives, The structure of the purified trisaccharide was confirmed by C-13-nuclear magnetic resonance. The insoluble polysaccharide also contained alpha(1 --> 2) branch linkages, as determined by methylation analysis, showing that synthesis of the linkages was not peculiar to methyl-alpha-D-glucoside, GTF-1, which had been excised with a razor blade from an SDS gel of a culture of the parent strain 8-1355, produced the same trisaccharides as strain R1510, showing that GTF-1 from the wild-type strain was the same as GTF-1 from strain R1510, Mutant strains resembling strain R1510, but producing a single intense band of alternansucrase (200 kDa) instead of GTF-1 were also isolated, suggesting that mutations may be generated which diminished the activities for any two of the three GTFs of strain 81355 relative to the third, Strain R1554 produced a soluble form of alternansucrase, while strain R1588 produced a cell-associated form. The mechanism(s) by which specific GTFs become associated with the cells of L. mesenteroides was not explored. C1 USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Smith, MR (reprint author), USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 32 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 21 IS 1-2 BP 37 EP 45 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.2900558 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 139AP UT WOS:000077005500008 ER PT J AU Wolfe, GR Hendrix, DL Salvucci, ME AF Wolfe, GR Hendrix, DL Salvucci, ME TI A thermoprotective role for sorbitol in the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sorbitol; polyol; insect carbohydrates; ketose reductase; sorbitol dehydrogenase ID EUROSTA-SOLIDAGINIS; GALL FLY; INSECTS AB Accumulation of polyols in insects is well known as a cold-hardening response related to overwintering or to protection against cold shock. The silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii, Bellows and Perring) is a major insect pest in tropical and subtropical regions where heat stress and desiccation pose formidable threats to survival. We found that sorbitol levels increased ten-fold when whiteflies were exposed to elevated temperatures. Sorbitol levels rose from 0.16 nmol whitefly(-1) at 25 degrees C to 1.59 nmol whitefly(-1) at 42 degrees C. Sorbitol levels fluctuated diurnally under glasshouse and field conditions increasing ten-fold from morning to early afternoon. Feeding experiments on artificial diets showed that both temperature and dietary sucrose concentration were key factors influencing sorbitol accumulation. Cell free extracts prepared from adult whiteflies catalyzed NADPH-dependent fructose reduction, but were unable to reduce glucose with either NADPH or NADH. Radiotracer experiments with labeled glucose and fructose showed that fructose was the immediate precursor of sorbitol. Thus, sorbitol synthesis in the whitefly is apparently unconventional, involving conversion of fructose by a novel NPLDPH-dependent ketose reductase. We propose that sorbitol accumulation is a mechanism for thermoprotection and osmoregulation in the silverleaf whitefly, allowing the insect to thrive in environments conducive to thermal and osmotic stress. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Salvucci, ME (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 24 TC 49 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 44 IS 7-8 BP 597 EP 603 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(98)00035-3 PG 7 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 100YF UT WOS:000074842300008 ER PT J AU Steinkraus, DG Oliver, JB Humber, RA Gaylor, MJ AF Steinkraus, DG Oliver, JB Humber, RA Gaylor, MJ TI Mycosis of bandedwinged whitefly (Trialeurodes abutilonea) (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) caused by Orthomyces aleyrodis gen & sp nov (Entomophthorales : Entomophthoraceae) SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Trialeurodes abutilonea; Orthomyces aleyrodis; Aleyrodidae; whitefly; epizootic; Entomophthorales; biological control; cotton ID CLASSIFICATION AB A new genus and species of fungus, Orthomyces aleyrodis Steinkraus, Humber & Oliver gen. & sp, nov. (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) is described. In 1994 and 1995, this fungus caused epizootics in high populations of bandedwinged whitefly (Trialeurodes abutilonea) on cotton and cocklebur in Alabama. In 1996, T. abutilonea populations were lower and no infected specimens were found. This is the first report of an entomophthoralean infecting an aleyrodid in the New World and the first report of entomophthoralean epizootics in whiteflies, (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Entomol, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. TSU Nursery Crop Res Stn, Mcminnville, TN 37110 USA. ARS, USDA, Plant Protect Res Unit, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Auburn Univ, Dept Entomol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Steinkraus, DG (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Entomol, 321 AGRI, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 24 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 72 IS 1 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1006/jipa.1997.4743 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA ZX885 UT WOS:000074565200001 PM 9647695 ER PT J AU Slavicek, JM Mercer, MJ Pohlman, D Kelly, ME Bischoff, DS AF Slavicek, JM Mercer, MJ Pohlman, D Kelly, ME Bischoff, DS TI Identification of a novel Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus mutant that exhibits abnormal polyhedron formation and virion occlusion SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE baculovirus; Lymantria dispar MNPV; polyhedron; polyhedron mutant; viral occlusion; Lymantria dispar ID AUTOGRAPHA-CALIFORNICA; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; ENVELOPE PROTEIN; SERIAL PASSAGE; MORPHOLOGY MUTANTS; DNA INSERTIONS; CELL-CULTURE; GENE REGION; FP MUTANTS; VIRUS AB In previous studies on the formation of Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdMNPV) few polyhedra (FP) mutants, several polyhedron formation mutants (PFM) were identified that appeared to be unique. These viral mutants are being characterized to investigate the processes of polyhedron formation and virion occlusion, LdMNPV isolate PFM-1 is one of these mutants, and is described in this report. Genetic techniques were used to determine if isolate PFM-1 contained a mutation in the polyhedrin or 25K FP gene. Wild-type viruses were recovered after coinfection of Ld652Y cells with isolate PFM-1 and a FP mutant, and with isolates PFM-1 and PFM-C (isolate PFM-C contains a mutation in the polyhedrin gene). These viruses were analyzed by genomic restriction endonuclease digestion and found to be chimeras of the original PFMs used in the coinfections. Marker rescue studies mapped the mutation in isolate PFM-1 to a genomic region that does not include the polyhedrin or 25K FP genes. Isolate PFM-1 produced approximately 14-fold fewer polyhedra than LdMNPV isolate A21-MPV, an isolate that produces wild-type levels of polyhedra, and approximately a-fold more polyhedra compared to the FP isolate 122-2, Polyhedra generated by isolate PFM-1 were normal in size and shape but contained very few viral nucleocapsids. The same amount of budded virus (BV) was released from cells infected with isolates PPM-I and A21-MPV. In contrast, isolate 122-2 yielded significantly more BV than isolates PFM-1 and A21-MPV. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Slavicek, JM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 359 Main Rd, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. EM JSlavicek@aol.com NR 39 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 72 IS 1 BP 28 EP 37 DI 10.1006/jipa.1997.4751 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA ZX885 UT WOS:000074565200004 PM 9647698 ER PT J AU Ignoffo, CM McIntosh, AH Garcia, C AF Ignoffo, CM McIntosh, AH Garcia, C TI In vitro yields and in vivo activity of a polyhedrin gene-deleted and wild strain of the nucleopolyhedrosis virus of Autographa californica SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Autographa baculovirus; mutant baculovirus; in vitro activity; in vivo activity ID TRICHOPLUSIA-NI LARVAE; INFECTIVITY; BACULOVIRUS C1 ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, USDA, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. RP Ignoffo, CM (reprint author), ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, USDA, 1503 S Providence, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 72 IS 1 BP 90 EP 92 DI 10.1006/jipa.1997.4749 PG 3 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA ZX885 UT WOS:000074565200013 PM 9647707 ER PT J AU Nachabe, MH AF Nachabe, MH TI Refining the definition of field capacity in the literature SO JOURNAL OF IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB The normalized water content calculated with the simple algebraic equation Theta(fc) = (q(fc)/K-s)(1/n), where q(fc) = 0.05 mm/day and K-s = hydraulic conductivity, can be used to estimate field capacity. The water content calculated with this relationship is close to the water content at 1/3 bar matric potential for all soils. It is suggested that the concept of "field capacity" be refined by relating it to the mobility of soil moisture (drainage flux). Field capacity should not be characterized solely by a particular drainage time, because the time to reach field capacity depends on soil properties, but also on the initial water content and water depth in the soil. C1 Water Engn & Mgmt Program, Sch Civil Engn, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand. RP Nachabe, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS, 301 S Howes,Box E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 6 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 13 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9437 J9 J IRRIG DRAIN E-ASCE JI J. Irrig. Drainage Eng-ASCE PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 124 IS 4 BP 230 EP 232 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9437(1998)124:4(230) PG 3 WC Agricultural Engineering; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Engineering; Water Resources GA 102VD UT WOS:000074945300006 ER PT J AU George, JE Pound, JM Davey, RB AF George, JE Pound, JM Davey, RB TI Observations of the rhythm of detachment of engorged female Boophilus annulatus (Acari : Ixodidae) from cattle SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Boophilus microplus; detachment; diurnal rhythm; Hereford heifers ID TICK AB A bimodal, diurnal rhythm of detachment was observed for engorged female Boophilus annulatus fed on Hereford heifers confined in individual stalls in an open-sided barn and exposed to ambient climate and light. In 3 experiments during which hosts were fed each morning and evening, a morning period of increased detachment activity occurred during a 6-h period centered around the 2-h collecting interval in which sunrise occurred. A 2nd peak of activity occurred during the 2-h interval that began 6 - 8 h later. Seventy-four to 84% of the total detachment occurred during these two 6-h intervals and most of the detachment (44-62%) occurred during the afternoon period. These experiments were done in July, September, and January when daylengths were 13 h, 27 min; 12 h, 22 min; and 10 h, 37 min, respectively. In a 4th experiment in which groups of hosts were fed at different times of the day, maximal percentages of 41.5 and 38.3 of the total detachment from morning-fed or both morning and evening-fed heifers, respectively, occurred during the 2-h interval in which the sun rose instead of during the evening. During the evening peak period, the number of engorged females that detached from these 2 groups of heifers was approximate to 1/3-1/4 the number that detached during the peak period in the morning. In contrast, 43.6% of the engorged females in the evening-fed group detached during an 8-h morning period of increased detachment activity that began in the interval between 0200 and 0400 hours. About the same percentage of the ticks (38.5) detached during a 6-h period that began at 1400 hours. The less precisely delimited pattern of detachment of engorged females from cattle fed only in the evening, as contrasted with the rhythm observed for ticks that detached from heifers fed in the morning or both morning and evening, indicates that the nutritional or physiological state of the host may influence the rhythm exogenously. Whether the morning or evening peak of detachment activity is dominant is a question that remains unresolved. C1 USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. USDA ARS, Cattle Fever Tick Res Lab, Mission, TX 78572 USA. RP George, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, So Plains Area,2700 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 35 IS 4 BP 479 EP 482 PG 4 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 108PE UT WOS:000075274000021 PM 9701931 ER PT J AU Schauff, ME LaSalle, J Wijesekara, GA AF Schauff, ME LaSalle, J Wijesekara, GA TI The genera of chalcid parasitoids (Hymenoptera : Chalcidoidea) of citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera : Gracillariidae) SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL HISTORY LA English DT Review DE citrus; parasitoid; biological control; citrus leafminer; Phyllocnistis ID TELEOPTERUS-SILVESTRI HYMENOPTERA; GENUS ZAGRAMMOSOMA HYMENOPTERA; EULOPHIDAE; RELEASE AB The genera of chalcid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), are reviewed and an illustrated key is presented. Forty-one genera of Chalcidoidea have been recorded as using the citrus leafminer as a host. Members of the families Encyrtidae, Pteromalidae, Eurytomidae, Elasmidae, Eupelmidae, and Eulophidae have been recorded with the majority of the species being eulophids. One new genus, Cryptastichus LaSalle, and one new species, Cryptastichus sabo LaSalle, are described. The species Sympiesis pulpurea Waterston 1915 is synonymized with Sympiesis striatipes Ashmead 1904. C1 USDA, Museum Natl Hist Nat, Syst Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Int Inst Entomol, CABI, London SW7 5JR, England. Hort Dev & Res Inst, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. RP Schauff, ME (reprint author), USDA, Museum Natl Hist Nat, Syst Entomol Lab, NHB 168, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RI La Salle, John/B-9544-2008 OI La Salle, John/0000-0002-8816-9569 NR 133 TC 49 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-2933 EI 1464-5262 J9 J NAT HIST JI J. Nat. Hist. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 32 IS 7 BP 1001 EP 1056 DI 10.1080/00222939800770521 PG 56 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZX672 UT WOS:000074542400005 ER PT J AU Rimando, AM Dayan, FE Czarnota, MA Weston, LA Duke, SO AF Rimando, AM Dayan, FE Czarnota, MA Weston, LA Duke, SO TI A new photosystem II electron transfer inhibitor from Sorghum bicolor SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID HOST GERMINATION STIMULANT; STRIGA-ASIATICA; ROOT EXUDATE; SORGOLEONE; PHYTOTOXICITY; WITCHWEED AB Our study of the mechanism(s) by which sorgoleone (1) acts as a photosystem II (PS II) inhibitor led to the isolation of a new benzoquinone derivative, 2-hydroxy-5-ethoxy-3-[(Z,Z)-8',11',14'-pentadecatriene]-rho-benzoquinone (2), from the root exudate of sorghum. The structure of 2, which is being given the name 5-ethoxy-sorgoleone, was determined by spectroscopic means. A methoxy derivative (3) of 1 was also prepared. Both 2 and 3 caused a reduction in oxygen evolution by thylakoid membranes and induced variable chlorophyll fluorescence. These compounds, however, were less active inhibitors of PS II than 1. C1 NPURU, ARS, USDA, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Hort, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. RP Rimando, AM (reprint author), NPURU, ARS, USDA, POB 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. RI Weston, Leslie/M-4557-2015; Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009 OI Weston, Leslie/0000-0002-1029-7982; Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499 NR 14 TC 83 Z9 86 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 61 IS 7 BP 927 EP 930 DI 10.1021/np9800708 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 106XE UT WOS:000075175900013 PM 9677276 ER PT J AU Jiang, JW McMurtry, J Niedzwiecki, D Goldman, SA AF Jiang, JW McMurtry, J Niedzwiecki, D Goldman, SA TI Insulin-like growth factor-1 is a radial cell-associated neurotrophin that promotes neuronal recruitment from the adult songbird ependyma/subependyma SO JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE neurogenesis; neurotrophin; songbird; insulin; neuronal precursor cells; stem cells; neuronal migration; ventricular zone ID NEWLY GENERATED NEURONS; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; FEMALE CANARY BRAIN; II MESSENGER-RNA; IGF-I; RAT-BRAIN; MAMMALIAN FOREBRAIN; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR; ZONE CELLS; N-CADHERIN AB In the adult songbird forebrain, neurons continue to be produced from precursor cells in the forebrain ependymal/subependymal zone (SZ), from which they migrate upon radial guide fibers. The new neurons and their radial cell partners may coderive from a common SZ progenitor, which may be the radial cell itself. On this basis, we asked whether radial cells might provide trophic support for the migration or survival of newly generated neurons. We focused upon the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) IGF-1 and IGF-2, which have previously been shown to support the survival and differentiation of neural progenitor cells. We found that IGF-1 immunoreactivity was expressed heavily by adult zebra finch radial cells and their fibers, with little expression otherwise. IGF-2, in contrast, was expressed by parenchymal astrocytes and exhibited little radial cell expression. Despite their distinct distributions, IGF-1 and IGF-2 exerted similar trophic effects on finch SZ cells in vitro; both greatly increased the number of neurons migrating from explants of the adult finch SZ, relative to explants raised in low-insulin, IGF-1-deficient media. However, neither factor extended neuronal survival. These results suggest that in neurogenic regions of the adult avian forebrain, IGF-1 acts as a radial cell-associated neuronal differentiation and/or departure factor, which may serve to regulate neuronal recruitment into the adult brain. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 Cornell Univ, Coll Med, Dept Neurol & Neurosci, New York, NY 10021 USA. USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Duke Univ, Duke Comprehens Canc Ctr, Ctr Biostat, Med Ctr, Durham, NC 27710 USA. RP Goldman, SA (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Coll Med, Dept Neurol & Neurosci, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA. FU NINDS NIH HHS [5T32NSO7141, R01NS29813, R01NS33106] NR 71 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0022-3034 J9 J NEUROBIOL JI J. Neurobiol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 36 IS 1 BP 1 EP 15 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4695(199807)36:1<1::AID-NEU1>3.0.CO;2-6 PG 15 WC Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA ZW508 UT WOS:000074418000001 PM 9658334 ER PT J AU Stucchi, AF Nicolosi, RJ Karge, WH Ausman, LM Ordovas, JM AF Stucchi, AF Nicolosi, RJ Karge, WH Ausman, LM Ordovas, JM TI Dietary cholesterol affects serum lipids, lipoproteins and LDL metabolism in cynomolgus monkeys in a dose-dependent manner SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE dietary cholesterol; serum lipoproteins; LDL metabolism; cynomolgus monkeys ID LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS; FAT-SATURATION; RECEPTOR ACTIVITY; PLASMA-LIPIDS; ACIDS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; PRECIPITATION; CATABOLISM; RESPONSES; INCREASES AB To examine the mechanism(s) underlying the cholesterolemic response to dietary cholesterol and saturated fatty acids, low density lipoprotein (LDL) metabolism was studied in two groups of cynomolgus monkeys fed diets containing 30 or 36% of total energy as fat. At each dietary fat level, the same group of monkeys was sequentially fed three dietary cholesterol concentrations as egg yolk in the following sequence: low(0.01 mg/kJ), medium (0.03 mg/kJ) and high (0.05 mg/kJ) for 30, 32 and 24 wk, respectively. Dietary polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were the same in the two groups; the 6% difference in fat was due to the saturated fatty acids, 12:0 and 14:0. Serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and LDL apolipoprotein B concentrations increased (P < 0.05) with dietary cholesterol in a dose-dependent manner in both fat groups. These elevations were the result of generally increasing LDL apolipoprotein B production rates, concomitant with reduced LDL apolipoprotein B fractional clearance at the high cholesterol intake. Serum HDL cholesterol and HDL apolipoprotein A-I concentrations were not affected in a consistent manner. These results demonstrate that cynomolgus monkeys are hyperresponsive to dietary cholesterol compared with humans, suggesting that this model may be useful in identifying metabolic and genetic predictors for hyperresponsiveness to dietary cholesterol in humans as well as assessing the metabolic heterogeneity of responses to dietary cholesterol. C1 Univ Lowell, Dept Hlth & Clin Sci, Ctr Cardiovasc Dis Control, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Nicolosi, RJ (reprint author), Univ Lowell, Dept Hlth & Clin Sci, Ctr Cardiovasc Dis Control, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01HL39385] NR 46 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 128 IS 7 BP 1104 EP 1113 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZY293 UT WOS:000074605600007 PM 9649592 ER PT J AU Jansen, S Lopez-Miranda, J Salas, J Castro, P Paniagua, JA Lopez-Segura, F Ordovas, JM Jimenez-Pereperez, JA Blanco, A Perez-Jimenez, F AF Jansen, S Lopez-Miranda, J Salas, J Castro, P Paniagua, JA Lopez-Segura, F Ordovas, JM Jimenez-Pereperez, JA Blanco, A Perez-Jimenez, F TI Plasma lipid response to hypolipidemic diets in young healthy non-obese men varies with body mass index SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE humans; overweight; body mass index; fatty acids; lipids ID DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; FATTY-ACID; GENDER; TRIAL AB Lipid response to dietary fat is highly variable among individuals of a population. The aim of this study was to establish whether being overweight is one of the factors that determines this response. Forty-one non-obese healthy men were divided into two groups according to body mass index as follows: controls, <25 kg/m(2); overweight, >25 kg/m(2) but <30 kg/m(2). After consuming a saturated fat-rich diet (SAT diet: 38% fat, 20% saturated) for 4 wk, subjects were switched to a low fat diet [National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP)-I diet: 28% fat, 10% saturated] for 4 wk and then to a monounsaturated fat-rich diet (MUFA diet: 38% fat, 22% monounsaturated) for 4 wk. Data were analyzed by Student's t test and two-way ANOVA for repeated measures. After consuming the NCEP-I diet, the overweight subjects had a smaller decrease relative to the SAT diet period in plasma total cholesterol [-0.30 vs. -0.67 mmol/L (-7 vs. -16%), P < 0.02] and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations [-0.24 vs. -0.55 mmol/L (-9 vs. -21%), P < 0.04] than controls. However, in the overweight subjects, the MUFA diet produced a greater decrease in plasma triglycerides than in the controls relative to the SAT diet period [-0.36 vs. -0.03 mmol/L (-26 vs. -4%), P < 0.006] and to the NCEP-I diet period [-0.29 vs. 0.01 mmol/L(-22 vs. 1%), P < 0.01). Plasma cholesterol concentrations changed to a lesser extent, and triglyceride concentration to a greater extent, in overweight but non-obese young men than in those of normal weight in response to changes in dietary fat composition. Our data suggest that in the diet treatment of obese hyperlipemic subjects, It is more important for them to lose weight than to change the fat composition of their diets. C1 Univ Cordoba, Sch Med, Lipid Res Unit, Hosp Reina Sofia, Cordoba 14004, Spain. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Perez-Jimenez, F (reprint author), Univ Cordoba, Sch Med, Lipid Res Unit, Hosp Reina Sofia, Cordoba 14004, Spain. OI Perez-Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-7499-7681; Perez Jimenez, Francisco/0000-0001-9808-1280; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 33 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 128 IS 7 BP 1144 EP 1149 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZY293 UT WOS:000074605600013 PM 9649598 ER PT J AU Lanza, E Forman, MR Johnson, EJ Muesing, RA Graubard, BI Beecher, GR AF Lanza, E Forman, MR Johnson, EJ Muesing, RA Graubard, BI Beecher, GR TI alpha-tocopherol concentrations in plasma but not in lipoproteins fluctuate during the menstrual cycle in healthy premenopausal women SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE tocopherol; vitamin E; premenopausal; humans; lipoproteins ID BETA-CAROTENE SUPPLEMENTATION; HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEINS; VITAMIN-E; GAMMA-TOCOPHEROL; CONTROLLED DIET; SUBCLASSES; ANTIOXIDANTS; CHOLESTEROL; ABSORPTION; SEPARATION AB Because premenopausal women experience cyclic fluctuations of plasma carotenoids and their lipoprotein carriers, it was hypothesized that plasma alpha-tocopherol (A-T) fluctuates by phase of the menstrual cycle. Twelve free-living women, with a confirmed ovulatory cycle, were given a controlled diet for two consecutive menstrual cycles. Blood was drawn during the menses, early follicular, late follicular and luteal phases to simultaneously measure serum hormones, plasma lipoproteins and A-T concentrations, and A-T distribution in the lipoprotein fractions. Plasma A-T concentrations were significantly lower during menses than during the luteal phase by similar to 12% in each controlled diet cycle (P < 0.001). Adjustment for serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations did not alter these findings. The distributions of A-T in lipoprotein cholesterol fractions were not significantly different by menstrual phase. From 61 to 62% of A-T was concentrated in the LDL fraction, with another 9-14% in HDL2, 17-22% in HDL3 and the remaining 6-8% in VLDL+ IDL. There were no significant differences in lipoprotein cholesterol fractions by menstrual phase, except for a significant increase (P = 0.03) in HDL2 cholesterol from the early follicular to the late follicular phase. Spearman rank correlations from data during the second controlled diet month showed A-T in HDL2 in the late follicular phase was positively correlated with HDL cholesterol in the early follicular (r = 0.88), late follicular (r = 0.86) and luteal phases (r = 0.86) and with luteal apolipoprotein (ApoA-1) level (r = 0.90), and luteal HDL3 cholesterol (r = 0.83). A-T in HDL3 in the early follicular phase was negatively correlated with HDL2 cholesterol (r = -0.96) and ApoA-1 (r = -0.85), whereas luteal A-T in HDL3 was correlated with luteal HDL3 cholesterol (r = -0.79). Late follicular A-T in VLDL was positively correlated with early follicular HDL3 cholesterol and late follicular HDL3 cholesterol (r = 0.83). Fluctuations of A-T concentrations by phase of the menstrual cycle should be taken into consideration in future research concerning premenopausal women and the risk of chronic disease. C1 NCI, Div Clin Sci, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. George Washington Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Lipid Res Clin Lab, Washington, DC 20037 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lanza, E (reprint author), NCI, Div Clin Sci, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 34 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 128 IS 7 BP 1150 EP 1155 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZY293 UT WOS:000074605600014 PM 9649599 ER PT J AU Jacob, RA Gretz, DM Taylor, PC James, SJ Pogribny, IP Miller, BJ Henning, SM Swendseid, ME AF Jacob, RA Gretz, DM Taylor, PC James, SJ Pogribny, IP Miller, BJ Henning, SM Swendseid, ME TI Moderate folate depletion increases plasma homocysteine and decreases lymphocyte DNA methylation in postmenopausal women SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 97 Conference CY APR 06-10, 1997 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA DE folic acid; homocysteine; methylation; DNA; humans ID TERM DIETARY-FOLATE; FOLIC-ACID; NONPREGNANT WOMEN; GROUP RESTRICTION; DEFICIENT RATS; HEALTHY-MEN; POOLS; HYPOMETHYLATION; METHIONINE; METABOLISM AB To determine the human folate requirement on the basis of changes in biochemical pathways, we studied the effect of controlled folate intakes on plasma homocysteine and lymphocyte DNA methylation and deoxynucleotide content in healthy postmenopausal women. Eight women (49-63 y of age) were housed in a metabolic unit and fed a low folate diet containing 56 mu g/d of folate for 91 d. Folate intake was varied by supplementing 55-460 mu g/d of folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid) to the diet to provide total folate intake periods of 5 wk at 56 mu g/d, 4 wk at 111 mu g/d and 3 wk at 286-516 mu g/d. A subclinical folate deficiency with decreased plasma folate was created during the first two periods. This resulted in significantly elevated plasma homocysteine and urinary malondialdehyde, and lymphocyte DNA hypomethylation. The folate depletion also resulted in an increased ratio of dUTP/dTTP in mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte DNA and decreased lymphocyte NAD, changes suggesting misincorporation of uracil into DNA and increased DNA repair activity. The DNA hypomethylation was reversed with 286-516 mu g/d of folate repletion, whereas the elevated homocysteine decreased with 516 but not 286 mu g/d of folate. The results indicate that marginal folate deficiency may alter DNA composition and that the current RDA of 180 mu g/d may not be sufficient to maintain low plasma homocysteine concentrations of some postmenopausal women. C1 USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, Div Nutr Toxicol, Jefferson, AR 72079 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Publ Hlth, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Jacob, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 29997, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. NR 48 TC 324 Z9 337 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 128 IS 7 BP 1204 EP 1212 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZY293 UT WOS:000074605600022 PM 9649607 ER PT J AU Souza, MCP Rumpler, WV Douglass, LW Howe, JC AF Souza, MCP Rumpler, WV Douglass, LW Howe, JC TI Urinary catecholamine excretion in men and women: Between- and within-subject variation SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Federation-of-American-Societies-for-Experimental-Biology Annual Meeting CY APR 15-17, 1996 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Federat Amer Soc Exptl Biol DE urinary catecholamine excretion; alcohol consumption; humans; intra- and intersubject variation ID OBESITY; PLASMA; EPINEPHRINE; ADULTS; HUMANS; AGE AB Twenty-two women. and 12 men collected 24-hr urine samples under free-living conditions. The study was conducted to determine the variation in urinary catecholamine excretion between and within subjects, as well as rite impact of alcohol alcohol consumption on this variation. Subjects were fed controlled diets (20% or 40% of energy from fat) for two 8-week periods; within each dietary group, subjects consumed a carrier beverage with ethanol (5% of daily energy intake) during one 8-week period. Urine samples were collected during week 5 of each period for 4 consecutive days and analyzed for epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine by HPLC with electrochemical detection. There was no significant effect due to dietary fat on catecholamines excretion; therefore, all subjects were combined. Coefficients of variation were determined separately for men and women and for alcohol consumption within sex. Daily excretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine was significantly greater (P < 0.01) in men than in women. Within- and between-subject variability presented large coefficients of variation for both men (28-48%) and women (22-47%). Although within-subject variation was similar for men and women, between-subject variation was consistently greater for women than for merr regardless of alcohol consumption or abstention. Alcohol consumption did not significantly affect the levels of urinary catecholamine excretion within sex. However, bath within- and between-subject variation decreased during alcohol consumption in all subjects. (J. Nutr. Biochem. 9:396-401, 1998) Published by Elsevier Science Inc. 1998. C1 USDA, Diet & Human Performance Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Anim Sci, Biometr Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Howe, JC (reprint author), USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Data Lab, 4700 River Rd, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 9 IS 7 BP 396 EP 401 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(98)00038-2 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 105DA UT WOS:000075056300005 ER PT J AU Tang, GW Qin, J Dolnikowski, G AF Tang, GW Qin, J Dolnikowski, G TI Deuterium enrichment of retinol in humans determined by gas chromatography electron capture negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE octadeuterated retinyl acetate; octadeuterated retinol; human serum; electron capture negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry; gas chromatography mass spectrometry ID VITAMIN-A; PLASMA AB A new application of electron capture negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry method has been developed for detecting vitamin A enrichment in human serum. Octadeuterated all-trans retinyl acetate 1.5 mg was fed to a volunteer and blood samples were collected over a period of 32 days. Serum samples were extracted and isolated by high performance liquid chromatography to collect the fraction containing retinal. The retinol fraction was derivatized to a trimethylsilyl ether, which was analysed by gas chromatograph (GC)/mass spectrometry using a capillary column coated with DB-1 followed by methane electron capture negative chemical ionization/mass spectrometry (ECNCI-MS). Although ECNI-MS of derivatized retinol produced no molecular ion, it produced a single negatively charged fragment ion at m/z 268 for natural retinol (m/z 276 for octadeuterated retinol) due to loss of the silyl group. The serum enrichment of labeled retinol was detectable at 7 hours, reached a maximum of 2.6% at 24 hours, and declined thereafter but was still at a.07% at 32 days. In 200 mu L of serum, the minimum detectable enrichment of retinol-d(8) was 0.01%. The GC/ECNCI-MS method for detecting retinol in serum is at least 10 times more sensitive than any previously published mass spectrometry method. (J. Nutr. Biochem. 9:408-414, 1998) (C) Elsevier Science Inc. 1998. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Tang, GW (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 11 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 14 TC 28 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 9 IS 7 BP 408 EP 414 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(98)00026-6 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 105DA UT WOS:000075056300007 ER PT J AU Shulman, RJ Ou, C Reed, T Gardner, P AF Shulman, RJ Ou, C Reed, T Gardner, P TI Central venous catheters versus peripheral veins for sampling blood levels of commonly used drugs SO JOURNAL OF PARENTERAL AND ENTERAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Parenteral-and Enteral-Nutrition CY FEB, 1996 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Soc Parenteral & Enteral Nutr ID LINES AB Background: Our objective was to compare the accuracy of drug levels in blood samples obtained from central venous catheters with those from peripheral blood samples taken to monitor various drug levels. Methods: Pediatric patients with central venous catheters receiving aminoglycosides, vancomycin, or cyclosporine had central and peripheral blood samples obtained within 5 minutes of each other and analyzed simultaneously. We ascertained how well blood levels from central venous catheters compared with those from peripheral blood (the criterion standard). Results: There were no clinically significant differences between central and peripheral values for amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and vancomycin (both peaks and troughs). Preliminary data indicated that oral cyclosporine can be monitored via central venous catheter. In contrast, there was poor agreement between peripheral and central values tr;hen cyclosporine was administered by IV. Conclusions: Amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin, vancomycin, and probably oral cyclosporine can be monitored accurately sia central venous catheter In contrast, IV cyclosporine should be monitored via peripheral blood. C1 Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Shulman, RJ (reprint author), 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 6 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARENTERAL & ENTERAL NUTRITION PI SILVER SPRING PA 8630 FENTON STREET SUITE 412, SILVER SPRING, MD 20910 USA SN 0148-6071 J9 JPEN-PARENTER ENTER JI J. Parenter. Enter. Nutr. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 22 IS 4 BP 234 EP 237 DI 10.1177/0148607198022004234 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZX875 UT WOS:000074564200009 PM 9661125 ER PT J AU Stevens, C Liu, J Khan, VA Lu, JY Wilson, CL Igwegbe, ECK Kabwe, MK Chalutz, E Droby, S AF Stevens, C Liu, J Khan, VA Lu, JY Wilson, CL Igwegbe, ECK Kabwe, MK Chalutz, E Droby, S TI Application of hermetic UV-C for delayed ripening and reduction of Rhizopus soft rot in tomatoes: the effect of tomatine on storage rot development SO JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY-PHYTOPATHOLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT LA English DT Article ID POSTHARVEST DISEASES; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; INDUCED RESISTANCE; FRUIT; PLANTS; LIGHT; POLYAMINES; PEACHES AB The application of ultraviolet-light C (UV-C, 254 nm) hormesis on tomato fruits to stimulate beneficial responses is a new method of inducing host resistance to Rhizopus soft rot, with maximum protection at 72 h following artificial inoculation with Rhizopus stolonifer and delay fruit ripening. In the tomato-Rhizopus soft rot pathosystem, UV-C induced resistance of tomatoes to soft rot was reversed by fluorescent light, and not by storage under dark condition. The present study was aimed at finding a possible fungal toxic mechanism that was involved in the control of Rhizopus soft rot. The development of carotenoids, loss of chlorophyll and ethylene production were significantly retarded during storage after treatment with hermetic doses of UV-C. The delayed ripening of UV-C treated fruits was attributed in part to the high level of putrescine and spermine polyamines. In a time-control study, it was found that the resistance of UV-C-treated tomatoes artificially inoculated with R. stolonifer correlated with a high concentration of tomatine which accumulated up to 72 h after UV-C treatment. However, there was a higher tomatine content in UV-C-treated fruits compared to untreated fruits where it was transitory at 96 h after treatment in the time-course study. C1 Tuskegee Univ, George Washington Carver Agr Expt Stn, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA. USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. RP Stevens, C (reprint author), Tuskegee Univ, George Washington Carver Agr Expt Stn, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA. NR 39 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-1785 J9 J PHYTOPATHOL JI J. Phytopathol.-Phytopathol. Z. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 146 IS 5-6 BP 211 EP 221 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0434.1998.tb04682.x PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 106HL UT WOS:000075123800002 ER PT J AU Saroha, MK Sridhar, P Malik, VS AF Saroha, MK Sridhar, P Malik, VS TI Glyphosate-tolerant crops: Genes and enzymes SO JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE herbicide; glyphosate; tolerant crops; transgenic plants; genes; enzymes ID ENCODING 5-ENOLPYRUVYLSHIKIMATE-3-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; HERBICIDE GLYPHOSATE; TOBACCO CELLS; EXPRESSION; PROTEIN; PETUNIA; PLANTS; IDENTIFICATION; BINDING AB This review focuses on the genes for the enzymes 5-enolpyruvyl-3-phosphoshikimic acid synthase (EPSPS) and the glyphosate oxidoreductase (GOX), These genes have been used to genetically engineer plants that are resistant to the herbicide glyphosate, Overproduction of glyphosate-insensitive EPSPS in transgenic crops has been used to overcome the:deleterious effects of this herbicide. The introduction into plants of GOX also Confers glyphosate tolerance to plants and augments the tolerance of transgenic plants already expressing a glyphosate tolerant EPSPS. These genes also provide a method for selecting transformed plant tissue using the glyphosate tolerance as the selectable marker in the presence of inhibitory concentrations of glyphosate. Glyphosate tolerant transgenic plants of beet, corn, cotton, lettuce, poplar, potato, rapeseed, soybean, tobacco, tomato, end wheat have already been field tested and are entering agriculture. C1 USDA, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. Osmania Univ, Dept Microbiol, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India. RP Malik, VS (reprint author), USDA, 4700 River Rd, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. NR 37 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 16 PU SOC PLANT BIOCHEM BIOTECH PI NEW DELHI PA DIV BIOCHEM, INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RES INST, NEW DELHI 110 012, INDIA SN 0971-7811 J9 J PLANT BIOCHEM BIOT JI J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 7 IS 2 BP 65 EP 72 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 118LH UT WOS:000075839300001 ER PT J AU Nielsen, DC AF Nielsen, DC TI Comparison of three alternative oilseed crops for the central Great Plains SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article ID WATER-USE; SUNFLOWER; YIELD; ANNUUS; CANOLA AB Diversification of the traditional dryland cropping system in the central Great Plains (winter wheat [Triticum aestivum L.]-fallow) could lead to a more sustainable production system, Selection of suitable crops to rotate with winter wheat requires knowledge of productivity under a widely varying precipitation regime. The objectives of this study were to determine water use/yield relationships and likely average production levels for spring canola (Brassica napus L.), crambe (Crambe abyssinicia Hochst), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and to determine differences in oil concentration and soil water extraction patterns among these three crops. Canola, crambe, and sunflower were grown under a Line-source, gradient irrigation (GI) system to determine seed yield and oil concentration under a range of water use. Sunflower was also grown in several dryland rotations following a variety of crops, which resulted in a range of starting soil water conditions. Soil mater extraction was monitored with a neutron probe and time-domain reflectometry, All three crops exhibited linear responses of yield to water use. Sunflower was less responsive than canola and crambe, which had nearly identical water use/yield functions. Oil concentrations showed a trend for increasing oil content with increasing water use. Sunflower extracted water from lower soil depths than canola and crambe, which were similar in soil water extraction. Median yield levels predicted from long-term precipitation records at Akron, CO, were 1130, 1180, and 1520 lb/acre for canola, crambe, and sunflower, respectively. All three crops are agronomically feasible oilseed crops for dryland rotations,vith winter wheat in the central Great Plains. C1 USDA ARS, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, Akron, CO 80720 USA. RP Nielsen, DC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, POB 400, Akron, CO 80720 USA. RI Nielsen, David/A-8044-2009 OI Nielsen, David/0000-0002-8240-7183 NR 31 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD JUL-SEP PY 1998 VL 11 IS 3 BP 336 EP 341 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 114EE UT WOS:000075595500008 ER PT J AU Boldt, PE Rosenthal, SS Srinivasan, R AF Boldt, PE Rosenthal, SS Srinivasan, R TI Distribution of field bindweed and hedge bindweed in the USA SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article AB A survey of weed specialists and herbaria was conducted by mail with telephone follow-up in 1994 and 1995 to determine the distribution, abundance, and economic importance of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.) and hedge bindweed [Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br.] (Convolvulaceae) in the continental USA. Field bindweed occurs at densities regarded as serious (greater than 1000 acres/county) in 957 counties, moderate (between 250 and 1000 acres/county) in 845 counties, and low (less than 250 acres/county) in 573 counties in 47 of the 48 contiguous states. Only Florida and the southern parts of states from South Carolina to Texas do not report its presence. Field bindweed infestations have increased since 1970 in several western states but have decreased in importance in most Great Plains states. Based on detailed crop loss data for 10 states containing 52% of the seriously infested counties, we estimated the value of crop losses due to field bindweed in the USA at more than $377 million/yr. Hedge bindweed occurs at densities regarded as serious in 101 counties, moderate in 1109 counties, and low in 553 counties in 43 states. Although not as widespread as field bindweed, hedge bindweed appears to have increased in abundance since 1969 and continues to be a localized problem in the midwestern and eastern USA. C1 USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Boldt, PE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RI Srinivasan, R/D-3937-2009 NR 34 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD JUL-SEP PY 1998 VL 11 IS 3 BP 377 EP 381 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 114EE UT WOS:000075595500015 ER PT J AU Hart, RH Ashby, MM AF Hart, RH Ashby, MM TI Grazing intensities, vegetation, and heifer gains: 55 years on shortgrass SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE basal cover; frequency; foliar cover; herbage yields; plains pricklypear; plant community composition ID SEMIARID GRASSLAND; LONG-TERM; PRECIPITATION; PRESSURE; CATTLE; RANGE AB Shortgrass rangeland, dominated by blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis [H.B.K.] Lag. ex Steud), was grazed at 3 intensities, equivalent to mean stocking rates of 16.7, 23.0, and 36.5 heifer-days ha(-1), from 1939 through 1994, Few changes in plant communities had been documented by the early 1970's, In 1992-1994, frequency of occurrence, basal and foliar cover, and biomass at peak standing crop (PSC) were determined on the remaining pasture at each grazing intensity, and on 3 ungrazed exclosures, Blue grama and buffalograss (Buchloe; dactyloides [Nutt,] Engelm,) increased, and western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii [Rydb,] A. Love) and needle-and-thread (Stipa comata Trin, & Rupr.) decreased, as grazing intensity increased. Redthree-awn (Aristida longisieta Steud.) was most plentiful under light grazing. Basal cover and biomass of forbs were lower under grazing than in exclosures, but differences in biomass were not significant. Shrubs and half-shrubs decreased as grazing intensity increased. Frequency and cover of plains pricklypear (Opuntia polyacantha Haw,) were higher in the exclosures and under light grazing than under moderate or heavy grazing; biomass was 4 to 6 times as high in the exclosures as under any grazing intensity. Heifer gains declined linearly with increasing grazing pressure index. Optimum (most profitable) stocking rate was about 20% higher than that under the moderate grazing intensity, under which biomass production was maintained and shrub and pricklypear remained at low levels. Returns to land, labor, and management were only slightly higher under the optimum stocking rate than under the moderate grazing intensity. The moderate grazing intensity appears to be both profitable and sustainable. C1 USDA ARS, High Plains Grasslands Res Stn, Cheyenne, WY USA. Cent Plains Expt Range, Nunn, CO USA. RP Hart, RH (reprint author), USDA ARS, High Plains Grasslands Res Stn, Cheyenne, WY USA. NR 37 TC 49 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 51 IS 4 BP 392 EP 398 DI 10.2307/4003323 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZZ795 UT WOS:000074767900004 ER PT J AU Coleman, SW Forbes, TDA AF Coleman, SW Forbes, TDA TI Herbage characteristics and performance of steers grazing old world bluestem SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE grazing pressure; herbage mass; herbage height; stocking rate; animal gains ID INGESTIVE BEHAVIOR; TROPICAL PASTURES; PLANT STRUCTURE; STOCKING RATE; BITE SIZE; GRASSES; CATTLE; QUALITY; FORAGE; PLAINS AB Old World bluestem (OWB; Bothriocloa spp,)are popular in the southern Great Plains but little is known about the relationships between forage characteristics and animal productivity. The influence of differences in herbage mass and sward height of OWE on rate of gain during the summer grazing season was examined during 2 years at El Reno, Okla, Soils were fine, silty Pachic Haplustolls of the Dale series. Swards of caucasian [B, caucasica (Trin,) C, E, Hubb,] and 'Plains' [B, ischaemum var ischaemum (L,) Keng,] OWE were maintained at different levels of forage mass (low, medium, and high) by continuous variable stocking and were grazed from mid- May to late September by steers with an initial weight of about 225 kg, Weight gains were depressed in late August, but in 1985 gains recovered due to late season rains. Season-long gains averaged 0.61 kg day(-1) in 1984 and 0.69 kg day(-1) in 1985, Daily gains of steers increased linearly with increased herbage mass (P < 0.05), but slopes were different due to a year X species interaction. Daily gains peaked at a herbage height of 41 cm in 1984, but increased linearly throughout the range of the data (75 cm) in 1985, Individual animal gains decreased linearly with increasing stocking rate such that maximum gain per hectare was achieved at about 5 animals ha(-1) (standard 500 kg), The data suggest that maintaining higher herbage mass and height of OWE forage improves animal performance and support the practice of intensive early grazing and removing cattle by late July when rate of gain declines. C1 USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. Texas A&M Res & Extens Ctr, Uvalde, TX 78801 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Coleman, SW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 28 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 4 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 51 IS 4 BP 399 EP 407 DI 10.2307/4003324 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZZ795 UT WOS:000074767900005 ER PT J AU Samuel, MJ Hart, RH AF Samuel, MJ Hart, RH TI Nitrogen fertilization, botanical composition and biomass production on mixed-grass rangeland SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Bouteloua gracilis; native forbs; Pascopyrum smithii; range fertilization; steer gains; stocking rate ID NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; WATER-USE; AMMONIUM-NITRATE; PLANT-GROWTH; CATTLE; RECOVERY AB Many studies have reported nitrogen (N) fertilization of rangeland, but few have reported changes in botanical composition, which may be as important as changes in forage production, or were continued for as long as 14 years. We determined frequency of occurrence of over 90 plant species in 1976-1988 under rates of 0, 22, or 34 kg N ha(-1) applied in spring or fall to mixed-grass rangeland in southeast Wyoming; frequency of 23 species will be reported. We also determined total biomass production and production of major species and species groups in 1982-1988, Blue grama Bouteloua gracilis (H,B,K;,) Griffiths] frequency decreased during years 5 through 7 because of the interaction of N and drought. The effects of long-term application of N decreased blue grama in year 12 and beyond Nitrogen fertilization increased frequency of western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Level in all years except the driest year of the study. Needleleaf sedge [Carex eleocharis Bailey] decreased because grazing had been removed from the study area; this occurred sooner and to a greater extent on fertilized than on unfertilized plots. Fourteen other perennial species were quite variable in response to the 3 rates and the 2 seasons of application. Frequency of 6 annual species fluctuated greatly among years and treatments, Nitrogen fertilization did not increase average forage production enough to be profitable for cattle production. C1 USDA ARS, High Plains Grasslands Res Stn, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. RP Samuel, MJ (reprint author), 1203 3rd St E, Lehigh Acres, FL 33972 USA. NR 46 TC 17 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 9 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 51 IS 4 BP 408 EP 416 DI 10.2307/4003325 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZZ795 UT WOS:000074767900006 ER PT J AU Dosskey, MG AF Dosskey, MG TI Viewpoint: Applying riparian buffers to great plains rangelands SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE guidelines; management; stream protection; water quality AB Better management of riparian areas has been promoted by public agencies for almost 2 decades. Recently, however, efforts have been intensified because serious conservation concerns remain. To achieve mandated conservation goals for water quality and wildlife will require widespread acceptance and application of recommended riparian practices. Success of riparian programs in the Great Plains will require recognition of differences between the interests of public agencies and those of private landowners, and the development of an approach to riparian management that can accommodate both. C1 USDA, Forest Serv Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Natl Agroforestry Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Dosskey, MG (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv Rocky Mtn Res Stn, Natl Agroforestry Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 20 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 51 IS 4 BP 428 EP 431 DI 10.2307/4003328 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZZ795 UT WOS:000074767900009 ER PT J AU Gillen, RL Berg, WA AF Gillen, RL Berg, WA TI Nitrogen fertilization of a native grass planting in western Oklahoma SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE revegetation; Southern Great Plains; Bouteloua; nutrient management; livestock production ID OLD-WORLD BLUESTEM; ATRAZINE; SHORTGRASS; PROTEIN AB Native warm-season grass mixtures have been established on the Southern Plains under the USDA Conservation Reserve Program. We studied responses to N fertilizer on such pastures in western Oklahoma over a 1-year period, Experimental pastures were previously cultivated fields with loamy soils seeded to a mixture of native warm-season grasses. Fertilizer treatments were 0 and 35 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) as ammonium nitrate. Pastures were intensively grazed from early June to early August over 4 years. Stocking rates averaged 52 and 104 AUD ha(-1) for the 0 and 35 kg N ha(-1) treatments, respectively. These stocking rates are heavy for seasonal grazing in this region. Responses measured included forage mass and nutritive value before and after grazing, plant basal area, and livestock performance. Precipitation was variable but generally favorable over the study period. Peak forage mass was increased by N fertilization (2,480 versus 4,030 kg ha(-1) P < 0.01), producing 45 kg forage per kg N applied. Nitrogen fertilization increased crude protein concentration in June (8.2 versus 10.3 %; P < 0.05) and August (4.1 versus 4.6%; P < 0,05), but had inconsistent effects on in vitro dry matter digestibility. Total vegetative cover and basal cover of blue grams (Bouteloua gracilis (H.B.K) Lag. ex Griffiths) increased in the fertilized pastures, Average daily steer gain was not different between treatments (0.96 versus 1.02 kg hd(-1) day(-1)) even though stocking rates were substantially higher on fertilized pastures. Steer gain ha(-1) was increased by fertilization (83 versus 176 kg ha(-1): P < 0.01). This resulted in a fertilizer N use efficiency of 2.7 kg steer gain per kg N applied. Nitrogen fertilization combined with intensive summer grazing provided a net return of $0.65 to $0.94 per kg N applied. C1 USDA ARS, So Plains Range Res Stn, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. RP Gillen, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Plains Range Res Stn, 2000 18th St, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. NR 28 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 51 IS 4 BP 436 EP 441 DI 10.2307/4003330 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZZ795 UT WOS:000074767900011 ER PT J AU Smart, AJ Schacht, WH Pedersen, JF Undersander, DJ Moser, LE AF Smart, AJ Schacht, WH Pedersen, JF Undersander, DJ Moser, LE TI Prediction of leaf : stem ratio in grasses using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE NIRS; big bluestem; switchgrass; smooth bromegrass ID BOTANICAL COMPOSITION; FORAGE QUALITY; MIXTURES; BEHAVIOR; ALFALFA; HERBAGE; CATTLE AB Leaf:stem ratio of grass stands is an important factor affecting diet selection, quality, and forage intake. Estimates of leaf:stem ratios commonly are based on a labor intensive process of hand separating leaf and stem fractions. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used successfully to predict forage quality and botanical composition of vegetation samples. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of NIBS to predict leaf:stem ratios in big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.). A total of 72 hand-clipped samples of each species was taken from seeded monocultures in eastern Nebraska throughout the 1992, 1993, and 1994 growing seasons. Leaf:stem ratio was determined first.for each Sample and then the entire sample was ground. Samples were scanned by a Perstorp model 6500 near infrared scanning monochromator. Three calibration equations were developed based on using 18, 36, and 54 (1/4, 1/2, and 3/4 of total samples, respectively) samples. These 3 calibration equations were used to determine the number of samples necessary to achieve an r(2) of 0.70 or higher for each data set. Big bluestem and switchgrass had coefficients of determination (r(2)) of less than or equal to 0.69 for all calibration equations except for the equation using only 18 samples of big bluestem r(2) = 0.60). Smooth bromegrass had a r(2) ranging from only 0.06 to 0.14 for the calibration equations regardless of the number of samples used. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy was a rapid means of estimating leaf:stem ratios in monocultures of big bluestem and switchgrass but it was not suitable for smooth bromegrass. C1 Univ Nebraska, Agron Dept Plant Sci 279, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Smart, AJ (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Agron Dept Plant Sci 279, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 13 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 51 IS 4 BP 447 EP 449 DI 10.2307/4003332 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZZ795 UT WOS:000074767900013 ER PT J AU Walker, JW Clark, DH Mccoy, SD AF Walker, JW Clark, DH Mccoy, SD TI Fecal NIRS for predicting percent leafy spurge in diets SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE spectral analysis; sheep; goat; microhistological; botanical composition; near infrared reflectance spectroscopy ID INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; BOTANICAL COMPOSITION; SPECIES COMPOSITION; QUALITY; SAMPLES; EQUATIONS; MIXTURES AB Research on diet selection is limited by inadequate techniques for determining botanical composition of diets. Our objective was to determine if near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) of fecal material could be used to quantify the percentage leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) in the diets of sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra hircus). Fecal material representing diets of known percentage leafy spurge was obtained from feeding trials conducted in 1992 and 1994. In 1992, diets containing 87.5, 75, 60, 45, 30, and 15% leafy spurge were fed to 20 sheep and 20 goats. In 1994 10 sheep and 10 goats were fed alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa L.) at 0.5% of their body weight and ad libitum access to leafy spurge hay. Thus, the percent leafy spurge in the diet varied daily. Microhistological analysis was performed on fecal samples from the 1992 trial for comparison with NIRS predictions. Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy evaluations were performed with a scanning reflectance monochromator. Calibrations were done separately for sheep and goats. Samples were divided into calibration and validation sets. Data from the 1994 feeding trial were analyzed to determine the appropriate lag time between diet consumption and fecal spectral characteristics that provided the best prediction. The average of the diet composition 48 and 72 hours prior to the fecal sample provided the best predictions for the 1994 trial The effect of spectral outliers on prediction accuracy was also evaluated. Spectral outliers were predicted with equal or better accuracy compared to samples that were spectrally similar to the ones from which calibration equations were derived. The MRS predictions were more accurate than microhistological estimation of leafy spurge in the diet. The final calibration equation had coefficients of simple correlation for validation samples of 0.91 and 0.93 and standard errors of prediction of 4.6 and 4.8 for goats and sheep, respectively. The results of this study showed that NIRS of fecal material can be used to screen large numbers of animals for phenotypic differences in diet selection and for making treatment comparisons. C1 Texas Agr Expt Stn, San Angelo, TX 76901 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USDA ARS, US Sheep & Expt Stn, Dubois, ID 83402 USA. RP Walker, JW (reprint author), Texas Agr Expt Stn, 7887 US Highway 87 N, San Angelo, TX 76901 USA. NR 14 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 51 IS 4 BP 450 EP 455 DI 10.2307/4003333 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZZ795 UT WOS:000074767900014 ER PT J AU Hendrickson, JR Moser, LE Moore, KJ Waller, SS AF Hendrickson, JR Moser, LE Moore, KJ Waller, SS TI Morphological development of 2 warm-season grasses in the Nebraska sandhills SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE phenology; tiller populations; mean stage count; mean stage weight; Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook.) Scribn.; Andropogon gerardii var paucipilus (Nash) Fern. ID SEED BANK; DIVERSE ENVIRONMENTS; CATTLE; SWITCHGRASS; GRASSLAND AB Morphological development of grasses has numerous implications to rangeland management including the timing and amount of herbivory, The objective of this study was to quantify the developmental morphology of prairie sandreed [Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook,) Scribn,] and sand bluestem [Andropogon gerardii var. paucipilus (Nash) Fern.] tiller populations. Tiller populations of these 2 grasses were studied for 2 years in the Nebraska Sandhills, Plant development was evaluated using a growth staging system which quantifies the development of tiller populations. A morphological growth index for each species was calculated from either the weighted average of tiller numbers reported as mean stage count (MSC) or tiller weight reported as mean stage weight (MSW) and correlated with the independent variables of growing degree days (GDD) and day of year (DOY), Correlation coefficients with the independent variables were greater than 0.97 for MSC and MSW within years and greater than 0.90 between years. Greater rainfall and warmer temperatures in 1991 increased the number of tillers in the more advanced morphological stages in prairie sandreed, but tiller weight rather than tiller number increased in more advanced stages of sand bluestem, A majority of the harvested tillers were vegetative throughout the sampling period but by the end of the growing season, a wide range of morphological stages were present. The use of grazing to prevent the formation of culmed tillers in these grasses may be unnecessary because of the high proportion of vegetative tillers and the wide range of morphological stages available for selection by livestock. C1 USDA ARS, US Sheep Expt Stn, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Nebraska, Inst Agr & Nat Resources, Div Agr Res, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Hendrickson, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Sheep Expt Stn, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 51 IS 4 BP 456 EP 462 DI 10.2307/4003334 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZZ795 UT WOS:000074767900015 ER PT J AU Bork, EW West, NE Doolittle, JA Boettinger, JL AF Bork, EW West, NE Doolittle, JA Boettinger, JL TI Soil depth assessment of sagebrush grazing treatments using electromagnetic induction SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE apparent conductivity; bedrock; kriging; site heterogeneity ID ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; WATER-CONTENT AB Depth to a root restricting layer affects both soil moisture and nutrient availability, resources strongly correlated to plant cover and production. We evaluated the potential of 2 electromagnetic induction meters (EM38 and EM31) for non-destructively assessing soil depth to bedrock in 2 long-term seasonal sagebrush steppe sheep grazing treatments with different vegetational compositions. Apparent conductivity readings, measured with the EM38 and EM31 in both the horizontal (H) and vertical (V) dipole orientations, were positively related to soil depth. Apparent conductivity measured with the EM31H (r(2) = 0.78) and EM38V (r(2) = 0.75) were the best predictors of depth. Soil depth distributions were similar between grazing treatments based on Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) tests of the EM38H apparent conductivity (P = 0.47) and EM38V apparent conductivity (P = 0.56), In constrast, K-S tests for the EM31H apparent conductivity (P = 0.09) and EM31V apparent conductivity (P < 0.01) indicated the fall-grazed treatment had a larger area in which soil depth exceeded 150 cm, Because less than 2% of each grazing treatment was predicted to have soils deeper than 150 cm, however, overall site differences between the 2 treatments appeared to be minor. Therefore, the vegetational differences between the treatments have probably resulted more from differences in the seasonality of grazing rather than ecological site characteristics as reflected in soil depth. Maps of soil depth indicated both treatments consisted of intermittent shallow and deep soils, created by several parallel basalt pressure ridges. Results suggest electromagnetic induction can effectively assess the spatial variability of soil depth and could aid in selecting sites for rangeland monitoring or manipulation. C1 USDA, NRCS, Radnor, PA 19087 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Plants Soils & Biometeorol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Bork, EW (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Dept Agr Food & Nutr Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada. NR 37 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 51 IS 4 BP 469 EP 474 DI 10.2307/4003336 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZZ795 UT WOS:000074767900017 ER PT J AU Holliday, RL Jong, BYM Kolis, JW AF Holliday, RL Jong, BYM Kolis, JW TI Organic synthesis in subcritical water - Oxidation of alkyl aromatics SO JOURNAL OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS LA English DT Article DE subcritical; water; oxidation; aromatics; synthesis; organic ID SUPERCRITICAL WATER; CATALYTIC-OXIDATION AB The ability of sub- and supercritical water to solubilize both functionalized aromatic compounds and molecular oxygen was exploited for its use as a solvent to perform oxidative modification of a number of compounds. Alkyl aromatic compounds were oxidized to aldehydes, ketones and acids by molecular oxygen mediated by transition metal catalysts in subcritical water. A number of alkyl aromatics were oxidized directly to their acids, including p-xylene, o-xylene, m-xylene, ethylbenzene, and toluene. Alternatively, conditions were discovered which allowed the oxidation reactions to stop at the aldehyde stage. In addition, several aromatic methylenes could be oxidized to ketones, and anthracene could be oxidized to anthraquinone under the same conditions. The syntheses were performed in 10 mi stainless steel and Hastelloy-C 276 batch reactors between 300 and 355 degrees C with up to five equivalents of O-2. The reactions were found to be very sensitive to the nature of the catalysts, with MnBr2 and CoBr2 providing the cleanest reactions and highest yields. Other metal salts led to severe charring or coupling reactions. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Food Qual & Safety Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Chem, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Holliday, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Food Qual & Safety Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 17 TC 76 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0896-8446 J9 J SUPERCRIT FLUID JI J. Supercrit. Fluids PD JUL 1 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 3 BP 255 EP 260 DI 10.1016/S0896-8446(98)00084-9 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 106WZ UT WOS:000075175400004 ER PT J AU Settlage, SB Kwanyuen, P Wilson, RF AF Settlage, SB Kwanyuen, P Wilson, RF TI Relation between diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity and oil concentration in soybean SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE developing seed; diacylglycerol acyltransferase; enzyme kinetics; genetic variation; Glycine max; modeling; oil; oil accumulation; soybean; triacylglycerol ID FATTY-ACID; GERMPLASM LINES; SAFFLOWER SEEDS; PROTEIN; METABOLISM; COTYLEDONS; REGISTRATION; PURIFICATION AB Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.20; DGAT) catalyzes synthesis of triacylglycerol from acyl-CoA and diacylglycerol. Activity of this enzyme and developmental changes in oil accumulation were estimated at various stages of seed growth in soybean germplasm with phenotypic differences in oil content. Oil deposition in seed of these genotypes followed a sigmoid pattern that was modeled to predict incremental rates of oil accumulation during seed development. A strong positive correlation was found between the estimated peak rate of oil deposition (near the mid-term of seed development) and oil concentration in mature seed. At saturating substrate levels, DCAT activity measured near the peak rate of oil deposition also was correlated positively with oil phenotype. In the latter stages of seed development, a positive correlation between estimates of enzyme activity at or below the apparent K-m for diolein and comparable oil accumulation rates was attributed to reduced synthesis of substrates and/or potential change in affinity for substrate as suggested by an increase in apparent K-m for diolein in older seed. These data indicated that DCAT activity may be a rate-limiting step in triacylglycerol synthesis. However, it is difficult to accept the idea of a single rate-limiting step at the end of a complex metabolic pathway. Because oil is a quantitatively inherited trait, several genes determine genotypic differences in oil content among soybeans. Hence, DCAT activity may be an indicator of coordinated genetic expression of gene-products in the entire glycerolipid synthetic pathway for a given genotype. In any case, results of this investigation demonstrated that genotypic differences in DGAT activity contributed to expression of genetic variation in oil content among soybean germplasm. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biochem, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. ARS, USDA, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Wilson, RF (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biochem, 4114 Williams Hall,100 Derieux St, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 30 TC 23 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 75 IS 7 BP 775 EP 781 DI 10.1007/s11746-998-0225-2 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 105PQ UT WOS:000075082800003 ER PT J AU Kuo, TM Manthey, LK Hou, CT AF Kuo, TM Manthey, LK Hou, CT TI Fatty acid bioconversions by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PR3 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE bioconversions; dihydroxy unsaturated fatty acid; oleic acid; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; ricinoleic acid,; 7,10,12-trihydroxy-8(E)-unsaturated fatty acid ID RICE BLAST DISEASE; OLEIC-ACID; 7,10-DIHYDROXY-8(E)-OCTADECENOIC ACID; MICROBIAL OXIDATION; LINOLEIC-ACID; TRIHYDROXY; COMPOUND AB The bioconversions of oleic acid, linoleic acid, and ricinoleic acid by Pseudomonas aeruginosa PR3 were investigated. The conversion of oleic acid to 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (DOD) was improved to better than 80% yields by modifying the culture medium and reaction parameters. The microbial cultures were stable and retained the same level of DOD production capacity for up to 6 mon as examined herewith. Strain PR3 did not bioconvert linoleic acid. However, strain PR3 converted ricinoleic acid to a novel compound, 7,10,12-trihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (TOD), with a yield of about 35%. The product was further metabolized by strain PR3. TOD was purified by thin-layer chromatography, and its structure was determined by H-1 and C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. This is the first report on the production of 7,10,12-trihydroxy unsaturated fatty acid by microbial transformation. C1 ARS, NCAUR, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Kuo, TM (reprint author), ARS, NCAUR, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM kuotm@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 21 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 75 IS 7 BP 875 EP 879 DI 10.1007/s11746-998-0240-3 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 105PQ UT WOS:000075082800018 ER PT J AU Bassett, C Callahan, A Dunn, L AF Bassett, C Callahan, A Dunn, L TI Characterization of a type II chlorophyll a/b-binding protein gene (Lhcb2*Pp1) in peach: I. Isolation, identification, and abundance in developing leaves of mature 'Loring' trees in the absence of flowering SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE photosynthesis; photosystem II light harvesting proteins; leaf development; fruit tree ID LIGHT-HARVESTING COMPLEX; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; PHOTOSYSTEM-II; MULTIGENE FAMILY; RNA ACCUMULATION; MESSENGER-RNA; CDNA CLONE; GROWTH; CAB; FRUIT AB A gene (Lhcb2*Pp1) encoding a type II chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (LHCB) was isolated from peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch], The gene was sequenced and compared to a variety of other genes encoding LHCB polypeptides associated with photosystem II. Similarity at the nucleotide and amino acid level was highest between Lhcb2*Ppl and other type II genes and was lowest with type I and III genes from other species. Expression of Lhcb2*Pp1 was followed by determining abundance of transcripts in developing leaves of field grown trees in the absence of flowering. Expression was monitored at three times during the first phase of the growing season and was shown to be highest in leaves which were at or near full expansion at each sampling time. These results are consistent with the function of this gene and indicate that it can serve as a marker of photosynthetic maturity under field conditions. C1 ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Bassett, C (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 36 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 123 IS 4 BP 486 EP 492 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA ZU741 UT WOS:000074229800001 ER PT J AU Fang, DQ Krueger, RR Roose, ML AF Fang, DQ Krueger, RR Roose, ML TI Phylogenetic relationships among selected Citrus germplasm accessions revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Rutaceae; DNA markers; microsatellites; systematics ID GENETIC DIVERSITY; DNA; POLYMORPHISMS; AMPLIFICATION; GENERA AB ISSR markers were analyzed to study phylogenetic relationships among 46 Citrus L. accessions representing 35 species. A dendrogram based on the unweighted pair-group method, arithmetic average cluster analysis was constructed using a similarity matrix derived from 642 polymorphic ISSR fragments generated by 10 primers. These 46 accessions could be classified into five major groups: 1) C. indica Tan.; 2) C. maxima (Burm.) Merrill; 3) lemon [C. limon (L.) Burm.] or lime [C. aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle] type accessions; 4) C. halimii B.C. Stone; and 5) sour orange (C. aurantium L.), mandarins and their hybrids. Group 5 was further divided into three subgroups. Although some previous work had grouped it with mandarins, C. indica appeared to be a distinct genotype or species that was not close to mandarins. C. tachibana Tan. grouped closely to mandarins. C. vulgaris Risso was not related to sour orange but was similar to accessions usually classified in the lime or lemon group. Sour orange and its hybrids, C. nippokoreana Tan, C. hanayu Hort. ex Shirai, C. sudachi Hort. ex Shirai, and C. yuko Hort, ex Tan. had close phylogenetic relationships with mandarins. Although the mandarin accessions studied were divergent in morphology, the genetic distances among them were relatively small. Relationships among these Citrus accessions revealed by ISSR markers were generally in agreement with previous taxonomic classifications. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Germplasm Repository Citrus & Dates, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Roose, ML (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. OI fang, david/0000-0003-0036-5459 NR 33 TC 61 Z9 95 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 123 IS 4 BP 612 EP 617 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA ZU741 UT WOS:000074229800022 ER PT J AU Huang, HW Layne, DR Riemenschneider, DE AF Huang, HW Layne, DR Riemenschneider, DE TI Genetic diversity and geographic differentiation in pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L) Dunal] populations from nine states as revealed by allozyme analysis SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE allele frequency; heterozygosity; genetic distance; isoelectric focusing; clonality; germplasm collection; sampling strategy; pawpaw; Kentucky banana ID REPRODUCTIVE-BIOLOGY; ANNONACEAE AB As a new National Clonal Germplasm Repository for Asimina species at Kentucky State University (KSU), of major concern to us is the genetic variation within our germplasm collection. The present study investigated the extent of genetic diversity for the pawpaw germplasm in our collection and the geographical pattern of genetic diversity among populations using isozyme markers. Allozyme diversity was high in Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal (Annonaceae) collected from all nine different states, as is typical for temperate woody perennial, widespread and outcrossing plant species. Averaged across populations, mean number of alleles per locus (A), percent polymorphic loci (P), effective number of alleles per locus (A(c)), and expected heterozygosity (H-e) were 1.54, 43.5, 1.209, and 0.172, respectively. Significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found in nine populations at an average of 4.8 loci. Observed heterozygosity was higher than expected. Partitioning of genetic diversity showed that 88.2% resided within populations. The proportion of genetic diversity among populations (G(st) = 0.118; F-ST = 0.085) was either lower than or within the range of those species with similar ecological and life-history traits. The mean genetic identity among populations was high (I = 0.988), An analysis using UPGMA clustered most populations as one major group, with the southernmost (Georgia) and the westernmost (Illinois) populations readily separated from the main group. The relationships discovered by principal component analysis (PCA) were similar to those revealed by UPGMA, In addition, PCA separated the northernmost population (New York) from the major group. Sampling strategies for future germplasm collection of A. triloba are also discussed. C1 Kentucky State Univ, Atwood Res Facil, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA. USDA ARS, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Layne, DR (reprint author), Kentucky State Univ, Atwood Res Facil, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA. NR 36 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 123 IS 4 BP 635 EP 641 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA ZU741 UT WOS:000074229800027 ER PT J AU Griesbach, RJ AF Griesbach, RJ TI The effect of the Ph 6 gene on the color of Petunia hybrida Vilm. flowers SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE flower color; transposable element activator (Ac); anthocyanin ID ANTHOCYANINS AB An in vivo system was developed to determine the effects of pH on naturally occurring pigment complexes within cells. The in vivo system was based on a transposable element activator (Ac) inserted into the Phd gene. The transposable element activator (Ac) was crossed into two genetically marked Petunia hybrida lines expressing known flavonoid pigments. Plants expressing the transposable element activator (Ac) produced variegated flowers in which the background tissue was lighter in intensity than the sectors. Depending on the genetic background in which the transposable element is expressed, progeny with darker sectors that were also redder in color than the background tissue could also be obtained. The anthocyanin and copigment composition was the same for both of the differently colored sectors and background tissue, while the pH was lower by 0.4 unit in the redder sectors. It was suggested that the Ph6 gene might be a regulatory gene that controls the expression of the pH and anthocyanin concentration. C1 USDA ARS, US Natl Arboretum, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Griesbach, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Natl Arboretum, BARC W, Bldg 010-A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 123 IS 4 BP 647 EP 650 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA ZU741 UT WOS:000074229800029 ER PT J AU Grauke, LJ Thompson, TE Young, EF Petersen, HD AF Grauke, LJ Thompson, TE Young, EF Petersen, HD TI The effect of year, cultivar, location, and storage regime on pecan kernel color SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Carya illinoinensis; nut quality; Munsell color system; hue; value; chroma AB The Munsell color system was used to study kernel color differences between four pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K.Koch] cultivars ('Cheyenne', 'Choctaw', 'Western', and 'Wichita') grown at four locations (Tulare,Calif., and Brownwood, Crystal City, and El Paso, Texas) during two seasons (1987 and 1988) and stored under different temperatures (20 to 24 degrees C and -5 degrees C). Kernel color changed over time from yellow to red hues and from lighter to darker values, but changed very little in chroma, Initial ratings of each color attribute by cultivar were positively correlated with patterns of change in that attribute over time. Kernels collected in 1987 were more yellow and had greater color saturation than kernels collected in 1988, 'Cheyenne' kernels were the most yellow of the cultivars tested and 'Wichita' kernels were the most red. 'Cheyenne' kernels were lighter than those of any other cultivar, Kernels frozen 6 or 12 months were more red in hue than unfrozen kernels, but could not be distinguished on the basis of value (lightness), Kernels frozen 12 months had reduced chroma compared to those frozen 6 months or unfrozen. Shelled kernels of 'Wichita' changed hue more in storage than kernels of other cultivars, Shelled kernels held at 20 to 24 degrees C became darker and developed red coloration quicker than unshelled pecans. Variation in hue and value accounted for the majority of color difference between cultivars. Changes in hue accounted for the majority of color change over time. Differences among cultivars in value (lightness) were consistent over time. C1 USDA ARS, Somerville, TX 77879 USA. RP Grauke, LJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Route 2,Box 133, Somerville, TX 77879 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 123 IS 4 BP 681 EP 686 PG 6 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA ZU741 UT WOS:000074229800035 ER PT J AU James, W Etzel, R Kaplan, B AF James, W Etzel, R Kaplan, B TI FSIS assessing risk of Salmonella enteritidis in eggs SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT News Item C1 USDA, FSIS, Emerging Pathogens & Zoonotic Dis Div, Washington, DC 20002 USA. USDA, FSIS, Epidemiol & Risk Assessment Div, Washington, DC 20002 USA. RP James, W (reprint author), USDA, FSIS, Emerging Pathogens & Zoonotic Dis Div, Washington, DC 20002 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 1 PY 1998 VL 213 IS 1 BP 18 EP 18 PG 1 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZW704 UT WOS:000074439000012 PM 9656012 ER PT J AU Endo, BY Zunke, U Wergin, WP AF Endo, BY Zunke, U Wergin, WP TI Ultrastructure of the male gonad and spermatogenesis in the lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans (Nemata : Pratylenchidae) SO JOURNAL OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE electron microscopy; lesion nematode; male gonad; Pratylenchus penetrans; spermatogenesis; testis; ultrastructure ID ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE; CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; KARYOTYPE ANALYSIS; FINE-STRUCTURE; SPERM; MELOIDOGYNE; HETERODERINAE AB Transmission electron microscopy was used to elucidate the structural anatomy of the male reproductive system of Pratylenchus penetrans. The male gonad has an elongated telogonic testis with a single row of spermatogonia in the germinal zone. The spermatogonia increase in size to spermatocytes in the growth zone. The spermatocytes then undergo meiosis to form spermatids. Synaptonemal complexes in the spermatocytes signify the pachytene stage of the first meiotic division. Spermatids are characterized by an abundance of fibrous bodies surrounding prominent electron-opaque spheroid nuclei. Spermatids in the proximal region of the seminal vesicle are transformed to spermatozoa as they accumulate in the seminal vesicle. During this process, filopodia decrease in number, residual bodies are lost, and sperm nuclei become irregularly shaped and surrounded by mitochondria and fibrous bodies. Spheroid spermatozoa retain a modified morphology with large sectors of flocculent cytoplasm devoid of cellular organelles. The electron-transparent region of the sperm extends into a pseudopod that controls the crawling form of motility that is typical of the spermatozoa of many nematode species. Seminal fluid produced by cells of the vas deferens accumulates and appears to cause aggregation of sperm within the seminal vesicle. Sperm morphology in the spermatheca of female specimens is similar to that in the vas deferens of the male. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Hamburg, Inst Angew Bot, D-20355 Hamburg, Germany. RP Endo, BY (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Plant Sci, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 37 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOC WASHINGTON PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS INC, 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1049-233X J9 J HELMINTHOL SOC W JI J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 65 IS 2 BP 227 EP 242 PG 20 WC Parasitology; Zoology SC Parasitology; Zoology GA 108ZP UT WOS:000075296700015 ER PT J AU Hanlon, TJ Williams, CE Moriarity, WJ AF Hanlon, TJ Williams, CE Moriarity, WJ TI Species composition of soil seed banks of Allegheny Plateau riparian forests SO JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE soil seed bank; riparian forest; Allegheny Plateau; inundation frequency; geomorphic surface; vegetation; Pennsylvania; emergence method ID HERBACEOUS VEGETATION; PRAIRIE WETLANDS; CAROLINA BAYS; FLOODPLAIN; DYNAMICS; PLANT; PATTERNS; PENNSYLVANIA; DIVERSITY; HERBS AB The seedling emergence method was used to identify the species and growth form composition of soil seed banks along a range of geomorphic surfaces at seven riparian study sites in the nonglaciated Allegheny Plateau Physiographic Province of northwestern Pennsylvania. A coral of 58 vascular plant species emerged from soil seed bank samples with an average of 13.1 (+/- 1.6 SE) species recorded across geomorphic surfaces. The extant herbaceous layer vegetation (all vascular plant species less than or equal to 1 m in height) was more species-rich (137 species) than the seed bank flora with an average of 25.2 (+/- 2.8 SE) species. The number of plant species that emerged from soil seed bank samples varied considerably and ranged from 5 species in a floodplain coniferous forest to 34 species in a backwater slough habitat. Non-woody, perennial species dominated both the seed bank and extant floras. Species richness in both the soil seed bank and the ex:ant vegetation did not vary significantly across site inundation classes (low, moderate, frequent inundation). The low overall similarity between species composition of the soil seed bank and the extant vegetation suggests that only a subset of the herbaceous layer species that occur in Allegheny Plateau riparian forests relies on the seed bank as a mechanism for population regeneration and maintenance. C1 Clarion State Univ, Dept Biol, Clarion, PA 16214 USA. US Forest Serv, Allegheny Natl Forest, Warren, PA 16365 USA. RP Hanlon, TJ (reprint author), Clarion State Univ, Dept Biol, Clarion, PA 16214 USA. EM cwilliams@mail.clarion.edu NR 74 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 4 U2 12 PU TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0040-9618 J9 J TORREY BOT SOC JI J. Torrey Bot. Soc. PD JUL-SEP PY 1998 VL 125 IS 3 BP 199 EP 215 DI 10.2307/2997218 PG 17 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 112EJ UT WOS:000075480900003 ER PT J AU Wesley, RD Mengeling, WL Lager, KM AF Wesley, RD Mengeling, WL Lager, KM TI Prior infection of nursery-age pigs with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus does not affect the outcome of transmissible gastroenteritis virus challenge SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID PRRS VIRUS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; SWINE HERDS; FAILURE AB Thirty-six specific-pathogen-free pigs were weaned at 2 weeks of age and separated into 4 treatment groups (A-D, 9 pigs/group). Treatment groups B and D were infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), whereas groups A and C remained uninfected. Two weeks later, 1 pig from each group was necropsied to assess gross lung involvement, and then the remaining group D PRRSV-infected pigs and the group C uninfected pigs were challenged at 4 weeks of age with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) to determine if prior infection with PRRSV increased the severity of TGEV disease after challenge. One hundred percent morbidity but no mortality occurred in pigs following challenge. Clinically, pigs of both groups C and D were similar in terms of onset and severity of diarrhea. The serum antibody response to TGEV and the amount and duration of TGEV shedding after challenge was similar for both groups. Only a few pigs in each group had a transient fever postchallenge, and both group C and group D pigs began to recover and to gain weight at or near the end of the first week postchallenge. It was concluded that the clinical course of TGEV disease was not markedly affected by infection of pigs with TGEV 2 weeks after they had been infected with PRRSV. C1 ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Virol Swine Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Wesley, RD (reprint author), ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Virol Swine Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 10 IS 3 BP 221 EP 228 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZY648 UT WOS:000074645000001 PM 9683070 ER PT J AU Brodie, SJ Wilson, WC O'Hearn, PM Muthui, D Diem, K Pearson, LD AF Brodie, SJ Wilson, WC O'Hearn, PM Muthui, D Diem, K Pearson, LD TI Effects of pharmacological and lentivirus-induced immune suppression on orbivirus pathogenesis: Assessment of virus burden in blood monocytes and tissues by reverse transcription in situ PCR SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID EXPERIMENTALLY-INDUCED INFECTION; OVINE PROGRESSIVE PNEUMONIA; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; PULMONARY LYMPH-NODES; MAEDI-VISNA VIRUS; BLUETONGUE-VIRUS; IN-VITRO; CULICOIDES-VARIIPENNIS; MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD AB We investigated the effects of pharmacological and lentivirus-induced immunosuppression on bluetongue virus (BTV) pathogenesis as a mechanism for virus persistence and induction of clinical disease. Immunologically normal and immunosuppressed sheep were infected subcutaneously with BTV serotype 3 (BTV-3), a foreign isolate with unknown pathogenicity in North American livestock, and with North American serotype 11 (BTV-11), Erythrocyte-associated BTV RNA was detected earlier and at greater concentrations in sheep treated with immunosuppressive drugs. Similarly, viral RNA and infectious virus were detected in blood monocytes earlier and at higher frequency in immunosuppressed animals: as many as 1 in 970 monocytes revealed BTV RNA at peak viremia, compared to <1 in 10(5) monocytes from immunocompetent sheep. Animals infected with BTV-3 had a higher virus burden in monocytes and lesions of greater severity than those infected with BTV-11, BTV RNA was detected by in situ hybridization in vascular endothelial cells and cells of monocyte lineage, but only in tissues from immunocompromised animals, and was most abundant in animals infected with BTV-3. In contrast, reverse transcription-in situ PCR showed BTV RNA from both viral serotypes in high numbers of tissue leukocytes and vascular endothelial cells from both immunosuppressed and, to a lesser extent, immunocompetent animals. Collectively, these findings show that BTV infection is widely distributed during acute infection but replication is highly restricted in animals with normal immunity. These findings also suggest that in addition to virulence factors that define viral serotypes, immunosuppression could play a role in the natural history of orbivirus infection, allowing for higher virus burden, increased virus persistence, and greater potential for acquisition of virus by the arthropod vector. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Med, Div Virol, Retrovirol Lab, Seattle, WA 98144 USA. USDA ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Dept Microbiol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Brodie, SJ (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Lab Med, Vaccine Virol Div, Room T293X, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM sjbrodie@u.washington.edu FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI36613] NR 55 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 72 IS 7 BP 5599 EP 5609 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA ZU089 UT WOS:000074160500034 PM 9621018 ER PT J AU Robison, CD Davis, DS Templeton, JW Westhusin, M Foxworth, WB Gilsdorf, MJ Adams, LG AF Robison, CD Davis, DS Templeton, JW Westhusin, M Foxworth, WB Gilsdorf, MJ Adams, LG TI Conservation of germ plasm from bison infected with Brucella abortus SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE bison; Bison bison; Brucella abortus; brucellosis; domestic bovine reproductive procedures; embryo transfer; reproduction ID EMBRYO TRANSFER; COWS; CULTURE AB Reproductive procedures for cattle were adapted to American bison (Bison bison) to evaluate the potential preservation of germ plasm from bison infected with Brucella abortus without transmission of the pathogen to the recipient or offspring. Typo of four experimentally inoculated bison bulls excreted B. abortus in the semen. Four healthy calves were produced from non-infected, un-vaccinated bison cows by natural breeding with a bison bull excreting B. abortus in the semen. There was no seroconversion of the cows or their calves. Two culture negative bison calves were produced by superovulation of infected bison donor cows followed by artificial insemination and embryo transfer without transmitting B. abortus to recipient Cows or calves. These limited data indicate that embryo manipulatory procedures and natural breeding in bison may facilitate preservation of valuable germ plasm from infected bison while reducing the risk of transmission of B. abortus to recipients and progeny. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Physiol & Pharmacol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Baton Rouge, LA 70806 USA. RP Adams, LG (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 34 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 34 IS 3 BP 582 EP 589 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 107EH UT WOS:000075193700019 PM 9706568 ER PT J AU Bruning-Fann, CS Schmitt, SM Fitzgerald, SD Payeur, JB Whipple, DL Cooley, TM Carlson, T Friedrich, P AF Bruning-Fann, CS Schmitt, SM Fitzgerald, SD Payeur, JB Whipple, DL Cooley, TM Carlson, T Friedrich, P TI Mycobacterium bovis in coyotes from Michigan SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE case report; coyote; Canis latrans; Mycobacterium bovis; survey; tuberculosis ID TUBERCULOSIS; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB During a survey for tuberculosis in wild carnivores and omnivores, Mycobacterium bovis was cultured from pooled lymph nodes of three adult female coyotes (Canis latrans) harvested by hunters in Michigan (USA). No gross or histologic lesions suggestive of tuberculosis were seen in these animals. One coyote was taken from Montmorency county and two coyotes from Alcona county located in the northeastern portion of Michigan's Lower Peninsula where free-ranging white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have been found infected with bovine tuberculosis. It is thought that these coyotes became infected with M. bovis through die consumption of tuberculous deer. Other species included in the survey were the opossum (Didelphis virginiana), raccoon (Procyon later), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), bobcat (Felis rufus), and badger (Taxidea taxus). C1 US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, USDA, Holt, MI 48842 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Wildlife Dis Lab, Rose Lake Wildlife Res Stn, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Anim Hlth Diagnost Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Michigan Dept Nat Resources, Atlanta Field Off, Wildlife Div, Atlanta, MI USA. RP Bruning-Fann, CS (reprint author), US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, USDA, Holt, MI 48842 USA. NR 18 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 34 IS 3 BP 632 EP 636 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 107EH UT WOS:000075193700027 PM 9706576 ER PT J AU Reese, DA Welsh, HH AF Reese, DA Welsh, HH TI Habitat use by western pond turtles in the Trinity River, California SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Clemmys marmorota; damming; habitat use; northern California; Trinity River; western pond turtles ID DISCRIMINANT-ANALYSIS; FRAGMENTATION AB Habitat associations of western pond turtles (Clemmys marmorata) were examined in a dammed and undammed tributary of the Trinity River in northwestern California to clarify the relations between habitat use and damming. The dammed tributary had more sedimentation, decreased water temperatures, increased canopy cover, and higher mater velocities, all of which are potentially relevant to western pond turtles. The overall heterogeneity of aquatic habitats also was rower, possibly because of the dam. At both dammed and undammed sires, western pond turtles appeared to select for deep water with low velocities and the presence of underwater refugia. On the dammed tributary, western pond turtles were associated with basking structures, which may be particularly important because of the low water temperatures. On the undammed tributary western pond turtles tended to be in slower-flowing portions of the river with denser canopy cover and higher mater temperatures. Given the alterations of channel morphology and flow regimes associated with damming, the implications are that habitat suitability for western pond turtles is decreased. While damming may increase the amount of deep water along shores and promote formation of undercut banks, it eliminates low-velocity areas preferred by western pond turtles and lowers water temperatures. Habitat enhancement efforts should focus on restoring natural structural and hydrological features. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Museum Vertebrate Zool, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Welsh, HH (reprint author), US Agcy Int Dev, Ronald Reagan Bldg,Room 308, Washington, DC 20523 USA. NR 30 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 6 U2 13 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 62 IS 3 BP 842 EP 853 DI 10.2307/3802535 PG 12 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 103ZP UT WOS:000074988000002 ER PT J AU Johnson, BK Ager, AA Findholt, SL Wisdom, MJ Marx, DB Kern, JW Bryant, LD AF Johnson, BK Ager, AA Findholt, SL Wisdom, MJ Marx, DB Kern, JW Bryant, LD TI Mitigating spatial differences in observation rate of automated telemetry systems SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE automated telemetry systems; GPS; habitat selection; LORAN-C; observation rate; radiotelemetry; REML; sampling bias; semivariogram; spatial statistics ID TRIANGULATION; PERFORMANCE; LOCATION; ERROR AB Wildlife ecologists are increasingly interested in determining spatial distributions and habitat use of ungulates from locations estimated from both conventional and automated telemetry systems (ATS). If the performance of an ATS causes spatial versus random variation in probability of obtaining an acceptable location (observation rate), analysis of habitat selection is potentially biased. We define observation rate as the percentage of acceptable locations (i.e., those that meet signal strength, signal-to-noise ratios, geometric dilution of precision criteria) of the rural locations attempted. An ATS at the Starkey Experimental Forest and Range (Starkey) in Oregon tracks movements of elk (Cervus elaphus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and cattle. We detected localized variation in observation rate of stationary radiocollars in 1993. Subsequently, we devised a method to estimate observation rate at various spatial scales using animal location data over 4 years (1992-95; n = 907,156 location attempts) to determine if the variation was spatial or random. We formulated 5 variants of a general linear model to obtain estimates of spatial variation in observation rate. All 5 models assumed spatially correlated error terms estimated from isotropic semivariograms. Three models included environmental variables as covariates correlated with observation rate. Models then were compared based on mean error, coefficient of determination, and residual plots. Random variation accounted for 47-53%, and spatial variation accounted for 38-45% of the variation in observation rate. One model was selected to demonstrate application of the correction to mitigate spatial bias in observation rate. Our results demonstrate the utility of semivariograms to detect and quantify spatial variation in observation rate of animal locations determined from an ATS. C1 Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. US Forest Serv, Umatilla Natl Forest, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Biometry, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Western Ecosyst Technol, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. RP Johnson, BK (reprint author), Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, 1401 Gekeler Lane, La Grande, OR 97850 USA. NR 24 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 62 IS 3 BP 958 EP 967 DI 10.2307/3802548 PG 10 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 103ZP UT WOS:000074988000015 ER PT J AU Melanson, KJ Greenberg, AS Ludwig, DS Saltzman, E Dallal, GE Roberts, SB AF Melanson, KJ Greenberg, AS Ludwig, DS Saltzman, E Dallal, GE Roberts, SB TI Blood glucose and hormonal responses to small and large meals in healthy young and older women SO JOURNALS OF GERONTOLOGY SERIES A-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ENERGY-EXPENDITURE; FOOD-INTAKE; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INSULIN; MEN; AGE; OXIDATION AB Blood glucose regulation in the fasting and fed states has important implications for health. In addition, the ability to maintain normal blood glucose homeostasis may be an important determinant of an individual's capacity to regulate food intake. We tested the hypothesis that aging is associated with an impairment in the ability to maintain normal blood glucose homeostasis following the consumption of large meals but not small ones, a factor that could help to explain age-related impairments in the control of food intake and energy regulation. The subjects were Eight healthy younger women (25 +/- 2 years, SD) and eight healthy older women (72 +/- 2 years), with normal body weight and glucose tolerance. Following a 36-h period when diet and physical activity were controlled, subjects consumed test meals containing 0, 1046, 2095 and 4184 kJ (simulating extended fasting, and consumption of a snack, a small meal, and a moderately large meal), with 35% of energy from fat, 48% from carbohydrate, and 17% from protein. Each subject consumed each of the test meals on a separate occasion. Serial Blood samples were collected at baseline and during 5 h after consumption of the meals. Measurements were made of circulating glucose, insulin, glucagon, free fatty acids, and triglycerides. There was no significant difference between young and older women in their hormone and metabolite responses to fasting and consumption of the 1046-kJ meal. However, following consumption of 2092 and 4148 kJ, older individuals showed exaggerated responses and a delayed return to premeal values for glucose (p =.023), insulin (p =.010), triglycerides (p =.023), and the ratio of insulin to glucagon (p =.026). In conclusion, these results suggest an impairment in the hormonal and metabolite responses to large meals in older women. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Div Endocrinol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Roberts, SB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Energy Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM robens_em@hnrc.tufts.edu NR 33 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU GERONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1275 K STREET NW SUITE 350, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4006 USA SN 1079-5006 J9 J GERONTOL A-BIOL JI J. Gerontol. Ser. A-Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 53 IS 4 BP B299 EP B305 PG 7 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Gerontology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology GA 101QR UT WOS:000074880100011 PM 18314561 ER PT J AU Kelson, AR AF Kelson, AR TI Integrating wilderness within broader landscapes: the US public land experience SO LAND USE POLICY LA English DT Article DE wilderness; transboundary resource management; public land policy; United States AB Statutory wilderness is circumscribed by politically defined boundaries, but such boundaries do not necessarily ensure that wilderness characteristics will be preserved if activities and conditions on surrounding lands are incompatible with wilderness. Methods of coordinating resource management across boundaries is currently an area of intense study. The wilderness resource has received minimal attention, however. Due to ongoing, intense political controversy, transboundary wilderness issues in the U.S. have remained firmly under Congressional control rather than being delegated to agency discretion, Wilderness is arguably the most tightly controlled resource represented on U.S. public lands. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Serv Econ Res, Resources & Environm Div, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Kelson, AR (reprint author), USDA, Serv Econ Res, Resources & Environm Div, 1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8377 J9 LAND USE POLICY JI Land Use Pol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 15 IS 3 BP 181 EP 189 DI 10.1016/S0264-8377(98)00007-6 PG 9 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 122GL UT WOS:000076063500001 ER PT J AU Wiebe, KD Meinzen-Dick, R AF Wiebe, KD Meinzen-Dick, R TI Property rights as policy tools for sustainable development SO LAND USE POLICY LA English DT Article DE property rights; sustainable livelihoods; environmental policy ID RESOURCE DEGRADATION; COMPENSATION; ECONOMY; GENDER AB The emergence of land markets in developing countries sometimes concentrates property rights in individual 'owners,' restricting the rights held by other claimants under customary tenure systems. By neglecting livelihood and environmental externalities, this may undermine the objectives of sustainable development This paper draws lessons from the United States' experience using property rights as policy tools to accommodate multiple interests in resource use and conservation without incurring the political costs of regulation or the full financial costs of land acquisition. The benefits of such tools must be weighed against potentially significant costs, including those of monitoring and enforcing complex property arrangements over time. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA, Econ Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. IFPRI, Washington, DC 20006 USA. RP Wiebe, KD (reprint author), USDA, Econ Serv, Room 4202,1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. OI Meinzen-Dick, Ruth/0000-0003-4782-3074; Wiebe, Keith/0000-0001-6035-620X NR 31 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-8377 J9 LAND USE POLICY JI Land Use Pol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 15 IS 3 BP 203 EP 215 DI 10.1016/S0264-8377(98)00014-3 PG 13 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 122GL UT WOS:000076063500003 ER PT J AU Cutter, CN Siragusa, GR AF Cutter, CN Siragusa, GR TI Incorporation of nisin into a meat binding system to inhibit bacteria on beef surfaces SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CALCIUM ALGINATE GELS; MODEL CARCASS WASHER; IN-GROUND BEEF; BROCHOTHRIX-THERMOSPHACTA; GROWTH; TISSUE AB In two separate experiments, the bacteriocin, nisin, was incorporated into a commercially available meat binding system (Fibrimex(R)) and applied to meat surfaces as a way inhibiting the meat spoilage organism, Brochothrix thermosphacta during extended refrigerated storage. In experiment 1, pre-rigor lean beef carcass tissue (BCT) was inoculated with B. thermosphacta, left untreated (U), treated with 10 mu g ml(-1) nisin (N), Fibrimex(R) (F) or Fibrimex(R) containing 10 mu g ml(-1) nisin (FN), held aerobically at 4 degrees C for up to 7 d, and populations of B. thermosphacta and nisin activity determined. Experiment 2 determined the effects of the same treatments but on post-rigor, frozen and thawed lean BCT that was inoculated, vacuum-packaged, and stored at 4 degrees C for up to 14 d. In both experiments, N- and FN-treated tissues exhibited significantly lower populations of B. thermosphacta compared to U- and F-treated tissues, for the duration of refrigerated storage. Nisin activity was detected up to 7d in N- and FN-treated samples from experiment 1. However, activity was detected only to days 0 and 2 in FN- and N-treated samples, respectively, from experiment 2. These studies indicate that the addition of a bacteriocin to a meat binding system and application to meat surfaces may be useful in reducing undesirable bacteria in restructured meat products. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Cutter, CN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 14 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 27 IS 1 BP 19 EP 23 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 111FG UT WOS:000075426200005 PM 9722992 ER PT J AU Scott, DL Clark, CW Fyffe, AE Walker, MD Deah, KL AF Scott, DL Clark, CW Fyffe, AE Walker, MD Deah, KL TI The differentiation of Phytophthora species that are pathogenic on potatoes by an asymmetric PCR combined with single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DNA-SEQUENCES; INFESTANS; SSCP; IDENTIFICATION AB The goal of this study was to develop a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) capable of differentiating Phytophthora species that are pathogenic on potatoes using a single primer pair. To achieve this objective, primers were derived from conserved regions flanking variable sequences in the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) of Phytophthora species. One primer pair produced a 140 bp product from P. infestans, P. erythroseptica and P. nicotiannae. The PCR products were purified and used in an asymmetric PCR (A-PCR) protocol to generate single-strand DNA (ssDNA). The ssDNA of the Phytophthora potato pathogens reproducibly migrated in non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels in a species-specific manner. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Morehouse Coll, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA USA. Tuskegee Univ, Ctr Plant Biotechnol Res, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA. RP Scott, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Vegetable Lab, Rm 240,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 27 IS 1 BP 39 EP 44 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 111FG UT WOS:000075426200009 PM 9722996 ER PT J AU Erhan, SZ AF Erhan, SZ TI USDA is designing vegetable basestocks SO LUBRICATION ENGINEERING LA English DT Article C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Oil Chem Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Erhan, SZ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Oil Chem Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC TRIBOLOGISTS & LUBRICATION ENGINEERS PI PARK RIDGE PA 840 BUSSE HIGHWAY, PARK RIDGE, IL 60068 USA SN 0024-7154 J9 LUBR ENG JI Lubric. Eng. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 54 IS 7 BP 21 EP 21 PG 1 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 102AH UT WOS:000074900700004 ER PT J AU Koohmaraie, M Goll, DE AF Koohmaraie, M Goll, DE TI Letter to the Editor: Initial toughness of meat - The response SO MEAT SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Meats Res Unit, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Arizona, Muscle Biol Grp, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Koohmaraie, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Meats Res Unit, POB 166,Spur 18-D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0309-1740 J9 MEAT SCI JI Meat Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 49 IS 3 BP 361 EP 363 PG 3 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 103KK UT WOS:000075155300012 PM 22060587 ER PT J AU Saari, JT Dahlen, GM AF Saari, JT Dahlen, GM TI Nitric oxide and cyclic GMP are elevated in the hearts of copper-deficient rats SO MEDICAL SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE copper; nitric oxide; cyclic GMP; heart ID INDUCTION; MYOCYTES AB Copper deficiency depresses cardiac contractile function. Nitric oxide, via stimulation of cyclic GMP production, impairs cardiac contraction. We examined the hypothesis that cardiac nitric oxide and cyclic GMP production increase in copper deficiency, which would provide a possible explanation for reduced contractile force in copper-deficient animals. Rats were fed diets that were either copper-adequate (6.3 mu g Cu/g diet) or copper-deficient (0.4 mu g Cu/g diet) and given water with or without nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME, 0.7 g/l) for 5 weeks. Copper deficiency was confirmed by depressed organ copper concentration, anaemia and enlarged hearts. Combined nitrate and nitrite concentrations (NOx) were elevated in the hearts and urine of copper-deficient rats. Cyclic GMP was elevated in hearts of copper-deficient rats. NOx concentrations in hearts and urine were depressed by chronic L-NAME treatment. These findings suggest that nitric oxide and cyclic GMP could contribute to the depressed cardiac contraction of copper deficiency. Med Sci Res 26:495-497 (C) 1998 Lippincott-Raven Publishers. C1 ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Saari, JT (reprint author), ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0269-8951 J9 MED SCI RES JI Med. Sci. Res. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 26 IS 7 BP 495 EP 497 PG 3 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 112PB UT WOS:000075502000021 ER PT J AU Treuth, MS Hunter, GR Pichon, C Figueroa-Colon, R Goran, MI AF Treuth, MS Hunter, GR Pichon, C Figueroa-Colon, R Goran, MI TI Fitness and energy expenditure after strength training in obese prepubertal girls SO MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE LA English DT Article DE calorimetry; metabolism; doubly labeled water ID DOUBLY LABELED WATER; CO2 PRODUCTION; HEALTH; HUMANS; BOYS AB Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a school-based, low-volume strength training program on energy expenditure, strength, and physical fitness in obese prepubertal girls. Methods: A longitudinal, 5-month strength training exercise program was undertaken by healthy, obese (>95th percentile weight-for-height, N = 11) girls age 7-10 yr, The following were measured: strength by the one-repetition maximum test; fitness ((V) over dot O-2peak) by a treadmill exercise test; resting metabolic rate (RMR), 24-h sedentary energy expenditure (SEE)I and sleeping metabolic rate (SMR) by room respiration calorimetry; and total energy expenditure (TEE) by the doubly labeled water method. Physical activity energy expenditure (AEE) was calculated as TEE - (RMR + 0.1*TEE) and physical activity level (PAL) as TEE/RMR. An age-matched, nonoverweight control group was measured for (V) over dot O-2peak and RMR over the same time period. Results: Strength increased by 19.6 and 20.0% in the upper and lower body (P < 0.01), respectively. (V) over dot O-2peak (mL min(-1)) increased in both groups over time (P < 0.05), but not when covaried for fat-free mass (FFM) or weight. After adjusting for FFM or weight, RMR did not change, but SMR and 24-h SEE decreased significantly in the exercise group. There were no changes in nonprotein respiratory quotient or substrate oxidation. No changes in TEE, AEE, and PAL occurred, either unadjusted or adjusted for FFM or weight. Conclusion: This long-term, school-based, low-volume strength training program favorably increases strength in obese prepubertal girls but does not increase their daily energy expenditure. C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Nutr Sci, Metab Res Unit, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Pediat, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. RP Treuth, MS (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM mtreuth@bcm.tmc.edu FU NCRR NIH HHS [M01-RR00032]; NICHD NIH HHS [R29 HD 34029]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK 02244] NR 19 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0195-9131 J9 MED SCI SPORT EXER JI Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 30 IS 7 BP 1130 EP 1136 DI 10.1097/00005768-199807000-00017 PG 7 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA ZY230 UT WOS:000074599300017 PM 9662684 ER PT J AU Goodrich-Tanrikulu, M Howe, K Stafford, A Nelson, MA AF Goodrich-Tanrikulu, M Howe, K Stafford, A Nelson, MA TI Changes in fatty acid composition of Neurospora crassa accompany sexual development and ascospore germination SO MICROBIOLOGY-UK LA English DT Article DE fatty acids; filamentous fungi; lipids; Neurospora crassa; sexual development ID CIRCADIAN-RHYTHMS; TEMPERATURE; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; DESATURATION; MUTANTS; LIPIDS AB Fatty acid composition was determined during several stages of sexual development in Neurospora crassa. Triacylglycerol was the predominant acyl lipid in cultures undergoing sexual development. The absolute amounts of triacylglycerol in fertilized cultures varied over time, in contrast to control (unfertilized or mock-fertilized) cultures, in which the amount of triacylglycerol decreased linearly with age. In cultures competent to undergo sexual development, alpha-linoleate was the predominant fatty acid, ranging from 53 to 65% of the total fatty acid mass, alpha-Linolenate was 3% or less of the total fatty acid, in marked contrast to the much higher levels (10-35%) typically reported for vegetative cultures. In fertilized cultures, a slightly higher mass ratio of oleate was also observed. This difference was due to the developing asci: in developing asci and mature ascospores. oleate replaced alpha-linoleate as the predominant fatty acid (45 to 50% of the total). In germinating ascospores, the fatty acid composition approached that of vegetative cultures 6 h after inducing germination by heat activation. These results show that the fatty acid composition of sexual tissues of Neurospora differs substantially from the composition of asexual tissues, and that extensive changes in fatty acid composition correlate with several events in the sexual stage of development. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Nelson, MA (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. EM manelson@mail.unm.edu FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM47374] NR 30 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 1350-0872 J9 MICROBIOL-UK JI Microbiology-(UK) PD JUL PY 1998 VL 144 BP 1713 EP 1720 PN 7 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 103KR UT WOS:000075000100002 PM 9695905 ER PT J AU Basaraba, RJ Byerly, AN Stewart, GC Mosier, DA Fenwick, BW Chengappa, MM Laegreid, WW AF Basaraba, RJ Byerly, AN Stewart, GC Mosier, DA Fenwick, BW Chengappa, MM Laegreid, WW TI Actin enhances the haemolytic activity of Escherichia coli SO MICROBIOLOGY-UK LA English DT Article DE actin; Escherichia coli; haemolysin ID D-BINDING PROTEIN; FULMINANT HEPATIC-NECROSIS; PASTEURELLA-HAEMOLYTICA; ALPHA-HEMOLYSIN; ACTINOBACILLUS-ACTINOMYCETEMCOMITANS; MORGANELLA-MORGANII; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; SCAVENGER SYSTEM; LEUKOTOXIN GENE; PORE-FORMATION AB Actin is a major cytoskeletal protein of mammalian muscle and non-muscle cells. Exposure of cells to soluble factors that damage cell membranes results in the release of actin into the extracellular spaces. The alpha-haemolysin (HlyA) of Escherichia coli is the prototype RTX (repeat in toxin) toxin and is thought to be important in virulence because of its ability to lyse cells by formation of pores in the cell membrane. These studies were conducted to determine if actin influences growth and haemolytic activity of E. coli. Growth of E. coli in the presence of actin resulted in culture supernatant haemolytic activity that was 2.4; 2.7- and 3.3-fold greater than that of E. coli grown in medium containing BSA, non-supplemented medium, or medium containing heat-denatured actin, respectively. The enhanced haemolytic activity occurred only when actin was present during the growth phase and there was no effect when actin was added to culture supernatants containing haemolysin. The increased haemolytic activity by actin was concentration-dependent, detectable in early-exponential-phase growth, and associated with increased concentrations of secreted HlyA by Western blotting. Actin induced a 2.9-fold increase in alkaline phosphatase activity in E. coli CC118 with a TnphoA insertion in the hlyB determinant of the recombinant haemolysin plasmid pWAM04. These results indicate that extracellular actin enhances haemolysin production by E. con and may have implications in the pathogenesis of E. coli infections. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Diagnost Med Pathobiol, Coll Vet Med, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Basaraba, RJ (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Diagnost Med Pathobiol, Coll Vet Med, VCS Bldg,1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. EM basaraba@vet.ksu.edu NR 62 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 1350-0872 J9 MICROBIOL-UK JI Microbiology-(UK) PD JUL PY 1998 VL 144 BP 1845 EP 1852 PN 7 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 103KR UT WOS:000075000100016 PM 9695917 ER PT J AU Chourey, PS Taliercio, EW Carlson, SJ Ruan, YL AF Chourey, PS Taliercio, EW Carlson, SJ Ruan, YL TI Genetic evidence that the two isozymes of sucrose synthase present in developing maize endosperm are critical, one for cell wall integrity and the other for starch biosynthesis SO MOLECULAR AND GENERAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Zea mays; sucrose synthase; isozymes; cellulose biosynthesis; starch biosynthesis ID ZEA-MAYS-L; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; TOBACCO PLANTS; SHRUNKEN GENE; CHROMOSOME 9; ADP-GLUCOSE; EXPRESSION; SYNTHETASE; PURIFICATION; LOCUS AB In maize, two paralogous genes, Sh1 and Sus1, encode two biochemically similar isozymes of sucrose synthase, SSI and SS2, respectively. Previous studies have attributed the mild starch deficiency of the shrunken1 (sh1) endosperm to the loss of the SSI isozyme in the mutant. Here we describe the first mutation in the sucrose synthase1 (Sus1) gene, sus1-1, and the isolation of a double recessive genotype, sh1 sus1-1. Combined data from diverse studies, including Northern and Western analyses, RT-PCR and genomic FCR, cloning and sequencing data for the 3' region, show that the mutant sus1-1 gene has a complex pattern of expression, albeit at much reduced levels as compared to the Sus1 gene. Endosperm sucrose synthase activity in sh1 sus1-1 was barely 0.5% of the total activity in the Sh1 Sus1 genotype. Significantly, comparative analyses of Sh1 Sus1, sh1 Sus1 and sh1 sus1-1 genotypes have, for the first time, allowed us to dissect the relative contributions of each isozyme to endosperm development. Starch contents in endosperm of the three related genotypes were 100, 78 and 53%, respectively. Anatomical analyses, which confirmed the previously described early cell degeneration phenotype unique to the sh1 Sus1 endosperm, revealed no detectable difference between the two sh1 genotypes. We conclude that the SS1 isozyme plays the dominant role in providing the substrate for cellulose biosynthesis, whereas the SS2 protein is needed mainly for generating precursors for starch biosynthesis. C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Program Plant Mol & Cellular Biol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Chourey, PS (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM PSCH@GNV.IFAS.UFL.EDU NR 54 TC 133 Z9 149 U1 2 U2 14 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0026-8925 J9 MOL GEN GENET JI Mol. Gen. Genet. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 259 IS 1 BP 88 EP 96 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 114GZ UT WOS:000075601900012 PM 9738884 ER PT J AU Penfold, LM Holt, C Holt, WV Welch, GR Cran, DG Johnson, LA AF Penfold, LM Holt, C Holt, WV Welch, GR Cran, DG Johnson, LA TI Comparative motility of X and Y chromosome-bearing bovine sperm separated on the basis of DNA content by flow sorting SO MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE CASA; sperm; flow cytometry; X and Y chromosome-bearing sperm ID SEX PRESELECTION; CASA INSTRUMENTS; SPERMATOZOA; FERTILITY; RATIOS AB A combination of flow cytometric sperm sorting of X and Y chromosome-bearing sperm (X and Y sperm) and computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) for measuring sperm motility allows assessment of motion parameters in the two populations. Bull sperm were separated into X and Y populations by flow cytometry following staining with the DNA-binding dye Hoechst 33342. The motion parameters differed de pending on sperm concentration. Decreasing sperm concentration resulted in higher velocities and straighter trajectories. The concentrations of control (stained-unsorted and unstained-unsorted) and flow-sorted sperm were therefore adjusted to similar numbers (5 x 10(6) sperm per milliliter). Samples of sorted X and Y sperm and control sperm were transferred to prewarmed slides on a heated stage (37 degrees C) and their motion video recorded for 2 min using a magnification of x100 and a high-resolution camera. The sperm analysis was carried out on a Hobson Sperm Tracker (HST) using HST 7 software. The following motion parameters were measured: curvilinear, straight-line, and average path velocity; mean angular displacement (MAD); beat cross-frequency; amplitude of lateral head displacement; linearity (LIN); and straightness of path (STR). Sperm movement was unaffected by staining with Hoechst 33342, excitation by ultraviolet (UV) light, or the physical process of cell sorting. Significant differences were seen between X and Y sperm for MAD, LIN, and STR. No difference was observed for the other parameters. The results indicate that in a simple salts solution, Y bull sperm do not swim faster than X sperm but may be distinguished from X sperm on the basis of LIN and STR. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Zool Soc London, Inst Zool, London NW1 4RY, England. Mastercalf Ltd, Aberdeen, Scotland. RP Johnson, LA (reprint author), ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, BARC E,B-200, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Holt, William/C-6872-2008 OI Holt, William/0000-0002-9039-8651 NR 29 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1040-452X J9 MOL REPROD DEV JI Mol. Reprod. Dev. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 50 IS 3 BP 323 EP 327 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199807)50:3<323::AID-MRD8>3.0.CO;2-L PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology GA ZQ661 UT WOS:000073890400008 PM 9621308 ER PT J AU Chan, KM Doherty, TJ Andres, LP Porter, MM Brown, T Brown, WF AF Chan, KM Doherty, TJ Andres, LP Porter, MM Brown, T Brown, WF TI Longitudinal study of the contractile and electrical properties of single human thenar motor units SO MUSCLE & NERVE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 43rd Annual Scientific Meeting of the American-Association-of-Electrodiagnostic-Medicine CY OCT 04-05, 1996 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA SP Amer Assoc Electrodiag Med DE human; motor neurons; motor units; muscle contraction; electrophysiology ID AMYOTROPHIC-LATERAL-SCLEROSIS; INTRAMUSCULAR MICROSTIMULATION; AXON STIMULATION; MUSCLES; NUMBERS; STRENGTH; TWITCHES; LOSSES AB Serial motor unit number estimates have shed important light on the extent and rates of motoneuron losses in aging and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. However, the estimates alone provide few clues to the health and functional status of surviving motor units. A reliable means for assessing the functional status of the surviving motor units would therefore by a welcome addition to our present tools for studying motor units. Examining the physiological properties of samples of motor units drawn at intervals during the course of a motoneuronal disease suffers from the important limitation that the samples may not be representative of one another. The latter problem could be circumvented by serially studying the same motor units. This study describes a noninvasive technique capable of longitudinally tracking the contractile and electrical properties of specific single thenar motor units in healthy subjects, in some instances over several years. The technique proved to be reasonably reliable and provided information on a wide range of contractile and electrical properties of motor units. Such an approach could serve as a potentially powerful and sensitive means of studying the life histories of single motor units in aging, diseases of the motoneuron, and in the latter instances, the responses of the motoneurons to treatment. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 New England Med Ctr, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. McMaster Univ, Fac Med, Hamilton, ON, Canada. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Brown, WF (reprint author), New England Med Ctr, Dept Neurol, Box 314,750 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Doherty, Timothy/H-3576-2015 NR 32 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0148-639X J9 MUSCLE NERVE JI Muscle Nerve PD JUL PY 1998 VL 21 IS 7 BP 839 EP 849 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(199807)21:7<839::AID-MUS1>3.0.CO;2-7 PG 11 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA ZU806 UT WOS:000074236800001 PM 9626243 ER PT J AU Carris, LM Humber, RA AF Carris, LM Humber, RA TI Neozygites parvispora, a pathogen of Limothrips sp. associated with Lolium multiflorum in Oregon SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Entomophthorales; Neozygitaceae; Thripidae; thrips; Thysanoptera ID ENTOMOPHTHORACEAE AB Resting spores of Neozygites parvispora, an obligate pathogen of thrips, were found in washes from seed of cultivated annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) from Oregon. Similar spores were found in washes from seed samples of annual ryegrass from Tennessee, wheat from Arizona and wild tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) from New Zealand. In the Oregon specimens, the resting spores were formed inside the bodies of thrips (Limothrips sp.) wedged between the palea and seed in ryegrass. The resting spores germinated directly to produce a germ conidium on a short conidiophore. This is the first report of resting spore germination in N. parvispora, and the first report of the species outside of Europe. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. ARS, USDA, Plant Protect Res Unit, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Carris, LM (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 90 IS 4 BP 565 EP 568 DI 10.2307/3761214 PG 4 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 109PU UT WOS:000075332700003 ER PT J AU Feibelman, TP Cotty, PJ Doster, MA Michailides, TJ AF Feibelman, TP Cotty, PJ Doster, MA Michailides, TJ TI A morphologically distinct strain of Aspergillus nomius SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE beta-tubulin; calmodulin; nitrate reductase; phylogeny; systematics; Taka-amylase A ID AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; CYCLOPIAZONIC ACID; FLAVUS; TAMARII; ORYZAE; GENE; PARASITICUS; CLONING; LIMITS AB DNA polymorphisms were used to infer relationships of a morphologically distinct new strain of aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus to other members of Aspergillus sect. Flavi. The new strain produced both B and G aflatoxins, and differed both morphologically and physiologically from other aflatoxin producers. Three isolates of the new fungus were compared with representatives of three known aflatoxin-producing species. Regions of the Taka-amylase A, beta-tubulin, calmodulin, and nitrate reductase genes were amplified using PCR and digested with restriction enzymes. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of all four gene regions indicated that the new Aspergillus isolates are closely related to A. nomius, but are diverged from other aflatoxin-producing species. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Kearney Agr Ctr, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. RP Cotty, PJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. EM pjcotty@nola.srrc.usda.gov NR 29 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 2 PU ALLEN PRESS INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 90 IS 4 BP 618 EP 623 DI 10.2307/3761221 PG 6 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 109PU UT WOS:000075332700010 ER PT J AU O'Donnell, K Cigelnik, E Benny, GL AF O'Donnell, K Cigelnik, E Benny, GL TI Phylogenetic relationships among the Harpellales and Kickxellales SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE evolution; fungi; morphology; phylogeny; Spiromyces aspiralis; systematics; Trichomycetes; Zygomycetes ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENE; SEQUENCE DATA; ENDOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; EVOLUTION; ZYGOMYCOTINA; MORPHOLOGY; ORIGINS AB DNA sequences of the nuclear encoded small subunit (SSU) 18S ribosomal RNA gene and characters from a morphological/physiological dataset were analyzed by maximum parsimony to investigate phylogenetic relationships among and within two putative sister orders of Zygomycota that produce regularly septate hyphae with ultrastructurally similar plugged, flared septal pores, the Harpellales and Kickxellales. The most parsimonious trees (MPT) inferred from the molecular data, using Chytridium-Spizellomyces and Rhopalomyces as outgroups in separate analyses, were largely concordant. Cladistic analysis of nucleotide characters identified three strongly supported monophyletic lineages that formed an unresolved trichotomy in the 18S rDNA gene trees: the Harpellales, Kickxellales and a Spiromyces clade. Trees inferred from the nonmolecular data were largely unresolved and generally poorly supported by bootstrap and decay analyses. However, results of a partition-homogeneity test detected no positive conflict between the morphological and molecular datasets, indicating that they could be combined, Morphological evolution was investigated by optimizing nonmolecular characters on the 18S rDNA gene tree. Systematic results support the recognition of a Spiromyces clade independent of the Kickxellales where it is currently classified and the apparent paraphyly of Coemansia with Spirodactylon derived within it. A formal diagnosis of Spiromyces aspiralis sp. nov is provided together with an emendation of the genus. C1 ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP O'Donnell, K (reprint author), ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 52 TC 42 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 13 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 90 IS 4 BP 624 EP 639 DI 10.2307/3761222 PG 16 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 109PU UT WOS:000075332700011 ER PT J AU Baroni, TJ Lodge, DJ AF Baroni, TJ Lodge, DJ TI Alboleptonia from the Greater Antilles SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Agaricales; Basidiomycetes; Caribbean; Entoloma; Entolomataceae; identification key; Puerto Rico; St. John Virgin Islands; taxonomy AB Four new species of Alboleptonia are described from Puerto Rico and ne-tv distribution records for Alboleptonia are noted for Puerto Rico and St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Information from examination of the type collections of Alboleptonia aripoana, A. cyathiformis, and A. hyalodepas is discussed. Clarification of conflicting reports in the literature concerning the application of A. hyalodepas is presented and a lectotype is designated. Two new combinations are also made for Entoloma minutoalbum and E. talisporum. A key to the taxa of Alboleptonia occurring in and around the Caribbean region is also provided. C1 SUNY Coll Cortland, Dept Biol Sci, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. US Forest Serv, Ctr Forest Mycol Res, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Luquillo, PR 00773 USA. RP Baroni, TJ (reprint author), SUNY Coll Cortland, Dept Biol Sci, Cortland, NY 13045 USA. NR 40 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 90 IS 4 BP 680 EP 696 DI 10.2307/3761227 PG 17 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 109PU UT WOS:000075332700016 ER PT J AU Kaiser, WJ Crous, PW AF Kaiser, WJ Crous, PW TI Mycosphaerella lupini sp. nov., a serious leaf spot disease of perennial lupin in southcentral Idaho, USA SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Ramularia; Thedgonia; Lupinus; systematics AB Mycosphaerella lupini is described as the teleomorph of Thedgonia lupini, the organism commonly associated with a leaf spot disease of perennial lupin in the U.S.A. The latter organism is also shown to be distinct from Didymella lupini, which is associated with a Phoma anamorph, and occurs predominantly on overwintered lupin stems. Thedgonia lupini, which is known to produce conidia in disarticulating chains, is shown to do so by sympodial as well as percurrent proliferation. The genus Thedgonia is accordingly emended to incorporate both types of proliferation of the conidiogenous locus. Mycosphaerella lupini is the first teleomorph linked to the anamorph genus Thedgonia. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Plant Pathol, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa. RP Crous, PW (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM PWC@MATIES.SUN.AC.ZA RI Crous, Pedro/H-1489-2012 OI Crous, Pedro/0000-0001-9085-8825 NR 8 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ALLEN PRESS INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 90 IS 4 BP 726 EP 731 DI 10.2307/3761232 PG 6 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 109PU UT WOS:000075332700021 ER PT J AU Millner, PD Mulbry, WW Reynolds, SL Patterson, CA AF Millner, PD Mulbry, WW Reynolds, SL Patterson, CA TI A taxon-specific oligonucleotide probe for temperate zone soil isolates of Glomus mosseae SO MYCORRHIZA LA English DT Article DE arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; internal transcribed spacer; ribosomal DNA ID ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACERS; ENDOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; RIBOSOMAL DNA; COLONIZING ROOTS; PCR PRIMERS; DIVERSITY; IDENTIFICATION; AMPLIFICATION; GLOMALES AB The 5.8 S subunit and flanking internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions in nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) from spores of Glomus mosseae FL156 and UK118 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using ITS1 and ITS4 as primers. The amplification product from template DNA of UK118 was cloned and sequenced (569 bp); the amplified DNA from FL156 was sequenced directly (582 bp). There was a 95% sequence similarity between DNAs amplified from the two isolates; in contrast, major dissimilarities with partial sequences of seven other glomalean taxa were observed. Four oligonucleotide sequences unique to Glomus mosseae were identified as potential primers. Their specificity to Glomus mosseae was assessed by PCR amplification of genomic DNA from spores from 36 glomalean fungi: 13 isolates of Glomus mosseae, two Glomus monosporum, 10 other Glomus isolates, and 11 other glomalean taxa from each of four other genera. The Glomus mosseae isolates were from a broad range of temperate zone agricultural soils. Oligonucleotide pair GMOS1:GMOS2 primed specific amplification of an oligonucleotide sequence (approximately 400 bp) present in all Glomus mosseae isolates and two isolates of the closely related Glomus monosporum. This primer pair did not prime PCR when the template consisted of DNA from any of the other glomalean fungi or any of the nonmycorrhizal controls. In addition, a 24-mer oligonucleotide, designated GMOS5, hybridized with Glomus mosseae and Glomus monosporum DNA amplified by PCR using primer pairs ITS1:ITS4 and GMOS1:GMOS2, Colony-blot assays showed that GMOS5 hybridized to 100% and 97% of E. coli pUC19 clones of amplification products from Glomus mosseae FL156 and UK118 DNA templates, respectively, indicating that nearly all clones contained an homologous sequence. GMOS5 was used successfully to detect specifically Glomus mosseae in DNA extracted from colonized sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense L.) roots and amplified by PCR using the primer pair GMOS1:GMOS2. The results confirm several previous indications that Glomus mosseae and Glomus monosporum are indistinguishable taxonomic entities. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Millner, PD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, 10300 Baltimore Blvd,Bldg 001,Room 140, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM pmillner@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 28 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0940-6360 J9 MYCORRHIZA JI Mycorrhiza PD JUL PY 1998 VL 8 IS 1 BP 19 EP 27 DI 10.1007/s005720050206 PG 9 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 109EX UT WOS:000075309200003 ER PT J AU Hudler, GW Jensen-Tracy, S Banik, MT AF Hudler, GW Jensen-Tracy, S Banik, MT TI Rhytisma americanum sp. nov.: A previously undescribed species of Rhytisma on maples (Acer spp.) SO MYCOTAXON LA English DT Article ID RIBOSOMAL DNA; PCR AB Differences in developmental morphology, host range, and restriction fragment length polymorphisms are consistent with the hypothesis that the species of Rhytisma currently causing an epiphytotic on Norway maple (Acer platanoides) in the northeastern United States is not the same fungus that is endemic on red and silver maples in North America. The latter fungus, erroneously designated as R. acerinum for many years, is a different and previously undescribed species. We propose Rhytisma americanum. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Hudler, GW (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 12 PU MYCOTAXON LTD PI ITHACA PA PO BOX 264, ITHACA, NY 14851-0264 USA SN 0093-4666 J9 MYCOTAXON JI Mycotaxon PD JUL-SEP PY 1998 VL 68 BP 405 EP 416 PG 12 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 115FL UT WOS:000075652800028 ER PT J AU Cain, MD Shelton, MG AF Cain, MD Shelton, MG TI Viability of litter-stored Pinus taeda L seeds after simulated prescribed winter burns SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article DE loblolly pine; natural regeneration; seed bank; southeastern Arkansas ID FOREST FLOOR AB Stratified loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seeds were placed at three depths in a reconstructed forest floor and subjected to simulated prescribed winter burns. Within the forest floor, pine seeds were placed at the L/upper-F interface, upper-F/lower-F interface, and lower-F/mineral-soil interface. Wind was generated by electric box-fans. Seeds that survived the burns were transferred to moist sand flats for 30-day germination tests. About 96% of seeds placed at the two upper layers in the forest floor were either destroyed by the fires or failed to germinate. Germinative capacity of seeds placed at the lower-F/mineral-soil interface averaged 79% as compared to 97% for unburned control seeds. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. RP Cain, MD (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 16 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1023/A:1006595319065 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 111PU UT WOS:000075447500001 ER PT J AU Kim, MS Klopfenstein, NB Cregg, BM AF Kim, MS Klopfenstein, NB Cregg, BM TI In vitro and ex vitro rooting of micropropagated shoots using three green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) clones SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article DE adventitious root formation; auxin; hardwood; rooting sponge; shoot multiplication; woody plant tissue culture ID HYBRID POPLAR; THIDIAZURON; RESISTANCE; JUVENILE; MARSH AB Shoot multiplication using seedling materials was achieved by subculture on Murashige and Skoog salts with Gamborg's B5 vitamins (MSB5) medium containing a combination of 5 mu M 6-benzyladenine (BA), 5 mu M thidiazuron (TDZ), and 1 mu M indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) with three green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) clones, SD1009 (South Dakota origin), SD2002 (South Dakota origin), and KA2018 (Kansas origin). Shoots were rooted using in vitro and ex vitro methods. For in vitro rooting studies, elongated shoots were transferred to rooting plugs supplied with liquid MSB5 medium containing a 3x3 factorial arrangement of two different auxins, a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and IBA, at three concentrations (0, 5, and 10 mu M). The most effective treatment for in vitro root number, root length, and shoot height was 5 mu M IBA. The three clones also were tested for ex vitro rooting using a quick dip in 1 mM NAA, 1 mM IBA, or control (no auxin). The maximal ex vitro rooting response occurred when shoot explants of the three clones were dipped in 1 mM IBA. Significant clonal differences were noted in response to in vitro and ex vitro rooting treatments. Rooted plantlets were acclimated to the greenhouse. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Union Camp Corp, Goza Res Ctr, Mayesville, SC 29104 USA. RP Kim, MS (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, 406 Plant Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 27 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 16 IS 1 BP 43 EP 57 DI 10.1023/A:1006564423011 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 111PU UT WOS:000075447500004 ER PT J AU Bago, B Bentivenga, SP Brenac, V Dodd, JC Piche, Y Simon, L AF Bago, B Bentivenga, SP Brenac, V Dodd, JC Piche, Y Simon, L TI Molecular analysis of Gigaspora (Glomales, gigasporaceae) SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE molecular analysis; SSU sequences; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi; Gigaspora; malate dehydrogenase; isozyme profiles ID ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; ENDOMYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; GLOMUS-MOSSEAE; MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS; COLONIZING ROOTS; IDENTIFICATION; DIVERSITY; PCR; AMPLIFICATION; PRIMERS AB This work presents a cooperative effort to integrate new molecular (isozyme and SSU analyses) characters into the morphological taxonomy of the genus Gigaspora (Glomales). Previous analyses of published Gigaspora SSU sequences indicated the presence of a few polymorphic nucleotides in the region delimited by primers NS71-SSU 1492'. In our study, the SSU of 24 isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi from the Gigasporaceae were amplified and the NS71-SSU 1492' region was directly sequenced. The corresponding sequences of four more isolates of AM fungi from Gigasporaceae, already published, were also included in our analyses. Three Gigaspora groups were identified on the basis of a 6 nucleotide-long 'molecular signature': Gigaspora rosea group (G. rosea+G. albida), Gigaspora margarita group (G. margarita+G. decipiens) and Gigaspora gigantea, which constituted a group by itself. The isozyme profiles (malate dehydrogenase, MDH) of 12 of these 28 isolates, and seven other isolates not sequenced, were compared. The results obtained further supported the grouping of isolates provided by the SSU analysis. Both SSU and MDH analysis indicated that two out of the 35 isolates had been misidentified, which was confirmed when their morphology was reassessed. The use of the Gigaspora intrageneric molecular signature as a quick, unambiguous and objective method to recognize Gigaspora isolates under any (field or laboratory) experimental conditions is suggested. C1 Univ Laval, Ctr Rech Biol Forestiere, Quebec City, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol & Microbiol, Oshkosh, WI 54901 USA. Univ Kent, Dept Biosci, Int Inst Biotechnol, Canterbury CT2 7YW, Kent, England. RP Bago, B (reprint author), ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Simon, Luc/A-7185-2008; Bago, Alberto/H-9683-2015 OI Simon, Luc/0000-0003-3266-9510; NR 33 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 139 IS 3 BP 581 EP 588 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00212.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 107VB UT WOS:000075230700016 ER PT J AU Iputo, JE Wong, WW Klein, PD AF Iputo, JE Wong, WW Klein, PD TI Impaired dietary lipid oxidation in kwashiorkor SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE PEM; kwashiorkor; energy substrate metabolism ID CHILDREN; MALNUTRITION; KINETICS; INFANTS AB Energy substrate oxidation studies were performed on 12 kwashiorkor children and five well-nourished children fed an a standard recovery diet for kwashiorkor. C-13 labeled leucine, Glucose, and hiolein were administered orally on three consecutive days. The recovery of C-13 from the breath air was monitored after administration of each feed. The mean cumulative percent dose (CUMPD) recovery of C-13 seven hours after the ingestion of labeled leucine was 22.0 +/- 1.7% (mean +/- SEM) for the kwashiorkor children as compared to 32.7 +/- 3.7% for the well-nourished children (p<0.05). The CUMPD recovery of 13C 12 hours after ingestion of labeled glucose was 58.3 +/- 4.7% as compared to 70.2 +/- 6.0% in the well-nourished children (p<0.05). The CUMPD recovery of C-13 16 hours after the ingestion of labeled hiolein was 4.8 +/- 1.1% for the kwashiorkor children as compared to 19.0 +/- 2.1% for the well-nourished children (p<0.0001). C-13 recovery following hiolein ingestion was inversely correlated to the weight/expected weight for age and sex ratio (r = -0.93; p< 0.001). It is concluded that the well-nourished children oxidize more exogenous energy substrate than do the kwashiorkor children, and that the kwashiorkor children have a grossly impaired capacity to oxidize exogenous lipids. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science. C1 Univ Transkei, Fac Med, ZA-5100 Umtata, South Africa. Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Iputo, JE (reprint author), Univ Transkei, Fac Med, P Bag X1, ZA-5100 Umtata, South Africa. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 18 IS 7 BP 1187 EP 1201 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(98)00099-2 PG 15 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZW055 UT WOS:000074369400008 ER PT J AU Jacob, RA AF Jacob, RA TI Individual variability in homocysteine response to folate depletion: An unusual case SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID PLASMA AB Research within the past decade has shown that even moderately elevated plasma homocysteine concentrations are associated with increased risk of vascular disease. A variety of genetic and nutritional factors can affect homocysteine concentrations, with folate nutriture being one of the most influential. Plasma homocysteine responses of healthy adults to folate depletion and repletion vary substantially, even when many nutritional and lifestyle factors are normalized in a metabolic unit. The case of a woman with a highly exaggerated homocysteine response to moderate folate depletion is presented. A variety of possible factors relating to homocysteine metabolism are discussed, yet no convincing explanation for the unusual pattern is apparent. The case demonstrates that the homocysteine response to folate can be highly variable between individuals, and suggests that further research on the genetic determinants of the human folate requirement is warranted. C1 ARS, USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. RP Jacob, RA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, Presidio Box 29997,Bldg 1110, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 56 IS 7 BP 212 EP 217 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 104QM UT WOS:000075025300003 PM 9697387 ER PT J AU Yu, ZK Hausman, GJ AF Yu, ZK Hausman, GJ TI Preadipocyte screening by laminin in porcine stromal vascular cell cultures SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE extracellular matrix; cytochemistry; adipocyte differentiation ID SERUM-FREE CULTURES; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; IV COLLAGEN; GROWTH-FACTOR; 3T3-L1 CELLS; DIFFERENTIATION; FIBRONECTIN; CONVERSION; COMPONENTS; ADHESION AB Objective: To determine if subpopulations of cells in stromal vascular (S-V) cultures could be segregated and separated based on affinity for laminin substratum. Research Methods and Procedures: S-V cells were seeded and allowed to attach for various times; 4 hours was found to be optimal for cell attachment. Cultures were rinsed after 4 hours of seeding, and S-V cells were divided into three subpopulations based on affinity for laminin: (1) cells that did not attach to laminin; (2) cells that had a low affinity for laminin; and (3) cells that had a high affinity for laminin. After 24 hours, cultures were either stained for the AD-3 antigen (a marker for preadipocytes), C/EBP-alpha (a terminal differentiation marker), or C/EBP-delta (an early preadipocyte marker). Companion cultures were treated with various media for 9 days and stained with oil red-O. Results: Cells with a high affinity for laminin had the highest proportion of AD-3 and C/EBP-alpha positive cells and the highest proportion of fat cells after treatment with insulin +/- dexamethasone. Cells with a low affinity for laminin had the highest proportion of C/EBP-delta cells and the highest proportion of fat cells after treatment with fetal bovine serum+dexamethasone, followed by insulin. Discussion: These results indicate that differentiating preadipocytes adhere to laminin to a much greater degree than do non-preadipocytes. Therefore, laminin-coated dishes can be used to screen S-V cells to produce preadipocyte or fibroblast-enriched S-V cultures. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Unit, Athens, GA 30613 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Foods & Nutr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Hausman, GJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30613 USA. NR 20 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI ROCHESTER PA C/O DR MICHAEL JENSEN, MAYO MEDICAL CENTER, MAYO CLIN 200 FIRST ST, SW, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 6 IS 4 BP 299 EP 306 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 100VD UT WOS:000074835300007 PM 9688107 ER PT J AU Landolt, PJ Hofstetter, RW Chapman, PS AF Landolt, PJ Hofstetter, RW Chapman, PS TI Neonate codling moth larvae (Lepidoptera : Tortricidae) orient anemotactically to odor of immature apple fruit SO PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE insecta; Tortricidae; codling moth; attraction; host-finding AB Neonate codling moth larvae, Cyclin pomonella (L.) responded positively to the odor of immature apples in an enclosed arena bioassay, in a Y-tube olfactometer, and in a straight tube olfactometer. In the arena bioassay, larvae contacted paper strips treated with apple odor. In the Y-tube olfactometer, larvae moved upwind and into the olfactometer arm carrying apple odor. In the straight tube olfactometer, larvae moved farther upwind per unit time in response to apple odor. Larval orientation to apple odor appeared to involve both an increase in forward speed (orthokinesis) and turning into airflow with increased odor concentrations (chemotaxis). C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Landolt, PJ (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 21 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOL SOC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA CALIFORNIA ACAD OF SCIENCES GOLDEN GATE PARK, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94118 USA SN 0031-0603 J9 PAN-PAC ENTOMOL JI Pan-Pacific Entomol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 74 IS 3 BP 140 EP 149 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 131CD UT WOS:000076557400003 ER PT J AU Johnson, RM Pepperman, AB AF Johnson, RM Pepperman, AB TI Release of atrazine and alachlor from clay-oxamide controlled-release formulations SO PESTICIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE controlled release; herbicides; leaching; groundwater ID NONPOINT-SOURCE CONTAMINATION; STARCH-ENCAPSULATED ATRAZINE; SLOW-RELEASE; HERBICIDES; ALGINATE; METRIBUZIN; MOBILITY; WATER; TEMPERATURE; ADSORPTION AB Controlled-release herbicide formulations have been shown to decrease the leaching potential of several herbicides under laboratory and field conditions. The utility and efficacy of these formulations may be improved by combining several herbicides and a fertilizer source in a single formulation. The objective of these studies was to develop granular alginate formulations that were composed of a combination of the herbicides atrazine and alachlor with the slow-release nitrogen source oxamide (ethanediamide). Controlled release of the herbicides was obtained by addition of selected minerals, including calcium bentonite, fine-grind bentonite, montmorillonite K10, kaolinite and iron (III) oxide. A formulation without clay was used as a comparison. The formulations tested had herbicide active ingredient contents ranging from similar to 0.02 to 0.54% and a nitrogen content of 21%. Release of the herbicides was studied by equilibrating the formulations with deionized water on a rotary shaker at 200 rev min(-1) and sampling at regular time intervals up to 104 hours. The minerals used in the different formulations influenced the herbicide active ingredient composition, as well as the release properties of the individual formulations. The atrazine content of the formulations decreased in the order calcium bentonite > fine-grind bentonite > kaolinite > montmorillonite = iron oxide > no clay. For alachlor the content decreased in the order of calcium bentonite > fine-grind bentonite > montmorillonite > iron oxide > kaolinite > no clay. Controlled release of atrazine (i.e. reduction in release rate) Varied in the order calcium bentonite > iron oxide > montmorillonite > fine-grind bentonite = kaolinite > no clay, and for alachlor fine-grind bentonite > calcium bentonite > montmorillonite > no clay = kaolinite = iron oxide. A certain percentage of the applied active ingredient of both alachlor and atrazine was not recovered. From 5 to 27% of the active ingredient was not released, with the greatest retention by the bentonite formulations. Release of nitrogen was not strongly influenced by mineral type, although a trend indicated greater release with formulations containing kaolinite. (C) 1998 SCI. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Johnson, RM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 42 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 10 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0031-613X J9 PESTIC SCI JI Pestic. Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 53 IS 3 BP 233 EP 240 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 100KV UT WOS:000074816000005 ER PT J AU Ramsey, EW Chappell, DK Jacobs, DM Sapkota, SK Baldwin, DG AF Ramsey, EW Chappell, DK Jacobs, DM Sapkota, SK Baldwin, DG TI Resource management of forested wetlands: Hurricane impact and recovery mapped by combining Landsat TM and NOAA AVHRR data SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID COVER PROPORTIONS; VEGETATION; ACCURACY AB A temporal suite of NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) images, transformed into a vegetation biomass indicator, was combined with a single-date classification of Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) to map the association between forest type and hurricane effects. Hurricane effects to the forested wetland included an abrupt decrease and subsequent increase in biomass. The decrease was associated with hurricane impact and the increase with an abnormal bloom in vegetation in the impacted areas. Impact severity was estimated by differencing the biomass maps before and immediately (3 days) after the hurricane. Recovery magnitude was estimated by differencing the biomass maps from immediately (3 days) after and shortly (1.5 months) after the hurricane. Regions of dominantly hardwoods suffering high to moderate impacts and of dominantly cypress-tupelos suffering low impacts identified in this study corroborated findings of earlier studies. Conversely, areas not reported in previous studies as affected were identified, and these areas showed a reverse relationship, i.e., highly impacted cypress-tupelo and low or moderately impacted hardwoods. Additionally, generated proportions of hardwood, cypress-tupelo, and open (mixed) forests per each 1-km pixel (impact and recovery maps) suggest that regions containing higher percentages of cypress-tupelos were more likely to have sustained higher impacts. Visual examination of the impact map revealed a spatial covariation between increased impact magnitudes and river corridors dominated by open forest. This spatial association was corroborated by examining changes in the percentage of open forest per I-km impact pixel; the percentage of open forest peaked at moderate to high impacts. The distribution of recovery supported the impact spatial distribution; however, the magnitudes of the two indicators of hurricane effects were not always spatially dependent. Converse to univariate statistics describing all forested area within the basin, higher recoveries tended to be related to higher percentages of hardwoods. Lower recoveries, on the other hand, tended to be related to forests with nearly equal percentages of hardwoods and cypress-tupelo. C1 US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Starkville, MS 39760 USA. Johnson Controls World Serv Inc, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. Univ Colorado, Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ramsey, EW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Natl Wetlands Res Ctr, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 70506 USA. NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 64 IS 7 BP 733 EP 738 PG 6 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA ZY268 UT WOS:000074603100007 ER PT J AU Vu, JCV Baker, JT Pennanen, AH Allen, LH Bowes, G Boote, KJ AF Vu, JCV Baker, JT Pennanen, AH Allen, LH Bowes, G Boote, KJ TI Elevated CO2 and water deficit effects on photosynthesis, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase, and carbohydrate metabolism in rice SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE CO2 enrichment; drought; global climate change; Oryza sativa; photosynthesis; rice; Rubisco; SPS; starch; sucrose; water-use efficiency ID SUCROSE-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; CARBON-DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; STRESS; CLIMATE; PLANTS; LEAVES; RESPONSES; CHAMBERS AB Rice (Oryza sativa [L.] cv. IR-72) was grown for a season in sunlit, controlled-environment chambers at 350 or 700 mu mol CO2 mol(-1) under continuously flooded (unstressed) or drought-imposed periods at panicle initiation (stressed). The midday canopy photosynthetic rates (P-n), measured at the CO2 concentration ([CO2]) used for growth, were enhanced by high [CO2] but reduced by drought. High [CO2] increased P-n by 18 to 34% for the unstressed plants, and 6 to 12% for the stressed plants. In the unstressed plants, CO2 enrichment increased water-use efficiency (WUE) by 26%, and reduced evapotranspiration (ET) by 8 to 14%. Both high [CO2] and severe drought decreased the activity and content of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco). High-CO2-unstressed plants had 6 to 22% smaller content and 5 to 25% lower activity of Rubisco than ambient-CO2-unstressed plants. Under severe drought, reductions of Rubisco were 53 and 27% in activity and 40 and 12% in content, respectively, for ambient- and high-CO2 treatments. The apparent catalytic turnover rate (K-cat) of midday fully activated Rubisco was not altered by high [CO2], but severe drought reduced K-cat by 17 to 23%. Chloroplasts of the high-CO2 leaves contained more, and larger starch grains than those of the ambient-CO2 leaves. High [CO2] did not affect the leaf sucrose content of unstressed plants. In contrast, severe drought reduced the leaf starch and increased the sucrose content in both CO2 treatments. The activity of leaf sucrose phosphate synthase of unstressed plants was not affected by high [CO2], whereas that of ambient-CO2-grown plants was reduced 45% by severe drought. Reduction in ET and enhancements in both P-n and WUE for rice grown under high [CO2] helped to delay the adverse effects of severe drought and allowed the stressed plants to assimilate CO2 for an extra day. Thus, rice grown in the next century may utilize less water, use water more efficiently, and be able to tolerate drought better under some situations. C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Agr Res & Extens, Dept Hort, Overton, TX 75684 USA. Univ Helsinki, Dept Plant Biol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Univ Florida, Dept Bot, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Vu, JCV (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. OI Boote, Kenneth/0000-0002-1358-5496 NR 46 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 11 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 103 IS 3 BP 327 EP 339 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.1030305.x PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 113HV UT WOS:000075545800005 ER PT J AU EL Hani, A Mason, JR Nolte, DL Schmidt, RH AF EL Hani, A Mason, JR Nolte, DL Schmidt, RH TI Flavor avoidance learning and its implications in reducing strychnine baiting hazards to nontarget animals SO PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE baiting; bitter; chipmunk; flavor; gopher; strychnine; Thomomys ID RODENTICIDE AB In reforested areas, underground strychnine baiting to control pocket gophers (Thomomys mazama) poses a hazard to golden mantled ground squirrels (Spermophilus lateralis) and yellow pine chipmunks (Eutamias amoenus). We designed this study to assess whether: 1) chemical insensitivity to bitter tastes might explain the ingestion of strychnine; 2) pocket gophers would avoid four bitter-tasting compounds: quebracho (QUEB), sucrose cotaacetate (SOA), quinine hydrochloride (QHCl), and denatonium benzoate (DB); and 3) nontarget species could be trained to avoid strychnine paired with the most aversive compound. Our results showed that while all species readily consumed strychnine, the nontarget species could be conditioned to avoid it. Moreover, while high (0.1%) concentrations of DB, quinine hydrochloride, and quebracho reduced consumption by pocket gophers, 0.05% DB was inoffensive. Nantarget animals readily avoided 0.05% DB, and avoidance was stronger after conditioning. Together, our results suggest that ail of the rodents tested are insensitive to strychnine, high concentrations of some bitter tastes may be effective pocket gopher repellents, and lower concentrations of DB may selectively repel nontarget animals from strychnine baits. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv,Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, USDA, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Minist Agr, Rabat, Morocco. RP Mason, JR (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv,Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, BNR-163, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 35 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9384 J9 PHYSIOL BEHAV JI Physiol. Behav. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 64 IS 5 BP 585 EP 589 DI 10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00076-6 PG 5 WC Psychology, Biological; Behavioral Sciences SC Psychology; Behavioral Sciences GA 128RA UT WOS:000076418900002 PM 9817567 ER PT J AU Clark, L AF Clark, L TI Bird repellents: Interaction of chemical agents in mixtures SO PHYSIOLOGY & BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article DE bird; mixtures; irritation; repellent; trigeminal ID BINARY-MIXTURES; MODEL; COMPONENTS; SWEETNESS; INTENSITY; RESPONSES; FRUCTOSE; SYNERGY; GLUCOSE AB Numerous studies characterize the concentration-behavioral response for odorants, tastants, and irritants. However, to achieve ecological validity, interaction of agents in mixtures must be considered. Equiresponse and equimolar molar models of interactions have been proposed, and methods for testing whether agents in mixture interact independently have been evaluated. Yet these averaging models cannot a priori predict whether agents will interact antagonistically, independently, or synergistically. I studied the bird repellent properties of several structurally similar and well-described trigeminally mediated avian irritants, singly and in mixture. Compounds within a chemical class, in which the electron withdrawing groups were similar, interacted independently to produce their repellent effects, e.g., 2-amino methyl benzoate v methyl-2-methoxy benzoate, and o-aminoacetophenone v 2-methoxy acetophenone. The response to mixtures drawn from compounds of dissimilar chemical class, e.g., 2-amino methyl benzoate v o-aminoacetophenone, interacted antagonistically at concentrations below 10 mM, suggesting meditation by a different mechanism within the trigeminally mediated sensory modality. At 10 mM and near saturation of the solutions, there was no evidence of interaction between agents, suggesting responses became saturated. These observations underscore our previous findings for the importance of the molecular properties of the carbonyl group for aromatic bird repellents and suggests the possible existence of multiple receptor mechanisms for avian trigeminal repellents. These data also underscore the importance of attending to interactions of agents in mixtures when designing repellents as tools for the management of wildlife and resolution of conflicts between humans and wildlife. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Denver Wildlife Res Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Monell Chem Senses Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Clark, L (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 1716 Heath Pkwy, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. EM nwrc.clark@worldnet.att.net NR 31 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9384 J9 PHYSIOL BEHAV JI Physiol. Behav. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 64 IS 5 BP 689 EP 695 DI 10.1016/S0031-9384(98)00134-6 PG 7 WC Psychology, Biological; Behavioral Sciences SC Psychology; Behavioral Sciences GA 128RA UT WOS:000076418900017 PM 9817582 ER PT J AU Griesbach, RJ AF Griesbach, RJ TI Flavonoids in Saintpaulia ionantha expressing the fantasy mutation SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Saintpaulia ionantha; Gesneriaceae; African violet; anthocyanin; peonidin; malvidin AB The Fantasy mutation in Saintpaulia ionantha produced flowers that had a purple background color with pink sectors. The purple background tissue contained kaempferol 3-O-glucoside and malvidin 3-rutinoside-5-glucoside. The pink sector tissue contained kaempferol 3-O-glucoside and peonidin-3-rutinoside-5-glucoside. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, BARC W, US Natl Arboretum, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Griesbach, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC W, US Natl Arboretum, BLDG 010A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD JUL PY 1998 VL 48 IS 5 BP 829 EP 830 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00985-0 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA ZX704 UT WOS:000074545600012 ER PT J AU Gottwald, TR Garnsey, SM Borbon, J AF Gottwald, TR Garnsey, SM Borbon, J TI Increase and patterns of spread of citrus tristeza virus infections in Costa Rica and the Dominican Republic in the presence of the brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aphis gossypii ID BETA-BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION; DISEASE INCIDENCE; SPATIAL PATTERN; PATHOGENS; PLANTS; SPAIN AB Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) was monitored for 4 years by monoclonal antibody probes via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in four citrus orchards in northern Costa Rica and four orchards in the Dominican Republic following the introduction of the brown citrus aphid, Toxoptera citricida. The Gompertz nonlinear model was selected as the most appropriate in most cases to describe temporal increase of CTV. Ordinary runs analysis for association of CTV-positive trees failed to show a spatial relationship of virus status among immediately adjacent trees within or across rows. The beta-binomial index of dispersion for various quadrat sizes suggested aggregations of CTV-positive trees for all plots within the quadrat sizes tested. Spatial autocorrelation analysis of proximity patterns suggested that aggregation often existed among quadrats of various sizes up to four lag distances; however, significant lag positions discontinuous from the main proximity pattern were rare. Some asymmetry was also detected for some spatial autocorrelation proximity patterns. These results were interpreted to mean that, although CTV-positive trees did not often influence immediately adjacent trees, virus transmission was common within a local area of influence that extended two to eight trees in all directions. Where asymmetry was indicated, this area of influence was somewhat elliptical. The spatial and temporal analyses gave some insight into possible underlying processes of CTV spread in the presence of T. citricida and suggested CTV spread was predominantly to trees within a local area. Patterns of longer-distance spread were not detected within the confines of the plot sizes tested. Longer-distance spread probably exists, but may well be of a complexity beyond the detection ability of the spatial analysis methods employed, or perhaps is on a scale larger than the dimensions of the plots studied. C1 USDA ARS, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. Junta Agroempresarial Dominicana Inc, Santo Domingo, Dominican Rep. RP Gottwald, TR (reprint author), USDA ARS, 2120 Camden Rd, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. EM gott@magicnet.net NR 46 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUL PY 1998 VL 88 IS 7 BP 621 EP 636 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.7.621 PG 16 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZW556 UT WOS:000074422800005 PM 18944934 ER PT J AU Hughes, G Gottwald, TR AF Hughes, G Gottwald, TR TI Survey methods for assessment of citrus tristeza virus incidence SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Aphis gossypii; cluster sampling; group testing; hierarchical sampling; spatial pattern; Toxoptera citricida ID PLANT-DISEASE INCIDENCE; CONFIDENCE-INTERVALS; INFECTION-RATES; TRANSMISSION AB The assessment of citrus tristeza virus incidence by sampling involves laboratory testing by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of leaf material collected in the field. Using field data and computer simulation, methods of field data collection were compared. One method was similar to that used by the Central California Tristeza Eradication Agency, in which 4 to 6% of the trees in a planting block are sampled and material from each tree sampled is assayed separately. This method was compared with an alternative method in which about 25% of the trees in a block are sampled, and material from groups of four trees is bulked and assayed together. Our comparative study indicated that the latter method results in increased accuracy and precision of estimates of citrus tristeza virus incidence without increasing unduly the number of laboratory assays required. C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland. USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP Hughes, G (reprint author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland. EM ghughes@srv0.bio.ed.ac.uk NR 34 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUL PY 1998 VL 88 IS 7 BP 715 EP 723 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.7.715 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZW556 UT WOS:000074422800016 PM 18944945 ER PT J AU Knoepp, JD Swank, WT AF Knoepp, JD Swank, WT TI Rates of nitrogen mineralization across an elevation and vegetation gradient in the southern Appalachians SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE forest soils; nitrification; N saturation; southern Appalachians ID FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; SOIL; TEMPERATURE; DYNAMICS; MOISTURE AB We measured nitrogen (N) transformation rates for six years to examine temporal variation across the vegetation and elevation gradient that exists within the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory. Net N mineralization and nitrification rates were measured using 28-day in situ closed core incubations. Incubations were conducted at various intervals, ranging from monthly during the growing season, to seasonally based on vegetation phenology. Vegetation types included oak-pine, cove hardwoods, low elevation mixed oak, high elevation mixed oak, and northern hardwoods. Elevations ranged from 782 to 1347 m. Nitrogen transformation Fates varied with vegetation type. Mineralization rates were lowest in the oak-pine and mixed oak sites averaging <1.2 mg N kg soil(-1) 28 day(-1). Rates in the cove hardwood site were greater than all other low elevation sites with an annual average of 3.8 mg N kg soil(-1) 28 day(-1). Nitrogen mineralization was greatest in the northern hardwood site averaging 13 mg N kg soil(-1) 28 day(-1). Nitrification rates were typically low on four sites with rates <0.5 mg N kg soil(-1) 28 day(-1). However, the annual average nitrification rate of the northern hardwood site was 6 mg N kg soil(-1) 28 days(-1). Strong seasonal trends in N mineralization were observed. Highest rates occurred in spring and summer with negligible activity in winter. Seasonal trends in nitrification were statistically significant only in the northern hardwood site. Nitrogen mineralization was significantly different among sites on the vegetation and elevation gradient. While N mineralization rates were greatest at the high elevation site, vegetation type appears to be the controlling factor. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC 28763 USA. RP Knoepp, JD (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, 3160 Coweeta Lab Rd, Otto, NC 28763 USA. NR 13 TC 64 Z9 85 U1 2 U2 17 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD JUL PY 1998 VL 204 IS 2 BP 235 EP 241 DI 10.1023/A:1004375412512 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 170JZ UT WOS:000078803700008 ER PT J AU Sukno, S Jan, CC Melero-Vara, JM Fernandez-Martinez, JM AF Sukno, S Jan, CC Melero-Vara, JM Fernandez-Martinez, JM TI Reproductive behaviour and broomrape resistance in interspecific hybrids of sunflower SO PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Helianthus annuus; Orobanche cernua; broomrape resistance; embryo culture; interspecific crosses; perennial wild species ID GENUS HELIANTHUS; HYBRIDIZATION AB Interspecific hybrids and backcross generations between the wild perennial species Helianthus resinosus, Helianthus pauciflorus, Helianthus laevigatus, Helianthus nuttallii ssp, nuttallii T. & G. and Helianthus giganteus, resistant to broomrape (Orobanche cernua) and susceptible inbred lines were obtained to study crossability to cultivated sunflower and the transmission and expression of resistance to this parasitic weed. Conventional crosses with all the species tested were successful except for the crosses with diploid H. giganteus, for which embryo rescue techniques were needed to overcome hybrid incompatibility. Pollen viability and seed set were highest for F-1 hybrids with hexaploid species and lowest for those with the diploid H. giganteus. We evaluated F-1, BC1F1, some BC2F1 plants and the wild and cultivated parents. The wild species and interspecific hybrids were resistant to broomrape infection except for H. nuttallii, which showed segregation, indicating that the resistance is dominant. The crossability and resistance of F-1 and backcross generations of species with different ploidy levels indicate that the transfer of broomrape resistance to cultivated sunflower is feasible. C1 CSIC, Inst Agr Sostenible, Dept Mejora & Agron, E-14080 Cordoba, Spain. USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. CSIC, Inst Agr Sostenible, Dept Protecc Cultivos, E-14080 Cordoba, Spain. RP Fernandez-Martinez, JM (reprint author), CSIC, Inst Agr Sostenible, Dept Mejora & Agron, Apdo 4084, E-14080 Cordoba, Spain. RI Fernandez-Martinez, Jose/A-7193-2010; Sukno, Serenella/K-1449-2014; OI Sukno, Serenella/0000-0003-3248-6490; Fernandez Martinez, Jose Maria/0000-0003-1413-0642 NR 34 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0179-9541 J9 PLANT BREEDING JI Plant Breed. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 117 IS 3 BP 279 EP 285 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0523.1998.tb01940.x PG 7 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 106KN UT WOS:000075128600015 ER PT J AU Porter, DR Baker, CA Webster, JA AF Porter, DR Baker, CA Webster, JA TI Inheritance of Russian wheat aphid resistance in PI140207 spring wheat SO PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Triticum aestivum; Diuraphis noxia; plant resistance; Russian wheat aphid ID HOMOPTERA AB The Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), has become a serious, perennial pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in many areas of the world. This study was initiated to determine the inheritance of RWA resistance in PI 140207 (a RWA-resistant spring wheat) and to determine its allelic relationship with a previously reported RWA resistance gene. Crosses were made between PI 140207 and 'Pavon' (a RWA-susceptible spring wheat). Genetic analysis was performed on the parents, F-1, F-2, backcross (BC) population and F-2-derived F-3 families. Analyses of segregation patterns of plants in the F-1, F-2, and BC populations, and F-2-derived F-3 families indicated single dominant gene control of RWA resistance in PI 140207. Results of the allelism test indicated that the resistance gene in PI 140207, while conferring distinctly different seedling reactions to RWA feeding: is the same as Dn1, the resistance gene in PI 137739. C1 USDA, ARS, Agr Res Serv, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Porter, DR (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Agr Res Serv, 1301 N Western Rd, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0179-9541 J9 PLANT BREEDING JI Plant Breed. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 117 IS 3 BP 293 EP 294 PG 2 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 106KN UT WOS:000075128600019 ER PT J AU Garcia, RL Long, SP Wall, GW Osborne, CP Kimball, BA Nie, GY Pinter, PJ Lamorte, RL Wechsung, F AF Garcia, RL Long, SP Wall, GW Osborne, CP Kimball, BA Nie, GY Pinter, PJ Lamorte, RL Wechsung, F TI Photosynthesis and conductance of spring-wheat leaves: field response to continuous free-air atmospheric CO2 enrichment SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE acclimation; atmospheric change; climate change; elevated carbon dioxide; FACE; phenology; photosynthesis; Rubisco; stomatal conductance ID CARBON-DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; ELEVATED CO2; WINTER-WHEAT; GROWTH; LEAF; PRODUCTIVITY; ACCLIMATION; CAPACITY; PROTEINS AB Spring wheat was grown from emergence to grain maturity in two partial pressures of CO2 (pCO(2)): ambient air of nominally 37 Pa and air enriched with CO2 to 55 Pa using a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) apparatus. This experiment was the first of its kind to be conducted within a cereal field without the modifications or disturbance of microclimate and rooting environment that accompanied previous studies, It provided a unique opportunity to examine the hypothesis that continuous exposure of wheat to elevated pCO(2) will lead to acclimatory loss of photosynthetic capacity. The diurnal courses of photosynthesis and conductance for upper canopy leaves were followed throughout the development of the crop and compared to model-predicted rates of photosynthesis. The seasonal average of midday photosynthesis rates was 28% greater in plants exposed to elevated pCO(2) than in contols and the seasonal average of the daily integrals of photosynthesis was 21% greater in elevated pCO(2) than in ambient air. The mean conductance at midday was reduced by 36%. The observed enhancement of photosynthesis in elevated pCO(2) agreed closely with that predicted from a mechanistic biochemical model that assumed no acclimation of photosynthetic capacity. Measured values fell below predicted only in the flag leaves in the mid afternoon before the onset of grain-filling and over the whole diurnal course at the end of grain-filling. The loss of enhancement at this final stage was attributed to the earlier senescence of flag leaves in elevated pCO(2). In contrast to some controlled-environment and field-enclosure studies, this field-scale study of wheat using free-air CO2 enrichment found little evidence of acclimatory loss of photosynthetic capacity with growth in elevated pCO(2) and a significant and substantial increase in leaf photosynthesis throughout the life of the crop. C1 LI Cor Inc, Environm Div, Lincoln, NE 68504 USA. Univ Essex, John Tabor Labs, Dept Biol Sci, Colchester CO4 3SQ, Essex, England. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Appl Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, Nat Syst Dept, D-11412 Potsdam, Germany. RP Garcia, RL (reprint author), LI Cor Inc, Environm Div, 4421 Super,POB 4425, Lincoln, NE 68504 USA. RI Long, Stephen/A-2488-2008 OI Long, Stephen/0000-0002-8501-7164 NR 36 TC 92 Z9 106 U1 1 U2 20 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 21 IS 7 BP 659 EP 669 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1998.00320.x PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 117KL UT WOS:000075780400002 ER PT J AU Uddin, W Stevenson, KL Pardo-Schultheiss, RA Rehner, SA AF Uddin, W Stevenson, KL Pardo-Schultheiss, RA Rehner, SA TI Pathogenic and molecular characterization of three Phomopsis isolates from peach, plum, and Asian pear SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Malus; nucleotide sequences; pathogenicity; phylogenetics; Prunus; Pyrus ID PHYLOGENY AB Three isolates of Phomopsis, causing shoot blight of peach, shoot tissue necrosis of plum, or bud death of Hosui Asian pear, respectively, were evaluated for their pathogenicity on apple, pear, peach, and plum. Current year's shoots of 1-year-old Stayman Winesap apple, Barlett pear, Babygold-7 peach, and Bruce plum trees were inoculated with each isolate by wounding a bud and applying agar blocks bearing young hyphae. The length of cankers on shoots was measured 10, 17, and 24 days after inoculation. Cankers developed on shoots of all hosts inoculated with the peach isolate and on peach shoots inoculated with plum and Asian pear isolates. No cankers developed on apple, pear, or plum shoots inoculated with plum and Asian pear isolates. In the first experiment, 10 days after inoculation, the length of cankers on apple trees (56.0 mm) inoculated with the peach isolate was not significantly different (P greater than or equal to 0.05) from that on peach (42.8 mm), but was significantly greater than that on plum (25.3 mm) and pear (13.1 mm). The cankers on peach were significantly longer than those on pear, but not on plum. Cankers on all four hosts were significantly different from one another 17 and 24 days after inoculation. There was no significant difference between the length of cankers on peach shoots inoculated with plum and Asian pear isolates, and they were significantly smaller than those inoculated with the peach isolate. None of the control trees developed cankers. The three isolates differed in colony morphology, and appearance of conidiomata, conidiogenous cells, and alpha-conidia on potato-dextrose agar. None of the isolates produced beta-conidia in culture. Multi-locus DNA fingerprint analysis and internal transcribed spacer sequence comparisons revealed similarities between the plum and Asian pear isolates but a significant difference between these two and the peach isolate. The results indicate that the Phomopsis sp. that causes shoot blight of peach has the potential to cause disease on other stone and pome fruits, and peach may also be susceptible to isolates of Phomopsis from different tree fruit hosts. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, USDA, BARC W B011A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Uddin, W (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM wxu2@psu.edu NR 24 TC 13 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 82 IS 7 BP 732 EP 737 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.7.732 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZW311 UT WOS:000074397500003 ER PT J AU Doss, RP Clement, SL Kuy, SR Welty, RE AF Doss, RP Clement, SL Kuy, SR Welty, RE TI A PCR-based technique for detection of Neotyphodium endophytes in diverse accessions of tall fescue SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Acremonium; Festuca arundinacea ID ACREMONIUM-COENOPHIALUM; FESTUCA-ARUNDINACEA; EPICHLOE-TYPHINA; FUNGAL ENDOPHYTE; POLYMERASE; GRASSES; DNA AB A previously described polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method used for detection of Neotyphodium coenophialum in tall fescue detected Neotyphodium endophytes in some, but not all, infected plants from a geographically diverse sample. In the study reported here, a different set of primers, based on intervening sequences of the tubulin 2 gene, were prepared and used for PCR. PCR with these primers yielded the expected 444 base pair amplification product with DNA from 104 of the 106 infected accessions tested. In addition, one accession originally scored as endophyte-free on the basis of a tissue culture test was correctly rated as endophyte-infected using the PCR procedure. Results suggest that primers based on intervening sequences of the tubulin 2 gene can be used for PCR-based detection of Neotyphodium endophytes in tall fescue accessions of diverse origin. C1 ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. ARS, USDA, Western Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Unit, Corvallis, OR USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Doss, RP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 26 TC 19 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 82 IS 7 BP 738 EP 740 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.7.738 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZW311 UT WOS:000074397500004 ER PT J AU Gitaitis, RD Dowler, CC Chalfant, RB AF Gitaitis, RD Dowler, CC Chalfant, RB TI Epidemiology of tomato spotted wilt in pepper and tomato in southern Georgia SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS; VIRUS; TRANSMISSION; PEANUT AB The spatial distributions of symptomatic tomato and pepper plants infected with tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) were mapped over time in field studies in 1990 to 1992. Disease gradients occurred in some tomato transplant beds and pepper fields but were not observed in tomatoes grown to maturity. In 1990 and 1991, an increasing gradient emanated from the eastern edge of tomato transplant beds and led to adjacent tobacco plots containing TSWV-infected plants. In addition, gradients within each block emanating from the edge adjacent to fallow alleys were observed within the primary disease gradient in 1990. A gradient also occurred both down the row and across cultivars in a commercial pepper field in 1990. The gradient failed to flatten over time, a possible indication of lack of secondary disease spread. Tests for aggregation supported the contention that there was limited secondary spread within pepper fields and tomato plots and that most infections arose from primary transmission. Clipped plants from tomato transplant beds had no higher incidence of TSWV in grow-out tests than did nonclipped plants. Reduced yields were significantly correlated with time of first symptom expression in tomato, with plants that were symptomatic earlier in the season yielding less fruit per plant by weight. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. ARS, USDA, Nematodes Weeds & Crop Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Gitaitis, RD (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 18 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 82 IS 7 BP 752 EP 756 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.7.752 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZW311 UT WOS:000074397500007 ER PT J AU Gillaspie, AG Pappu, HR Jain, RK Rey, MEC Hopkins, MS Pinnow, DL Morris, JB AF Gillaspie, AG Pappu, HR Jain, RK Rey, MEC Hopkins, MS Pinnow, DL Morris, JB TI Characteristics of a latent potyvirus seedborne in guar and of guar green-sterile virus SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID MOSAIC POTYVIRUS; SEQUENCE; PROTEIN; ALIGNMENT; SUBGROUP; DISEASE; COWPEA AB A symptomless, seedborne potyvirus was isolated from guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) germ plasm in Griffin, Georgia. The host range and serology were similar to those reported for guar green-sterile virus (GGSV) and guar symptomless virus. Biological, serological, and molecular comparisons of the Georgia isolate and the South African GGSV indicate they are similar and are closely related to bean common mosaic potyvirus (BCMV). The Georgia isolate is seed-transmitted at a rate of up to 94% in guar line PI 340385. Sequence analysis of the capsid protein (CP) gene and the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) showed that both isolates are 96% homologous. GenBank searches indicate that both are related to various strains of BCMV. The highest CP nucleotide sequence and 3'-UTR identities of 91 and 93%, respectively, were with those of BCMV-NL4. On this basis, both isolates from guar should be considered as strains of BCMV. C1 ARS, USDA, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Witwatersrand, Dept Microbiol, ZA-2050 Wits, South Africa. ARS, USDA, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. RP Gillaspie, AG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 82 IS 7 BP 765 EP 770 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.7.765 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZW311 UT WOS:000074397500010 ER PT J AU Block, CC Hill, JH McGee, DC AF Block, CC Hill, JH McGee, DC TI Seed transmission of Pantoea stewartii in field and sweet corn SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Erwinia stewartii; seed pathology; Stewart's bacterial wilt ID ERWINIA-STEWARTII AB Seed transmission of Pantoea stewartii was evaluated by assays of more than 76,000 plants in greenhouse and field grow-out trials. Fourteen P. stewartii-infected seed lots were obtained from two dent corn inbreds and two sweet corn cultivars that were inoculated with either a rifampicin and nalidixic acid-resistant strain (rif-9A) or a wild-type strain (SS104) of P. stewartii. Four additional seed lots were collected from naturally infected inbreds. Percentages of infected kernels ranged from 0.8 to 72%, as determined by agar plating or by individual-kernel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Plants grown from this seed were assayed by a stem-printing technique that consisted of cutting and pressing a cross-section of each stem onto agar media. Prints were examined for development of P. stewartii colonies after 24 and 48 h. The transmission rate from seed produced on the inoculated plants was 0.066% (28 of 42,206 plants), based on all seedlings assayed. Transmission was estimated to be 0.14% from infected kernels. The transmission rate from seed produced on naturally infected plants was 0.0029% (1 of 34,924 plants), based on all seedlings, and 0.022% from infected kernels. Seed transmission occurred significantly less often (P = 0.034) from seed produced on naturally infected plants than from seed produced on inoculated plants, probably due to greater kernel damage caused by ear shank inoculation. The rarity of seed transmission of P. stewartii from heavily infected seed lots that would ordinarily be rejected due to poor germination suggests that the likelihood of seed transmission from good quality commercial seed corn is virtually nonexistent. C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, N Cent Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Seed Sci Ctr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Block, CC (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, N Cent Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 24 TC 18 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 82 IS 7 BP 775 EP 780 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.7.775 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZW311 UT WOS:000074397500012 ER PT J AU Gillaspie, AG Hopkins, MS Pinnow, DL Jordan, RL AF Gillaspie, AG Hopkins, MS Pinnow, DL Jordan, RL TI Characteristics of a potyvirus of the bean yellow mosaic virus subgroup in Sesbania speciosa germ plasm SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; COWPEA; PEA AB A plant of Sesbania speciosa with leaf mosaic and distortion symptoms was identified in a germ plasm regeneration plot at Griffin, Georgia. The Sesbania virus produced mild or moderate mosaic symptoms on Glycine mar cvs. Bragg and Tracy M, Lupinus albus, Nicotiana benthamiana, Pisum sativum cv. Perfected Wales, Phaseolus vulgaris cvs. Black Turtle, Bountiful, and Pinto, and did not infect N. tabacum. Bean yellow mosaic potyvirus (BYMV) and pea mosaic potyvirus (PMV) do not infect Perfected Wales pea and they produce mosaic, distortion, and necrosis on white lupine. The PMV strain tested produced much more severe symptoms on the three green beans, with top necrosis on Pinto. BYMV produced local latent infection of N. tabacum and BYMV and PMV produced mosaic with distortion on N. benthamiana. The Sesbania virus was seed-transmitted at a low rate in S. speciosa. Indirect-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests with a general potyvirus monoclonal antibody and BYMV and white lupine mosaic virus (WLMV) polyclonal antisera were strongly positive. Tests of the Sesbania virus against a monoclonal antibody panel suggests that it is not BYMV or any of the previously described subgroup members, but is a member of the BYMV subgroup. This is the first report of a seedborne BYMV-like virus of Sesbania spp. C1 USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. ARS, USDA, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, US Natl Arboretum,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gillaspie, AG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 82 IS 7 BP 807 EP 810 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.7.807 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZW311 UT WOS:000074397500018 ER PT J AU Forbes, GA Goodwin, SB Drenth, A Oyarzun, P Ordonez, ME Fry, WE AF Forbes, GA Goodwin, SB Drenth, A Oyarzun, P Ordonez, ME Fry, WE TI A global marker database for Phytophthora infestans SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE DNA fingerprints; population genetics; RG57 ID SEXUAL REPRODUCTION; UNITED-STATES; NORTH-AMERICA; POPULATIONS; MIGRATION; FUNGUS; DNA; DIFFERENTIATION; NETHERLANDS; DIVERSITY AB A marker database was compiled for isolates of the potato and tomato late blight pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, originating from 41 locations which include 31 countries plus 10 regions within Mexico. Presently, the database contains information on 1,776 isolates for one or more of the following markers: restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) "fingerprint" consisting of 23 bands; mating type; dilocus allozyme genotype; mitochondrial DNA haplotype; sensitivity to the fungicide metalaxyl; and virulence. In the database, 305 entries have unique RFLP fingerprints and 258 entries have unique multilocus genotypes based on RFLP fingerprint, dilocus allozyme genotype, and mating type. A nomenclature is described for naming multilocus genotypes based on the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) two-letter country code and a unique number, Forty-two previously published multilocus genotypes are represented in the database with references to publications. As a result of compilation of the database, seven new genotypes were identified and named. Cluster analysis of genotypes from clonally propagated populations worldwide generally confirmed a previously published classification of "old" and "new" genotypes. Genotypes from geographically distant countries were frequently clustered, and several old and new genotypes were found in two or more distant countries. The cluster analysis also demonstrated that A2 genotypes from Argentina differed from all others. The database is available via the Internet, and thus can serve as a resource for Phytophthora workers worldwide. C1 Purdue Univ, Int Potato Ctr, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Queensland, CRC Trop Plant Pathol, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. Int Potato Ctr, Quito, Ecuador. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Forbes, GA (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Int Potato Ctr, 1155 Lilly Hall, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM forbes@cip.org.ec RI Drenth, Andre/A-4915-2008 NR 31 TC 67 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 82 IS 7 BP 811 EP 818 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.7.811 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZW311 UT WOS:000074397500019 ER PT J AU Hoffman, DD Hartman, GL Mueller, DS Leitz, RA Nickell, CD Pedersen, WL AF Hoffman, DD Hartman, GL Mueller, DS Leitz, RA Nickell, CD Pedersen, WL TI Yield and seed quality of soybean cultivars infected with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE epidemic; seed quality; white mold; yield loss ID STEM ROT; RESISTANCE; REGISTRATION; DISEASE AB Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) is one of the most important diseases of soybean in the United States. Five maturity group III cultivars, Asgrow A3304 STS (A3304), Pioneer Brand 9342 (P9342), Pioneer Brand 9381 (P9381), Probst, and Yale, grown in fields in east-central Illinois, were used to determine the relationship of SSR incidence to yield, 100-seed weight, seed protein and oil content, visual seed quality, and seed germination. In addition, the number of sclerotia in seed samples and the seedborne incidence of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were determined. For each cultivar, at least 23 two-row plots, 3 m long, that represented a range of SSR incidence from low to high, were used to count the number of plants with and without SSR stem symptoms and were used to estimate yields and evaluate seed quality. Disease incidence ranged from 2 to 45% for Probst, 0 to 65% for P9381, 0 to 68% for P9342, 1 to 93% for Yale, and 0 to 95% for A3304. Regression of yields on SSR incidences for each cultivar was significant (P < 0.05); for every 10% increase in SSR incidence, yields were reduced by 147, 194, 203, 254, and 263 kg/ha for Probst, A3304, P9342, Yale, and P9381, respectively. Disease incidence was negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with seed germination for all cultivars but Probst, and to oil content and seed weight for P9381 and Yale. Disease incidence was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with seed quality for all cultivars and to the number of sclerotia in harvested seeds for P9342, P9381, and Probst. The seedborne incidence of S. sclerotiorum was 0.3, 0.3, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.7% in A3304, P9381, Yale, Probst, and P9342, respectively, and represents a significant potential for further spread of this pathogen and disease. C1 Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Hartman, GL (reprint author), Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 25 TC 27 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 82 IS 7 BP 826 EP 829 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.7.826 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZW311 UT WOS:000074397500021 ER PT J AU Miller, SS Driscoll, BT Gregerson, RG Gantt, JS Vance, CP AF Miller, SS Driscoll, BT Gregerson, RG Gantt, JS Vance, CP TI Alfalfa malate dehydrogenase (MDH): molecular cloning and characterization of five different forms reveals a unique nodule-enhanced MDH SO PLANT JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; RHIZOBIUM-LEGUMINOSARUM; ASPARTATE-AMINOTRANSFERASE; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; TRANSPORT MUTANTS; ENZYME-ACTIVITY; CDNA CLONING; ROOT-NODULE; MITOCHONDRIAL; GENE AB Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) catalyzes the readily reversible reaction of oxaloacetate reversible arrow malate using either NADH or NADPH as a reductant. In plants, the enzyme is important in providing malate for C-4 metabolism, pH balance, stomatal and pulvinal movement, respiration, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, and legume root nodule functioning. Due to its diverse roles the enzyme occurs as numerous isozymes in various organelles. While antibodies have been produced and cDNAs characterized for plant mitochondrial, glyoxysomal, and chloroplast forms of MDH, little is known of other forms. Here we report the cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding five different farms of alfalfa MDH, including a plant cytosolic MDH (cMDH) and a unique novel nodule-enhanced MDH (neMDH). Phylogenetic analyses show that neMDH is related to mitochondrial and glyoxysomal MDHs, but diverge from these forms early in land plant evolution. Four of the five forms could effectively complement an E. coli Mdh(-) mutant. RNA and protein blots show that neMDH is most highly expressed in effective root nodules. Immunoprecipitation experiments show that antibodies produced to cMDH and neMDH are immunologically distinct and that the neMDH form comprises the major form of total MDH activity and protein in root nodules. Kinetic analysis showed that neMDH has a turnover rate and specificity constant that can account for the extraordinarily high synthesis of malate in nodules. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Biol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA, Agr Res Serv, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. McGill Univ, Dept Nat Resource Sci, St Anne De Bellevue, PQ H9X 3V9, Canada. Lyon Coll, Div Nat Sci, Batesville, AR 72501 USA. RP Miller, SS (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, 411 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 55 TC 101 Z9 126 U1 2 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-7412 J9 PLANT J JI Plant J. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 15 IS 2 BP 173 EP 184 DI 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1998.00192.x PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 108UL UT WOS:000075283900003 PM 9721676 ER PT J AU Gronwald, JW Plaisance, KL AF Gronwald, JW Plaisance, KL TI Isolation and characterization of glutathione S-transferase isozymes from sorghum SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BI-BI MECHANISM; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; ETHACRYNIC-ACID; ACTIVE-SITE; RAT-LIVER; HERBICIDE ANTIDOTES; CATALYTIC ACTIVITY; SENSITIVE METHOD; CONCANAVALIN-A AB Two glutathione S-transferase (CST) isozymes, A1/A1 and B1/B2, were purified from etiolated, O-1,3-dioxolan-2-yl-methyl-2,2,2,-trifluoro-4'-chloroacetophenone-oxime-treated sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) shoots. GST A1/A1, a constitutively expressed homodimer, had a subunit molecular mass of 26 kD and an isoelectric point of 4.9. CST A1/A1 exhibited high activity with 1-chloro-2,4,dinitrobenzene (CDNB) but low activity with the chloroacetanilide herbicide metolachlor. For CST A1/A1, the random, rapid-equilibrium bireactant kinetic model provided a good description of the kinetic data for the substrates CDNB and glutathione (GSH). CST B1/B2 was a heterodimer with subunit molecular masses of 26 kD (designated the B1 subunit) and 28 kD (designated the B2 subunit) and a native isoelectric point of 4.8. CST B1/B2 exhibited low activity with CDNB and high activity with metolachlor as the substrate. The kinetics of GST B1/B2 activity with GSH and metolachlor fit a model describing a multisite enzyme having two binding sites with different affinities for these substrates. Both CST A1/A1 and CST B1/B2 exhibited GSH-conjugating activity with ethacrynic acid and GSH peroxidase activity with cumene hydroperoxide, 9-hydroperoxy-trans-10,cis-12-octadecadienoic acid and 13-hydroperoxy-cis-9, trans-11-octadecadienoic acid. Both CST A1/A1 and CST B1/B2 are glycoproteins, as indicated by their binding of concanavalin A. Polyclonal antibodies raised against CST A1/A1 exhibited cross-reactivity with the B1 subunit of CSI B1/B2. Comparisons of the N-terminal amino acid sequences of the CST A1, B1, and B2 subunits with other type I theta-GSTs indicated a high degree of homology with the maize CST I subunit and a sugarcane CST. C1 USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Gronwald, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 89 TC 70 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 117 IS 3 BP 877 EP 892 DI 10.1104/pp.117.3.877 PG 16 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 101KA UT WOS:000074867100016 PM 9662530 ER PT J AU Osborne, CP LaRoche, J Garcia, RL Kimball, BA Wall, GW Pinter, PJ LaMorte, RL Hendrey, GR Long, SP AF Osborne, CP LaRoche, J Garcia, RL Kimball, BA Wall, GW Pinter, PJ LaMorte, RL Hendrey, GR Long, SP TI Does leaf position within a canopy affect acclimation of photosynthesis to elevated CO2? Analysis of a wheat crop under free-air CO2 enrichment SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; GAS-EXCHANGE; NITROGEN; GROWTH; FIELD; REDISTRIBUTION; PERSPECTIVE; APPARATUS; PLANTS AB Previous studies of photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2 have focused on the most recently expanded, sunlit leaves in the canopy. We examined acclimation in a vertical profile of leaves through a canopy of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The crop was grown at an elevated CO2 partial pressure of 55 Pa within a replicated field experiment using free-air CO2 enrichment. Cas exchange was used to estimate in vivo carboxylation capacity and the maximum rate of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-limited photosynthesis. Net photosynthetic CO2 uptake was measured for leaves in situ within the canopy. Leaf contents of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), light-harvesting-complex (LHC) proteins, and total N were determined. Elevated CO2 did not affect carboxylation capacity in the most recently expanded leaves but led to a decrease in lower, shaded leaves during grain development. Despite this acclimation, in situ photosynthetic CO2 uptake remained higher under elevated CO2. Acclimation at elevated CO2 was accompanied by decreases in both Rubisco and total leaf N contents and an increase in LHC content. Elevated CO2 led to a larger increase in LHC/Rubisco in lower canopy leaves than in the uppermost leaf. Acclimation of leaf photosynthesis to elevated CO2 therefore depended on both vertical position within the canopy and the developmental stage. C1 Univ Essex, Dept Biol Sci, John Tabor Labs, Colchester CO4 3SQ, Essex, England. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Environm Biol & Instrumentat Div, Upton, NY 11973 USA. USDA ARS, Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Long, SP (reprint author), Univ Essex, Dept Biol Sci, John Tabor Labs, Colchester CO4 3SQ, Essex, England. EM stevel@essex.ac.uk RI Long, Stephen/A-2488-2008; LaRoche, Julie/A-1109-2010 OI Long, Stephen/0000-0002-8501-7164; NR 34 TC 59 Z9 63 U1 3 U2 20 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 117 IS 3 BP 1037 EP 1045 DI 10.1104/pp.117.3.1037 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 101KA UT WOS:000074867100033 ER PT J AU Kane, HJ Wilkin, JM Portis, AR Andrews, TJ AF Kane, HJ Wilkin, JM Portis, AR Andrews, TJ TI Potent inhibition of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase by an oxidized impurity in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SITE-DIRECTED MUTANT; RIBULOSEBISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; 1,5-BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; SLOW INACTIVATION; CO2/O2 SPECIFICITY; CATALYTIC SITE; OXYGENASE; INTERMEDIATE; MECHANISM; DECARBAMYLATION AB Oxidation of D-ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (ribulose-P-2) during synthesis and/or storage produces D-glycero-2,3-pentodiulose-1,5-bisphosphate (pentodiulose-P-2), a potent slow, tight-binding inhibitor of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) ribulose-P-2 carboxylase/ oxygenase (Rubisco). Differing degrees of contamination with pentodiulose-P-2 caused the decline in Rubisco activity seen during Rubisco assay time courses to vary between different preparations of ribulose-P-2. With some ribulose-P-2 preparations, this compound can be the dominant cause of the decline, far exceeding the significance of the catalytic by-product, D-xylulose-1,5-bisphosphate. Unlike xylulose-1,5-bisphosphate, pentodiulose-P-2 did not appear to be a significant by-product of catalysis by wild-type Rubisco at saturating CO2 concentration, it was produced slowly during frozen storage of ribulose-P-2, even at low pH, more rapidly in Rubisco assay buffers at room temperature, and particularly rapidly on deliberate oxidation of ribulose-P-2 with CU2+. Its formation was prevented by the exclusion of transition metals and O-2. Pentodiulose-P-2 was unstable and decayed to a variety of other less-inhibitory compounds, particularly in the presence of some buffers. However, it formed a tight, stable complex with carbamylated spinach Rubisco, which could be isolated by gel filtration, presumably because its structure mimics that of the enediol intermediate of Rubisco catalysis. Rubisco catalyzes the cleavage of pentodiulose-P-2 by H2O2, producing P-glycolate. C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol Sci, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. USDA ARS, Photosynth Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Andrews, TJ (reprint author), Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Biol Sci, POB 475, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. NR 38 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 117 IS 3 BP 1059 EP 1069 DI 10.1104/pp.117.3.1059 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 101KA UT WOS:000074867100035 ER PT J AU Canel, C Lopes-Cardoso, MI Whitmer, S van der Fits, L Pasquali, G van der Heijden, R Hoge, JHC Verpoorte, R AF Canel, C Lopes-Cardoso, MI Whitmer, S van der Fits, L Pasquali, G van der Heijden, R Hoge, JHC Verpoorte, R TI Effects of over-expression of strictosidine synthase and tryptophan decarboxylase on alkaloid production by cell cultures of Catharanthus roseus SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE cell culture; genetic engineering; secondary metabolism; strictosidine synthase; terpenoid indole alkaloids; tryptophan decarboxylase ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; TABERNAEMONTANA-DIVARICATA; SUSPENSION CULTURES; GENE; CONSTRUCTION; AUXIN; ASSAY AB Cells of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don were genetically engineered to over-express the enzymes strictosidine synthase (STR; EC 4.3.3.2) and tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC; EC 4.1.1.28), which catalyze key steps in the biosynthesis of terpenoid indole alkaloids (TIAs). The cultures established after Agrobacterium-mediated transformation showed wide phenotypic diversity, reflecting the complexity of the biosynthetic pathway. Cultures transgenic for Str consistently showed tenfold higher STR activity than wild-type cultures, which favored biosynthetic activity through the pathway. Two such lines accumulated over 200 mg.L-1 of the glucoalkaloid strictosidine and/or strictosidine-derived TIAs, including ajmalicine, catharanthine, serpentine, and tabersonine, while maintaining wild-type levels of TDC activity. Alkaloid accumulation by highly productive transgenic lines showed considerable instability and was strongly influenced by culture conditions, such as the hormonal composition of the medium and the availability of precursors. High transgene-encoded TDC activity was not only unnecessary for increased productivity, but also detrimental to the normal growth of the cultures. In contrast, high STR activity was tolerated by the cultures and appeared to be necessary, albeit not sufficient, to sustain high rates of alkaloid biosynthesis. We conclude that constitutive over-expression of Str is highly desirable for increased TIA production. However, given its complexity, limited intervention in the TIA pathway will yield positive results only in the presence of a favorable epigenetic environment. C1 Leiden Univ, Gorlaeus Labs, Div Pharmacognosy, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. Leiden Univ, Clusius Lab, Inst Mol Plant Sci, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. RP Canel, C (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NPURU, Nat Prod Ctr, Room 2021, University, MS 38677 USA. EM ccanel@olemiss.edu RI van der Heijden, Rob/D-1403-2013; Pasquali, Giancarlo/L-6421-2013 OI Pasquali, Giancarlo/0000-0003-1256-544X NR 20 TC 113 Z9 144 U1 1 U2 22 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD JUL PY 1998 VL 205 IS 3 BP 414 EP 419 DI 10.1007/s004250050338 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZT343 UT WOS:000074075700013 PM 9640666 ER PT J AU Somkuti, GA Solaiman, DKY Steinberg, DH AF Somkuti, GA Solaiman, DKY Steinberg, DH TI Structural and functional properties of the hsp16.4-bearing plasmid pER341 in Streptococcus thermophilus SO PLASMID LA English DT Article DE Streptococcus thermophilus plasmid; plasmidborne hsp16.4 gene; pER341 ID HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; LACTIS SUBSP LACTIS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; LACTOCOCCUS-LACTIS; STIGMATELLA-AURANTIACA; RESPONSIVE PROTEIN; CRYPTIC PLASMID; DNA; GENES; REPLICATION AB The plasmid pER341 (2798 bp) of Streptococcus thermophilus ST134 was sequenced and its open reading frame (ORF) regions were characterized. Analysis of nucleotide sequences showed the putative translation product of ORF1 (rep) sharing a high level of homology with replication proteins of several small plasmids present in lactic acid bacteria and staphylococci. This and homology of regions of plus-strand (ORI) and minus-strand (ssoA) origin of replication with pC194-class plasmids indicated that pER341 replicates by the rolling-circle mechanism. ORF2 corresponded to a putative hsp gene that apparently encodes Hsp16.4, a 142-amino-acid heat stress protein. Hsp16.4 shared significant identity with other small, 18-kDa-class heat stress proteins from prokaryotic and eukaryotic sources. Hsp16.4 is apparently the first plasmidborne low-molecular-weight heat stress protein reported in dairy fermentation bacteria with a potential role in temperature-regulated functions in S. thermophilus. C1 ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Somkuti, GA (reprint author), ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM gsomkuti@arserrc.gov NR 47 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-619X J9 PLASMID JI Plasmid PD JUL PY 1998 VL 40 IS 1 BP 61 EP 72 DI 10.1006/plas.1998.1352 PG 12 WC Genetics & Heredity; Microbiology SC Genetics & Heredity; Microbiology GA ZZ710 UT WOS:000074759200006 PM 9657935 ER PT J AU Kogut, MH Lowry, VK Moyes, RB Bowden, LL Bowden, R Genovese, K Deloach, JR AF Kogut, MH Lowry, VK Moyes, RB Bowden, LL Bowden, R Genovese, K Deloach, JR TI Lymphokine-augmented activation of avian heterophils SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting of the Poultry-Science-Association CY MAY 21, 1998 CL SAVOY, ILLINOIS SP Poultry Sci Assoc, Archer Daniels Midland Co, Avian Farms Int Inc, BioKyowa Inc, Campbell Inst Res & Technol, Con Agra Poultry Co, Heartland Lysine Inc, Hoechst Roussel Agri Vet Co, Hy Line Int, IDEXX, IMC Agrico Feed Ingredients, Novus Int Inc, Perdue Farms Inc, Pfizer Anim Hlth, Tyson Foods Inc DE chicken heterophils; Salmonella; lymphokine; preventive activation; inflammation ID ENTERITIDIS-IMMUNE LYMPHOKINES; COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR; SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS; NEUTROPHIL FUNCTION; POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES; CHICKS; CYTOKINES; PEPTIDES; BIOLOGY; BOVINE AB Heterophils are important mediators of innate resistance in poultry, especially in young birds that have not yet developed an acquired immune response. Invasion of the intestinal mucosa by Salmonella spp. initiates the recruitment of large numbers of heterophils to the lamina propria.Thus, the heterophilic response can control, but not eliminate, bacterial numbers in the bird until development of acquired Immunity. Unfortunately, chicks and turkey poults are highly susceptible to Salmonella infections during the first 4 d posthatch due to the functional immaturity of both the innate and acquired immune systems. We have previously shown that the administration of Salmonella enteritidis (SE)-immune lymphokines (ILK) into either 18-d-old developing embryos or day-of-hatch chicks and poults conferred increased resistance to SE organ invasion. In this review, we present evidence that the protection induced by ILK is mediated. by vigorous recruitment and activation of heterophils. These activated heterophils migrate rapidly to the site of bacterial invasion where they phagocytize and kill the SE. Specifically, in vitro studies demonstrate an enhancement of functional activities of the heterophils including chemotaxis, adherence, phagocytosis, and bacterial killing. In addition, during the activation process, membrane expression of adhesion molecules rapidly changes from L-selectins to beta(2) integrins (CB11b/CD18) on the cells that become activated. These results further demonstrate the validity of preventive activation in poultry to induce the migration of large numbers of activated phagocytic cells to the site of infection by a pathogenic organism. Importantly, this immunopotentiation of the inflammatory response by ILK, as described here, induces the functional maturation of heterophils during the first 4 d posthatch. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Kogut, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM KOGUT@USDA.TAMU.EDU NR 59 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 77 IS 7 BP 964 EP 971 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA ZV873 UT WOS:000074350300007 PM 9657605 ER PT J AU Marsh, PM Shaw, SR AF Marsh, PM Shaw, SR TI Revision of North American Aleiodes Wesmael (Part 3): The Seriatus (Herrich-Schaeffer) species-group (Hymenoptera : Braconidae : Rogadinae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Braconidae; Aleiodes; taxonomy; revision AB The Aleiodes seriatus (Herrich-Schaeffer) species-group is defined to include the following previously described species: A. seriatus (Herrich-Schaeffer), A. femoratus Cresson, A. bakeri (Brues), A. nigristemmaticum (Enderlein) n. comb., A. nigribasis (Enderlein) n. comb., A. scriptus (Enderlein) n. comb., A. nigricosta (Enderlein) n. comb., A. percurrens (Lyle) n. comb. and A. sanctivincentensis (Shenefelt) n. comb. (replacement name for Rhogas pectoralis Ashmead). Five new species are also described: A. akidnus n. sp., A. pardalotus n. sp., A. preclarus n. sp., A. virginiensis n. sp., and A. wahli n. sp. The Aleiodes seriatus species-group is considered monophyletic and distinguished by a row of flattened, coalesced setae at the apex of the hind tibia on the inner side. An identification key, descriptions, distribution and biological information for the seven North American species are provided. C1 ARS, USDA, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Marsh, PM (reprint author), POB 384, N Newton, KS 67117 USA. NR 17 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 100 IS 3 BP 395 EP 408 PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 104WN UT WOS:000075039200002 ER PT J AU Woodley, NE AF Woodley, NE TI A revision of the genus Pararchytas brauer and Bergenstamm (Diptera : Tachinidae) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Pararchytas; Tachinidae; taxonomy; identification AB The genus Pararchytas is revised. A new species is described, P. apache (type locality: New Mexico, Grant Co., Cherry Creek campground, 14 mi. N of Silver City, 7400 feet). A lectotype is designated for Tachina decisa Walker. A key to the three known species, diagnostic descriptions, distribution maps, and illustrations are provided. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA ARS, PSI, Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Woodley, NE (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA ARS, PSI, Systemat Entomol Lab, MRC 168, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RI Woodley, Norman/M-6160-2014 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 100 IS 3 BP 409 EP 420 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 104WN UT WOS:000075039200003 ER PT J AU Gagne, RJ Harris, MO AF Gagne, RJ Harris, MO TI The distinction between Dasineura spp. (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) from apple and pear SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE New Zealand; male genitalia; identification AB Two species of gall midges, Dasineura pyri (Bouche) and Dasineura mali (Kieffer), are responsible for a similar leaf roll on pear and apple, respectively. These two species are found to have distinct differences in their male genitalia, effectively distinguishing these taxa morphologically. This evidence supports biological evidence that the two species are distinct and allows for ease of discrimination for voucher purposes. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA ARS, PSI, Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Gagne, RJ (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA ARS, PSI, Systemat Entomol Lab, MRC 168, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 100 IS 3 BP 445 EP 448 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 104WN UT WOS:000075039200007 ER PT J AU Miller, DR Williams, DJ AF Miller, DR Williams, DJ TI Melzeria horni Green (Hemiptera : Coccoidea : Eriococcidae): Redescription of a poorly known felt scale SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE scale insect; Coccoidea; Eriococcidae; felt scale; first instar; Brazil AB The genus Melzeria and the only included species, M. horni Green, were described in 1930, but the appropriate family assignment was questionable. Since that time, no one has studied the species and it has not been included in any of the recent catalogs. The objective of this paper is to redescribe the species and provide evidence that supports its placement in the family Eriococcidae. C1 ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Miller, DR (reprint author), ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA, Bldg 046,BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 100 IS 3 BP 458 EP 463 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 104WN UT WOS:000075039200009 ER PT J AU Lingafelter, SW Konstantinov, AS Lee, JE AF Lingafelter, SW Konstantinov, AS Lee, JE TI Systena chevrolat (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae : Alticinae): Notes on nomenclature, redescription of the Genus, and a preliminary discussion of characters and phylogenetic relationships SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Systena; Alticinae; Chrysomelidae; adult; morphology; character; nomenclature; systematic; flea beetle; leaf beetle AB A summary of the taxonomic history for Systena Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae) is presented. Detailed discussion and illustration of morphological characters are presented based on stereo, compound, and scanning electron microscopy of dissected exemplar specimens for eight species of Systena from North, Central, and South America. A discussion of putative relationships of Systena to other alticine genera is presented. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Lingafelter, SW (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA ARS, MRC 168, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 30 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 100 IS 3 BP 467 EP 483 PG 17 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 104WN UT WOS:000075039200011 ER PT J AU Gagne, RJ Ferraz, FFF Monteiro, RF AF Gagne, RJ Ferraz, FFF Monteiro, RF TI A new species of Neolasioptera Felt (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae) on Cuphea carthagenensis (Jacq.) Macbride (Lythraceae) in Brazil, with notes on its biology SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE gall midge; stem gall; parasitoids AB Neolasioptera cupheae Gagne, n.sp., is described from Cuphea carthagenensis in Rio de Janeiro State in Brazil. It forms a multilocular, spheroid-cylindrical stem gall covered with a dense coat of glandular trichomes that exude a sticky resin. The gall occurs throughout the year, with the highest numbers in February and March, and the lowest in June. Four species of parasitoid wasps belonging to the families Eulophidae, Ceraphronidae, Eupelmidae, and Platygasteridae were obtained in low numbers from the galls. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA, Agr Res Serv, PSI,Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Gagne, RJ (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA, Agr Res Serv, PSI,Systemat Entomol Lab, MRC 168, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RI Monteiro, Ricardo/J-3974-2012 NR 10 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 100 IS 3 BP 521 EP 525 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 104WN UT WOS:000075039200017 ER PT J AU Pogue, MG Janzen, DH AF Pogue, MG Janzen, DH TI A revision of the genus Obrima Walker (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae), with a description of a new species from Costa Rica and notes on its natural history SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Obrima cymbae; Obrima pyraloides; Obrima rinconada; Ophiderinae; Lonchocarpus; tropical dry forest; Area de Conservacion Guanacaste AB The genus Obrima Walker contains three species of essentially Neotropical distribution: Obrima pyraloides Walker, distributed from Mexico to Paraguay; Obrima rinconada Schaus from Guatemala and Mexico, to southwestern United States in Arizona and southwestern Texas; and Obrima cymbae Pogue, n. sp,, known only from Costa Rica. Obrima pyraloides was reared on Lonchocarpus minimiflorus Donn., Lonchocarpus phlebophyllus Standley and Steyerm., and Lonchocarpus orotinus Pittier (Fabaceae), while Obrima cymbae was reared on Lonchocarpus orotinus. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA, Agr Res Serv, PSI,Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Pogue, MG (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA, Agr Res Serv, PSI,Systemat Entomol Lab, MRC-168, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 100 IS 3 BP 566 EP 575 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 104WN UT WOS:000075039200021 ER PT J AU Stoetzel, MB AF Stoetzel, MB TI Antennal and other characters useful in identification of the Aphidoidea (Homoptera) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE aphids; adelgids; phylloxerans; antennae; morphs ID PHYLLOXERIDAE HOMOPTERA AB Aphids, adelgids, and phylloxerans are soft-bodied insects that damage ornamental plants and agricultural crops by sucking plant sap or through the transmission of plant viruses. Identification, even to family, of these insects can be difficult. This article contains information on antennal characters that are useful in recognition of the developmental forms of aphids, adelgids, and phylloxerans. C1 ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Stoetzel, MB (reprint author), ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, PSI, USDA,BARC W, Bldg 046,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM mstoetze@sel.barc.usda.gov NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 100 IS 3 BP 588 EP 593 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 104WN UT WOS:000075039200023 ER PT J AU Smith, DR AF Smith, DR TI New distributional data for Liliacina diversipes (Kirby) (Hymenoptera : Tenthredinidae : Selandriinae) in the United States SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA, PSI, Systemat Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Smith, DR (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA, PSI, Systemat Entomol Lab, MRC 168, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC WASHINGTON PI WASHINGTON PA SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC 20560 USA SN 0013-8797 J9 P ENTOMOL SOC WASH JI Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 100 IS 3 BP 598 EP 598 PG 1 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 104WN UT WOS:000075039200026 ER PT J AU Skidmore, MW Paulson, GD Kuiper, HA Ohlin, B Reynolds, S AF Skidmore, MW Paulson, GD Kuiper, HA Ohlin, B Reynolds, S TI Bound xenobiotic residues in food commodities of plant and animal origin (Technical report) SO PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION; PROTEIN SULFUR NUCLEOPHILES; PESTICIDE-RESIDUES; PIG HEPATOCYTES; CHLORPYRIFOS-METHYL; C-14 FURAZOLIDONE; BILIARY-EXCRETION; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; COVALENT BINDING AB In order to assess the dietary risk resulting from the use of pesticides or veterinary drugs the nature of the chemical residues on food commodities needs to be determined. Elucidation of the nature of the chemical residue is carried out using radiolabelled studies where the radiolabelled xenobiotic is applied or dosed in a manner which reflects use conditions. Food commodities are exhaustively extracted to remove the individual components of the residue. Once extracted the identity and toxicological significance of the components. can be assessed and, where appropriate, analytical methods developed to quantitatively determine the amount of the components in food items. Depending on the characteristics of the components of the residue, the extraction regime may not remove all the chemical residue from the sample matrix. These residues are frequently characterised as being "bound", however the amount and nature of this residue will be highly dependant on the extraction regime used. To provide guidance and standardisation a definition of the term "bound residues" is recommended. This definition builds on a previous IUPAC definition but takes account of the current availability of enzyme systems which effectively solubilise the entire matrix rather than extracting the residue. It is also recommended that where the extraction falls short of the full definition then the residues should be termed as "unextractable" and the conditions of the extraction should also be defined. Where residues are bound the assessment of the dietary risk cannot be directly assessed thus raising issues relating to the significance of the bound residue. The overall toxicological significance of a bound residue will depend primarily on its bioavailability and the level of exposure. In order to determine the bioavailability, study design is crucial in order to perform a critical safety assessment. C1 Zeneca Agrochem, Bracknell, Berks, England. USDA ARS, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. State Inst Qual Control Agr Prod, Wageningen, Netherlands. Natl Food Adm, S-75126 Uppsala, Sweden. Cent Sci Lab, York, N Yorkshire, England. RP Skidmore, MW (reprint author), Zeneca Agrochem, Bracknell, Berks, England. NR 147 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0033-4545 J9 PURE APPL CHEM JI Pure Appl. Chem. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 70 IS 7 BP 1423 EP 1447 DI 10.1351/pac199870071423 PG 25 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 132AK UT WOS:000076607300013 ER PT J AU McGowen, SL Pepperman, AB Johnson, RM Selim, HM AF McGowen, SL Pepperman, AB Johnson, RM Selim, HM TI Fate of metribuzin from alginate controlled release formulations in a Sharkey soil: 1. Desorption SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE kinetics; adsorption-desorption; controlled release; metabolites; metribuzin ID ADSORPTION-DESORPTION; LINSEED OIL; MOBILITY; ATRAZINE AB Desorption/release of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one] from alginate-kaolin controlled release formulations (CRFs) with time, and its kinetic retention behavior in soil, were measured. All formulations were prepared to contain Na-alginate (1%), kaolin (10%), charcoal (0.2%), Tween 20 (0.5%), and metribuzin. Linseed oil was added at a rate of 0, 1, and 4% in an attempt to control metribuzin release further. A modified batch desorption technique was used to quantify the metribuzin release kinetics from the CRFs. For CRFs with 0% linseed oil, metribuzin release was completed (99%) after 6 days, with 80% of the total released during the first day of desorption. In contrast, CRFs with 1 and 4% linseed oil exhibited strong kinetics, with continued metribuzin release with time. After 59 days, total amounts of metribuzin released from CRFs containing 0, 1, and 4% linseed oil were 100, 68, and 12.4%, respectively. It is apparent that linseed oil acts to significantly decrease metribuzin release from the fommulation, particularly at higher rates. This is related to a combination of effects, including formation of a polymeric coating by the linseed oil that would serve to decrease diffusion and chemical partitioning between the metribuzin and linseed oil. Batch results for a range of concentrations (up to 100 mg/L of metribuzin in solution) in a Sharkey clay soil (very-fine, montmorillonitic, nonacid, thermic, Vertic Haplaquept) indicated that adsorption kinetics was lacking. The metribuzin adsorption isotherm was linear and reached near equilibrium within 2 hours. This finding is consistent with metribuzin release from CRF with 0% linseed oil. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Agron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Selim, HM (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Agron, Sturgis Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 163 IS 7 BP 529 EP 534 DI 10.1097/00010694-199807000-00002 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 105ET UT WOS:000075060300002 ER PT J AU Selim, HM McGowen, SL Johnson, RM Pepperman, AB AF Selim, HM McGowen, SL Johnson, RM Pepperman, AB TI Fate of metribuzin from alginate controlled release formulations in a Sharkey soil: 2. Transport SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE transport; kinetics; adsorption-desorption; controlled release; metabolites; metribuzin; tritium ID STARCH-ENCAPSULATED ATRAZINE; LINSEED OIL; MOBILITY; COLUMNS; DEGRADATION; MOVEMENT AB The movement of alginate-kaolin controlled release formulations (CRFs) for metribuzin [4 -amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one] were investigated. Miscible displacement methods using uniformly packed Sharkey clay soil (very-fine, montmorillonitic, nonacid, thermic, Vertic Haplaquept) or acid-washed sand columns were used. The CRF beads (1.6-1.8 mm in diameter) contained 1% sodium alginate, 10% kaolin, 0.002% charcoal, 0.5% surfactant, and 88% water. Three metribuzin formulations were investigated: CRFs with 0, 1, and 4% linseed oil. Metribuzin CRFs with 0% linseed oil, when compared with Liquid pulse applications, indicated comparable mobility. In fact, breakthrough curves (BTCs) from pulse applications exhibited a symmetry and lack of tailing of the desorption side indicative of dominant equilibrium sorption mechanisms. In contrast, BTCs from columns with CRFs of 1 and 4% linseed oh exhibited extensive tailing of the desorption side. This was attributed to the incorporation of linseed oil with the CR formula, which acted to release metribuzin slowly from the matrix over extended time periods. This finding is consistent with solvent extraction experiments of metribuzin release over time. Three major metribuzin metabolites, diketometribuzin (DK), deaminated diketometribuzin (DADK), and deaminated metribuzin (DA), were detected in the effluent and followed closely metribuzin BTCs for all columns that received CRF metribuzin. For transport experiments where a pulse of reagent grade metribuzin in solution was applied, metribuzin metabolites were not detected in the effluent. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Agron, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Selim, HM (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Agron, Sturgis Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 163 IS 7 BP 535 EP 543 DI 10.1097/00010694-199807000-00003 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 105ET UT WOS:000075060300003 ER PT J AU Truman, CC Steinberger, P Leonard, RA Klik, A AF Truman, CC Steinberger, P Leonard, RA Klik, A TI Laboratory determination of water and pesticide partitioning SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE erosion mechanics; water quality; contaminant transport ID SIMULATED RAINFALL; SPLASH DETACHMENT; NO-TILLAGE; RUNOFF; SOIL; ATRAZINE; SYSTEMS; LOSSES AB Laboratory studies provide the best opportunity for studying water and pesticide partitioning for a range of soil conditions while maintaining reproducible conditions. We developed and evaluated a laboratory technique for determining pesticide partitioning among infiltration, runoff, and sediment. Simulated rainfall (44 mm h(-1)) was applied to a sandy clay loam 14 days after pesticide (atrazine, chlorpyrifos, and 2,4-D) application. The laboratory technique provided controlled test conditions and reproducible results on the partitioning of rainfall, runoff and pesticides at the soil surface and on sediment and pesticide transport. Average atrazine and chlorpyrifos half-life (t(1/2)) values determined from corresponding concentrations in the 0- to 1-cm soil layer were approximately 30 and 10 d, Atrazine, chlorpyrifos, and 2,4-D concentrations remaining in the 0- to 1-cm surface layer decreased logarithmically with rainfall duration. Atrazine and 2,4-D concentrations in the 0- to l-cm layer were correlated positively with those associated with splash (S), runoff (R), and sediment yield (E) (R-2 = 0.69 to 0.99), Relationships for all pesticide concentrations in the 0- to 1-cm layer and infiltration (INF) were correlated negatively. Relatively poor correlations (R? = 0.10-0.63) were found between chlorpyrifos losses and corresponding concentrations in the surface layer even though positive correlations were found between R and E (R-2 = 0,91) and E and S-s (R-2 = 0.77), Measured effective partitioning coefficients (K-deff) increased gradually for each event, and were at least 31 times greater than reported K-d values for atrazine, chlorpyrifos, and 2,4-D. The methodologies and experimental design described provide a means of evaluating how changes in pesticide concentrations in the surface layer are influenced by soil, rainfall, and pesticide characteristics, which will enhance the development of process-based models to predict pesticide fate and transport for event-based storms. C1 USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Renewable Resources, Vienna, Austria. RP Truman, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, 2375 Rainwater Rd,POB 946, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 34 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 163 IS 7 BP 556 EP 569 DI 10.1097/00010694-199807000-00005 PG 14 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 105ET UT WOS:000075060300005 ER PT J AU Schaap, MG Leij, FJ van Genuchten, MT AF Schaap, MG Leij, FJ van Genuchten, MT TI Neural network analysis for hierarchical prediction of soil hydraulic properties SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MOISTURE RETENTION DATA; WATER-RETENTION; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; BULK-DENSITY; CONDUCTIVITY; TEXTURE AB The solution of many field-scale Bow and transport problems requires estimates of unsaturated soil hydraulic properties. The objective of this study was to calibrate neural network models for prediction of water retention parameters and saturated hydraulic conductivity, K-s, from basic soil properties. Twelve neural network models were developed to predict water retention parameters using a data set of 1209 samples containing sand, silt, and clay contents, bulk density, porosity, gravel content, and soil horizon as well as water retention data. A subset of 620 samples was used to develop 19 neural network models to predict K-s. Prediction of water retention parameters and K-s generally improved if more input data were used, In a more detailed investigation, four models with the following levels of input data were selected: (i) soil textural class, (ii) sand, silt, and clay contents, (iii) sand, silt, and clay contents and bulk density, and (iv) the previous variables and water content at a pressure head of 33 kPa, For water retention, the root mean square residuals decreased from 0.107 for the first to 0.060 m(3) m(-3) for the fourth model while the root mean square residual K-s decreased from 0.627 to 0.451 log(cm d(-1)). The neural network models performed better on our data set than four published pedotransfer functions for water retention (by approximate to 0.01-0.05 m(3) m(-3)) and better than six published functions for K-s (by approximate to 0.1-0.9 order of magnitude). Use of the developed hierarchical neural network models is attractive because of improved accuracy and because it permits a considerable degree of flexibility toward available input data. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Schaap, MG (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM mschaap@ussl.ars.usda.gov RI van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 36 TC 324 Z9 336 U1 9 U2 64 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 62 IS 4 BP 847 EP 855 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 111UF UT WOS:000075455900001 ER PT J AU Leij, FJ Toride, N AF Leij, FJ Toride, N TI Analytical solutions for solute transport in finite soil columns with arbitrary initial distributions SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID VOLUME-AVERAGED CONCENTRATIONS; DISPLACEMENT EXPERIMENTS; DISPERSION-EQUATION; BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS AB Analytical expressions were derived for the solute concentration in soils with a nonuniform initial distribution and a finite outlet condition assuming a zero gradient at the soil outlet. The advection-dispersion equation (ADE) was solved by successively using a Laplace transform with respect to time, variation of parameters, and two different inversion procedures. Solutions for two resident concentrations and a flux-averaged concentration were derived for arbitrary and pulse-type initial distributions. The solutions are applicable for a wide range of conditions. Particular attention was paid to cases involving small Peclet numbers and large dispersive fluxes associated with steep fronts in the initial distribution. Flux-averaged concentrations may become negative or exceed the initial concentration, while solutions for the resident concentration, derived for first- and third-type inlet conditions, can predict a substantial amount of upstream solute transport due to dispersion. This suggests that the conventional ADE is not always suitable to describe initial value problems where travel times are typically short and large concentration gradients may occur. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Saga Univ, Dept Agr Sci, Saga 840, Japan. RP Leij, FJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 24 TC 7 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 9 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 62 IS 4 BP 855 EP 864 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 111UF UT WOS:000075455900002 ER PT J AU Simunek, J Wendroth, O van Genuchten, MT AF Simunek, J Wendroth, O van Genuchten, MT TI Parameter estimation analysis of the evaporation method for determining soil hydraulic properties SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID STEP OUTFLOW EXPERIMENTS; DISC INFILTROMETER DATA; UNSATURATED SOIL; INVERSE METHOD; CONDUCTIVITY AB Soil hydraulic properties are important parameters affecting water flow in variably saturated soils. We estimated the hydraulic properties from a laboratory evaporation experiment using both a parameter estimation method and the modified Wind method. The parameter estimation method combined a one-dimensional numerical solution of the Richards equation with the Marquardt-Levenberg optimization scheme, In our study we used both numerically generated data and data measured in the laboratory. Two experiments were tarried out on 10-cm-high soil cores containing two different soils. Pressure heads inside the cores were measured with five tensiometers, while evaporative water loss from the top was as determined by weighing the soil samples. The objective function for the parameter estimation analysis was defined in terms of the final total water volume in the core and pressure head readings by one or several tensiometers. An analysis of numerically generated data showed that the optimization method was most sensitive to the shape factor (n) and the saturated water content (theta,) and least to the residual water content (theta(r)), Pressure heads measured close to the soil surface vc ere found to be more valuable for the parameter estimation technique than those measured at lower locations, The optimized hydraulic parameters corresponded closely with those obtained using Wind's analysis. All optimizations gave similar results for the soil hydraulic properties within the range of measured pressure heads (0 to -700 cm). Extrapolation beyond this range involved a high level of uncertainty because of high correlation between parameters theta(r) and n. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. ZALF, Inst Soil Landscape Res, D-15374 Muncheberg, Germany. RP Simunek, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM JSimunek@ussl.ars.usda.gov RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011; van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 40 TC 100 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 27 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 62 IS 4 BP 894 EP 905 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 111UF UT WOS:000075455900007 ER PT J AU Cox, L Koskinen, WC Celis, R Yen, PY Hermosin, MC Cornejo, J AF Cox, L Koskinen, WC Celis, R Yen, PY Hermosin, MC Cornejo, J TI Sorption of imidacloprid on soil clay mineral and organic components SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-AREA; ADSORPTION MECHANISMS; MATTER; DESORPTION; MONTMORILLONITE; THIAZAFLURON; RETENTION; ATRAZINE; METHOMYL; MODEL AB Soil clay mineral and organic components have been shown to be responsible for sorption of many pesticides. This study assessed the influence of the different components of the clay fraction of five soils and model sorbents (montmorillonite, Fe oxide, and humic acid) and their binary and ternary associations on sorption of the insecticide imidacloprid (1-[(6 chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine), Sorption was very high on a clay fraction containing a high content of low-laminar-charge montmorillonite and relatively high organic C content. When organic matter of the soil clays was reduced by H2O2, sorption decreased; however, the sorption coefficient based on organic C (K-oc) increased. The increase in K-oc was greater on clays whose surface areas substantially increased after H2O2 treatment. This indicates a contribution of the surfaces of mineral components of the soil clay to sorption of imidacloprid. Imidacloprid sorbed on both montmorillonite and humic acid, whereas sorption on Fe oxide was very low. The sorption distribution coefficient, K-d, on montmorillonite increased from 15 to 180 when pH was decreased from 3.5 to 1.0, suggesting protonation of the -NH group of the imidazol ring. Sorption on binary and ternary associations of these model sorbents indicated that organic matter is the single most important component affecting sorption of imidacloprid, although there is some contribution of the mineral surfaces. C1 USDA ARS, Soil & Water Management Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. CSIC, Inst Recursos Nat & Agrobiol Sevilla, E-41080 Seville, Spain. Bayer Corp, Stilwell, KS 66085 USA. RP Koskinen, WC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Soil & Water Management Res Unit, 1991 Upper Buford Cir Rm 439, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM koskinen@soils.umn.edu RI Celis, Rafael/D-8074-2012; COX, LUCIA/M-4072-2015; OI Celis, Rafael/0000-0002-0548-0774; Cornejo, Juan/0000-0002-2552-3495; , LUCIA/0000-0003-2113-4780 NR 42 TC 77 Z9 87 U1 3 U2 27 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 62 IS 4 BP 911 EP 915 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 111UF UT WOS:000075455900010 ER PT J AU Ajwa, HA Rice, CW Sotomayor, D AF Ajwa, HA Rice, CW Sotomayor, D TI Carbon and nitrogen mineralization in tallgrass prairie and agricultural soil profiles SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-MATTER; TERRESTRIAL SUBSURFACE; MICROBIAL-POPULATIONS; BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES; CROP-ROTATION; WHEAT STRAW; DENITRIFICATION; DECOMPOSITION; SEDIMENTS; SASKATCHEWAN AB In situ mineralization of N mag contribute significantly to total inorganic-N pools deep in the soil profile. We conducted long-term laboratory incubation experiments to evaluate the net C and N mineralization in soils collected from various depths in tallgrass prairie and agricultural fields of the same geological materials and soil type. Samples were packed to a bulk density of 1.4 g cm(-3) in 5-cm-diameter by 10-cm-long cores. The cores were incubated at 35 degrees C for 40 wk in sealed containers. Net C mineralization was measured by evolved CO2, and N mineralized was measured by periodic leaching with NH4+ and NO3- measured in the leachate, Carbon and N mineralization in the surface horizon were greater in the tallgrass prairie than in the agricultural soil. In both the tallgrass prairie and agricultural soil profiles, C mineralization was least at the water-table depth, Carbon mineralization was described by a first-order kinetic model, but N mineralization was described better by a consecutive (sigmoidal) reaction model. At most depths, the ratios of potentially mineralizable organic C (C-0) to total organic C (C-0/TOC) and potentially mineralizable organic N (No) to total N (N-0/TN) were greater in the agricultural soil profile than in the tallgrass prairie soil profile, The C, and No in the surface soil (0-0.2 m) represented 11.6 and 12.2% of the total organic C and N pools fur the tallgrass prairie soil profile, respectively, and 21.0 and 10.2% of the total organic C and N pools fur the agricultural soil profile. Management practices affected the mineralization potentials and rates of both the surface and subsurface soils. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. RP Rice, CW (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Throckmorton Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. EM cwrice@ksu.edu NR 44 TC 69 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 26 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 62 IS 4 BP 942 EP 951 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 111UF UT WOS:000075455900015 ER PT J AU Farahani, HJ Peterson, GA Westfall, DG Sherrod, LA Ahuja, LR AF Farahani, HJ Peterson, GA Westfall, DG Sherrod, LA Ahuja, LR TI Soil water storage in dryland cropping systems: The significance of cropping intensification SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID TILLAGE SYSTEMS; EFFICIENCY AB Soil and water conservation is essential to the sustainability of Great Plains dryland agriculture. We hypothesized that cropping intensification improves the efficient use of precipitation. We evaluated long-term observations of soil water at three locations in eastern Colorado for a range of pan evaporations (1050-1900 mm), soils, and cropping systems, Soils at various locations were mostly of the Argiustoll subgroup except for one Ustochrept and one Haplargid, both at the higher evaporation location, Normal precipitation at the three locations ranges from 400 to 425 mm yr(-1). Systems included a 2-yr winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-fallow (WF) and more intense 3-yr winter wheat-corn (Zea mays L.)fallow and winter wheat-sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]-fallow and 4-yr rotations. To quantify the effectiveness of the intensified systems at utilizing precipitation, we introduce the System-Precipitation-Storage Index (SPSI) and System-Precipitation-Use Index (SPUI), Mean SPSI values were 0.19 and 0.28 for 2- and 3-yr systems, respectively, meaning that the fallow periods in the 3-yr rotation were collectively 47% more efficient at storing precipitation than fallow in WF, Inclusion of a summer crop, such as corn or sorghum, increased the fraction of precipitation allocated to growing-season crop production (i.e., SPUI) from 0.43 in WF to 0.56 (i.e,, an increase of 30%) in 3-yr systems. The gains in efficient use of precipitation with intensification resulted from (i) reducing the frequency of the inefficient fallow preceding wheat, and (ii) using water for transpiration that,would otherwise be lost during fallow through soil evaporation, runoff, and deep percolation. C1 Colorado State Univ, USDA ARS, Water Management Res Unit, Agr Engn Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Farahani, HJ (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, USDA ARS, Water Management Res Unit, Agr Engn Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Peterson, Gary/B-8119-2013 NR 12 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 11 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 62 IS 4 BP 984 EP 991 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 111UF UT WOS:000075455900021 ER PT J AU Ma, LW Shaffer, MJ Boyd, JK Waskom, R Ahuja, LR Rojas, KW Xu, C AF Ma, LW Shaffer, MJ Boyd, JK Waskom, R Ahuja, LR Rojas, KW Xu, C TI Manure management in an irrigated silage corn field: Experiment and modeling SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WATER-QUALITY MODEL; MACROPORE TRANSPORT; SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE; POULTRY LITTER; SOIL; RZWQM; NITRATE; SIMULATION; COMPONENT; AMMONIUM AB On agricultural lands, animal waste disposal as fertilizer has been practiced since the beginning of agriculture. However, the practice has been an environmental concern in recent years due to over disposal of animal waste in some instances. This study evaluated soil NO3 response to beef-manure application on a corn (Zea mays L.) field and tested the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) for manure management. The experiment site was located in Northeastern Colorado on a silage-corn field with a history of fertilization with beef manure every fall after corn harvest. To study the residual effect of lung-term manure application, 582 kg ha(-1) of manure-N was applied to the east side of the field in the Fall of 1993, 1993, and 1995, while the west side received manure in 1993 only. Average silage-corn yields from the west site were 25.4, 31.9, and 22.5 Mg ha(-1) for 1994, 1995, and 1996, respectively, which were not significantly different from that harvested from the east site (25.1, 30.9, and 24.3 Mg ha(-1), respectively). Average soil NO3 concentrations decreased significantly from 14.9 to 8.5 mg N kg(-1) in the top 30 cm of soil, and from 5.4 to 3.7 mg N kg(-1) in the 30- to 60-cm soil profile after stopping manure application, No significant difference in soil NO3 concentrations between the manured and not-manured sites was found below 60 cm. Average plant N uptake ranged from 140 to 362 kg N ha(-1) and was not significantly different between the two sites. The RZWQM was calibrated on the basis of the measured silage-corn yield and plant N uptake, and was then used to predict soil NO3 concentration and total water storage in the soil profile. Generally, the calibrated model provided adequate predictions for both NO3 and soil water content with r(2) > 0.83. The model was further used to evaluate alternative scenarios of manure and water management. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Shaffer, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 40 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 6 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 62 IS 4 BP 1006 EP 1017 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 111UF UT WOS:000075455900024 ER PT J AU Pikul, JL Aase, JK AF Pikul, JL Aase, JK TI Fall contour ripping increases water infiltration into frozen soil SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; TILLAGE; CROP AB Crop residue management to trap snow and soil management to improve water infiltration into frozen soil might reduce spring runoff and increase soil water storage. We hypothesized that soil macropores created by tillage would improve water infiltration when the soil was frozen. This hypothesis was tested by ripping a Dooley sandy loam (fine-loamy, mixed Typic Argiboroll) in the fall of the year and then measuring water infiltration when the soil was frozen. A single subsoiling shank was used to rip soil to a depth of 0.3 m at 6-m contour intervals. Ripping was compared with no ripping using a randomized experimental design having three replications, Studies were conducted during 4 yr near Culbertson, MT, on plots seeded annually to spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Soil water was measured,vith neutron attenuation and gravimetric methods. We used a constant-head (100 mm) method to measure water infiltration into frozen soil and a rainfall simulator for unfrozen suit. Final infiltration rate on frozen, ripped soil averaged 16 vs. 2 mm h(-1) without ripping, Final unfrozen infiltration rate in spring was 34 mm h(-1) with ripping vs. 15 mm h(-1) without ripping, Average spring water content of the top 1.2 m of soil, to a distance 1.5 m downslope from a rip, was 32 mm greater with ripping than without ripping at comparable slope positions. There were no wheat yield differences between treatments. C1 USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. USDA, ARS, Kimberly, ID 83341 USA. RP Pikul, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. NR 30 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 62 IS 4 BP 1017 EP 1024 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 111UF UT WOS:000075455900025 ER PT J AU Rustad, LE Fernandez, IJ AF Rustad, LE Fernandez, IJ TI Soil warming: Consequences for foliar litter decay in a spruce-fir forest in Maine, USA SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DECOMPOSITION RATES; LIGNIN CONTROL; LEAF LITTER; TEMPERATURE; NITROGEN; DYNAMICS; ECOSYSTEMS; CHEMISTRY; HARDWOOD; HOWLAND AB Increased rates of litter decay due to projected global warming could substantially alter the balance hc tw een C assimilation and release in forest soils, with consequent feedbacks to climate change. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of soil warming on the decomposition of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg,) and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) foliar litter at Howland, ME, Experimentally increased Oa horizon soil temperatures (increase of 4-5 degrees C) were maintained during the snow-free season from 1993 through 1995 in replicated 15 by 15 m plots using heat-resistance cables. For red maple litter, significant treatment effects included greater loss of mass (27%) and C (33%), and greater accumulation of Zn (54%) during the first 6 mo of decay in the heated plots than the control plots, After 30 mo of decay, significant treatment effects were no longer evident for red maple litter. Few treatment effects were observed for red spruce litter during the initial 18 mo of decay. However, after 30 mo of decay, significant treatment effects included greater loss of mass (19%), C (19%). N (24%), Ca (27%), Mg (12%), K (4%), Zn (60%), and cellulose (40%) in red spruce litter in the heated plots than the control plots. We conclude that a modest increase in Oa horizon soil temperature ( 4-5 degrees C) ran significantly increase litter decay rates and alter litter decay dynamics in this coniferous forest stand, and that these changes exhibit variations in their temporal development as a function of species and litter quality attributes. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Appl Ecol & Environm Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. RP Rustad, LE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, POB 640, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM rustad@maine.maine.edu NR 37 TC 29 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 15 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 62 IS 4 BP 1072 EP 1080 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 111UF UT WOS:000075455900032 ER PT J AU Benjamin, JG Porter, LK Duke, HR Ahuja, LR Butters, G AF Benjamin, JG Porter, LK Duke, HR Ahuja, LR Butters, G TI Nitrogen movement with furrow irrigation method and fertilizer band placement SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NITRATE AB Alternate-furrow irrigation has been proposed as a method to increase irrigation water use efficiency, increase capture and storage of rainfall during the irrigation season, and decrease deep percolation of water. We hypothesized that less fertilizer leaching would occur if the applied fertilizer were spatially separated from the irrigation water in a furrow irrigation system. A study was conducted on a Fort Collins loam (fine-Loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aridic Haplustalf) in 1994 and 1995 near Fort Collins, CO. Nitrogen uptake by corn (Zea mays L.) and N leaching were determined with alternate-furrow and every-furrow irrigation water applications, each with fertilizer bands of N-15-enriched (NH4)(2)SO4 placed either in the row or in the furrow. In 1994 fertilizer N leached to approximate to 1 m for the every-furrow irrigation with fertilizer placed in the irrigated furrow, but to 0.5 m or less for the other treatments. In 1995 the fertilizer leaching was similar among the treatments because of less irrigation and more rainfall during the growing season. There were no statistically significant differences for irrigation water placement effects on plant biomass or total N uptake, indicating that alternate-furrow irrigation is not detrimental to crop production compared with every-furrow irrigation for similar applications of water. This study showed that placing fertilizer in the nonirrigated furrow of an alternate-furrow irrigation system or placing fertilizer in the row with either alternate- or every-furrow irrigation has the potential to decrease fertilizer leaching without reducing crop productivity. C1 USDA ARS, Soil Plant Nutrient Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. USDA ARS, Water Management Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Akron, OH 80720 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Benjamin, JG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cent Great Plains Res Unit, POB 400, Akron, CO 80720 USA. NR 11 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 9 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 62 IS 4 BP 1103 EP 1108 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 111UF UT WOS:000075455900036 ER PT J AU Merrill, SD AF Merrill, SD TI Comments on the chain method for measuring soil surface roughness: Use of the chain set SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RP Merrill, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Great Plains Res Lab, POB 459, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 62 IS 4 BP 1147 EP 1149 PG 3 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 111UF UT WOS:000075455900041 ER PT J AU Davila, A Scott, GM Klungness, JH AF Davila, A Scott, GM Klungness, JH TI An evaluation of quantification methods for plastics SO TAPPI JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE bleached pulps; contraries; evaluation; hardwood pulps; plastics; quantitative analysis; reclaimed fibers; recycling; screening; stickies; test methods; waste papers AB The objective was to investigate and compare methods for quantifying the concentrations of different plastics in stock samples. Five types of plastics were added to clean, bleached, hardwood pulp stock. The plastics concentrations in the stock samples were 0.10%, 0.50%, 1.0%, and 2.0%, based on the oven-dried weight of the pulp. Samples were processed and analyzed by four quantification methods: image analysis, screening, passage through a hydrocyclone, and vacuum flotation. Screening was the most efficient and reliable method for quantifying plastics. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Davila, A (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TECH ASSN PULP PAPER IND INC PI NORCROSS PA 15 TECHNOLOGY PARK SOUTH, NORCROSS, GA 30092 USA SN 0734-1415 J9 TAPPI J JI TAPPI J. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 81 IS 7 BP 145 EP 148 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA ZY476 UT WOS:000074625100026 ER PT J AU Cui, XL Calamari, TA Suh, MW AF Cui, XL Calamari, TA Suh, MW TI Theoretical and practical aspects of fiber length comparisons of various cottons SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Fiber length is one of the most important physical properties of cotton. Frequently, it is necessary to compare the fiber lengths of various cottons. The commonly used statistical characteristics of a cotton fiber length distribution include the mean fiber length, short fiber content, and upper quartile length. These statistics may be calculated from number-based or weight-based distributions. This paper shows theoretically and experimentally that number-based and weight-based statistics may give opposite rank orders in some cases when they are used to compare cotton fiber lengths. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Text, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Cui, XL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 68 IS 7 BP 467 EP 472 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA ZX845 UT WOS:000074561200001 ER PT J AU Akin, DE Rigsby, LL Henriksson, G Eriksson, KEL AF Akin, DE Rigsby, LL Henriksson, G Eriksson, KEL TI Structural effects on flax stems of three potential retting fungi SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Rhizomucor pusillus and Fusarium lateritium, isolated from flax dew-retted in South Carolina, and Epicoccum nigrum, isolated from flax dew-retted in the Netherlands, are evaluated for structural modifications of various cells in their flax stems, particularly the effects on fiber walls and bundles as related to retting. All fungi are effective in degrading parenchyma tissues and isolating fibers, but F. lateritium and particularly E. nigrum also degrade the fiber cell walls, including the secondary layers, indicating the potential for over-retting and reduced fiber strength. In contrast, R. pusillus does not appear to attack the main portion of the secondary wall, but degrades the most central portion of the fiber wall, thus expanding the fiber lumen. Extracellular enzymes produced by this fungus appear to effectively degrade the middle lamellae, separating bundles into fibers. The lignified walls of the core cells are partially degraded by F. lateritium but not by R. pusillus or E. nigrum. R. pusillus and E. nigrum appear to partially degrade or alter the cuticular surface of the stem, possibly facilitating hyphal penetration to the internal tissues. These observations of structural alterations indicate that R. pusillus possesses the best retting abilities. Results are interpreted in light of previous information on the enzymatic profile of these fungi. C1 ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Akin, DE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RI Henriksson, Gunnar/G-3556-2010 NR 13 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 68 IS 7 BP 515 EP 519 DI 10.1177/004051759806800708 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA ZX845 UT WOS:000074561200008 ER PT J AU Havey, MJ McCreight, JD Rhodes, B Taurick, G AF Havey, MJ McCreight, JD Rhodes, B Taurick, G TI Differential transmission of the Cucumis organellar genomes SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE cucumber; melon; mitochondria; chloroplast; DNA ID CHLOROPLAST DNA-SEQUENCES; RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENES; OXIDASE SUBUNIT-I; PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; BIPARENTAL INHERITANCE; PATERNAL INHERITANCE; PLASTID INHERITANCE; MAIZE MITOCHONDRIA; CUCURBITACEAE AB Although plants generally show maternal transmission of the organellar genomes, previous research has demonstrated that the mitochondrial (mt) genome of cucumber is paternally transmitted. In this study, we identified RFLPs in the organellar genomes of melon, squash, and watermelon to establish organellar DNA transmission. Serial dilutions of DNA demonstrated that our hybridizations revealed the presence of a polymorphic cytoplasm when it represented at least 1% of the DNA sample. At this level of sensitivity, the chloroplast genomes of melon, squash, and watermelon were maternally transmitted. The mitochondrial genomes of squash and watermelon were maternally transmitted; however, melon, like cucumber, showed paternal transmission of the mitochondrial genome. Because most angiosperms and the related genera Cucurbita and Citrullus show maternal transmission of the mtDNA, paternal transmission in Cucumis is likely the derived state. The Cucumis mitochondrial genomes are several-fold larger than those of other cucurbits. Based on 55 probe-enzyme combinations, mtDNA size differences could not be explained by duplication of the entire genome or partial duplication of regions hybridizing with the mitochondrial probes. Because the chloroplast, mitochondrial, and nuclear genomes of Cucumis are differentially transmitted, this genus is an excellent system to study the role of intergenomic transfer in the evolution of extremely large mitochondrial genomes. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Salinas, CA 93905 USA. E147 Poole Agr Ctr, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Ferry Morse Seed Co, Sun Prairie, WI 53590 USA. RP Havey, MJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 53 TC 53 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 97 IS 1-2 BP 122 EP 128 DI 10.1007/s001220050875 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 110JH UT WOS:000075377300016 ER PT J AU Larson, SR Young, KA Cook, A Blake, TK Raboy, V AF Larson, SR Young, KA Cook, A Blake, TK Raboy, V TI Linkage mapping of two mutations that reduce phytic acid content of barley grain SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE barley; mutations; phytic acid ID TOTAL PHOSPHORUS; WHEAT; ISOZYME; PROTEIN; GENOME; MAP AB This study describes the inheritance and linkage map positions of two low phytic acid barley (Hordeum vulgare) mutations, lpa1-1 and lpa2-1, that dramatically reduce grain phytic acid content and increase inorganic seed phosphorus (P). Wide-cross, Fz mapping populations were constructed by mating six-rowed varieties,'Steptoe' and/or 'Morex', with two-rowed 'Harrington' Ipa donor lines homozygous for either lpal-1 or lpa2-1. The barley Ipa1-1 mutation showed normal inheritance patterns, whereas a deficiency of homozygous lpn2-1/lpa2-1 F(2) plants was observed. We identified a codominant, STS-PCR marker (aMSU21) that cosegregated with lpn1-1 in a population of 41 F(2) plants. The aMSU21 marker was then mapped to a locus on barley chromosome 2H, using a North American Barley Genome Mapping Project (NABGMP) doubled haploid population ('Harrington' x 'Morex'). We determined that lpa2-1 is located within a recombination interval of approximately 30 cM between two AFLP markers that were subsequently mapped to barley chromosome 7H by integration with the same NABGMP population. Recent comparative mapping studies indicate conserved genetic map orders of several homologous molecular marker loci in maize and the Triticeae species that also show corresponding linkage to the biochemically similar lpa2 mutations of maize and barley. This observation suggests that barley and maize lpa2 mutations may affect orthologous genes. No such evidence for correspondence of the phenotypically similar lpa1 mutations of barley and maize has been revealed. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Samll Grains Germplasm Res Facil, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Plant Soil & Environm Sci, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Raboy, V (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Samll Grains Germplasm Res Facil, 1691 So 2700 W,POB 307, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. EM vraboy@uidaho.edu NR 22 TC 99 Z9 108 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 97 IS 1-2 BP 141 EP 146 DI 10.1007/s001220050878 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 110JH UT WOS:000075377300019 ER PT J AU Rasby, RJ Day, ML Johnson, SK Kinder, JE Lynch, JM Short, RE Wettemann, RP Hafs, HD AF Rasby, RJ Day, ML Johnson, SK Kinder, JE Lynch, JM Short, RE Wettemann, RP Hafs, HD TI Luteal function and estrus in peripubertal beef heifers treated with an intravaginal progesterone releasing device with or without a subsequent injection of estradiol SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE beef heifer; progesterone; estrogen; puberty ID LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; PLASMA PROGESTERONE; OVARIAN ACTIVITY; PUBERTY; SECRETION; COWS; FSH AB The objectives of this experiment were to determine if treatment of beef heifers with progesterone (P-4) using an intravaginal device alone or in combination with estradiol benzoate (EB) would induce estrus and cause development of corpora lutea (CL) with a typical life span. Peripubertal heifers (n=311) were used when about 40% of the heifers had a functional CL. The heifers were assigned to receive one of the following treatments on Day 0: 1) a sham device for 7 d (C, n=108); 2) an intravaginal device containing P-4 for 7 d (P, n=102); or 3) an intravaginal device containing P-4 for 7 d plus an injection of 1 mg EB 24 to 30 h after device removal (PE, n=101). Serum concentrations of P-4 were determined on Days -7, 0, 8, 15 and 22. Weight and age of the heifers at the start of the trial averaged 292 +/- 45 kg and 365 +/- 38 d, respectively. A greater (P < 0.0001) proportion of the heifers from the PE than P group was in standing estrus (81 vs 37%) and formed normal CL (68 vs 44%) after device removal. Of the heifers exhibiting estrus, a greater (P < 0.05) proportion of PE (94%) than P (80%) heifers was active 1 to 3 d after implant removal. Short-term progesterone treatment increased the proportion of heifers in estrus and those forming normal CL, and adding EB to the progesterone treatment further enhanced these responses. (C) 1998 by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Univ Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ft Hays State Univ, Hays, KS 67601 USA. Heartland Cattle Co, Mccook, NE USA. USDA ARS, Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Rutgers State Univ, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. RP Rasby, RJ (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RI Day, Michael/K-4311-2013 NR 23 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD JUL 1 PY 1998 VL 50 IS 1 BP 55 EP 63 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(98)00113-7 PG 9 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 104XQ UT WOS:000075042200006 PM 10734474 ER PT J AU Warren, ML Pardew, MG AF Warren, ML Pardew, MG TI Road crossings as barriers to small-stream fish movement SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID OZARK STREAM; SUBCUTANEOUS MARKING; HABITAT USE; CONSERVATION; PATTERNS; MINNOW; RIVER; POOLS AB We used mark-recapture techniques to examine the effects of four types of road crossings on fish movement during spring base flows and summer low flows in small streams of the Ouachita Mountains, west-central Arkansas. We assessed movement for 21 fish species in seven families through culvert, slab, open-box, and ford crossings and through natural reaches. We detected no seasonal or directional bias in fish movement through any crossing type or the natural reaches. Overall fish movement was an order of magnitude lower through culverts than through other crossings or natural reaches, except no movement was detected through the slab crossing. In contrast, open-box and ford crossings showed little difference from natural reaches in overall movement of fishes. Numbers of species that traversed crossings and movement within three of four dominant fish families (Centrarchidae, Cyprinidae, and Fundulidae) also were reduced at culverts relative to ford and open-box crossings and natural reaches. In spring, retention of fishes was consistently highest in stream segments upstream of crossings and lowest in downstream segments for all crossing types, a response attributed to scouring associated with spring spates. Water velocity at crossings was inversely related to fish movement; culvert crossings consistently had the highest velocities and open-box crossings had the lowest. A key requirement for improving road crossing designs for small-stream fish passage will be determination of critical levels of water velocity through crossings. C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Ctr Bottomland Hardwoods, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. US Forest Serv, Gainesville, GA 30501 USA. RP Warren, ML (reprint author), US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Ctr Bottomland Hardwoods, 1000 Front St, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 39 TC 134 Z9 141 U1 6 U2 69 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 127 IS 4 BP 637 EP 644 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(1998)127<0637:RCABTS>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 109XX UT WOS:000075350600011 ER PT J AU Franz, E Bouse, LF Carlton, JB Kirk, IW Latheef, MA AF Franz, E Bouse, LF Carlton, JB Kirk, IW Latheef, MA TI Aerial spray deposit relations with plant canopy and weather parameters SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE aerial sprays; canopies; cotton; cantaloupe; meteorology; spray ID COVERAGE AB Relationships were developed to determine the effects of plant canopy characteristics and weather parameters on aerial spray deposits on cotton and cantaloupe foliage. Deposits were quantified both by fluorometric analysis of leaf washes and image analysis of water sensitive paper cards fastened to foliage. Deposit variables included deposit volume, percent of area covered, drop density (drops/cm(2)) and volume median diameter of deposited drops. In cantaloupe canopies, aircraft airspeed did not significantly explain the variation of any of the deposit variables. If underleaf deposition is important, the results indicate that ambient wind, especially that component parallel to the crop row, is beneficial. Higher ambient temperatures should be avoided if the drop density on the underside of leaves is important. The volume median diameter of drops deposited on the underside of leaves increased while the volume median diameter of drops deposited on the upper side of leaves decreased as with-row wind increased. In cotton canopies, deposit volume and size of deposited drops decreased as aircraft airspeed increased. Deposits on the underside of leaves at the TOP canopy level increased as with-row wind increased. Cross wind had a positive effect on spray deposits at both canopy levels. Increased relative humidity significantly increased deposits at the MID canopy level but had no significant effect at the TOP canopy level. Deposited drops tended to be larger at the higher relative humidities. Deposits and size of drops deposited at the MID canopy level decreased as leaf area index (LAI) increased. Regression models based an measurements with the LAI meter had similar form and R-2 values as models barred on manual measurement of LAI for cotton canopies. C1 ARS, Areawide Pest Management Res Unit, USDA, College Stn, TX USA. RP Bouse, LF (reprint author), POB 260, Wellborn, TX 77881 USA. NR 12 TC 10 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 41 IS 4 BP 959 EP 966 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 115KE UT WOS:000075662800007 ER PT J AU Rawls, WJ Gimenez, D Grossman, R AF Rawls, WJ Gimenez, D Grossman, R TI Use of soil texture, bulk density, and slope of the water retention curve to predict saturated hydraulic conductivity SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE soil; hydraulic properties; flow models; saturated hydraulic conductivity ID CLAY SOILS; VARIABILITY; FIELD; MACROPOROSITY; INFILTRATION; HORIZONS AB With advances in computer software and hardware, mathematical subsurface flow models are routinely being used for many field applications. The application of the subsurface models depends on the availability of accurate input parameters describing the hydraulic properties of the soil, especially the soil matrix saturated hydraulic conductivity. Saturated hydraulic conductivity can be measured directly which is very costly and time consuming, or estimated indirectly from more easily measured data such as soil texture, the most readily available soil property in the United States. This study grouped more than 900 saturated hydraulic conductivities far the soil matrix according to the USDA soil texture classes and two porosity classes. The geometric mean and a variability measure are reported. Comparing these values with previously published values indicates that the new data yield higher values for the heavy textured (clay) soils. Also, values for the fine sand classes which were not previously available are reported A redefined version of the Kozeny-Carman saturated hydraulic conductivity equation based on effective porosity and the slope of the water retention curve is presented for estimating the saturated hydraulic conductivity for the soil matrix. C1 ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. USDA, NRCS, Soil Survey Lab, Natl Soil Survey Ctr, Lincoln, NE USA. RP Rawls, WJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, Bldg 007,Rm 104 BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM wrawls@hydrolab.arsusda.gov RI Gimenez, Daniel/A-6193-2013 NR 79 TC 95 Z9 99 U1 9 U2 40 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 41 IS 4 BP 983 EP 988 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 115KE UT WOS:000075662800010 ER PT J AU Zhang, XC Miller, WP Nearing, MA Norton, LD AF Zhang, XC Miller, WP Nearing, MA Norton, LD TI Effects of surface treatment on surface sealing, runoff, and interrill erosion SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE soil amendment; surface sealing; water infiltration; interrill erosion ID SIMULATED RAINFALL; SOIL-EROSION; POLYACRYLAMIDE; INFILTRATION; POLYMERS; DESORPTION; FURROWS AB Surface treatment influences the nature and extent of seal/crust formation, which affects runoff and erasion. This study evaluated the effects and longevity of soil amendments, tillage, and screen cover on runoff and interrill erosion on a Cecil sandy loam (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludult) under natural rainfall conditions. Six field plots (3.5 x 0.9 m) with a slope of 0.06-m m(-1) were used in the study. Three treatments (control, screen covet; crust-breaking shallow tillage) were studied in duplicate in the first two-month period, and another three (control, anionic polyacrylamide (PAM), and phosphogypsum) in a subsequent five-month period. Total runoff and soil loss were 69, 61, and 47 mm and 5.3, 1.6, and 4.3 Mg ha(-1) for the control, screen cover, and tillage treatments, respectively. Compared with control, screen cover reduced soil loss significantly but not runoff while tillage reduced runoff more than sail loss. Total runoff and soil loss for the control, gypsum, and PAM treatments were 146, 48, and 81 mm and 3.1, 2.6, and 2.5 Mg ha(-1), respectively. Runoff was reduced by 67% and 44% for the gypsum and PAM relative to control and soil loss by 16% and 19%, showing gypsum and PAM were more effective in reducing runoff than soil loss. Runoff was significantly reduced in the gypsum and PAM treatments in the five months following surface application. Results showed screen cover and tillage temporally reduced or delayed seal/crust formation, while the effects of gypsum and PAM were more persistent Combined with earlier findings, it appears that a combination of physical and chemical treatments is the best practice for controlling surface sealing and reducing runoff and erosion on this soil. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Zhang, XC (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, 1196 Soil Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. EM zhangxun@ecn.purdue.edu NR 31 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 41 IS 4 BP 989 EP 994 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 115KE UT WOS:000075662800011 ER PT J AU Close, KR Frasier, G Dunn, GH Loftis, JC AF Close, KR Frasier, G Dunn, GH Loftis, JC TI Tension infiltrometer contact interface evaluation by use of a potassium iodide tracer SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE disc permeameter; silica sand; membrane; contact material; dye; methods ID PREFERENTIAL FLOW PATHS; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; SOIL; WATER; INFILTRATION; TRANSPORT AB Tension infiltrometer (disc permeameter) measurements may be adversely affected by small variations in experimental procedures. Published tension infiltrometer procedures are not adequate for all tension infiltrometer studies. A potassium iodide solution was infiltrated through tension infiltrometers into packed soil columns in PVC tubing to evaluate the effect of permeameter contact variations at the silica sand/membrane interface. Packed columns minimized the effects of macropores, soil type variability and layering, allowing improved setup procedures to be developed. The spatial distribution of the potassium iodide solution on horizontal cross-sections of the column, at the surface, and various depths, was examined wing a starch and bleach technique which forms a blue-black potassium iodide-starch-bleach complex. The dye staining technique allowed assessment of the causes of variability Tension infiltrometer setup procedures were developed which resulted in reproducible tension infiltration curves and patterns as indicated by a potassium iodide tracer (during the initial 10-min phase). Despite using improved permeameter setup procedures there was non-uniform wetting and infiltration of packed columns of a sandy loam soil and a sandy clay loam soil at tensions of 0.6 kPa and 1.2 kPa, respectively. This was attributed to non-uniform wetting of the contact silica sand at the membrane interface. Assumptions that the flux through the silica sand compensates for imperfect membrane contact may not be justified The developed procedures will aid other researchers using tension infiltrometers to decrease variability between replicates. C1 ARS, USDA, Crops Res Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Chem & Bioresource Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Frasier, G (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Crops Res Lab, 1701 Ctr Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. EM gfrasier@lamar.colostate.edu NR 19 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 41 IS 4 BP 995 EP 1004 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 115KE UT WOS:000075662800012 ER PT J AU Rickman, RW Waldman, SE Morrison, JE McCool, DK AF Rickman, RW Waldman, SE Morrison, JE McCool, DK TI Point transect estimates of residue cover or crop canopy in rows SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE crop residue; soil covet; line and bead; knotted cord AB Linear evenly spaced point transects are typically used to measure percent of the soil surface covered by crop residue or canopy. As few as five 100-point count transects provide relatively precise measures of uniformly distributed cover but such transects can provide very poor precision if used to measure cover lying in parallel rows. Highly variable counts can be expected if the target occupies evenly spaced parallel stripes with alternating high (80% or more) and low (20% or less) covet: Precise means (S.D. < 5%) of cover on striped surfaces can be obtained with equally spaced point transects if both point spacing and transect angle relative to tillage or planting rows are custom-selected for each pow spacing. However no single equal point spacing or transect angle will provide precise cover estimates at all planter and tillage tool row spacings used in agricultural fields It is hypothesized that nonuniform point spacings will allow estimates of cover that are independent of transect angle on striped surfaces. The hypothesis was tested using the variance in counts of intersections between the point distributions and regularly striped geometric patterns. The standard deviation of intersection counts from randomly spaced point transects ranged between 5 and 10% cover; but was independent of transect angle and row spacing. A sinewave-like point spacing also produced cover estimates that were independent of transect angle and row spacing. The advantages of a sinewave pattern are the following: it is unique in contrast to the large number of possible random spacings, it can be used on any row spacing, and it usually provides a lower standard deviation than that obtained from randomly spaced points. The sinewave pattern shares with evenly spaced points the disadvantage that non-random points do not meet the strict requirements SOP statistical sampling. Randomly spaced point transects are recommended for percent cover estimates on fields with visible striping. C1 ARS, USDA, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. ARS, USDA, Temple, TX USA. ARS, USDA, Pullman, WA USA. RP Rickman, RW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, POB 370, Pendleton, OR 97801 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1005 EP 1010 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 115KE UT WOS:000075662800013 ER PT J AU Robinson, KM Cook, KR AF Robinson, KM Cook, KR TI Stress measurement upstream of an overfall SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE channels; flow; stress measurement; overfall erosion ID HEADCUT AB A hot-film anemometer was used to obtain hydraulic shear stress measurements on the boundary of a fixed-bed channel. These boundary stresses were measured upstream of an overfall brink for approach pow Froude numbers ranging between 1 and 4. The time-averaged stress was observed to increase as the flow accelerated toward the brink, and the brink stress typically increased as the flow rate and Froude number increased For a given pow condition, the stress magnitude was a maximum at the brink. This stress decreased to a constant value relatively rapidly with movement away from the brink. The distance required to transition from the peak brink stress to the constant stress value decreased as the Froude number increased. For a Froude number of unity, the brink stress increased by approximately 80% from stress values observed upstream of the overfall. At a Froude number of 4, the brink stress was observed to increase by only 20% above the approach pow stress levels. A relationship was developed and validated that predicts boundary stresses upstream of the overfall brink These observed variations in stress magnitude are believed to influence gully headcut erosion. C1 ARS, USDA, Hydraul Unit, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Robinson, KM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hydraul Unit, 1301 N Western St, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1019 EP 1024 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 115KE UT WOS:000075662800015 ER PT J AU Bushee, EL Edwards, DR Moore, PA AF Bushee, EL Edwards, DR Moore, PA TI Quality of runoff from plots treated with municipal sludge and horse bedding SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE manure; sludge; estrogen; aluminum sulfate; runoff ID FESCUEGRASS PLOTS; POULTRY LITTER AB Land application of horse stall bedding and municipal sludge can increase runoff concentrations of nutrients, organic matter and bacteria as well as steroidal hormones such as estrogen. Concentrations of materials in runoff from sites treated with animal manure can be reduced by aluminum sulfate, or alum [Al-2(SO4)(3). 14H(2)O] treatment. The objectives of this study were to assess plots treated with horse stall bedding or municipal sludge for: (a) runoff quality [concentrations of nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), orthophosphate-phosphorus (PO4-P) fecal coliform (FC), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and 17-beta estradiol (17 beta-E, a form of estrogen)]; (b) changes in runoff quality caused by alum treatment; and (c) time variations in concentrations of the analysis parameters. Horse bedding and municipal sludge were applied to twelve 2.4 x 6.1 m fescue plots (six each for the bedding and sludge). Three of the bedding-treated and three of the sludge-treated plots were also treated with alum. Simulated rainfall (64 mm/h) was applied to the 12 treated plots and to three control (no treatment) plots. The data were analyzed as originating from separate completely randomized, one-way designs with three replications of each treatment. The first design had treatment levels of bedding, bedding and sludge, and control, while the second design had treatment levels of sludge, sludge and alum, and control. The control data were common to both designs. The first 0.5 h runoff was sampled and analyzed for the parameters described above. Analysis parameter concentrations for the waste treated plots were generally lower than those previously reported for runoff after organic treatments. In some cases, concentrations were no different from the controls. Mass losses of all parameters were low and agronomically insignificant Alum addition decreased runoff PO4-P concentrations and increased NO3-N concentrations but had no effect on concentrations of other parameters. A significant effect of alum addition on 17 beta-E and COD concentrations was anticipated on the basis of previous studies; its absence might have been due to inadequate mixing or interval between addition and simulated rainfall. Relationships between concentration and collection time followed two patterns: (a) highest concentrations occurring during the first sample (two minutes following runoff initiation; NO3-N, GOD, FC and 17 beta-E) and (b) delay in peak concentration until four minutes following runoff initiation (NH3-N and PO4-P). The detection of different general relationships between concentration and time suggests that different mechanisms are dominant in transport of the parameters analyzed. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Edwards, DR (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. EM dedwards@bae.uky.edu NR 20 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1035 EP 1041 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 115KE UT WOS:000075662800017 ER PT J AU Horning, LB Stetler, LD Saxton, KE AF Horning, LB Stetler, LD Saxton, KE TI Surface residue and soil roughness for wind erosion protection SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE wind erosion; residue; random roughness; wind tunnel; slot sampler ID COLUMBIA PLATEAU; COVER AB Research to determine the off-site downwind impact of wind erosion of soil was conducted in the Columbia Plateau region of Washington State. As part of this project, mathematical relationships were determined for the combined effectiveness of flat plant residue and soil surface random roughness, then compared to similar equations derived from previous research. Data were obtained using a portable wind tunnel 1.0 m wide, 1.2 m high with a working section 7.3 m long. Eroded soil was collected using a vertical slot sampler 0.75 m high, 0.003 m wide and near isokinetic at three tunnel velocities. The mass of eroded soil was expressed as a ratio of that from art adjacent smooth, bare soil, then regressed against measured flat residue surface cover and random roughness. Predicted soil loss ratio values from the derived equation compared to the measured values with a slope of 0.96 and an r(2) of 0.51. The derived equation was very similar to that of previous research from a region with quite different characteristics which suggests universality of the relationships. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. S Dakota Sch Mines & Technol, Dept Geol & Geol Engn, Rapid City, SD USA. RP Horning, LB (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, 213 LJ Smith Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 24 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1061 EP 1065 PG 5 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 115KE UT WOS:000075662800020 ER PT J AU Chao, K Gates, RS Anderson, RG AF Chao, K Gates, RS Anderson, RG TI Knowledge-based control systems for single stem rose production - Part I: Systems analysis and design SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE controlled environment; fuzzy logic; modeling; plant production systems; knowledge engineering ID ECONOMIC OPTIMIZATION; VEGETATIVE GROWTH; MODEL; TREES AB Systems analysis was performed to develop knowledge-based control systems (KBS) for single stem rose production. System components and control strategies for the KBS were identified from the analysis. The control strategy for daytime temperatures was derived by balancing the conflicting goals of rose production and costs of environmental modification. Nighttime temperature control strategy was determined through qualitative reasoning of the relationship between the plant's photosynthetic efficiency and respiratory energy metabolism. A fuzzy inference paradigm was applied to facilitate system design. Two fuzzy inference systems (FIS) were designed to determine the daytime and nighttime greenhouse set point temperatures. A set of experiments was conducted to obtain the information on dimensional measurements of single stem rose (Rosa hybrida L., cv. Lady Diana) and the corresponding stem dry weight. An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was devised that predicted the dry weight for single stem roses from simple nondestructive measurements. An on-line computational algorithm for greenhouse heating and ventilation costs was developed according to the daily energy consumption of each component of heating and ventilation equipment. Two sets of rule bases were derived for daytime and nighttime temperature settings. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. ARS, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, BARC, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Hort & Landscape Architecture, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. RP Gates, RS (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Agr Engn Bldg Rm 213, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. EM gates@bae.uky.edu RI Gates, Richard/M-4367-2014 OI Gates, Richard/0000-0003-2812-1739 NR 34 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1153 EP 1161 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 115KE UT WOS:000075662800033 ER PT J AU Chao, K Gates, RS Anderson, RG AF Chao, K Gates, RS Anderson, RG TI Knowledge-based control systems for single stem rose production - Part II: Implementation and field evaluation SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE controlled environment; decision support; fuzzy inference systems; greenhouses; economic optimization ID TEMPERATURE AB Field evaluations of knowledge-based control systems (KBS) for single stem rose production were performed. TWO fuzzy inference systems (FIS) for automated selection of daytime and nighttime temperature were incorporated into the design of the integrated environmental control systems. Assessments of systems' operational characteristics for daytime and nighttime temperature settings, single stem rose performance, and potential supplemental heating energy savings were performed over three consecutive crops. It was found that the KBS is capable of making a critical decision for daytime temperature settings based on the principle of economic optimization. Single stem roses produced by the KBS were graded by stem Length. Overall crop quality was in the medium to high grades far the first two tests and poor for the last test. From the investigations, it was learned that undesirable low daytime temperature and light level during plant establishment promotes flower bud abortion. Potential benefits of heating energy savings using the KBS were estimated compared to a blueprint set point schedule (21 degrees C). A moderate reduction in heating energy costs could be realized by using the KBS. The new method demonstrated the success of incorporating a FIS into decision support for daily environment control decisions, where conflicting economic goals must be dynamically re-evaluated as crop conditions and weather vary. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. ARS, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, BARC, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Hort & Landscape Architecture, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. RP Gates, RS (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Agr Engn Bldg Rm 213, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. RI Gates, Richard/M-4367-2014 OI Gates, Richard/0000-0003-2812-1739 NR 17 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 41 IS 4 BP 1163 EP 1172 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 115KE UT WOS:000075662800034 ER PT J AU Wolfenbarger, DA Guenthner, AW AF Wolfenbarger, DA Guenthner, AW TI Effects of irradiation on Mexican fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae) larvae infesting grapefruit SO TROPICAL AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE irradiation; grapefruit; Mexican fruit fly AB A mean dose of 249.58 Grays (Gy) Co-60 irradiation caused greater than 99.9968% mortality of 99 817 irradiated Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) eggs and larvae which infested 'Ruby Red' (also called 'Webb Red Blush') grapefruit (Citrus paradisi MacFayden), Determination was based on estimated larval populations (number of pupae in control fruit) and pupal mortalities (number of adults that eclose). Both Cs-137 and Co-60 required >15% dose of irradiation to kill 99.9968% of 21-25 days-old larvae in the fruit compared to the dose required to kill eggs and larvae up to 17 days old. The LD(50)s of eggs and larvae up to 17 days of age and 21-25 days-old larvae were statistically similar based on estimated larval and pupal mortalities. The LD(50)s were 93 and 82% less for early stage and mature larvae, respectively, than doses required for 99.9968% mortality. C1 ARS, USDA, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA. APHIS, Mission Methods Dev Ctr, Edinburg, TX 78539 USA. RP Wolfenbarger, DA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 55 Calle Cenzio, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 3 PU TROPICAL AGRICULTURE PI ST AUGUSTINE PA UNIV WEST INDIES, FAC OF AGRICULTURE,, ST AUGUSTINE, TRINID & TOBAGO SN 0041-3216 J9 TROP AGR JI Trop. Agric. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 75 IS 3 BP 375 EP 379 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 213MK UT WOS:000081277700009 ER PT J AU Kelley, LC Mahaffy, EA AF Kelley, LC Mahaffy, EA TI Equine malignant lymphomas: Morphologic and immunohistochemical classification SO VETERINARY PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE equine; immunohistochemistry; immunophenotyping; malignant lymphoma; T-cell-rich; large B-cell lymphoma ID NON-HODGKINS-LYMPHOMAS; B-CELL LYMPHOMA; INSTITUTE WORKING FORMULATION; T-CELL; MULTICENTRIC LYMPHOSARCOMA; PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY; THORACIC NEOPLASIA; HORSE; LEUKEMIA; ANTIBODIES AB Gross lesions, microscopic appearance, and immunophenotyping are reported in a retrospective study of 31 cases of equine malignant lymphoma. Immunohistochemical studies were performed on archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Monoclonal antibodies to surface glycoprotein BLA.36 and intracytoplasmic domains of mb-1 and B29 were used to document the presence of B lymphocytes in the equine tumors. Polyclonal antibody to CD3 and monoclonal antibodies to T-lymphocyte markers CD3 and CD5 revealed the presence of variable numbers of T cells within the equine lymphomas. The neoplastic component of the equine lymphomas was determined through morphologic evaluation, immunophenotyping, and the use of proliferation markers Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Equine malignant lymphomas were composed of a heterogeneous cell population. Most tumors contained B and T lymphocytes. Twenty-four horses had diffuse lymphomas derived from B lymphocytes. Thirteen of these lymphomas contained primarily neoplastic B lymphocytes. Eleven additional cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma contained from 40% to 80% nonneoplastic T lymphocytes and were classified as T-cell-rich, large B-cell lymphomas. This is the first description of T-cell-rich, B-cell lymphoma in the horse. Six tumors with a diffuse architecture were derived from T lymphocytes. Four T-cell tumors were large-cell tumors, 1 was a small-cell tumor, and in 1 tumor the size of the cells could not be determined accurately because of autolytic change in the tissues. One diffuse large-cell lymphoma did not react with either B- or T-cell markers. C1 ARS, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Athens, GA USA. RP Kelley, LC (reprint author), ARS, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 72 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER COLL VET PATHOLOGIST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0300-9858 J9 VET PATHOL JI Vet. Pathol. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 35 IS 4 BP 241 EP 252 PG 12 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA 167FN UT WOS:000078622000002 PM 9684967 ER PT J AU Reiners, WA Keller, M Gerow, KG AF Reiners, WA Keller, M Gerow, KG TI Estimating rainy season nitrous oxide and methane fluxes across forest and pasture landscapes in Costa Rica SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Ecosystem Behavior CY JUN 21-25, 1997 CL VILLANOVA UNIV, PHILADELPHIA, PA SP Natl Sci Fdn, Elect Power Res Inst, NOAA, Valley Forge Brewing Co HO VILLANOVA UNIV DE Costa Rica; geographic information system; landscape-scale; methane flux; nitrous oxide flux ID TALLGRASS PRAIRIE LANDSCAPE; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; SHORTGRASS STEPPE; NITRIC-OXIDE; GAS FLUXES; DENITRIFICATION; SOILS; MODEL; N2O; ATMOSPHERE AB The objectives of this research were to estimate exchanges of CH(4) and N(2)O, both radiatively active gases, between soil and atmosphere on hilltop, slope and swale hillslope positions of northeastern Costa Rica; and to assess the importance of accounting for topography in making areal estimates across hilly terrain. Emission rates from soils were measured during the rainy season on three hillslope positions of both actively grazed pastures and primary forests. Emission rates from pasture and forest sites were significantly different for both gases. Differences between slope positions, though notable, were not significantly different for CH(4), but were significantly different for N(2)O. The forest landscape was partitioned with GIS methods into hilltop, slope and swale topographic positions. The calculated areas for each of these were multiplied by their respective emission rates to calculate overall flux from the entire forested area of 618 ha. Nitrous oxide flux ranged from 16,181 to 17,100 g N d(-1). Similarly, CH(4) flux ranged from -6,201 to -6,658 g CH(4) d(-1). Errors associated with both estimating mean emission rates for each hillslope position and judgmental errors in partitioning the landscape into hillslope positional classes are important to making landscape-scale estimates of flux. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. US Forest Serv, Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Stat, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Zool & Physiol, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Reiners, WA (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RI Keller, Michael/A-8976-2012 OI Keller, Michael/0000-0002-0253-3359 NR 40 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 105 IS 1-2 BP 117 EP 130 DI 10.1023/A:1005078214585 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 108QN UT WOS:000075277100013 ER PT J AU David, MB Cupples, AM Lawrence, GB Shi, G Vogt, K Wargo, PM AF David, MB Cupples, AM Lawrence, GB Shi, G Vogt, K Wargo, PM TI Effect of chronic nitrogen additions on soil nitrogen fractions in red spruce stands SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Ecosystem Behavior CY JUN 21-25, 1997 CL VILLANOVA UNIV, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA SP Natl Sci Fdn, Elect Power Res Inst, NOAA, Valley Forge Brewing Co HO VILLANOVA UNIV DE forest soil chemistry; forest nitrogen cycling; nitrogen deposition; forest soil nitrogen fractions ID NORTHERN HARDWOOD FOREST; SOLUTION CHEMISTRY; SULFATE ADDITIONS; NEW-ENGLAND; ECOSYSTEM; MAINE; USA; SATURATION; AMMONIUM; NITRATE AB The responses of temperate and boreal forest ecosystems to increased nitrogen (N) inputs have been varied, and the responses of soil N pools have been difficult to measure. In this study, fractions and pool sizes of N were determined in the forest floor of red spruce stands at four sites in the northeastern U.S. to evaluate the effect of increased N inputs on forest floor N. Two of the stands received 100 kg N ha(-1)yr(-1) for three years, one stand received 34 kg N ha(-1)yr(-1) for six years, and the remaining stand received only ambient N inputs. No differences in total N content or N fractions were measured in samples of the Oie and Oa horizons between treated and control plots in the three sites that received N amendments. The predominant N fraction in these samples was amino acid N (31-45 % of total N), followed by hydrolyzable unidentified N (16-31 % of total N), acid-soluble N (18-22 % of total N), and NH4+-N (9-13 % of total N). Rates of atmospheric deposition varied greatly among the four stands. Ammonium N and amino acid N concentrations in the Oie horizon were positively related to wet N deposition, with respective r(2) values of 0.92 and 0.94 (n = 4, p < 0.05). These relationships were somewhat stronger than that observed between atmospheric wet N deposition and total N content of the forest floor, suggesting that these pools retain atmospherically deposited N. The NH4+-N pool may represent atmospherically deposited N that is incorporated into organic matter, whereas the amino acid N pool could result from microbial immobilization of atmospheric N inputs. The response of forest floor N pools to applications of N may be masked, possibly by the large soil N pool, which has been increased by the long-term input of N from atmospheric deposition, thereby overwhelming the short-term treatments. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. US Geol Survey, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, USDA, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. RP David, MB (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 105 IS 1-2 BP 183 EP 192 DI 10.1023/A:1005012400047 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 108QN UT WOS:000075277100019 ER PT J AU Johnson, DW Hanson, PJ Todd, DE Susfalk, RB Trettin, CF AF Johnson, DW Hanson, PJ Todd, DE Susfalk, RB Trettin, CF TI Precipitation change and soil leaching: Field results and simulations from Walker Branch Watershed, Tennessee SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Ecosystem Behavior CY JUN 21-25, 1997 CL VILLANOVA UNIV, PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA SP Natl Sci Fdn, Elect Power Res Inst, NOAA, Valley Forge Brewing Co HO VILLANOVA UNIV DE leaching; Nutrient Cycling Model; rainfall; soil solution chemistry; Walker Branch Watershed ID FOREST AB To investigate the potential effects of changing precipitation on a deciduous forest ecosystem, an experiment was established on Walker Branch Watershed, Tennessee that modified the amount of throughfall at -33 %, ambient (no change), and +33 % using a system of rain gutters and sprinklers. We hypothesized that the drier treatments would cause: 1) disproportionate changes in soil water flux, 2) increased total ionic concentrations in soil solution that would in turn cause 3) decreased SO42-/Cl- ratios, 4) decreased HCO3- concentrations, and 5) increased ratios of Al to (Ca2+ + Mg2+) and of (Ca2+ + Mg2+) to K+. Hypothesis 1 was supported by simulation results. Hypotheses 2 and 3 were supported in part by field results, although interpretation of these was complicated by pre-treatment biases. Hypotheses 4 and 5 were not supported by the field results. Comparisons of field data and Nutrient Cycling Model (NuCM) simulations were favorable for most ions except Cl- and K+. The disparities may be due to underestimation of soil buffering in the case of Cl- and overestimation of soil buffering in the case of K+ in the model. Long-term simulations with NuCM suggest that reducing water inputs will slow the rate of soil acidification and P loss, but will not materially affect growth or ecosystem N status. C1 Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. US Forest Serv, Charleston, SC USA. RP Johnson, DW (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. RI Hanson, Paul J./D-8069-2011 OI Hanson, Paul J./0000-0001-7293-3561 NR 15 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 105 IS 1-2 BP 251 EP 262 DI 10.1023/A:1005039711434 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 108QN UT WOS:000075277100025 ER PT J AU Lloyd, SW Lea, JM Zimba, PV Grimm, CC AF Lloyd, SW Lea, JM Zimba, PV Grimm, CC TI Rapid analysis of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in water using solid phase micro extraction procedures SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE aquaculture; 2-methylisoborneol; micro extraction; potable water; SPME; geosmin; off-flavors; odor; Pseudanabaena ID GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; TASTE AB Geosmin (GSM) and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) are algae metabolites with muddy/musty odors which contaminate water supplies and can be absorbed by aquatic organisms. Humans can perceive them in water and aquatic food products at ng/l (parts per trillion) concentrations. A rapid method employing solid phase micro extraction (SPME) has been developed for the analysis of GSM and MIB in water. Routine quantification at mu g/l concentrations can be accomplished using gas chromatography and flame ionization detection (FID) on a 6 ml aqueous sample with a total analysis time of less than 15 min. Concentration levels of MIB and GSM at 10 ng/l (parts per trillion) can be detected under optimal conditions employing GC/MS in selected ion monitoring mode. Standard solutions and water samples from MIB producing algae cultures were used to compare SPME against purge and trap (P&T) using both flame ionization and mass spectrometric detection. Results obtained from SPME and PET were similar in terms of reproducibility and sensitivity. This paper reports a simple, rapid method for monitoring the algal production of MIB and GSM at the mu g/l range which can be extended to the drinking water levels at the ng/l range of concentrations. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, SRRC, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Lloyd, SW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SRRC, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RI Zimba, Paul/O-2778-2013 NR 15 TC 126 Z9 137 U1 3 U2 41 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 32 IS 7 BP 2140 EP 2146 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00444-2 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA ZZ502 UT WOS:000074735800019 ER PT J AU Buhler, DD AF Buhler, DD TI My view SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Buhler, DD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 46 IS 4 BP 389 EP 389 PG 1 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 117XR UT WOS:000075808400001 ER PT J AU Teasdale, JR AF Teasdale, JR TI Influence of corn (Zea mays) population and row spacing on corn and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) yield SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE corn, Zea mays L.; velvetleaf, Abutilon theophrasti Medicus ABUTH; harvest index; emergence time; seed production; height; light; ABUTH ID SOYBEAN GLYCINE-MAX; SEED PRODUCTION; PLANT-POPULATION; GROWTH; DENSITY; SHADE; INTERFERENCE; ARCHITECTURE; COMPETITION; DYNAMICS AB Research was conducted to determine the optimum population and row spacing for corn production and for suppressing velvetleaf growth and seed production. Corn was grown in a factorial arrangement of three populations targeted at 64,000 (1 X), 96,000 (1.5 X), or 128,000 (2 X) plants ha(-1) and two row spacings of 38 or 76 cm. Influences on corn were determined in weed-free plots, and influences on velvetleaf were determined for target plants established at 1.5-m intervals along the center of corn interrows. Four velvetleaf plantings were made at weekly intervals beginning at corn planting. Corn row spacing had little influence on corn or velvetleaf: Corn yield exhibited a parabolic response to population with a maximum of approximately 90,000 plants ha(-1) in one year, no response to population in another year, and a linear decline with increasing population in a dry year. Velvetleaf seed production was reduced 69 to 34% by the 1.5 X population and 99% by the 2 X population compared to the standard 1 X population when velvetleaf emerged with corn. Velvetleaf seed production was eliminated when velvetleaf emerged at or later than corn leaf stages 3, 5, and 6 for corn populations of 2 X, 1.5 X, and 1 X, respectively. Reduced velvetleaf seed production was correlated with lower positioning of plants in the corn canopy and reduced light availability. Results suggest that higher corn populations could aid integrated weed management strategies by reducing seed production and limiting the build-up of weed populations. C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Teasdale, JR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Bldg 001,Room 323, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 39 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 4 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 46 IS 4 BP 447 EP 453 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 117XR UT WOS:000075808400012 ER PT J AU Donald, WW AF Donald, WW TI Estimated soybean (Glycine max) yield loss from herbicide damage using ground cover or rated stunting SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sethoxydim; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. 'Pioneer 9381'; image analysis; phytotoxicity; video photography; thifensulfuron ID TOLERANCE; ATRAZINE; DRIFT; SOIL AB The primary goal of this research was to determine whether crop damage from herbicides measured soon after treatment could estimate relative crop yield loss. Two to 4 wk after spraying soybeans with an unregistered mixture of thifensulfuron pins sethoxydim at various rates plus crop oil concentrate, percent stunting was visually rated and percent projected ground cover of soybeans was determined from photographs. In each of 3 yr, relative percent soybean yield was a negative linear function of relative herbicide rate from 0.25X to 2X the registered (IX) rate. The IX rate of thifensulfuron and sethoxydim was 17.5 and 420 g ai ha(-1), respectively, Relative soybean yield was also negatively related linearly to stunting bur positively related linearly to soybean ground cover over 3 yr. Linear regression equation models of relative soybean yield versus percent soybean ground cover explained more model variability, more consistently (R-2 greater than or equal to 0.60 in two of 3 yr) than did either stunting (R-2 greater than or equal to 0.60 in one of 3 yr) or relative herbicide rate (R-2 = 0.37 to 0.48 over 3 yr). However, linear regression models for each independent variable differed from year to year and were related to differences in rainfall following treatment. Ways are suggested to increase regression model precision and between-year reproducibility. C1 ARS, USDA, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Donald, WW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 269 Agr Engn Bldg,UMC, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 46 IS 4 BP 454 EP 458 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 117XR UT WOS:000075808400013 ER PT J AU Abayo, GO English, T Eplee, RE Kanampiu, FK Ransom, JK Gressel, J AF Abayo, GO English, T Eplee, RE Kanampiu, FK Ransom, JK Gressel, J TI Control of parasitic witchweeds (Striga spp.) on corn (Zea mays) resistant to acetolactate synthase inhibitors SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE AC 263 222; chlorosulfuron; halosulfuron-methyl; imazamox; imazapyr; metsulfuron-methyl; rimsulfuron, sulfometuron-methyl; witchweed, Striga asiatica (L.) Ktze. STRLU; witchweed, Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. STRHE; corn, Zea mays (L.) 'Pioneer PH 3245 IR'; seed drench; herbicide-resistant crops; imidazolinones; sulfonylureas; parasitic weeds; STRLU; STRHE ID HERMONTHICA; HERBICIDES; SEED; IMIDAZOLINONES; TOLERANCE; CROPS AB Parasitic witchweeds inflict most of their damage while still underground and attached to crop roots. Most selective translocated herbicides are detoxified by crops such as corn and thus cannot reach the attached parasites. Corn with target site resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides was tested to ascertain whether these herbicides could control witchweeds, assuming that witchweeds do not obtain amino acids from the crop. Postemergence directed sprays of 27 g ae ha(-1) imazapyr 54 d after planting (DAP) delayed Striga asiatica emergence on corn in South Carolina from 3 wk (control) to 7 wk and to 11 wk when mixed with 45 g ae ha(-1) AC 263 222. Treatments with up to 71 g ae ha(-1) imazamox, and up to 71 g ae ha(-1) AC 263 222 only delayed Striga emergence by 1 wk, and 71 g ae ha(-1) imazethapyr was ineffective. ALS-inhibiting herbicides were far more effective when applied in 1-ml drenches above the seed at planting. Chlorsulfuron (10 g ai ha(-1)) and sulfometuron (50 g ai ha(-1)) were somewhat phytotoxic to Pioneer 3245IR. Rimsulfuron (30 g ai ha(-1)), metsulfuron (10 g ai ha(-1)), halosulfuron (120 g ai ha(-1)), and imazethapyr (140 g ae ha(-1)) were marginally active in Kenya, with some mature Striga hermonthica seed.-bearing capsules appearing at harvest (12 wk). Imazapyr at 15 g ae ha(-1) gave 70 to 95% suppression of capsule formation, whereas no capsules appeared at 30 g ae ha(-1). The use of imazapyr in Kenya increased the harvest index by 17% when corn plants in Striga-infested soils were kept insect and disease free by using insecticides and fungicides. Thus, complete control can be achieved at affordable cost by farmers in subsistence conditions. C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Plant Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. CIMMYT, Nairobi, Kenya. Oxford Plant Protect Ctr, USDA, APHIS PPQ, Oxford, NC 27565 USA. Kenya Agr Res Inst, Kibos Expt Stn, Kisumu, Kenya. RP Abayo, GO (reprint author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Plant Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. NR 38 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 7 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 46 IS 4 BP 459 EP 466 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 117XR UT WOS:000075808400014 ER PT J AU Reddy, KN Locke, MA AF Reddy, KN Locke, MA TI Sulfentrazone sorption, desorption, and mineralization in soils from two tillage systems SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sulfentrazone; aryltriazolinone; adsorption; degradation; distribution coefficient ID METRIBUZIN DEGRADATION; ADSORPTION; CHLORIMURON; ALACHLOR; KINETICS; MANAGEMENT; CYANAZINE; MOBILITY AB Sulfentrazone sorption kinetics, desorption, and mineralization were evaluated in surface 7.5 cm of soils collected from long-term conventional-till (CT) and no-till (NT) plots. The soils used were Miami silt loam and Drummer silty clay loam from Illinois and Dundee silt loam from Mississippi. Sulfentrazone sorption kinetics in Dundee silt loam CT and NT soils were adequately described by a simple two-site equilibrium/kinetic model. Rapid initial sorption (within 1 h) was followed by a slower sorption and equilibrium, largely achieved by 72 h of shaking, with a negligible increase in sorption thereafter. The sorption K-f ranged from 1.02 to 3.44 among the six CT and NT soils. The K-f values were greater for NT compared to their respective CT soils. Overall, K-f values were higher in Drummer silty clay loam followed by Dundee silt loam and Miami silt loam soil. The N values were less than unity in all soils indicating nonlinear sorption. Sulfentrazone desorption was hysteretic with a very low rate of desorption. The total amount desorbed in four desorptions ranged from 58 to 72% of that sorbed. Less than 2.1% of applied C-14-sulfentrazone was mineralized to (CO2)-C-14 in Dundee silt loam CT and NT soils during a 77-d incubation. Relatively low mineralization ion of sulfentrazone suggests poor adaptability of native microbial populations that have not been exposed to this herbicide. Higher sorption and lower desorption of sulfentrazone in NT soils compared to CT soils suggest that NT systems (which tend to increase plant residues) may prolong sulfentrazone residence time in soil. C1 ARS, USDA, So Weed Sci Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Reddy, KN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Weed Sci Res Unit, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 24 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 7 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 46 IS 4 BP 494 EP 500 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 117XR UT WOS:000075808400019 ER PT J AU Hebbar, KP Lumsden, RD Lewis, JA Poch, SM Bailey, BA AF Hebbar, KP Lumsden, RD Lewis, JA Poch, SM Bailey, BA TI Formulation of mycoherbicidal strains of Fusarium oxysporum SO WEED SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend : Fr. f. sp. erythroxyli; coca, Erythroxylum coca var. coca; poppy, Papaver somniferum; Fusarium oxysporum; mycoherbicide; biological control; formulation technology ID BIOCONTROL AGENTS; ALGINATE; ERYTHROXYLI; GLIOCLADIUM; TRICHODERMA; GROWTH; COCA; SOIL AB Biomass abundant in chlamydospores obtained by liquid fermentation of mycoherbicidal strains of Fusarium oxysporum was incorporated into alginate prills with various food substrates and granular formulations such as corn flour:starch, wheat flour:kaolin, rice:wheat flour, and rice:wheat gluten formulations. These fungal strains cause vascular wilts in coca (Erythroxylum coca var, coca) and in poppy (Papavar somniferum). Fungal strain, formulation method, and interaction of these two parameters significantly affected the shelf life of the formulations at room temperature as well as the ability to form secondary propagules on 1% water agar. In bioassays, there were no significant differences among ii oxysporum strain EN4-S formulations in their ability to colonize root tissue or the rhizosphere of E. coca seedlings. The study indicates that most of the formulations meet at least three of the four criteria important for biological control agents to be effective: low losses in viability during the formulation process, satisfactory shelf life at room temperature, abundant secondary chlamydospore formation, and rhizosphere colonization. C1 ARS, USDA, Biocontrol Plant dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hebbar, KP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Biocontrol Plant dis Lab, BARC-W,Bldg 011A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 4 PU WEED SCI SOC AMER PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0043-1745 J9 WEED SCI JI Weed Sci. PD JUL-AUG PY 1998 VL 46 IS 4 BP 501 EP 507 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 117XR UT WOS:000075808400020 ER PT J AU Luppold, WG Prestemon, JP Baumgras, JE AF Luppold, WG Prestemon, JP Baumgras, JE TI An examination of the relationships between hardwood lumber and stumpage prices in Ohio SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE hard maple; hardwood lumber prices; hardwood market history; hardwood stumpage prices; market margin; red oak; white oak; yellow-poplar ID UNITED-STATES; VECTORS AB Understanding the relationship between hardwood lumber and stumpage prices is critical in evaluating market efficiency and in understanding the potential impact of changing technology on stumpage markets. Unfortunately, the complexity of the hardwood lumber market and lack of reliable data make it difficult to evaluate this relationship using traditional econometric systems. However, the relationship can be evaluated using economic theory, a review of market history, and statistical procedures. This paper first presents a theoretical development of the demand and supply of hardwood stumpage and then examines the history of the white oak, red oak, yellow-poplar, and hard maple markets between 1970 and 1995. Using this information, a multi-period market margin model was developed. Analysis of short-term relationships between lumber price and stumpage price revealed that these series did not always move in the same direction, but tended to move in the same direction when there were large changes in lumber prices. However, continual declines in lumber prices did not always result in continual declines in stumpage price because of apparent price expectations of the stumpage owner. In the long run, the market margin between stumpage and lumber price has declined in a discrete manner. These declines are related to periodic increases in lumber production and price that occur at the beginning of the hardwood production and price cycle. Theory stipulates that during periods of declining prices, the less efficient sawmills will be forced out of the market. Following these periods, inventories usually are insufficient to satisfy any increase in lumber demand. Therefore, when demand increases, lumber prices increase sharply causing surviving, efficient mills to increase production and to bid up stumpage prices to new, higher levels. This bidding transfers any short-term economic gains that result from increased production or marketing efficiency to the resource owners. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Luppold, WG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, 241 Mercer Springs Rd, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 30 IS 3 BP 281 EP 292 PG 12 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA ZZ495 UT WOS:000074735100007 ER PT J AU Vick, CB Christiansen, AW Okkonen, EA AF Vick, CB Christiansen, AW Okkonen, EA TI Reactivity of hydroxymethylated resorcinol coupling agent as it affects durability of epoxy bonds to Douglas-fir SO WOOD AND FIBER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE hydroxymethylated resorcinol coupling agent; epoxy adhesive; Douglas-fir; heat of reaction; molecular-size distribution; resistance to delamination AB Epoxy adhesives develop strong bonds to wood, but they lack the structural durability to withstand the severe stresses from repeated water soaking and drying. Research at the Forest Products Laboratory led to a discovery that hydroxymethylated resorcinol (HMR) physicochemically couples to both epoxy adhesive and lignocellulosics of wood to produce bonds that are extraordinarily resistant to delamination. The HMR coupling agent is quite reactive at room temperatures; therefore, the length of its reaction time, or the time between preparing the solution and applying it to the wood surface, strongly influences the durability of adhesion. The experiments in this study defined the optimum range of reaction time when adhesion is maximum for epoxy bonds to HMR-primed Douglas-fir. Heats of reaction (by differential scanning calorimetry), molecular-size distribution (by gel permeation chromatography), and chemical structures of HMR (by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) are described for this range of optimum reaction times. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Vick, CB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 12 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC WOOD SCI TECHNOL PI MADISON PA ONE GIFFORD PINCHOT DR, MADISON, WI 53705 USA SN 0735-6161 J9 WOOD FIBER SCI JI Wood Fiber Sci. PD JUL PY 1998 VL 30 IS 3 BP 312 EP 322 PG 11 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles SC Forestry; Materials Science GA ZZ495 UT WOS:000074735100010 ER PT J AU Darby, SE AF Darby, SE TI Modelling width adjustment in straight alluvial channels SO HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE numerical modelling; river width adjustment; morphological models; channel change; bank erosion; verification; validation ID SAND-BED RIVERS; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; HYDRAULIC GEOMETRY; EVOLUTION; DEFORMATION; STABILITY; FORMULAS; EROSION; TIME AB Many existing numerical alluvial channel models are limited because they are unable to account for adjustments of channel width through time. In this paper, the basis for modelling width adjustment in straight river channels is discussed. Features and capabilities of selected models are discussed in terms of advances made in representing the physical processes and mechanisms involved in width adjustment, and in terms of approaches used to characterize initial and boundary conditions accurately. Validation and verification studies of existing width adjustment models are also considered. Existing models have, for the most part, not yet been subjected to rigorous evaluation of their numerical robustness, accuracy in replicating analytical solutions, accuracy in replicating laboratory data or their ability to simulate field situations. In part, these limitations reflect the lack of available detailed laboratory and field data sets required to evaluate complex models. The potential of width adjustment models for use as tools for the investigation of river channel dynamics is briefly described using two examples. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Darby, SE (reprint author), Univ Southampton, Dept Geog, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. RI Darby, Stephen/J-5799-2012 NR 63 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0885-6087 J9 HYDROL PROCESS JI Hydrol. Process. PD JUN 30 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 8 BP 1299 EP 1321 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1085(19980630)12:8<1299::AID-HYP616>3.3.CO;2-0 PG 23 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 104JB UT WOS:000075010000010 ER PT J AU Rath, NC Huff, GR Balog, JM Huff, WE AF Rath, NC Huff, GR Balog, JM Huff, WE TI Fluorescein isothiocyanate staining and characterization of avian heterophils SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE heterophils; fluorescein; oxidative burst; interleukin-6; matrix metalloproteinase ID FLUOROMETRIC ASSAY; INTERLEUKIN-6; CHICKENS; METALLOPROTEINASES; IDENTIFICATION; EOSINOPHILS; INHIBITORS; STRESS AB Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was found to stain cytoplasmic granules of avian heterophil-granulocytes. In tissue sections, the fluorescent granulocytes were predominantly distributed adjacent to trabecular bones. The fluorescein stained granulocytes were abundant in synovial fluids of chickens with synovitis. A significant correlation was observed in the percent of fluorescein labeled granulocytes in blood smears and the percent of heterophils determined using an automated counting method, in unstained blood from normal and Escherichia coli-infected turkeys. ?The fluorescein-binding heterophils purified from chickens showed a time dependent increases in the oxidation of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA) and the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) which were indicative of changes in oxidative burst in response to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and zymosan A (ZA). These heterophil-activating agents, also, caused significant degranulation at 16 h post-treatment, as indicated by the loss fluorescence. There were microscopically visible alterations in the cell shapes and a decrease in the density of granules due to treatment with LPS, PMA or ZA. In addition, these cells also showed phagocytic response which was evident at 30 min of incubation with fluorescent latex particles. Both chicken and turkey heterophils produced interleukin-6 in vitro at 24 h in response to LPS but not to PMA, FMLP or ZA. The chicken heterophils showed spontaneous production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) which was significantly enhanced by treatment with LPS, PMA, and ZA; however, LPS appeared to be most effective in inducing MR/LP production. These results demonstrate that the functions of heterophils can be differentially regulated by different activating agents and the fluorescein binding property of these cells may be useful for their histochemical identification. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Poultry Prod & Prod Safety Res Unit, Poultry Sci Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Rath, NC (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Poultry Prod & Prod Safety Res Unit, Poultry Sci Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 33 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD JUN 30 PY 1998 VL 64 IS 1 BP 83 EP 95 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(98)00122-6 PG 13 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA ZW076 UT WOS:000074371500007 PM 9656433 ER PT J AU Zarlenga, DS Gasbarre, LC Boyd, P Leighton, E Lichtenfels, JR AF Zarlenga, DS Gasbarre, LC Boyd, P Leighton, E Lichtenfels, JR TI Identification and semi-quantitation of Ostertagia ostertagi eggs by enzymatic amplification of ITS-1 sequences SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diagnosis; internal transcribed spacer; Ostertagia; PCR; quantitation; ribosomal DNA; strongyle; trichostrongyle ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; FECAL CULTURES; MESSENGER-RNA; NORTH-AMERICA; NEMATODES; HAEMONCHUS; RUMINANTS; CATTLE; DNA; KEY AB A region within the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) of the ribosomal DNA repeat of Ostertagia ostertagi has been identified that is 408 base pairs (bp) in length and is comprised of a 2x204 bp repeat, Universal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers which span this region, as well as a portion of the 5.8S rDNA, generate a 101 l bp fragment using genomic DNA from O, ostertagi. However, these same primers generate only a 600 bp (approximate) fragment using DNA from Haemonchus contortus, Cooperia oncophora and Oesophagostomum radiatum, as well as other species within the genus Ostertagia. When DNA samples derived from adult parasites of the different genera were mixed and simultaneously amplified, the O. ostertagi component could be identified within the mixed DNA populations. Furthermore, a correlation was observed between relative fluorescence intensities of the 101 l bp and the 600 bp PCR fragments and the percentage of O. ostertagi DNA within a mixture of parasite DNAs. A similar high correlation was obtained between the percentage of O. ostertagi DNA and percent O. ostertagi eggs in feces containing eggs of other nematode genera. This resulted in the generation of a protocol that can determine the percentage of O. ostertagi eggs within a mixed population of gastrointestinal nematode eggs. Results indicate a detection equivalent to 0.05 eggs. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. C Bar Grp, Great Falls, VA 22066 USA. ARS, USDA, Biosystemat & Natl Parasite Collect Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Zarlenga, DS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 20 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD JUN 30 PY 1998 VL 77 IS 4 BP 245 EP 257 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(98)00114-9 PG 13 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 117XQ UT WOS:000075808300004 PM 9763315 ER PT J AU Pasquali, P Mandara, MT Adamo, F Ricci, G Polidori, GA Dubey, JP AF Pasquali, P Mandara, MT Adamo, F Ricci, G Polidori, GA Dubey, JP TI Neosporosis in a dog in Italy SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Neospora caninum; dog; myositis; Italy ID CANINUM AB Clinical neosporosis was diagnosed in a 2-month-old Pit Bull Terrier from Italy. Neospora caninum tachyzoites were found in semitendinosus muscle with myositis. The diagnosis was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining with anti-N. caninum specific antibodies. This is the first report of systemic neosporosis in dogs from Italy. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Perugia, Ist Parassitol, Fac Med Vet, I-06100 Perugia, Italy. Univ Perugia, Ist Patol Gen & Anat Patol, Fac Med Vet, I-06100 Perugia, Italy. Vet Clin, I-00100 Rome, Italy. ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Pasquali, P (reprint author), Univ Perugia, Ist Parassitol, Fac Med Vet, I-06100 Perugia, Italy. RI Pasquali, Paolo/C-1111-2008 NR 6 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD JUN 30 PY 1998 VL 77 IS 4 BP 297 EP 299 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(98)00107-1 PG 3 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 117XQ UT WOS:000075808300009 PM 9763320 ER PT J AU Shogren, RL Lawton, JW Tiefenbacher, KF Chen, L AF Shogren, RL Lawton, JW Tiefenbacher, KF Chen, L TI Starch poly(vinyl alcohol) foamed articles prepared by a baking process SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE starch; poly(vinyl alcohol); foam; biodegradable; packaging ID BIODEGRADATION; PLASTICS; BEHAVIOR; WATER AB Composite foam plates were prepared by baking a mixture of granular starch and aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) solution inside a hot mold. Foam strength, flexibility, and water resistance were markedly improved by addition of 10-30% PVOH to starch batters. The improvement in strength at low humidity was greater for partially (88%) hydrolyzed PVOH while strength at higher humidities improved most with fully (98%) hydrolyzed PVOH. Foam flexibility increased with higher PVOH molecular weight. Scanning electron micrographs of the surface of the foams revealed a phase-separated morphology in which swollen starch granules were embedded in a matrix of PVOH. The starch component was gelatinized (melted) during baking while the PVOH component crystallized to a high degree during baking. Crosslinking agents such as Ca and Zr salts were added to starch batters to give further increases in water resistance. Respirometry studies in soil showed that the starch component of starch-PVOH foams biodegraded relatively rapidly (weeks) while the PVOH component degraded more slowly (months). Baked foams prepared from starch and PVOH have mechanical properties that are adequate for use as packaging containers over a nide range of humidity. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 ARS, Plant Polymer Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Franz Haas Machinery Amer, Richmond, VA 23231 USA. ARS, Biopolymer Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Shogren, RL (reprint author), ARS, Plant Polymer Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 38 TC 66 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 12 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD JUN 27 PY 1998 VL 68 IS 13 BP 2129 EP 2140 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19980627)68:13<2129::AID-APP9>3.0.CO;2-E PG 12 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA ZL072 UT WOS:000073396000009 ER PT J AU Pocovi, M Cenarro, A Civeira, F Torralba, MA Perez-Calvo, JI Mozas, P Giraldo, P Giralt, M Myers, RH Cupples, LA Ordovas, JM AF Pocovi, M Cenarro, A Civeira, F Torralba, MA Perez-Calvo, JI Mozas, P Giraldo, P Giralt, M Myers, RH Cupples, LA Ordovas, JM TI beta-glucocerebrosidase gene locus as a link for Gaucher's disease and familial hypo-alpha-lipoproteinaemia SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; ASHKENAZI JEWS; CHOLESTEROL; MUTATION; POPULATION; IDENTIFICATION; FREQUENCIES; GENOTYPE; DNA AB Background Gaucher's disease is the most common lysosomal storage disorder, caused by deficiency of glucocerebrosidase resulting from homozygosity for any of several mutations of the glucocerebrosidase gene locus. Affected people have decreased concentrations of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and HDL cholesterol (HDL-C). We assessed the association between mutations in the glucocerebrosidase locus and hypo-alpha-lipoproteinaemia. Methods We studied 258 people from 43 unrelated Spanish families. 57 participants were affected, 137 were nonaffected carriers, and 64 were non-carriers. We determined glucocerebrosidase genotypes and measured plasmid lipids, apolipoproteins A-I, B, and E, and leucocyte glucocerebrosidase activity. Findings The most common glucocerebrosidase mutations were N37OS (45%), L444P (23%), and G377S (5%). Deletions and recombinants accounted for another 5%, and point mutations in exons 5, 6, 9, and 10 were present in 12%, Affected participants had lower LDL-C and HDL-C concentrations than non-affected carriers (p<0.001) and non-carriers (p<0 001). HDL-C values were also significantly different between the non-affected carriers and non-carriers. Mutations at this locus may account for as much as 19.5% of the genetic variability in HDL-C in the population studied. Interpretation Heterozygosity for these mutations at the glucocerebrosidase locus does not result in clinical expression of Gaucher's disease but can decrease HDLC concentrations, Given the high frequency of these mutations, the glucocerebrosidase locus might lead to familial low alpha-lipoproteinaemia in up to 2% of the general population and be one of the most common known genetic causes of HDL-C. C1 Univ Zaragoza, Fac Sci, Dept Biochem Mol & Cellular Biol, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain. Univ Hosp, Dept Internal Med, Zaragoza, Spain. Hosp Miguel Servet, Dept Internal Med, Zaragoza, Spain. Hosp Miguel Servet, Dept Haematol, Zaragoza, Spain. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Tufts Univ, Lipid Metab Lab JM HNRCA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Ordovas, JM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, JM USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM ordovas_li@hnrc.tufts.edu OI Perez-Calvo, Juan Ignacio/0000-0003-2361-9941 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL54776] NR 27 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JUN 27 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9120 BP 1919 EP 1923 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)09490-7 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZW951 UT WOS:000074464700009 PM 9654259 ER PT J AU Boulinier, T Nichols, JD Hines, JE Sauer, JR Flather, CH Pollock, KH AF Boulinier, T Nichols, JD Hines, JE Sauer, JR Flather, CH Pollock, KH TI Higher temporal variability of forest breeding bird communities in fragmented landscapes SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; MIGRATORY BIRDS; POPULATION-SIZE; STABILITY; BIODIVERSITY; DIVERSITY; EXTINCTIONS; ECOSYSTEM; PATTERNS; ECOLOGY AB Understanding the relationship between animal community dynamics and landscape structure has become a priority for biodiversity conservation. In particular, predicting the effects of habitat destruction that confine species to networks of small patches is an important prerequisite to conservation plan development. Theoretical models that predict the occurrence of species in fragmented landscapes, and relationships between stability and diversity do exist. However, reliable empirical investigations of the dynamics of biodiversity have been prevented by differences in species detection probabilities among landscapes. Using longterm data sampled at a large spatial scale in conjunction with a capture-recapture approach, we developed estimates of parameters of community changes over a 22-year period for forest breeding birds in selected areas of the eastern United States. We show that forest fragmentation was associated not only with a reduced number of forest bird species, but also with increased temporal variability in the number of species. This higher temporal variability was associated with higher local extinction and turnover rates. These results have major conservation implications. Moreover, the approach used provides a practical tool for the study of the dynamics of biodiversity. C1 N Carolina State Univ, N Carolina Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Inst Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Boulinier, T (reprint author), Univ Oslo, Dept Biol, Div Zool, POB 1050 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. RI Flather, Curtis/G-3577-2012; OI Flather, Curtis/0000-0002-0623-3126; Boulinier, Thierry/0000-0002-5898-7667 NR 51 TC 102 Z9 107 U1 2 U2 25 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUN 23 PY 1998 VL 95 IS 13 BP 7497 EP 7501 DI 10.1073/pnas.95.13.7497 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZW683 UT WOS:000074436400048 PM 9636178 ER PT J AU Handler, AM McCombs, SD Fraser, MJ Saul, SH AF Handler, AM McCombs, SD Fraser, MJ Saul, SH TI The lepidopteran transposon vector, piggyBac, mediates germ-line transformation in the Mediterranean fruit fly SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CERATITIS-CAPITATA; AUTOGRAPHA-CALIFORNICA; GENETIC-TRANSFORMATION; BACULOVIRUS GENOME; DNA INSERTIONS; P-ELEMENTS; WHITE GENE; DROSOPHILA; SEQUENCES; HOBO AB The piggyBac (IFP2) short inverted terminal repeat transposable element from the cabbage looper Trichoplusia ni was tested for gene transfer vector function as part of a bipartite vector-helper system in the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata, A piggyBac vector marked with the medfly white gene was tested with a normally regulated piggyBac transposase helper at two different concentrations in a white eye host strain. Both experiments yielded transformants at an approximate frequency of 3-5%, with a total of six lines isolated having pigmented eyes with various levels of coloration, G(1) transformant siblings from each line shared at least one common integration, with several sublines having an additional second integration. For the first transformant line isolated, two integrations were determined to be stable for 15 generations. For five of the lines, a piggyBac-mediated transposition,vas verified by sequencing the insertion site junctions isolated by inverse PCR that identified a characteristic piggyBac TTAA target site duplication. The efficient and stable transformation of the medfly with a lepidopteran vector represents transposon function over a relatively large evolutionary distance and suggests that the piggyBac system will be functional in a broad range of insects. C1 USDA, ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Entomol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Handler, AM (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet entomol, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. EM handler@nervm.nerdc.ufl.edu RI Fraser, Malcolm/C-9100-2009 NR 40 TC 181 Z9 201 U1 0 U2 20 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUN 23 PY 1998 VL 95 IS 13 BP 7520 EP 7525 DI 10.1073/pnas.95.13.7520 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZW683 UT WOS:000074436400052 PM 9636182 ER PT J AU Simunek, J van Genuchten, MT Gribb, MM Hopmans, JW AF Simunek, J van Genuchten, MT Gribb, MM Hopmans, JW TI Parameter estimation of unsaturated soil hydraulic properties from transient flow processes SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium 1 on New Concepts and Theories in Soil Physics at the World Congress of Soil Science CY AUG 20-26, 1998 CL MONTPELLIER, FRANCE DE parameter estimation; soil hydraulic properties; tension disc permeameter; cone penetrometer ID INFILTROMETER; CONDUCTIVITY AB Three held methods recently proposed for estimating the soil hydraulic properties by numerical inversion of the Richards' equation are discussed. The first method involves the use of tension disc permeameter data, while the second method uses data collected with modified cone penetrometer. The third method involves the use of a multiple-step field extraction device. Experimental data for each of the above three methods were analyzed by using the HYDRUS-2D code coupled with the Levenberg-Marquardt parameter estimation algorithm. Advantages and disadvantages of the three methods are discussed. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, US Salin Lab, USDA, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept LAWR, Hydrol Program, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Simunek, J (reprint author), ARS, US Salin Lab, USDA, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011; van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 19 TC 35 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD JUN 22 PY 1998 VL 47 IS 1-2 BP 27 EP 36 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(98)00069-5 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA ZZ735 UT WOS:000074761900006 ER PT J AU Starr, JL Paltineanu, IC AF Starr, JL Paltineanu, IC TI Real-time soil water dynamics over large areas using multisensor capacitance probes and monitoring system SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium 1 on New Concepts and Theories in Soil Physics at the World Congress of Soil Science CY AUG 20-26, 1998 CL MONTPELLIER, FRANCE DE capacitance probes; TDR; soil water content; soil water monitoring ID DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY; ELECTROMAGNETIC DETERMINATION; TRANSMISSION-LINES; TDR; MOISTURE AB Better methods are needed to accurately measure and record soil water content in real-time and at specified depths on a held scale. Recent developments of such a system using multisensor capacitance probes offers great potential for rigorous investigation of soil water dynamics over large areas. The purpose of this report is to show some of the kinds of information that can be obtained using this system to study the real-time soil water content dynamics at short time intervals (10 min), typically at four depth positions, under long-term, held-scale conditions, with our probes located as far as 125 m form the data logger. The systems have been used in the field for three years of continuous study (at 10 min increments), to study changes in soil water content, at four soil depths (commonly at 10, 20, 30, and 50 cm) as part of a research project to quantify temporal and spatial variation in soil properties under plow-tillage (PT) and no-tillage (NT) maize (Zea mays, L.). The multisensor capacitance probes and monitoring system have proven to be highly sensitive and robust for field scale soil water research. Viewing the soil water dynamics in real-time provides opportunity for precise control over the timing and amount of water that needs to be applied for optimal crop production yet avoiding excess deep percolation losses of water and agrochemicals to groundwater. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Starr, JL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Environm Chem Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 16 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD JUN 22 PY 1998 VL 47 IS 1-2 BP 43 EP 49 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(98)00071-3 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA ZZ735 UT WOS:000074761900008 ER PT J AU Wu, C Siems, WF Hill, HH Hannan, RM AF Wu, C Siems, WF Hill, HH Hannan, RM TI Analytical determination of nicotine in tobacco by supercritical fluid chromatography ion mobility detection SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE tobacco; ion mobility spectrometry; nicotine AB A preliminary investigation using supercritical fluid chromatography-ion mobility detector (SFC-IMD) to analyze the nicotine contained in tobacco was carried out. Nicotine in commercially available cigarettes and tobacco leaves was extracted into chloroform and determined by an IMD after SFC separation. The detection limit was at the picogram level for nonselective monitoring and the subnanogram level for nicotine selective detection. This system provided a simple analytical method for the analysis of nicotine and other alkaloids in tobacco. Compared to currently utilized methods, the SFC-IMD provided advantages of high sensitivity, nicotine specific detection and lower instrumentation cost. The potential of combining online supercritical fluid extraction with SFC-IMD for analysis of alkaloids in tobacco was demonstrated. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Chem, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA, ARS, Reg Plant Intro Stn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Hill, HH (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Chem, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 13 TC 22 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JUN 19 PY 1998 VL 811 IS 1-2 BP 157 EP 161 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00223-4 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA ZX012 UT WOS:000074471400014 ER PT J AU Stephens, SL AF Stephens, SL TI Evaluation of the effects of silvicultural and fuels treatments on potential fire behaviour in Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE landscape fire modelling; fire hazard; silvicultural treatments; FARSITE ID HISTORY AB Fire suppression has increased fuel loads and fuel continuity in mixed-conifer ecosystems, resulting in forest structures that are vulnerable to catastrophic fire. This paper models fire behaviour in a mixed-conifer forest and investigates how silvicultural and fuels treatments affect potential fire behaviour. The computer program FARSITE was used to spatially and temporally model fire growth and behaviour. Fire modelling was performed in the North Crane Creek watershed of Yosemite National Park. Treatments were simulated by adjusting fuel (total load, load-by-size class, depth), height-to-live crown base, tree height, and crown density parameters. Treatments modeled included prescribed burn, pile and burn, cut and scatter, thinning and biomass, thinning and biomass followed by prescribed burn, and salvage or group selection harvest with and without slash and landscape-level fuel treatment. The prescribed burn, thinning and biomassing followed by prescribed burn, and salvage or group selection with slash and landscape fuel treatments resulted in the lowest average fireline intensities, heat per unit area, rate of spread, area burned, and scorch heights. Cut and scatter, salvage or group selection treatments that do not treat slash fuels resulted in fire behaviour that is more extreme than the untreated forest. Restoration of mixed-conifer ecosystems must include an examination of how proposed treatments affect fuel structures. Combinations of prescribed fire and/or mechanical treatments can be used to reduce wildfire hazard. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Berkeley, CA 94710 USA. RP Stephens, SL (reprint author), Calif Polytech State Univ San Luis Obispo, Dept Nat Resources Management, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 USA. EM sstephen@calpoly.edu NR 38 TC 166 Z9 174 U1 2 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 15 PY 1998 VL 105 IS 1-3 BP 21 EP 35 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00293-4 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZM321 UT WOS:000073526800002 ER PT J AU Sword, MA Tiarks, AE Haywood, JD AF Sword, MA Tiarks, AE Haywood, JD TI Establishment treatments affect the relationships among nutrition, productivity and competing vegetation of loblolly pine saplings on a Gulf Coastal Plain site SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE calcium; fertilization; genetic family; herbicide; litter; magnesium; nitrogen; phosphorus; Pinus taeda L.; potassium; productivity; tannin ID MINERAL-NUTRITION; SOIL; GROWTH; PHOSPHORUS; SEEDLINGS; SWEETGUM; BIOMASS; FOREST; CARBON; STAND AB After cultural treatments such as site preparation, release and fertilization, changes in the supply of mineral nutrients relative to each other and shifts in the composition of vegetation may have a delayed effect on the nutrition, carbon partitioning and growth of forest trees. This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of early management options that control vegetation and fertility on the nutrition and productivity of a young loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation on a phosphorus-deficient site in the Gulf Coastal plain. Two levels each of herbicide application, fertilization and litter addition were applied in a factorial arrangement to three open-pollinated families of newly planted loblolly pine seedlings. Competing vegetation was evaluated after three growing seasons, loblolly pine nutrition and tannin synthesis were evaluated after four growing seasons and loblolly pine productivity was quantified after five growing seasons. Fertilization and herbicide application increased the growth and decreased the foliar tannin concentration of loblolly pine. Herbicide application also increased the potassium concentration of loblolly pine foliage. A negative correlation between foliar tannin and potassium concentrations was found on plots that were fertilized with nitrogen and phosphorus. On southern pine sites that are fertilized with phosphorus, the accelerated growth of planted pine and invading vegetation may create new nutrient limitations. Where phosphorus is limiting, however, nutrient utilization may not be great enough for new deficiencies to develop. Loblolly pine stand productivity and foliar nutrient concentrations were affected by genetic family and the foliar calcium and magnesium concentrations of loblolly pine families responded differently to the establishment treatments. We also found that the establishment treatments influenced the occurrence of herbaceous and woody competitors. We hypothesize that corresponding treatment effects on exchangeable cation concentrations and pH of the soil were caused by changes in vegetation. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. RP Sword, MA (reprint author), Alexandria Forestry Ctr, RWU-4111,2500 Shreveport Highway, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. NR 48 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 15 PY 1998 VL 105 IS 1-3 BP 175 EP 188 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00280-6 PG 14 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZM321 UT WOS:000073526800016 ER PT J AU Petersen, KE James, WO AF Petersen, KE James, WO TI Agents, vehicles, and causal inference in bacterial foodborne disease outbreaks: 82 reports (1988-1995) SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Review ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC-SYNDROME; SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS INFECTION; BACILLUS-CEREUS; MULTISTATE OUTBREAK; SHIGELLA-FLEXNERI; RESTAURANT CHAIN; TYPHOID-FEVER; CRUISE SHIP; NEW-YORK AB Objective-To examine the study design of, and the practice of causal inference in, investigations of bacterial foodborne disease outbreaks occurring in the United States and to summarize agents and vehicles identified. Design-Retrospective study. Procedure-An online medical reference database was searched for reports of bacterial Foodborne disease outbreak investigations published between 1986 and 1995. Reports were retrieved and reviewed for use of 9 causal criteria in investigations. Information on etiologic agents, vehicles, seasonality, and primary study design from each outbreak was also retrieved. Results-82 reports were retrieved and reviewed. Coherence, consistency, temporality, and strength of association were the causal criteria most commonly used in foodborne disease outbreak investigations. Coherence was used in all investigations. The number of criteria used ranged from 3 to 7. Meat (n = 20) and eggs (12) were the most commonly implicated vehicles. Salmonella sp and Escherichia coli O157:H7 accounted for 55% of agents reportedly isolated. Cohort and case-control methods were the most common study designs. Clinical Relevance-Patterns were found in the use of causal criteria in foodborne disease outbreak investigations. These criteria can provide veterinarians and other public health practitioners with a means to effectively conceptualize, communicate, and summarize causal conclusions. The 4 most commonly used criteria may represent core criteria that investigators consider most useful in explaining foodborne disease outbreaks. C1 USDA, Emerging Pathogens & Zoonot Dis Div, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Petersen, KE (reprint author), USDA, Emerging Pathogens & Zoonot Dis Div, Off Publ Hlth & Sci, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Rm 6913 Franklin Ct,1400 Independence Ave SW, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 116 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 15 PY 1998 VL 212 IS 12 BP 1874 EP 1881 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZU743 UT WOS:000074230000022 PM 9638185 ER PT J AU Goetsch, AL Galloway, DL Patil, AR AF Goetsch, AL Galloway, DL Patil, AR TI Arterial amino acid concentrations in sheep consuming forage diets SO SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sheep; amino acids; forage ID SOLE NITROGEN SOURCE; LAMBS FED UREA; SPLANCHNIC TISSUES; NET FLUX; GRASS SOURCE; NUTRIENTS; STEERS; NEEDS; HAY AB Arterial blood collected from sheep was analyzed for various amino acids to evaluate effects of dietary forage characteristics on adequacy of amino acid availability for protein synthesis. In three experiments with grass diets consumed ad libitum or in limited quantities by nearly mature wethers, differences in grass source and(or) quality generally did not markedly affect arterial concentrations of essential amino acids. In the fourth experiment, wethers (7.5 months of age and 31 +/- 0.8 kg BW) consumed ad libitum bermudagass (Cynodon dactylon; BG) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)-wheat (Triticum aestivum; RW) hay mixtures in percentages of 0, 33, 67 and 100%. As DE intake decreased with increasing dietary level of BG, arterial lysine concentration increased linearly (P = 0.02; 116, 137, 144 and 157 mu M for 0, 33, 67 and 100% BG, respectively); whereas, concentrations of other essential amino acids did not differ among treatments. In the fifth experiment, wethers (8.5 months of age and 33 +/- 0.9 kg BW) consumed ad Libitum BG or RW either coarsely chopped or finely ground and pelleted; DE intake was greater for RW vs. BG and for pelleted than for chopped grass. Lysine concentration was greater (P = 0.01) for BG than for RW and was decreased (P = 0.03) by pelleting (133, 118, 114 and 78 mu M for chopped BG, pelleted BG, chopped RW and pelleted RW, respectively). Conversely, concentrations of tryptophan, valine, phenylalanine, isoleucine and leucine were greater (P < 0.03) for RW than for BG, and grinding and pelleting increased concentrations of valine (P = 0.07) and phenylalanine (P = 0.06). In conclusion, DE intake with grass diets may influence particular amino acids most limiting to protein synthesis by growing ruminants, with lysine availability being of relatively greater concern with forages yielding high vs. low DE intake. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Anim Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Goetsch, AL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4488 J9 SMALL RUMINANT RES JI Small Ruminant Res. PD JUN 15 PY 1998 VL 29 IS 1 BP 51 EP 60 DI 10.1016/S0921-4488(98)00088-1 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA ZV517 UT WOS:000074312600006 ER PT J AU Gajarski, RJ Smith, EO Denfield, SW Rosenblatt, HM Kearney, D Frazier, OH Radovancevic, B Price, JK Kertesz, NJ Towbin, JA AF Gajarski, RJ Smith, EO Denfield, SW Rosenblatt, HM Kearney, D Frazier, OH Radovancevic, B Price, JK Kertesz, NJ Towbin, JA TI Long-term results of triple-drug-based immunosuppression in nonneonatal pediatric heart transplant recipients SO TRANSPLANTATION LA English DT Article ID CORONARY-ARTERY-DISEASE; CARDIAC TRANSPLANTATION; INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY; FOLLOW-UP; CHILDREN; MULTICENTER; REJECTION; THERAPY AB Background. Few reports document long-term results of pediatric cardiac transplantation in which triple therapy (cyclosporine, azathioprine, and corticosteroids) was the mainstay of immunosuppression. This report details a single center's pediatric transplant experience and analyzes the relative contributions of selected pre/posttransplant risk factors on long-term morbidity and mortality. Methods. Retrospective data were collected for all non-neonatal pediatric transplant recipients including: presenting diagnosis, cardiac hemodynamics (particularly pulmonary vascular resistance index), donor ischemic time, occurrence of postoperative infections, episodes of allograft rejection, incidence of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease or coronary artery disease (CAD), and overall survival. Analysis of single variables and a Cox-proportional hazards model were utilized to determine the impact of pre/posttransplant risk factors on long-term survival. Results. From 1984 to 1995, 64 patients (mean age, 8.3 years), 46 of whom had cardiomyopathy and 18 who had inoperable complex congenital heart disease, underwent cardiac transplantation and received triple-drug immunosuppression. Orthotopic transplantation was performed unless the pulmonary vascular resistance index remained >6 um(2) (despite use of pulmonary vasodilator). One patient required heterotopic transplantation. Average donor ischemic time was 217 min. An average of 1.2 rejection episodes/patient occurred (average follow-up period: 50 months). No patient developed posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease, but 22 patients (34%) developed CAD. Overall survival was 80%, 60%, and 57% at 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Of outcome variables analyzed, rejection frequency was significantly increased in patients who subsequently developed CAD, but the presence of CAD was not significantly correlated with mortality. Conclusion. Triple-drug-based immunosuppressive maintenance therapy in pediatric heart transplant recipients results in good long-term graft survival. C1 Texas Childrens Hosp, Baylor Coll Med,Div Pediat Allergy Immunol, Lillie Frank Abercrombie Div Pediat Cardiol, USDA,ARS,Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Heart Inst, Dept Cardiovasc Surg, Houston, TX 77025 USA. RP Gajarski, RJ (reprint author), Texas Childrens Hosp, Div Pediat Cardiol, 6621 Fannin,MC 2-2280, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 28 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0041-1337 J9 TRANSPLANTATION JI Transplantation PD JUN 15 PY 1998 VL 65 IS 11 BP 1470 EP 1476 DI 10.1097/00007890-199806150-00011 PG 7 WC Immunology; Surgery; Transplantation SC Immunology; Surgery; Transplantation GA ZV202 UT WOS:000074280600010 PM 9645805 ER PT J AU Fondevila, D Anor, S Pumarola, M Dubey, JP AF Fondevila, D Anor, S Pumarola, M Dubey, JP TI Neospora caninum identification in an aborted bovine fetus in Spain SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cattle; Neospora caninum; Spain; abortion ID TISSUE-SECTIONS AB Neospora caninum tachyzoites were identified in areas of the cerebrum with lesions of non-suppurative encephalitis in an aborted bovine f'etus in :Spain. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Dept Pathol & Anim Sci, Fac Med Vet, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Bldg 1040,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Anor, Sonia/0000-0002-1099-7698 NR 6 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD JUN 15 PY 1998 VL 77 IS 2-3 BP 187 EP 189 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(97)00206-9 PG 3 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 112QL UT WOS:000075505600012 PM 9746288 ER PT J AU De Moraes, CM Lewis, WJ Pare, PW Alborn, HT Tumlinson, JH AF De Moraes, CM Lewis, WJ Pare, PW Alborn, HT Tumlinson, JH TI Herbivore-infested plants selectively attract parasitoids SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID HOST; WASPS; SEMIOCHEMICALS; DAMAGE; ODORS AB In response to insect herbivory, plants synthesize and emit blends of volatile compounds from their damaged and undamaged tissues, which act as important host-location cues for parasitic insects(1-3). Here we use chemical and behavioural assays to show that these plant emissions can transmit herbivore-specific information that is detectable by parasitic wasps (parasitoids), Tobacco, cotton and maize plants each produce distinct volatile blends in response to damage by two closely related herbivore species, Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa tea. The specialist parasitic wasp Cardiochiles nigriceps exploits these differences to distinguish infestation by its host, H. virescens, from that by H. zea. The production by phylogenetically diverse plant species and the exploitation by parasitoids of highly specific chemical signals, keyed to individual herbivore species, indicates that the interaction between plants and the natural enemies of the herbivores that attack them is more sophisticated than previously realized. C1 ARS, USDA, IBPMRL, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Entomol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. ARS, USDA, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Lewis, WJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, IBPMRL, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. EM WJL@tifton.cpes.peachnet.edu RI Tumlinson, James/G-8358-2011; Pare, Paul/E-3055-2013 OI Pare, Paul/0000-0003-1644-723X NR 22 TC 741 Z9 772 U1 22 U2 207 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUN 11 PY 1998 VL 393 IS 6685 BP 570 EP 573 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZT988 UT WOS:000074150100050 ER PT J AU Vijayan, P Shockey, J Levesque, CA Cook, RJ Browse, J AF Vijayan, P Shockey, J Levesque, CA Cook, RJ Browse, J TI A role for jasmonate in pathogen defense of Arabidopsis SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE jasmonic acid; root rot; defense signaling; Pythium ID SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED-RESISTANCE; F SP HORDEI; METHYL JASMONATE; OCTADECANOID PATHWAY; SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; LIPOXYGENASE GENE; CELL-DEATH; ACID; MUTANT; DISEASE AB To investigate the role of jasmonate in the defense of plants against fungal pathogens, we have studied a mutant of Arabidopsis, fad3-2 fad7-2 fad8, that cannot accumulate jasmonate. Mutant plants were extremely susceptible to root rot caused by the fungal root pathogen Pythium mastophorum (Drechs.), even though neighboring wild-type plants were largely unaffected by this fungus. Application of exogenous methyl jasmonate substantially protected mutant plants, reducing the incidence of disease to a level close to that of wild-type controls. A similar treatment with methyl jasmonate did not protect the jasmonate-insensitive mutant coil from infection, showing that protective action of applied jasmonate against P. mastophorum was mediated by the induction of plant defense mechanisms rather than by a direct antifungal action. Transcripts of three jasmonate-responsive defense genes are induced by Pythium challenge in the wildtype but not in the jasmonate-deficient mutant. Pythium species are ubiquitous in soil and root habitats world-wide, but most (including P. mastophorum) are considered to be minor pathogens. Our results indicate that jasmonate is essential for plant defense against Pythium and, because of the high exposure of plant roots to Pythium inoculum in soil, may well be fundamental to survival of plants in nature. Our results further indicate that the fad3-2 fad7-2 fad8 mutant is an appropriate genetic model for studying the role of this important signaling molecule in pathogen defense. C1 Washington State Univ, Inst Biol Chem, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Pacific Agri Food Res Ctr, Summerland, BC V0H 1Z0, Canada. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Root Dis & Biol Control Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Browse, J (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Inst Biol Chem, POB 646340, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM jab@wsu.edu OI Shockey, Jay/0000-0002-5057-5457 NR 34 TC 356 Z9 381 U1 6 U2 44 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUN 9 PY 1998 VL 95 IS 12 BP 7209 EP 7214 DI 10.1073/pnas.95.12.7209 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZT829 UT WOS:000074131900114 PM 9618564 ER PT J AU Redinbaugh, MG Campbell, WH AF Redinbaugh, MG Campbell, WH TI Nitrate regulation of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in maize (Zea mays L.) root plastids: induction of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase activity, protein and transcript levels SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Zea mays; root plastids; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase; nitrate assimilation; enzyme activities; cDNA ID LIMITED CHLAMYDOMONAS-REINHARDTII; FERREDOXIN-NADP+ OXIDOREDUCTASE; DEPENDENT GLUTAMATE SYNTHASE; CARBOHYDRATE-METABOLISM; PRIMARY RESPONSE; CHLOROPLASTIC METABOLISM; ENVIRONMENTAL NITRATE; NITROGEN ASSIMILATION; REDOX MODULATION; HIGHER-PLANTS AB We examined the effect of nitrate on the expression of the NADPH producing enzymes of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGDH) in maize seedlings (Zea mays L. W64A x A182E). In extracts of 5 day old maize roots and leaves treated with 10 mM KNO3, G6PDH and 6PGDH activities increased by 44 and 53%, respectively, relative to untreated roots. In isolated plastids from KNO3 treated roots, G6PDH and 6PGDH specific activities were more than 25- and 12-fold higher than in the untreated control. Western blot analysis showed higher levels of 6PGDH protein in root plastid extracts from KNO3 treated plants. The data suggest that KNO3 specifically affects the plastidic forms of G6PDH and 6PGDH. Three classes of 6PGDK cDNA were identified in maize roots. Of these, one cDNA hybridized with a transcript that accumulated rapidly and transiently in response to low concentrations of external nitrate. The accumulation of this transcript was not affected by pretreating plants with 50 mu g/ml cycloheximide, which was previously shown to inhibit cytoplasmic protein synthesis in maize roots by more than 85% (Gowri et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 26 (1998) 679). Neither NH4+ nor K+ treatment affected transcript accumulation. The data indicate coordinated regulation of genes and enzymes required for NO3- assimilation and NADPH production in root plastids. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA, ARS Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Plants Soils & Biometeorol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Phytotechnol Res Ctr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RP Redinbaugh, MG (reprint author), OARDC, Dept Plant Pathol, ARS, USDA, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. EM redinbaugh.z@pap.service.ohio-state.edu RI Redinbaugh, Margaret/A-3611-2013 NR 52 TC 28 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD JUN 5 PY 1998 VL 134 IS 2 BP 129 EP 140 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(98)00048-X PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 102XQ UT WOS:000074951800002 ER PT J AU Sharratt, BS AF Sharratt, BS TI Barley yield and evapotranspiration governed by tillage practices in interior Alaska SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE conservation tillage; residue management; crop water use; water-use efficiency AB Tillage and residue management practices are sought in the subarctic where small grain production is often curtailed by the lack of soil water. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain yield and evapotranspiration were compared among four tillage and three residue management practices near Delta Junction, Alaska, USA from 1988 through 1991. Barley was hand-harvested in the fall whereas soil water content was determined biweekly during the growing season by neutron attenuation. Grain yield was similar for spring disk, fall chisel, and conventional (fall and spring disk) tillage across years. No tillage, however, resulted in a 260 kg ha(-1) greater yield as compared with fall chisel and conventional tillage in 1990 when evaporative demand exceeded that in other years by nearly 10%. In 1990 and 1991, grain yield from plots devoid of stubble and loose straw was at least 200 kg ha(-1) greater than from plots with stubble or stubble and loose straw. Barley consumed at least 15 mm more water to achieve the greater yield on no tillage or no stubble and loose straw plots. Water-use efficiency did not vary among tillage treatments, but was greatest in 1990 for plots devoid of stubble and loose straw. This study suggests that, in dry years with high evaporative demand, no tillage or removal of stubble and loose straw from the soil surface will enhance grain production and water-use efficiency of barley in the subarctic. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. RP Sharratt, BS (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, 803 Iowa Ave, Morris, MN 56267 USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD JUN 2 PY 1998 VL 46 IS 3-4 BP 225 EP 229 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(98)00102-0 PG 5 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA ZZ472 UT WOS:000074732800010 ER PT J AU Bolstad, PV Swift, L Collins, F Regniere, J AF Bolstad, PV Swift, L Collins, F Regniere, J TI Measured and predicted air temperatures at basin to regional scales in the southern Appalachian mountains SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; CLIMATE-CHANGE; MODEL; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; SIMULATION; MANAGEMENT; PHENOLOGY; EVENTS; SOIL AB Landscape and temporal patterns of temperature were observed for local (13 station) and regional (35 station) networks in the southern Appalachian Mountains of North America. Temperatures decreased with altitude at mean rates of 7 degrees C/km (maximum temperature) and 3 degrees C/km (minimum temperature). Daily lapse rates depended on the method and stations used in the calculations. Average daily temperature ranges decreased as elevation increased, from 14 degrees C at 700 m to 7 degrees C at 1440 m, and daily temperature ranges were typically higher in spring and fall at any given station. Daily maximum temperatures above the forest canopy averaged 1.4 degrees C higher at a south-facing station relative to a comparable northwest-facing station, and above-canopy daily minimum temperatures were depressed at a valley-bottom station. Regional regression models provided a more accurate estimates of station temperature than either kriging or local lapse models when tested using 35 National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) stations in the southern Appalachians. Data-splitting tests yielded mean absolute errors (MAE) from 1.39 to 2.30 degrees C for predictions of daily temperatures. Ten-year biases for an independent data set collected at four stations in the Coweeta Basin ranged from -2.87 to 2.91 degrees C for daily temperatures, with regional regression performing best, on average. However tests against another independent data set indicate regional regression and local lapse models were not significantly different, with mean biases averaged from -2.78 to 2.91 degrees C for daily predicted temperatures. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. US Forest Serv, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC 28763 USA. IBM Corp, Resource Management & Distributed Syst, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. Nat Resources Canada, St Foy, PQ G1V 4C7, Canada. RP Bolstad, PV (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, 1530 N Cleveland Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 40 TC 112 Z9 119 U1 3 U2 29 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD JUN 1 PY 1998 VL 91 IS 3-4 BP 161 EP 176 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(98)00076-8 PG 16 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA ZY349 UT WOS:000074611700002 ER PT J AU Pannkuk, CD Stockle, CO Papendick, RI AF Pannkuk, CD Stockle, CO Papendick, RI TI Evaluating CropSyst simulations of wheat management in a wheat-fallow region of the US Pacific Northwest SO AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article ID TILLAGE; WATER AB The need for tools to evaluate cropping systems and their impact on production and the environment is increasing. Field experiments, which are usually site specific, require considerable resources and time to test hypotheses or management options. Computer models for cropping systems simulation are an alternative, but they require calibration and validation before applications can be developed for a given region. The ability of CropSyst, a cropping systems simulation model, to simulate spring and winter wheat yields and evapotranspiration in a wheat-fallow region of eastern Washington for different tillage and residue management practices was evaluated. Validation of the model was accomplished by (a) providing initial conditions prior to planting for each cropping season of a 6-year wheat-fallow rotation and (b) providing initial conditions at the beginning of the rotation without reinitializing the model in later years. The statistical structure (mean and SD) of simulations and field data were similar. The root mean square errors fluctuated from 7 to 14% of the observed mean for grain yield and from 5 to 9% for evapotranspiration, depending on the type of evaluation, and was 17% for soil moisture profile in the case of continuous 6-year rotation simulation without reinitialization. The Wilmott index of agreement fluctuated from 0.92 to 0.97 (an index of 1.0 indicating perfect agreement), with all values but one equal or better than 0.94. Similar water production functions were obtained from simulation and field data. Based on this validation, CropSyst appears promising as a tool to analyze the effectiveness of management practices for water conservation in a wheat-fallow cropping region. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Pannkuk, CD (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 9 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-521X J9 AGR SYST JI Agric. Syst. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 57 IS 2 BP 121 EP 134 DI 10.1016/S0308-521X(97)00076-0 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA ZT201 UT WOS:000074059800001 ER PT J AU Hanson, JD Ahuja, LR Shaffer, MD Rojas, KW DeCoursey, DG Farahani, H Johnson, K AF Hanson, JD Ahuja, LR Shaffer, MD Rojas, KW DeCoursey, DG Farahani, H Johnson, K CA RZWQM Dev Team TI RZWQM: Simulating the effects of management on water quality and crop production SO AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article ID ESTIMATING SOIL-WATER; COTTON PLANTS; SPARSE CROPS; MODEL; RAINFALL; EQUATION; RESIDUE; WASHOFF; FOLIAGE; DECOMPOSITION AB The interactive use of experimentation and modeling is an efficient way to devise and test new agricultural management systems, The Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) is a comprehensive simulation model designed to predict the hydrologic response, including potential for ground-water contamination, of alternative ci op-management systems. The model is one-dimensional (vertical into the soil profile) and integrates physical, biological and chemical processes. It simulates crop development and the movement of water, nutrients and pesticides over and through the root one for a representative unit area of an agricultural field over multiple years. RZWQM allows for a variety of management practices: tillage, irrigation, fertilizer, manure and pesticide applications, tile drainage and crop rotations. Several significant validation efforts have shown the usefulness of RZWQM for evaluating and developing management scenarios. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved C1 USDA ARS, NPA, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Hanson, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, NPA, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, POB E,301 S Howes St, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. EM jon@gpsr.colostate.edu; rzwqm@gpsr.colostate.edu NR 94 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 29 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-521X J9 AGR SYST JI Agric. Syst. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 57 IS 2 BP 161 EP 195 DI 10.1016/S0308-521X(98)00002-X PG 35 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA ZT201 UT WOS:000074059800003 ER PT J AU Hunsaker, DJ Clemmens, AJ Fangmeier, DD AF Hunsaker, DJ Clemmens, AJ Fangmeier, DD TI Cotton response to high frequency surface irrigation SO AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE level basin irrigation; evapotranspiration; irrigation scheduling; soil water content ID WATER AB High frequency irrigation with surface irrigation methods has been proposed as a means to increase cotton productivity in cases where drip irrigation or other pressurized systems are not economically justifiable. Field studies were conducted in 1993 and 1994 to evaluate the effects of surface irrigation frequency on the growth, lint yield and water use for a semi-determinate cotton cultivar in central Arizona. Cotton was grown in level basins on a sandy loam under three irrigation treatments defined as low frequency irrigation for the whole season (L), high frequency irrigation for the whole season (H), and low frequency irrigation until the initiation of rapid fruiting, high frequency during rapid fruiting, and low frequency after rapid fruiting (LHL). The treatments were governed by the percentage of allowable soil water depletion within the effective root zone, and the allowable depletion targets for low and high frequency irrigation were 55 and 30%, respectively. An irrigation scheduling program calculated the soil water depletion within the estimated cotton root depth on a daily basis for each treatment and was used to project the dares and amounts for treatment irrigations. In 1993, seven, 14, and 11 irrigations and in 1994 eight, 13 and 10 irrigations were given to the L, H, and LHL treatments, respectively. The total amount of water applied including rainfall differed among the treatments by 4% in 1993 and by 1% in 1993. Soil water measurements indicated that actual soil water depletion within the estimated cotton root depth immediately before treatment irrigations was close to the intended treatment allowable depletion targets for the majority of the growing season. Cotton growth and lint yields were maximized under the H treatment, and yields in this treatment averaged 15 and 21% more lint than the L treatment for the first and second seasons, respectively The LHL treatment, although not as effective in increasing crop productivity as the H treatment, out yielded the low frequency treatment by an average of 10% in the two seasons. Crop evapotranspiration determined from the soil water balance was 8 and 9% higher for the H than the L treatment and 3 and 5% higher for the LHL than the L treatment in 1993 and 1994, respectively. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Hunsaker, DJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 31 TC 21 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3774 J9 AGR WATER MANAGE JI Agric. Water Manage. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 37 IS 1 BP 55 EP 74 DI 10.1016/S0378-3774(98)00036-5 PG 20 WC Agronomy; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA ZX161 UT WOS:000074485500004 ER PT J AU Eischen, FA AF Eischen, FA TI Varroa's response to fluvalinate in the Western US SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Eischen, FA (reprint author), USDA ARS, 2413 E Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 138 IS 6 BP 439 EP 440 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZT662 UT WOS:000074111300018 ER PT J AU DeGrandi-Hoffman, G Watkins, JC AF DeGrandi-Hoffman, G Watkins, JC TI Queen development time and the Africanization of European honey bees SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RECOGNITION; KIN AB Organisms that inhabit an area thrive because they have become well adapted to the environmental conditions that surround them. The general rule is that the distinguishing characteristics of a species change very slowly over time. Suppose an individual of a particular species migrates into a territory in which that same species is established. if the migrant individual is similar to the current inhabitants, then the small differences in traits that the new arrival might bring will mix into the population and the distinguishing traits will rarely, if ever, be seen. On the other hand, if the immigrant has distinctive genetic characteristics, it often cannot compete for survival and reproduction with the resident population. Thus, these distinguishing characteristics are rapidly removed from the population's gene pool. C1 USDA ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP DeGrandi-Hoffman, G (reprint author), USDA ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 138 IS 6 BP 467 EP 469 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZT662 UT WOS:000074111300026 ER PT J AU Snow, AA Moran-Palma, P Rieseberg, LH Wszelaki, A Seiler, GJ AF Snow, AA Moran-Palma, P Rieseberg, LH Wszelaki, A Seiler, GJ TI Fecundity, phenology, and seed dormancy of F-1 wild-crop hybrids in sunflower (Helianthus annuus, Asteraceae) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Asteraceae; crop-weed hybrids; fecundity; fitness; flowering phenology; gene flow; introgression; seed dormancy; sunflower ID GENETICALLY-MODIFIED CROPS; RAPHANUS-SATIVUS; GENE FLOW; HYBRIDIZATION; INHERITANCE; TRANSGENE AB Crop-to-wild hybridization has the potential to introduce beneficial traits into wild populations. Gene flow from genetically engineered crops, in particular, can transfer genes coding for traits such as resistance to herbicides, insect herbivores, disease, and environmental stress into wild plants. Cultivated sunflower (Helianthus annuus) hybridizes spontaneously with wild/weedy populations (also H. annuus), but little is known about the relative fitness of F-1 hybrids. In order to assess the ease with which crop-to-wild introgression can proceed, we compared characteristics of F-1 wild-crop progeny with those of purely wild genotypes. Two nontransgenic, cultivated varieties were crossed with wild plants from three different regions-Texas, Kansas, and North Dakota. Seed burial experiments in the region of origin showed that wild-crop seeds had somewhat higher germination rates (less dormancy) than wild seeds from Kansas and North Dakota, while no differences were seen in seeds from Texas. Progeny from each type of cross were grown in outdoor pots in Ohio and in a weedy field in Kansas to quantify lifetime fecundity and flowering phenology. Flowering periods of hybrid and wild progeny overlapped considerably, especially in plants from North Dakota and Texas, suggesting that these hybrids are very likely to backcross with wild plants. In general, hybrid plants had fewer branches, flower heads, and seeds than wild plants, but in two crosses the fecundity of hybrids was not significantly different from that of purely wild plants. In Ohio, wild-crop hybrids from North Dakota appeared to be resistant to a rust that infected 53 % of the purely wild progeny, indicating a possible benefit of "traditional" crop genes. In summary, our results suggest that F-1 wild-crop hybrids had lower fitness than wild genotypes, especially when grown under favorable conditions, but the F-1 barrier to the introgression of crop genes is quite permeable. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Columbus, OH 43214 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47401 USA. USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Snow, AA (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, 1735 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43214 USA. EM snow.1@osu.edu RI Rieseberg, Loren/B-3591-2013 OI Rieseberg, Loren/0000-0002-2712-2417 NR 42 TC 76 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 13 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 85 IS 6 BP 794 EP 801 DI 10.2307/2446414 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZW469 UT WOS:000074414100007 PM 21684963 ER PT J AU McCrory, MA Kim, HR Wright, NC Lovelady, CA Aitkens, S Kilmer, DD AF McCrory, MA Kim, HR Wright, NC Lovelady, CA Aitkens, S Kilmer, DD TI Energy expenditure, physical activity, and body composition of ambulatory adults with hereditary neuromuscular disease SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE energy expenditure; body composition; disability; energy cost; physical activity; neuromuscular disease; humans; fat-free mass ID METABOLIC-RATE; MUSCULAR-DYSTROPHY; WEIGHT AB Persons with neuromuscular disease (NMD) have progressive weakness and wasting of skeletal muscle, reduced fat-free mass, and increased fat mass relative to healthy control subjects. To test the hypothesis that resting energy expenditure (REE), estimated total daily energy expenditure (TEE), and physical activity patterns are altered in ambulatory adults with NMD, 26 adult men and women with slowly progressive NMD and 19 able-bodied control subjects similar in age and weight were evaluated. REE was measured after an overnight fast by indirect calorimetry, TEE by heart rate monitoring, and body composition by air-displacement plethysmography. REE was not significantly different between NMD and control subjects; however, TEE was significantly reduced in NMD subjects compared with control subjects, respectively (women: 7.8 +/- 1.5 compared with 10.5 +/- 2.8; men: 10.2 +/- 3.6 compared with 12.7 +/- 2.6 MJ/d; P less than or equal to 0.01), indicating that NMD subjects expended less energy in physical activity than did control subjects. NMD subjects also tended toward an increased energy cost of physical activity, particularly at higher activity levels (P = 0.06). Multiple regression analysis indicated that for all subjects combined, adiposity was positively associated with age and TEE and negatively associated with time spent in the active heart rate range and fat-free mass (P less than or equal to 0.0001). This relation did not differ between NMD and control subjects, nor did it differ between men and women. We hypothesize that because of their reduced physical activity and increased adiposity, persons with NMD may be at risk for developing secondary conditions such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Energy Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys Med & Rehabil, Sch Med, Davis, CA USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Food Nutr & Food Serv Management, Greensboro, NC 27412 USA. RP McCrory, MA (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Energy Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM mccrory_em@hnrc.tufts.edu NR 44 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 67 IS 6 BP 1162 EP 1169 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZQ801 UT WOS:000073904400013 PM 9625089 ER PT J AU Turnlund, JR Keyes, WR Peiffer, GL Scott, KC AF Turnlund, JR Keyes, WR Peiffer, GL Scott, KC TI Copper absorption, excretion, and retention by young men consuming low dietary copper determined by using the stable isotope Cu-65 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE copper absorption; copper excretion; copper retention; Cu-65; men ID ZINC; IRON; HUMANS AB A study was conducted in young men to evaluate the effect of a low-copper diet on copper absorption, excretion, and retention. Eleven young men were confined to a metabolic research unit for 90 d. The study was divided into three periods, with dietary copper as the only variable. Dietary copper intake was 0.66 mg/d for 24 d, 0.38 mg/d for 42 d, and 2.49 mg/d for 24 d. The stable isotope Cu-65 was fed to five of the subjects once during the first and last dietary period and twice, early and late, in the second period to determine copper absorption. Cu-65 was infused into an arm vein of the other six subjects once during each dietary period to estimate excretion of endogenous copper. Total copper and Cu-65 were determined by isotope dilution with thermal-ionization mass spectrometry. Fractional absorption was significantly higher during the low-copper period than in either period with higher dietary copper and excretion of the infused isotope was significantly lower in the low-copper period. Subjects were in negative balance early in the first two periods but achieved balance by the end of those periods. They retained copper during the highest dietary copper period (third period), The results suggest that endogenous copper excretion is a major point of regulation of the body's copper stores. Regulation of absorption and of endogenous excretion in response to dietary copper intake helps to protect against deficiency and toxicity. However, this regulation was not sufficient to maintain copper status at the lowest intake of dietary copper, 0.38 mg/d. C1 USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. RP Turnlund, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 29997, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. EM jturnlun@whnrc.usda.gov NR 21 TC 64 Z9 67 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 67 IS 6 BP 1219 EP 1225 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZQ801 UT WOS:000073904400020 PM 9625096 ER PT J AU Lamon-Fava, S Sadowski, JA Davidson, KW O'Brien, ME McNamara, JR Schaefer, EJ AF Lamon-Fava, S Sadowski, JA Davidson, KW O'Brien, ME McNamara, JR Schaefer, EJ TI Plasma lipoproteins as carriers of phylloquinone (vitamin K-1) in humans SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE phylloquinone; vitamin K; lipoproteins; triacylglycerol; absorption; clearance; humans ID LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; HIGH-AFFINITY RECEPTOR; FAT-RICH MEAL; RETINYL ESTERS; HUMAN-FIBROBLASTS; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; BETA-CAROTENE; TRANSPORT; FRACTION; INVITRO AB The purpose of this study was to characterize the absorption and transport of phylloquinone (vitamin K-1) by plasma lipoproteins. Twenty-six healthy subjects (11 men and 15 women) aged 20-78 y received phylloquinone in the amount of either 1.43 or 50 mu g/kg body wt orally with a fat-rich meal containing 1.0 g/kg body wt of fat, carbohydrate, and protein and 7.0 mg cholesterol/kg body wt. Blood was obtained at baseline (0 h) and 3, 6, 9, and 12 h after the meal for the measurement of plasma lipid and phylloquinone concentrations in plasma and lipoprotein subfractions. In both groups of subjects, triacylglycerol concentrations peaked after 3 h in plasma and in the triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein fraction, composed of chylomicrons and VLDLs. Plasma phylloquinone concentrations peaked at 6 h. At baseline and during the postprandial phase, > 53% of plasma phylloquinone was carried by the triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein fraction. In 9 of the 11 subjects supplemented with 50 mu g phylloquinone/kg, plasma lipoproteins were isolated by sequential ultracentrifugation. In these subjects the fraction of plasma phylloquinone carried by LDLs and by HDLs increased progressively from 3% and 4% at 3 h to 14% and 11% at 12 h, respectively. Our data indicate that whereas triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins are the major carriers of phylloquinone, LDL and HDL may carry small fractions of this vitamin. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vitamin K Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Schaefer, EJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM Schaefer_LI@HNRC.Tufts.edu NR 33 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 67 IS 6 BP 1226 EP 1231 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZQ801 UT WOS:000073904400021 PM 9625097 ER PT J AU Harris, SS Dawson-Hughes, B AF Harris, SS Dawson-Hughes, B TI Seasonal changes in plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations of young American black and white women SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE 25-hydroxyvitamin D; vitamin D; seasonal changes; race; parathyroid hormone; cholecalciferol; humans; women ID VITAMIN-D METABOLITES; BONE-MINERAL DENSITY; D-ENDOCRINE SYSTEM; PARATHYROID-HORMONE; RACIAL-DIFFERENCES; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; BINDING-PROTEIN; SERUM; PREMENOPAUSAL; CALCIUM AB Seasonal changes in 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were studied in 51 black and 39 white women aged 20-40 y from Boston. Individual measurements were made in February or March (February-March), June or July (June July), October or November (October-November), and the following February or March (February-March). Samples from the four visits were analyzed in batches at the end of the study. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D was substantially lower in black than in white women at all the time points, including February-March when values were lowest (30.2 +/- 19.7 nmol/L in black and 60.0 +/- 21.4 nmol/L in white women) and June-July when they were highest (41.0 +/- 16.4 nmol/L in black and 85.4 +/- 33.0 nmol/L in white women). Although both groups showed seasonal variation in 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, the mean increase between February-March and June-July was smaller in black women (10.8 +/- 14.0 nmol/L compared with 25.4 +/- 29.8 nmol/L in white women, P = 0.006) and their overall amplitude of seasonal change was lower (P = 0.001), Concentrations of serum parathyroid hormone in February-March were significantly higher (P < 0.005) in black women (5.29 +/- 2.32 pmol/L) than in white women (4.08 +/- 1.41 pmol/L) and were significantly inversely correlated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D in blacks (r = -0.42, P = 0.002) but not in whites (r = -0.19, P = 0.246), Although it is well established that blacks have denser bones and lower fracture rates than whites, elevated parathyroid hormone concentrations resulting from low 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations may have negative skeletal consequences within black populations. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Harris, SS (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 34 TC 198 Z9 198 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 67 IS 6 BP 1232 EP 1236 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZQ801 UT WOS:000073904400022 PM 9625098 ER PT J AU Mohamedshah, FY Moser-Veillon, PB Yamini, S Douglass, LW Anderson, RA Veillon, C AF Mohamedshah, FY Moser-Veillon, PB Yamini, S Douglass, LW Anderson, RA Veillon, C TI Distribution of a stable isotope of chromium (Cr-53) in serum, urine, and breast milk in lactating women SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE chromium; stable isotope; tracer; Cr-53; lactation; women; breast milk; infants ID ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; EXCRETION; GLUCOSE; SUPPLEMENTATION; DILUTION; BALANCES; GLUCAGON; INSULIN; DIETS AB To determine the fate and distribution of chromium during lactation, six lactating women (25-38 y old) were given three doses of the tracer Cr-53 (7.55 mu mol/d, or 400 mu g/d) on days 1, 2, and 3 of the study, Diet records, blood samples taken while subjects were fasting, and 24-h composite milk and urine samples were collected from day 0 to day 6. Fasting blood samples, morning milk samples, and 24-h urine samples were also collected on days 8, 10, 15, 30, 60, and 90. Cr-53 and natural and total chromium concentrations in biological fluids were measured with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and total urinary chromium was measured with atomic-absorption spectrometry, Cr-53 was detectable in serum 2 h after dosing and continued to be detected from day 30 to day 60. Changes in total serum chromium concentration in response to the oral dose suggested that chromium concentrations in blood were not tightly regulated. Cr-53 was not detected in breast milk and no significant changes in natural chromium concentration in milk were observed in response to the oral doses, suggesting that breast-milk chromium concentrations are independent of intake. The estimated chromium intake of exclusively breast-fed infants was 2.5 nmol/d (0.13 mu g/d), below the lower end of the range of estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intakes (10-40 mu/d) for infants 0-6 mo of age. The baseline chromium concentration in urine and the minimum Cr-53 absorption in lactating women were comparable with values for nonpregnant, nonlactating subjects. Chromium losses in breast milk do not appear to be compensated for via increased absorption or decreased excretion. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Nutr & Food Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Human Nutr, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, Biometr Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Moser-Veillon, PB (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Nutr & Food Sci, Room 3307 Marie Mt Hall, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 67 IS 6 BP 1250 EP 1255 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZQ801 UT WOS:000073904400025 PM 9625101 ER PT J AU Harris, TB Langlois, JA Kiel, DP Hannan, MT Roubenoff, R AF Harris, TB Langlois, JA Kiel, DP Hannan, MT Roubenoff, R TI Re: "Epidemiology of insulin-like growth factor-I in elderly men and women. The Rancho Bernardo Study" SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID HEALTHY OLDER MEN; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; HORMONE; AGE C1 NIA, Epidemiol Demog & Biometry Program, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Harvard Univ, Hebrew Rehabil Ctr Aged, Boston, MA 02131 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Harris, TB (reprint author), NIA, Epidemiol Demog & Biometry Program, Gateway Bldg,3C-309, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. OI Kiel, Douglas/0000-0001-8474-0310 NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 1998 VL 147 IS 11 BP 1093 EP 1094 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZQ373 UT WOS:000073854700013 PM 9620054 ER PT J AU Taylor, JF Eggen, A Aleyasin, A Armitage, SM Barendse, W Beever, JE Bishop, MD Brenneman, RA Burns, BM Davis, SK Elo, K Harlizius, B Kappes, SM Keele, JW Kemp, SJ Kirkpatrick, BW Lewin, HA Ma, RZ McGraw, RA Pomp, D Stone, RT Sugimoto, Y Teale, AJ Vaiman, D Vilkki, J Williams, JL Yeh, CC Zanotti, MC AF Taylor, JF Eggen, A Aleyasin, A Armitage, SM Barendse, W Beever, JE Bishop, MD Brenneman, RA Burns, BM Davis, SK Elo, K Harlizius, B Kappes, SM Keele, JW Kemp, SJ Kirkpatrick, BW Lewin, HA Ma, RZ McGraw, RA Pomp, D Stone, RT Sugimoto, Y Teale, AJ Vaiman, D Vilkki, J Williams, JL Yeh, CC Zanotti, MC TI Report of the first workshop on the genetic map of bovine chromosome 1 SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE bovine; genetic linkage; BTA1 ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; LINKAGE MAP; BOS-TAURUS; DAIRY-CATTLE; DENSITY; GENOME AB A report of the first workshop on the genetic map of bovine chromosome 1 (BTA1) is presented. Five laboratories contributed 31 962 informative meioses from 70 loci. Thirty-two loci which had been typed by at least two laboratories were used to construct a framework genetic map with a likelihood ratio support of at least 1000:1 for locus order. The resulting sex averaged framework map contained 26 loci and spanned 163.6 cm. The lengths of the female and male maps were 159.5 cm and 165.3 cm, respectively, and there was evidence for an expansion in the telomeric one-third of the male map. Of the four cases where order for closely linked loci differed among the maps produced for each of the contributing laboratories, a consensus order was obtained for three in the framework map. The average genetic distance between framework loci on the sex-averaged map was 6.3 cm. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. ABS Global Inc, De Forest, WI 53532 USA. INRA CRJ, Lab Genet Biochim & Cytogenet, F-78350 Jouy En Josas, France. Univ Queensland, CSIRO, Div Trop Agr, Gehrmann Labs, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Agr Res Ctr, Inst Anim Protect, Jokioinen 31600, Finland. Dept Anim Breeding & Genet, D-30161 Hannover, Germany. USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Liverpool, Dept Genet & Microbiol, Donan Labs, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Meat & Anim Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Physl & Pharmacol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Shirakawa Inst Anim Genet, Fukushima 961, Japan. Int Livestock Res Inst, Nairobi, Kenya. AFRC, Roslin Inst, Roslin EH25 9PS, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Studi Milano, Ist Zootecn, Fac Med Vet, I-20133 Milan, Italy. RP Taylor, JF (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI Burns, Brian/A-9588-2011; Barendse, William/D-8608-2011; OI Barendse, William/0000-0002-5464-0658; Williams, John/0000-0001-5188-7957 NR 16 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 29 IS 3 BP 228 EP 235 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2052.1998.00287.x PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 108CR UT WOS:000075248900023 PM 9720184 ER PT J AU Ziska, LH AF Ziska, LH TI The influence of root zone temperature on photosynthetic acclimation to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations SO ANNALS OF BOTANY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; ENRICHMENT; GROWTH; RESPONSES; PLANTS; LEAVES AB Soybean (Glycine max 'Clark') was grown from germination to 21 d after sowing (DAS) at ambient (similar to 360 mu mol mol(-1)) or elevated (similar to 720 mu mol mol(-1)) carbon dioxide (CO2) at either one of two soil temperatures, 25 or 30 degrees C to determine the influence of root zone temperature on root growth and photosynthetic stimulation at ambient and elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide. Although the photosynthetic rate became less stimulate over time, a significant stimulation of whole plant photosynthesis and plant dry weight was observed at the elevated CO2 concentration during the experimental period irrespective of soil temperature. At neither carbon dioxide concentration did the warmer soil temperature (30 degrees C) stimulate whole plant growth compared to a soil temperature of 25 degrees C, but it did increase root growth relative to shoot (top) growth with a subsequent increase in root/shoot ratio. Increasing soil temperature at either carbon dioxide concentration also significantly stimulated whole plant photosynthetic rate. However, the degree of stimulation was reduced with time irrespective of carbon dioxide concentration so that at 21 DAS no difference in photosynthesis between ambient and elevated soil temperatures was observed. Data from this experiment indicate that for soybean, a higher soil temperature stimulates root/shoot ratio and enhances photosynthetic response to elevated carbon dioxide in the short-term (i.e. days), but increasing root/shoot ratios does not provide a satisfactory explanation of long-term stimulation of photosynthesis at elevated levels of carbon dioxide. (C) 1988 Annals of Botany Company. C1 ARS, USDA, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ziska, LH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Climate Stress Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 22 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0305-7364 J9 ANN BOT-LONDON JI Ann. Bot. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 81 IS 6 BP 717 EP 721 DI 10.1006/anbo.1998.0626 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZU999 UT WOS:000074257900004 ER PT J AU Low, D Ahlgren, JA Horne, D McMahon, DJ Oberg, CJ Broadbent, JR AF Low, D Ahlgren, JA Horne, D McMahon, DJ Oberg, CJ Broadbent, JR TI Role of Streptococcus thermophilus MR-1C capsular exopolysaccharide in cheese moisture retention SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LACTIC-ACID BACTERIA; MOZZARELLA CHEESE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; DNA AB Recent work by our group has shown that an exopolysaccharide (EPS)-producing starter pair, Streptococcus thermophilus MR-1C and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp, bulgaricus MR-IR, can significantly increase moisture retention in low-fat mozzarella (D. B. Ferry, D. J. McMahon, and C. J. Oberg, J. Dairy Sci. 80:799-805, 1997). The objectives of this study were to determine whether MR-1C, MR-IR, or both of these strains are required for enhanced moisture retention and to establish the role of EPS in this phenomenon. Analysis of low-fat mozzarella made with different combinations of MR-1C, MR-IR, and the non-EPS producing starter culture strains S. thermophilus TA061 and Lactobacillus helveticus LH100 showed that S. thermophilus MR-1C was responsible for the increased cheese moisture level. To investigate the role of the S. thermophilus MR-1C EPS in cheese moisture retention, the epsE gene in this bacterium was inactivated by gene replacement, Low-fat mozzarella made with L. helveticus LH100 plus the non-EPS-producing mutant S. thermophilus DM10 had a significantly lower moisture content than did cheese made with strains LH100 and MR-IC, which confirmed that the MR-1C capsular EPS was responsible for the water-binding properties of this bacterium in cheese. Chemical analysis of the S. thermophilus MR-IC EPS indicated that the polymer has a novel basic repeating unit composed of D-galactose, L-rhamnose, and L-fucose in a ratio of 5:2:1. C1 Utah State Univ, Coll Agr, Dept Nutr & Food Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Weber State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ogden, UT 84408 USA. RP Broadbent, JR (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Coll Agr, Dept Nutr & Food Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RI Broadbent, Jeff/A-9626-2010 OI Broadbent, Jeff/0000-0002-0751-0877 NR 28 TC 88 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 64 IS 6 BP 2147 EP 2151 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA ZQ805 UT WOS:000073904800024 PM 9603827 ER PT J AU Guard-Petter, J AF Guard-Petter, J TI Variants of smooth Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis that grow to higher cell density than the wild type are more virulent SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROTEUS-MIRABILIS; BACTERIA; CLONING; EGGS AB Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis that grows to a higher cell density (SE-HCD) thats wild type while retaining O-chain lipopolysaccharide was isolated by transforming wild type serovar Enteritidis with the cell density sensor plasmid pSB402 and selecting for bioluminescence. A luminescent strain, SE-HCD, that emitted light In proportion with cell density and opacity through stationary phase,vas isolated. After a peak cell density off 1.5 x 10(11) CPU/ml was observed, luminescence decreased, although opacity continued to increase, Scanning electron microscopy revealed that changes in luminescence and opacity prise peak cell density were associated with lysis of a swarming hyperflagellated coccobacillary cell type and emergence of a 10-to-30-fold-elongated sad cell type that lacked cell surface structures. Vigorous aeration was required to induce this dramatic cellular differentiation. The virulence of two isogenic variants with different patterns of light emission at an opacity of 0.2 after the culture was diluted 10-fold (1/10 OD) was assessed in animal models. Whereas SE-HCD1 killed 70% of 6-day-old chicks challenged subcutaneously, the same dose of SE-HCD2 did not kill any chicks. Conversely, subcutaneous challenge of hens with SE-HCD2 contaminated eggs five and seven times more often, respectively, than did SE-HCD1 or wild type serovar Enteritidis. Intravenous challenge with SE-HCD2 contaminated 22% of eggs versus 0.5% with wild type, depressed egg production for 4 weeks, and caused clinical signs of Gallinarum Disease (Fowl Typhoid) in hens, SE-HCD2 produced no contaminated eggs following oral infection, whereas wild type contaminated 1.3% of eggs. Thus, SE-HCD2 is better at contaminating eggs than wild type, but only by parenteral challenge. These results suggest that it may be possible to separate luminescent serovar Enteritidis into groups that infect different age groups and organs and contaminate eggs. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Guard-Petter, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 30 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 64 IS 6 BP 2166 EP 2172 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA ZQ805 UT WOS:000073904800027 PM 9603830 ER PT J AU Isaac-Renton, J Bowie, WR King, A Irwin, GS Ong, CS Fung, CP Shokeir, MO Dubey, JP AF Isaac-Renton, J Bowie, WR King, A Irwin, GS Ong, CS Fung, CP Shokeir, MO Dubey, JP TI Detection of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in drinking water SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The world's largest outbreak of waterborne toxoplasmosis occurred in a municipality in the western Canadian province of British Columbia. When drinking water emerged as a passible source of infection during the outbreak investigation, a laboratory method was needed to attempt detection of the parasite, Toxoplasma gondii. The method developed was based on the current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency method for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Collection of large-volume drinking water samples and cartridge filter processing were unchanged, although identification of Toxoplasma oocysts in the filter retentate was carried out by using a previously described rodent model. Validation of the method developed was tested by using oocysts from a well-characterized Toxoplasma strain. C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Univ British Columbia, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Vancouver, BC, Canada. British Columbia Minist Hlth, British Columbia Ctr Dis Control, Epidemiol Serv, Vancouver, BC, Canada. British Columbia Minist Hlth, British Columbia Ctr Dis Control, Prov Lab, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Water Dept Capital Reg Dist, Victoria, BC, Canada. USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Livestock & Poultry Sci Inst, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Isaac-Renton, J (reprint author), Vancouver Gen Hosp, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Div Microbiol & Infect Control, 855 West 12th,Laurel St Pavill, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. NR 8 TC 73 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 64 IS 6 BP 2278 EP 2280 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA ZQ805 UT WOS:000073904800047 PM 9603850 ER PT J AU Arnade, C Pick, D Gopinath, M AF Arnade, C Pick, D Gopinath, M TI Testing oligopoly power in domestic and export markets SO APPLIED ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; PRICE-DISCRIMINATION; PACKING INDUSTRY AB Empirical applications of testing oligopoly power in different industries are based on the 'new empirical industrial organization' (NEIO) approach. Parallel to this approach, theoretical and empirical applications to testing oligopoly power in international trade have also emerged. A shortcoming of these approaches is that they do not account for the possibility that an industry, which is active in the domestic and international markets, may exhibit oligopoly power in both markets. We extend the existing models by simultaneously accounting for domestic and international components of four industries in testing for oligopoly power. We found that in some cases, industries exhibit oligopoly behaviour in either or both markets. C1 USDA, Serv Econ Res, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Arnade, C (reprint author), USDA, Serv Econ Res, 1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROUTLEDGE PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0003-6846 J9 APPL ECON JI Appl. Econ. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 30 IS 6 BP 753 EP 760 PG 8 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA ZV344 UT WOS:000074295200005 ER PT J AU Lakhani, H AF Lakhani, H TI The socioeconomic benefits of active military service to reservists SO ARMED FORCES & SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID VIETNAM-ERA VETERANS; WORLD-WAR-II; EARNINGS; EXPERIENCE; ATTAINMENT; RETURNS; INCOME; ARMY AB This article compares the socioeconomic benefits of reservists with prior active military service (PS) and reservists with nonprior service (NPS). The economic theory of investment in human capital, the sociological concept of higher educational attainment, and the social psychological theory of the development of personality traits associated with PS are employed to develop a conceptual framework. The "bridging" argument of greater gains to nonwhite reservists is also tested for data for the All Volunteer Force era. Regression analysis of the Defense Manpower Data Center's Reserve Components Surveys (n = 8,000) revealed that individual and family earnings of PS personnel were higher by 6.8% and 3.5%, respectively, compared to similar earnings of NPS reservists. The results also found some support for the bridging hypothesis in that nonwhite reservists had higher family earnings and higher home ownership relative to white reservists. Limitations of the article for generalizability of the results to all veterans relative to nonveterans are also discussed. C1 USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USA, Res Inst Behav Social Sci, Washington, DC 20310 USA. RP Lakhani, H (reprint author), 3213 Amberley Lane, Fairfax, VA 22031 USA. NR 36 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU TRANSACTION PERIOD CONSORTIUM PI NEW BRUNSWICK PA DEPT 3091 RUTGERS-THE STATE UNIV OF NJ, NEW BRUNSWICK, NJ 08903 USA SN 0095-327X J9 ARMED FORCES SOC JI Armed Forces Soc. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 24 IS 4 BP 549 EP + DI 10.1177/0095327X9802400406 PG 18 WC Political Science; Sociology SC Government & Law; Sociology GA 122QF UT WOS:000076082400005 ER PT J AU Mulbry, W Rainina, E AF Mulbry, W Rainina, E TI Biodegradation of chemical warfare agents SO ASM NEWS LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Biochem & Biophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 10 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0044-7897 J9 ASM NEWS JI ASM News PD JUN PY 1998 VL 64 IS 6 BP 325 EP 331 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA ZT660 UT WOS:000074111000013 ER PT J AU Adams, RP Flournoy, LE Singh, RL Johnson, H Mayeux, H AF Adams, RP Flournoy, LE Singh, RL Johnson, H Mayeux, H TI Invasion of grasslands by Juniperus ashei: A new theory based on random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) SO BIOCHEMICAL SYSTEMATICS AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE grassland ecology; Juniperus; Cupressaceae; RAPDs; genetic differentiation ID MARKERS AB Random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) were analyzed for three populations of Juniperus ashei: ancestral (Ozona, TX), a typical central Texas limestone substrate, and an adjacent population on deep black soil. A total of 175 RAPD bands were analyzed by principal coordinate analyses. As with the previous research based on morphology and volatile leaf oils, the Ozona plants clustered separately. In addition, there appears to be differentiation between the trees on limestone and those adjacent on blackland soil (separated by 30-50 m). It is hypothesized that new mutations and/ or allelic combinations have enabled the J. ashei to invade the tall grasses and deep soils. If true, this could help explain the recent (and continuing) invasion of abandoned farmlands by Juniperus in the United States. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Baylor Univ, Ctr Plant Biotechnol, Gruver, TX 79040 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Anthropol, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Inst Biodivers Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal. USDA ARS, Grasslands Stn, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Adams, RP (reprint author), Baylor Univ, Ctr Plant Biotechnol, POB 669, Gruver, TX 79040 USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0305-1978 J9 BIOCHEM SYST ECOL JI Biochem. Syst. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 4 BP 371 EP 377 DI 10.1016/S0305-1978(97)00132-4 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA ZW445 UT WOS:000074411700001 ER PT J AU Dowd, PF Vega, FE Nelsen, TC Richard, JL AF Dowd, PF Vega, FE Nelsen, TC Richard, JL TI Dusky sap beetle mediated dispersal of Bacillus subtilis to inhibit Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin production in maize Zea mays L. SO BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Carpophilus; insects; corn; Zea mays; mycotoxin; food safety ID HONEY-BEES; PREHARVEST AFLATOXIN; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; ERWINIA-AMYLOVORA; MICROBIAL AGENTS; CONTAMINATION; NITIDULIDAE; COLEOPTERA; AUTODISSEMINATION; DISSEMINATION AB Laboratory assays were performed with detached milk stage maize (Zea mays L.) ears and dusky sap beetles (Carpophilus lugubris Murray) carrying the Kodiak Concentrate formulation of the bacterium, Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn. After 1 day of exposure to the B. subtilis-contaminated C. lugubris, the colonization of mechanically damaged kernels by Aspergillus flavus Link ex. Fries was reduced from 82% (if the A. flavus was inoculated first) to 41% (if B. subtilis was added by C. lugubris before the A. flavus). Field cage studies were performed with an autoinoculative device containing B. subtilis into which C. lugubris beetles were introduced. C. lugubris-dispersed B. subtilis reduced visible A. flavus colonization by 97% when the A. flavus was added to purposely damaged maize ears 4 days after C. lugubris were released from the autoinoculator. In 1993 field studies, none of the purposely damaged ears that allowed access to C. lugubris beetles emerging from autoinoculators containing B, subtilis had visible sporulating A. flavus compared with 92% of ears that did not allow access of C. lugubris bur that subsequently had the A, flavus inoculum added In 1994 field studies, 70% of the ears that excluded C. lugubris had aflatoxin levels greater than 200 ppb in purposely damaged kernels as opposed to less than 10% of kernels that permitted access by natural populations of C. lugubris that probably acquired B. subtilis from a Single autoinoculator Aflatoxin levels in these ears were negatively correlated with the presence of both B. subtilis and C. lugubris. The B. subtilis was widely dispersed over a 16-ha area as indicated by maize ear and C. lugubris trap sampling These studies indicate that autoinoculative dispersal of B. subtilis by natural populations of C. lugubris is a potentially useful means for reducing A. flavus and aflatoxin in maize. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. ARS, European Biol Control Lab, USDA, F-34397 Montpellier 5, France. USDA ARS, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Romer Labs Inc, Union, MO 63084 USA. RP Dowd, PF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM dowdpf@mail.ncaur.usda.gov OI Vega, Fernando E./0000-0001-8103-5640 NR 37 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0958-3157 J9 BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN JI Biocontrol Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 8 IS 2 BP 221 EP 235 PG 15 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 100FJ UT WOS:000074804900005 ER PT J AU Caesar, AJ Campobasso, G Terraglitti, G AF Caesar, AJ Campobasso, G Terraglitti, G TI Identification, pathogenicity and comparative virulence of Fusarium spp. associated with diseased Euphorbia spp. in Europe SO BIOCONTROL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fusarium spp.; Euphorbia spp.; leafy spurge; virulence ID F-SP LYCOPERSICI; LEAFY SPURGE; NORTHERN PLAINS; OXYSPORUM; ESULA; RHIZOCTONIA AB Fusarium spp. isolated from diseased Euphorbia spp. in Europe were assessed for pathogenicity to North American accessions of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula/virgata). Of the nine strains of Fusarium spp. isolated from diseased E. stepposa or E. virgata in the Caucasus region of Russia and E. esula/virgata in southern France, all were pathogenic to leafy spurge. There were significant differences in virulence among strains. Foul strains, including the two that were most virulent, were identified as F. oxysporum. Four of the five other strains were identified as F. solani and one was identified as F. proliferatum. Three of the four most virulent strains to leafy spurge were isolated from E. stepposa. The most virulent strain was associated with roof damage caused by insect biological control agents, as found earlier with domestic strains of Fusarium spp. pathogenic to leafy spurge. Too strains identified as F. solani were vegetatively compatible. It was concluded that further screening of a larger set of strains of foreign Fusarium spp. under quarantine conditions in the US or in limited overseas facilities would be justified and could yield promising biological control agents for leafy spurge. C1 Agr Res Serv, Pest Management & Agr Syst Res Unit, No Plains Agr Res Lab, USDA, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. Agr Res Serv, USDA, European Biol Control Lab, Rome Substn, Rome, Italy. RP Caesar, AJ (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, Pest Management & Agr Syst Res Unit, No Plains Agr Res Lab, USDA, 1500 N Cent Ave, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. EM caesara@sidney.ars.usda.gov NR 21 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU CARFAX PUBL CO PI ABINGDON PA PO BOX 25, ABINGDON, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND OX14 3UE SN 0958-3157 J9 BIOCONTROL SCI TECHN JI Biocontrol Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 8 IS 2 BP 313 EP 319 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 100FJ UT WOS:000074804900013 ER PT J AU Bull, CT Wadsworth, ML Sorensen, KN Takemoto, JY Austin, RK Smilanick, JL AF Bull, CT Wadsworth, ML Sorensen, KN Takemoto, JY Austin, RK Smilanick, JL TI Syringomycin E produced by biological control agents controls green mold on lemons SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE biocontrol; biological control; postharvest; BioSave; Pseudomonas syringae; Geotrichum citriaurantii; Penicillium digitatum; Penicillium italicum; Rhodotorula pilimanae ID SYRINGAE PV-SYRINGAE; AMINO-ACID-ANALYSIS; PSEUDOMONAS-SYRINGAE; PENICILLIUM-DIGITATUM; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; POSTHARVEST DISEASES; SYRB GENE; PHYTOTOXIN; IMAZALIL; CITRUS AB Pseudomonas syringae strains ESC-10 and ESC-11 suppressed green mold of citrus, caused by Penicillium digitatum. In this paper, we demonstrated that strains ESC-10 and ESC-11 produced syringomycin E in vitro which was inhibitory to Geotrichum citriaurantii, Penicillium digitatum, and Rhodotorula pilimanae. Purified syringomycin E from strains ESC-10 and ESC-11 controlled green mold on lemons to the same extent as it did the bacteria when syringomycin E was applied to wounds at 1000 times the concentration needed for in vitro inhibition of Penicillium digitatum. Syringomycin E may be involved in biological control of green mold on citrus by strains ESC-10 and ESC-11. C1 ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. Calif State Univ Fresno, Dept Biol, Fresno, CA 93710 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Bull, CT (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. EM CTBull@AOL.com RI Takemoto, Jon/A-5309-2011 OI Takemoto, Jon/0000-0001-9919-9168 NR 42 TC 43 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUN PY 1998 VL 12 IS 2 BP 89 EP 95 DI 10.1006/bcon.1998.0622 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA ZV180 UT WOS:000074278200001 ER PT J AU Gothama, AAA Sikorowski, PP McLaughlin, MR AF Gothama, AAA Sikorowski, PP McLaughlin, MR TI Replication of nonoccluded Baculovirus associated with the parasitoid Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) in Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE Microplitis croceipes; parasitoid; Heliothis virescens; nonoccluded baculovirus; replication; ELISA; transmission electron microscopy; bioassay ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; VIRUS; INFECTION; LARVAE AB Replication of Microplitis croceipes nonoccluded baculovirus (McNOBV) in Heliothis virescens (E) larvae was detected by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and bioassay. Five-day-old (early third instar) H. virescens larvae were inoculated intrahemocoelically with 0 (control), 3, or 30 ng virus/larva, subjected to ELISA, and verified by TEM, at various hours after inoculation. The ELISA results showed increases of the absorbance values and the amount of virus particles produced in some inoculated larvae. McNOBV infection was observed in 16.7-33.3 and 66.7-83.3% of larvae inoculated with 3 and 30 ng virus, respectively, 24-96 h post inoculation. Virus particles mere detected in hemolymph, fat body, and midgut epithelial cells of infected larvae. In bioassay, when McNOBV-infected larvae were exposed to healthy, premated, female M. croceipes (Cresson) for oviposition, 10.6% of the M. croceipes females became infected with the virus. Examination of M. croceipes offspring indicated significant decreases (control vs. infected) in larval emergence (75.0 to 39.6%), cocoon formation (68.8 to 31.3%), and adult eclosion (68.1 to 22.2%). McNOBV was detected by ELISA in 25.9% of dead larvae, 45.2% of dead pupae, and 37.3% of the surviving adults of M.. croceipes. These results demonstrate that McNOBV replication in H. virescens larvae and transmission of McNOBV from infected H. virescens larvae to ovipositing M.. croceipes females and their offspring can occur. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, USDA, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Gothama, AAA (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, POB 9775, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 35 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUN PY 1998 VL 12 IS 2 BP 103 EP 110 DI 10.1006/bcon.1998.0575 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA ZV180 UT WOS:000074278200003 ER PT J AU Goolsby, JA Ciomperlik, MA Legaspi, BC Legaspi, JC Wendel, LE AF Goolsby, JA Ciomperlik, MA Legaspi, BC Legaspi, JC Wendel, LE TI Laboratory and field evaluation of exotic parasitoids of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Biotype "B") (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) in the lower Rio Grande valley of Texas SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article AB We evaluated a total of 38 exotic and 2 native parasitoid populations of the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Biotype "B") (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) (= silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring), using laboratory and held experiments. Numbers of B. tabaci parasitized were counted in sleeve cages on cantaloupe melons (Cucumis melo L. cv "Perlita"), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv "Delta Pine 51"), and broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. cv "Patriot"). Highest attack rates were found for Encarsia nr. pergandiella (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) (Brazil) and Eretmocerus mundus Mercet (Spain) on melons; Eretmocerus sp. (Pakistan) on cotton; and Eretmocerus mundus (Spain) on broccoli. In the laboratory, these three exotic parasitoids attacked significantly greater numbers of hosts than the native species of Encarsia pergandiella Howard and Eretmocerus tejanus Rose and Zolnerowich. Selected exotic parasitoids were evaluated in the field using sleeve cages on melons, cotton, and kale (Brassica oleracea L. cv "Siberian kale"). Eretmocerus spp. from Spain and India performed well, in all crop types. Encarsia nr. pergandiella (Brazil) performed well on melons, but not on kale or cotton. Selected exotic parasitoids were released at various sites throughout Hidalgo County in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Of 29 populations released in the held, eleven were later recovered. Two Eretmocerus species (Spain and Pakistan) were commonly recovered throughout the evaluation period. This information will be used to prioritize the parasitoid cultures for mass rearing and release in biocontrol-based IPM programs against B. tabaci. C1 USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Mission Plant Protect Ctr, Mission, TX 78573 USA. ARS, USDA, SARC, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Goolsby, JA (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Mission Plant Protect Ctr, POB 2140, Mission, TX 78573 USA. NR 9 TC 59 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD JUN PY 1998 VL 12 IS 2 BP 127 EP 135 DI 10.1006/bcon.1998.0624 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA ZV180 UT WOS:000074278200006 ER PT J AU Davis, CD Schafer, DM Finley, JW AF Davis, CD Schafer, DM Finley, JW TI Effect of biliary ligation on manganese accumulation in rat brain SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE manganese toxicity; Mn-54; cholestasis; liver; manganese homeostasis ID GUT ENDOGENOUS LOSSES; PARENTERAL-NUTRITION; BASAL GANGLIA; TOXICITY; EXPOSURE AB Neurologic and radiologic disorders have been reported to occur in miners inhaling manganese (Mn)-laden dust and in humans receiving long-term parenteral nutrition. These abnormalities have been attributed to Mn intoxication because of elevated serum Mn concentrations. Because the liver, by way of the bile, is the major route of Mn excretion, it is possible that anything that decreases biliary excretion could increase accumulation of Mn in the brain. The purpose of this study was to determine whether biliary ligation would increase Mn accumulation in the brain of rats that were exposed to deficient or adequate amounts of dietary manganese. The first experiment had a 2 x 3 factorial design, two levels of Mn (0 or 45 mu g/g diet) and three surgical treatments (control, sham, or bile-ligation). Animals were sacrificed 10 d after being fed Mn-54. In experiment 2, animals that had a sham operation or bile-ligation were sacrificed at 8 time points after being injected intraportally with 54Mn complexed to albumin. The biliary-ligated animals had a significantly (p < 0.001) smaller percentage of the 54Mn in their brains (when expressed as a percentage of whole animal 54Mn) than the sham-operated animals. Mn deficiency had a similar effect. However, we did observe an increased accumulation of the radioisotope in the brain over time. Therefore, in short-term studies, biliary-ligated rats do not appear to be a good model for Mn accumulation in the brains of people with cholestatic liver disease. C1 ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Davis, CD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0163-4984 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 64 IS 1-3 BP 61 EP 74 DI 10.1007/BF02783325 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 141WE UT WOS:000077166600006 PM 9845463 ER PT J AU Finley, JW AF Finley, JW TI Manganese uptake and release by cultured human hepato-carcinoma (Hep-G2) cells SO BIOLOGICAL TRACE ELEMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE manganese; Mn; liver; hepatocytes; cell culture; Hep-G2; excretion ID CACO-2 CELLS; ZINC UPTAKE; MECHANISMS; TRANSPORT; LIVER AB The liver is the primary organ involved in manganese (Mn) homeostasis. The human hepato-carcinoma cell line, Hep-G2, shows many liver specific functions. Consequently, Hep-G2 cells were investigated as a possible model of hepatic metabolism of Mn. Initial experiments showed that the concentration of Mn in the diet, or culture medium, similarly affected the retention of Mn by isolated rat hepatocytes and Hep-G2 cells. Manganese uptake by Hep-G2 cells suggested that uptake was followed by release from the cell. Uptake was saturable and half-maximal at 2.0 mu mol Mn/L, and was inhibited by iodoacetate, vanadate, cold, and bepridil. The cations Fe2+, Cu2+ Ni2+, Cd2+, and Zn2+ decreased Mn uptake. Uptake was dependent on Calcium (Ca) concentration in a manner that resembled saturation kinetics. Cells that were pulsed with Mn-54 and then placed into nonradioactive medium quickly released a large portion of their internalized Mn. Release of internalized Mn could be inhibited by low temperature, nocodozole, quinacrine and sodium azide. These data show that Hep-G2 cells are a potentially good model of hepatic Mn metabolism. Mn is taken up by a facilitated process that may be related to Ca uptake. Release apparently is an active, controlled process, that may involve microtubules and lysosomes. C1 ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Finley, JW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 22 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0163-4984 J9 BIOL TRACE ELEM RES JI Biol. Trace Elem. Res. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 64 IS 1-3 BP 101 EP 118 PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 141WE UT WOS:000077166600009 PM 9845466 ER PT J AU Giesbrecht, FG Whitaker, TB AF Giesbrecht, FG Whitaker, TB TI Investigations of the problems of assessing aflatoxin levels in peanuts SO BIOMETRICS LA English DT Article DE aflatoxin concentration; compound gamma; modeling; negative binomial ID VARIABILITY AB In this study, a number of probability distributions that have been used to model the occurrence of aflatoxin in peanuts are compared. Two distributions, the compound gamma and the negative binomial, are shown to have special appeal in that both can be justified by reasoning from the fundamental biological and stochastic processes that generate the aflatoxin. Since method of moments and maximum likelihood give consistent estimates of parameters in both models, practical considerations suggest using the former. One hundred twenty datasets, each consisting of fifty observations, were not sufficient to provide goodness-of-fit tests to establish either as superior to the other as a model. Both models fit the data well, appreciably better than other models examined. An attractive aspect of the compound gamma and the negative binomial distributions is that, as a consequence of their theoretical underpinnings, both involve parameters that have meaningful interpretations. In the compound gamma, the alpha parameter reflects the shape of the kernel-to-kernel aflatoxin content distribution, the lambda parameter reflects the number (or frequency) of contaminated kernels in the sample, and the beta parameter is a scale parameter. In the negative binomial, the two parameters can be used as measures of mean or location and shape. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Giesbrecht, FG (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 25 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTERNATIONAL BIOMETRIC SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 808 17TH ST NW SUITE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3910 USA SN 0006-341X J9 BIOMETRICS JI Biometrics PD JUN PY 1998 VL 54 IS 2 BP 739 EP 753 DI 10.2307/3109780 PG 15 WC Biology; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA ZU099 UT WOS:000074161600030 PM 9629654 ER PT J AU Dekker-Robertson, DL Libby, WJ AF Dekker-Robertson, DL Libby, WJ TI American forest policy - global ethical tradeoffs SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Genet, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Dekker-Robertson, DL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. EM dekker@forest.moscowfsl.wsu.edu; 100232.213@compuserve.com NR 32 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST BIOLOGICAL SCI PI WASHINGTON PA 1444 EYE ST, NW, STE 200, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0006-3568 J9 BIOSCIENCE JI Bioscience PD JUN PY 1998 VL 48 IS 6 BP 471 EP 477 DI 10.2307/1313245 PG 7 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA ZP300 UT WOS:000073738500010 ER PT J AU Benito, P House, W Miller, D AF Benito, P House, W Miller, D TI Comparison of oral and intraperitoneal iron supplementation in anaemic rats: a re-evaluation of the mucosal block theory of iron absorption SO BRITISH JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE iron; anaemia; intestine; mucosal block ID EPITHELIAL-CELLS; FERRITIN; STORES AB To evaluate the extent to which daily oral Fe supplements may block Fe absorption from a subsequent dose, we compared effects of oral and intraperitoneal (i.p.) Fe supplementation on Fe status in anaemic rats (haemoglobin (Hb)90 g/l). A ligated duodenal loop technique was used to assess the effects of the Fe supplements administered either orally or i.p. at different frequencies on Fe absorption from a subsequent test dose. Anaemic Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to seven groups of eight rats each and received either oral or i.p. Fe supplements for 3 d as follows: (1) 4 mg oral supplement daily (three doses in 3 d); (2) 4 mg oral supplement once (one dose on day 1, low-Fe dose on days 2 and 3); (3) 12 mg oral supplement once (one dose on day 1, low-Fe dose on days 2 and 3); (4) 3.2 mg i.p. supplement daily (three doses in 3 d); (5) 3.2 mg i.p. supplement once (one dose on day 1); (6) 9.6 mg i.p. supplement once (one dose on day 1); (7) low-Fe diet (control). The effectiveness of the supplements in treating Fe deficiency on each of the two test-factors, i.e. route of administration and frequency of dose, was assessed by determining Hb-Fe gain and liver-Fe stores after the 3 d test period. Oral supplementation was as effective as i.p. in improving the Fe status of the anaemic animals. However, a 15 min absorption of a radio-Fe test dose from a ligated loop in i.p.-supplemented groups was significantly higher (11.68 (SD 1.70) %, 17.39 (SD 4.59) %, 16.71 (SD 3.39) %) than in orally supplemented groups (3.24 (SD 1.35) %, 2.45 (SD 1.05) %, 1.80(SD 0.35) %) despite equal body Fe stores. No significant difference in intestinal Fe absorption efficiency was detected within the oral groups but those supplemented only once were more effective than or as effective as the group receiving daily supplements for 3 d in improving Fe status as indicated by Hb-regeneration efficiency. We conclude hat ther: is a mucosal block with the administration of oral Fe supplements but the extent of this blocking effect during oral Fe supplementation is not as dramatic as currently thought in the context of the poor efficacy of daily Fe supplementation programmes. C1 Cornell Univ, Div Nutr Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Food Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Benito, P (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 29997, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. NR 35 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0007-1145 J9 BRIT J NUTR JI Br. J. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 79 IS 6 BP 533 EP 540 DI 10.1079/BJN19980092 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 102VN UT WOS:000074946400010 PM 9771341 ER PT J AU Datta, S Hansen, L McConnell, L Baker, J LeNoir, J Seiber, JN AF Datta, S Hansen, L McConnell, L Baker, J LeNoir, J Seiber, JN TI Pesticides and PCB contaminants in fish and tadpoles from the Kaweah River basin, California SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; SIERRA-NEVADA; FROG C1 Univ Nevada, Ctr Environm Sci & Engn, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Toxicol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Sect Evolut & Ecol, Div Biol Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. RP Seiber, JN (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Ctr Environm Sci & Engn, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RI McConnell, Laura/H-1519-2011 NR 21 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 60 IS 6 BP 829 EP 836 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZQ707 UT WOS:000073895000001 PM 9606257 ER PT J AU Goodall, MJ Volz, SA Johnston, JJ Hurlbut, DB Mauldin, RE Griffin, DL Petty, EE AF Goodall, MJ Volz, SA Johnston, JJ Hurlbut, DB Mauldin, RE Griffin, DL Petty, EE TI Determination of zinc phosphide residues in corn (Zea mays) grain, fodder, and forage SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 APHIS, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Analyt Chem Project, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Johnston, JJ (reprint author), APHIS, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Analyt Chem Project, 3350 Eastbrook Dr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 60 IS 6 BP 877 EP 884 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZQ707 UT WOS:000073895000008 PM 9606264 ER PT J AU Wipfli, MS Hudson, J Caouette, J AF Wipfli, MS Hudson, J Caouette, J TI Influence of salmon carcasses on stream productivity: response of biofilm and benthic macroinvertebrates in southeastern Alaska, USA SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID BRITISH-COLUMBIA; PACIFIC SALMON; COHO SALMON; ENHANCEMENT; PERIPHYTON; FERTILIZATION; DECOMPOSITION; ENRICHMENT; CARBON; RIVER AB This study was conducted to determine if salmon carcasses (from spawning adults) increased stream biofilm ash-free dry mass (AFDM) and benthic macroinvertebrate abundance in southeastern Alaska, U.S.A. Thirty-six once-through artificial streams were situated along, and received water and drifting invertebrates from, a natural stream. Two treatments (salmon carcass, control) were sampled six times during a 3-month period in a randomized incomplete block design with a 2 x 6 factorial treatment structure. Additionally, two natural stream sites were sampled once for biofilm and macroinvertebrates, one site receiving 75 000 adult salmon migrants during 1996 and the other upstream of spawning salmon. While biofilm AFDM was 15 times higher in carcass-enriched reaches of Margaret Creek, there were no detectable treatment differences in the artificial streams. Total macroinvertebrate densities were up to eight and 25 times higher in carcass-enriched areas of artificial and natural streams, respectively; Chironomidae midges, Baetis and Cinygmula mayflies, and Zapada stoneflies were the most abundant taxa. The increased biofilm in Margaret Creek and macroinvertebrate abundance in both systems suggest that salmon carcasses elevated freshwater productivity. This marine-based positive feedback mechanism may be crucial for sustaining aquatic-riparian ecosystem productivity and long-term salmonid population levels. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Wipfli, MS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, 2770 Sherwood Lane, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 31 TC 197 Z9 200 U1 5 U2 36 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 55 IS 6 BP 1503 EP 1511 DI 10.1139/cjfas-55-6-1503 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 117WJ UT WOS:000075805400020 ER PT J AU De Lucca, AJ Bland, JM Grimm, C Jacks, TJ Cary, JW Jaynes, JM Cleveland, TE Walsh, TJ AF De Lucca, AJ Bland, JM Grimm, C Jacks, TJ Cary, JW Jaynes, JM Cleveland, TE Walsh, TJ TI Fungicidal properties, sterol binding, and proteolytic resistance of the synthetic peptide D4E1 SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE peptides; fungicidal; Aspergillus spp.; Fusarium spp.; sterols ID ANTIBACTERIAL PEPTIDES; INSECT IMMUNITY; CECROPIN-B; PIG INTESTINE; ASPERGILLUS; MYCOTOXINS; SEQUENCE; PROTEINS; CONIDIA; PUPAE AB The fungicidal properties of the synthetic peptide D4E1 were studied with nongerminated and germinating conidia of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium moniliforme, and Fusarium oxysporum. The minimal lethal concentrations (MLC) needed to kill 100% of germinating conidia of A. fumigatus, A. flavus, and A. niger were 12.5, 12.5, and 25 mu M, respectively. The MLC value for nongerminated and germinating conidia of both Fusarium spp. was 3.0 mu M. Except for A. fumigatus, D4E1 was inactive against the nongerminated conidia of the Aspergillus spp. Physicochemical studies showed D4E1 complexed with ergosterol, a sterol present in conidial walls. Cholesterol, present in nongerminated conidia of F. moniliforme, had a greater affinity for D4E1 than did ergosterol. D4E1 was more resistant to fungal and plant protease degradation than the natural peptide, cecropin A. These in vitro results suggest D4E1 is a candidate for transgenic expression in plants to enhance host resistance to fungal infection. C1 ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Demeter Biotechnol Ltd, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NCI, Immunocompromised Host Sect, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP De Lucca, AJ (reprint author), ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 34 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 44 IS 6 BP 514 EP 520 DI 10.1139/cjm-44-6-514 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA 114VP UT WOS:000075630100002 PM 9734302 ER PT J AU Ballen, KG Graham, PH Jones, RK Bowers, JH AF Ballen, KG Graham, PH Jones, RK Bowers, JH TI Acidity and calcium interaction affecting cell envelope stability in Rhizobium SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Rhizobium; acidity; calcium; lipopolysaccharide; cell envelope; outer membrane protein ID CYCLOPROPANE FATTY-ACIDS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI K-12; OUTER-MEMBRANE; PH; LEGUMINOSARUM; PHASEOLI; MELILOTI; PROTEINS; STRAINS; TOLERANCE AB Calcium improves the ability of many rhizobia to survive and persist in acid soils, but the mechanism responsible for this phenomenon has not been studied in detail. Here, we present data examining the combined effects of pH and calcium on the cell envelope of Rhizobium strains that differ in pH tolerance. The effect of pH and calcium on solute uptake was demonstrated by a change in the resistance to selected antimicrobial agents. When grown at pH 5.0, all strains exhibited fatty acid methyl ester profiles that were significantly different from those obtained using cells grown at pH 7.0. These differences included changes in the C16:C18 ratio and the percentage of 19:0 cyclopropane in the membrane. Both pH and calcium level had marked effects on Rhizobium etli UMR1632 lipopolysaccharide-banding patterns, but there was little evidence of a change in lipopolysaccharides with pH and calcium in Rhizobium tropici UMR1899. Both pH and calcium influenced expression of outer membrane proteins in all strains. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA, Agr Res Stn, US Natl Arboretum, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Graham, PH (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 27 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 44 IS 6 BP 582 EP 587 DI 10.1139/cjm-44-6-582 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA 114VP UT WOS:000075630100011 ER PT J AU Bushnell, WR Somers, DA Giroux, RW Szabo, LJ Zeyen, RJ AF Bushnell, WR Somers, DA Giroux, RW Szabo, LJ Zeyen, RJ TI Genetic engineering of disease resistance in cereals SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE PHYTOPATHOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS; ERYSIPHE-GRAMINIS ATTACK; WHEAT TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; THAUMATIN-LIKE PROTEINS; ORYZA-SATIVA L; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; TRANSCRIPT ACCUMULATION; ANTIFUNGAL PROTEINS; FUNGUS INTERACTIONS AB Transformation procedures have been developed for introducing cloned genes into all major cereals. These procedures are beginning to be used to enhance disease resistance, although progress is slowed by the 8 to 10 months required to obtain seed from the first generation of transformed plants. Genotype dependence, somaclonal variation, and lack of stability in inheritance and expression also limit output of useful transformants. Nevertheless, several types of genes with potential to enhance disease resistance, as demonstrated in tobacco or other easily transformed plants, are available for introduction into cereals. For virus diseases, these include pathogen-derived genes for coat protein and antisense versions of replicase or other factors required for virus replication. For fungal diseases, candidates include genes for chitinase and beta-1,3-glucanase, for several classes of low molecular weight antifungal proteins, for pathogenesis-related protein-1. Other candidate genes code for enzymes that detoxify pathogen toxins, disable hydrolytic enzymes of the pathogen, or enhance phytoalexin production. Isolation of race-specific genes for resistance from cereals and avirulence genes from cereal pathogens will offer new opportunities for engineering disease resistance using transgenes. To select among multiple candidate genes for stable transformation, a transient expression assay is described using barley epidermal cells inoculated with Blumeria (Erysiphe) graminis. For optimum efficiency and durability, gene expression in stable transformants needs to be targeted at infection sites in tissues and cells located in the invasion path of individual pathogens. C1 USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Bushnell, WR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, 1551 Lindig St, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 84 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU CANADIAN PHYTOPATHOL SOC PI GUELPH PA DEPT ENVIRON BIOL/UNIV GUELPH CAN. J PLANT PATHOL. DR. ROBERT HALL, GUELPH, ONTARIO N1G 2W1, CANADA SN 0706-0661 J9 CAN J PLANT PATHOL JI Can. J. Plant Pathol.-Rev. Can. Phytopathol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 20 IS 2 BP 137 EP 149 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 155BT UT WOS:000077926600001 ER PT J AU McRoberts, RE Brooks, RT Rogers, LL AF McRoberts, RE Brooks, RT Rogers, LL TI Using nonlinear mixed effects models to estimate size-age relationships for black bears SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID GROWTH-CURVES AB Size-age relationships for three physical characteristics, body length, zygomatic width, and pad width, were modeled for black bears (Ursus americanus) captured in northeastern Minnesota, U.S.A. Because the curves representing size-age relationships were nonlinear, and because some of the data consist of repeated, longitudinal observations for multiple bears, nonlinear mixed effects model analyses were required. The results are presented as parameter estimates with standard errors and estimated population curves with 95% confidence intervals. Variance estimates obtained using mixed-effects models are compared with erroneous estimates obtained using ordinary least-squares techniques. Comparisons are made between male and female Minnesota bears with respect to parameter estimates and estimated population curves. In addition, the results for Minnesota bears are compared with results from similar studies on bears in other regions. C1 US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Massachusetts, US Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Wildlife Res Inst, Ely, MN 55731 USA. RP McRoberts, RE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 76 IS 6 BP 1098 EP 1106 DI 10.1139/cjz-76-6-1098 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 144QW UT WOS:000077327300012 ER PT J AU Steevens, JA Vansal, SS Kallies, KW Knight, SS Cooper, CM Benson, WH AF Steevens, JA Vansal, SS Kallies, KW Knight, SS Cooper, CM Benson, WH TI Toxicological evaluation of constructed wetland habitat sediments utilizing Hyalella azteca 10-day sediment toxicity test and bacterial bioluminescence SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID PORE-WATER; CONTAMINATION AB A toxicological evaluation was conducted on wetland habitats created as a result of run-off from agricultural areas. These temporary wetlands were created by using drop pipes as a means of reducing erosional cutting in agricultural fields. Toxicity bioassays utilizing bacterial bioluminescence and Hyalella azteca were used to assess sediment pore water and whole sediment, respectively. Inhibition of bacterial bioluminescence was initially used to determine relative toxicities of pore water from ten wetland sites. Constructed wetland sites were compared to the University of Mississippi Biological Field Station, a relatively pristine reference site. The H. azteca ten day sediment toxicity test was utilized to assess sediment from four selected sites using survival and growth as toxicological endpoints. Results from the toxicological evaluation, along with extensive ecological evaluations, were used to assess the best approach for implementation of temporary wetland habitats with existing agricultural practices. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharmacol, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, ETRP Environm & Community Hlth Res, University, MS 38677 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Benson, WH (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharmacol, University, MS 38677 USA. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JUN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 15 BP 3167 EP 3180 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00008-3 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZP463 UT WOS:000073756000013 PM 9747517 ER PT J AU McNamara, JR Shah, PK Nakajima, K Cupples, LA Wilson, PWF Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ AF McNamara, JR Shah, PK Nakajima, K Cupples, LA Wilson, PWF Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ TI Remnant lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride reference ranges from the Framingham Heart Study SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; LOW-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN; COMMERCIAL IMMUNOTURBIDIMETRIC ASSAY; APOLIPOPROTEIN-A-I; RICH LIPOPROTEINS; REFERENCE INTERVALS; BLOOD-PLASMA; RISK FACTOR; MEN; FRACTION AB Remnants of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins of both intestinal and liver origin are considered atherogenic, but they have been difficult to isolate and measure. An assay has been developed that allows the measurement of remnant-like particle cholesterol (RLP-C) and triglyceride (RLP-TG). RLP-C and RLP-TG concentrations were measured in >3000 fasting plasma samples obtained from participants in exam cycle 4 of the Framingham Offspring Study and stored at -80 degrees C. After exclusions, comparisons were made for 2821 samples (1385 women, 1436 men; mean age, 52 years). For women, the mean RLP-C and RLP-TG values were 0.176 +/- 0.058 mmol/L (6.8 +/- 2.3 mg/dL) and 0.204 +/- 0.159 mmol/L (18.1 +/- 14.1 mg/dL), respectively; for men, the mean values were 0.208 +/- 0.096 mmol/L (8.0 +/- 3.7 mg/dL) and 0.301 +/- 0.261 mmol/L (26.7 +/- 23.1 mg/dL), respectively. Women had significantly lower RLP-C and RLP-TG values (P <0.0001) than men; premenopausal women had significantly lower values than postmenopausal women (P <0.0001); and younger subjects (<50 years) had significantly lower values than older individuals (P <0.0001). The 75th percentile values for RLP-C and RLP-TG were 0.186 mmol/L (7.2 mg/dL) and 0.225 mmol/L (19.9 mg/dL), respectively, for women, and 0.225 mmol/L (8.7 mg/dL) and 0.346 mmol/L (30.6 mg/dL) for men. These data provide reference ranges for use in the evaluation of RLP-C and RLP-TG as potential indicators of risk for coronary heart disease. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. New England Med Ctr, Lipid Res Lab, Div Endocrinol Diabet Metab & Mol Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Otsuka Amer Pharmaceut Inc, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Boston, MA 02118 USA. NHLBI, Framingham Heart Study, NIH, Framingham, MA 01701 USA. RP McNamara, JR (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HC-38038] NR 48 TC 84 Z9 85 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1224 EP 1232 PN 1 PG 9 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA ZR716 UT WOS:000074006600013 PM 9625046 ER PT J AU Cao, GH Prior, RL AF Cao, GH Prior, RL TI Comparison of different analytical methods for assessing total antioxidant capacity of human serum SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID RADICAL ABSORBENCY CAPACITY; BIOLOGICAL-FLUIDS; AUTOMATED-ASSAY; PLASMA; PEROXIDATION; SCAVENGERS; MELATONIN; TISSUES; DAMAGE; TEA AB Three assays were compared for the determination of total antioxidant capacity in human serum: the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, the Randox Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (Randox-TEAC) assay, and the ferric reducing ability (FRAP) assay. There was a weak but significant linear correlation between serum ORAC and serum FRAP. There was no correlation either between serum ORAC and serum TEAC or between serum FRAP and serum TEAC. The effect of dilution on the serum TEAC value and the use of inhibition percentage at a fixed time, without considering the length of inhibition time in the quantitation of results, adversely affected the Randox-TEAC assay. The FRAP assay is simple and inexpensive but does not measure the SH-group-containing antioxidants. The ORAC assay has high specificity and responds to numerous antioxidants. By utilizing different extraction techniques in the ORAC assay, one can remove senun proteins and also make some gross differentiation between aqueous and lipid-soluble antioxidants. However, the ORAC assay requires similar to 60 min more than the FRAP or Randox-TEAC assay to quantitate results. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, ARS, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Nutr Sci, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. RP Prior, RL (reprint author), HNRCA, ARS, USDA, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM prior@hnrc.tufts.edu NR 35 TC 530 Z9 553 U1 0 U2 47 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 44 IS 6 BP 1309 EP 1315 PN 1 PG 7 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA ZR716 UT WOS:000074006600025 PM 9625058 ER PT J AU Taddei-Peters, WC Juergens, G Wiklund, O Schaefer, EJ Koltringer, P Petek, W Linden, T D'Agostino, RB Butman, BT AF Taddei-Peters, WC Juergens, G Wiklund, O Schaefer, EJ Koltringer, P Petek, W Linden, T D'Agostino, RB Butman, BT TI Isoform-independent Lp(a) measurement: Clinical performance in three study populations. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 In Vitro Prod PerImmune Inc, Rockville, MD USA. Karl Franzens Univ Graz, Graz, Austria. Univ Gothenburg, Wallenberg Lab, Gothenburg, Sweden. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab,JM, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Gothenburg Univ, Sahlgrens Hosp, S-41345 Gothenburg, Sweden. Boston Univ, Dept Math, Boston, MA 02215 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 44 SU 6 MA 330 BP A76 EP A76 PN 2 PG 1 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA ZT249 UT WOS:000074065700332 ER PT J AU Konstantinov, AS AF Konstantinov, AS TI Revision of the Aphthona crypta group of species and a key to the species groups in Aphthona Chevrolat (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae : Alticinae) SO COLEOPTERISTS BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB Three new species in the Aphthona crypta group of species are described (A. cryptomorpha China, Yunnan, A. pseudocrypta Central Nepal, and A. schereri Western Nepal) from the Oriental region and A. crypta Scherer is redescribed. A key to species groups in Aphthona Chevrolat, discussion of their relationships and a key to species of Aphthona crypta group are provided. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA ARS, Sytemat Entomol Lab, PSI, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Konstantinov, AS (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA ARS, Sytemat Entomol Lab, PSI, MRC 168, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU COLEOPTERISTS SOC PI NATCHEZ PA P.O. BOX 767, NATCHEZ, MS 39121 USA SN 0010-065X J9 COLEOPTS BULL JI Coleopt. Bull. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 52 IS 2 BP 134 EP 146 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZT107 UT WOS:000074049100007 ER PT J AU Coudron, TA Raqib, A Brandt, SL Wright, MK AF Coudron, TA Raqib, A Brandt, SL Wright, MK TI Comparison of the hemolymph proteins in permissive and non-permissive hosts of Euplectrus comstockii SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE host hemolymph; Hymenoptera; plasma proteins; regulation; storage proteins; venom; Helicoverpa zea; Diatraea grandiosella; Anagasta kuehniella; Ostrinia nubilalis; noctuid; pyralid ID TRICHOPLUSIA-NI LEPIDOPTERA; PLATHYPENAE HYMENOPTERA; EULOPHIDAE; PARASITISM; NOCTUIDAE; HELIOTHIS AB Parasitism by Euplectrus comstockii arrested larval-larval molting in both permissive (e.g. Helicoverpa tea) and non-permissive hosts (e.g. Diairaea grandiosella, Anagasta kuehniella and Ostrinia nubilalis). Parasitized larvae of both permissive and non-permissive hosts manifested a decrease in total weight gain. However, significant alterations of the putative storage proteins occurred only in the permissive host. Therefore, the venom of Euplectrus causes some, but not all, of the same effects in non-permissive hosts as in permissive hosts. Specifically, the ability of the venom to regulate molting was shown to be distinguishable from the ability of the venom to alter the protein titer in the hemolymph of a host. The fact that parasitoid eggs did not hatch on non-permissive hosts indicated that parasitoid development was impacted prior to feeding on the host and the presence of indigenous storage proteins in the non-permissive hosts supports the concept that storage proteins may not be for the direct use by the parasitoid. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Entomol, Plant Sci Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Coudron, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, 1503 S Providence Rd,Res Pk, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. EM entmtac@showme.missouri.edu NR 20 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0305-0491 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 120 IS 2 BP 349 EP 357 DI 10.1016/S0305-0491(98)10024-X PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA 116UE UT WOS:000075742600014 ER PT J AU Harrison, HF Farnham, MW Peterson, JK AF Harrison, HF Farnham, MW Peterson, JK TI Differential response of collard and kale cultivars to preemergence application of metolachlor SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE cole crops; Brassica oleracea; herbicide tolerance; weed control AB The feasibility of using preemergence application of metolachlor for weed control in direct-seeded collard and kale was assessed by determining the response of eight collard and three kale cultivars to the herbicide in greenhouse and field experiments. The lowest doses tested, 0.75 and 1.5 kg ha (-1) caused injury and reduced the seedling weights of some cultivars in the greenhouse and field; however, yield was reduced in the field only at doses of 3.0 kg ha (-1) and only when seedling injury and weight reduction were severe. There were differences between cultivars in injury ratings and seedling weight reduction in the greenhouse and field. Shoot weights of one of the most tolerant cultivars, 'Flash' were not reduced at metolachlor doses that reduced the weights of one of the least tolerant cultivars, 'Georgia'. These studies indicate the metolachlor at 1.5 kg ha (-1) or lower can be used safely for weed control in direct-seeded collard and kale if susceptible cultivars are avoided. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. RP Harrison, HF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 17 IS 4 BP 293 EP 297 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(98)00010-6 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 105RW UT WOS:000075088200003 ER PT J AU Pring, DR Chen, W Tang, HV Howad, W Kempken, F AF Pring, DR Chen, W Tang, HV Howad, W Kempken, F TI Interaction of mitochondrial RNA editing and nucleolytic processing in the restoration of male fertility in sorghum SO CURRENT GENETICS LA English DT Article DE sorghum; male sterility; RNA editing efficiency; fertility restoration ID PLANT-MITOCHONDRIA; OENOTHERA; PROTEIN; POTATO; RICE; GENE; PREREQUISITE; TRANSCRIPTS; INTRON; ATP6 AB Nucleolytic processing of transcripts within mitochondrial orf107, associated with male sterility in sorghum, is regulated by the fertility restoration gene Rf3, conferring 75% cleavage of whole-length transcripts. Two transcript editing sites are 81% and 61% edited in rf3rf3 lines, while these sites are 41% and 10% edited in the remaining whole-length transcripts in an Rf3Rf3 line. RNA editing and processing efficiency in F-1 progeny were similar to the Rf3Rf3 parent, and analyses of backcross progeny indicated that all rf3rf3 lines were characterized by high editing efficiency. We postulate that highly edited transcripts within the population are quickly processed in lines carrying Rf3, generating a residual population of poorly edited transcripts. Thus, action of Rf3 may have no direct affect on RNA editing, and may be dependent on a substrate of highly edited transcripts. These data indicate a potentially novel role of RNA editing in gene expression through an influence on the efficiency of transcript processing. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Environm Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Ruhr Univ Bochum, Lehrstuhl Allgemeine Bot, D-47780 Bochum, Germany. RP Pring, DR (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Environm Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM drpg@icbr.ifas.ufl.edu NR 30 TC 22 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 11 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0172-8083 J9 CURR GENET JI Curr. Genet. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 33 IS 6 BP 429 EP 436 DI 10.1007/s002940050356 PG 8 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 101RU UT WOS:000074882600006 PM 9644206 ER PT J AU Dyby, SD Silhacek, DL AF Dyby, SD Silhacek, DL TI Activating Rho, a GTPase, juvenilizes the pyralid moth, Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae). SO DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0012-1606 J9 DEV BIOL JI Dev. Biol. PD JUN 1 PY 1998 VL 198 IS 1 MA 363 BP 220 EP 220 PG 1 WC Developmental Biology SC Developmental Biology GA ZV215 UT WOS:000074281900366 ER PT J AU Morgan, RPC Quinton, JN Smith, RE Govers, G Poesen, JWA Auerswald, K Chisci, G Torri, D Styczen, ME AF Morgan, RPC Quinton, JN Smith, RE Govers, G Poesen, JWA Auerswald, K Chisci, G Torri, D Styczen, ME TI The European Soil Erosion Model (EUROSEM): A dynamic approach for predicting sediment transport from fields and small catchments SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE soil erosion model; soil erosion processes; distributed modelling; dynamic modelling ID THROUGHFALL DROPS; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; WATER; RUNOFF; SIMULATION; RESISTANCE; DETACHMENT; STRENGTH; YIELD; SLOPE AB The European Soil Erosion Model (EUROSEM) is a dynamic distributed model, able to simulate sediment transport, erosion and deposition over the land surface by rill and interill processes in single storms for both individual fields and small catchments. Model output includes total runoff, total soil loss, the storm hydrograph and storm sediment graph. Compared with other erosion models, EUROSEM has explicit simulation of interill and rill flow; plant cover effects on interception and rainfall energy; rock fragment (stoniness) effects on infiltration, flow velocity and splash erosion; and changes in the shape and size of rill channels as a result of erosion and deposition. The transport capacity of runoff is modelled using relationships based on over 500 experimental observations of shallow surface flows. EUROSEM can be applied to smooth slope planes without rills, rilled surfaces and surfaces with furrows, Examples are given of model output and of the unique capabilities of dynamic erosion modelling in general. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Cranfield Univ, Sch Agr Food & Environm, Water Management Grp, Silsoe MK45 4DT, Beds, England. Colorado State Univ, USDA ARS, N Plains Area, AERC, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Katholieke Univ Leuven, Lab Expt Geomorfol, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium. Natl Fund Sci Res, Brussels, Belgium. Tech Univ Munich, Inst Bodenkunde, D-85350 Freising Weihenstephan, Germany. Univ Florence, Dipartimento Agron & Prod Erbacee, I-50144 Florence, Italy. CNR, Ctr Studio Genesi Classificaz & Cartog Suolo, I-50144 Florence, Italy. Danish Hydraul Inst, DK-2970 Horsholm, Denmark. RP Quinton, JN (reprint author), Cranfield Univ, Sch Agr Food & Environm, Water Management Grp, Silsoe MK45 4DT, Beds, England. RI Govers, Gerard/A-8298-2008; Quinton, John/B-1290-2011; Styczen, Merete/E-6219-2015; Auerswald, Karl/C-5186-2008; OI Govers, Gerard/0000-0001-9884-4778; Quinton, John/0000-0003-1746-4795; Styczen, Merete/0000-0003-0420-2577; Auerswald, Karl/0000-0001-5275-4320; torri, dino/0000-0002-3891-9333 NR 70 TC 471 Z9 556 U1 14 U2 147 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 23 IS 6 BP 527 EP 544 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199806)23:6<527::AID-ESP868>3.0.CO;2-5 PG 18 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA ZX150 UT WOS:000074484400004 ER PT J AU Loomis, JB Gonzalez-Caban, A AF Loomis, JB Gonzalez-Caban, A TI A willingness-to-pay function for protecting acres of spotted owl habitat from fire SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE contingent valuation; old growth forests; fire; spotted owls ID CONTINGENT VALUATION; DICHOTOMOUS CHOICE; RELIABILITY; RESPONSES AB A contingent valuation survey was used to estimate the economic value to California and New England residents of implementing a fire management plan to reduce acres of old growth forests that burn in California and Oregon. Using a random effects probit model to account for the panel nature of the data, the average willingness to pay to reduce catastrophic fire on 2570 acres was $56 per household. Since acreage of habitat protected is a statistically significant variable in the willingness-to-pay function, this function can be used by managers to evaluate the incremental benefits of different fire management plans that reduce additional acres burned. These benefits can serve as justification for funding of prescribed fire and fuel reduction programs to protect critical habitat of the Northern and California Spotted Owl. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Forest Fire Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Loomis, JB (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM jloomis@ceres.agsci.colostate.edu NR 22 TC 36 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8009 J9 ECOL ECON JI Ecol. Econ. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 25 IS 3 BP 315 EP 322 DI 10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00044-X PG 8 WC Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA 108WL UT WOS:000075288700008 ER PT J AU Yang, Y Wilson, LT Makela, ME Marchetti, MA AF Yang, Y Wilson, LT Makela, ME Marchetti, MA TI Accuracy of numerical methods for solving the advection-diffusion equation as applied to spore and insect dispersal SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE numerical algorithms; 3-D dispersal; wind advection ID URBAN AIR-POLLUTION; PLANT-PATHOGENS; BARLEY CROP; MODEL; MOVEMENT; FORMULATION; TRANSPORT; CANOPY AB Three algorithms for solving a simplified 3-D advection-diffusion equation were compared as to their accuracy and speed in the context of insect and spore dispersal. The algorithms tested were the explicit central difference (ECD) method, the implicit Crank-Nicholson (ICN) method, and the implicit Chapeau function (ICF) method. The three algorithms were used only to simulate the diffusion process. A hold-release wind shifting method was developed to simulate the wind advection process, which shifts the concentration an integer number of grids and accumulates the remaining wind travel distance (which is less than the grid spacing) to the next time step. The test problem was the dispersal of a cloud of particles (originally in only one grid cell) in a 3-D space. The major criterion for testing the accuracy was R-2, which represents the proportion of the total variation in particle distribution in all grid cells that is accounted for by the particle distribution through numerical solutions. Other criteria included total remaining mass, peak positive density, and largest negative density. High R-2 values were obtained for the ECD method with (Delta tK(z))/(Delta z)(2) less than or equal to 0.5 (Delta t = time step; K-z = vertical eddy diffusion coefficient; Delta z = vertical grid spacing), and for the two implicit methods with Delta tK(z)/(Delta z)(2) less than or equal to 5. The ICN method gave higher R-2 values than the ICF method when the concentration gradients were high, but its accuracy decreased more rapidly with the progress of time than the ICF method with a combination of a large grid spacing and a large time step. With very steep concentration gradients, the ICF method generated huge negative values, the ICN method generated negative values to a lesser extent, and the ECD method generated only small negative values. It was also found that good mass and/or peak preservation did not necessarily correspond to a higher R-2 value. Based on the R-2 value and the requirement for concentration positivity, for simulations with steep concentration gradients, the ECD method would be most appropriate, followed by the ICN method, and the ICF method would be least appropriate due to large negative values. For simulations with low concentration gradients, the ECD or ICF or ICN method could be used, but the ICN method would not be appropriate for use in a combination of a large time step and a large grid spacing. The results from this study could help selection and use of appropriate numerical methods in studying the spatial dynamics of spores and insects. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA, ARS, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. RP Yang, Y (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM yubin@kelsun2.tamu.edu RI Wilson, Lloyd/E-9971-2011 NR 47 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD JUN 1 PY 1998 VL 109 IS 1 BP 1 EP 24 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(97)00222-6 PG 24 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZU623 UT WOS:000074216600001 ER PT J AU Bachelet, D Brugnach, M Neilson, RP AF Bachelet, D Brugnach, M Neilson, RP TI Sensitivity of a biogeography model to soil properties SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE simulation; soil texture; soil depth; rock fragment; vegetation distribution; MAPSS ID VEGETATION AB This paper presents the changes in vegetation distribution and hydrological balance resulting from a change in soils input data to the biogeography model MAPSS (Neilson, 1995). The model was run for the conterminous United States using three different sets of soil characteristics: (1) all soils were assumed to be sandy loam; (2) soils characteristics came from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) soils map of the world (FAO, 1974-1979) and (3) soil characteristics came from the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) National Soil Geographic (NATSGO) dataset. Resulting changes in vegetation distribution appear small on a country-wide basis, but large changes in simulated runoff in savannas, shrublands and deserts reflect the importance of using the best available soils dataset. In the state of Oregon, a 16% relative decrease in forest areal extent is accompanied by an 18% relative increase in shrubland when switching from FAO to NATSGO datasets. Conversely, forest cover increases by 24% while shrubland extent decreases by 14% when all Oregon soils are assumed to be sandy loam. MAPSS vegetation distribution projections were compared to Kuchler's potential vegetation map (Kuchler, 1964). The generalization of all US soils to sandy loam soils decreases the similarity between MAPSS predictions and Kuchler's map and is clearly inappropriate. If the similarity between MAPSS projections and Kuchler's map does not clearly improve by using NATSGO rather than FAO soils data, NATSGO soil representation is more reliable and thus we recommend using it in the future. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bioresource Engn, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Bachelet, D (reprint author), Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. EM bachelet@fsl.orst.edu RI Neilson, Ronald/A-8588-2009; Brugnach, Marcela/M-8189-2013 NR 17 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD JUN 1 PY 1998 VL 109 IS 1 BP 77 EP 98 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(98)00010-6 PG 22 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZU623 UT WOS:000074216600005 ER PT J AU Engeman, RM Sugihara, RT AF Engeman, RM Sugihara, RT TI Optimization of variable area transect sampling using Monte Carlo simulation SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE confidence interval coverage; density estimation; distance methods; plotless methods; spatial pattern ID DENSITY ESTIMATORS; DISTANCE AB An extensive simulation study was conducted to optimize the number, r, of population members to be encountered from each random starting point in variable area transect (VAT) sampling. The quality of estimation provided by the original calculation formula presented by K. R. Parker in 1979 was compared to another formula that was a Morisita analog intended to reduce bias when sampling aggregated populations. Monte Carlo simulations covered 64 combinations of four spatial patterns, four sample sizes, and four densities. Values of r from 3 through 10 were considered in each case. Relative root mean squared error was used as the primary assessment criterion. Superior estimation properties were found for r > 3, but diminishing returns, relative to the potential for increased effort in the field, were found for r > 6. The original estimation formula consistently provided results that were superior to the Morisita analog, with the difference most pronounced in the aggregate patterns for which the Morisita analog was intended. As long as the sampled populations displayed randomness in location of individuals, rather than systematic patterns that are uncommon in nature, the variance formula associated with the original estimation formula performed well. Additional simulations were conducted to examine four confidence interval methods for potential use in association with the Parker original estimation method. These simulations considered only the sample sizes for which the best estimation was achieved in the earlier simulations. The confidence interval method developed by Parker worked well for populations with random spatial patterns, but it rarely achieved 80% (generally much less) of target coverage for populations displaying aggregation. A nonparametric confidence interval method presented here, or a combination of it with the Parker method, is recommended for general use. C1 Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv,Hawaii Field Stn, Hilo, HI 96721 USA. RP Engeman, RM (reprint author), Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, 1716 Heath Pkwy, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. NR 17 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 10 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD JUN PY 1998 VL 79 IS 4 BP 1425 EP 1434 DI 10.1890/0012-9658(1998)079[1425:OOVATS]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZQ282 UT WOS:000073841800023 ER PT J AU Uri, ND Boyd, R AF Uri, ND Boyd, R TI Aggregate impacts of the proposed reduction in the motor fuels excise tax in the United States SO ENERGY ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE gasoline demand; taxation; prices ID ENERGY AB This paper assesses the effects of the proposed reduction in the excise tax on gasoline and diesel fuel on the US economy. The analytical approach used in the analysis consists of a computable general equilibrium model composed of 14 producing sectors, 14 consuming sectors, six household categories classified by income and a government. The effects of a 4.3 cents/gallon reduction in the excise tax on gasoline and diesel fuel on prices and quantities are examined. The results suggest, for example, a decrease in the tax would result in higher output by the producing sectors (by approximately $2.86 billion), an expansion in the consumption of goods and services (by approximately $3.48 billion) and an increase in welfare (by approximately $3.59 billion). The government would realize a decrease in revenue of approximately $2.37 billion. When subjected to a sensitivity analysis, the results are reasonably robust with regard to the assumption of the values of the substitution elasticities. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, ERS, Resource Econ Div, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Ohio Univ, Dept Econ, Athens, OH 45701 USA. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), USDA, ERS, Resource Econ Div, Room 4056,1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0140-9883 J9 ENERG ECON JI Energy Econ. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 20 IS 3 BP 309 EP 323 DI 10.1016/S0140-9883(97)00022-4 PG 15 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA ZU425 UT WOS:000074195800006 ER PT J AU Whaley, WH Anhold, J Schaalje, GB AF Whaley, WH Anhold, J Schaalje, GB TI Canyon drift and dispersion of Bacillus thuringiensis and its effects on select nontarget lepidopterans in Utah SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Incisalia fotis; Callophrys sheridanii; toxicology; Bacillus thuringiensis; gypsy moth; nontarget Lepidoptera ID VAR KURSTAKI AB A study was conducted to determine the effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. kurstaki drift on 2 lepidopteran species, Incisalia fotis Strecker and Callophrys sheridanii W. H. Edwards, and to test the efficacy of exclusion plots for mitigation on Neominois ridingsii W. H. Edwards. Incisalia fotis and C, sheridanii experienced significant mortality from drift when fed host plants placed up to 3,000 m from the down-canyon edge of the application site. Drift concentrations and mortality were greatest near the boundary of the application site, although they sometimes varied in an inconsistent manner. The 1993 bioassay data correlate with the observed reduction in adult I. fotis populations following B. thuringiensis applications during previous years. An exclusion plot established for N, ridingsii failed to provide protection. All 3 species are concluded to be sensitive to B. thuringiensis and mitigative procedures are warranted during gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) eradication or suppression projects when the projects encompass large tr acts of their respective ranges. Because of the lethal dosages of insecticide drift observed on larval host plants, it is concluded that mitigation procedures such as establishment of exclusion plots may not provide protection for B. thuringiensis-sensitive nontarget species when steep mountainous terrain is involved. Under these conditions other approaches may be warranted. C1 Utah Valley State Coll Orem, Dept Life Sci, Orem, UT 84058 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, Ogden, UT 84403 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Stat, Provo, UT 84602 USA. RP Whaley, WH (reprint author), Utah Valley State Coll Orem, Dept Life Sci, Orem, UT 84058 USA. NR 23 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 27 IS 3 BP 539 EP 548 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZV221 UT WOS:000074282500004 ER PT J AU Logan, JA Bentz, BJ Vandygriff, JC Turner, DL AF Logan, JA Bentz, BJ Vandygriff, JC Turner, DL TI General program for determining instar distributions from headcapsule widths: Example analysis of mountain pine beetle (Coleoptera : Scolytidae) data SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Dendroctonus ponderosae; headcapsule distributions; instar determination; Dyar's rule ID HEAD CAPSULE WIDTHS; DYAR RULE; LEPIDOPTERA; PYRALIDAE AB Determining instar distributions from field-collected insect samples is a common problem in insect ecology. We describe a generalized computer program (HCAP) that determines an optimum separation rule based on the distribution of headcapsule widths. The program is initiated through visual interaction with the user to determine starting points for separation rules. HCAP then determines the optimum instar classification rules; estimates of means and standard deviations of headcapsule widths for each instar: estimated number in each instar; and probabilities of misclassification. Application of the program is illustrated by the analysis of 3 data sets of >10,000 observations of headcapsule widths obtained from field collections of larvae of the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins. This analysis resulted in Ending significant differences between larvae collected from different hosts (ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosae Lawson, and lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Douglas variety latifolia Engelmann) and ecological circumstances !outbreak phase and geographic location). These results indicate that caution must be taken when extrapolating published results to new data or from one ecological situation to another. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Logan Forestry Sci Lab, Logan, UT 84321 USA. RP Logan, JA (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Logan Forestry Sci Lab, 860 N 1200 E, Logan, UT 84321 USA. NR 26 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 9 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 27 IS 3 BP 555 EP 563 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZV221 UT WOS:000074282500006 ER PT J AU Barnard, DR Harms, RH Sloan, DR AF Barnard, DR Harms, RH Sloan, DR TI Biodegradation of poultry manure by house fly (Diptera : Muscidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Musca domestica; poultry; manure degradation; larval survival; pupal mass AB This study was made to assess the nature and extent of changes in moisture and mass of poultry manure that result from feeding activity by house By larvae (Musca domestica L.). Larval density and different concentrations of fly-degraded manure in the developmental medium were related to changes in manure mass, moisture, and dry matter content. In laboratory assays, larval density changed all manure parameters but the effect was most notable at the level of 600 larvae per 100 g manure. In factorial experiments, the concentration of degraded manure (5 levels). but not larval density (4 levels), changed each manure parameter, whereas both manure mass and moisture content were affected by the 2-factor interaction. Under conditions in the field, manure parameters did not vary in response to larval density, although feeding activity reduced manure mass by 75%, moisture content by 89%, and manure dry matter content by 35%. C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Barnard, DR (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Dairy & Poultry Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 19 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 16 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 27 IS 3 BP 600 EP 605 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZV221 UT WOS:000074282500012 ER PT J AU Thomas, DB AF Thomas, DB TI Contribution of avian feces to fecundity in the Mexican fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anastrepha ludens; tephritid; fecundity; diet; avian feces ID CERATITIS-CAPITATA DIPTERA; FLIES DIPTERA; RHAGOLETIS; FOOD AB Adults of the Mexican fruit ny, Anastrepha ludens (Loew), given access to bird droppings were not significantly more fecund than flies without access to bird droppings. Flies with access to dried torula yeast and sugar had 7-fold increase in fecundity compared with flies maintained on sugar only. The latter result demonstrates that flies maintained on a diet of sugar alone are nutritionally deprived. Yet, bird droppings were not used to increase fecundity by these nutritionally challenged flies. Reports that other economically important tephritid species use bird droppings as a natural source of organic nitrogen does not seem to apply to the Mexican fruit fly. C1 ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Thomas, DB (reprint author), ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, USDA, 2301 S Int Blvd, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 27 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 27 IS 3 BP 626 EP 630 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZV221 UT WOS:000074282500015 ER PT J AU Lapointe, SL Serrano, MS Jones, PG AF Lapointe, SL Serrano, MS Jones, PG TI Microgeographic and vertical distribution of Acromyrmex landolti (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) nests in a neotropical savanna SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Attini; leafcutter ants; nest phenology; distribution; Colombia ID TROPICAL FORAGE GRASSES AB Nests of the grass-cutting attine ant Acromyrmex landolti (Forel) were excavated in a lowland tropical savanna in eastern Colombia over a period of 27 mo. Of 135 colonies, nests excavated during the dry season were deeper, had more chambers, and were approximate to 2.5 times larger than those excavated in the same area of native savanna during the wet season. Chambers containing fungus gardens were found to a depth exceeding 2 m during the dry season. During the rainy season, all chambers containing fungus gardens were located within 30 cm of the soil surface. Individual chamber size did not vary seasonally. During the rainy season, colonies relocated to superficial chambers and were smallest in terms of total colony volume and number of chambers per colony. During the dry season, colonies excavated new chambers to depths where soil moisture asymptotically approached a maximum level. Maps of colony location and microtopography of the savanna revealed an aggregated distribution associated with microrelief. Colonies were aggregated on slightly raised ridges that were most likely caused by surface water runoff. Implications for sampling and control are discussed. C1 Ctr Int Agr Trop, Cali, Colombia. RP Lapointe, SL (reprint author), ARS, US Hort Res Lab, USDA, 3020 Plymouth Oaks Rd, Apopka, FL 32712 USA. NR 8 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 27 IS 3 BP 636 EP 641 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZV221 UT WOS:000074282500017 ER PT J AU Spurgeon, DW Raulston, JR AF Spurgeon, DW Raulston, JR TI Boll weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) reproductive development as a function of temperature SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anthonomus grandis; reproductive development; temperature AB The effect of temperature on reproductive development in the boil weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, was examined at 12.8, 18.3, 23.9, 29.4, 32.2, and 35.0 degrees C and a 13:11 (L:D) h photoperiod through the use of dissections at specific ages. Logistic functions were used to describe age-frequencies of the presence of eggs, eggs with visible yolk, mature eggs, early reproductive testes (beginning of visible sperm accumulation in the centers of testis lobes), late reproductive testes (visible sperm accumulation in outer areas of testicular follicles), and filled seminal vesicles. Development times for 50 and 90% of the populations to attain these development stages were estimated from logistic functions. Biophysical developmental rate models were fitted to the corresponding development rates. Results indicated a marked temperature dependence of reproductive development with both low- and high-temperature inhibition at observed temperature extremes. Exposure to lower temperatures did not induce morphological characteristics of diapause. These results suggest a need to reexamine previous studies of diapause induction in which differences in physiological ages of weevils among induction regimes were not considered. C1 ARS, Crop Insects Res Unit, USDA, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Spurgeon, DW (reprint author), ARS, Crop Insects Res Unit, USDA, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 27 IS 3 BP 675 EP 681 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZV221 UT WOS:000074282500023 ER PT J AU Petroski, RJ Hammack, L AF Petroski, RJ Hammack, L TI Structure activity relationships of phenyl alkyl alcohols, phenyl alkyl amines, and cinnamyl alcohol derivatives as attractants for adult corn rootworm (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae : Diabrotica spp.) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE northern corn rootworm; western corn rootworm; 2-phenyl-1-ethylamine; phenethylamine; 2-phenyl-1-ethanol; phenethylalcohol ID CUCURBITA-MAXIMA DUCHESNE; BEETLES COLEOPTERA; NORTHERN; IDENTIFICATION; VOLATILES; BLOSSOMS; ANALOGS AB In field trapping tests, phenyl alkyl amines and phenyl alkyl alcohols with 2-carbon side chains attracted significantly more adult females of the northern corn rootworm, Diabrotica barberi Smith & Lawrence, than did phenyl alkyl amines or phenyl alkyl alcohols with 1-, 3-, or 4-carbon side chains. Both sexes of northern corn rootworm were attracted to 2-phenyl-1-ethylamine in greater numbers than to 2-phenyl-1-ethanol, whereas the latter was the better attractant in the case of female western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte. Differences in attractancy between the 2 compounds were attributed to differences in atomic charge; electrostatic charge was calculated to be -1.10 on the nitrogen atom in 2-phenyl-1-ethylamine but only -0.70 on the oxygen atom in e-phenyl-1-ethanol. Northern corn rootworms responded in significantly greater numbers when the 2 compounds were blended than when a dose of either compound was increased 10-fold. This observation does not support the idea that 2-phenyl-1-ethylamine substitutes for 2-phenyl-1-ethanol at a phenyl alkyl alcohol recognition site. In the case of cinnamyl alcohol derivatives, cinnamyl alcohol attracted the most northern corn rootworms, but cinnamaldehyde attracted the most western corn rootworms of both sexes. Male western corn rootworms responded to only cinnamaldehyde. C1 ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, USDA, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. RP Petroski, RJ (reprint author), ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 33 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 27 IS 3 BP 688 EP 694 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZV221 UT WOS:000074282500025 ER PT J AU Gerson, EA Kelsey, RG McComb, WC Ross, DW AF Gerson, EA Kelsey, RG McComb, WC Ross, DW TI Palatability of Coloradia pandora (Lepidoptera : Saturniidae) eggs to a rodent predator: Contributions of physical and chemical characteristics SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Coloradia pandora; egg defense; antipredator mechanisms; feeding trials; palatability; consumption ID FIR TUSSOCK MOTH; DEFENSE-MECHANISMS; UTETHEISA-ORNATRIX; LYMANTRIIDAE; ARTHROPODS; POPULATIONS; HYMENOPTERA; MASSES AB Field observations of remnants from predation on pandora moths, Coloradia pandora Blake, suggested that eggs from gravid females were being rejected. Captive feeding trials with golden-mantled ground squirrels, Spermophilus lateralis Say, verified that this rodent is a natural enemy of C, pandora that rejects eggs while feeding on moths. Nutritional analyses indicated C. pandora moths (both females and males) and eggs are of comparable food quality, so additional feeding trials were conducted to determine why eggs were unpalatable to the ground squirrels. Chemical fractions of eggs did not inhibit consumption consistently enough to explain the rejection behavior; neither did the extracted residue of egg tissue. Whole eggs, whole shells, and ground shells did inhibit consumption by the same ground squirrels. A follow-up trial with a naive group of S. lateralis confirmed that whole eggs and whole shells inhibit consumption. Consumption of egg contents was equivalent to controls for both groups of S. lateralis. We conclude that C. pandora eggs are protected physically, but not chemically, from consumption by S. lateralis. The foraging range of S. lateralis, a generalist predator in central Oregon, includes the lower canopy of pine (Pinus spp.) forests where C. pandora eggs are deposited. Therefore, the tough eggshell probably inhibits S. lateralis predation of C. pandora eggs under natural conditions. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Gerson, EA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 32 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 27 IS 3 BP 709 EP 716 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZV221 UT WOS:000074282500028 ER PT J AU Meagher, RL Smith, JW Browning, HW Saldana, RR AF Meagher, RL Smith, JW Browning, HW Saldana, RR TI Sugarcane stemborers and their parasites in southern Texas SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Eoreuma; Diatraea; Mexican rice borer; biological control; sugarcane borer ID EOREUMA-LOFTINI LEPIDOPTERA; DIATRAEA-SACCHARALIS LEPIDOPTERA; PEDIOBIUS-FURVUS HYMENOPTERA; ALLORHOGAS-PYRALOPHAGUS HYM; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; FLAVIPES HYMENOPTERA; BORERS LEPIDOPTERA; RICE BORER; PYRALIDAE; BRACONIDAE AB Approximately 40,000 stemborer larvae, pupae, and parasite cocoons were collected during 1982-1995 from commercial sugarcane fields and allowed to complete development under laboratory conditions. Eoreuma loftini (Dyar) and Diatraea saccharalis (F.) comprised 92.4% (36,897/39,945) and 5.2% (2,057/39,945) of the stemborers collected. More than 65% of field-collected stemborer larvae completed development and emerged as adults after being transferred to artificial diet; however, 27.5% died during development. Average seasonal parasitization of E. loftini larvae and pupae (including parasites collected during sampling and those that completed development) was 6.2 +/- 1.0%. The most numerous parasites collected from E. loftini included 2 indigenous braconids, Chelonus sonorensis Cameron and Digonagastra solitaria Wharton & Quicke, and 2 exotic braconids, Alabagrus stigma (Brulle) [ = Agathis stigmatera (Cresson)] and Allorhogas pyralophagus Marsh. Average seasonal parasitization of D. saccharalis was 8.9 = 1.6%, caused mostly by Cotesia flavipes (Cameron). C1 Texas Agr Expt Stn, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Meagher, RL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, CMAVE, 1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 47 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 27 IS 3 BP 759 EP 766 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZV221 UT WOS:000074282500035 ER PT J AU Poprawski, TJ Legaspi, JC Parker, PE AF Poprawski, TJ Legaspi, JC Parker, PE TI Influence of entomopathogenic fungi on Serangium parcesetosum (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae), an important predator of whiteflies (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Serangium parcesetosum; Beauveria bassiana; Bemisia; biological control; microbial control; compatibility ID BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; COLEOMEGILLA-MACULATA; ENTOMOGENOUS FUNGI; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; BEETLE COLEOPTERA; MICROBIAL CONTROL; BEMISIA-TABACI; INSECT PESTS; LARVAE; CHRYSOMELIDAE AB The lethal and sublethal effects of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (Wize) Brown & Smith against the coccinellid predator Serangium parcesetosum Sicard were studied in the laboratory. We also tested if the ingestion of whiteflies contaminated with B. bassiana affected predator survivorship in 3 tests: (1) S. parcesetosum larvae were fed contaminated whiteflies for a 10-d period; (2) larvae were fed 1 time-only prey contaminated 24-, 48-, 72-, or 96-h previously; and (3) larvae were fed prey after the conidia were washed off the leaves and prey cuticles. The predator had significantly lower survivorship when sprayed with B. bassiana than with P. fumosoroseus. However, survivorship was not affected by the dosage rates for each pathogen. Survivorship curves for P. fumosoroseus treatments also did not differ significantly from blank and carrier controls. Mean larval duration was longest (approximate to 22.5 d) in S. parcesetosum sprayed at the medium and high dosages of B. bassiana, intermediate (approximate to 20 d) for the low dosage of B. bassiana, and lowest (approximate to 18 d) for the blank and carrier controls and the P. fumosoroseus treatments. The pupal stages averaged 6.6-8.0 d. Mean adult body weights ranged from 0.97 mg (B. bassiana low dosage) to 1.54 mg (P. fumosoroseus medium dosage),but were not significantly different. Analysis of cumulative predation showed that predictors sprayed with P. fumosoroseus consumed prey at a rate similar to that of the controls (approximate to 130 prey daily per predator), which was significantly higher than that of predators sprayed with B. bassiana (approximate to 60 prey daily per predator). Again, dosage was not a significant factor. Feeding on B, bassiana-contaminated prey caused approximate to 86% mortality in S. parcesetosum immatures, compared with approximate to 13% in the controls. Prey contaminated 24-, 48-, 72-, and 96-h previously induced mortalities of 92.5, 71.4, 71.4, and 44.4%, respectively. Washing conidia off the leaves and the cuticle of whiteflies did not result in lowered mortality of the predator relative to the other treatments. C1 ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, USDA, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Poprawski, TJ (reprint author), ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, USDA, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 55 TC 27 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 10 PU ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 10001 DEREKWOOD LANE, STE 100, LANHAM, MD 20706-4876 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 27 IS 3 BP 785 EP 795 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZV221 UT WOS:000074282500038 ER PT J AU Nash, MS Whitford, WG Van Zee, J Havstad, K AF Nash, MS Whitford, WG Van Zee, J Havstad, K TI Monitoring changes in stressed ecosystems using spatial patterns of ant communities SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program CY APR 08-11, 1997 CL ALBANY, NEW YORK SP US EPA ID VEGETATION; SOILS AB We examined the feasibility of using changes in spatial patterns of ants-distribution on experimental plots as an indicator of response to environmental stress. We produced contour maps based on relative abundances of the three most common genera of ants based on pit-fall trap captures. Relative abundance of Conomyrma spp decreased, relative abundance of Solenopsis spp. increased, and relative abundance of Pogonomyrmex spp. remained relatively unchanged. The contour maps showed long-term changes in foraging activity and/or distribution of colonies of ants in response to grazing by domestic livestock. This study demonstrated that analysis of spatial patterns of ant activity derived from relative abundances of ants in pit-fall traps provided interpretable data for developing an indicator of exposure to ecosystem stress. C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Nash, MS (reprint author), US EPA, NERL, ESD, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 12 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 201 EP 210 DI 10.1023/A:1005939303426 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZK650 UT WOS:000073346600017 ER PT J AU Hapeman, CJ Bilboulian, S Anderson, BG Torrents, A AF Hapeman, CJ Bilboulian, S Anderson, BG Torrents, A TI Structural influences of low-molecular-weight dissolved organic carbon mimics on the photolytic fate of atrazine SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE atrazine; dissolved organic carbon; photolysis; hydroxy radical ID S-TRIAZINE HERBICIDES; NATURAL-WATERS; PHOTOSENSITIZED TRANSFORMATIONS; OH-RADICALS; DEGRADATION; PHOTOOXIDATION; IDENTIFICATION; OXIDATION; CHEMICALS; ACID AB The fate of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) was examined in the presence of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) mimics to discern the effect of the various structural characteristics of DOC with respect to direct photolysis and transformation via a photoinitiated nitrate-mediated hydroxy radical process (indirect photolysis). Experiments were conducted with coniferyl alcohol, 2-octanol, oxalic acid, pyrogallol, quinone, and salicylic acid. All mimics except octanol and coniferyl alcohol caused an increase in the atrazine degradation rate when no nitrate was present. A decrease in atrazine degradation in indirect photolysis was observed for coniferyl alcohol, octanol, pyrogallol, and salicylic acid, whereas the rate increased with oxalic acid and quinone. Examination of the product ratios showed a dependence of the chemical activity (photosensitizer, OH. radical scavenger or OH. generator) on structure. Results revealed that structural aspects of DOG, in addition to concentration, must be considered when predicting the photolytic fate of pesticides. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Civil Engn, Environm Engn Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Nat Resources Inst, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Torrents, A (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Civil Engn, Environm Engn Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 29 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 7 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 17 IS 6 BP 975 EP 981 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0975:SIOLMW>2.3.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA ZN878 UT WOS:000073692600001 ER PT J AU Inbar, M AF Inbar, M TI Competition, territoriality and maternal defense in a gall-forming aphid SO ETHOLOGY ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE aphids; competition; galls; maternal care; territorial behavior ID POPULATION ECOLOGY; EVOLUTION; PEMPHIGIDAE; EUSOCIALITY; HOMOPTERA; SOLDIERS; INSECTS AB This study reports on the aggressive behavior of the gall-forming aphid Smynthurodes betae West. Videotaped behavior and experiments demonstrated that first instar offspring of the fundatrix protect their galling sites against conspecific competitors (the larger individuals win), as well as against first instar competitors of the sympatric galling aphid Forda riccobonii (Steph.). In mature galls, adult aphids also protect their gall and their offspring from conspecific invaders and natural enemies. The fighting behavior of the adult aphid is unique: the aphid seizes the intruder while lying on its back, enabling use of all six legs and the mouthparts. This is the first documentation of aggressive defensive behavior by adult aphids. Although the aggressive behavior of the adult aphid protects the gall and offspring, no distinct parental care behavior was observed. The territoriality and aggression are highly adaptive because of the limited number of galling sites. Under natural conditions, removal of the adult aphids from the galls resulted in significantly increased invasion by conspecific intruders. The results indicate that the role of interspecific competition and natural enemies in shaping adult behavior is rather limited. The open galls and the unique life-cycle of S. betae encourage and prolong intraspecific competition and facilitate confrontations between adults and invading nymphs. The ability of the adult owner of the gall to prevent invasions of nymphs has promoted the evolution of maternal defense in this aphid. This study supports the hypothesis that galls, as high Value resources that combine food and shelter, are often associated with defensive and social behavior. C1 Tel Aviv Univ, George S Wise Fac Life Sci, Dept Zool, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Inbar, M (reprint author), ARS, US Hort REs Lab, USDA, 2120 Camden Rd, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. NR 30 TC 18 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 12 PU UNIV FIRENZE ETHOLOGY ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION PI FLORENCE PA ATTN: PROF. F. DESSI-FULGHERI VIA ROMANA 17, 50125 FLORENCE, ITALY SN 0394-9370 J9 ETHOL ECOL EVOL JI Ethol. Ecol. Evol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 10 IS 2 BP 159 EP 170 PG 12 WC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Zoology GA 134MT UT WOS:000076747400005 ER PT J AU Schwab, U Sarkkinen, ES Lichtenstein, AH Li, Z Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ Uusitupa, MIJ AF Schwab, U Sarkkinen, ES Lichtenstein, AH Li, Z Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ Uusitupa, MIJ TI The effect of quality and amount of dietary fat on the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to oxidation in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE diet; impaired glucose tolerance; LDL; oxidation; saturated fat; monounsaturated fat; polyunsaturated fat; cholesterol ID DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; PLASMA-LIPOPROTEINS; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; CARBOHYDRATE DIETS; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; ENRICHED DIETS; PARTICLE-SIZE; OLEATE-RICH; VITAMIN-E AB Objectives: We examined the effects of a high fat diet rich in monounsaturated fat (MUFA-diet) and a moderate fat diet rich in polyunsaturated fat (PUFA-diet) on the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation. Subjects: 29 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. Methods: After consuming a run-in diet [37% of energy (E%) fat, is E% saturated fat] for three weeks, subjects were randomly assigned either to a MUFA-diet (40 E% fat, 19 E% monounsaturated fatty acids) or a PUFA-diet (34 E% fat, 10 E% polyunsaturated fat) for eight weeks. The susceptibility of LDL to oxidation was measured by challenging LDL with hemin and H2O2 and measuring the time for the reaction to reach maximum velocity. Results are expressed as lag time to oxidation in minutes. Results: In the PUFA-diet group (n = 15) lag time tended to decrease during the experimental diet (97 +/- 28 vs 90 f 25 min, mean +/- s.d., P = 0.073). whereas in the MUFA-diet group (n = 14) there was no significant change !lag time 96 +/- 24 vs 100 +/- 16 min, P = 0.408). The mean change in lag time was -7 +/- 14 min (-7.2%) in the PUFA-diet group and +4 +/- 16 min (+4.0%) in the MUFA-diet group (P = 0.029, PUFA-diet group vs MUFA-diet group). The a-tocopherol concentration in LDL increased significantly (P < 0.01) in both diet groups relative to the run-in diet period, but LDL particle score did not change in either of the diet groups during the dietary intervention. Conclusions: In subjects with impaired glucose tolerance a PUFA-rich diet with a moderate amount of fat tended to increase the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation as compared to a higher fat diet rich in MUFA. Furthermore, the negative mean change in lag time to oxidation found in the PUFA-diet group differed significantly from the slightly positive mean change found in the MUFA-diet group. C1 Univ Kuopio, Dept Clin Nutr, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Schwab, U (reprint author), Univ Kuopio, Dept Clin Nutr, POB 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland. OI Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 NR 64 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0954-3007 J9 EUR J CLIN NUTR JI Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 52 IS 6 BP 452 EP 458 DI 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600587 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZU871 UT WOS:000074244000013 PM 9683400 ER PT J AU Barney, CW Hawksworth, FG Geils, BW AF Barney, CW Hawksworth, FG Geils, BW TI Hosts of Viscum album SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF FOREST PATHOLOGY LA English DT Review AB The reported hosts of Viscum album include more taxa, than any other mistletoe, including Dendrophthoe falcata. From a review of the literature, we identified hosts among 152 species, subspecies, varieties, and hybrids in 96 genera of 44 families. Rosaceae has the most hosts with 128 taxa parasitized. Commonly infested genera Include Salix, Populus, Acer, Ma:us, Crataegus, Prunus, Sorbus, Abies, and Pinus. The host range of V. album increased greatly with introduction of susceptible taxa into its native range and with spread of the mistletoe to new regions with rich floras, such as California. C1 Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Geils, BW (reprint author), Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 153 TC 34 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0300-1237 J9 EUR J FOREST PATHOL JI Eur. J. Forest Pathol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 28 IS 3 BP 187 EP 208 PG 22 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZX956 UT WOS:000074572300006 ER PT J AU Ibekwe, AM Kennedy, AC AF Ibekwe, AM Kennedy, AC TI Phospholipid fatty acid profiles and carbon utilization patterns for analysis of microbial community structure under field and greenhouse conditions SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE phospholipid fatty acid; carbon source utilization; Biolog; metabolic fingerprint; microbial community structure; microbial biomass; Principal component analysis ID BIOMASS; SOILS; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDES; INCUBATION; SEDIMENTS; DIVERSITY; MARKERS; ECOLOGY AB The description of soil microbial community structure by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles is based on the relationship between the phylogeny of microorganisms and their PLFA profiles. Based on this relationship, two community based microbiological measurements, namely, potential C source utilization patterns in Biolog microtiter plates and PLFA profiles were used to examine metabolic fingerprints of soil microbial communities and changes in species composition between field and greenhouse soils. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted using Palouse and Ritzville silt loams. Soil sampled under wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), pea (Pisum sativa L.), jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica L.), downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.), and control soils (no plants) were used for these analyses. Principal component analysis (PCA) of PLFA profiles and C source utilization patterns were used to describe changes in microbial biomass and metabolic fingerprints from the two soil types under field and greenhouse conditions. Biomass measurements from extractable PLFA profiles per g dry weight ranged from 28.8 nmol in wheat soil in the greenhouse to 71.4 nmol in pea soil in the field. In general, biomass was higher in all the field samples than in greenhouse samples. Principal component analysis of the two soils with different plants in the field and greenhouse showed clear separation. Principal component analysis of C utilization patterns on the effects of environment on soil microbial community yielded similar results with PLFA measurements. However, higher variability observed among different plants with the Biolog data resulted in the low amount of variance for Biolog data explained by the first two dimensions of the PCA. This suggests that PLFA may be more sensitive for community analysis than the Biolog technique. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Ibekwe, AM (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM ibekwe@mail.wsu.edu NR 35 TC 87 Z9 114 U1 3 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-6496 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL ECOL JI FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 2 BP 151 EP 163 DI 10.1016/S0168-6496(98)00032-4 PG 13 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA ZV467 UT WOS:000074307500008 ER PT J AU Valles, SM Sanchez-Arroyo, H Brenner, RJ Koehler, PG AF Valles, SM Sanchez-Arroyo, H Brenner, RJ Koehler, PG TI Temperature effects on lambda-cyhalothrin toxicity in insecticide-susceptible and resistant German cockroaches (Dictyoptera : Blattellidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Blattella germanica; insecticide resistance; synergism ID BIOCHEMICAL-CHARACTERIZATION; PYRETHROID RESISTANCE; STRAINS AB Pre- and post-treatment temperature effects on lambda-cyhalothrin toxicity were determined in insecticide-susceptible and resistant German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), strains. Acclimation at 19, 26, or 31 degrees C for 10 days before insecticide treatment had no effect on lambda-cyhalothrin toxicity in either strain. No differences were observed in aldrin epoxidase and glutathione S-transferase activities when "Orlando" (susceptible) cockroaches were incubated for 10 days at 19, 26, and 31 degrees C. When temperature treatment followed insecticide application, a negative temperature coefficient of toxicity (greater toxicity at lower temperature) toward lambda-cyhalothrin was observed for the Orlando but not the kdr-type resistant "Village Green" cockroaches. Piperonyl butoxide synergized lambda-cyhalothrin in "Orlando" cockroaches 3 and 5-fold at 26 and 31(degrees)C, respectively. Conversely, piperonyl butoxide pre-treatment did not cause a significant reduction in the LD50 value in the "Village Green" strain regardless of temperature. C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Valles, SM (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, 1600 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 81 IS 2 BP 193 EP 201 DI 10.2307/3496086 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZX091 UT WOS:000074478500005 ER PT J AU Shapiro, JP Schroeder, WJ Stansly, PA AF Shapiro, JP Schroeder, WJ Stansly, PA TI Bioassay and efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis and an organosilicone surfactant against the citrus leafminer (Lepidoptera : Phyllocnistidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Phyllocnistis citrella; citrus leaf penetration; bioassay; citrus nursery; citrus grove ID ADJUVANTS; GLYPHOSATE AB Two laboratory bioassays were developed for testing insect pathogens for control of larval citrus leafminer, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, in isolated citrus leaves. An organosilicone surfactant and several commercial preparations of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (Bt) were tested in these bioassays. One bioassay tested the effect of direct contact of a test mixture on second or third instars by injecting the mixture into a leaf mine surrounding the head of a larva. The second bioassay tested the effect of a test mixture when topically applied to the surface of a leaf mine above a larva. Effects in this second bioassay were only observed if the mixture or its components first penetrated through the mine epidermis, and then contacted and affected the insect within the mine. In both bioassays, blue food coloring was included as a tracer to observe movement of liquid into mines and through the gut of the larva. An organosilicone surfactant, Silwet L-77, enhanced penetration of solutions into mines and killed larvae when applied topically at adequate concentrations (LC50 = 0.026% in water) or when injected into mines (LC50 = 0.011%). Three commercial Bt preparations were active when applied topically at high concentrations or when injected at lower concentrations. When L-77 was added at its LC10 (0.01%) to Bt in the topical bioassay, activity of one of the three Bt preparations, or activity of all three preparations considered together, was significantly higher than without the L-77. Up to 90% mortality resulted at 0.01% L-77 and 20% Br. Mortality positively correlated with dose of all of the Bts when topically applied with 0.01% L-77. These results suggested that an increased concentration of surfactant and decreased concentration of Bt at commercial rates might be effective against citrus leafminers in citrus groves or nurseries. This was tested on old nursery trees (3 yr after planting) and young grove trees (2 yr after planting). Application of any of the three Bts plus L-77 in the nursery resulted in reduced populations of live larvae and pupae in new foliage, to approximately 50% of the population in water-treated controls. Bts without L-77 yielded counts that were intermediate to, but not significantly different from, control and combined Bt-L-77 treatments. Br applied with L-77 in the grove did not significantly reduce percentage damage to leaves and number of larvae per leaf when assessed at 14 days. However, when assessed at 21 days, damage and number of larvae were significantly reduced by treatment with Bt plus L-77 or L-77 alone. Bt and L-77 reduced leaf damage and larval numbers to a level not significantly different from treatment with Agri-Mek and spray oil. Assessed at 14 or 21 days, the L-77 treatment resulted in significant reduction of larvae. C1 ARS, USDA, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. Univ Florida, IFAS, SWFREC, Immokalee, FL 33934 USA. RP Shapiro, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 2120 Camden Rd, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. NR 14 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 81 IS 2 BP 201 EP 210 DI 10.2307/3496087 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZX091 UT WOS:000074478500006 ER PT J AU Gould, WP AF Gould, WP TI Cold torpor and flight threshold of Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Caribbean fruit fly; Anastrepha suspensa; cold torpor threshold; flight threshold ID CARIBBEAN FRUIT-FLY; LOEW AB The Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), is a pest of quarantine significance of many subtropical fruits in Florida. Fly free zones which require bait spraying with malathion when fly populations reach actionable levels, have been developed. Bait sprays also are used whenever new introductions of fruit fly species occur. Bait sprays will not be effective if the target population is immobile due to cold. The purpose of this study was to develop temperature thresholds for laboratory-reared and wild Anastrepha suspensa through controlled laboratory studies. This research determined that the cold torpor threshold for Caribbean fruit fly was 11.4 degrees C, and the flight threshold for 50% of the population was about 20 degrees C. It also was determined that the flight threshold of wild flies did not differ significantly from that of laboratory reared flies. Bait spray experiments and regular treatments could be scheduled to avoid cold periods when flies are not active. C1 ARS, USDA, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, Miami, FL USA. RP Gould, WP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Subtrop Hort Res Stn, Miami, FL USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 81 IS 2 BP 211 EP 216 DI 10.2307/3496088 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZX091 UT WOS:000074478500007 ER PT J AU Stanker, LH Buckley, S Muldoon, M Moats, WA Braswell, C AF Stanker, LH Buckley, S Muldoon, M Moats, WA Braswell, C TI A monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for the detection of ceftiofur in milk SO FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ceftiofur; cephalosporins; immunoassay; residue detection; milk ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION; INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTIONS; SODIUM; PLASMA; SERUM; DESFUROYLCEFTIOFUR; PHARMACOKINETICS; CEPHALOSPORIN; METABOLITES; CATTLE AB Ceftiofur is a potent antibiotic used in veterinary medicine. Recently, we developed a sensitive, monoclonal antibody-based competition ELISA for detecting ceftiofur. In lactating dairy cattle, ceftiofur is used for the treatment of pneumonia. We report here the application of our previously developed ELISA to the analysis of ceftiofur and its metabolites in milk. In this ELISA, raw milk is simply diluted and added directly into the ELISA. Using cefiiofur standards, the immunoassay has a lower limit of detection near I ppb. Matrix effects in milk, however, require that samples be diluted and thus ceftiofur levels below I ppm were not measured. At fortification levels between 25 and 2 ppm, an average recovery of 99.8 +/- 18 was observed. Analysis of incurred residues in animals injected daily with therapeutic doses of drug for 5 consecutive days correlated well with studies by others measuring total C-14-Ceftiofur residues in animals given the same dose and regime. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the incurred residue samples only detected a metabolite of ceftiofur-desfuroylceftiofurcystine-at levels below that reported for ceftiofur equivalents in the ELISA. These data suggest that the ELISA is measuring the ceftiofur, in addition to its desfuoryl metabolites and conjugates of the desfuoryl metabolite not detected by the HPLC and thus the better correlation with the earlier radiolabeled experiments of others. C1 ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. ARS, Meat Sci Res Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dairy Cattle Sci Ctr, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Stanker, LH (reprint author), ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, USDA, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM stanker@usda.tamu.edu NR 25 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU CARFAX PUBL CO PI ABINGDON PA PO BOX 25, ABINGDON, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND OX14 3UE SN 0954-0105 J9 FOOD AGR IMMUNOL JI Food Agric. Immunol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 10 IS 2 BP 121 EP 131 DI 10.1080/09540109809354975 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Immunology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Immunology; Toxicology GA 102AY UT WOS:000074902100003 ER PT J AU Juneja, VK Marmer, BS AF Juneja, VK Marmer, BS TI Thermal inactivation of Clostridium perfringens vegetative cells in ground beef and turkey as affected by sodium pyrophosphate SO FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FOODBORNE DISEASE; UNITED-STATES; OUTBREAKS; OUTGROWTH; SPORES; GROWTH; COSTS AB The heat resistance (55-65 degrees C) of Clostridium perfringens vegetative cells in ground beef and turkey that included 0, 0.15 or 0.3% (w/w) sodium pyrophosphate (SPP) was assessed in bags heated using a water bath. The surviving cell population was assayed on tryptose-sulfite-cycloserine agar. The decimal reduction (D)-values in beef that included no SPP were 21.6, 10.2, 5.3, and 1.6 min at 55 57.5, 60, 62.5 degrees C, respectively; the values in turkey ranged from 17.5 min at 55 degrees C to 1.3 min at 62.5 degrees C. Addition of 0.15% SPP resulted in concomitant decrease in heat resistance as evidenced by reduced bacterial D-values. The D-values in beef that included 0.15% SPP were 17.9, 9.4, 3.5, and 1.2 min at 55, 57.5, 60, and 62.5 degrees C, respectively; the values in turkey ranged from 16.2 min at 55 degrees C to 1.1 min at 62.5 degrees C. The heat resistance was further decreased when the SPP level in beef and turkey was increased to 0 3%. Heating such products to an internal temperature of 65 degrees C for 1 min killed >8 log(10) cfu g(-1). The z-values in beef and turkey for all treatments were similar, ranging from 6.22 to 6.77 degrees C. Thermal death time values from this study should assist institutional food service settings in the design of thermal processes that ensure safety against C. perfringens in cooked beef and turkey. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Juneja, VK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 26 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0740-0020 J9 FOOD MICROBIOL JI Food Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 15 IS 3 BP 281 EP 287 DI 10.1006/fmic.1997.0173 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 101UF UT WOS:000074886000006 ER PT J AU Simpson, WT Forsman, JW Ross, RJ AF Simpson, WT Forsman, JW Ross, RJ TI Kiln-drying maple structural lumber from log heavy cants SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FACTORY-GRADE LOGS; DIMENSION LUMBER AB Structural lumber products an traditionally manufactured from softwoods. However, with shrinking supplies of softwood lumber and abundant supplies of hardwood lumber, there is increasing interest in the use of hardwoods for structural applications. One factor that will be important in both the technical and economic feasibility of using hardwoods for structural lumber is drying. This study investigated the feasibility of using accelerated kiln schedules in drying maple lumber for structural uses. Traditionally, kiln schedules for maple lumber intended for appearance products were developed so that surface checking or discoloration would not develop. However, these are not degrading features in structural lumber so it is not necessary to use conservative and slow kiln schedules. In this study, maple lumber was dried in a laboratory-scale kiln in a series of incrementally more severe schedules. The result was that even the most severe, thus the most efficient, schedule caused no more structural grade loss than did the mildest schedule. This will make a positive contribution to the economics of structural applications for hardwood lumber. Using a computer simulation based on the drying time in the laboratory-scale kiln, the drying time of hard maple from 60 to 19 percent moisture content in a commercial-sized kin was estimated to be about 4 days. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Wood Res Inst, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RP Simpson, WT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 48 IS 6 BP 70 EP 76 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA ZX040 UT WOS:000074474200014 ER PT J AU Lebow, ST Winandy, JE AF Lebow, ST Winandy, JE TI The role of grade and thickness in the degradation of fire-retardant-treated plywood SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WOOD AB In some cases, fire-retardant-treated plywood used since 1980 for roof sheathing has rapidly degraded and failed, apparently because of thermally induced acid hydrolysis. This study sought to determine whether plywood grade or thickness influences the manner in which fire-retardant treatment (FRT) and subsequent high-temperature exposure affects the strength properties of plywood. The effects of FRT were evaluated on two thicknesses and three commercial grades of southern pine plywood as well as plywood constructed from nearly defect-free N-grade veneer. Specimens were treated with monoammonium phosphate (MAP), then subjected to exposure at 66 degrees C (150 degrees F) and 75 percent relative humidity for either 30, 60, or 90 days, Modulus of rupture (MOR) work to maximum load (WML), and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the specimens were evaluated. Results suggest that the rate of plywood degrade resulting from FRT, redrying, and subsequent high-temperature exposure is largely independent of plywood quality or grade. Although the initial strength loss caused by FRT and redrying appeared greater for the thinner plywood, degrade during subsequent temperature exposure appeared to be independent of plywood thickness. Thus, it appears that findings from previous studies on thermal degrade using high quality, N-grade plywood are readily applicable to commercial grades and thicknesses. Evaluation of the effects of knots and voids on MOR revealed that these defects an only partially responsible for the difference in bending strength among specimens. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Lebow, ST (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 9 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 48 IS 6 BP 88 EP 94 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA ZX040 UT WOS:000074474200018 ER PT J AU Shupe, TE Hse, CY Choong, ET Groom, LH AF Shupe, TE Hse, CY Choong, ET Groom, LH TI Effect of wood grain and veneer side on loblolly pine veneer wettability SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Research was initiated to determine the effect of veneer side (tight or loose), and wood grain (earlywood or latewood) on the wettability of loblolly pine veneer. Contact angle measurements were performed with phenol-formaldehyde resin and distilled water. The resin and distilled water showed slightly higher contact angle mean values on the latewood portion for both the tight side and loose side. The distilled water showed lower contact angle mean values on the loose side compared to the corresponding resin values on the loose side. This difference is largely attributable to the differences in the surface tension of these two wetting materials, and the ability of the distilled water to more easily penetrate on the loose side of veneer. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Louisiana Cooperat Extens Serv, Ctr Agr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Ctr Agr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Shupe, TE (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Louisiana Cooperat Extens Serv, Ctr Agr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 15 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 48 IS 6 BP 95 EP 97 PG 3 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA ZX040 UT WOS:000074474200019 ER PT J AU Uri, ND AF Uri, ND TI Government policy and the development and use of biopesticides SO FUTURES LA English DT Article AB Biopesticides developed and used in the future will emerge against the backdrop of the environmental effects associated with the use of conventional pesticides and government policies designed to control these effects. In the final analysis, farmers' choices on pesticides will be influenced by the prevailing costs and benefits of conventional pesticides and their alternatives including biopesticides. The outlook for pesticide use is complicated, though some directions can be perceived. There are a number of factors that will serve potentially to impact pesticide use which in turn will affect the development of biopesticides. These include pesticide regulation, the FAIR Act, the crops planted, the management of ecologically-based systems, and consumer demand for 'green' products. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Serv Econ Res, Resource Econ Div, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), USDA, Serv Econ Res, Resource Econ Div, 1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 41 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0016-3287 J9 FUTURES JI Futures PD JUN PY 1998 VL 30 IS 5 BP 409 EP 423 DI 10.1016/S0016-3287(98)00045-7 PG 15 WC Economics; Planning & Development SC Business & Economics; Public Administration GA 123CF UT WOS:000076107700003 ER PT J AU Dutta, SK Nair, PP AF Dutta, SK Nair, PP TI Noninvasive detection of colorectal cancer by molecular tools: Coming of age SO GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID ISOLATED FECAL COLONOCYTES; COLONIC EPITHELIAL-CELLS; CD44 EXPRESSION; K-RAS; SIGMOIDOSCOPY; CARCINOMA; IDENTIFICATION; MARKERS; ADENOMA C1 Univ Maryland, Sinai Hosp Baltimore, Div Gastroenterol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Dutta, SK (reprint author), Hoffberger Profess Ctr, Dept Med, Suite 51,7435 W Belvedere Ave, Baltimore, MD 21215 USA. NR 37 TC 7 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0016-5085 J9 GASTROENTEROLOGY JI Gastroenterology PD JUN PY 1998 VL 114 IS 6 BP 1333 EP 1335 DI 10.1016/S0016-5085(98)70442-1 PG 3 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA ZQ211 UT WOS:000073833900030 PM 9618652 ER PT J AU Tomas, FM Pym, RA McMurtry, JP Francis, GL AF Tomas, FM Pym, RA McMurtry, JP Francis, GL TI Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I but not IGF-II promotes lean growth and feed efficiency in broiler chickens SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE IGF-I; IGF-II; growth; protein turnover; chickens ID NORMAL FEMALE RATS; MEAT-TYPE CHICKENS; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; BINDING-PROTEINS; WEIGHT-GAIN; BODY-COMPOSITION; TISSUE DISTRIBUTION; PLASMA-CLEARANCE; FOOD-CONSUMPTION; DIABETIC RATS AB The efficacy of exogenous IGFs to stimulate growth and modulate protein and fat deposition was examined in a number of broiler chicken lines. From around 600 g body weight the chickens received a continuous infusion of vehicle (0.1 M acetic acid), human recombinant IGF-I or [Gly(1)]IGF-II at 300 mu g/kg body weight per day, or a combined infusion of 150 mu g/kg/day of each IGF for 2 weeks. Experiment 1 used commercial broiler female chickens and included measurements of nitrogen balance, N(tau)-methylhistidine excretion and muscle protein synthesis rates. In Experiment 2 the same treatments were applied to three experimental lines of chickens selected for high food consumption (relatively fat), high food utilisation efficiency (relatively lean), or at random (control). IGF-I, but not IGF-II, significantly increased growth rate and food utilisation efficiency by around 10-15% in each experiment, an effect which was consistent across all genotypes. Nitrogen balance was significantly increased by IGF-I in Experiment 1 as was carcass nitrogen content in Experiment 2, indicating that the increased growth was in lean tissue. Carcass fat was consistently reduced in chickens receiving IGF-I and was related to the levels of circulating IGF-I (r(2) = 0.30, P less-than 0.01) but not triiodothyronine. Protein synthesis rates were unaffected by treatment and could not account for increased growth rate. However, there was a significant reduction in N(tau)-methylhistidine excretion indicating a reduced rate of muscle protein breakdown in IGF-I-treated chickens (1.56%/day vs 2.05%/day for IGF-I-treated vs controls, P less-than 0.05). The efficiency of feed utilisation was inversely related to the rate of protein breakdown (r(2) = 0.25, P less-than 0.01). In conclusion, these experiments are the first to report an enhancement of growth and food utilisation efficiency by broiler chickens receiving exogenous IGF-I. Our results show that IGF-I may be important in controlling the growth and efficiency of food utilisation of young chickens at least in part by modulating the rates of protein breakdown. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 CSIRO, Div Human Nutr, Cooperat Res Ctr Tissue Growth & Repair, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. Univ Queensland, Dept Farm Anim Med & Prod, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Tomas, FM (reprint author), CSIRO, Div Human Nutr, Cooperat Res Ctr Tissue Growth & Repair, POB 10065,Gouger St, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. NR 54 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 110 IS 3 BP 262 EP 275 DI 10.1006/gcen.1998.7072 PG 14 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA ZQ894 UT WOS:000073913700004 PM 9593647 ER PT J AU Hirschfeld, M Tepperman, JM Clack, T Quail, PH Sharrock, RA AF Hirschfeld, M Tepperman, JM Clack, T Quail, PH Sharrock, RA TI Coordination of phytochrome levels in phyB mutants of Arabidopsis as revealed by apoprotein-specific monoclonal antibodies SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID LONG HYPOCOTYL MUTANT; TRANSGENIC ARABIDOPSIS; LIGHT; THALIANA; GENE; ELONGATION; EXPRESSION; DEFICIENT; FAMILY; OVEREXPRESSION AB Accumulating evidence indicates that individual members of the phytochrome family of photoreceptors have differential but interactive roles in controlling plant responses to light To investigate possible cross-regulation of these receptors, we have identified monoclonal antibodies that specifically detect each of the five Arabidopsis phytochromes, phyA to phyE (phytochrome A holoprotein; PHYA, phytochrome A apoprotein; PHYA, phytochrome A gene; phyA, mutant allele of phytochrome A gene), on immunoblots and have used them to analyze the effects of phyA and phyB null mutations on the levels of all five family members. In phyB mutants, but not in phyA mutants, a four-to six-fold reduction in the level of phyC is observed in tissues grown either in the dark or in the light Coordinate expression of phyB and phyC is induced in the phyB mutant background by the presence of a complementing PHYB transgene. However, in transgenic lines that overexpress phyB 15- to 20-fold, phyC is not similarly overexpressed. In these overexpressor lines, the levels of phyA, phyC, and phyD are increased two-to four-fold over normal in light-grown but not dark-grown seedlings. These observations indicate that molecular mechanisms for coordination or cross-regulation of phytochrome levels are active in Arabidopsis and have implications for the interpretation of phytochrome mutants and overexpressor lines. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Biol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Sharrock, RA (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Biol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 39 TC 80 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 7 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 USA SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD JUN PY 1998 VL 149 IS 2 BP 523 EP 535 PG 13 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA ZR912 UT WOS:000074028400007 PM 9611171 ER PT J AU Conn, JE Mitchell, SE Cockburn, AF AF Conn, JE Mitchell, SE Cockburn, AF TI Mitochondrial DNA analysis of the neotropical malaria vector Anopheles nuneztovari SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE mtDNA lineages; anopheline mosquito; gene flow; genetic diversity; neotropical ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; GAMBIAE COMPLEX; WESTERN VENEZUELA; RESTRICTION DATA; NUCLEOTIDE SUBSTITUTIONS; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; MOSQUITOS DIPTERA; GENE TREES; CULICIDAE; SYSTEMATICS AB Restriction endonucleases were used to test an hypothesis, based on cytological data, proposing the existence of two races in Anopheles nuneztovari, one Venezuelan-Colombian and the other Amazonian, and to examine variation in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of 263 individual A. nuneztovari mosquitoes from 12 sites in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Suriname, and Venezuela. Cladistic analysis of the mtDNA data using three outgroups suggests that A. nuneztovari is monophyletic. However, this analysis is poorly resolved by parsimony, probably caused by extensive homoplasy. Analysis of the relationships among haplotypes, based on genetic distances, results in five haplotype lineages, three of which are in the Amazon Basin. Relationships among the 12 populations reveal distinctive lineages, one in Venezuela-Colombia and two within the Amazon Basin. Molecular variance components and F statistics (phi) among neotropical biomes, among populations/biomes, among cytotypes, among populations/cytotypes, and within populations all demonstrate significant subdivision and strongly support multiple lineages, which could be interpreted as recently evolved species, within A. nuneztovari. The Mantel analysis showed no significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances, suggesting that it is biomes and cytotypes that contribute most strongly to subdivision. C1 Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Florida Med Entomol Lab, Vero Beach, FL 32962 USA. ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Conn, JE (reprint author), Univ Vermont, Dept Biol, Marsh Life Sci Bldg, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. RI Cockburn, Andrew/B-1354-2009; OI Cockburn, Andrew/0000-0002-1636-9019; Conn, Jan/0000-0002-5301-7020 NR 59 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD JUN PY 1998 VL 41 IS 3 BP 313 EP 327 DI 10.1139/gen-41-3-313 PG 15 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 115EC UT WOS:000075649700001 ER PT J AU McGrath, JM Helgeson, JP AF McGrath, JM Helgeson, JP TI Differential behavior of Solanum brevidens ribosomal DNA loci in a somatic hybrid and its progeny with potato SO GENOME LA English DT Article DE introgression; recombination; isochromosome; in situ hybridization ID IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; MOLECULAR CYTOGENETICS; INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; RFLP ANALYSIS; RDNA LOCI; RNA GENES; TUBEROSUM; TOMATO; CHROMOSOMES; GENOME AB Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to characterize loci encoding ribosomal RNA (rDNA) among parents and progeny of a somatic fusion between tetraploid Solanum tuberosum (potato) and diploid Solanum brevidens. As expected, four major sites of hybridization to rDNA loci were evident in the tetraploid parent species, two in the diploid parent species, and six in the hexaploid somatic fusion plant. Two of the loci in the somatic fusion plant showed differential signals relative to the other four, which were interpreted as a delayed condensation of sites harboring the rDNA loci. This delayed condensation was heritable to the first backcross generation of the somatic hybrid crossed with potato. In the second backcross generation, differential condensation was not evident. However, a heterochromatic isochromosome was observed whose presence was correlated with a S. brevidens specific marker linked with the rDNA locus. It is suggested that the S. brevidens rDNA loci are preferentially affected in the somatic hybrid and its progeny, and that the delayed condensation may have contributed to the formation of the isochromosome. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Helgeson, JP (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 21 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0831-2796 J9 GENOME JI Genome PD JUN PY 1998 VL 41 IS 3 BP 435 EP 439 DI 10.1139/gen-41-3-435 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 115EC UT WOS:000075649700016 ER PT J AU Neilson, RP Drapek, RJ AF Neilson, RP Drapek, RJ TI Potentially complex biosphere responses to transient global warming SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE general vegetation model; global warming; land surface; terrestrial biosphere; transient ID TROPICAL-DEFORESTATION; REGIONAL CLIMATE; BOREAL FOREST; VEGETATION; MODEL; CO2; SENSITIVITY; ATMOSPHERE; FEEDBACKS; HOLOCENE AB Feedback interactions between terrestrial vegetation and climate could alter predictions of the responses of both systems to a doubling of atmospheric CO2. Most previous analyses of biosphere responses to global warming have used output from equilibrium simulations of current and future climate, as compared to more recently available transient GCM simulations. We compared the vegetation responses to these two different classes of GCM simulation (equilibrium and transient) using an equilibrium vegetation distribution model, MAPSS. Average climatologies were extracted from the transient GCM simulations for current and doubled (2 x) CO2 concentrations (taken to be 2070-2099) for use by the equilibrium vegetation model. However, the 2 x CO2 climates extracted from the transient GCM simulations were not in equilibrium, having attained only about 65% of their eventual 2 x CO2 equilibrium temperature change. Most of the differences in global vegetation response appeared to be related to a very different simulated change in the pole to tropic temperature gradient. Also, the transient scenarios produced much larger increases of precipitation in temperate latitudes, commensurate with a minimum in the latitudinal temperature change. Thus, the (equilibrium) global vegetation response, under the transient scenarios, tends more to a greening than a decline in vegetation density, as often previously simulated. It may be that much of the world could become greener during the early phases of global warming, only to reverse in later, more equilibrial stages. However, whether or not the world's vegetation experiences large drought-induced declines or perhaps large vegetation expansions in early stages could be determined by the degree to which elevated CO2 will actually benefit natural vegetation, an issue still under debate. There may occur oscillations, perhaps on long timescales, between greener and drier phases, due to different frequency responses of the coupled ocean-atmosphere-biosphere interactions. Such oscillations would likely, of themselves, impart further reverberations to the coupled Earth System. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Neilson, RP (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM neilson@fsl.orst.edu RI Neilson, Ronald/A-8588-2009 NR 49 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 10 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOB CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 4 IS 5 BP 505 EP 521 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00202.x PG 17 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 106ZQ UT WOS:000075181700005 ER PT J AU Katovich, SA Ostry, ME AF Katovich, SA Ostry, ME TI Insects associated with butternut and butternut canker in Minnesota and Wisconsin SO GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB Butternut, Juglans cinerea, is being killed throughout its native range in North America by the fungus Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum. In addition to rain splashed spores, it is thought that the fungus may have spread over long distances to infect widely scattered butternut by insect vectors. During surveys in 1995 and 1996 we found several insect species in close association with diseased butternut trees, and spores of S. clavigignenti-juglandacearum were isolated in pure culture from the bodies of some of these insects. Potential insect vectors were species in the coleopteran genera Eubulus (Curculionidae), Laemophlaeus (Laemophloeidae), and Glischrochilus (Nitidulidae). Because several insect species become contaminated with fungal spores, further study is needed to determine if any of these insects might transmit the fungus to healthy trees and thereby infect them. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Area, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Katovich, SA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Area, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 13 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU MICH ENTOMOL SOC PI E LANSING PA MICH STATE UNIV DEPT ENTOMOL, E LANSING, MI 48823 USA SN 0090-0222 J9 GREAT LAKES ENTOMOL JI Gt. Lakes Entomol. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 31 IS 2 BP 97 EP 108 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 141WY UT WOS:000077168300002 ER PT J AU Trabelsi, S Krazsewski, AW Nelson, SO AF Trabelsi, S Krazsewski, AW Nelson, SO TI New density-independent calibration function for microwave sensing of moisture content in particulate materials SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE bulk density; calibration functions; density independence; dielectric properties; microwave sensing; moisture content; particulate materials; permittivity ID DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; PERMITTIVITY; DEPENDENCE; WHEAT AB Microwave techniques have been considered for a long time for moisture sensing in many food processing and agriculture-related industries. They are suitable for on-line realtime monitoring and control. However, with particulate materials, bulk density fluctuations cause significant errors in moisture content determination. To overcome this shortcoming, density-independent calibration functions are needed. In this paper, a new approach is presented in which both bulk density and moisture content are determined directly from measured microwave dielectric properties. A simple relationship between bulk density and the dielectric properties is identified, and a new density-independent function for moisture content prediction, exclusively dependent on the dielectric properties of the material under test (epsilon', epsilon "), is proposed. The validity and applicability of this function are demonstrated with an extensive data set obtained from measurements on a granular material (wheat), over wide ranges of frequency (11-18 GHz), temperature (-1 degrees C-42 degrees C), moisture content (10.6%-19.2%, wet basis), and bulk density (0.72-0.88 g/cm(3)). Explicit calibration equations for moisture prediction at different frequencies and temperatures are provided. Although data obtained by a transmission microwave measurement technique were used, this new approach remains valid in general for other techniques, provided that epsilon' and epsilon " are determined accurately. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Trabelsi, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 21 TC 72 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 47 IS 3 BP 613 EP 622 DI 10.1109/19.744310 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 166CH UT WOS:000078558300003 ER PT J AU Coutinho, PM Dowd, MK Reilly, PJ AF Coutinho, PM Dowd, MK Reilly, PJ TI Automated docking of alpha-(1,4)- and alpha-(1,6)-linked glycosyl trisaccharides in the glucoamylase active site SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ENZYME AMYLOGLUCOSIDASE AMG; AWAMORI VAR X100; MM3 FORCE-FIELD; ASPERGILLUS-AWAMORI; SUBSTRATE-SPECIFICITY; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; REFINED STRUCTURE; 2.4-ANGSTROM RESOLUTION; CONFORMATIONAL-ANALYSIS; BRANCHING POINT AB Low-energy conformers of five alpha-(1,4)- and alpha-(1,6)-linked glucosyl trisaccharides were flexibly docked into the glucoamylase active site using AutoDock 2.2. To ensure that all significant conformational space was searched, the starting trisaccharide conformers for docking were all possible combinations of the corresponding disaccharide low-energy conformers. All docked trisaccharides occupied subsites -1 and +1 in very similar modes to those of corresponding nonreducing-end disaccharides. For linear substrates, full binding at subsite +2 occurred only when the substrate reducing end was alpha-(1,4)-linked, with hydrogen-bonding with the hydroxymethyl group being the only polar interaction there. Given the absence of other important interactions at this subsite, multiple substrate conformations are allowed. For the one docked branched substrate, steric hindrance in the alpha-(1,6)-glycosidic oxygen suggests that the active-site residues have to change position for hydrolysis to occur. Subsite +1 of the glucoamylase active site allows flexibility in binding but, at least in Aspergillus glucoamylases, subsite +2 selectively binds substrates alpha-(1,4)-linked between subsites +1 and +2. Enzyme engineering to limit substrate flexibility at subsite +2 could improve glucoamylase industrial properties. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Reilly, PJ (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM reilly@iastate.edu RI Coutinho, Pedro/C-4473-2008 NR 51 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 37 IS 6 BP 2148 EP 2157 DI 10.1021/ie9706976 PG 10 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA ZT342 UT WOS:000074075600013 ER PT J AU Smits, E Burvenich, C Guidry, AJ Roets, E AF Smits, E Burvenich, C Guidry, AJ Roets, E TI In vitro expression of adhesion receptors and diapedesis by polymorphonuclear neutrophils during experimentally induced Streptococcus uberis mastitis SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; VIRAL DIARRHEA VIRUS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI MASTITIS; BOVINE NEUTROPHILS; LEUKOCYTE FUNCTION; FACTOR-ALPHA; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS; L-SELECTIN; MIGRATION AB The expression of adhesion receptors and diapedesis by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) were studied before and during experimentally induced Streptococcus uberis mastitis. Both quarters of the left half of the udders of five midlactation cows were inoculated with a suspension containing approximately 500 CFU of S. uberis 0140J. Clinical signs of an inflammatory reaction and leukocyte influx were observed 24 h after challenge. The expression of CD11b/CD18 adhesion receptors, determined by flow cytometry, was upregulated 24 h after challenge. A confluent monolayer of bovine secretory mammary epithelial cells on collagen-coated inserts was used to study PMN diapedesis. Bovine C5a was used as the chemoattractant. An 80% decrease in PMN diapedesis was observed 24 h after challenge. The decrease in diapedesis continued for 3 weeks after challenge. C1 State Univ Ghent, Fac Vet Med, Milk Secret & Mastitis Res Ctr, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Burvenich, C (reprint author), State Univ Ghent, Fac Vet Med, Milk Secret & Mastitis Res Ctr, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium. EM christian.burvenich@rug.ac.be NR 50 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 66 IS 6 BP 2529 EP 2534 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA ZP714 UT WOS:000073781100018 PM 9596712 ER PT J AU Munodzana, D McElwain, TF Knowles, DP Palmer, GH AF Munodzana, D McElwain, TF Knowles, DP Palmer, GH TI Conformational dependence of Anaplasma marginale major surface protein 5 surface-exposed B-cell epitopes SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID COWDRIA-RUMINANTIUM; MOLECULAR-CLONING; CATTLE; IMMUNIZATION; ISOLATE; COMMON; IDENTIFICATION; RICKETTSEMIA; EXPRESSION; PROTECTION AB The Anaplasma marginale outer membrane is composed of immunogenic major surface proteins (MSPs) linked both covalently and noncovalently in multimeric complexes (M. C. Vidotto, T. C. McGuire, T. F. McElwain, G. H. Palmer, and D. P. Knowles, Infect. Immun, 62:2940-2946), Consequently, effective induction of antibody against surface-exposed MSP epitopes has been postulated to require maintenance of MSP secondary through quatenary structures. Using MSP5 as a model and the approach of epitope mapping with recombinant expressed full-length and truncated proteins, we demonstrated that the immunodominant surface epitope bound by monoclonal antibody (MAb) ANAF16C1 required disparate amino-and carboxy-terminal regions of MSP5, indicating the conformational dependence of this epitope, The required amino-terminal MSP5 region included the cysteines involved in intramolecular disulfide bonding, The dependence of the immunodominant epitope on disulfide bonding was confirmed by loss of MAb ANAF16C1 binding to MSP5 following disulfide bond reduction and covalent modification of the reduced sulfhydryl groups. The recognition of the MSP5 immunodominant epitope by antibody induced by protective immunization with A. marginale outer membranes was also conformationally dependent, as shown by the loss of epitope binding following serum adsorption with native but not reduced and denatured A. marginale, Importantly, the antibody response to all immunodominant MSP5 surface epitopes was restricted to conformationally dependent epitopes, since the binding of polyclonal anti-MSP5 antibody to the A. marginale surface could be blocked by adsorption with native but not denatured and reduced MSP5, These results confirm the importance of the secondary and tertiary structures of MSP epitopes as immune system targets and support the testing of immunogens which maintain the required conformation. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Cent Vet Lab, Diagnost Lab, Harare, Zimbabwe. Cent Vet Lab, Res Branch, Harare, Zimbabwe. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Palmer, GH (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 31 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 66 IS 6 BP 2619 EP 2624 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA ZP714 UT WOS:000073781100031 PM 9596725 ER PT J AU Onyango, A Koski, KG Tucker, KL AF Onyango, A Koski, KG Tucker, KL TI Food diversity versus breastfeeding choice in determining anthropometric status in rural Kenyan toddlers SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE breastfeeding; weaning; dietary diversity; complementary feeding; anthropometry,; Africa ID NUTRITIONAL-STATUS; FEEDING PRACTICES; YOUNG-CHILDREN; MALNUTRITION; ASSOCIATION; BANGLADESH; SURVIVAL; NIGERIA; GROWTH AB Background Prolonged breastfeeding in developing countries is routinely recommended as a valuable and cast-effective public health measure to promote early childhood growth. However, the effects of breastfeeding beyond 12 months are unclear, with some studies showing positive, and some showing negative effects. The role of complementary foods for children 1-3 years has been less studied. Methods We examined feeding behaviour and illness data in relation to anthropometric status among 154 rural western Kenyan children, aged 12-36 months. Results There was Little difference in anthropometric status between partially breastfed and fully weaned children. Rather, dietary diversity (number of different foods consumed) was strongly and consistently related to anthropometric status in this age group. In addition, early complementation with starchy gruels was associated with stunting. Conclusions Public health efforts which focus only on prolonged breastfeeding (>12 months) in developing countries will not ensure adequate early childhood growth. important complementary feeding recommendations that promote diet diversity, through the inclusion of a variety of foods in the diets of children in the 1-3 year age group, are needed. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. McGill Univ, Sch Dietet & Human Nutr, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T5, Canada. RP Tucker, KL (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X NR 33 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0300-5771 J9 INT J EPIDEMIOL JI Int. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 27 IS 3 BP 484 EP 489 DI 10.1093/ije/27.3.484 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 100CD UT WOS:000074795600025 PM 9698140 ER PT J AU Mattikalli, NM Engman, ET Ahuja, LR Jackson, TJ AF Mattikalli, NM Engman, ET Ahuja, LR Jackson, TJ TI Microwave remote sensing of soil moisture for estimation of profile soil property SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SURFACE SOIL; CONDUCTIVITY; EMISSION AB Multi-temporal microwave remotely-sensed soil moisture has been utilized for the estimation of profile soil property, viz. the soil hydraulic conductivity. Passive microwave remote sensing was employed to collect daily soil moisture data across the Little Washita watershed, Oklahoma, during 10-18 June 1992. The ESTAR (Electronically Steered Thin Array Radiometer) instrument operating at L-band was flown on a NASA C-130 aircraft. Brightness temperature (TB) data collected at a ground resolution of 200m were employed to derive spatial distribution of surface soil moisture. Analysis of spatial and temporal soil moisture information in conjunction with soils data revealed a direct relation between changes in soil moisture and soil texture. A geographical information system (GIS) based analysis suggested that 2-days initial drainage of soil, measured from remote sensing, was related to an important soil hydraulic property viz. the saturated hydraulic conductivity (K(sat)). A hydrologic modelling methodology was developed for estimation of K(sat) of surface and sub-surface soil layers. Specifically, soil hydraulic parameters were optimized to obtain a good match between model estimated and field measured soil moisture profiles. Relations between 2-days soil moisture change and K(sat) of 0-5 cm, 0-30 cm and 0-60 cm depths yielded correlations of 0.78, 0.82 and 0.71, respectively. These results are comparable to the findings of previous studies involving laboratory-controlled experiments and numerical simulations, and support their extension to the field conditions of the Little Washita watershed. These findings have potential applications of microwave remote sensing to obtain 2-days of soil moisture and then to quickly estimate the spatial distribution of K(sat) over large areas. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Mattikalli, NM (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Hydrol Sci Branch, Code 974, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 28 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 9 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 19 IS 9 BP 1751 EP 1767 DI 10.1080/014311698215234 PG 17 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA ZX890 UT WOS:000074565700010 ER PT J AU Butler, BW Cohen, JD AF Butler, BW Cohen, JD TI Firefighter safety zones: A theoretical model based on radiative heating SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article DE net radiant energy transfer; entrapment; wildfires; safety zones AB Quantitative information regarding safety zone size for wildland firefighters is limited. We present a 3-surface theoretical model that describes the net radiant energy transfer to a firefighter standing a specified distance from a fire of specified height. Model predictions compare favorably with qualitative data from entrapments on four wildfires and two previously published models. Calculations indicate that for most fires, safety zones must be greater than 20 m wide to ensure firefighter survival. A general rule-of-thumb derived from this work is that a safety zone radius must be equal to or greater than 4 times the maximum flame height. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Intermt Res Stn, Intermt Fire Sci Lab,Fire Behav Res Work Unit, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. RP Butler, BW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Intermt Res Stn, Intermt Fire Sci Lab,Fire Behav Res Work Unit, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59812 USA. NR 27 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 7 PU INT ASSOC WILDLAND FIRE PI FAIRFIELD PA PO BOX 328, FAIRFIELD, WA 99012-0328 USA SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PD JUN PY 1998 VL 8 IS 2 BP 73 EP 77 DI 10.1071/WF9980073 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZX916 UT WOS:000074568300003 ER PT J AU Blank, RR Zamudio, DC AF Blank, RR Zamudio, DC TI The influence of wildfire on aqueous-extractable soil solutes in forested and wet meadow ecosystems along the eastern front of the Sierra-Nevada range, California SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE LA English DT Article DE ion chromatography; chloride; nitrate; potassium; magnesium; acetate, formate, calcium, pH, Pinus jeffreyi; Calocedrus decurrens; Carex microptera; Salix scouleriana ID NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; CHAPARRAL SOILS; FIRE INTENSITY; GERMINATION; COMBUSTION; LOSSES; ASH AB Information is lacking regarding the influence of pre-fire microsite conditions on post-wildfire soil chemical properties. Following a 1994 wildfire along the eastern front of the Sierra Nevada range, California, high performance ion exchange chromatography was used to quantify anions and cations in aqueous soil extracts by plant microsite (Pinus jeffreyi subcanopy, Calocedrus decurrens subcanopy, Carer microptera meadow, Salix scouleriana subcanopy), by depth (ash or litter, mineral soil horizon 0-5 cm), and by treatment (unburned, burned). As compared to the unburned treatment, post-wildfire ash and surface mineral horizons had significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) higher concentrations of sodium, magnesium, formate, and chloride. Plant microsite interacted significantly with treatment for ammonium; all plant microsites had significantly higher ammonium in burned treatments and burned S. scouleriana and C. microptera microsites had significantly more ammonium than the C. decurrens or P. jeffreyi microsites. For pH and acetate there was a significant treatment x depth interaction in which concentrations were highest in burned ash layers. For sulfate, ortho-phosphate, and calcium, there was a significant plant microsite x treatment x depth interaction. In general, post-wildfire ash and soil mineral layers had significantly more sulfate and calcium than the unburned controls; ash layers contained significantly less ortho-phosphate than unburned litter layers. There was a significant treatment x depth interaction for magnesium, chloride, formate, acetate, potassium, and nitrate. Initial post-wildfire levels of short-chained aliphatic carboxylic acids were very high, especially in ash layers, and did not decline to preburn values by the following summer. C1 USDA ARS, Ecol Temp Desert Rangelands Unit, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Blank, RR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ecol Temp Desert Rangelands Unit, 920 Valley Rd, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 29 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 12 PU INT ASSOC WILDLAND FIRE PI FAIRFIELD PA PO BOX 328, FAIRFIELD, WA 99012-0328 USA SN 1049-8001 J9 INT J WILDLAND FIRE JI Int. J. Wildland Fire PD JUN PY 1998 VL 8 IS 2 BP 79 EP 85 DI 10.1071/WF9980079 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZX916 UT WOS:000074568300004 ER PT J AU Friedman, M Kozukue, N Harden, LA AF Friedman, M Kozukue, N Harden, LA TI Preparation and characterization of acid hydrolysis products of the tomato glycoalkaloid alpha-tomatine SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE acid hydrolysis; aluminum oxide chromatography; carbohydrate analysis; gas chromatography; glycoalkaloids; glycoside; mass spectrometry; thin-layer chromatography; tomatidine; alpha-tomatine; beta(1)-tomatine; beta(2)-tomatine; gamma-tomatine; delta-tomatine; tomatoes ID PULSED AMPEROMETRIC DETECTION; POTATO GLYCOALKALOIDS; DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY; HPLC; QUANTIFICATION; PURIFICATION; ALKALOIDS; ASSAY AB As part of an effort to define the biological roles of carbohydrate groups of the tomato glycoalkaloid alpha-tomatine in plants and animals, experiments were carried out to optimize the acid hydrolysis of the tetrasaccharide side chain of alpha-tomatine to products with three, two, one, and zero sugar groups. This was accomplished by following the time course for hydrolysis in 1 N HCl at 100 degrees C, isolating the hydrolysis products by chromatography on an aluminum oxide column, and determining the number and nature of hydrolysis products, including free sugars, with the aid of thin-layer chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of alditol acetate sugar derivatives. The results show that a 20-min hydrolysis time appears useful for the formation of a mixture of the monosaccharide delta-tomatine, the disaccharide gamma-tomatine, and the trisaccharide beta(1)-tomatine. Efforts to isolate the other possible trisaccharide, beta(2)-tomatine, were unsuccessful, apparently because xylose is degraded during the hydrolysis. A 70-min exposure achieved complete hydrolysis of alpha-tomatine to the aglycon tomatidine. alpha-Tomatine was stable to hydrolysis at 37 degrees C, suggesting that it may also be stable to comparable acid conditions of the gut of insects, animals, and humans. The approach used should be generally useful for preparing hydrolysis products of glycoalkaloids and other glycosides such as saponins to facilitate assessing the role of the carbohydrate groups of these compounds in host-plant resistance, nutrition, and microbiology. C1 ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Friedman, M (reprint author), ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. OI Friedman, Mendel/0000-0003-2582-7517 NR 36 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 46 IS 6 BP 2096 EP 2101 DI 10.1021/jf970898k PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA ZV177 UT WOS:000074277800007 ER PT J AU Zhou, AC McFeeters, RF AF Zhou, AC McFeeters, RF TI Volatile compounds in cucumbers fermented in low-salt conditions SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Cucumis sativus; gas chromatography; mass spectrometry; Lactobacillus plantarum; Cucurbitaceae ID CUCUMIS-SATIVUS; AROMA AB Volatile compounds present in cucumbers fermented in 2% salt were analyzed using purge and trap concentration followed by GC-MS. Thirty-seven volatile compounds were identified from over 100 peaks detected using GC-MS. Most of the identified compounds did not change during fermentation. However, the ability of disrupted cucumber tissue to produce (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal and 2-nonenal, the two most important volatiles in fresh cucumber odor, decreased during fermentation. In addition, linalool increased to levels several times its odor threshold during the first 10 days of fermentation. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Food Sci, N Carolina Agr Res Serv, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. ARS, Food Fermentat Lab, USDA, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP McFeeters, RF (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Food Sci, N Carolina Agr Res Serv, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 25 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 46 IS 6 BP 2117 EP 2122 DI 10.1021/jf9704726 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA ZV177 UT WOS:000074277800010 ER PT J AU Nemoto, S Lehotay, SJ AF Nemoto, S Lehotay, SJ TI Analysis of multiple herbicides in soybeans using pressurized liquid extraction and capillary electrophoresis SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE residue analysis; herbicides; soybeans; capillary electrophoresis; pressurized liquid extraction ID PHENOXY ACID HERBICIDES; RESIDUES; CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Several herbicides commonly used on soybeans are often difficult to extract, isolate, and quantify from the complex soybean matrix at low concentrations. Typical analytical methods for herbicide residues in soybeans are single analyte procedures using HPLC or GC after chemical derivatization. In this study, method development for the analysis of six polar herbicides in soybeans was performed using pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), which is also known by the trade name, Accelerated Solvent Extraction, and capillary electrophoresis (CE). In CE, a 50 mM ammonium acetate running buffer, pH 4.75, was able to separate imazaquin (Scepter), chlorimuron-ethyl (Classic), thifensulfuron-methyl (Harmony), acifluorfen (Blazer), bentazon (Basagran), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in a 75 mu m i.d., 83 cm capillary (65 cm to detector) within 30 min at 17 kV applied voltage. Chlorsulfuron (Glean) was used as an internal standard in the analysis, and detection was by UV absorbance at 240 nm in a high-sensitivity optical cell. PLE extracts required extensive cleanup prior to CE/UV analysis. Several cleanup techniques were investigated and compared, including liquid-liquid partitioning, gel-permeation chromatography, semipreparative HPLC, and solid-phase extraction with a variety of stationary and mobile phase combinations. A combination of techniques that provided the most efficient cleanup was selected in the final method. Four of the six herbicides could be determined by the method in samples fortified at tolerance levels with average recoveries of 71% and relative standard deviation (RSD) of 11%. At a higher spiking level, all of the herbicide recoveries were > 70% with %RSDs < 10%, except for acifluorfen which gave more variable recoveries. C1 ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Natl Inst Hlth Sci, Div Foods, Setagaya Ku, Tokyo 158, Japan. RP Lehotay, SJ (reprint author), ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 46 IS 6 BP 2190 EP 2199 DI 10.1021/jf9708599 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA ZV177 UT WOS:000074277800022 ER PT J AU Pearson, TC Schatzki, TF AF Pearson, TC Schatzki, TF TI Machine vision system for automated detection of aflatoxin-contaminated pistachios SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE sorting; pistachios; aflatoxin; quality ID NUTS AB The previously reported [Pearson, T. Lebensm. Wiss. -Technol. 1996, 28 (6), 203-209] channel image sorter has been used to re-sort color-sort and hand-sort rejects and to sort mainstream (pre-hand-sort) U.S. pistachios. Sorting was carried out at commercial speeds of up to 163 kg/channel/h. Recoveries of good nuts of 39-67% on re-sorted product and 97.8% on mainstream nuts were achieved. Aflatoxin levels were reduced from 8.6-4.8 to 0.04-2.5 ng/g on color-sort rejects and to 15 from 22 ng/g on hand-sort rejects. For mainstream product, aflatoxin levels were reduced from 0.12 to 0 ng/g by image sorting, compared to reduction to 0.04 ng/g by hand sorting. Quality for mainstream sorting improved significantly, particularly for other damage, serious insect damage, gross defects, and loose kernels. Re-sort quality improved as well, but recovered product will still require dyeing. The sorter should find application in product recovery, in preparation of product for very stringent markets [Schatzki, T. F. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998, 46 (1), 2-4], and in presorting the very large samples required for testing lots with high reliability, that is, low standard error of the mean [Schatzki, T. F. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998, 46 (1), 2-4]. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Schatzki, TF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 7 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 46 IS 6 BP 2248 EP 2252 DI 10.1021/jf980218t PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA ZV177 UT WOS:000074277800030 ER PT J AU Chen, J Henderson, G Grimm, CC Lloyd, SW Laine, RA AF Chen, J Henderson, G Grimm, CC Lloyd, SW Laine, RA TI Naphthalene in Formosan subterranean termite carton nests SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE naphthalene; Coptotermes formosanus; termite nest AB Naphthalene was detected in nest cartons of Formosan subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. The concentration of naphthalene ranges from 50.56 to 214.6 mu g/kg. This is the first report of naphthalene being associated with termites. Some possible functions of naphthalene in a termite society are discussed. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Dept Entomol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Biochem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Henderson, G (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Agr Expt Stn, Dept Entomol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RI Laine, Roger A/B-9434-2014 OI Laine, Roger A/0000-0001-5984-4409 NR 14 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 46 IS 6 BP 2337 EP 2339 DI 10.1021/jf9709717 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA ZV177 UT WOS:000074277800046 ER PT J AU Sanborn, JR Gee, SJ Gilman, SD Sugawara, Y Jones, AD Rogers, J Szurdoki, F Stanker, LH Stoutamire, DW Hammock, BD AF Sanborn, JR Gee, SJ Gilman, SD Sugawara, Y Jones, AD Rogers, J Szurdoki, F Stanker, LH Stoutamire, DW Hammock, BD TI Hapten synthesis and antibody development for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin immunoassays SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE TCDD; dioxin; immunoassay; polyclonal antibodies; hapten synthesis; polychlorinated hydrocarbons ID RESOLUTION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; CYTOSOLIC RECEPTOR; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; RISK ASSESSMENT; AH RECEPTOR; RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; BIPHENYLS; SOIL AB This paper reports the synthesis of haptens and the generation and preliminary evaluation of polyclonal antibodies for the detection of dioxins such as TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). These novel haptens contain unsaturation between the halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxin ring system and the protein to which it is conjugated, presenting a rigid handle structure. The substitution pattern is identical with or similar to that of TCDD (i.e., 2,3,7,8- or 1,2,3,7,8-). Finally, the haptens lack polar groups for hydrogen bonding. In direct binding assays using the new polyclonal antibodies there was excellent recognition of hapten-protein conjugates, including recognition of those hapten conjugates that were not used as immunogens (i.e., assay systems heterologous in hapten structure). These haptens do elicit selective immune responses in rabbits. Their evaluation in an ELISA format demonstrated the usefulness of these haptens for the detection of dioxins. An IC50 of 0.8 ng/well (16 ng/mL) was observed for an unoptimized system that used 2,3,7-trichloro-8-methyldibenzo-p-dioxin as an analytical surrogate standard. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Toxicol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Facil Adv Instrumentat, Davis, CA 95616 USA. ARS, USDA, Food Anim Protect Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Hammock, BD (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Jones, Arthur/C-2670-2013; Gilman, Samuel/D-1635-2016 OI Jones, Arthur/0000-0002-7408-6690; Gilman, Samuel/0000-0001-7208-3894 NR 56 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 46 IS 6 BP 2407 EP 2416 DI 10.1021/jf970716m PG 10 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA ZV177 UT WOS:000074277800057 ER PT J AU Olness, A Evans, SD Alderfer, R AF Olness, A Evans, SD Alderfer, R TI Calculation of optimal fertilizer rates: A comparison of three response models SO JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE-ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ACKER UND PFLANZENBAU LA English DT Article DE maize; nitrogen; optimal fertilizer rate; response model ID NITROGEN-FERTILIZER; YIELD RESPONSE; GRAIN-YIELD; MAIZE; WATER; TILLAGE; CORN AB Determination of optimal N-fertilization rates, No epsilon, for crop production that minimize risk of environmental degradation require accurate application of a response model. Several models are available to describe crop yield response to N fertilization. The objective of this work was to compare the relative accuracy of a quadratic, f(N-Q), a modified Mitscherlich, and tanh(N) models on 48 data sets. Data were collected from a Tara silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, frigid Pachic Udic Haploboroll) over a 6-year period using two maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids and four tillage treatments, mouldboard plough, chisel plough, ridge tillage and no-tillage. In about one-third of the cases, all models performed about equally well. Generally, the tanh(N) and modified Mitscherlich models gave better fit between N rate and grain yield data. The N-o epsilon, ranged from about 140 to 170 kg ha(-1) for the modified Mitscherlich model, 136 to 184 kg ha(-1) for the tanh(N) function, and 124 to 173 kg ha(-1) using the f(N-Q) model. Estimated grain yields at these rates ranged between 6.58 +/- 1.30 to 7.59 +/- 1.69 Mg ha(-1) for the 90-day Minnesota maturity rated (MR) hybrid and between 7.52 +/- 2.40 to 8.72 +/- 1.70 Mg ha(-1) for the 95-day MR hybrid. C1 ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, USDA, MWA, Morris, MN 56267 USA. W Cent Agr Expt Stn, Morris, MN 56267 USA. Purdue Univ, Cooperat Extens Serv, Crawfordsville, IN 47933 USA. RP Olness, A (reprint author), ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, USDA, MWA, 803 Iowa Ave, Morris, MN 56267 USA. NR 19 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-2250 J9 J AGRON CROP SCI JI J. Agron. Crop Sci.-Z. Acker Pflanzenbau PD JUN PY 1998 VL 180 IS 4 BP 215 EP 222 DI 10.1111/j.1439-037X.1998.tb00527.x PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 101TP UT WOS:000074884500002 ER PT J AU Freetly, HC Cundiff, LV AF Freetly, HC Cundiff, LV TI Reproductive performance, calf growth, and milk production of first-calf heifers sired by seven breeds and raised on different levels of nutrition SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cattle; heifers; milk production; pregnancy; nutrition ID BIOLOGICAL TYPES; BEEF HEIFERS; PUBERTY; CATTLE; GAIN; COWS AB We evaluated heifers crossbred from seven breeds of sires (Hereford, Angus, Belgian Blue, Piedmontese, Brahman, Boran, and Tuli) and three breeds of dams (Angus, Hereford, and MARK III [four-breed composite]). Heifers were mated to Red Poll sires to calve at 2 yr of age. Heifers were placed in two treatments from weaning to breeding and raised on a high nutrition level(15.8 Meal ME/d) or on 80% of the high nutrition level (12.6 Meal ME/d). Breeds differed in the age of the heifers at parturition (P = .03). Birth weights of calves differed by maternal grandsire (P < .001) but not by heifer treatment (P = .91) or maternal grandam (P = .19). Heifers differed in their postpartum interval to estrus by sire breed (P .001). Calf age at weaning (P = .02), calf ADG (P < .001), and 205-d weight (P < .001) differed between breeds of maternal grandsires. Milk production from 50 to 200 d of lactation was greatest for heifers of Belgian Blue (1,070 +/- 30 kg) and Brahman (1,029 +/- 38 kg) sires. Milk production did not differ with treatment group (P = .84). This study suggests that over a diverse group of breeds, accelerated rates of gain during the postweaning period within the ranges of this study do not result in increased production efficiency of the cows. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Freetly, HC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 17 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 76 IS 6 BP 1513 EP 1522 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA ZV293 UT WOS:000074290100001 PM 9655569 ER PT J AU Van Vleck, LD Cundiff, LV AF Van Vleck, LD Cundiff, LV TI Sex effects on breed of sire differences for birth, weaning and yearling weights SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE growth; heritability; beef cattle; breeds ID HETEROGENEITY; VARIANCE; TRAITS; CALVES; CATTLE AB Weights of males and females can be considered to be correlated traits with different averages and variances. This study attempted to determine whether defining traits as expressed in males or in females would change estimates of breed of sire differences needed to calculate across-breed factors for adjustment of within-breed EPD to across-breed EPD. Records from the US Meat Animal Research Center of progeny of Hereford, Angus, and MARC III composite dams mated to 12 sire breeds that had been used to calculate breed of sire adjustments in 1996 were used. Breeds of sire were Hereford, Angus, Shorthorn, Brahman, Simmental, Limousin, Charolais, Maine-Anjou, Gelbvieh, Pinzgauer, Tarentaise, and Salers. Female and male records for birth (BWT), weaning (WWT), and yearling (YWT) weights were considered to be separate although correlated traits. Heritability estimates for expression as females and males were as follows: .44 and .47 for BWT, .25 and .19 for WWT, and .55 and .49 for YWT. Corresponding genetic correlations between expression in males and females were .85, 1.00, and .92. Phenotypic standard deviations were slightly larger and coefficients of variation slightly smaller for males than for females; the largest differences were for YWT. Breeds ranked similarly for female and male weights; the major exception was Brahman for BWT. Averages of breed of sire contrasts for expression in females and males were almost identical to contrasts from analyses of combined male and female records. Largest differences between averaged and combined breed of sire contrasts were approximately 1 kg for BWT and WWT and approximately 2 kg for YWT. The results show that considering male and female weights as separate traits is not needed in calculation of across-breed adjustment factors from US Meat Animal Research Center records. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE USA. RP Van Vleck, LD (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, A218 Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 11 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 76 IS 6 BP 1528 EP 1534 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA ZV293 UT WOS:000074290100003 PM 9655571 ER PT J AU Young, LD AF Young, LD TI Survival, body weights, feed efficiency, and carcass traits of 7/8 White Composite and 1/8 Duroc, 1/8 Meishan, 1/8 Fengjing, or 1/8 Minzhu pigs SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE breeds; growth; carcasses; pigs ID CROSSBREEDING PARAMETERS; REPRODUCTIVE-PERFORMANCE; EUROPEAN BREEDS; PORCINE BREEDS; CHINESE PIGS; GROWTH; CROSSES; FRANCE; BOARS AB Pigs were the progeny of White Composite boars mated to gilts that were either 1/4 Duroc, 1/4 Meishan, 1/4 Fengjing, or 1/4 Minzhu and the remainder 3/4 White Composite. One-eighth Meishan and 1/8 Fengjing pigs averaged approximately .5 more nipples than 1/8 Duroc pigs and .2 more nipples than 1/8 Minzhu pigs (P < .05), respectively. Duroc, Meishan, and Minzhu crosses did not differ (P > .05) for survival at birth or at 14 and 28 d. Fengjing crosses had a lower survival rate (P < .05) at all three ages than Duroc and Meishan crosses. Duroc crosses were heavier(P < .05) than Chinese crosses at birth. At 56 d, Duroc and Meishan crosses did not differ (P > .05) for BW, but both were heavier (P < .05) than Minzhu crosses. Body weight at 70 d did not differ significantly (P > .05) among breed types. Duroc crosses were heavier (P < .05) than any of the Chinese crosses at 98, 126, and 154 d of age. At 154 d, Fengjing crosses were lighter (P < .05) than Meishan or Minzhu crosses. The effect of breed type was not detected for average probe backfat thickness of gilts at 99.7 kg. Duroc crosses consumed the most feed, and Fengjing crosses consumed the least during each interval and during the total period (P < .05). Feed consumption of Meishan and Minzhu crosses was intermediate to and significantly (P < .05) different from that of Duroc and Fengjing crosses. At 184 d of age, breed types did not differ (P > .16) for measures of carcass fat thickness, marbling score, color score, and firmness score. At 184 d of age, weights of all carcass cuts were heavier (P < .05) for Duroc than for Chinese crosses with the exception of untrimmed loin weight of Minzhu crosses. There were few significant differences among breed types when carcass traits were compared at a constant carcass weight, although Duroc crosses generally were superior. Relative to similar Duroc crosses, these results suggest that 1/8 Chinese pigs would grow less rapidly (P < .05) and produce less weight of trimmed lean cuts at a constant carcass weight. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Young, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 76 IS 6 BP 1550 EP 1558 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA ZV293 UT WOS:000074290100006 PM 9655574 ER PT J AU Young, LD AF Young, LD TI Reproduction of 3/4 White Composite and 1/4 Duroc, 1/4 Meishan, 1/4 Fengjing or 1/4 Minzhu gilts and sows SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE breeds; litter size; puberty; ovulation rate ID CROSSBREEDING PARAMETERS; CHINESE MEISHAN; PORCINE BREEDS; CARCASS TRAITS; OVULATION RATE; PERFORMANCE; PIGS; SURVIVAL; PUBERTY; BOARS AB Females were either 1/4 Duroc, 1/4 Meishan, 1/4 Fengjing, or 1/4 Minzhu, and the remainder were 3/4 White Composite. A greater percentage of Fengjing crosses reached puberty than Duroc or Minzhu (P < .05), and Meishan crosses were intermediate and not different (P > .05) from other breed types. After adjusting for differences in percentage detected owing to termination of observation for estrus, breed types ranked Fengjing, Meishan, Minzhu, and Duroc from youngest to oldest at puberty with approximately 14 d between adjacent breed types. Meishan and Fengjing crosses had a greater (P < .05) ovulation rate than Minzhu or Duroc crosses. With the exception of number of fetuses at 100 d and average fetal weight at 60 d, differences among breed types were not detected(P > .05) for litter or uterine traits measured on gilts slaughtered at 60 or 100 d of gestation. Total number of pigs born was greater (P < .05) for 1/4 Fengjing than for 1/4 Duroc gilts. Gestation length, number born alive, number weaned, litter birth weight, or Litter weaning weight far gilts did not differ (P > .05) among breed types. Duroc crosses were heavier (P < .01) than Chinese crosses at d 1 and 28 after farrowing, but breed types did not differ (P > .05) for backfat thickness at those times. Breed types did not differ (P > .05) for the ratio of Litter gain from 0 to 28 d/total Meal or any of the component traits in the ratio. Postweaning estrus activity, conception rate, and litter and uterine traits of sows bred for second parity were not affected (P > .05) by breed type. These analyses indicate that crossbred gilts containing 1/4 Meishan, 1/4 Fengjing, or 1/4 Minzhu will reach puberty earlier, have larger litters, and weigh less at first parity than gilts containing 1/4 Duroc, but they do not have any significant advantage in litter size at second parity. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Young, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 28 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 76 IS 6 BP 1559 EP 1567 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA ZV293 UT WOS:000074290100007 PM 9655575 ER PT J AU Hammond, AC Chase, CC Bowers, EJ Olson, TA Randel, RD AF Hammond, AC Chase, CC Bowers, EJ Olson, TA Randel, RD TI Heat tolerance in Tuli-, Senepol-, and Brahman-sired F-1 Angus heifers in Florida SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef breeds; cattle; heat tolerance; subtropics; growth; temperature ID RECTAL TEMPERATURE; BEEF-CATTLE; BOS-TAURUS; BREEDS; GROWTH; TIME; COWS AB We investigated heat tolerance and growth rate in two trials under ambient conditions in central Florida. Trial 1(1994) involved 38 Brahman (B), 21 Senepol(S), 19 B x Angus (A), 20 S x A, and 20 Tuli (T) x A heifers. Trial 2 (1995) involved 13 A, 35 B, 30 S, 23 B x A, 17 S x A, and 28 T x A heifers. Measurements were made on three consecutive weeks during the hotter and cooler seasons of each year and included rectal temperature (RT, degrees C), respiration rate (RR, bpm), temperament score (TS; 1 = very docile, 5 very aggressive), blood packed-cell volume (PCV), and plasma cortisol concentration (CORT). Data for RT were transformed (log(10) [RT - 37]) before analysis. On the hottest date in Trial 1, log(10) RT was not different between B (.39 +/- .011) and B x A(.37 +/- .016) or between T x A (.35 +/- .015) and B x A, but log(10) RT was lower (P < .05) in S x A (.30 +/- .015) than in either S (.35 +/- .015) or T x A. On all dates in Trial 1, RR was lower (P < .05 to .001) and PCV was higher (P < .05 to .001) in B than in B x A. There were few differences in TS except on two dates when B scored higher (P < .01 to .001) than B x A, and these differences were associated with higher (P < .05) CORT in B than in B x A. Using initial BW as a covariate, adjusted ADG (kg) of T x A (.52 +/- .023) was not different from adjusted ADG of B x A (.57 +/- .024) or S x A (.54 +/- .023). On the hottest date in Trial 2, log(10) RT and RR were higher (P +/- .001) in A (.59 +/- .017, 74 +/- 2.7) than in B (.47 +/- .010, 39 +/- 1.6), S (.42 +/- .011, 50 +/- 1.8), and crossbred heifers (.47 +/- .011, 60 +/- 1.8; .43 +/- .014, 55 +/- 2.4; and .50 +/- .012, 48 +/- 2.0 for T x A, S x A and B x A, respectively), and RR was higher (P < .001) in B x A than in B. On the coolest date in Trial 2, RR was slightly lower in B (32 +/- .5) than in A (34 +/- .7, P < .01) and B x A(36 +/- .6, P < .001) and was associated with higher PCV in B than in A. On both dates, TS and CORT were higher (P < .01) in B than in A. In Trial 2, adjusted ADG (kg) was higher (P < .01) in B (.43 +/- .017) than in A (.32 +/- .033), higher(P < .001) in S (.46 +/- .019) than in A, and higher (P < .001) in crossbreds (B x A [.53 +/- .023] + S x A [.44 +/- .025] + T x A [.46 +/- .019]) than in A. These data indicate that heat tolerance in F-1 crosses of tropically adapted breeds (Tuli, Senepol, Brahman) with a temperate breed (Angus) is similar to heat tolerance displayed by purebred tropical breeds (Senepol, Brahman). C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Texas Agr Expt Stn, Overton, TX 75684 USA. RP Hammond, AC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, 22271 Chinsegut Hill Rd, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. NR 24 TC 34 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 76 IS 6 BP 1568 EP 1577 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA ZV293 UT WOS:000074290100008 PM 9655576 ER PT J AU Dikeman, ME Cundiff, LV Gregory, KE Kemp, KE Koch, RM AF Dikeman, ME Cundiff, LV Gregory, KE Kemp, KE Koch, RM TI Relative contributions of subcutaneous and intermuscular fat to yields and predictability of retail product, fat trim, and bone in beef carcasses. SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef; carcasses; fat; meat yield; prediction ID SUBPRIMAL YIELDS; CUTABILITY; CATTLE; EQUATIONS; FATNESS; GRADES AB Carcass data from one side of 610 steers born from 1988 to 1990 in Cycle IV of the Germ Plasm Evaluation research program were analyzed to develop means for carcass traits and retail product percentages at two fat trim levels (.76 and .00 cm) by yield grade categories. Weights of subcutaneous (s.c.) fat and intermuscular (i.e.m.) fat were recorded separately at each trim level. Quadratic regression curves were plotted for percentages of roast and steak meat (R&S), retail product (RP), and fat trim components relative to incremental changes in USDA yield grade. Prediction equations were developed on a randomly chosen half of the 610 carcasses to predict weights and percentages of R&S, RP, and fat trim using carcass traits obtained at the time of USDA grading and then tested on the remaining half of the carcasses. In addition, prediction equations were developed using s.c. and i.e.m. fat plus carcass traits to evaluate the contribution of each to carcass fabrication yields. Percentage of RP, trimmed to either .76 cm or .00 cm of fat, decreased by an average of 3.5% for each full yield grade increase. Trimming to .00 cm of fat resulted in about 5.3% less RP compared to trimming to .76 cm. A prediction equation for percentage of RP trimmed to .00 cm using adjusted fat thickness, carcass weight, longissimus muscle area, and percentage of kidney knob had an R-2 value of .54. The variations in percentage of R&S and percentage of RP at both trim levels were reduced by removing s.c. fat trimmed to .76 cm; however, considerable variation still existed. Subcutaneous fat expressed as a percentage of the sum of i.e.m. and s.c. fat increased as yield grade increased, but the percentage of i.e.m. fat was higher than the percentage of s.c. fat for all yield grades. On the basis of partial correlation coefficients, i.e.m. fat was approximately twice as important as s.c. fat in accounting for variations in fabrication yields. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Stat, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Dikeman, ME (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 19 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 76 IS 6 BP 1604 EP 1612 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA ZV293 UT WOS:000074290100012 PM 9655580 ER PT J AU Lammoglia, MA Short, RE Bellows, SE Bellows, RA MacNeil, MD Hafs, HD AF Lammoglia, MA Short, RE Bellows, SE Bellows, RA MacNeil, MD Hafs, HD TI Induced and synchronized estrus in cattle: Dose titration of estradiol benzoate in peripubertal and postpartum cows after treatment with an intravaginal progesterone-releasing insert and prostaglandin F-2 alpha SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cattle; estrus; synchronization; progesterone; estradiol; pregnancy rate ID INDUCED LH-RELEASE; BEEF-COWS; HEIFERS; ESTROGEN; PUBERTY; HORMONE; PLASMA; FSH AB Peripubertal beef heifers (n = 57) and postpartum multiparous cows (n = 52) were used to determine the optimal dose of estradiol benzoate (EB) to induce and synchronize estrus after treatment with intravaginal progesterone inserts (IVP4, EAZI-BREED(TM) CIDR(R)). All females received an IVP4 for 7 d (d 0 = insertion day) with a 25-mg injection of PGF(2 alpha) (Lutalyse(R)) on d 6. At 24 to 30 h after IVP4 removal, females were randomly assigned to be injected subcutaneously with EB at the following doses: heifers 0,.2,.38, or .75 mg and cows 0,.25,.5, or 1 mg. Furthermore, seven heifers and seven cows from each dose group were bled every 4 h for 76 h starting at EB injection. Serum was collected and assayed for LH and estradiol-17 beta (E-2) Observations for signs of estrus were made twice daily for 21 d after removal of IVP4, and females were artificially inseminated 8 to 20 h after detection of estrus. The percentage of females showing estrous behavior was increased by EB (P < .04); the greatest response was at .38 mg in heifers (86%) and 1 mg in cows (100%). Dose x time interaction affected (P < .01) E-2 concentrations in heifers and cows; the animals that received the higher doses of EB had greater E-2 concentrations in a shorter time than those that received the smaller doses. The percentage of cows and heifers with an acute preovulatory LH release (peak LH) was affected by dose, with a linear (P < .01) and a quadratic (P < .01) response. Highest concentrations of LH during peak LH were affected by dose with a linear(P < .01) response in heifers and linear (P < .01) and quadratic (P < .08) responses in cows. Heifers receiving .38 mg and cows receiving .5 and 1 mg of EB had the highest peak LH. Time to LH peak had a linear (P < .03) response in heifers and had linear(P < .04) and quadratic (P < .05) responses in cows. Pregnancy rate was affected (P < .02) in heifers by whether or not they were anestrous before IVP4 treatment (those with estrous cycles = 52% vs those that were anestrous = 22%) and in cows by dose of EB (P < .01; 8, 23, 21, and 67% for 0,.25,.5, and 1 mg, respectively). In conclusion, in females treated with IVP4 and PGF(2 alpha) to induce and synchronize estrus, an injection of EB increased concentrations of E-2 and LH and increased number of animals showing estrus. Also, EB increased pregnancy rates in cows. Optimal responses were at .38 mg EB for heifers and at 1 mg EB for cows. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. RP Short, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Rt 1,Box 2021, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009 NR 25 TC 54 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 76 IS 6 BP 1662 EP 1670 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA ZV293 UT WOS:000074290100019 PM 9655587 ER PT J AU Corrier, DE Byrd, JA Hume, ME Nisbet, DJ Stanker, LH AF Corrier, DE Byrd, JA Hume, ME Nisbet, DJ Stanker, LH TI Effect of simultaneous or delayed competitive exclusion treatment on the spread of Salmonella in chicks SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE chick; competitive exclusion; salmonellae; transmission ID BROILER CHICKS; COLONIZATION; TYPHIMURIUM; HATCHERIES; POULTRY; CONTAMINATION AB Exposure of newly hatched chicks in the hatchery to salmonellae results in the establishment of seeder chicks with fecal shedding and the transmission of salmonellae to other contact chicks in the broiler house during growout. This study investigated the protective effect of treatment with a characterized competitive exclusion culture, CF3 on the transmission of Salmonellae from seeder to contact chicks when CF3 treatment occurred simultaneously with seeder challenge or when treatment was delayed until 24 hr after challenge. Delayed treatment failed to prevent the establishment of seeder chicks, but did significantly (P less than or equal to.005) reduce the spread of Salmonellae from seeder to nonchallenged contact chicks. Simultaneous Salmonellae challenge and CF3 treatment significantly (P less than or equal to.005) decreased the establishment of seeders and was highly effective in preventing the spread of Salmonellae from seeder to contact chicks. The results demonstrated that treatment on the day of hatch can significantly help reduce seeder establishment and the spread of Salmonellae from seeder to highly susceptible contact chicks. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Corrier, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU APPLIED POULTRY SCIENCE INC PI ATHENS PA PO BOX 80286, ATHENS, GA 30608 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 7 IS 2 BP 132 EP 137 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 108ZE UT WOS:000075295700003 ER PT J AU de Soyza, AG Whitford, WG Herrick, JE Van Zee, JW Havstad, KM AF de Soyza, AG Whitford, WG Herrick, JE Van Zee, JW Havstad, KM TI Early warning indicators of desertification: examples of tests in the Chihuahuan Desert SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium and Workshop on Combating Desertification - Connecting Science with Community Action CY MAY 12-16, 1997 CL TUCSON, AZ SP US Dept Interior, Bureau Land Management, Int Arid Lands Consortium, Univ Arizona, USDA, Agr Res Serv, US EPA, Ctr Investigaciones Desertificacion, Desert Res Inst, Int Fund Agr Dev, Bur Land Management Natl Appl Resource Sci Ctr, US Agcy Int Dev, UN Environm Programme, UN Convent Combat Desertificat, Interim Secretariat, European Soc Soil Conservat DE bare patch index; Chihuahuan Desert; ecosystem health; indicators; litter ID RANGELAND; EROSION; WIND AB Perennial grasslands that dominated the south-west United States during the past 10,000 years have been desertified to varying extents. Desertification is a temporal phenomenon, defined in this paper as a change in the scale of the spatial distribution of resources. We report here on several indicators of desertification, using bare patch indices as surrogates for direct measures. A bare patch index based on canopy cover, which is relevant for precipitation and wind-driven erosion, is not equivalent to another bare patch index based on soil surface measurements, which is relevant for overland water flow-driven erosion. Per cent grass cover, per cent long-lived grass cover, per cent cover of vegetative reproducers, and a relative preference index all yielded sensitive indicators of desertification. The usefulness of some indicators, such as organic litter, depends upon recent environmental history. Other indicators, such as per cent cover due to grazing-resistant species, appear not to be sensitive to desertification and need further development. Range site type may also be important in determining indicator responses, where some indicators were sensitive to a range site while others were not. Overall, we have identified several sensitive indicators of desertification based on vegetational characteristics in varied range sites in the northern Chihuahuan Desert. C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. US EPA, Characterizat Res Div, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP de Soyza, AG (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept 3 JAR, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 14 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 39 IS 2 BP 101 EP 112 DI 10.1006/jare.1998.0391 PG 12 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZZ989 UT WOS:000074789600002 ER PT J AU Fredrickson, E Havstad, KM Estell, R AF Fredrickson, E Havstad, KM Estell, R TI Perspectives on desertification: south-western United States SO JOURNAL OF ARID ENVIRONMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium and Workshop on Combating Desertification - Connecting Science with Community Action CY MAY 12-16, 1997 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA SP US Dept Interior, Bureau Land Management, Int Arid Lands Consortium, Univ Arizona, USDA, Agr Res Serv, US EPA, Ctr Investigaciones Desertificacion, Desert Res Inst, Int Fund Agr Dev, Bur Land Management Natl Appl Resource Sci Ctr, US Agcy Int Dev, UN Environm Programme, UN Convent Combat Desertificat, Interim Secretariat, European Soc Soil Conservat DE Chihuahuan Desert; Sonoran Desert; desertification; south-west United States AB Several climatic changes occurred in the northern Chihuahuan Desert and other parts of the south-west United Slates during the last 12,000 years leading to a markedly warmer and drier climate. Vegetation changed in response to this climatic shift. Generally, this transition was from coniferous woodland to grasslands and eventually to the present day desert scrub. Pre-Columbian inhabitants of this region adapted by changing from hunter-gatherer to primarily agrarian economics. European immigration into the south-west U.S. beginning in the mid 1500s greatly affected this region. The greatest impact occurred after the U.S. Civil War in the 1860s. Before that time land use tended to be localized near small agricultural areas, mines, and military installations. The post-war range livestock industry expanded dramatically, especially during the 1880s - a period of general abuse of arid lands in the region. Recognition of this abuse and the deteriorating productivity of the land led to greater government involvement, including establishment of experimental stations and eventually management of the public domain by governmental agencies. Fire suppression, mismanaged grazing, changing climatic conditions, loss of soil and increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations, mainly due to the burning of fossil fuels, are among the probable causes of continued desertification trends. Urban and rural popular-ions, presently technologically isolated from their environment, need to better understand the dynamic nature of their environment. A greater degree of co-operation among diverse entities will be crucial. C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Fredrickson, E (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, POB 30003,MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 66 TC 57 Z9 62 U1 4 U2 27 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0140-1963 J9 J ARID ENVIRON JI J. Arid. Environ. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 39 IS 2 BP 191 EP 207 DI 10.1006/jare.1998.0390 PG 17 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZZ989 UT WOS:000074789600010 ER PT J AU Tsai, HF Chang, YC Washburn, RG Wheeler, MH Kwon-Chung, KJ AF Tsai, HF Chang, YC Washburn, RG Wheeler, MH Kwon-Chung, KJ TI The developmentally regulated alb1 gene of Aspergillus fumigatus: Its role in modulation of conidial morphology and virulence SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INVASIVE PULMONARY ASPERGILLOSIS; ACID SYNTHASE GENE; NIDULANS WA-GENE; CRYPTOCOCCUS-NEOFORMANS; POLYKETIDE SYNTHASE; MELANIN BIOSYNTHESIS; COLLETOTRICHUM-LAGENARIUM; ALKALINE PROTEASE; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; WANGIELLA-DERMATITIDIS AB Aspergillus fumigatus, an important opportunistic pathogen which commonly affects neutropenic patients, produces conidia with a bluish-green color. We identified a gene, alb1, which is required for conidial pigmentation. The alb1 gene encodes a putative polyketide synthase, and disruption of alb1 resulted in an albino conidial phenotype. Expression of alb1 is developmentally regulated, and the 7-kb transcript is detected only during the conidiation stage. The alb1 mutation was found to block 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene production, indicating that alb1 is involved in dihydroxynaphthalene-melanin biosynthesis. Scanning electron microscopy studies showed that the alb1 disruptant exhibited a smooth conidial surface, whereas complementation of the alb1 deletion restored the echinulate wild-type surface. Disruption of alb1 resulted in a significant increase in C3 binding on conidial surfaces, and the conidia of the alb1 disruptant were ingested by human neutrophils at a higher rate than were those of the wild type. The alb1-complemented strain producing bluish-green conidia exhibited inefficient C3 binding and neutrophil-mediated phagocytosis quantitatively similar to those of the wild type. Importantly, the alb1 disruptant had a statistically significant loss of virulence compared to the wild-type and alb1-complemented strains in a murine model. These results suggest that disruption of alb1 causes pleiotropic effects on conidial morphology and fungal virulence. C1 NIAID, Clin Invest Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Wake Forest Univ, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med, Infect Dis Sect, Winston Salem, NC 27006 USA. USDA ARS, Cotton Pathol Res Unit, So Crops Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Kwon-Chung, KJ (reprint author), NIAID, Clin Invest Lab, NIH, Bldg 10,Room 11C304,10 Ctr Dr,MSC 1882, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM June_Kwon-Chung@NIH.GOV FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-01036] NR 69 TC 210 Z9 229 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 180 IS 12 BP 3031 EP 3038 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA ZT524 UT WOS:000074096500003 PM 9620950 ER PT J AU Deschamps, JR George, C Flippen-Anderson, JL Demilo, AB Bordas, B AF Deschamps, JR George, C Flippen-Anderson, JL Demilo, AB Bordas, B TI X-ray crystallographic and molecular modeling studies of 1-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)biuret SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article AB Crystals of 1-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)biuret (BFB), C(15)H(10)N(3)O(3)F(2)Cl, were grown by evaporation from an acetonitrile solution. Two polymorphs were obtained. The first polymorph (BFB1) crystallized in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c (Z = 4) with unit cell a = 13.021(3), b = 5.293(1), c = 21.199(6) Angstrom, and beta = 97.34(2)degrees, The second polymorph (BFB2) crystallized in the orthorhombic space group beta 2(1)2(1)2(1) (Z = 8) with a = 10.513(1), b = 10.806(1), and c = 26.685(1) Angstrom. The results of crystallographic and molecular modeling studies on BFB were in good agreement. The compound has an extended conformation with the benzene rings coplanar and the intervening -CONHCONHCONH- moiety rotated out of the plane due to steric effects from the two fluorine atoms. C1 USN, Res Lab, Struct Matter Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. ARS, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Hungarian Acad Sci, Inst Plant Protect, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. RP Deschamps, JR (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Struct Matter Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RI G, Neela/H-3016-2014; OI Deschamps, Jeffrey/0000-0001-5845-0010 NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER/PLENUM PUBLISHERS PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1074-1542 J9 J CHEM CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Chem. Crystallogr. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 28 IS 6 BP 453 EP 459 DI 10.1023/A:1021768622056 PG 7 WC Crystallography; Spectroscopy SC Crystallography; Spectroscopy GA 127ZQ UT WOS:000076381100005 ER PT J AU Sant'Ana, J Dickens, JC AF Sant'Ana, J Dickens, JC TI Comparative electrophysiological studies of olfaction in predaceous bugs, Podisus maculiventris and P-nigrispinus SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pheromone; plant volatile; olfactory receptors; electroantennogram; predators; Podisus maculiventris; Podisus nigrispinus; insect ID GREEN LEAF VOLATILES; POTATO BEETLE COLEOPTERA; TARNISHED PLANT BUG; ELECTROANTENNOGRAM RESPONSES; PERILLUS-BIOCULATUS; ANTHONOMUS-GRANDIS; BOLL-WEEVIL; PHEROMONE; PENTATOMIDAE; HEMIPTERA AB Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded from both sexes of spined soldier bug (SSB), Podisus maculiventris, and Brazilian SSB (BSSB), P. nigrispinus to determine antennal olfactory responsiveness of 23 compounds in SSB and 14 compounds in BSSB, including the multicomponent male-produced aggregation pheromone and plant volatiles. EAGs of both species were similar. (E)-2-Hexenol and (E)-2-hexenal elicited the greatest EAGs, followed by heptanol, nonanal, hexanal, and the pheromonal compounds, (+/-)-alpha-terpineol and benzyl alcohol. Both sexes of SSB and BSSB were more sensitive to components of the male-produced aggregation pheromone [(+/-)-alpha-terpineol, (+/-)-linalool, and benzyl alcohol] and nonanal than either (E)-2-hexenol or (E)-2-hexenal (a component of the aggregation pheromone). BSSB were more sensitive to (+/-)-alpha-terpineol, (+/-)-linalool, benzyl alcohol, and nonanal than were SSB. EAGs to the plant volatile 1-hexanol and the pheromonal components (E)-2-hexenal and (+/-)-alpha-terpineol decreased significantly with removal of antennal segments, suggesting that receptors for these compounds are distributed over the distal three segments of the five-segmented antennae. C1 ARS, USDA, Vegetable Lab, Plant Sci Inst,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Fed Rio Grande Sul, Fac Agron, Dept Fitossanidade, BR-91540000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. RP Dickens, JC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Vegetable Lab, Plant Sci Inst,Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 52 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 7 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 24 IS 6 BP 965 EP 984 DI 10.1023/A:1022394217556 PG 20 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZU568 UT WOS:000074211100002 ER PT J AU Vaughn, SF Berhow, MA AF Vaughn, SF Berhow, MA TI 1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene, a phytotoxin from Crambe (Crambe abyssinica) seedmeal SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Crambe; Crambe abyssinica Triticum; Sesbania; Abutilon; Brassicaceae; seedmeal; glucosinolate; epiprogoitrin; 1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene; phytotoxicity; soil amendment ID GREEN MANURE; SOIL AMENDMENTS; RAPESEED; PRODUCTS; ISOTHIOCYANATES; DECOMPOSITION; NITRILES; CABBAGE; POTATO; MEAL AB Crambe (Crambe abyssinica) seedmeal was found to suppress seedling emergence and biomass accumulation when added to a sandy loam soil containing wheat (Triticum aestivum Cardinal) and hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltara) seeds. Hexane, CH2Cl2, MeOH, and water extracts of the seedmeal were prepared and bioassayed against wheat and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) radicle elongation. The CH2Cl2 extract was the most inhibitory, while the other extracts inhibited the bioassay species only slightly (MeOH) or not at all (hexane, water). Fractionation of the CH2Cl2 extract identified the major phytotoxin as 1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene (CHB), comprising 96.1% of the active CH2Cl2, fraction. Radicle elongation of wheat and velvetleaf were inhibited by CHB with I-50 values of 2.1 x 10(-4) M for wheat and 2.7 x 10(-3) M for velvetleaf. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Vaughn, SF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 34 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 24 IS 6 BP 1117 EP 1126 DI 10.1023/A:1022362705261 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZU568 UT WOS:000074211100011 ER PT J AU Mannarelli, BM Kurtzman, CP AF Mannarelli, BM Kurtzman, CP TI Rapid identification of Candida albicans and other human pathogenic yeasts by using short oligonucleotides in a PCR SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; CRYPTOCOCCUS-NEOFORMANS; HISTOPLASMA-CAPSULATUM; DNA; PRIMERS; PROBES; AMPLIFICATION; RESISTANCE AB A PCR system that can quickly and accurately identify 14 species of human pathogenic yeasts was developed. The procedure distinguished between nine species of a closely related clade, Lodderomyces elongisporus, Candida parapsilosis, a new Candida sp., C. sojae, C. tropicalis, C. maltosa, C. viswanathii, C. albicans, and C. dubliniensis and between another five more divergent species, Pichia guilliermondii, C. glabrata, C. zeylanoides, C. haemulonii, and C. haemulonii type II. A rapid DNA extraction procedure that yields purified DNA in about 1 h is also described. The system uses uniform conditions with four primers for each reaction, two 40- to 50-mer universal primers that serve as a positive control and two 23- to 30-mer species-specific primers. Species-specific primers were derived from a 600-nucleotide variable region (D1/D2) at the 5' end of the large-subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA gene and were generally designed to use mismatches at the 3' end, Universal primers were developed from conserved nucleotide sequences in the small-subunit (18S) rRNA gene, In this system, a control 1,200- to 1,300-base DNA fragment was produced in all reactions and a smaller 114- to 336-base DNA fragment was produced if the chromosomal DNA from the target species was present. The PCR procedure is rapid and easy to interpret and may be used with mixed cultures. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Properties Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Mannarelli, BM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Microbial Properties Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 34 TC 86 Z9 93 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1634 EP 1641 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA ZN392 UT WOS:000073641300029 PM 9620392 ER PT J AU Mikolon, AB Gardner, IA Hietala, SK De Anda, JH Pestana, EC Hennager, SG Edmondson, AJ AF Mikolon, AB Gardner, IA Hietala, SK De Anda, JH Pestana, EC Hennager, SG Edmondson, AJ TI Evaluation of North American antibody detection tests for diagnosis of brucellosis in goats SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MELITENSIS INFECTION; BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS; SEROLOGICAL TESTS; BAJA-CALIFORNIA; COASTAL REGION; MEXICO; SHEEP; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ABORTUS AB The sensitivities and specificities of 17 antibody detection tests for brucellosis in goats were estimated. Tests evaluated included the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) card test with 8% cell concentration (8%Card), USDA rapid automated presumptive test (RAP), Mexican rose bengal plate tests with 8 and 3% cell concentrations (8%RB and 3%RB), French rose bengal plate test with 4.5% cell concentration (4.5%RB), USDA standard plate test (SPT), USDA buffered acidified plate agglutination test (BAPA), USDA and Mexican rivanol tests (URIV and MRIV), USDA standard tube tests with Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis antigens (SATA and SATM), serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), USDA cold-fixation complement fixation tests with B. abortus and B. melitensis antigens (CFA and CRM), USDA and Mexican milk ring tests (UBRT and MBRT), and a milk ELISA. Test sensitivity was evaluated by using two groups of 10 goats experimentally infected with B. melitensis or B. abortus and monitored for 24 weeks. Specificity was evaluated by using 200 brucellosis-free nonvaccinated goats from 10 California herds. The 3%RB was considered a good screening test because of high sensitivity at week 24 postinfection (90%), ease of performance, and low cost. The cold-fixation CFA and CFM had 100% specificity in the field study and were considered appropriate confirmatory tests. The milk ELISA was significantly more sensitive (P < 0.05) than the UBRT and significantly more specific (P < 0.05) than the MBRT. The milk ELISA also had the advantage of objectivity and ease of interpretation. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Med & Epidemiol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Calif Dept Food & Agr, Anim Hlth Branch, Sacramento, CA 95814 USA. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Diagnost Bacteriol Lab, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Autonoma Baja California, Inst Invest & Ciencias Vet, Mexicali 21100, Baja California, Mexico. RP Gardner, IA (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Med & Epidemiol, Rm 2108 Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 23 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1716 EP 1722 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA ZN392 UT WOS:000073641300043 PM 9620406 ER PT J AU O'Rourke, KI Baszler, TV Miller, JM Spraker, TR Sadler-Riggleman, I Knowles, DP AF O'Rourke, KI Baszler, TV Miller, JM Spraker, TR Sadler-Riggleman, I Knowles, DP TI Monoclonal antibody F89/160.1.5 defines a conserved epitope on the ruminant prion protein SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BOVINE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHY; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DETECTION; NATURAL SCRAPIE; SHEEP; PRP; RESISTANT; BRAIN; PROLIFERATION; REPLICATION AB The transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are a heterogeneous group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders occurring in humans, mink, cats, and ruminant herbivores. The occurrence of novel transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in cattle in the United Kingdom and Europe and in mule deer and elk in parts of the United States has emphasized the need for reliable diagnostic tests with standardized reagents. Postmortem diagnosis is performed by histologic examination of brain sections from affected animals. The histopathological criteria for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies include gliosis, astrocytosis, neuronal degeneration, and spongiform change. These lesions vary in intensity and anatomic location depending on the host species and genetics, stage of disease, and infectious agent source. Diagnosis by histopathology alone may be ambiguous in hosts with early cases of disease and impossible if the tissue is autolyzed. Deposition of the prion protein (an abnormal isoform of a native cellular sialoglycoprotein) in the central nervous system is a reliable marker for infection, and immunohistochemical detection of this marker is a useful adjunct to histopathology. In the present paper we describe monoclonal antibody (MAb) F89/160.1.5, which reacts with prion protein in tissues from sheep, cattle, mule deer, and elk with naturally occurring transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. This MAb recognizes a conserved epitope on the prion protein in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections after hydrated autoclaving. MAb F89/160.1.5 will be useful in diagnostic and pathogenesis studies of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in these ruminant species. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Washington Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Colorado State Diagnost Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP O'Rourke, KI (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, 337 Bustad Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM korourke@vetmed.wsu.edu NR 41 TC 116 Z9 120 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1750 EP 1755 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA ZN392 UT WOS:000073641300050 PM 9620413 ER PT J AU Franck, SM Bosworth, BT Moon, HW AF Franck, SM Bosworth, BT Moon, HW TI Multiplex PCR for enterotoxigenic, attaching and effacing, and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains from calves SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EAE GENE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; ENTERO-TOXIN; DIARRHEA; HETEROGENEITY; O157-H7; AMPLIFICATION; INTESTINES; VIRULENCE; FIMBRIAE AB A multiplex PCR was developed to identify enterotoxigenic, attaching and effacing, and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains by amplifying genes encoding K99 and F41 fimbriae, heat-stable enterotoxin a, intimin, and Shiga toxins 1 and 2. This multiplex PCR was specific and sensitive. It will be useful for identification of E. coli strains which cause diarrhea in calves. C1 Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Enter Dis & Food Safety Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Moon, HW (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, 1802 Elwood Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM hmoon@iastate.edu NR 28 TC 112 Z9 116 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 6 BP 1795 EP 1797 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA ZN392 UT WOS:000073641300063 PM 9620426 ER PT J AU Wang, Z Zhai, F AF Wang, Z Zhai, F TI Tariff reduction, tax replacement, and implications for income distribution in China SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID POLICY; MODELS AB This paper considers the distributional Effects of trade liberalization and government tax replacement policies during foreign trade reform. The analysis uses a 22-sector, 12-representative-household computable general equilibrium (CGE) model for China. The simulation results show that trade liberalization can enhance both economic efficiency and income equality in China. However, the extent of the efficiency gains from trade liberalization depends on which tax instrument the government chooses to balance its budget. Imposing a progressive household income tax reduces the Gini coefficient while retaining most of the efficiency gains. Hence, this is likely to be one of the appropriate tax policies for China's government to choose to replace lost tariff revenue during trade liberalization. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Purdue Univ, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. USDA, Econ Res Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. State Council, Dev Res Ctr, Beijing 100017, Peoples R China. RP Wang, Z (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Econ Res Serv, Room 5141,1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-5967 J9 J COMP ECON JI J. Comp. Econ. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 2 BP 358 EP 387 DI 10.1006/jcec.1998.1521 PG 30 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 102KG UT WOS:000074923000009 ER PT J AU Strange, ED Konstance, RP Tomasula, PM Van Hekken, DL Smith, PW Boswell, TR Lu, DP Holsinger, VH AF Strange, ED Konstance, RP Tomasula, PM Van Hekken, DL Smith, PW Boswell, TR Lu, DP Holsinger, VH TI Functionality of casein precipitated by carbon dioxide SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE casein; carbon dioxide; precipitation; functionality ID NONFAT DRY MILK; SKIM-MILK; CALCIUM; PHASE; EMULSIONS; PROTEINS; IONS; ACID AB The functionality of casein that was precipitated by batch by a novel process using CO2 was investigated for solubility in water and NaCl, foam stability, overrun, emulsion activity index, and emulsion stability. These properties were compared with those of acidified casein and Na caseinate prepared in the laboratory, commercial acid casein, and commercial Na caseinate and Ca caseinates. The pH of the CO2 casein was 6.61 in water and 6.51 in 0.1 M NaCl; only 65.5% of the casein dissolved in water, which was significantly less than the 97.5% that dissolved in NaCl. The precipitated casein had better foam stability (29 min instead of 1 to 20 min) than did the other caseins, although the percentage overrun was lower (397% compared with 511 to 868%; 15-min whipping time). Emulsion stability (222 min) and emulsion activity index (56 m(2)/g) of the precipitated casein were not significantly different from those of caseins prepared in the laboratory but were significantly different from those of commercial caseins. All properties except foam stability were not significantly affected by variations between batches or days. The precipitated casein had functional properties that were significantly different from caseins and caseinates that were produced commercially or in the laboratory. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, N Atlantic Area, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Strange, ED (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, N Atlantic Area, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 34 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 81 IS 6 BP 1517 EP 1524 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 102MX UT WOS:000074929100005 ER PT J AU Smith, BI Donovan, GA Risco, C Littell, R Young, C Stanker, LH Elliott, J AF Smith, BI Donovan, GA Risco, C Littell, R Young, C Stanker, LH Elliott, J TI Comparison of various antibiotic treatments for cows diagnosed with toxic puerperal metritis SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE toxic puerperal metritis; cow; antibiotic; haptoglobin ID RETAINED FETAL MEMBRANES; ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE; BOVINE HAPTOGLOBIN; SERUM HAPTOGLOBIN; FEEDLOT CATTLE; DAIRY-COW; MANAGEMENT; DISEASES; COMPLEX AB Holstein cows (n = 51) that had been diagnosed with toxic puerperal metritis were used to determine the treatment efficacy of various antibiotics. On the day of diagnosis, cows affected with toxic puerperal metritis were assigned randomly to three treatment groups. Cows in groups 1 and 2 received 22,000 IU/kg of procaine penicillin G i.m, for 5 d. In addition, cows in group 2 received an intrauterine infusion of 6 g of oxytetracycline on d 1, 3, and 5. Cows in group 3 received 2.2 mg/kg of ceftiofur sodium i.m. for 5 d. Dependent variables used to determine antibiotic efficacy included milk yield on d 1 through 12, rectal temperature on d 1 through 5, and serum haptoglobin concentration on d 1, 3, and 5. No difference was observed among groups for milk yield on d 1 and 12 or for temperature on d 1 and 5. Serum haptoglobin was elevated to >10 mg/dl for cows in all groups; however, no difference was observed among groups on d 1 and 5. Because all groups showed a favorable response, this study suggests that there is no difference in treatment efficacy among antibiotics used to treat cows affected with toxic puerperal metritis. C1 Aurora Dairy Corp, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Large Anim Clin Sci, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, Dept Stat, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Smith, BI (reprint author), Aurora Dairy Corp, 3830 SW 38th St, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 31 TC 74 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 81 IS 6 BP 1555 EP 1562 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 102MX UT WOS:000074929100009 PM 9684161 ER PT J AU West, JW Mandebvu, P Hill, GM Gates, RN AF West, JW Mandebvu, P Hill, GM Gates, RN TI Intake, milk yield, and digestion by dairy cows fed diets with increasing fiber content from bermudagrass hay or silage SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bermudagrass; fiber; intake; lactation ID FORAGE QUALITY; RUMEN FUNCTION; PERFORMANCE AB Lactating dairy cows were offered diets containing increasing quantities of Tifton 85 bermudagrass hay or silage and increasing dietary neutral detergent fiber (NDF) to determine effects of method of bermudagrass storage and dietary fiber content on intake, milk yield, and nutrient digestion. Bermudagrass was added as hay or silage at the rate of 8.5, 15.9, or 23.3% of dietary dry matter and was substituted for an equal quantity of corn silage. The method of bermudagrass storage did not affect intake [20.8 vs. 20.3 (+/-0.3) kg/d for bermudagrass hay and silage diets; respectively], but an increase in the amount of bermudagrass and NDF in the diet did reduce intake. Dietary NDF concentration was well above minimum recommendations of the National Research Council. Milk yield was not altered by method of bermudagrass storage but declined as dietary NDF increased. Digestion of NDF tended to be lower for bermudagrass silage than for bermudagrass hay. An increase in the amount of bermudagrass in the diet improved digestion of dietary dry matter, acid detergent fiber, and NDF; however, milk yield declined because total intake declined. Improved NDF digestion caused by added bermudagrass hay or silage was confirmed by in vitro analyses. High quality bermudagrass hybrids could potentially be used in diets of lactating dairy cows because of the good digestion characteristics and relatively small effects on intake despite the high dietary fiber content. Tifton 85 bermudagrass may Serve as a forage alternative for lactating dairy cows. C1 Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Stn, Dept Dairy & Anim Sci, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Stn, USDA ARS, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP West, JW (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Stn, Dept Dairy & Anim Sci, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 26 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 81 IS 6 BP 1599 EP 1607 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 102MX UT WOS:000074929100014 PM 9684166 ER PT J AU Jagannatha, S Keown, JF Van Vleck, LD AF Jagannatha, S Keown, JF Van Vleck, LD TI Estimation of relative economic value for herd life of dairy cattle from profile equations SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE relative economic value; herd life; production ID 1ST LACTATION PRODUCTION; NET INCOME; TRANSMITTING ABILITIES; OPPORTUNITY COST; SELECTION; TRAITS; COWS; YIELD; PROFITABILITY; PERFORMANCE AB Lifetime records of 122,679 cows from 7557 herds, obtained from Mid States Dairy Records Processing Center (Ames, IA), were used to determine net income and net income for the planning horizon. With a planning horizon of five lactations for each cow, the estimated profit from the replacements was credited to each cow not surviving until fifth calving. Net income was defined as lifetime income minus costs. Net income for the planning horizon was defined as net income plus profit from replacements within the planning horizon. Income was from the sale of milk, calves, and culled cows. Costs were included for heifer rearing, feed, labor, and breeding. Longer herd life yielded greater profit for net income and net income for the planning horizon. The rate of increase in profit for longer herd life was reduced for net income for the planning horizon, which accounts for profit from cows replacing a culled cow compared with profit from net income. The relative economic value (phenotypic standard deviation basis) of production to herd life was 0.18:1 for net income and 0.46:1 for net income for the planning horizon. The relative value for herd life was overestimated by about 2.5 times when profit from replacements was not considered. Values for production relative to herd life increased for high milk prices and low feed prices. Lower prices for culled cows in combination with high prices for milk and feed increased the relative economic value of production. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Jagannatha, S (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 28 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 3 U2 6 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 81 IS 6 BP 1702 EP 1708 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 102MX UT WOS:000074929100025 PM 9684177 ER PT J AU Vandenberg, JD Shelton, AM Wilsey, WT Ramos, M AF Vandenberg, JD Shelton, AM Wilsey, WT Ramos, M TI Assessment of Beauveria bassiana sprays for control of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera : Plutellidae) on crucifers SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Plutella xylostella; insecticide resistance; crucifers; microbial control; insect pathogen ID BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; POPULATIONS; XYLOSTELLA; CABBAGE; FIELD AB Evaluations of the efficacy and persistence of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin for control of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.),on crucifers were done in growth chambers, the greenhouse, and the field. In growth chamber studies done at 21 or 26 degrees C and 60 or 90% RH, neither temperature nor humidity affected the survival of larvae, but treatment with fungal spores always provided significantly greater mortality than the control. In 2 greenhouse trials, 1 application of B. bassiana spores suspended in water or oil significantly reduced larval populations compared to controls. In a field trial, both treatment and insect stage at treatment (2nd and 3rd to 4th instars) significantly affected larval survival. The fungus, formulated as a wettable powder at 2 rates and as an emulsifiable suspension at a high rate, provided significant reductions in larval counts. Two applications of the wettable powder at the higher rate resulted in lower larval counts than did a single application. Two applications (but not 1) of wettable powder at the lower rate resulted in significantly lower counts of 2nd instars but not 3rd to 4th instars. Both treatment and time affected both the persistence of viable B. bassiana spores on leaves and the retention of efficacy of treated leaves for P. xylostella larvae. These trials indicate the potential for including B, bassiana in an overall management program for P. xylostella. C1 USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Plant Protect Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Vandenberg, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Plant Protect Res Unit, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 21 TC 32 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 8 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 91 IS 3 BP 624 EP 630 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZV140 UT WOS:000074273400010 ER PT J AU Villavaso, EJ McGovern, WL Wagner, TL Willers, JL AF Villavaso, EJ McGovern, WL Wagner, TL Willers, JL TI Components of competitiveness in sterile male boll weevils (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anthonomus grandis; irradiation; field release ID COMMERCIALLY GROWN COTTON; SELECTION; RADIATION; POPULATIONS; RESISTANCE AB This study examines the relative importance of age at the time of irradiation on attractiveness, mating ability, sperm transfer, prior mating, and longevity as factors of competitive ness in sterile male bell weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman. The amount of sperm transferred by irradiated males appeared to be the most important factor in competitiveness. More sperm was transferred by virgin males irradiated on day 5 than by virgin males irradiated on day 2, and males irradiated on day 5 had greater impact on egg hatch than those irradiated on day 2. The amount of sperm in spermathecae of females mated to virgin males irradiated on day 5 was indistinguishable from that in females mated to virgin control males. Mating ability of males of all treatments was similar. Comparable numbers of boil weevils were captured in traps baited with males irradiated at 2 or 5 d during the first 4-5 d after irradiation, but thereafter, generally more weevils were captured in traps baited with males irradiated at 2 d or with control males. Attractiveness of males irradiated at 2 d was generally comparable to that of control males. More than 91% of irradiated males individually caged on cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., plants lived for 10 d in the held, and 40% lived for 14 d; all individually caged control males lived 14 d. When released into cotton fields, however, the numbers of both irradiated and control males declined sharply over 14 d. Thus, the potential for an effective 2-wk life span in the field suggested by the caged study did not appear to apply to laboratory-reared weevils released into cotton fields. C1 USDA ARS, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Villavaso, EJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 91 IS 3 BP 631 EP 636 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZV140 UT WOS:000074273400011 ER PT J AU Villavaso, EJ McGovern, WL Wagner, TL AF Villavaso, EJ McGovern, WL Wagner, TL TI Efficacy of bait sticks versus pheromone traps for removing roll weevils (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) from released populations SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anthonomus grandis; bait stick; pheromone trap ID BOLL AB The efficacy of bait sticks (boll weevil attract and control tubes) in removing boil weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, from released populations was compared with that of pheromone traps. Coating the sticks with a sticky material allowed us to determine that >3 times more boil weevils were captured on bait sticks than were captured in traps. Laboratory studies showed that nearly 100% of weevils allowed to crawl for 0.5 min on bait sticks aged in the field for up to 6 wk died within 24 h. During field observations 86% of native weevils spent >0.5 min on the sticks; average time was 3.2 min. Considering the results of the 3 types of tests, we concluded that bait sticks are approximate to 3 times more effective than traps in removing weevils from the population. C1 USDA ARS, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Villavaso, EJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 31 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 91 IS 3 BP 637 EP 640 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZV140 UT WOS:000074273400012 ER PT J AU Getty, GM Haverty, MI AF Getty, GM Haverty, MI TI Consumption of sound and decayed ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir by Reticulitermes spp. (Isoptera : Rhinotermitidae) from Northern California SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Reticulitermes; Gloeophylum trabeum; Postia placenta; wood consumption ID WOOD-ROTTING FUNGI AB Survival, amount of wood consumed, and the feeding rate of workers of western subterranean termites, Reticulitermes spp., were assessed on sapwood blocks of ponderosa pine, Finns ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws, and Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France, that were sound or decayed by 1 of 2 brown-rot fungi, Gloeophylum trabeum (Fr.) Murr, or Postia placenta (Fr.) M. Lars & Lomb. Groups of 200 workers were confined separately on combinations of each wood and fungal species for 28 d. Mean survivorship of 2 colonies was 89.5 and 96.1%, and were not significantly different, whereas 1 of these suffered significantly greater mortality when fed wood of either species decayed by G. trabeum. Groups of workers consumed an average of 293 mg or 25.5% of wood during the test period. The amount and percentage of wood consumed by termites was significantly Greater when decayed by either fungus; however, 1 colony consumed significantly more wood of both species when decayed by C. trabeum. When corrected for mortality over the length of the test, feeding (milligrams wood per worker per 28 d) was not significantly different between colonies or wood species. Wood of either species was consumed at a significantly greater rate if decayed by G. trabeum (1.77 mg per termite per 28 d) than by P. placenta (1.55 mg per termite per 28 d); wood decayed by either fungus was consumed at a significantly greater rate than nondecayed wood (1.25 mg per termite per 28 d). C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. RP Getty, GM (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Forest Prod Lab, 1301 S 46th St, Richmond, CA 94804 USA. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 91 IS 3 BP 650 EP 654 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZV140 UT WOS:000074273400014 ER PT J AU Miller, JA Oehler, DD Pound, JM AF Miller, JA Oehler, DD Pound, JM TI Delivery of ivermectin by injectable microspheres SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Haematobia irritans; Amblyomma americanum; ivermectin; injectable microspheres ID MOXIDECTIN; DIPTERA; MUSCIDAE; CATTLE AB A bioabsorbable, injectable microsphere formulation containing ivermectin in poly(lactide-co-glycolide) copolymer (PLA/PGA) was developed to provide long-lasting delivery of the drug for control of livestock pests. A solvent-evaporation technique was used to produce the spherical beads containing E approximate to 30% ivermectin and ranging in size from 25-250 mu m. The pattern of delivery of the drug into the blood stream of Spanish goats was characterized for a 50:50 PLA/PGA, a 90:10 PLA/PGA copolymer formulation, and a PLA monomer formulation. When the 50:50 PLA/PGA formulation was used in cattle at the rate of 2 mg (AI)/kg body weight, 2 peaks of 45-50 ppb of ivermectin in serum were observed The Ist peak was at approximate to 1 wk after injection and the 2nd peak, which was broader than the Ist, occurred at approximate to 6-7 wk after injection. Percentage of inhibition of estimated larvae for the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.), placed on treated cattle was 100% for the first 8 wk after injection and was 75, 57, 46 and 44% for wk 9, 10, 11, and 12, respectively. The treatment provided 98-100% control of larval horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), in the manure of treated cattle for 10 wk. The bioassay results against lone star ticks and larval horn flies were in agreement with the serum concentration data The injectable microsphere formulation of ivermectin should be useful in a Variety of other applications ranging from the control of Boophilus spp. ticks in south Texas to heartworms in pets. C1 ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, USDA, REE,SPA, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Miller, JA (reprint author), ARS, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, USDA, REE,SPA, 2700 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. NR 18 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 91 IS 3 BP 655 EP 659 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZV140 UT WOS:000074273400015 PM 9650514 ER PT J AU Jackson, DM Sisson, VA AF Jackson, DM Sisson, VA TI Potential of Nicotiana kawakamii (Solanaceae) as a trap crop for protecting flue-cured tobacco from damage by Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) larvae SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Heliothis virescens; Nicotiana kawakamii; pest management; trap cropping; cultural control ID CARDIOCHILES-NIGRICEPS HYMENOPTERA; PEST-MANAGEMENT; BUDWORM; BRACONIDAE; ARMIGERA; BEHAVIOR AB Nicotiana kawakamii Y. Ohashi is a wild relative of commercial tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum L. Feeding experiments showed that tobacco budworm larvae, Heliothis virescens (F.), survive and develop as well on N. kawakamii as they do on flue-cured tobacco. Field-cage experiments demonstrated that N. kawakamii was preferred over flue-cured tobacco by ovipositing a virescens moths. Thus, N. kawakamii was tested as a potential trap crop for protecting commercial tobacco fields from damage by a virescens larvae. During 1992-1994 at Oxford, NC, N. kawakamii was planted in every 5th row of flue-cured tobacco fields. The percentage of plants infested with a virescens larvae averaged 4.3 times higher in rows of N. kawakamii than in adjacent rows of flue-cured tobacco. Also, tobacco in rows adjacent to N. kawakamii often had less damage from a virescens than did tobacco in remote control fields, suggesting that N. kawakamii has potential as a trap crop in tobacco production. There were no significant differences in the percentages of parasitism by Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck and Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron) for a virescens larvae collected from hi kawakamii or tobacco. Hornworm larvae, Manduca spp., were also monitored, but N. kawakamii provided no consistent protection from infestations of this pest. C1 USDA ARS, Crops Res Lab, Oxford, NC 27565 USA. RP Jackson, DM (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Vegetable Lab, 2875 Savannah Highway, Charleston, SC 29414 USA. NR 46 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 91 IS 3 BP 759 EP 766 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZV140 UT WOS:000074273400028 ER PT J AU Arthur, FH AF Arthur, FH TI Effects of a food source on red flour beetle (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) survival after exposure on concrete treated with cyfluthrin SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE red flour beetle; cyfluthrin; sanitation; food ID FORMULATIONS AB The effects of a flour food source on survivorship of red flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst),were determined after beetles were exposed every 2 wk for 16 wk for intervals of 15-120 min on concrete treated with cyfluthrin wettable powder. Knockdown generally increased as exposure interval increased but declined as residues aged. After week 4, survival was usually >60% at all exposure intervals for beetles placed on flour after they were exposed to the insecticide. Survival decreased as exposure interval increased for beetles not provided with flour, but longer exposure intervals were required to kill 90% of the population as the cyfluthrin residues aged. The flour may have enhanced survival by physically removing the insecticide from the insect cuticle and by providing the beetles with nutritional resources. Results demonstrate the importance of sanitation in mills and food warehouses. Insecticide treatments may be less effective unless good sanitation is practiced. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Arthur, FH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 16 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 91 IS 3 BP 773 EP 778 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZV140 UT WOS:000074273400030 ER PT J AU McMurtry, JP Rosebrough, RW Brocht, DM Francis, GL Upton, Z Phelps, P AF McMurtry, JP Rosebrough, RW Brocht, DM Francis, GL Upton, Z Phelps, P TI Assessment of developmental changes in chicken and turkey insulin-like growth factor-II by homologous radioimmunoassay SO JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FACTOR-BINDING-PROTEINS; MEAT-TYPE CHICKENS; IGF-I; PLASMA-CONCENTRATIONS; BROILER-CHICKENS; DOMESTIC-FOWL; SERUM; GENE; EXPRESSION; HORMONE AB The development of a homologous RIA for chicken insulin-like growth factor-II (cIGF-II) and its application to investigate the developmental changes in IGF-II in the chicken and turkey are described. A double-antibody RIA has been developed using recombinantly derived cIGF-II as antigen, radiolabelled tracer and standard. Serial dilutions of chicken and turkey plasma were parallel to serial dilutions of cIGF-II standard. We have also established that acid/ethanol extraction of chicken and turkey plasma reduced possible interference of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in the RIA. Consumption of a low-protein diet by male chickens lowered plasma IGF-I twofold, whereas IGF-II levels were unchanged. Food withdrawal evoked an increase in circulating IGF-II, while IGF-I levels were reduced. Refeeding returned both growth factors to normal circulating concentrations. During chick embryo incubation, plasma IGF-II levels were tenfold higher than those of IGF-I. In the turkey embryo, plasma IGF-II concentrations were higher than those of IGF-I. During the post-hatch period, IGF-II levels declined with age in chickens. In the growing turkey, IGF-II levels were consistently higher than IGF-I levels. The application of the homologous RIA to monitor plasma levels during embryonic development and posthatch growth in avian species will provide more accurate comparisons of results from studies on the role of IGF-II in growth and metabolism of domestic birds. C1 USDA ARS, Dept Agr, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Cooperat Res Ctr Tissue Growth & Repair, Adelaide, SA, Australia. CSIRO, Div Human Nutr, Adelaide, SA, Australia. Embrex Inc, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP McMurtry, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dept Agr, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Upton, Zee/I-9777-2012 NR 44 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU J ENDOCRINOLOGY LTD PI BRISTOL PA 17/18 THE COURTYARD, WOODLANDS, ALMONDSBURY, BRISTOL BS12 4NQ, ENGLAND SN 0022-0795 J9 J ENDOCRINOL JI J. Endocrinol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 157 IS 3 BP 463 EP 473 DI 10.1677/joe.0.1570463 PG 11 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA ZW134 UT WOS:000074377600011 PM 9691979 ER PT J AU Clark, TM Hayes, TK Holman, GM Beyenbach, KW AF Clark, TM Hayes, TK Holman, GM Beyenbach, KW TI The concentration-dependence of CRF-like diuretic peptide: Mechanisms of action SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE epithelial transport; CRF-like diuretic peptide; secretory diuresis; cyclic AMP; Ca2+; short-circuit current; corticotropin-releasing factor ID INSECT MALPIGHIAN TUBULES; YELLOW-FEVER MOSQUITO; LOCUSTA-MIGRATORIA; NATRIURETIC FACTOR; TOBACCO HORNWORM; MANDUCA-SEXTA; ION-TRANSPORT; AEDES-AEGYPTI; IDENTIFICATION; HORMONE AB The mechanism of action of synthetic CCRF-DP, the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-related diuretic peptide of the salt marsh mosquito Culex salinarius, was investigated in isolated Malpighian tubules of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti, A low concentration of CCRF-DP (10(-9 )mol l(-1)) caused a small but insignificant increase in transepithelial secretion of NaCl and fluid, but significantly reduced transepithelial voltage and resistance without a change in short-circuit current, pointing to the stimulation of passive Cl- transport through the paracellular pathway as the principal mechanism of a mild diuresis, Significant changes in voltage and resistance but not in short-circuit current were duplicated by the ionophore A23187 (0.4 mu mol l(-1)), suggesting Ca2+ as a second messenger at 10(-9 )mol l(-1) CCRF-DP, A high concentration of CCRF-DP (10(-7) mol l(-1)) significantly increased transepithelial secretion of NaCl and fluid and significantly increased short-circuit current, pointing to the stimulation of active Nat transport through the transcellular pathway as the mechanism of a strong diuresis. This effect was mimicked by dibutyryl-cAMP, suggesting cAMP as a second messenger at 10(-7 )mol l(-1) CCRF-DP, Dibutyryl-cGMP had no effects. These results suggest dose-dependent, receptor-mediated effects of CCRF-DP that target discrete transport pathways via discrete second messengers: low concentrations of CCRF-DP cause a mild diuresis, apparently via Ca2+-mediated effects on paracellular Cl- transport, and high concentrations cause a strong diuresis via cAMP-mediated effects on active transcellular Na+ transport in addition to the effects on the paracellular pathway. C1 Cornell Univ, Physiol Sect, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Zool, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Bayer Corp, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Beyenbach, KW (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Physiol Sect, VRT 8014, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 42 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4DL SN 0022-0949 J9 J EXP BIOL JI J. Exp. Biol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 201 IS 11 BP 1753 EP 1762 PG 10 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA ZV633 UT WOS:000074325400008 PM 9576886 ER PT J AU Kelly, JF AF Kelly, JF TI Latitudinal variation in sex ratios of Belted Kingfishers SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION AB Data from the Bird Banding: Laboratory and Christmas Bird Counts indicated that northern populations of Belted Kingfishers (Ceryle alcyon) were composed of proportionately more males than southern populations during fall and winter. The pattern of male bias in northern populations was also evident in fall/winter census data from an intensive study in Colorado, USA. Bird Banding Laboratory data indicated that the fall/winter trend in sex ratio was not maintained during spring/summer. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Biol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Kelly, JF (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, 2205 Columbia SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106 USA. RI Kelly, Jeffrey/B-2029-2015 OI Kelly, Jeffrey/0000-0002-8255-7990 NR 8 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 69 IS 3 BP 386 EP 390 PG 5 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 118GW UT WOS:000075830900005 ER PT J AU Smith, WP Twedt, DJ Hamel, PB Ford, RP Wiedenfeld, DA Cooper, RJ AF Smith, WP Twedt, DJ Hamel, PB Ford, RP Wiedenfeld, DA Cooper, RJ TI Increasing point-count duration increases standard error SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WINTER; SEASON; BIRDS AB We examined data from point counts of varying duration in bottomland forests of west Tennessee and the Mississippi Alluvial Valley to determine if counting interval influenced sampling precision. Estimates of standard error increased as point-count duration increased for cumulative number of both individuals and species in both locations. Although point counts appear to yield data with standard errors proportional to means, a square root transformation of the data may stabilize the variance. Using long (>10 min) point counts may reduce sample size and increase sampling error, both of which diminish statistical power and thereby the ability to detect meaningful changes in avian populations. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Mississippi Valley Res Field Stn, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, So Hardwoods Lab, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Tennessee Conservat League, Nashville, TN 37209 USA. George M Sutton Avian Res Ctr, Bartlesville, OK 74005 USA. Univ Memphis, Dept Biol, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. RP Smith, WP (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 2770 Sherwood Lane,Suite 2A, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. OI Twedt, Daniel/0000-0003-1223-5045 NR 23 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 69 IS 3 BP 450 EP 456 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 118GW UT WOS:000075830900012 ER PT J AU Clark, SA Shaw, ML Every, D Lancaster, JE AF Clark, SA Shaw, ML Every, D Lancaster, JE TI Physical characterization of alliinase, the flavor generating enzyme in onions SO JOURNAL OF FOOD BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID GARLIC ALLIUM-SATIVUM; C-S LYASES; PSEUDOMONAS-PUTIDA; HIGHER-PLANTS; PURIFICATION; PROTEINS; DEGLYCOSYLATION; NITROCELLULOSE; GLYCOPROTEIN; QUANTITATION AB The characteristic flavor of onions occurs when the enzyme alliinase (EC 4.4.1.4) hydrolyses the S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine sulfoxides to form sulfur containing volatiles, pyruvate and ammonia. In this paper we have new evidence on the molecular mass of native onion alliinase, its subunit size and its relationship to the predicted size from translation of the gene. Alliinase from bulbs was purified to homogeneity. Two isoforms of alliinase were detected on ion-exchange chromatography. Both isoforms were analyzed by gelfiltration FPLC. Alliinase activity was detected at molecular masses of 59, 166 kDa and 59, 170 and 393 kDa for isoforms 1 and 2, respectively. When analyzed by SDS-PAGE subunit sizes were determined to be 53.3 kDa for isoform I and 53.3 and 51.6 kDa for isoform 2, Amino terminal sequencing of both subunits confirmed they were alliinase. Alliinase was deglycosylated and the subunits migrated as a single band indicating a common protein backbone and varying glycosylation. Thus native alliinase is a monomer, trimer and multimer of the subunits, Molecular analysis of alliinase cDNA indicated that two genes and thus two protein subunits were expressed in onion bulb tissue. Translation is likely to have initiated from the third methionine of the leader sequence of the cDNA to give a protein backbone of 53.5 kDa in gradient SDS-PACE. The functional significance of heterogenous subunits, from different genes, and multimeric native alliinase remains unknown. C1 New Zealand Inst Crop & Food Res, Christchurch, New Zealand. USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Clark, SA (reprint author), New Zealand Inst Crop & Food Res, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand. EM LancasterJ@Crop.cri.nz NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0145-8884 J9 J FOOD BIOCHEM JI J. Food Biochem. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 22 IS 2 BP 91 EP 103 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4514.1998.tb00233.x PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Food Science & Technology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Food Science & Technology GA ZY422 UT WOS:000074619700001 ER PT J AU Hume, ME Corrier, DE Nisbet, DJ Deloach, JR AF Hume, ME Corrier, DE Nisbet, DJ Deloach, JR TI Early Salmonella challenge time and reduction in chick cecal colonization following treatment with a characterized competitive exclusion culture SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID CONTINUOUS-FLOW CULTURE; BROILER CHICKS; TYPHIMURIUM COLONIZATION; BACTERIA; MICROFLORA; INFECTION; CROP; PREVENTION; POULTRY; LACTOSE AB Broiler chicks were treated by oral gavage on the day of hatch with a continuous-flow competitive exclusion culture (PREEMPT). At 4 h, 1 day, or 2 days posttreatment, chicks were challenged by oral gavage with 10(2) or 10(4) Salmonella CFU to determine the effects of challenge time on Salmonella cecal colonization. Cecal propionic acid concentrations in two trials increased (P less than or equal to 0.001) within 1 day posttreatment in chicks given PREEMPT, and the increases were indicative of the establishment of the PREEMPT bacteria. Salmonella cecal populations decreased (P less than or equal to 0.001) on average 6 log(10) units in these two trials in chicks challenged 4 h posttreatment with 10(4) Salmonella CFU. In a third trial propionic acid did not increase significantly until 2 days after treatment, and there was no decrease in Salmonella colonization when chicks were challenged at 4 h after treatment. However, there were decreases in that same trial when chicks were challenged at 1 and 2 days after treatment. The early establishment of PREEMPT followed by challenges with 10(2) and 10(4) Salmonella CFU resulted in 3% and 3%, respectively, of the ceca testing Salmonella-culture-positive, compared to 28% and 95%, respectively, culture-positive ceca in untreated chicks. The results from this study indicated that in most instances young broiler chicks can be protected against cecal colonization when challenged with 10(2) and 10(4) Salmonella CFU as early as 4 h posttreatment on the day of hatch with the PREEMPT bacteria. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Milk Specialties Co, BioSci Div, Dundee, IL 60118 USA. RP Hume, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM hume@usda.tamu.edu NR 26 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 61 IS 6 BP 673 EP 676 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA ZU171 UT WOS:000074169400006 PM 9709247 ER PT J AU Juneja, VK Foglia, TA Marmer, BS AF Juneja, VK Foglia, TA Marmer, BS TI Heat resistance and fatty acid composition of Listeria monocytogenes: Effect of pH, acidulant, and growth temperature SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; SHOCK; CHROMATOGRAPHY AB The objective of this study was to determine the influence of pH, acidulant, and growth temperature history on the heat resistance and fatty acid composition of Listeria monocytogenes Scott A. Cells were grown to late exponential phase (OD600 = 0.6) at 10, 19, or 37 degrees C in brain heart infusion broth acidified to pH 5.4 or 7 with either acetic or lactic acid. Thermal death times at 60 degrees C subsequently were determined by using a submerged-coil heating apparatus. The surviving cell population was enumerated by spiral-plating heated samples onto tryptic soy agar supplemented with 0.6% yeast extract and 1% sodium pyruvate. The thermal resistance of cells cultured at a particular temperature was significantly lower (P < 0.05) when lactic acid was used to acidify the medium to pH 5.4. Regardless of acid identity, D values significantly decreased (P < 0.05) with increased growth temperature when the pH of the growth medium was 5.4, whereas D values significantly increased (P < 0.05) with increased temperature at pH 7. At pH 5.4 adjusted with lactic acid, D values were 1.30, 1.22, and 1.14 min for cells grown at 10, 19, and 37 degrees C, respectively. At pH 5.4 adjusted with acetic acid, L. monocytogenes failed to grow at 10 degrees C; the D values were 1.32 and 1.22 min when the cells were grown at 19 and 37 degrees C, respectively. At pH 7, the D values were 0.95, 1.12, and 1.28 min with lactic acid and 0.83, 0.93, and 1.11 min with acetic acid at 10, 19, and 37 degrees C, respectively. The most abundant fatty acids (44 to 82%) were branched-chain saturated fatty acids (anteiso- and iso-C15:0 and iso-C17:0) regardless of pH, acidulant, or growth temperature. However, there was an increase in C15:0 isomers at the expense of iso-C17:0 when the growth temperature was lowered from 37 to 10 degrees C. While variable changes in longer-chain fatty acids were found, the percentage of longer-chain (C16 and C18) fatty acids was greatest when L. monocytogenes was grown at 37 degrees C regardless of pH or acidulant. This study demonstrates that the heat resistance of L, monocytogenes depends upon its growth conditions. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Juneja, VK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM vjuneja@arserrc.gov NR 29 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 10 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 61 IS 6 BP 683 EP 687 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA ZU171 UT WOS:000074169400008 PM 9709249 ER PT J AU McGaughey, RJ AF McGaughey, RJ TI Techniques for visualizing the appearance of forestry operations SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article AB Properly used, computer visualizations are powerful tools for educating people about forestry operations and comparing management alternatives. Four techniques are suitable for depicting the results of timber harvests: geometric modeling, video imaging, a hybrid combining geometric modeling and video imaging, and image draping. Which is most appropriate depends on its intended use. Criteria for selecting the best technique are the size of the project area, the goal of the visualization, the level of detail that must be shown, and the data available for describing the area. C1 Univ Washington, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Forest Serv, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP McGaughey, RJ (reprint author), Univ Washington, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Forest Serv, POB 352100, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 14 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 96 IS 6 BP 9 EP 14 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZT018 UT WOS:000074039400004 ER PT J AU Teske, ME Thistle, HW Eav, B AF Teske, ME Thistle, HW Eav, B TI New ways to predict aerial spray deposition and drift SO JOURNAL OF FORESTRY LA English DT Article ID DISPERSION MODEL; AIRCRAFT AB Computer modeling of the behavior of a spray after it is released from an aircraft is intended to reduce the inherent complexity of pesticide application. Two new models developed by the USDA Forest Service seek to predict the effects of the atmosphere and the aircraft wake on sprays, and their predictions compare favorably with field studies. The models can improve application practices and enhance public confidence in the use of chemicals and biorational agents in forestry. C1 Continuum Dynam Inc, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Missoula, MT USA. US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, USDA, Radnor, PA USA. RP Teske, ME (reprint author), Continuum Dynam Inc, POB 3073, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. NR 40 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-1201 J9 J FOREST JI J. For. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 96 IS 6 BP 25 EP 31 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZT018 UT WOS:000074039400007 ER PT J AU Hlass, LJ Fisher, WL Turton, DJ AF Hlass, LJ Fisher, WL Turton, DJ TI Use of the index of biotic integrity to assess water quality in forested streams of the Quachita Mountains Ecoregion, Arkansas SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FISH COMMUNITIES; RIVER AB We modified the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) to characterize the fish assemblages and evaluate the biotic integrity of four forested streams in the Lower Ouachita Mountains Ecoregion, Arkansas. We related differences in IBI scores with corresponding differences in chemical and physical characteristics of the streams, including the varying intensities of forest management. Analysis of variance and comparison of mean IBI scores among the four streams revealed significant differences between reference and even-aged treatments and between even-aged and uneven-aged treatments (P < 0.05). Turbidity and total suspended solids were inversely related to IBI scores. Further refinement of the IBI should enable its use in the Ouachita Mountains Ecoregion to help assess site impacts, monitor trends in stream biotic integrity, and assess effectiveness of forest best management practices. C1 US Forest Serv, Womble Ranger Dist Off, Mt Ida, AR 71957 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Zool,oklahoma Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res U, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Forestry, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Hlass, LJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Womble Ranger Dist Off, Mt Ida, AR 71957 USA. NR 40 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 13 IS 2 BP 181 EP 192 DI 10.1080/02705060.1998.9663606 PG 12 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZR684 UT WOS:000074003400005 ER PT J AU Patejunas, G Lee, B Dennis, JA Healy, PJ Reeds, PJ Yu, H Frazer, M Mull, B Warman, AW Beaudet, AL O'Brien, WE AF Patejunas, G Lee, B Dennis, JA Healy, PJ Reeds, PJ Yu, H Frazer, M Mull, B Warman, AW Beaudet, AL O'Brien, WE TI Evaluation of gene therapy for citrullinaemia using murine and bovine models SO JOURNAL OF INHERITED METABOLIC DISEASE LA English DT Article ID ARGININOSUCCINATE SYNTHETASE DEFICIENCY; ORNITHINE TRANSCARBAMYLASE DEFICIENCY; HUMAN CELL-LINE; TARGETED DISRUPTION; MICE; ARGININE; DELETIONS; DIAGNOSIS; MUTATIONS; VECTOR AB Citrullinaemia is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by the deficiency of argininosuccinate synthase. The deficiency of this enzyme results In an interruption in the urea cycle and the inability to dispose of excess ammonia derived from the metabolism of protein. The only treatment for this disorder has been dietary restriction of protein and supplementation with medications allowing for alternative excretion of excess nitrogen. Gene therapy offers the possibility of a long-term cure for disorders like citrullinaemia by expressing the deficient gene in the target organ. We have explored the use of adenoviral vectors as a treatment modality for citrullinaemia in two animal models, a naturally occurring bovine model and a murine model created by molecular mutagenesis. Mice treated with adenoviral vectors expressing argininosuccinate synthase lived significantly longer than untreated animals (11 days vs 1 day; however, the animals did not exhibit normal weight gain during the experiment, indicating that the therapeutic effectiveness of the transducing virus was suboptimal. It is speculated that part of the failure to observe better clinical outcome might be due to the deficiency of arginine. In the bovine model, the use of adenoviral vectors did not result in any change in the clinical condition of the animals or in the level of plasma ammonia. However, the use of N-15 isotopic ammonia allowed us to assess the flux of nitrogen through the urea cycle during the experiment. These studies revealed a significant increase in the Bur through the urea cycle following administration of adenoviral vectors expressing argininosuccinate synthase. We conclude that the use of adenoviral vectors in the treatment of citrullinaemia is a viable approach to therapy but that it will be necessary to increase the level of transduction and to increase the level of enzyme produced from the recombinant viral vector. Future experiments will be designed to address these issues. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NSW Agr, Elizabeth Macarthur Agr Inst, Manangle, NSW, Australia. USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Ctr, Houston, TX USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP O'Brien, WE (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Mol & Human Genet, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Mull, Benjamin/0000-0001-8379-873X FU NIDDK NIH HHS [K08 DK02407-02] NR 32 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0141-8955 J9 J INHERIT METAB DIS JI J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 21 SU 1 BP 138 EP 150 DI 10.1023/A:1005322010854 PG 13 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Genetics & Heredity; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Genetics & Heredity; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 102GM UT WOS:000074916100012 PM 9686351 ER PT J AU Wang, HJ Gloer, JB Wicklow, DT Dowd, PF AF Wang, HJ Gloer, JB Wicklow, DT Dowd, PF TI Mollenines A and B: New dioxomorpholines from the ascostromata of Eupenicillium molle SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID METABOLITES; ALKALOIDS; FUNGUS AB Two new dioxomorpholines (1 and 2) have been isolated from the sclerotioid ascostromata of Eupenicillium molle (NRRL 13062). Their structures were determined by analysis of NMR data. Mollenine A (1) exhibited moderate cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity, but neither compound displayed significant antiinsectan activity. C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Chem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, ARS, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Gloer, JB (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Chem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NR 10 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 61 IS 6 BP 804 EP 807 DI 10.1021/np9704056 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA ZX308 UT WOS:000074502400020 PM 9644070 ER PT J AU Panter, KE Gardner, DR Molyneux, RJ AF Panter, KE Gardner, DR Molyneux, RJ TI Teratogenic and fetotoxic effects of two piperidine alkaloid-containing lupines (L-formosus and L-arbustus) in cows SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL TOXINS LA English DT Article AB Cleft palate and minor front limb contractures were induced in calves by maternal ingestion of the piperidine alkaloid-containing lupines, Lupinus formosus and L. arbustus. Crooked calf disease, which includes an occasional cleft palate, is a congenital condition of widespread occurrence in cattle in the western U.S. and Canada. It is known to occur after maternal ingestion of certain species of Lupinus during specific gestational periods. Although many lupine species contain quinolizidine alkaloids including the teratogenic alkaloid anagyrine, L. formosus and L. arbustus produce piperidine alkaloids including the reported teratogen ammodendrine. In addition to ammodendrine, L. formosus contains both N-acetyl hystrine and N-methyl ammodendrine, whereas L. arbustus contains ammodendrine, trace amounts of N-methyl ammodendrine, and no N-acetyl hystrine. L. formosus and L. arbustus were fed to pregnant cows at equivalent ammodendrine doses during a 10-day period from days 40-50 of gestation. One calf from a cow fed L. formosus had a full cleft palate. Embryonic death and resorption of one fetus and minor front limb contractures (arthrogryposis) in another calf occurred with two cows fed L. arbustus. Alkaloid analysis of blood samples taken during the feeding period, and up to and including 48 hours after the last dose, demonstrated comparative plasma elimination times with N-methyl ammodendrine > ammodendrine > N-acetyl hystrine. The objectives of this experiment were to: 1) determine if N-acetyl hystrine is a potential teratogen; and 2) define the narrow cleft palate induction period in cows. C1 ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 17 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU ALAKEN, INC PI FT COLLINS PA 305 W MAGNOLIA ST, STE 196, FT COLLINS, CO 80521 USA SN 1058-8108 J9 J NAT TOXINS JI J. Nat. Toxins PD JUN PY 1998 VL 7 IS 2 BP 131 EP 140 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Toxicology GA 103TG UT WOS:000074973500004 PM 9678187 ER PT J AU de Viala, SS Brodie, BB Rodriguez, E Gibson, DM AF de Viala, SS Brodie, BB Rodriguez, E Gibson, DM TI The potential of thiarubrine C as a nematicidal agent against plant-parasitic nematodes SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE assay; control; Meloidogyne incognita; nematicidal agent; plant extract; plant-parasitic nematodes; Pratylenchus penetrans; Rudbeckia hirta; Teratorhabditis dentifera; thiarubrine C ID CONSTITUENT; OXYGEN AB Thiarubrine C, a polyacetylenic 1,2-dithiin isolated from the roots of Rudbeckia hirta (Asteraceae), exhibited strong nematicidal activity in in vitro and growth chamber assays. Thiarubrine C was toxic, in the absence of light, to the plant-parasitic nematodes Meloidogyne incognita and Pratylenchus penetrans at LC(50)s of 12.4 ppm and 23.5 ppm, respectively. A minimum exposure time between 12 and 24 hours was the critical period for nematode mortality due to thiarubrine C. Although thiarubrine C was not totally dependent on light for toxicity, activity was enhanced in the presence of light, especially with the microbivorous nematode, Teratorhabditis dentifera. Upon exposure of M. incognita juveniles to 20 ppm thiarubrine C for 1 hour, infection of tomato plants was greatly reduced compared to untreated checks. Thiarubrine C was also effective in reducing plant infection when mixed with soil 24 hours prior to or at planting, unlike other related compounds such as partial derivative-terthienyl. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. ARS, Plant Protect Res Unit, USDA, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, LH Hortorium, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP de Viala, SS (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 23 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 30 IS 2 BP 192 EP 200 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 196YZ UT WOS:000080339000005 ER PT J AU Johnson, AW Minton, NA Brenneman, TB Todd, JW Herzog, GA Gascho, GJ Baker, SH Bondari, K AF Johnson, AW Minton, NA Brenneman, TB Todd, JW Herzog, GA Gascho, GJ Baker, SH Bondari, K TI Peanut-cotton-rye rotations and soil chemical treatment for managing nematodes and thrips SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Arachis hypogaea; Belonolaimus longicaudatus; cotton; Criconemella ornata; crop rotation; fallow; Frankiniella spp.; Gossypium hirsutum; management; Meloidogyne incognita; monocrop; nematicide; nematode; peanut; population dynamics; ring nematode; root-knot nematode; rye; Secale cereale; sting nematode; thrips ID MELOIDOGYNE-ARENARIA; POPULATION-DENSITIES; COVER CROPS; MANAGEMENT; INCOGNITA; DYNAMICS; TOBACCO AB In the southeastern United States, a cotton-peanut rotation is attractive because of the high value and extensive planting of both crops in the region. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of cotton-peanut rotations, rye, and soil chemical treatments on management of plant-parasitic nematodes, thrips, and soilborne fungal diseases and on crop yield. Peanut-cotton-rye rotations were conducted from 1988 to 1994 on Tifton loamy sand (Plinthic Kandiudult) infested primarily with Meloidogyne incognita race 3, Belonolaimus longicaudatus, Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani, and Fusarium oxysporum. Continuous peanut, continuous cotton, cotton-peanut rotation, or peanut-cotton rotation were used as main plots; winter rye or fallow as sub-plots; and cotton with and without aldicarb (3.36 kg a.i./ha), or peanut with and without aldicarb (3.36 kg a.i./ha) plus flutolanil (1.12 kg a.i./ha), as sub-sub-plots. Population densities of M. incognita and B. longicaudatus declined rapidly after the first crop in continuous peanut and remained low thereafter. Neither rye nor soil chemical treat ment affected M. incognita or B. longicaudatus population density on peanut or cotton. Cotton and peanut yields from the cotton-peanut rotation were 26% and 10% greater, respectively, than those from monoculture over the 7-year study. Cotton and peanut yields were improved 9% and 4%, respectively, following rye vs. fallow. Soil chemical treatments increased yields of cotton 23% and peanut 32% over those of untreated plots. Our data demonstrate the sustainable benefits of using cotton-peanut rotations, winter rye, and soil chemical treatments to manage plant-parasitic nematodes and other pests and pathogens and improve yield of both cotton and peanut. C1 ARS, USDA, Coastal Plain Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Entomol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Stat Serv, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Comp Serv, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 51 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 30 IS 2 BP 211 EP 225 PG 15 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 196YZ UT WOS:000080339000008 PM 19274213 ER PT J AU Halpner, AD Handelman, GJ Belmont, CA Harris, JM Blumberg, JB AF Halpner, AD Handelman, GJ Belmont, CA Harris, JM Blumberg, JB TI Protection by vitamin C of oxidant-induced loss of vitamin E in rat hepatocytes SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE vitamin C; vitamin E; free radicals; recycling; hepatocytes; oxidative stress ID ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; ASCORBATE; REGENERATION; GLUTATHIONE; ANTIOXIDANT; PLATELETS; LIPOSOME; ACID AB Studies with liposome model membranes demonstrate that vitamin C (ascorbic acid) can regenerate vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) but in vivo experiments have yielded equivocal results concerning this recycling pathway. In vitro evaluation of vitamin C-vitamin E recycling in cell systems is lacking. We investigated the capacity of vitamin C to spare or regenerate vitamin E from loss during oxidative stress in primary rat hepatocytes. Livers from 3-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were perfused with collagenase and the hepatocytes incubated for 180 min in pH 7.4 Hank's balanced salt solution with 0.1% bovine serum albumin and the free radical generator 2,2'-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH; 10-100 mM), a water soluble compound, or 2,2'-azo-bis-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile (AMVN; 250-900 mu moles/L cell suspension), a lipid soluble compound, or a vehicle control. Hepatocyte alpha-tocopherol decreased by 75% in a dose-dependent fashion following AAPH treatment and was completely consumed following AMVN exposure. Loss of vitamin E was more rapid after treatment with AMVN than the AAPH (50% loss by 30 and 180 min with 900 mu M AMVN and 10 mM AAPH, respectively) while declines were 30% or less under control conditions after 180 min. The addition of 2 to 6 mM vitamin C to the media after 15, 30, or 60 min prevented futher loss of cellular vitamin E after AAPH or AMVN treatment. Vitamin C decreased the accumulation of alpha-tocopherolquinone by 35% following AMVN treatment, suggesting a recycling rather than an exclusive sparing action of vitamin C on vitamin E. Regardless of its specific mechanism of action, vitamin C can protect against the oxidant-induced loss of vitamin E in vitro. (J. Nutr. Biochem. 9:355-359, 1998) (C) Elsevier Science Inc. 1998. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Antioxidants Res Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Blumberg, JB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Antioxidants Res Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 20 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0955-2863 J9 J NUTR BIOCHEM JI J. Nutr. Biochem. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 9 IS 6 BP 355 EP 359 DI 10.1016/S0955-2863(98)00019-9 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZV627 UT WOS:000074324800009 ER PT J AU Hoberg, EP Brooks, DR Molina-Urena, H Erbe, E AF Hoberg, EP Brooks, DR Molina-Urena, H Erbe, E TI Echinocephalus janzeni n. sp. (Nematoda : Gnathostomatidae) in Himantura pacifica (Chondrichthyes : Myliobatiformes) from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and Mexico, with historical biogeographic analysis of the genus SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Echinocephalus janzeni n. sp. in the stingray, Himantura pacifica, is described from the eastern Pacific Ocean off the coasts of Costa Rica and southern Mexico. On the basis of the presence of 6 postanal caudal papillae, and modified annules anterior to the caudal alae in males, E. janzeni is most similar to Echinocephalus daileyi and Echinocephalus diazi. Specimens of E. janzeni are distinguished from those of E. dialeyi by bilobed caudal alae and long cervical sacs that extend up to 65% of the length of the esophagus; E. janzeni is differentiated from E. diazi by the number of rows of cephalic spines (30-38 vs. 26-27), arrangement of the postanal caudal papillae, 3 rather than 2 preanal papillae, relative position and distance between the anus and vulva (395-460 mu m vs. 70 mu m), the digitiform female tail with a terminal cuticular fold, and the length of the female tail (450-480 mu m vs. 270 mu m). Cladistic analysis of the 10 Echinocephalus spp. resulted in a single most parsimonious tree (consistency index = 0.893) and placed E. janzeni in a highly derived subclade where E. daileyi is the sister species of E. diazi + E. janzeni. Historical biogeographic analysis of hosts and parasites provides support for origins in the Pacific rather than the Atlantic for the potamotrygonid stingrays. C1 ARS, USDA, Biosyst & Natl Parasite Collect Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hoberg, EP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Biosyst & Natl Parasite Collect Unit, BARC E 1180,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 84 IS 3 BP 571 EP 581 DI 10.2307/3284726 PG 11 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA ZU148 UT WOS:000074167100021 PM 9645860 ER PT J AU Devada, K Anandan, R Dubey, JP AF Devada, K Anandan, R Dubey, JP TI Serologic prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in chickens in Madras, India SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESPONSES; OOCYSTS AB Serum samples from 185 chickens (Gallus gallus) collected from the various slaughter markets in and around Madras City, India were examined for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii using the modified agglutination test incorporating mercaptoethanol. Antibodies (greater than or equal to 1:25) to T. gondii were found in 39.5% of sera. Antibody titers of individual sera (% in parentheses) were 1:25 (8.1%), 1:50 (10.8%), 1:100 (6.5%), 1:200 (2.7%), 1:400 (4.3%), 1:800 (5.9%) 1:1,600 (0.5%), and 1:3,200 (0.5%). C1 Tamil Naidu Vet & Anim Sci Univ, Madras Vet Coll, Dept Parasitol, Chennai 600007, Tamil Nadu, India. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 6 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 84 IS 3 BP 621 EP 622 DI 10.2307/3284735 PG 2 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA ZU148 UT WOS:000074167100030 PM 9645869 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Hamir, AN Sonn, RJ Topper, MJ AF Dubey, JP Hamir, AN Sonn, RJ Topper, MJ TI Cryptosporidiosis in a bat (Eptesicus fuscus) SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Cryptosporidial infection was diagnosed histologically in the small intestine of a big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) from Oregon. This is the first report of cryptosporidiosis in a bat. C1 ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Div Pathol, Washington, DC 20307 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Corvallis, OR 97339 USA. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 2 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 84 IS 3 BP 622 EP 623 DI 10.2307/3284736 PG 2 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA ZU148 UT WOS:000074167100031 PM 9645870 ER PT J AU Mondragon, R Howe, DK Dubey, JP Sibley, LD AF Mondragon, R Howe, DK Dubey, JP Sibley, LD TI Genotypic analysis of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from pigs SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MICE AB To determine the prevalence of the 3 primary clonal lineages of Toxoplasma gondii (strain types I, II, and Ill) in a potential food source of infection for humans, we analyzed 43 isolates of T. gondii that had been collected from pigs at an abattoir in Iowa. Parasites were harvested as in vitro-grown tachyzoites, and their genotypes were determined at the SAG1 and SAG2 loci. On the basis of the allele identified at the SAG2 locus, isolates were grouped into 1 of the 3 primary lineages. Type II strains were by far the most prevalent, accounting for 83.7% of the isolates. The type III genotype was identified in only 16.3% of the isolates. These prevalences differ significantly from a previous sampling of isolates from animals but are similar to the frequencies with which they occur in human disease cases. Similar to the previously characterized strain P89, strains P62 and P105 appeared to have recombinant genotypes. The type I genotype was not identified in the isolates from pigs although these strains have previously been shown to account for approximately 10-25% of toxoplasmosis cases in humans. C1 Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Microbiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. IPN, Escuela Nacl Ciencias Biol, Dept Immunol, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. ARS, Parisite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Mondragon, R (reprint author), Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Microbiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. RI Sibley, L. David/C-4616-2008 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI36629] NR 14 TC 65 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 84 IS 3 BP 639 EP 641 DI 10.2307/3284743 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA ZU148 UT WOS:000074167100038 PM 9645877 ER PT J AU Sasai, K Lillehoj, HS Hemphill, A Matsuda, H Hanioka, Y Fukata, T Baba, E Arakawa, A AF Sasai, K Lillehoj, HS Hemphill, A Matsuda, H Hanioka, Y Fukata, T Baba, E Arakawa, A TI A chicken anti-conoid monoclonal antibody identifies a common epitope which is present on motile stages of Eimeria, Neospora, and Toxoplasma SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACERVULINA SPOROZOITES; LYMPHOCYTES AB The chicken monoclonal antibody (mAb) 6D12-G10, raised against Eimeria acervulina sporozoites, has previously been shown to recognize the conoid of E. acervulina sporozoites and inhibit sporozoite invasion of lymphocytes in vitro. In indirect immunofluorescent assay, the mAb 6D12-G10 also reacted with merozoites from E. acervulina and identified a 21-kDa merozoite protein on western blots. By confocal laser scanning microscopy, the conoid of sporozoites from 6 different avian Eimeria species (E. brunetti, E. maxima, E. mitis, E. necatrix, E. praecox, and E. tenella) were reactive with 6D12-G10 mAb. Furthermore, the 6D12-G10 mAb also showed cross-reactivity with motile stages of 2 closely related apicomplexans, Neospora, and Toxoplasma. These results indicate that the mAb 6D12-G10 identifies a conserved epitope on the conoid that is important in host cell invasion by the apicomplexan parasites. C1 Univ Osaka Prefecture, Dept Vet Med, Sakai, Osaka 593, Japan. ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Hiroshima Univ, Fac Appl Biol Sci, Dept Microbiol & Hyg, Higashihiroshima 724, Japan. RP Lillehoj, HS (reprint author), ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, USDA, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 11 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 84 IS 3 BP 654 EP 656 DI 10.2307/3284748 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA ZU148 UT WOS:000074167100043 PM 9645882 ER PT J AU Teglas, MB Little, SE Latimer, KS Dubey, JP AF Teglas, MB Little, SE Latimer, KS Dubey, JP TI Sarcocystis-associated encephalitis and myocarditis in a wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEURONA-LIKE ORGANISM; PATHOGENESIS; BUDGERIGAR; FALCATULA; APICOMPLEXA AB A Sarcocystis-like organism was associated with encephalitis and myocarditis in an ataxic, emaciated adult male turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) from Gilmer County, West Virginia. Protozoal schizonts and merozoites were associated with areas of inflammation and occasionally necrosis in both the heart and the brain. The organisms divided by endopolygeny and stained positively with anti-Sarcocystis cruzi serum in an immunohistochemical test. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, SE Cooperat Wildlife Dis Study, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Med Microbiol & Parasitol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, USDA, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Teglas, MB (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, SE Cooperat Wildlife Dis Study, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 17 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 84 IS 3 BP 661 EP 663 DI 10.2307/3284751 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA ZU148 UT WOS:000074167100046 PM 9645885 ER PT J AU Blechl, AE Le, HQ Anderson, OD AF Blechl, AE Le, HQ Anderson, OD TI Engineering changes in wheat flour by genetic transformation SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Seed Protein Symposium CY 1997 CL GATERSLEBEN, GERMANY DE Triticum aestivum L.; glutenins; storage proteins; transgene-mediated suppression; transformation ID FERTILE TRANSGENIC WHEAT; BREAD-MAKING QUALITY; GLUTENIN SUBUNIT COMPOSITION; TISSUE-SPECIFIC EXPRESSION; MICROPROJECTILE BOMBARDMENT; RAPID PRODUCTION; PROTEIN GENES; PLANTS; TOBACCO; ENDOSPERM AB The strength and elasticity of doughs made from wheat (Triticum aestivum) flours have been correlated to their content of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS). The development of a reliable method for genetic transformation has enabled us to make directed modifications in the amounts and composition of these storage proteins by adding genes to wheat that encode a modified HMW-GS. A number of transgenic wheat lines have been obtained in which the accumulation of the introduced gene product is additive to that of the endogenous HMW-GS. However, in one line, addition of HMW-GS genes resulted in partial suppression of endogenous subunit accumulation. Patterns of transgene expression have been stable in homozygous derivatives of these lines for as many as seven generations of growth in the greenhouse. The ability to change the levels and composition of the HMW-GS of wheat seeds by genetic engineering raises the possibility of tailoring flour properties to end-user specifications of dough strength. C1 ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Blechl, AE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 21 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 3 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 152 IS 6 BP 703 EP 707 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZZ367 UT WOS:000074722300018 ER PT J AU Keith, JO Bruggers, RL AF Keith, JO Bruggers, RL TI Review of hazards to raptors from pest control in Sahelian Africa SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE raptors; pesticides; locust control; quelea control; rodent control; Africa ID BIRDS; INSECTICIDE; HAWKS; MORTALITY AB Pesticides applied to control pests sometimes kill raptors. One region receiving frequent and heavy pesticide treatments is the Sahel that lies between the Sahara Desert and tropical forest areas of northern Africa. Plagues of locusts, grasshoppers, birds and rodents periodically develop in the Sahel when heavy rainfall follows periods of drought. Insecticides, avicides and rodenticides are applied over millions of hectares at rates known to kill birds. Observations indicate that many pesticide applications in the Sahel do not cause serious mortality. Only minimal raptor losses were reported following applications of malathion, fenitrothion, chlorpyrifos and other insecticides for control of locusts and grasshoppers scattered over about 14 million acres in northern Africa. Similarly, applications of zinc phosphide bait on 430 000 ha in Sudan did not cause known losses of raptors. In contrast, use of fenthion to control Red-billed Quelea (Quelea quelea) in breeding colonies often killed or debilitated nontarget vertebrates, including raptors. A more specific avicide should be developed for quelea control. Until then, nontarget birds should be kept out of colonies for several days following avicide applications and dead quelea should be removed from treated areas. C1 APHIS, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. RP Keith, JO (reprint author), APHIS, USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 1201 Oakridge Dr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. NR 38 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 8 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 32 IS 2 BP 151 EP 158 PG 8 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZZ330 UT WOS:000074718600012 ER PT J AU Johnson, CL Reynolds, RT AF Johnson, CL Reynolds, RT TI A new trap design for capturing Spotted Owls SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Spotted Owls; Strix occidentalis; trap; recapture C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Johnson, CL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 240 W Prospect St, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RI Reynolds, Richard/C-2190-2014 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 32 IS 2 BP 181 EP 182 PG 2 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZZ330 UT WOS:000074718600018 ER PT J AU Harris, SS Dawson-Hughes, B AF Harris, SS Dawson-Hughes, B TI The association of oral contraceptive use with plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE vitamin D; oral contraceptives; 25-hydroxyvitamin D; season ID POPULATION; WOMEN; SERUM AB Objective: This analysis was conducted to compare wintertime 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels of young women who did and did not use oral contraceptives (OC). Methods: The subjects were 66 Caucasian women aged 20 through 40 recruited from the Boston area. Plasma 25OHD was measured in February or March and again 1 year later. Other measurements included height, weight and vitamin D intake from diet and supplements. Results: The initial mean 25OHD level of the 26 OC users was 41% higher than those of nonusers before adjustment for age and vitamin D intake (83+/-40 (sd) nmol/L compared with 59+/-22), and 39% higher after adjustment (p=0.003). Five women who discontinued OC use during the year following their initial measurement all had decreases in their 25OHD levels (mean change was -25.5+/-17.7 (SD) nmol/L), whereas levels in women whose OC use or non-use was constant did not change. Conclusion: OC use increases circulating levels of 25OKD, and should be considered when interpreting values obtained for clinical evaluation or nutrition research. C1 Tufts Univ, Calcium & Bone Metab Lab, USDA, HNRCA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Harris, SS (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Calcium & Bone Metab Lab, USDA, HNRCA, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 7 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 17 IS 3 BP 282 EP 284 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZT512 UT WOS:000074095300013 PM 9627916 ER PT J AU James, W Kaplan, B AF James, W Kaplan, B TI Reducing pathogens on the farm improves food safety SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT News Item C1 USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Emerging Pathogens & Zoonot Dis Div, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Vet Med Staff, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP James, W (reprint author), USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Emerging Pathogens & Zoonot Dis Div, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 1 PY 1998 VL 212 IS 11 BP 1688 EP 1688 PG 1 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZR476 UT WOS:000073980700007 ER PT J AU Duan, JF Selker, J Grant, GE AF Duan, JF Selker, J Grant, GE TI Evaluation of probability density functions in precipitation models for the Pacific Northwest SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE meteorology/climatology; precipitation model; probability density functions; Pacific Northwest; surface water hydrology; simulation ID DISTRIBUTIONS AB Recent work has found that a one-parameter Weibull model of wet day precipitation amount based on the Weibull distribution provides a better fit to historical daily precipitation data for eastern U.S. sites than other one-parameter models. The general two-parameter Weibull distribution was compared in this study to other widely used distributions for describing the distribution of daily precipitation event sizes at 99 sites from the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Surprisingly little performance was sacrificed by reducing the two-parameter Weibull to a single-parameter distribution. Advantages of the single-parameter model included requiring only the mean wet day precipitation amount for calibration, invertibility for simulation purposes, and ease of analytical manipulation. The fit of the single-parameter Weibull to the 99 stations included in this study was significantly better than other single-parameter models tested, and performed as well as the widely endorsed, more cumbersome, two-parameter gamma model. Both the one-and two-parameter Weibull distributions are shown to have L-moments that are consistent with historical precipitation data, while the ratio of L-skew and L-variance in the gamma model is inconsistent with the historical record by this measure. In addition, it was found that the two-parameter gamma distribution was better fit using the method of moments estimators than maximum likelihood estimates. These findings suggested that the distribution in precipitation among sites in the Pacific Northwest with dramatically different settings are nearly identical if expressed in proportion to the mean site event size. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bioresource Engn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forest Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Duan, JF (reprint author), 15 Atherwood Ave,5, Redwood City, CA 94061 USA. OI Selker, John/0000-0001-9751-6094 NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER WATER RESOURCES ASSOC PI HERNDON PA 950 HERNDON PARKWAY SUITE 300, HERNDON, VA 20170-5531 USA SN 0043-1370 J9 J AM WATER RESOUR AS JI J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 34 IS 3 BP 617 EP 627 DI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1998.tb00959.x PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA ZT244 UT WOS:000074065200014 ER PT J AU Gordon, RD Vandenberg, NJ AF Gordon, RD Vandenberg, NJ TI Coccidula ferruginea Gorham, a senior synonym of Eremochilus howdeni Gordon and Vandenberg (Coleoptera : Coccinellidae : Epilachinae) SO JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA ARS, PSI, Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Gordon, RD (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, USDA ARS, PSI, Entomol Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI NEW YORK PA C/O AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST 79TH & CENTRAL PARK WEST, NEW YORK, NY 10024 USA SN 0028-7199 J9 J NEW YORK ENTOMOL S JI J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. PD SUM-FAL PY 1998 VL 105 IS 3-4 BP 236 EP 237 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 109AE UT WOS:000075298300015 ER PT J AU Lemly, AD AF Lemly, AD TI Bacterial growth on stream insects: potential for use in bioassessment SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE bioindicator; stream pollution; eutrophication; benthic macroinvertebrates; aquatic bacteria; nitrogen; phosphorus; Ephemeroptera AB Growth of filamentous bacteria (Sphaerotilus sp., Leptothrix sp.) on aquatic insects was evaluated for its usefulness as a bioindicator of detrimental nutrient levels in streams. Field measurements of insect abundance, nutrient concentrations, and incidence/degree of bacterial growth on insects upstream and downstream of livestock pastures were made in 2 Virginia, USA streams. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effect of bacterial growth on insect survival. Elevated concentrations of dissolved nutrients (0.13-0.35 mg/L orthophosphate, 1.29-2.13 mg/L nitrate) downstream of pastures were associated with growth of filamentous bacteria, which colonized the gills and body surface of aquatic insects. Significantly lower densities of insects (up to 66% less) occurred at downstream sites. In laboratory studies, 100% mortality of heavily infested mayflies (>25% of body covered, including gills) occurred within 30 d, whereas >85% of individuals without bacterial growth survived and grew normally. The pattern of mortality in the laboratory closely paralleled the differences in density observed in the field. Bacterial growth on aquatic insects appears to be a reliable bioindicator of nutrient enrichment, and the degree of infestation associated with reduced insect survival can be quickly detected in the field or laboratory using a hand lens (10-15x magnification). This bioindicator shows promise as a significant addition to EPA Rapid Bioassessment Protocols because simple visual assessment of benthic samples may be sufficient to identify a cause for impaired macroinvertebrate communities. Bacterial growth should be useful for detecting nutrient impacts in streams as well as evaluating the success of management practices to control nutrients from point or non-point sources. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Coll Fisheries Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Lemly, AD (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Coll Fisheries Res Unit, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM dlemly@vt.edu NR 21 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 17 IS 2 BP 228 EP 238 DI 10.2307/1467964 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 108JL UT WOS:000075262700007 ER PT J AU Grabber, JH Hatfield, RD Ralph, J AF Grabber, JH Hatfield, RD Ralph, J TI Diferulate cross-links impede the enzymatic degradation of non-lignified maize walls SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE Zea mays, Gramineae; ferulic acid; diferulic acids; dehydrodiferulic acids; xylan; cell wall; degradability; cellulase; xylanase; feruloyl esterase ID CELL-WALLS; FERULOYL ESTERASE; MODEL SYSTEM; ACID; IDENTIFICATION; FIBERS; POLYSACCHARIDES; DEGRADABILITY; SWITCHGRASS; HYDROLYSIS AB We assessed the effect of ferulate substitution and diferulate crosslinking of xylans on the degradation of cell walls by two fungal enzyme mixtures, one of which contained feruloyl esterase and high xylanase activities. Nonlignified cell. suspensions of maize (Zea mays) were grown with 0 or 40 mu M 2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid to produce walls with normal (17.2 mg g(-1)) or reduced (5.1 mg g(-1)) ferulate concentrations. Walls were incubated with mercaptoethanol to inhibit diferulate formation or with hydrogen peroxide to stimulate diferulate formation by wall bound peroxidases. Varying the ferulate substitution of xylans did not affect cell wall hydrolysis. In contrast, increasing ferulate dimerisation from 18 to 40% reduced carbohydrate release by 94-122 mg g(-1) after 3 h and by 0-48 mg g(-1) after 54 h of enzymatic hydrolysis. Diferulate crosslinks impeded the release of xylans, cellulose and pectins from walls. These results provide compelling evidence that diferulate cross-links reduce the rate and, to a lesser degree, the extent of wall hydrolysis by fungal enzymes. Our results also suggest that enzyme mixtures containing high xylanase activity but not feruroyl esterase activity can partially overcome the inhibitory effects of diferulate cross-linking on wall hydrolysis. (C) 1998 SCI. C1 ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, USDA, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, USDA, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 39 TC 159 Z9 161 U1 2 U2 22 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-5142 EI 1097-0010 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 77 IS 2 BP 193 EP 200 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199806)77:2<193::AID-JSFA25>3.0.CO;2-A PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA ZU609 UT WOS:000074215200008 ER PT J AU Dionigi, CP Bett, KL Johnsen, PB McGillberry, JH Millie, DF Vinyard, BT AF Dionigi, CP Bett, KL Johnsen, PB McGillberry, JH Millie, DF Vinyard, BT TI Variation in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus flavor quality and its quality control implications SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID OFF-FLAVORS; PENICILLIUM-EXPANSUM; STREPTOMYCES-TENDAE; GEOSMIN PRODUCTION; 2-METHYLISOBORNEOL; TISSUE; METHYLISOBORNEOL; PHYTOPLANKTON; COMPOUND; ODOR AB Producers may capture two to three channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus L. for flavor analysis from ponds scheduled for harvest, If off-flavors are not present in several consecutive fish samples, the population may be considered acceptable for harvest. However, instrumental analysis of the muddy/earthy off-flavor metabolites 2-methylisoborneol (1-R-exo-1,2,7,7-tetramethyl-bicyclo-[2,2,1]-heptan-2-ol) (MIB) and geosmin (1 alpha, 10 beta-dimethyl-9 alpha-decalol) concentrations in approximately 80 catfish from each of three commercial ponds found both acceptable ton-flavor) and unacceptable (off-flavor) individuals within a single pond (i.e., mixed-flavor populations). Ascertaining the frequency of mixed-flavor populations by instrumentally determining the off-flavor metabolite concentration in muscle tissues from a large number of fish sampled from many ponds at several locations ol er time Is not currently feasible. However, analysis of 12,725 commercial processor flavor assessments collected in 1994 and 1995 indicated 120 instances of individual ponds yielding off-flavor fish follow ed by on-flavor fish in one day or less. Reports indicate that fish require approximately four days to depurate off-flavors fully, suggesting that a proportion of these rapidly changing flavor assessments may reflect the stochastic selection of fish from mixed-flavor populations rather than a complete and rapid conversion of the flavor quality of entire populations. Factors that contribute to the occurrence of mixed-flavor-populations have not been identified fully. However, increased proportion of fat in catfish fillet tissues has been reported to he correlated with a greater retention of MIB by fish, In this investigation, fish fat contents ranged front 4.45% to 30.45%, and were positively correlated (P < 0.0001) with MIB concentrations, Additionally, the spatial distributions of algal populations within certain commercial catfish ponds were not uniform, and the sensory analysis of the flavor intensity of MIB and geosmin in catfish was more variable than the assessment of the intensity of chickeny and nutty flavors. Probability analysis indicated that in certain mixed-flavor populations there was a 10 to 25% probability of a shipment of fish being rejected due to the random collection of only on-flavor fish prior to harvest followed by the post harvest capture of at least one off-flavor fish. In addition, a chance of no off-flavor fish being sampled from a population containing a proportion of unacceptable fish was indicated, At current sample sizes, replacing sensory analysis with instrumental analysis would not completely avoid problems associated with sampling mixed-flavor-populations. Until effective means to reduce/avoid off-flavor metabolite accumulations in fish are widely available, careful attention to proper sensory evaluation protocols, an enhanced attention to pond conditions that affect flavor quality, the production of leaner more uniform populations of fish, and optimizations of sampling strategies offer the most practical near-term augmentations of current practice. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Dionigi, CP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 41 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 4 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 29 IS 2 BP 140 EP 154 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1998.tb00973.x PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA ZV621 UT WOS:000074324100002 ER PT J AU Li, MH Robinson, EH Wolters, WR AF Li, MH Robinson, EH Wolters, WR TI Evaluation of three strains of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fed diets containing three concentrations of protein and digestible energy SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PRODUCTION PONDS; RESISTANCE; GROWTH AB A 3 x 3 factorial experiment was conducted using three strains of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, USDA102, USDA103, and Mississippi normal (MN), and three concentrations of dietary protein. Three practical diets were formulated to contain 25, 35, or 45% crude protein with digestible energy/protein ratio of 10.0, 8.1, or 6.8 Kcal/g, respectively. Juvenile channel catfish (mean initial weight: 15.1 g/fish) were fed the experimental diets twice daily to approximate satiation for 8 wk. Regardless of dietary protein concentration, the USDA103 strain consumed more feed, gained more weight, and converted feed more efficiently than other two strains. The MN strain consumed less feed and gained less weight than the other strains. Regardless of the strain of channel catfish, differences in weight gain, feed consumption, and feed conversion ratio were observed among fish fed diets containing various levels of protein with the 35% protein diet being the best. Neither dietary protein concentration nor strain had significant effect on fillet protein level. Data pooled by fish strain showed that fish of MN strain had lower fillet fat and higher moisture than fish of other two strains. Data pooled by dietary protein showed that fish fed the 45% protein diet had a lower level of fillet fat than fish fed the 35% protein diet, but this did not appear to be a strain effect, rather it was a result of decreased feed consumption. Results from this study clearly demonstrate that performance of the USDA103 strain of channel catfish was superior to other strains tested. The growth characteristics of the USDA103 strain of channel catfish make the strain a promising candidate for commercialization. However, data are needed on performance of the strain from fingerling to marketable size under conditions similar to those used for the commercial culture of channel catfish prior to their release to the catfish industry. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Delta Res & Extens Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. USDA, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Robinson, EH (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Delta Res & Extens Ctr, POB 197, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 19 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 29 IS 2 BP 155 EP 160 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1998.tb00974.x PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA ZV621 UT WOS:000074324100003 ER PT J AU Lim, C Klesius, PH Higgs, DA AF Lim, C Klesius, PH Higgs, DA TI Substitution of canola meal for soybean meal in diets for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; RAPESEED PROTEIN-CONCENTRATE; CHINOOK SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; GROWTH; MOSSAMBICUS AB Canola meal was used in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus diets at levels of 0, 15.4, 30.8, 46.2 and 61.6%, by progressively replacing (on an equal nitrogen basis) 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100% of solvent-extracted soybean meal in the control diet. The feeds were formulated to contain approximately 29% crude protein and 2,650 kcal of digestible energy/kg on an air-dry basis. Each diet was fed to juvenile channel catfish to satiation twice daily for 10 wk. Fish fed the diets containing the two lowest levels of canola meal (15.4 and 30.8%) had similar weight gains, feed intakes, feed utilization efficiencies, and percent survivals relative to the group fed the control diet. Weight gains and feed intakes declined significantly as the dietary levels of canola meal were increased to 46.2% or higher, probably because of reductions in diet palatability and some impairment of feed utilization due to the presence of increased levels of antinutritional factors, particularly glucosinolates. Whole body percentages for moisture and crude protein were unaffected by the dietary treatments. Body ash contents, however, were lowest for fish fed the control diets but were essentially the same for fish fed the other diets. Fish fed the diet containing 30.8% canola meal had lowest body fat content but this effect may not have been diet related. Values for red blood cell concentration, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were not affected by dietary canola meal level, but hematocrit was higher (although not always significant) for fish fed the control diet. The results of this study suggest that canola meal can comprise about 31% of the diet of channel catfish by replacing half of the amount of soybean meal used in the control diet without adversely affecting growth or any other aspect of performance. C1 ARS, Fish Dis & Parasites Res Lab, USDA, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, W Vancouver Lab, Sci Branch, Pacific Reg, W Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6, Canada. RP Lim, C (reprint author), ARS, Fish Dis & Parasites Res Lab, USDA, POB 952, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. NR 35 TC 20 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 29 IS 2 BP 161 EP 168 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1998.tb00975.x PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA ZV621 UT WOS:000074324100004 ER PT J AU Konishi, E Yamaoka, M Khin-Sane-Win Kurane, I Mason, PW AF Konishi, E Yamaoka, M Khin-Sane-Win Kurane, I Mason, PW TI Induction of protective immunity against Japanese encephalitis in mice by immunization with a plasmid encoding Japanese encephalitis virus premembrane and envelope genes SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID RECOMBINANT VACCINIA VIRUSES; LETHAL JEV INFECTION; T-LYMPHOCYTE CLONES; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; E-PROTEINS; GLYCOPROTEIN; CHALLENGE; CELLS; DNA; PRM AB A DNA vaccine plasmid containing the Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus premembrane (prM) and envelope (E) genes (designated pcDNA3JEME) was evaluated for immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice. Two immunizations of 4-week-old female ICR mice with pcDNA3JEME by intramuscular or intradermal injections at a dose of 10 or 100 mu g per mouse elicited neutralizing (NEUT) antibodies at titers of 1:10 to 1:20 (90% plaque reduction), and all immunized mice survived a challenge with 10,000 50% lethal doses of the P3 strain of JE virus. A single immunization with 100 mu g of pcDNA3JEME did not elicit detectable NEUT antibodies but induced protective immunity. Spleen cells obtained from BALB/c mice immunized once with 10 or 100 mu g of pcDNA3JEME contained JE virus-specific memory cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). BALB/c mice maintained detectable levels of memory B cells and CTLs for at least 6 months after one immunization with pcDNA3JEME at a dose of 100 mu g. The CTLs induced in BALB/c mice immunized twice with 100 mu g of pcDNA3JEME were CD8 positive and recognized mainly the envelope protein. These results indicate that pcDNA3JEME has the ability to induce a protective immune response which includes JE virus-specific antibodies and CTLs. C1 Kobe Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Sci, Suma Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 65401, Japan. Kobe Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med Zool, Kobe, Hyogo 650, Japan. Kinki Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Osaka 589, Japan. USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Konishi, E (reprint author), Kobe Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Sci, Suma Ku, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Kobe, Hyogo 65401, Japan. NR 36 TC 95 Z9 98 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 72 IS 6 BP 4925 EP 4930 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA ZM029 UT WOS:000073497600044 PM 9573260 ER PT J AU Karesh, WB Uhart, MM Dierenfeld, ES Braselton, WE Torres, A House, C Puche, H Cook, RA AF Karesh, WB Uhart, MM Dierenfeld, ES Braselton, WE Torres, A House, C Puche, H Cook, RA TI Health evaluation of free-ranging guanaco (Lama guanicoe) SO JOURNAL OF ZOO AND WILDLIFE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Lama guanicoe; guanaco; disease; serology; immobilization; flumazenil ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; SEROLOGICAL REACTIONS; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; NATIONAL-PARK; LEPTOSPIRA; ANTIBODIES; PREVALENCE; MINNESOTA; DISEASES AB Twenty free-ranging guanaco (Lama guanicoe) in Chubut Province, Argentina, were immobilized for health evaluations. All but two animals appeared to be in good condition. Hematology, serum chemistry, and vitamin and mineral levels were measured, and feces were evaluated for parasites. Serology tests included bluetongue, brucellosis, bovine respiratory syncitial virus, bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease, equine herpesvirus 1, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, Johne's disease (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis), foot and mouth disease, leptospirosis (17 serovars), para influenza-3, and vesicular stomatitis. Blood samples from 20 domestic sheep (Ovis aries) maintained in the same reserve with the guanaco were also collected at the same time for serology tests. No guanaco had positive serologic tests. Sheep were found to have antibody titers to bovine respiratory syncytial virus, Johne's disease, leptospirosis, and parainfluenza-3. There was no apparent difference in external appearance or condition, or statistical difference in blood test values, between the animals that were positive or negative for parasite ova. C1 Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. Univ Nacl, Ctr Prov Buenos Aires, RA-7000 Tandil, Argentina. Michigan State Univ, Anim Hlth Diagnost Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. USDA ARS, Foreign Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, APHIS, VS, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Karesh, WB (reprint author), Wildlife Conservat Soc, 185th & Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. NR 44 TC 38 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER ASSOC Z00 VETERINARIANS PI MEDIA PA 6 NORTH PENNELL ROAD, MEDIA, PA 19063 USA SN 1042-7260 J9 J ZOO WILDLIFE MED JI J. Zoo Wildl. Med. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 29 IS 2 BP 134 EP 141 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 113NR UT WOS:000075558600004 PM 9732026 ER PT J AU Hume, ME Byrd, JA Stanker, LH Ziprin, RL AF Hume, ME Byrd, JA Stanker, LH Ziprin, RL TI Reduction of caecal Listeria monocytogenes in Leghorn chicks following treatment with a competitive exclusion culture (PREEMPT (TM)) SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM COLONIZATION; BROILER CHICKS; SPORADIC LISTERIOSIS; CECAL MICROFLORA; UNITED-STATES; FOODS; CROP; FATE; PREVENTION; INFECTION AB Day-of-hatch Leghorn chicks were treated by oral gavage with PREEMPT(TM), a continuous-flow competitive exclusion culture containing broiler caecal bacteria, followed by an oral challenge with Listeria monocytogenes, to determine the effects of PREEMPT(TM) on L. monocytogenes caecal colonization. Increased (P < 0.001) concentrations of caecal propionic acid in control chicks compared with PREEMPT(TM)-treated chicks at 3 days of age were indicative of the establishment of the PREEMPT(TM) bacteria. Caeca from control chicks at 7 davs after the oral challenge with L, monocytogenes contained mean 3.4 +/- 1.4 log cfu g(-1) of caecal content, while caeca from PREEMPT(TM)-treated chicks contained no detectable Listeria. Enrichment for L. monocytogenes resulted in 100 % of caeca from control chicks testing culture-positive for L, monocytogenes, while none of the caeca from PREEMPT(TM)-treated chicks were culture-positive. The results indicated that prophylactic treatment of newly hatched chicks with PREEMPT(TM) significantly reduced caecal colonization by L. monocytogenes. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Hume, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 29 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 6 BP 432 EP 436 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 105EB UT WOS:000075058800010 PM 9717314 ER PT J AU Kelley, DS Taylor, PC Nelson, GJ Mackey, BE AF Kelley, DS Taylor, PC Nelson, GJ Mackey, BE TI Dietary docosahexaenoic acid and immunocompetence in young healthy men SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID N-3 FATTY-ACIDS; MONONUCLEAR CELL-PROLIFERATION; MITOGEN-STIMULATED LYMPHOCYTES; HUMAN-LEUKOCYTE FUNCTION; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID; HUMAN IMMUNE STATUS; FISH-OIL; EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID; SUPPLEMENTATION AB The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), in the absence of eicosapentaenoic acid, on human immune response (IR). A 120-d study with 11 healthy men was conducted at the Metabolic Research Unit of the Western Human Nutrition Research Center. Four subjects (control group) were fed the stabilization or basal diet (15, 30, and 55% energy from protein, fat, and carbohydrate, respectively) throughout the study; the remaining seven subjects (DHA group) were fed the basal diet for the first 30 d, followed by 6 g DHA/d for the next 90 d. DHA replaced an equivalent amount of linoleic acid; the two diets were comparable in their total fat and all other nutrients. Both diets were supplemented with 20 mg d-alpha-tocopherol acetate per day. Indices of IR were examined on study day 22, 30, 78, 85, 106, and 113. Addition of DHA at moderately high levels did not alter the proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured with phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A, or the delayed hypersensitivity skin response. Also, additional DHA did not alter the number of T cells producing interleukin 2 (IL2), the ratio between the helper/suppressor T cells in circulation, or the serum concentrations of immunoglobulin G, C3, and interleukin 2 receptor (IL2R). DHA supplementation, however, caused a significant (P = 0.0001) de crease in the number of circulating white blood cells which was mainly due to a decrease in the number of circulating granulocytes. The number of lymphocytes in peripheral circulation was not affected by Dietary DHA enrichment, but the percentage of lymphocytes in white blood cells increased because of a reduction in granulocyte numbers. None of these indices was changed in the control group. Our results show that when total fat intake is low and held constant, DHA consumption does not inhibit many of the lymphocyte functions which have been reported to be inhibited by fish oil consumption. C1 USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. Western Reg Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Kelley, DS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 29997, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. EM Dkelley@whnrc.usda.gov RI Osborne, Nicholas/N-4915-2015 OI Osborne, Nicholas/0000-0002-6700-2284 NR 37 TC 71 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD JUN PY 1998 VL 33 IS 6 BP 559 EP 566 DI 10.1007/s11745-998-0240-8 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZU610 UT WOS:000074215300002 PM 9655370 ER PT J AU Ellingson, JLE Bolin, CA Stabel, JR AF Ellingson, JLE Bolin, CA Stabel, JR TI Identification of a gene unique to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and application to diagnosis of paratuberculosis SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PROBES LA English DT Article DE Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis; hspX; MP DNA probe; dioligonucleotide hybridization ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; INSERTION ELEMENT; CROHNS-DISEASE; DEPENDENT MYCOBACTERIA; JOHNES DISEASE; ASPARTIC ACID; DNA; TUBERCULOSIS; HYBRIDIZATION; FIBRONECTIN AB Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (M. paratuberculosis) is the etiologic agent of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease), a chronic granulomatous enteritis in ruminants. Currently, there is a need for improved diagnostic tests because of the lack of methods for accurate, rapid and reliable detection of M. paratuberculosis infection. ii M. paratuberculosis gene (hspX) was cloned, sequenced, and a 30 bp species-specific oligonucleotide was synthesized. As an internal control to identify mycobacterial strains, a 33 bp Mycobacterium genus-specific oligonucleotide was synthesized based on the conserved 5' terminus of the mycobacterial recA gene. Dioligonucleotide hybridization (dOH) analysis identified 28/28 (100%) mycobacterial strains and specifically identified 14/14 (100%) reference (ATCC 19698), bovine, ovine and human isolates of M. paratuberculosis. The M. paratuberculosis-specific oligonucleotide distinguished M. paratuberculosis isolates from related mycobacteria, including ail closely related members of the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) tested in this study. The members of MAC tested in this study included Mycobacterium avium subspecies avium (M. avium), M. paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium subspecies silvaticum (M. silvaticum) and Mycobacterium intracellulare strains. Hybridization was not observed with DNA extracted from a selected group of other bacterial pathogens. The experiments indicate that the dol-l analysis is a useful diagnostic tool to detect mycobacterial infection, specifically M. paratuberculosis. The dOH method could be a good alternative to existing assays and will be adapted for specific identification of M. paratuberculosis from faecal samples, mixed bacteriologic cultures, tissue specimens and whole blood. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Stabel, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 43 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0890-8508 J9 MOL CELL PROBE JI Mol. Cell. Probes PD JUN PY 1998 VL 12 IS 3 BP 133 EP 142 DI 10.1006/mcpr.1998.0167 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology GA ZX903 UT WOS:000074567000002 PM 9664574 ER PT J AU Hong, SB Tucker, ML AF Hong, SB Tucker, ML TI Genomic organization of six tomato polygalacturonases and 5 ' upstream sequence identity with tap1 and win2 genes SO MOLECULAR AND GENERAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE polygalacturonase genes; tomato; abscission; ethylene; auxin ID ABSCISIC-ACID; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO; EXPRESSION; ETHYLENE; PLANTS; OLIGOGALACTURONIDES; ELEMENTS; CLONING; POTATO; IDENTIFICATION AB Recently, three polygalacturonase (PG) cDNAs (TAPG1, TAPG2, and TAPG4) were identified in a library prepared from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Rutgers) leaf abscission zones. Genomic clones encoding these three cDNAs have been identified. Moreover, the genomic clones include three additional PG genes, TPG3, TAPG5 and TPG6, which have not been previously reported. A transcript for TAPG5 was detected in the RNA from leaf and flower abscission zones; however, transcripts for TPG3 and TPG6 were not. DNA sequence analysis revealed that TAPG1, TAPG2, and TPG3 are linked in a close tandem array. TAPG4, TAPG5 and TPG6 are also closely linked to each other but in divergent and inverted orientations and are not closely linked to TAPG1, TAPG2, or TPG3. TAPG4, TAPG5 and TPG6 map to the middle of chromosome 12. TPG6 contains two introns. The other five PG genes include four exons and three introns. The relative positions of introns 1 and 2 are shared by all six PG genes. The position of intron 3 is conserved in the other five. The structure of the tomato fruit PG gene, which contains 8 introns, is compared with that of the six PG genes described above. Of interest is an approximately 300 bp inverted repeat found in TAPG1, TAPG2 and TAPG4 that shares significant sequence identity with sequence in the first intron of the tomato anionic peroxidase gene, tap1. RNA blot analysis indicates that the transcript for an anionic peroxidase increases during abscission. In addition, a 250 bp sequence found in TPG3 shares high sequence identity with a 5' upstream region in a wound-induced win2 gene from potato. Potential sites of transcriptional regulation in these genes are discussed. C1 ARS, USDA, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Tucker, ML (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Bldg 006,BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 44 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0026-8925 J9 MOL GEN GENET JI Mol. Gen. Genet. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 258 IS 5 BP 479 EP 487 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 100FN UT WOS:000074805400004 PM 9669329 ER PT J AU Scott, D Clark, C Fyffe, A Walker, M Tooley, P Maas, J Deahl, K AF Scott, D Clark, C Fyffe, A Walker, M Tooley, P Maas, J Deahl, K TI The use of an oligonucleotide that hybridizes to DNA sequences interspersed in the genome of members of the genus Phytophthora as an adjunct to morphological criteria in species identification SO MOLECULAR BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE polymerase chain reaction; Phytophthora; taxonomy ID GENETIC ANALYSES; INFESTANS; MAYDIS AB An oligonucleotide (primer), designed from a conserved region of the multi-allelic b locus of the basidiomycete fungus Ustilago maydis, generated reproducible PCR fingerprints in Phytophthora species. The primer hybridized in a species-specific manner to nucleotide sequences interspersed in the genome of the closely related members of Phytophthora taxonomic group IV. We recommend the use of this PCR procedure as an alternative method for resolving the close taxonomic affinity of some members of the genus Phytophthora. C1 Morehouse Coll, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30314 USA. Tuskegee Univ, Ctr Plant Biotechnol Res, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA. ARS, USDA, Ft Detrick, MD USA. ARS, Vegetable Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. ARS, Fruit Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 1073-6085 J9 MOL BIOTECHNOL JI Mol. Biotechnol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 9 IS 3 BP 273 EP 276 DI 10.1007/BF02915800 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 109WW UT WOS:000075348200009 PM 9718587 ER PT J AU Kitten, T Kinscherf, TG McEvoy, JL Willis, DK AF Kitten, T Kinscherf, TG McEvoy, JL Willis, DK TI A newly identified regulator is required for virulence and toxin production in Pseudomonas syringae SO MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PV-SYRINGAE; SYRINGOMYCIN PRODUCTION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; LEMA GENE; SYRB-GENE; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; RESPONSE-REGULATOR; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; LESION FORMATION; PROTEIN BLOCKS AB The genes lemA (which we here redesignate gacS) and gacA encode members of a widely conserved two-component regulatory system. In Pseudomonas syringae strain B728a, gacS and gacA are required for lesion formation on bean, as well as for the production of protease and the toxin syringomycin. A gene, designated salA, was discovered that restored syringomycin production to a gacS mutant when present on a multiple-copy plasmid, Disruption of chromosomal salA resulted in loss of syringomycin production and lesion formation in laboratory assays. Sequence analysis of salA suggests that it encodes a protein with a DNA-binding motif but without other significant similarity to proteins in current databases. Chromosomal reporter fusions revealed that gacS and gacA positively regulate salA, that salA upregulates its own expression and that salA positively regulates the expression of a syringomycin biosynthetic gene, syrB, Loss of syringomycin production does not account for the salA mutant's attenuated pathogenicity, as a syrB mutant was found to retain full virulence. The salA gene did not similarly suppress the protease deficient phenotype of gacS mutants, nor were salA mutants affected for protease production. A gacS/gacA-dependent homoserine lactone activity as detected by bioassay was also unaffected by the disruption of salA, Thus, salA appears to encode a novel regulator that activates the expression of at least two separate genetic subsets of the gacS/gacA regulon, one pathway leading to syringomycin production and the other resulting in plant disease. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Willis, DK (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 55 TC 100 Z9 105 U1 0 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-382X J9 MOL MICROBIOL JI Mol. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 28 IS 5 BP 917 EP 929 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00842.x PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA ZU803 UT WOS:000074236500006 PM 9663679 ER PT J AU Bago, B Azcon-Aguilar, C Goulet, A Piche, Y AF Bago, B Azcon-Aguilar, C Goulet, A Piche, Y TI Branched absorbing structures (BAS): a feature of the extraradical mycelium of symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Arbuscular mycorrhizas; branched absorbing structures (BAS); external mycelium; Glomus intraradices Smith & Schenck; monoxenic culture ID GIGASPORA-MARGARITA; GLOMUS VERSIFORME; ROOTS; PHOSPHORUS; GROWTH; PLANTS; SPORES; DEGENERATION; MORPHOLOGY; METABOLISM AB The present work describes the morphogenesis and cytological characteristics of 'branched absorbing structures' (BAS, formely named arbuscule-like structures, ALS), small groups of dichotomous hyphae formed by the extraradical mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Monoxenic cultures of the AM fungus Glomus intraradices Smith & Schenck and tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) roots allowed the continuous, non-destructive study of BAS development. These structures were not observed in axenic cultures of the fungus under different nutritional conditions or in unsuccessful (asymbiotic) monoxenic cultures. However, extraradical mycelium of G. intraradices formed BAS immediately after fungal penetration of the host root and establishment of the symbiosis. The average BAS development time was 7 d under our culture conditions, after which they degenerated, becoming empty septate structures. Certain BAS were closely associated with spore formation, appearing at the spore's substending hypha. Branches of these spore-associated BAS (spore-BAS) usually formed spores. Electron microscopy studies revealed that BAS and arbuscules show several ultrastructural similarities. The possible role of BAS in nutrient uptake by the mycorrhizal plant is discussed. C1 Univ Laval, Fac Foresterie & Geomat, Ctr Rech Biol Forestiere, Ste Foy, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. CSIC, Estac Expt Zaidin, Dept Microbiol Suelo & Sistemas Simbiot, E-18008 Granada, Spain. RP Bago, B (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM bbago@arserrc.gov RI Azcon, Concepcion/H-5873-2015; Bago, Alberto/H-9683-2015 OI Azcon, Concepcion/0000-0003-3041-8566; NR 55 TC 82 Z9 90 U1 4 U2 16 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 139 IS 2 BP 375 EP 388 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1998.00199.x PG 14 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZY827 UT WOS:000074664800017 ER PT J AU Kahl, S Rosebrough, RW Elsasser, TH AF Kahl, S Rosebrough, RW Elsasser, TH TI Hepatic iodothyronine 5 '-monodeiodinase activity in the broiler chicken: Effect of dietary fat and triiodothyronine (T-3) supplementation SO NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE chickens; thyroid; dietary fat; enzymes; deiodination; metabolism ID THYROID-HORMONE; RAT-LIVER; PROTEIN; THYROXINE; 3,5,3'-TRIIODOTHYRONINE; 5'-DEIODINATION; INHIBITION; ACIDS; BODY AB The conversion of thyroxine (T-4) to the metabolically active thyroid hormone, triiodothyronine (T-3), is catalyzed by iodothyronine 5'-monodeiodinase (EC 3.8.1.4; 5'D). Indian River male broiler chickens growing from 7 to 28 d of age were used in a 3 x 2 factorial to determine the effect of dietary energy from fat and T-3 supplementation on hepatic 5'D activity and plasma concentration of Ta and T-3. Chickens were fed diets (13.1 MJ/kg diet) containing 1.25 (LF), 2.5 (MF) and 5.00 (HF) MJ from fat/kg diet + 0 or 1 mg T-3/kg diet. Blood and liver samples were collected on d 28. Hepatic 5'D was affected by fat x T-3 interaction (P<0.01): with no added T-3, MF and HF increased 5'D 25 (P<0.01) and 16% (P<0.05) as compared to LF (1.5 nmoles I-hr(-1).mg protein(-1)); however no changes in 5'D were found when T-3 was added (1.42, 1.35 and 1.36 for LF, MF and HF, respectively). Diets with T-3 increased plasma T-3 (5.1 VS 18.1 nmol/L, P<0.001) and decreased plasma T-4 (12.4 vs. 7.9 nmol/L, P<0.001). Dietary fat did not affect plasma T-3 and T-4 The data indicate that the hepatic generation of T-3 is stimulated by increased dietary fat intake. This effect of fat, however, is inhibited by dietary T-3 supplementation. Published by Elsevier Science. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Kahl, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0271-5317 J9 NUTR RES JI Nutr. Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1039 EP 1047 DI 10.1016/S0271-5317(98)00086-4 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZT546 UT WOS:000074098700011 ER PT J AU Buitink, J Walters, C Hoekstra, FA Crane, J AF Buitink, J Walters, C Hoekstra, FA Crane, J TI Storage behavior of Typha latifolia pollen at low water contents: Interpretation on the basis of water activity and glass concepts SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE aging; glass; longevity; pollen; relative humidity; storage; Typha latifolia; ultra-dry storage; water activity ID LOW-MOISTURE; SEED STORAGE; DESICCATION TOLERANCE; THEORETICAL BASIS; FOOD SYSTEMS; PEA-SEEDS; TRANSITION; STABILITY; STATE; LONGEVITY AB Germplasm must be stored under optimal conditions to maximize longevity and efficiently maintain genetic resources. In order to identify optimal storage conditions, we investigated the effects of temperature (- 5 to 45 degrees C) and water content (< 0.17 g H(2)O g(-1) dry weight) on longevity of Typha latifolia L. pollen. Longevity was highest at water contents corresponding to storage relative humidity (RH) of 11-15% which corresponded to the shoulder of water sorption isotherms. Also coinciding with this shoulder were abrupt changes in heat capacity of water present in the pollen. Consistent with changes in isotherms with temperature and the concept of critical RH for storage, optimum water contents increased with decreasing temperature. An attempt was made to explain the aging behavior according to the glass concept. The water content-temperature combinations of optimal storage were found to be below the glass transition curve, indicating that optimum storage conditions are achieved when intracellular glasses are present. We also found a change in activation energy of aging in Arrhenius plots around T(g), demonstrating a change in aging kinetics when the glassy stale is lost. We conclude that T(g) curves cannot be used solely to predict precise conditions of optimum storage, but might be useful for predictions of storage longevity above optimum water contents. The data imply that too much drying reduces longevity and should be avoided, particularly when cryogenic storage is considered. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Seed Storage Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Wageningen Univ Agr, Dept Plant Physiol, NL-6703 BD Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Walters, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Seed Storage Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. EM chrisv@lamar.colostate.edu OI Buitink, Julia/0000-0002-1457-764X NR 56 TC 45 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 103 IS 2 BP 145 EP 153 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.1030201.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 105QW UT WOS:000075086000001 ER PT J AU Sicher, RC AF Sicher, RC TI Yellowing and photosynthetic decline of barley primary leaves in response to atmospheric CO2 enrichment SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article DE barley; chlorophyll fluorescence; chlorosis; CO2 enrichment; Hordeum vulgare; photosynthetic acclimation; premature senescence; quantum absorptance ID CARBON-DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; LONG-TERM EXPOSURE; CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; FOLIAR DEFORMATION; FRUIT PRODUCTION; LEAF; WHEAT; TOMATO; GROWTH; YIELD AB The photosynthetic response of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Brant) primary leaves was studied as a function of chlorosis induced by CO2 enrichment. Leaf yellowing; measured as changes of chlorophyll a and b, was more extensive in controlled environments at elevated (680 +/- 17 mu l l(-1)) than at ambient (380 +/- 21 mu l l(-1)) CO2. Stomatal conductance of primary leaves was decreased by growth in elevated CO2 between 11 and 18 days after sowing (DAS) when measured at both 380 and 680 mu l l(-1) CO2. Internal leaf CO2 concentration (C-i) was also lower for elevated- compared to ambient-CO2-grown primary leaves between 11 and 14 DAS. Results suggest that non-stomatal factors were responsible for the decreased photosynthetic rates of elevated- compared to ambient-CO2-grown primary leaves 18 DAS. Various photochemical measurements, including quantum absorptance (alpha), minimal (F-0), maximal (F-m), and variable (F-v) chlorophyll fluorescence, as well as the F-v/F-m ratio, were significantly decreased 18 DAS in the elevated- compared to ambient-CO2 treatment. Photochemical (q(P)) and nonphotochemical (q(N)) chlorophyll fluorescence quenching: coefficients of 18-day-old primary leaves did not differ between CO2 treatments. Photosynthetic electron transport rates of photosystem II were slightly lower for elevated- compared to ambient-CO2-grown primary leaves 18 DAS. Concentrations of alpha-amino N (i.e. free amino acids) in barley primary leaves were increased by CO2 enrichment 10 DAS, but subsequently, alpha-amino N decreased in association with photosynthetic decline. Total acid protease activity was greater in elevated- than in ambient-CO2-grown leaves 18 DAS. The above findings suggest that photoinhibition and premature senescence were factors in the CO2-dependent yellowing of barley primary leaves. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sicher, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM rsicher@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 31 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 3 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 103 IS 2 BP 193 EP 200 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.1030206.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 105QW UT WOS:000075086000006 ER PT J AU Yue, Q Bacon, CW Richardson, MD AF Yue, Q Bacon, CW Richardson, MD TI Biotransformation of 2-benzoxazolinone and 6-methoxy-benzoxazolinone by Fusarium moniliforme SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Fusarium moniliforme; fungi; hydroxamic acid; MBOA; BOA; corn; malonamic acid; detoxification ID HYDROXAMIC ACIDS; RESISTANCE; MAIZE AB Fusarium moniliforme, a fungus that commonly produces a symptomless endophytic association with most corn cultivars and inbred lines, was previously shown to catabolize 6-methoxy-benzoxazolinone (MBOA) and 2-benzaxazolinone (BOA); biologically active compounds produced by coin and known to be fungistatic. Studies were undertaken to isolate and identify the breakdown products of this decomposition. For each benzoxazolinone, a novel acid was isolated by column chromatography from 48-h old cultures of F. moniliforme. MS, NMR, and IR spectral data were used to identify the compounds as N-(2-hydroxyphenyl) and N-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) malonamic acids, products of BOA and MBOA, respectively. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Cook Coll, Dept Plant Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. ARS, USDA, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Richardson, MD (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Cook Coll, Dept Plant Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. NR 17 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD JUN PY 1998 VL 48 IS 3 BP 451 EP 454 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00013-2 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA ZW552 UT WOS:000074422400009 ER PT J AU Stockwell, VO Johnson, KB Loper, JE AF Stockwell, VO Johnson, KB Loper, JE TI Establishment of bacterial antagonists of Erwinia amylovora on pear and apple blossoms as influenced by inoculum preparation SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biological control ID EPIPHYTIC FITNESS MUTANTS; PSEUDOMONAS-SYRINGAE; FIRE BLIGHT; STREPTOMYCIN; FLUORESCENS; SURVIVAL; STIGMA; OXYTETRACYCLINE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; COLONIZATION AB The influence of inoculum preparation on the establishment of bacterial antagonists that suppress fire blight and Erwinia amylovora on blossoms was evaluated. Aqueous suspensions of Pseudomonas fluorescens A506, E. herbicola C9-1R, or E. amylovora 153N were prepared from cells harvested from the surface of an agar medium or from cells that were lyophilized after culture under similar conditions. Bacterial suspensions (1 x 10(8) CFU/ml) were sprayed on pear and apple trees at 50% bloom near midday. The incidence of recovery (proportion of blossoms containing detectable populations) and the population sizes of the bacteria on individual blossoms with detectable populations were followed over a period of several days. Fluorescent microspheres (1 mu m in diameter) were added to sprays at a concentration of 1 x 10(7) microspheres per mi to mark blossoms that were open during application of bacteria. After dilution-plating, the stigmas and styles of each blossom were examined for the presence of microspheres with an epifluorescence microscope. In three of five trials, bacteria applied as suspensions of lyophilized cells were recovered from a greater proportion of blossoms than bacterial cells harvested directly from culture media. Every blossom harvested within 6 days after spraying had microspheres present on the surfaces of the styles and stigmas; thus, lack of establishment of detectable populations, rather than escape of blossoms from spray inoculation, accounted for the differences in proportion of blossoms colonized by the different preparations of bacteria. The use of lyophilized cells in field trials decreased variability in the establishment of bacteria on blossoms. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Stockwell, VO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. EM stockwev@bcc.orst.edu NR 36 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUN PY 1998 VL 88 IS 6 BP 506 EP 513 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.6.506 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZP812 UT WOS:000073790900006 PM 18944901 ER PT J AU Gracia-Garza, JA Fravel, DR AF Gracia-Garza, JA Fravel, DR TI Effect of relative humidity on sporulation of Fusarium oxysporum in various formulations and effect of water on spore movement through soil SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Erythroxylum coca ID BIOCONTROL AB Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli is being investigated as a mycoherbicide for the narcotic plant coca. Sporulation of the fungus in seven formulations containing different organic substrates and movement of its propagules through soil were studied. The formulations were a granular wheat flour/kaolin (pesta); an extruded wheat and rice flour (C-6); and five alginate pellet products containing corn cobs, soybean hull fiber, canola meal, rice flour, or rice flour plus canola oil. Formulations were incubated at 25 degrees C for 6 weeks in desiccators with various salt solutions to provide nine relative humidities (RH), ranging from 100% (pure deionized water) to 0% (anhydrous CaSO4). Hyphae of F: oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli grew out of alginate pellets with canola meal, rice, and rice plus canola oil as early as 24 h at 100% constant RH. Alginate pellets of rice plus canola oil and granular C-6 and pesta formulations consistently produced more microconidia, macroconidia, and CFU than the other four formulations at all RH tested. The C-6 formulation produced more propagules than the other formulations at low RH (<53%). Canola meal pellets produced more spores than three other formulations when exposed to fluctuating RH (100 to 75%). The effect of percolating water on spore movement through soil was studied using a plant-pathogenic isolate of F: oxysporum f, sp. niveum. To determine the effect of water percolation on propagule movement, formulations were placed on soil columns and artificial rain was applied. In general, 10-fold fewer CFU were recovered at a 8- to 10-cm depth compared with a 0- to 2-cm depth. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Fravel, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM dfravel@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUN PY 1998 VL 88 IS 6 BP 544 EP 549 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.6.544 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZP812 UT WOS:000073790900012 PM 18944907 ER PT J AU Stosz, SK Roy, S Murphy, C Wergin, W Fravel, DR AF Stosz, SK Roy, S Murphy, C Wergin, W Fravel, DR TI Localization of glucose oxidase with immunocytochemistry in the biocontrol fungus Talaromyces flavus SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Verticillium dahliae ID ASPERGILLUS-NIGER; VERTICILLIUM-DAHLIAE; PROTEINS AB Production of the enzyme glucose oxidase has been shown to be involved in the biological control of Verticillium wilt by Talaromyces flavus. In this study, the location of glucose oxidase was determined in T. flavus by immunocytochemistry using glucose oxidase-specific polyclonal antibody. Immunostaining revealed that glucose oxidase was both intracellular and extracellular. Old, as well as young, hyphal cells contained glucose oxidase, but labeling of the cell wall-associated enzyme decreased as the cells aged. Exocytosis rather than cell lysis was the primary means of release of glucose oxidase from cells. Enzyme stability studies confirmed that the glucose oxidase of T. flavus is an extremely stable enzyme, retaining 13% of its original activity after 2 weeks at 25 degrees C and retaining activity for several days at temperatures up to 50 degrees C. C1 USDA ARS, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Fravel, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUN PY 1998 VL 88 IS 6 BP 576 EP 581 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1998.88.6.576 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZP812 UT WOS:000073790900017 PM 18944912 ER PT J AU Laboski, CAM Dowdy, RH Allmaras, RR Lamb, JA AF Laboski, CAM Dowdy, RH Allmaras, RR Lamb, JA TI Soil strength and water content influences on corn root distribution in a sandy soil SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE compaction; cone penetrometer; corn (Zea mays L.); soil strength; soil water content ID GROWTH; MAIZE; COMPACTION; IRRIGATION; IMPEDANCE; SYSTEMS; COTTON AB Initial field observations revealed a shallow corn (Zea mays L.) root system on a Zimmerman fine sand in a corn/soybean (Glycine max L.) rotation. Since toot distribution influences crop water and nutrient absorption, it is essential to identify factors limiting root growth. The objective of this study was to determine the factor(s) limiting corn rooting depth on an irrigated fine sand soil. Bulk density, saturated hydraulic conductivity, and soil water retention were measured on undisturbed soil cores. Corn root distribution assessed at tasseling over a 3-yr period showed an average of 94% of total. root length within the upper 0.60 m of soil with 85% in the upper 0.30 m of soil. Mechanical impedance was estimated with a cone penetrometer on two dates with differing water contents. Cone penetrometer measurements greater than 3 MPa indicated mechanical impedance in soil layers extending from 0.15 to 0.35 m deep. Penetration resistance decreased as soil water content increased. However, soil water contents greater than field capacity were required to decrease penetration resistance below the 3 MPa threshold. Such water saturated conditions only occurred for short periods immediately after precipitation or irrigation events, thus roots usually encountered restrictive soil strengths. The soil layer from 0.15 to 0.60 m had high bulk density, 1.57 Mg m(-3). This compacted soil layer, with slower saturated hydraulic conductivities (121 to 138 mm hr(-1)), held more water than the soil above or below it and reduced water movement through the soil profile. Crop water use occurred to a depth of approximately 0.75 m. In conclusion, a compacted soil layer confined roots almost entirely to the top 0.60 m of soil because it had high soil strength and bulk density. The compacted layer, in turn, retained more water for crop use. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Laboski, CAM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM claboski@soils.umn.edu NR 37 TC 71 Z9 85 U1 1 U2 26 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PD JUN PY 1998 VL 203 IS 2 BP 239 EP 247 DI 10.1023/A:1004391104778 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 138DF UT WOS:000076955600009 ER PT J AU Myers, JM Simon, PW AF Myers, JM Simon, PW TI Continuous callus production and regeneration of garlic (Allium sativum L.) using root segments from shoot tip-derived plantlets SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE garlic; Allium sativum L.; root segments; regeneration; picloram ID CULTURES; TISSUE; INDUCTION; AUXINS AB Root segments from shoot tip-derived plantlets of the garlic (Allium sativum L.) clones 'DDR7099', 'PI383819', and 'Piacenza' were utilized as an explant source for continuous, friable callus production. The best callus production occurred on root segments initially cultured on medium with 4,5 mu M 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) for 8 weeks, then subcultured to medium with 4.7 mu M 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) +0.49 mu M 6-(gamma-gamma-dimethylallylamino)purine (2iP) for 8 weeks. Embryogenic, friable callus was transferred to liquid medium for 1 month and then transferred to solid regeneration medium for 14 weeks. The best shoot and root regeneration (85.3% and 35.8%, respectively) occurred on 4-month-old calli from the clone 'DDR7099'. In all clones, regeneration rate decreased as callus age increased. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Simon, PW (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 14 TC 24 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD JUN PY 1998 VL 17 IS 9 BP 726 EP 730 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZW551 UT WOS:000074422300012 ER PT J AU Young, LD AF Young, LD TI Influence of soybean cropping sequences on seed yield and female index of the soybean cyst nematode SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article ID HETERODERA-GLYCINES; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; UNITED-STATES; REPRODUCTION; SELECTION; RESISTANT; LINES AB Several soybean (Glycine max) cropping sequences were planted for 12 years in a field that, at the beginning of the test, was infested with race 14 of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Continuous soybean cropping sequences included H. glycines-susceptible cultivars Forrest, J82-21, Peking x Centennial breeding line, and moderately resistant cultivars Bedford and J81-116. Forrest treated with aldicarb or pentachloronitrobenzene (PCNB) plus metalaxyl and resistant breeding line JS83-236 followed by resistant cultivars Cordell and Hartwig were additional continuous soybean sequences. Rotations included two sequences each of Bedford with J81-116 or J82-21, and three sequences of Bedford with corn (Zea mays) and susceptible Essex soybean. Rotations of Bedford, corn, and Essex had 12-year mean yields significantly greater than continuous Bedford or Forrest. The female index (FI) of H. glycines on five cultivars and lines was used to bioassay changes in parasitic potential in each cropping sequence. The Fl on Bedford bioassay plants increased significantly over time for all field treatments involving Bedford. When J82-21 was the bioassay plant, FI decreased significantly in treatments involving Bedford. There were no significant changes in FI for any treatment when Forrest, J81-16, and Peking were used as bioassays. Rotations of soybean cultivars with different sources of resistance and rotations of resistant and susceptible cultivars with a nonhost crop were not successful practices to manage the nematode's ability to parasitize the resistant cultivar Bedford. However, rotation of resistant and susceptible cultivars with a nonhost crop produced greater mean soybean yields and slowed the shift toward greater parasitism of the resistant cultivar sufficiently to warrant adoption of this practice. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, Jackson, TN 38301 USA. RP Young, LD (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, 605 Airways Blvd, Jackson, TN 38301 USA. NR 16 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 82 IS 6 BP 615 EP 619 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.6.615 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZP823 UT WOS:000073792000004 ER PT J AU Dill-Macky, R Roelfs, AP AF Dill-Macky, R Roelfs, AP TI The effect of race QCCJ of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici on yield and quality in barley SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Hordeum vulgare; stem rust ID UNITED-STATES; STEM RUST AB The progress of epidemics of race QCCJ of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici was examined in field plots of the barley cultivars Robust, Excel, Stander, Azure, Stark, Larker, Bonanza, and Steptoe. In addition, a potential source of resistance (cv. Diamond), and a susceptible line (ND11075) were included. Rust-free treatments were maintained to provide comparisons of grain yield and quality. Barleys with Rpgl, which confers resistance to races of P. graminis f. sp. tritici other than Pgt-QCCJ, were generally more resistant than cultivars or lines that lacked this gene. However the severity of losses indicated that under high disease pressure the resistance conferred by Rpgl would not be effective. Yield reductions of up to 29% were recorded and were generally associated with reduced grain size and weight. The continued presence of Pgt-QCCJ as a component of the P. graminis population in the United States, since it was first detected in 1989, indicates that Pgt-QCCJ remains a threat to commercial barley production. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Dill-Macky, R (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM ruthdm@puccini.crl.umn.edu NR 27 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 82 IS 6 BP 674 EP 678 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1998.82.6.674 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZP823 UT WOS:000073792000015 ER PT J AU Bock, CH Jeger, MJ Mughogho, LK Mtisi, E Cardwell, KF AF Bock, CH Jeger, MJ Mughogho, LK Mtisi, E Cardwell, KF TI Production of conidia by Peronosclerospora sorghi on sorghum crops in Zimbabwe SO PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPORULATION; MAIZE AB Factors affecting the production of conidia of Peronosclerospora sorghi, causing sorghum downy mildew (SDM), were investigated during 1993 and 1994 in Zimbabwe. In the field conidia were detected on nights when the minimum temperature was in the range 10-19 degrees C. On 73% of nights when conidia were detected rain had fallen within the previous 72 h and on 64% of nights wind speed was <2.0 m s(-l). The time period over which conidia were detected was 2-9 h. Using incubated leaf material, conidia were produced in the temperature range 10-26 degrees C. Local lesions and systemically infected leaf material produced 2.4-5.7 x 10(3) conidia per cm(2). Under controlled conditions conidia were released from conidiophores for 2.5 h after maturation and were shown to be well adapted to wind dispersal, having a settling velocity of 1.5 x 10(-4) m s(-l). Conditions that are suitable for conidia production occur in Zimbabwe and other semi-arid regions of southern Africa during the cropping season. C1 Nat Resources Inst, Chatham ME4 4TB, Kent, England. Wageningen Univ Agr, Dept Phytopathol, NL-6700 EE Wageningen, Netherlands. So African Dev Cooperat, Int Crops Res Inst Semi Arid Trop, Sorghum & Millet Improvement Program, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Plant Protect Res Inst, Dept Res & Special Serv, Harare, Zimbabwe. Int Inst Trop Agr, Ibadan, Nigeria. RP Bock, CH (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 21 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0032-0862 J9 PLANT PATHOL JI Plant Pathol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 47 IS 3 BP 243 EP 251 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3059.1998.00235.x PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA ZW072 UT WOS:000074371100003 ER PT J AU Smith, DL Starrett, DA Gross, KC AF Smith, DL Starrett, DA Gross, KC TI A gene coding for tomato fruit beta-galactosidase II is expressed during fruit ripening - Cloning, characterization, and expression pattern SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CELL-WALL POLYSACCHARIDES; POLYGALACTURONASE GENE; TRANSGENIC TOMATOES; CDNA CLONE; PECTIN; DEGRADATION; INHIBITION AB beta-Galactosidases (EC 3.2.1.23) constitute a widespread family of enzymes characterized by their ability to hydrolyze terminal, non-reducing beta-D-galactosyl residues from beta-D-galactosides, Several beta-galactosidases, sometimes referred to as exo-galactanases, have been purified from plants and shown to possess in vitro activity against extracted cell wall material via the release of galactose from wall polymers containing beta(1-->4)-D-galactan. Although p-galactosidase II, a protein present in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit during ripening and capable of degrading tomato fruit galactan, has been purified, cloning of the corresponding gene has been elusive. We report here the cloning of a cDNA, pTom beta gal 4 (accession no. AF020390), corresponding to beta-galactosidase II, and show that its corresponding gene is expressed during fruit ripening. Northern-blot analysis revealed that the beta-galactosidase II gene transcript was detectable at the breaker stage of ripeness, maximum at the turning stage, and present at decreasing levels during the later stages of normal tomato fruit ripening. At the turning stage of ripeness, the transcript was present in all fruit tissues and was highest in the outermost tissues (including the peel). Confirmation that pTom beta gal 4 codes for beta-galactosidase II was derived from matching protein and deduced amino acid sequences. Furthermore, analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of pTom beta gal 4 suggested a high probability for secretion based on the presence of a hydrophobic leader sequence, a leader-sequence cleavage site, and three possible N-glycosylation sites. The predicted molecular mass and isoelectric point of the pTom#gal 4-encoded mature protein were similar to those reported for the purified beta-galactosidase II protein from tomato fruit. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gross, KC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Bldg 002,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 29 TC 93 Z9 103 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 117 IS 2 BP 417 EP 423 DI 10.1104/pp.117.2.417 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA ZU295 UT WOS:000074182400008 PM 9625694 ER PT J AU Bruton, BD Conway, WS Gross, KC Zhang, JX Biles, CL Sams, CE AF Bruton, BD Conway, WS Gross, KC Zhang, JX Biles, CL Sams, CE TI Polygalacturonases of a latent and wound postharvest fungal pathogen of muskmelon fruit SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cantaloupe; cell wall; Cucumis melo var. cantaloupensis; fungal decay; inhibitor; isozymes; pectinases; Phomopsis cucurbitae; postharvest; Rhizopus stolonifer ID BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; DECAY; PROTEIN; STORAGE AB Partially purified endo- and exo-polygalacturonases (PG) from two fungal pathogens (Phomopsis cucurbitae and Rhizopus stolonifer) were compared in relation to their ability to macerate netted muskmelon tissue at different stages of fruit development. PG extracts from P. cucurbitae, a latent infection pathogen, produced little maceration until fruit were 50 days post-anthesis (10 days postharvest). In contrast, PGs from R. stolonifer, a wound pathogen, produced high levels of maceration at all stages of fruit development from 20 to 50 days post-anthesis. Both pathogens demonstrated highest levels of total PG activity in mesocarp and lowest levels in exocarp (peel) tissues. Isoelectrofocusing - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated two prominent PG isozymes in R. stolonifer and nine isozymes in P. cucurbitae. Cell wall carbohydrate analysis showed an approximately 6-fold decrease in galactosyl residue content between 10 and 50 days post-anthesis in uninfected fruit. Infected fruit showed approximately 7- and 8-fold decreases in galacturonic acid content when infected with P, cucurbitae and R. stolonifer, respectively. Significant decreases in cell wall rhamnosyl and arabinosyl residues occurred during infection of fruit with both pathogens. These results support a role for cell wall pectin degradation during the decay process of muskmelon by these pathogens. The ability to macerate fruit tissue, as related to the latent infection phenomenon, may be due to substrate specificity or inhibitors present in muskmelon fruit tissue. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Agr Res Serv, USDA, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. Agr Res Serv, USDA, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. E Cent Univ, Dept Biol, Ada, OK 74820 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Knoxville, TN 37901 USA. RP Bruton, BD (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. EM bbruton-usda@lane-ag.org NR 37 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 13 IS 3 BP 205 EP 214 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(98)00013-1 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 111GZ UT WOS:000075430100004 ER PT J AU Krinsky, NI AF Krinsky, NI TI Overview of lycopene, carotenoids, and disease prevention SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Lycopene and Tomato Products in Disease Prevention CY MAR 03, 1997 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Hlth Fdn, Tomato Res Council ID BETA-CAROTENE; ALPHA-CAROTENE; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; LUNG-CANCER; RISK; VEGETABLES; PROSTATE; ISOMERS; RETINOL; FRUITS C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Krinsky, NI (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111 USA. EM NKrinsky_mna@OPAL.TUFTS.EDU NR 24 TC 47 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0037-9727 J9 P SOC EXP BIOL MED JI Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 218 IS 2 BP 95 EP 97 PG 3 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA ZP086 UT WOS:000073729900002 PM 9605203 ER PT J AU Beecher, GR AF Beecher, GR TI Nutrient content of tomatoes and tomato products SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Lycopene and Tomato Products in Disease Prevention CY MAR 03, 1997 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Hlth Fdn, Tomato Res Council ID CAROTENOID CONTENT; VEGETABLES; FRUITS AB During the last half-century, the fruit of the cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), commonly considered a vegetable, has become a popular and highly consumed food in the United States. Production of tomatoes in the United States ranks second only to potatoes. As a consequence, tomatoes and tomato-based foods provide a convenient matrix by which nutrients and other health-related food components can be supplied to human beings. Tomatoes and tomato products are rich sources of folate, vitamin C, and potassium. Relative to phytonutrients, the most abundant in tomatoes are the carotenoids. Lycopene is the most prominent carotenoid followed by beta-carotene, gamma-carotene and phytoene as well as several minor carotenoids. The antioxidant activity of lycopene as well as several other carotenoids and their abundance in tomatoes makes these foods rich sources of antioxidant activity. The provitamin A activity of beta- and gamma-carotene, their modest levels in tomato products, and the high consumption of these foods results in a rich supply of vitamin A activity from tomato-based foods. Tomatoes also contain several other components that are beneficial to health, including vitamin E, trace elements, flavonoids, phytosterols, and several water-soluble vitamins. C1 ARS, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Beecher, GR (reprint author), Room 202,Bldg 161,BARC-E,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM Beecher@bhnrc.usda.gov NR 15 TC 144 Z9 155 U1 1 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0037-9727 J9 P SOC EXP BIOL MED JI Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 218 IS 2 BP 98 EP 100 PG 3 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA ZP086 UT WOS:000073729900003 PM 9605204 ER PT J AU Johnson, EJ AF Johnson, EJ TI Human studies on bioavailability and plasma response of lycopene SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Lycopene and Tomato Products in Disease Prevention CY MAR 03, 1997 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Hlth Fdn, Tomato Res Council ID BETA-CAROTENE; ALCOHOL-CONSUMPTION; TRANSPORT; ISOMERS; RETINOL; ABSORPTION; VEGETABLES; INGESTION; DIETARY; MEN C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Johnson, EJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 25 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0037-9727 J9 P SOC EXP BIOL MED JI Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 218 IS 2 BP 115 EP 120 PG 6 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA ZP086 UT WOS:000073729900007 PM 9605208 ER PT J AU Aro, A Pietinen, P Valsta, LM Turpeinen, AM Ehnholm, C Dougherty, RM Iacono, JM AF Aro, Antti Pietinen, Pirjo Valsta, Liisa M. Turpeinen, Anu M. Ehnholm, Christian Dougherty, Rita M. Iacono, James M. TI Effects of reduced-fat diets with different fatty acid compositions on serum lipoprotein lipids and apolipoproteins SO PUBLIC HEALTH NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE Diet; Fat reduction; Fatty acids; Monounsaturated; Polyunsaturated; Cholesterol; Lipoproteins; Apolipoproteins AB Objective: To compare the effects on serum lipoproteins of three isocaloric diets with reduced total fat and saturated fatty acid (SFA) contents but with different proportions of monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Design: A low-fat diet (LF) provided 20 en% fat, 7.9% SFA, 7.8% MUFA, 3.0% PUFA; a high-PUFA diet (HP) 26 en% fat, 7.5% SFA, 8.2% MUFA, 8.1% PUFA; and a high-MUFA diet (HM) 26 en% fat, 7.3% SFA, 14.1% MUFA, 3.2% PUFA. Diets were consumed for 8 weeks in a parallel design, after 2 weeks on a habitual diet with 33-34 en% fat, 13-14% SFA, 12% MUFA, 6% PUFA, and followed by an 8-week period on habitual diet. Compliance to diet was monitored by repeated food records and weekly visits to a nutritionist. Subjects: 45 free-living, middle-aged couples who were randomly allocated into the three diet groups; 43 men and 44 women completed the study. Results: During the diet periods, a small but significant reduction in body weight of 0.4-1.0kg was observed in all groups. Similar and significant reductions of mean weight-adjusted serum total cholesterol (4-8%), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (7-1 1%), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (8-1 1%) were observed during the diets. HDL2-cholesterol and apoprotein (apo) A-I levels were reduced whereas HDL3-cholesterol and apoA-II increased. ApoB was significantly decreased during the HM diet only. Serum triglycerides increased significantly during diets LF (25%, P< 0.01) and HP (19%, P< 0.05) but not during diet HM (5%, NS). Conclusions: Reduction in the intake of total fat and saturated fatty acids reduced serum LDL-cholesterol and HDL2-cholesterol concentrations irrespective of the relative proportions of MUFA and PUFA in the diets. The results suggest that there might be some advantage in increasing the proportion of MUFA in low-fat diets, since the HM diet rich in MUFA reduced apoB and slightly attenuated the increase in serum triglycerides that is commonly associated with dietary fat reduction. C1 [Aro, Antti; Pietinen, Pirjo; Valsta, Liisa M.; Turpeinen, Anu M.] Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Dept Nutr, Helsinki, Finland. [Ehnholm, Christian] Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Dept Biochem, Helsinki, Finland. [Dougherty, Rita M.; Iacono, James M.] USDA, Western Human Nutr Ctr, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Aro, A (reprint author), Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Dept Nutr, Helsinki, Finland. EM Antti.Aro@ktl.fi FU United States Department of Agriculture; Finnish Heart Foundation; Research Council for Health; Academy of Finland FX This study was supported by grants from the United States Department of Agriculture, the Finnish Heart Foundation, and the Research Council for Health, Academy of Finland. The authors thank Pekka Puska for providing facilities, Paivi Kleemola for calculating the diets, Sanna Junkkonen, Anne Jarvinen, Tuula Poyhonen and Teija Vainikka for the dietary counselling, Tiina Vlasoff for managing the contacts with the participants, Mikko Virtanen for statistical advice, Jouko Sundvall for expert technical assistance in lipoprotein analysis, and the volunteers for excellent co-operation. NR 51 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 1368-9800 EI 1475-2727 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH NUTR JI Public Health Nutr. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 1 IS 2 BP 109 EP 116 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nutrition & Dietetics GA V32NH UT WOS:000208957400005 PM 10933407 ER PT J AU Stehman, SV Czaplewski, RL AF Stehman, SV Czaplewski, RL TI Design and analysis for thematic map accuracy assessment: Fundamental principles SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article ID REMOTELY-SENSED DATA; RURAL-URBAN FRINGE; CLASSIFICATION ACCURACY; SATELLITE IMAGERY; LAND-USE; IMPROVE; FOREST; ERROR; RESOURCES; SIZE AB Before being used in scientific investigations and policy decisions, thematic maps constructed from remotely sensed data should be subjected to a statistically rigorous accuracy assessment. The three basic components of an accuracy assessment are: 1) the sampling design used to select the reference sample; 2) the response design used to obtain the reference land-cover classification for each sampling unit; and 3) the estimation and analysis procedures. We discuss options available for each of these components. A statistically rigorous assessment requires both a probability sampling design and statistically consistent estimators of accuracy parameters, along with a response design determined in accordance with features of the mapping and classification process such as the land-cover classification scheme, minimum mapping unit, and spatial scale of the mapping. (C)Elsevier Science Inc., 1998. C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Stehman, SV (reprint author), SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, 320 Bray Hall,1 Forestry Dr, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. NR 65 TC 328 Z9 340 U1 6 U2 58 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 64 IS 3 BP 331 EP 344 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00010-8 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA ZN397 UT WOS:000073641800008 ER PT J AU Shields, DJ AF Shields, DJ TI Forest politics SO RESOURCES POLICY LA English DT Book Review C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Shields, DJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0301-4207 J9 RESOUR POLICY JI Resour. Policy PD JUN PY 1998 VL 24 IS 2 BP 137 EP 138 PG 2 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 138MZ UT WOS:000076977200012 ER PT J AU Knapp, RA Matthews, KR AF Knapp, RA Matthews, KR TI Eradication of nonnative fish by gill netting from a small mountain lake in California SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTRODUCED FISHES; NATIONAL-PARKS; SIERRA-NEVADA; TROUT; COMMUNITIES; POPULATIONS; MANAGEMENT; ROTENONE; FROG AB Nearly all mountain lakes in the western United States were historically fishless, but most now contain introduced trout populations. As a result of the impacts of these introductions on ecosystem structure and function, there is increasing interest in restoring some lakes to a fishless condition. To date, however, the only effective method of fish eradication is the application of rotenone, a pesticide that is also toxic to nontarget native species. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of intensive gill netting in eradicating the trout population from a small subalpine lake in the Sierra Nevada, California. We removed the resident trout population and a second trout population accidentally stocked into the study lake within 18 and 15 gill net sets, respectively. Adult trout were highly vulnerable to gill nets, but younger fish were not readily captured until they reached approximately 110 mm. To determine the utility of gill netting as a fish eradication technique in other Sierra Nevada lakes, we used morphometry data from 330 Sierra Nevada lakes to determine what proportion had characteristics similar to the study lake (i.e., small, isolated lakes with little spawning habitat). We estimated that gill netting would be a viable eradication method in 15-20% of the high mountain lakes in the Sierra Nevada. We conclude that although gill netting is likely to be more expensive and time consuming than rotenone application, it is a viable alternative under some conditions and should be the method of choice when sensitive native species are present. C1 Univ Calif, Sierra Nevada Aquat Res Lab, Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Berkeley, CA 94701 USA. RP Knapp, RA (reprint author), Univ Calif, Sierra Nevada Aquat Res Lab, Star Route 1,Box 198, Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546 USA. RI Knapp, Roland/B-1337-2009; Matthews, Kathleen/G-8773-2012 OI Knapp, Roland/0000-0002-1954-2745; NR 38 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 5 U2 20 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 6 IS 2 BP 207 EP 213 DI 10.1111/j.1526-100X.1998.06212.x PG 7 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZV113 UT WOS:000074270400010 ER PT J AU Riley, RT Voss, KA Norred, WP Sharma, RP Wang, E Merrill, AH AF Riley, RT Voss, KA Norred, WP Sharma, RP Wang, E Merrill, AH TI Fumonisins: mechanism of mycotoxicity SO REVUE DE MEDECINE VETERINAIRE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Satellite Meeting on Mycotoxins in Food Chain - Processing and Toxicological Aspects at the IUTOX VIIIth International Congress of Toxicology CY JUL 02-04, 1998 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP Consiel Reg Midi Pyrenees, Conseil Gen Midi Pyrenees, ENVT, FAO, ESNS, INRA, Min Environm, Min Culture & Commun, AgrEvo France, ASEDIS SO, BASF France, Bayer, Cyanamid Agro, Diffchamb & R Biopharm, Doxal France, Du Pont De Nemour, Fleury Michon, Grp Danone, Lallemand, Merial, Monsanto, Nestle, Neogen Corp, Novartis Agro, Pioneer Semences, RAGT, Rhone Diagnost, Rhone Poulenc agro France, Sanders Aliments, Sirena & Biomin, SOPRA, Syndicat Francais Aliments & Enfance & Dietet, Syndicat Francais Cereales Pretes Consommer Preparer, Syndicat Ind Alimentaires Diverses, Syndicat Natl Biscuiterie Francaise, Union Ind Protect Plantes, Vicam DE fumonisin; Fusarium; sphingolipid; lipid ID NOVO SPHINGOLIPID BIOSYNTHESIS; PROTEIN-KINASE-C; MONILIFORME CULTURE MATERIAL; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; HUMAN KERATINOCYTES; INDUCE APOPTOSIS; RAT HEPATOCYTES; CELLS; B-1; SPHINGOSINE AB The purpose of this article is to review the various mechanistic hypotheses for fumonisin-induced animal diseases; including porcine pulmonary edema, equine leukoencephalomalacia, nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity in several animal species, and liver cancer promotion activity in rats. Disruption of sphingolipid metabolism is an early event that is closely correlated with alterations in cell proliferation and increased cell death in most primary cell cultures and cell lines that have been examined. While primary rat hepatocytes and liver slices are very sensitive to fumonisin-induced disruption of sphingolipid metabolism, they are relatively insensitive to the toxic effects of fumonisins. Nonetheless, the onset and progression of F. moniliforme-associated diseases in pigs, horses, rabbits, mice, and rats in vivo, are closely correlated with evidence for disruption of sphingolipid metabolism. Fumonisins also affect other aspects of lipid metabolism and sites of cellular regulation that are reportedly independent of the disruption of sphingolipid metabolism. However disruption of sphingolipid metabolism and signal transduction pathways, mediated by lipid second messengers or signaling pathways affected by disrupted sphingolipid metabolism, could be an important aspect of all the various proposed mechanisms of action. C1 USDA ARS, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol & Pharmacol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Riley, RT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. EM riley@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 94 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 5 PU ECOLE NATIONAL VET TOULOUSE PI TOULOUSE PA 23 CHEMIN DES CAPELLES, 31076 TOULOUSE, FRANCE SN 0035-1555 J9 REV MED VET-TOULOUSE JI Rev. Med. Vet. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 149 IS 6 BP 617 EP 626 PG 10 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 105MW UT WOS:000075078200013 ER PT J AU Marks, HM Coleman, ME Lin, CTJ Roberts, T AF Marks, HM Coleman, ME Lin, CTJ Roberts, T TI Topics in microbial risk assessment: Dynamic flow tree process SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE surrogate model; analysis of variance; uncertainty; variability; maximum likelihood estimator ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC-SYNDROME; HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; BACTERIAL-GROWTH; GROUND-BEEF; WASHINGTON; OUTBREAK; SHIGELLOSIS; TEMPERATURE; INFECTIONS AB Microbial risk assessment is emerging as a new discipline in risk assessment. A systematic approach to microbial risk assessment is presented that employs data analysis for developing parsimonious models and accounts formally for the variability and uncertainty of model inputs using analysis of variance and Monte Carlo simulation. The purpose of the paper is to raise and examine issues in conducting microbial risk assessments. The enteric pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 was selected as an example for this study due to its significance to public health. The framework for our work is consistent with the risk assessment components described by the National Research Council in 1983 (hazard identification; exposure assessment; dose-response assessment; and risk characterization). Exposure assessment focuses on hamburgers, cooked a range of temperatures from rare to well done, the latter typical for fast food restaurants. Features of the model include predictive microbiology components that account for random stochastic growth and death of organisms in hamburger. For dose-response modeling, Shigella data from human feeding studies were used as a surrogate for E. coli O157:H7. Risks were calculated using a threshold model and an alternative nonthreshold model. The 95% probability intervals for risk of illness for product cooked to a given internal temperature spanned five orders of magnitude for these models. The existence of even a small threshold has a dramatic impact on the estimated risk. C1 USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA, Serv Econ Res, Washington, DC USA. RP Marks, HM (reprint author), USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 70 TC 69 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 4 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 18 IS 3 BP 309 EP 328 DI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1998.tb01298.x PG 20 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA ZZ433 UT WOS:000074728900012 PM 9664727 ER PT J AU Salamon, S Farnsworth, RL Rendziak, JA AF Salamon, S Farnsworth, RL Rendziak, JA TI Is locally led conservation planning working? A farm town case study SO RURAL SOCIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Rural-Sociological-Society CY AUG 13-17, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Rural Sociol Soc AB A qualitative case study of a rural Illinois community whose water supply has been compromised by a farm chemical is used to highlight the social, cultural, and economic factors that shape locally led planning efforts of a type now being advocated by natural resources governmental agencies. The paper answers the question: why did the central Illinois watershed planning effort craft a cooperative rather than a conflictual solution? Trust of and attachment to farmers, both evidence of social capital, helped community members to balance economic, social and health risks. The balance arrived at created a tacit mandate for a farmer-led planning committee to solve the atrazine problem in a way acceptable to farmers and townspeople. The cooperative solution represents a consensus: concerns remain, but people are willing to support the plan. Consensus also demonstrates that planning as a positive action can create new social capital, which can support further planning. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Human & Commun Dev, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Agr & Consumer Econ, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA, Natl Resources Conservat Serv, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. RP Salamon, S (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Human & Commun Dev, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 39 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 3 PU RURAL SOCIOLOGICAL SOC PI BELLINGHAM PA C/O RABEL J BURDGE, TREASURER, WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIV, DEPT SOCIOL ARNTZEN HALL R-510, BELLINGHAM, WA 98225-9081 USA SN 0036-0112 J9 RURAL SOCIOL JI Rural Sociol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 63 IS 2 BP 214 EP 234 PG 21 WC Sociology SC Sociology GA 105FU UT WOS:000075062700003 ER PT J AU Wergin, WP Rango, A Erbe, EF AF Wergin, WP Rango, A Erbe, EF TI Image comparisons of snow and ice crystals photographed by light (video) microscopy and low-temperature scanning electron microscopy SO SCANNING LA English DT Article DE low-temperature scanning electron microscopy; snow crystals; ice; video microscopy AB Light (video) microscopy and low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to examine and record images of identical precipitated and metamorphosed snow crystals as well as glacial ice grains. Collection procedures enabled numerous samples from distant locations to be shipped to a laboratory for storage and/or observation. The frozen samples could be imaged with a video microscope in the laboratory at ambient temperatures or with the low-temperature SEM. Stereo images obtained by video microscopy or low-temperature SEM greatly increased the ease of structural interpretations. The preparation procedures that were used for low-temperature SEM did not result in sublimation or melting. However, this technique did provide far greater resolution and depth of focus over that of the video microscope. The advantage of resolution was especially evident when examining the small particles associated with rime and graupel (snow crystals encumbered with frozen water droplets), whereas the greater depth of focus provided clearer photographs of large crystals such as depth hear, and ice. Because the SEM images contained only surface information while the video images were frequently confounded by surface and internal information, the SEM images also clarified the structural features of depth hear crystals and ice grains. Low-temperature SEM appears to have considerable promise for future investigations of snow and ice. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, PSI, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wergin, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, PSI, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 7 PU FAMS INC PI MAHWAH PA BOX 832, MAHWAH, NJ 07430 USA SN 0161-0457 J9 SCANNING JI Scanning PD JUN PY 1998 VL 20 IS 4 BP 285 EP 296 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy GA ZX430 UT WOS:000074515000001 ER PT J AU Wood, DF Venet, C Berrios, JD AF Wood, DF Venet, C Berrios, JD TI Microstructure of the processing of black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from puree to drum-dried flakes SO SCANNING LA English DT Article DE microstructure; black bean; extrusion; microscopy ID PROTEIN-QUALITY; SCREW EXTRUSION; FLOUR; WHEAT; COOKING; SOY AB Black bean puree and drum-dried flake microstructures were studied and compared with raw bean by light and scanning electron microscopies. Results illustrate the value of microscopy as a tool for evaluating physical and chemical changes in bean components due to processing. Microscopy was employed to follow the microstructural changes during the processing of black beans by looking at the intermediate product (the puree) and the end product (the flake). The consequences of processing on storage components such as starch, proteins, lipids, and cell walls were elucidated. The bean puree contained starch granules within intact cells and seed coat fragments throughout the product. The drum-dried flakes had a rough exterior, and starch granules were also found within intact cells. Both starch granules and seed coat fragments were found in the drum-dried flake matrices. Protein bodies, occurring in the raw bean, were present (but less obvious than in the raw bean) in both the bean puree and the drum-dried flake. Cell contents that no longer occured in intact cells consisted of fused protein bodies in both products. The seed coat did not change significantly during processing, and pieces of seed coat were easily differentiated throughout the bean puree and the drum-dried flakes. The endosperm, which is closely adherent to the inner portion of the seed coat in the intact bean, was no longer evident in the processed samples, presumably because the endosperm tissue had completely solubilized following the addition of water. Lipids occurred as small droplets and were located throughout both the bean puree and the drum-dried flakes. The bean puree consisted mostly of clumps of intact cotyledon cells with very few broken cells. The cotyledon cells contained intact starch granules with no evidence of starch gelatinization [i.e., the irreversible breakdown of the granule structure (Dengate 1984)]. Free starch granules in the puree, resulting from broken cells, were slightly swollen and had begun to gelatinize. Protein bodies were still evident in the puree, but no longer stained as in the raw mature bean. The drum-dried flakes contained intact and broken cotyledon cells. Intact cells contained protein bodies that were difficult to detect and appeared to be a rather continuous protein matrix. The cotyledon cells also contained partially gelatinized starch granules that remained mostly distinct but were beginning to fuse. Starch granules interspersed between intact cells were fused and completely gelatinized. The drum-dried flake matrix consisted of a continuous mixture of protein, starch, and cell wall material. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Cereal Prod Utilizat Res Unit, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Royal Canin, Usine De Cambrai, Les Rues Des Vi, France. RP Wood, DF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Cereal Prod Utilizat Res Unit, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 9 PU FAMS INC PI MAHWAH PA BOX 832, MAHWAH, NJ 07430 USA SN 0161-0457 J9 SCANNING JI Scanning PD JUN PY 1998 VL 20 IS 4 BP 335 EP 344 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy GA ZX430 UT WOS:000074515000007 ER PT J AU Welbaum, GE Bradford, KJ Yim, KO Booth, DT Oluoch, MO AF Welbaum, GE Bradford, KJ Yim, KO Booth, DT Oluoch, MO TI Biophysical, physiological and biochemical processes regulating seed germination SO SEED SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT W-168 Symposium on Seed Biology and Technology - Applications and Advances CY AUG, 1997 CL FT COLLINS, CO SP Agr Evo USA Co, C A B Int, Goldsmith Seeds Inc, Gustafson Inc, Int Symposium on Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Cereals, Monsanto Co, USDA-ARS Nat Seed Storage Lab, Novartis Seeds Inc, Pioneer Hi-Bred Int Inc DE endo-beta-mannanase; germination; hydrothermal time; modelling; puncture force; semipermeability; thermal time ID ENDO-BETA-MANNANASE; CUCUMIS-MELO L; TOMATO LYCOPERSICON-ESCULENTUM; ABSCISIC ACID-DEFICIENT; DATURA FEROX SEEDS; WATER RELATIONS; CELL-WALL; CONSTANT TEMPERATURES; MICROPYLAR ENDOSPERM; LETTUCE SEEDS AB In the physiological sense, germination begins with seed water uptake and ends with the initiation of elongation by the embryonic axis, usually the radicle. The driving forces and constraints on expansion by the embryo are examined, particularly for seeds in which the embryo is surrounded by endosperm and testa tissues that restrict growth. Models have been developed to predict germination based on thermal time, hydrotime and combined hydrothermal time. These population-based models indicate that the timing of germination is closely tied to physiologically determined temperature and water potential thresholds for radicle emergence which vary among individual seeds in a population. The restraint imposed by tissues surrounding the radicle is a major determinant of the threshold water potential. Enzymatic weakening of these tissues is a key event regulating the timing of radicle emergence. Considerable evidence suggests that endo-beta-mannanase is involved in this process in a number of species, although it is doubtful that it is the sole determinant of when radicle emergence occurs. Molecular and biochemical studies are revealing the complexity of events occurring in endosperm and embryo cells associated with the completion of germination. Unique permeability properties and the presence of enzymes associated with pathogen resistance suggest additional functional roles for the tissues enclosing the embryo. The insights gained from physiology and modelling are being extended by the application of molecular techniques to identify and determine the function of genes expressed in association with germination. Single-seed assay methods, in vivo reporters, specific modification of gene expression and mutagenesis will be critical technologies for advancing our understanding of germination. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Hort, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Vegetable Crops, Davis, CA 95616 USA. USDA ARS, High Plains Grass Res Stn, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. RP Welbaum, GE (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Hort, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. EM welbaum@vt.edu NR 111 TC 60 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 16 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0960-2585 J9 SEED SCI RES JI Seed Sci. Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 8 IS 2 BP 161 EP 172 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 113KY UT WOS:000075551200010 ER PT J AU Allen, PS Meyer, SE AF Allen, PS Meyer, SE TI Ecological aspects of seed dormancy loss SO SEED SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT W-168 Symposium on Seed Biology and Technology - Applications and Advances CY AUG, 1997 CL FT COLLINS, COLORADO SP Agr Evo USA Co, C A B Int, Goldsmith Seeds Inc, Gustafson Inc, Int Symposium on Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Cereals, Monsanto Co, USDA-ARS Nat Seed Storage Lab, Novartis Seeds Inc, Pioneer Hi-Bred Int Inc DE after-ripening; ecotype; habitat-correlated variation; hydrothermal time; modelling; seedbank; seed ecology ID HABITAT-CORRELATED VARIATION; GERMINATION RESPONSE; SOIL-TEMPERATURE; BETWEEN-POPULATION; WINTER ANNUALS; CORN EMERGENCE; PATTERNS; SCROPHULARIACEAE; DEPTH; REQUIREMENTS AB Advances in seed biology include progress in understanding the ecological significance of seed dormancy mechanisms. This knowledge is being used to make more accurate predictions of germination timing in the field. For several wild species whose seedlings establish in spring, seed populations show relevant variation that can be correlated with habitat conditions. Populations from severe winter sites, where the major risk to seedlings is frost, tend to have long chilling requirements or to germinate very slowly at low temperatures. Populations from warmer sites, where the major risk is drought, are non-dormant and germinate Very rapidly under these same conditions. Seed populations from intermediate sites exhibit variation in dormancy levels, both among and within plants, which spreads germination across a considerable time period. For grasses that undergo dry after-ripening, seed dormancy loss can be successfully modelled using hydrothermal time. Dormancy loss for a seed population is associated with a progressive downward shift in the mean base water potential, i.e., the water potential below which half of the seeds will not germinate. Other parameters (hydrothermal time requirement, base temperature and standard deviation of base water potentials) tend to be constant through time. Simulation models for predicting dormancy loss in the field can be created by combining measurements of seed zone temperatures with equations that describe changes in mean base water potential as a function of temperature. Successful validation of these and other models demonstrates that equations based on laboratory data can be used to predict dormancy loss under widely fluctuating field conditions. Future progress may allow prediction of germination timing based on knowledge of intrinsic dormancy characteristics of a seed population and long-term weather patterns in the field. C1 Brigham Young Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Provo, UT 84602 USA. USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, US Forest Serv, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT 84606 USA. RP Allen, PS (reprint author), Brigham Young Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Provo, UT 84602 USA. NR 65 TC 58 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 11 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-2585 J9 SEED SCI RES JI Seed Sci. Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 8 IS 2 BP 183 EP 191 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 113KY UT WOS:000075551200012 ER PT J AU Walker-Simmons, MK AF Walker-Simmons, MK TI Protein kinases in seeds SO SEED SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT W-168 Symposium on Seed Biology and Technology - Applications and Advances CY AUG, 1997 CL FT COLLINS, CO SP Agr Evo USA Co, C A B Int, Goldsmith Seeds Inc, Gustafson Inc, Int Symposium on Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Cereals, Monsanto Co, USDA-ARS Nat Seed Storage Lab, Novartis Seeds Inc, Pioneer Hi-Bred Int Inc DE protein kinases; protein phosphatases; protein phosphorylation; seed signalling ID CALMODULIN-LIKE DOMAIN; SULFATE-POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL; ACID SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; RECEPTOR KINASE; CELL-CYCLE; MAP KINASE; DISEASE RESISTANCE; GENE FAMILY; CDNA CLONE AB Reversible phosphorylation is catalysed by protein kinases that transfer the gamma-phosphate from ATP to amino acid residues of proteins. The process can be reversed by protein phosphatases. Phosphorylation can dramatically activate or inhibit enzymes and affect protein-protein interaction. Through phosphorylation protein kinases can amplify and propagate cellular signals. In plants and now seeds, protein kinases involved in hormone, defence and environmental stress responses are being identified. Increasingly, these protein kinases are being cloned and characterized, demonstrating the major role of reversible protein phosphorylation in seeds. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Walker-Simmons, MK (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, 209 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM ksimmons@wsu.edu NR 76 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0960-2585 J9 SEED SCI RES JI Seed Sci. Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 8 IS 2 BP 193 EP 200 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 113KY UT WOS:000075551200013 ER PT J AU Forcella, F AF Forcella, F TI Real-time assessment of seed dormancy and seedling growth for weed management SO SEED SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT W-168 Symposium on Seed Biology and Technology - Applications and Advances CY AUG, 1997 CL FT COLLINS, COLORADO SP Agr Evo USA Co, C A B Int, Goldsmith Seeds Inc, Gustafson Inc, Int Symposium on Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Cereals, Monsanto Co, USDA-ARS Nat Seed Storage Lab, Novartis Seeds Inc, Pioneer Hi-Bred Int Inc DE emergence; growing degree days; seedling; simulation; software; soil temperature; soil water potential; WeedCast ID CORN; EMERGENCE; TILLAGE; MODEL AB Computer software called WeedCast was developed to simulate weed seed dormancy, timing of seedling emergence, and seedling height growth in crop environments in real-time and using actual or forecasted weather data. Weather data include daily rainfall and minimum and maximum air temperatures. Air temperatures are converted to average daily soil temperature at 5-cm soil depth using a series of equations that are specific for soil type, tillage system and previous year's crop-residue type. Daily rainfall and soil temperature estimates are combined to determine soil water potential (in megapascals) at 5-cm depth. Daily estimated soil water potential or soil temperatures are matched to empirically-derived threshold values that induce secondary dormancy in seeds of certain species. Soil growing degree days (GDD), calculated from soil temperatures, are used to project maximum emergence rates of weed seedlings. Emergence ceases on days when soil water potential falls below threshold values specific to each species. GDD based on air temperatures are used to estimate post-emergence seedling height growth. All three types of simulation provide information that allows users to answer important weed management questions in real-time. These types of questions include but are not limited to the following: (1) Are soil-applied treatments necessary? (2) How late can pre-emergence herbicides be applied? (3) When should mechanical control be implemented? (4) When should field-scouting commence and end? (5) When should post-emergence herbicides be applied? C1 USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. RP Forcella, F (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Soil Conservat Res Lab, Morris, MN 56267 USA. NR 16 TC 80 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 10 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-2585 J9 SEED SCI RES JI Seed Sci. Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 8 IS 2 BP 201 EP 209 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 113KY UT WOS:000075551200014 ER PT J AU Walters, C AF Walters, C TI Understanding the mechanisms and kinetics of seed aging SO SEED SCIENCE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT W-168 Symposium on Seed Biology and Technology - Applications and Advances CY AUG, 1997 CL FT COLLINS, CO SP Agr Evo USA Co, C A B Int, Goldsmith Seeds Inc, Gustafson Inc, Int Symposium on Pre-Harvest Sprouting in Cereals, Monsanto Co, USDA-ARS Nat Seed Storage Lab, Novartis Seeds Inc, Pioneer Hi-Bred Int Inc DE chemical degradation; glass; kinetics; lipid peroxidation; phase diagram; seed aging; seed quality; temperature; seed vigour; water activity; water content ID PEROXIDE-SCAVENGING ENZYMES; MOISTURE-CONTENT LIMIT; EARLY SOYBEAN SEED; L MILLSP CULTIVARS; ORYZA-SATIVA L; WATER ACTIVITY; GLASS-TRANSITION; DESICCATION TOLERANCE; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; STORAGE STABILITY AB When seeds deteriorate, they lose vigour and become more sensitive to stresses upon germination. Eventually seeds lose the ability to germinate. The factors which determine the rate of this 'aging' are the temperature and moisture content at which seeds are stored and an ill-defined parameter, seed quality. While it has been known for many years that manipulation of these factors influences the longevity of seeds, the precise interactions among them are so poorly understood as to preclude the prediction of longevity for a particular seed lot. Concepts from studies of materials and food stability can be applied to seed aging research, and this may help us take a more integrative approach to understanding the kinetics of seed deterioration. These concepts describe the physical environment of the seed matrix in response to changing water contents and temperature. Water activity models describe the state of water in the seed. while the glass models describe the state of the aqueous solution. Both models presume that changes of state affect the nature and kinetics of chemical reactions. Thus, the physical and chemical environment within the seed are inextricably linked. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Seed Storage Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Walters, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Seed Storage Lab, 1111 S Mason St, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. EM chrisv@lamar.colostate.edu NR 203 TC 197 Z9 218 U1 3 U2 29 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA EDINBURGH BLDG, SHAFTESBURY RD, CB2 8RU CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND SN 0960-2585 J9 SEED SCI RES JI Seed Sci. Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 8 IS 2 BP 223 EP 244 PG 22 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 113KY UT WOS:000075551200016 ER PT J AU McKean, JR Taylor, RG Alward, G Young, RA AF McKean, JR Taylor, RG Alward, G Young, RA TI Adapting synthesized input-output models for small natural resource-based regions: A case study SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE synthetic input-output ID MULTIPLIERS AB Synthesized input-output has become the method of choice for estimating indirect economic impacts of regional agriculture and resource policy changes. Synthesized models trade off survey based I-O accuracy for less expense and timely response. without adjustment, synthesized models may be more appropriate for large urban areas versus applications in small rural economies. Natural resource extraction, energy sectors, and agriculture present unique data problems requiring extra attention. Deficiencies common to many synthesized models are discussed and practical modifications are illustrated and applied to a case study synthesized model in northwestern Colorado. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. AEI Econ Consultants, Ft Collins, CO USA. Univ Nebraska, Scottsbluff, NE 69361 USA. US Forest Serv, Land Management Planning Syst Grp, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP McKean, JR (reprint author), POB 120, Masonville, CO 80541 USA. NR 38 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0894-1920 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR JI Soc. Nat. Resour. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 11 IS 4 BP 387 EP 399 DI 10.1080/08941929809381089 PG 13 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA ZX264 UT WOS:000074496800005 ER PT J AU Bliss, JC Sisock, ML Birch, TW AF Bliss, JC Sisock, ML Birch, TW TI Ownership matters: Forestland concentration in rural Alabama SO SOCIETY & NATURAL RESOURCES LA English DT Article DE forest ownership; land concentration; land tenure; rural development; well-being AB The land tenure literature theorizes relationships between land tenure patterns and rural well-being which have application in the analysis of contemporary trends in forestland ownership in the U.S. South. Of particular interest are impacts of landownership concentration on the well-being of rural areas. In this article, we review the literature on land concentration and well-being; describe current forest ownership patterns in the state of Alabama; discuss the possible relevance of such patterns to economic, social, and environmental well-being; and propose a research agenda for measuring forestland concentration and testing hypothetical relationships between forest tenure and rural well-being. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI USA. US Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, Radnor, PA USA. RP Bliss, JC (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, 280 Peavy Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 38 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0894-1920 J9 SOC NATUR RESOUR JI Soc. Nat. Resour. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 11 IS 4 BP 401 EP 410 DI 10.1080/08941929809381090 PG 10 WC Environmental Studies; Planning & Development; Sociology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration; Sociology GA ZX264 UT WOS:000074496800006 ER PT J AU Zablotowicz, RM Hoagland, RE Wagner, SC AF Zablotowicz, RM Hoagland, RE Wagner, SC TI 2-nitroacetanilide as substrate for determination of aryl acylamidase activity in soils SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PURIFICATION; TILLAGE; TULIP AB A direct colorimetric assay for measuring aryl acylamidase activity in soils is described using 2-nitroacetanilide (2-NAA) as substrate. The assay is based upon an increase in absorption (410 nm) due to formation of the chromogenic hydrolysis product 2-nitroaniline, after incubation of soil with 2-NAA (2.0 mM) in phosphate buffer (pH 8.0). Due to low specific activities (5-53 nmol g(-1) soil h(-1)) incubations of 20-24 h are required. 2-NAA hydrolytic activity in soil was dependent on substrate concentration, with apparent K-m values of 180 to 920 mu M for the soils examined. 2-NAA aryl acylamidase activity was linear for a 35 h incubation. The activity was reduced by 71 to 85% in the presence of carbaryl (100 mu M), an aryl acylamidase inhibitor. Aryl acylamidase activity was increased from 1.31 to 2.78-fold in no-till (NT) soils compared to conventional-till (CT) soils, corresponding with increased organic matter accumulation and microbial activity in the four (NT) soils studied. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Lab, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Stephen F Austin State Univ, Dept Biol, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. RP Zablotowicz, RM (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Lab, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. OI Zablotowicz, Robert/0000-0001-8070-1998 NR 31 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 30 IS 6 BP 679 EP 686 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(97)00216-2 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA ZT147 UT WOS:000074053900001 ER PT J AU Kodesova, R Gribb, MM Simunek, J AF Kodesova, R Gribb, MM Simunek, J TI Estimating soil hydraulic properties from transient cone permeameter data SO SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE soil hydraulic properties; parameter estimation; cone penetration testing; unsaturated hydraulic conductivity; inverse modeling ID STEP OUTFLOW EXPERIMENTS; WATER PRESSURE DATA; PARAMETER-ESTIMATION; INVERSE METHOD; MULTISTEP OUTFLOW; CONDUCTIVITY; FLOW AB We present here a method for determining the hydraulic properties of unsaturated soil via inverse modeling. A modified cone penetrometer, called a cone permeameter, has been designed to inject water into the soil through a screen and to measure the progress of the wetting front with two tensiometer rings positioned above the screen. Cumulative inflow and pressure head readings are analyzed to obtain estimates of the hydraulic parameters describing the hydraulic conductivity curve K(h) and the soil-moisture characteristic curve, theta(h). Two sets of cone permeameter tests, which differ in the method of placement in the soil, are discussed. In the first case, the cone permeameter was buried; in the second case, it was placed by direct push to the testing depth. Optimizations for various sets of unknown parameters, with and without additional soil moisture information, were performed.The effects of applied pressure head at the source and of initial pressure readings on the resulting hydraulic parameters are investigated. The optimization results are compared with the results of standard laboratory and field methods. The saturated hydraulic conductivity was well estimated. For cases in which the saturated moisture content was estimated or fixed near the laboratory-derived value, the soil-moisture characteristic curves were between the wetting and drying curves obtained from other standard methods. C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. ARS, US Salin Lab, USDA, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Gribb, MM (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 300 Main St, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. EM gribb@sc.edu RI Simunek, Jiri/F-3196-2011 NR 41 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0038-075X J9 SOIL SCI JI Soil Sci. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 163 IS 6 BP 436 EP 453 DI 10.1097/00010694-199806000-00002 PG 18 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA ZW868 UT WOS:000074456400002 ER PT J AU Uri, ND AF Uri, ND TI Trends in the use of conservation tillage in US agriculture SO SOIL USE AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE conservation tillage; trends; USA ID TECHNOLOGY AB In 1996 conservation tillage was used on nearly 36% of the cropped area of the USA. This level has remained relatively unchanged over the past few years. The use of conservation tillage varied by crop and was dependent on site-specific factors including soil type, topsoil depth, and local climatic conditions. A number of economic, demographic, geographic, and policy factors have affected the adoption of conservation tillage. While it was not possible to quantify exactly the impact of these factors, it was clear that management complexities and profitability are key factors impeding an increase. C1 Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Resources Inventory Div, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Resources Inventory Div, USDA, Rm 62435, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU C A B INTERNATIONAL PI WALLINGFORD PA C/O PUBLISHING DIVISION, WALLINGFORD OX10 8DE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-0032 J9 SOIL USE MANAGE JI Soil Use Manage. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 14 IS 2 BP 111 EP 116 DI 10.1111/j.1475-2743.1998.tb00626.x PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA ZZ120 UT WOS:000074697700011 ER PT J AU Curvetto, RO Webster, JA AF Curvetto, RO Webster, JA TI Resistance mechanisms of PI 240675 rye to biotype F Greenbug SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID WHEAT GERMPLASM; REGISTRATION; HOMOPTERA; APHIDIDAE AB Previous research identified a rye accession, P.I. 240675, as resistant to greenbug biotypes B, C, E, and F. Rye is crossable with wheat and can be utilized by breeders to develop resistant wheat. The purpose of this research was to select biotype F-resistant seedlings of P.I. 240675 and to compare mechanisms of resistance of P.I. 240675 with those of 'Insave F.A.' rye and 'Century' wheat. The results from all tests showed that P.I. 240675 exhibited the highest level of resistance of the three entries in the study, and had a relatively high degree of antibiosis, antixenosis, and tolerance. The plant resistance index (PRI), which combines values from the three resistance mechanisms, was greatest for P.I. 240675 with a PRI of 10.56, followed by Insave F.A. and Century with values of 1.92 and 1.66, respectively. Although antibiosis to biotype F was detected in Insave F.A., this entry had low levels of antixenosis and tolerance and is not a good source of biotype F resistance. P.I.240675 can be used by plant breeders as a source of resistance to greenbug biotypes B, C, E, and F in rye and species related to and crossable with rye, including wheat. C1 USDA, ARS, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Curvetto, RO (reprint author), INTA, RA-8187 Bordenave, BA, Argentina. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 23 IS 2 BP 97 EP 103 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 102CW UT WOS:000074906500001 ER PT J AU Henneberry, TJ Jech, LF Hendrix, DL AF Henneberry, TJ Jech, LF Hendrix, DL TI Seasonal distribution of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera : aleyrodidae) honeydew sugars on pima and upland cotton lint and lint stickiness at harvest SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; TABACI HOMOPTERA; SAMPLING PLANS; STICKY COTTON; INSECT AB Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring populations were higher on long-staple Pima S-7 cotton, Gossypium barbadense L., compared with short-staple, upland cottons, G. hirsutum L., Deltapine (DPL) 50 and 5415 in 1995 and DPL 50 in 1996. Higher numbers of mature open cotton bells occurred earlier for DPL cultivars compared with Pima S-7. Also, numbers of open bells for DPL cotton bells peaked 8 to 14 days before Pima S-7 and decreased dramatically by 15 September reflecting termination of the first fruiting cycle in August. In contrast, the indeterminate fruiting pattern of Pima S-7 showed that numbers of open bells per week declined gradually after the peak without a clear cut termination occurrence. Trehalulose and melezitose sugars produced by B. argentifolii were found on lint for all weekly samples in both years for both cotton types. About 95 and 80% of the open cotton bells, of the Deltapine and Pima S-7 cottons, respectively, occurred by mid-September. This suggests that defoliation timing and early harvest can be important management tools to avoid sticky cotton. For upland cotton in 1996, extending the cotton season after 95% of the crop matured (congruent to 15 September) resulted in development from non-sticky cotton to lightly-sticky cotton within 21 days following the occurrence of increasing whitefly populations after 15 September. This could have been avoided with mid-September defoliation. Later fruiting and lack of a distinct end of the first cotton fruiting cycle probably precludes using early defoliation for long-staple Pima cotton. At harvest, total amounts of trehalulose and melezitose and total thermodetector counts for all weekly harvests were greater than amounts found in lint for randomly selected 20 bell samples, and samples from all cotton picked from 4 m of row, except for thermodetector counts for spindle-machine-picked cotton. This probably occurred because weekly picked cotton escaped rainfall and exposure and other weathering, in 1995 but not 1996, and machine-picked cotton contains more honeydew-contaminated leaf trash. Except in one instance, thermodetector counts and lint trehalulose and melezitose content for all sampling methods were significantly correlated. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Henneberry, TJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 23 IS 2 BP 105 EP 121 PG 17 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 102CW UT WOS:000074906500002 ER PT J AU Moghal, MS Schneider, JC AF Moghal, MS Schneider, JC TI Effects of high temperature on development of Heliothis virescens (F.) on cotton fruiting structures in the laboratory SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID LEPIDOPTERA-NOCTUIDAE; CONSTANT TEMPERATURE AB A laboratory study was undertaken to determine the effect of high temperatures on the developmental rate of tobacco budworm larvae, Heliothis virescens (F.), feeding on various fruiting structures of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. Temperatures above 32 degrees C caused an absolute reduction in developmental rates of H. virescens larvae irrespective of whether large squares or small bells were eaten. Such temperatures are frequently experienced by H. virescens larvae in cotton production areas of the United States. This may have practical implications for modeling the phenology of H. virescens in the field. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Moghal, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Box 9774, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 23 IS 2 BP 123 EP 126 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 102CW UT WOS:000074906500003 ER PT J AU Elliott, NC Kieckhefer, RW French, BW Lee, JH AF Elliott, NC Kieckhefer, RW French, BW Lee, JH TI A comparison of size, sex ratio, and dispersal in three coccinellids SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID GREENBUGS HOMOPTERA; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; COLEOPTERA; APHIDIDAE; SORGHUM; FIELDS AB Relationships between body size, sex ratio, dispersal and abundance patterns of three congeneric coccinellids [Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, H. tredecimpunctata tibialis (Say), and H. parenthesis (Say)] were investigated. Sex ratio differed from 1:1 for H. tredecimpunctata and H. parenthesis; in both cases there was an excess of females. Sex ratio differed among years for all three species. Body size differed among sexes for two of the three species, with females being larger than males. Body size differed among years for all three species. A ranking of species with respect to relative variation in body size among years was H. parenthesis > H. tredecimpunctata tibialis > H. convergens. An identical arrangement of species was obtained when comparing the range of variation in sex ratio among years. A dispersal index, representing propensity for flight, displayed the opposite arrangement, being smallest for H. parenthesis and largest for H. convergens. If a population in a year was composed of large adults, larvae were abundant the next year for H. convergens and H. tredecimpunctata tibialis. If adults of these two species were abundant in a particular year there was a shift in sex ratio towards more males the following year. A high percentage of females in a particular year tended to result in an abundance of immatures the following year. Comparison of the size and sex ratio of coccinellids caught in agricultural fields and on flight interception traps stationed adjacent to fields indicated that males and females of each species from field collections were larger than those from traps. Sex ratios of beetles from fields did not differ from those from traps. Results are discussed in terms of the life history strategies of the three species that permit them to exploit spatially and temporally varying agricultural landscapes. C1 USDA, ARS, SPA, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Elliott, NC (reprint author), USDA, ARS, SPA, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Res Lab, 1301 N Western Rd, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. NR 21 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 23 IS 2 BP 137 EP 145 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 102CW UT WOS:000074906500006 ER PT J AU Chandler, LD AF Chandler, LD TI Comparison of insecticide-bait aerial application methods for management of corn rootworm (Coleoptera : chrysomelidae) SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB Aerial application of a semiochemical insecticide-bait to silking corn (Zea mays L.) effectively reduced the number of northern, Diabrotica barberi Smith & Lawrence, and western, D. virgifera virgifera LeConte, corn rootworm adults during studies conducted in 1994 and 1995. Bait applied in a broadcast fashion (every swath treated) was more effective than alternating swath treatments in reducing corn rootworm numbers. In 1994, broadcast applications resulted in 95 and 92% control of western and northern corn rootworm adults, respectively, compared to 77 and 58% control of western and northern CRW adults, respectively, in alternating swath applications. In 1995, 88 and 89% control of western and northern corn rootworms, respectively, was obtained following an initial broadcast treatment, compared to 64 and 83% control of western and northern CRW, respectively, with alternate swath treatments. Applications of the bait did result in some mortality of coccinellid and lacewing predators. However, these effects appeared minimal. Results of this study show that broadcast treatment with semiochemical insecticide-bait is currently preferred over alternating swaths as an aerial application method for corn rootworm adult management. C1 ARS, USDA, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. RP Chandler, LD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, No Grain Insects Res Lab, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. NR 20 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 23 IS 2 BP 147 EP 159 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 102CW UT WOS:000074906500007 ER PT J AU Chu, CC Henneberry, TJ Boykin, MA AF Chu, CC Henneberry, TJ Boykin, MA TI Response of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera : aleyrodidae) adults to white fluorescent and incandescent light in laboratory studies SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID TABACI; PATTERNS AB Studies were conducted at the USDA-ARS Irrigated Dessert Research Station, Brawley, CA to determine the attractiveness of fluorescent and incandescent light sources to adult Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring. Individuals moved from a release chamber through plastic tubes to white fluorescent and incandescent light sources 46 cm distant from the release point. B. argentifolii adult response to light under laboratory conditions was minimal at light intensities of 2 lux or less as measured by traps catches at the fluorescent light source. More adults were attracted to higher intensity compared with low intensity fluorescent light. Fewer adults were attracted to low intensity incandescent light compared with higher intensity fluorescent light. Minor movement of B. argentifolii adults occurred under dark or very low light intensity (< 2 lux) conditions. More adults were attracted to cotton and cantaloupe leaves and yellow sticky card traps adjacent to light sources (highest reflected light intensity) than to leaves and yellow sticky card traps distant from light sources (lower reflected light intensities). C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Chu, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 23 IS 2 BP 169 EP 181 PG 13 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 102CW UT WOS:000074906500009 ER PT J AU Greenberg, SM Summy, KR Raulston, JR Nordlund, DA AF Greenberg, SM Summy, KR Raulston, JR Nordlund, DA TI Parasitism of beet armyworm by T-pretiosum and T-minutum under laboratory and field conditions SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB Studies were conducted to assess the ability of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and Trichogramma minutum Riley to parasitize eggs of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner). In the laboratory, beet armyworm egg masses were exposed at a ratio of 1 parasitoid female per host egg for 24 h. Bollworm, Helicoverpa tea (Boddie), eggs were used as a control host. In small field plots, beet armyworm egg masses were exposed at a rate of 5 parasitoid females per host egg for 24 h. The control consisted of egg masses that were not exposed to parasitoids. The laboratory results showed that T. pretiosum parasitized 44.8% of beet armyworm eggs compared to 51.6% parasitism by T, minutum. When beet armyworm eggs were attacked by T. pretiosum or T. minutum, 24.9% or 29.3% of the eggs desiccated, respectively, compared with 5.8% in the control group, which were not exposed to parasitoids. Development time, emergence rate, sex ratios of progeny, body length, and the percentage of deformed females of T. pretiosum and T. minutum reared on beet armyworm were not significantly different from those reared on bollworm eggs. However, the longevity of both parasitoid species reared on beet armyworm was significantly higher than counterparts reared on bollworm. In small plot experiments where T, pretiosum were released, total mortality of beet armyworm eggs was 60.9% (36.8% parasitized + 24.1% desiccated) and 53.2% (32.5% parasitized + 20.7% desiccated) in release sites of T. minutum. These results demonstrate the ability of both parasitoids to attack and develop on beet armyworm eggs and suggest a potential for use in augmentation efforts. C1 Texas A&M Univ Syst, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. USDA ARS, SARC, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Greenberg, SM (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ Syst, Texas Agr Expt Stn, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 23 IS 2 BP 183 EP 188 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 102CW UT WOS:000074906500010 ER PT J AU Huckaby, LS Moir, WH AF Huckaby, LS Moir, WH TI Forest communities at Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado SO SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID VEGETATION AB We classified forest communities of the Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado, using habitat typing techniques. We differentiate and briefly describe six aspen forests, four dry coniferous forests, three wet coniferous forests, four mesic coniferous forests, and an alder woodland distributed along gradients of soil moisture and elevation. The most widespread forest community is Abies lasiocarpa/Vaccinium scoparium. Major environmental relationships of these communities are graphed and briefly discussed. Fraser forests are most similar to local forests at comparable elevations, but many Eraser communities are also found elsewhere in the western United States, particularly to the north along the Rocky Mountain Cordillera and west to the Utah Basin and Range. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 46 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 7 PU SOUTHWESTERN ASSOC NATURALISTS PI SAN MARCOS PA SOUTHWEST TEXAS STATE UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 601 UNIVERSITY DR, SAN MARCOS, TX 78666 USA SN 0038-4909 EI 1943-6262 J9 SOUTHWEST NAT JI Southw. Natural. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 43 IS 2 BP 204 EP 218 PG 15 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 133TH UT WOS:000076701500011 ER PT J AU Tao, WY Calamari, TA Crook, L AF Tao, WY Calamari, TA Crook, L TI Carding kenaf for nonwovens SO TEXTILE RESEARCH JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FIBER AB Kenaf is a bast fiber that offers the advantage of being biodegradable, renewable, and environmentally safe. Unfortunately, mechanically harvested (raw) kenaf fibers are coarse, brittle, and difficult to process through conventional textile and nonwoven equipment. Kenaf batts can be prepared by an air-laid process, but the batts do not have stable uniform structures. In earlier work, we attempted to card kenaf on a cotton card, since carded batts should provide better structural integrity than air-laid batts. Unfortunately, it was impossible to card raw kenaf fibers on a conventional cotton card, because the raw kenaf was discharged from the card as trash. Carding of treated (chemically processed) kenaf was moderately successful, although a fair proportion of kenaf was still lost during the carding process. We modified a conventional cotton card to process kenaf fibers into nonwoven structures by using different wire combinations, carding plates, card speeds, and settings. Kenaf batts (pure or blended with polypropylene) were carded on this modified machine. Nonwoven mats were made using three methods: through-air thermal bonding, needle punching, and needle punching followed by thermal bonding. Although each of these procedures produced kenaf mats with good strength and uniformity, the combined treatment produced the strongest mats. Details of card modification as well as gathered data and properties of the mars are presented. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. John D Hollingsworth Wheels Inc, Greenville, SC 29602 USA. RP Tao, WY (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 13 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU TEXTILE RESEARCH INST PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 625, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 0040-5175 J9 TEXT RES J JI Text. Res. J. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 68 IS 6 BP 402 EP 406 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA ZP757 UT WOS:000073785400003 ER PT J AU Logan, JA White, P Bentz, BJ Powell, JA AF Logan, JA White, P Bentz, BJ Powell, JA TI Model analysis of spatial patterns in mountain pine beetle outbreaks SO THEORETICAL POPULATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LODGEPOLE PINE; DENDROCTONUS-PONDEROSAE; COLEOPTERA-SCOLYTIDAE; PRIMARY ATTRACTION; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; POPULATIONS; SYSTEMS; SEMIOCHEMICALS; MORTALITY; PHEROMONE AB The mountain pine beetle [MPB, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)] is an aggressive bark beetle, one that typically needs to kill host trees in order to successfully reproduce. This ecological adaptation has resulted in an organism that is both economically important and ecologically significant. Even though significant resources have been expended on MPB research, and a great deal of knowledge exists regarding individual aspects of MPB ecology, some of the most basic questions regarding outbreaks remain unanswered. In our opinion, one reason for the lack of synthesis and predictive power is the inadequate treatment of spatial dynamics in outbreak theories. This paper explicitly addresses the role of spatial dynamics in the precipitation and propagation of MPB outbreaks. We first describe a spatially dynamic model of the MPB/forest interaction that includes chemical ecology, spatial redistribution of beetles, attack, and resulting host mortality. The model is a system of 6 coupled, partial differential equations with 7 state variables and 20 parameters. It represents an attempt to capture the relatively complex predator/prey interaction between MPB and host frees by including the minimum phenomenological descriptions necessary for ecological credibility. This system of equations describes the temporal dynamics of: beetle attraction as a function of pheromone concentration; the change in numbers of flying and nesting beetles; tree resistance/susceptibility; and tree recovery from attack. Spatial dynamics are modeled by fluxes due to gradients in pheromones and kairomones, and the random redistribution of: beetles in absence of semiochemicals. We then use the parameterized model to explore three issues central to the ecology of MPB/forest interaction. The first of these is in response to the need for objective ways to compare patterns of successful beetle attacks as they evolve in space. Simulation results indicate that at endemic levels, the pattern of successful attacks are determined almost exclusively by the underlying distribution of susceptible host trees (environmental determinism), As an outbreak develops, the pattern of successfully attacked trees switches to one that is dynamically driven by the self-generated semiochemical landscape (dynamic determinism). This switch from an environmentally determined spatial pattern to a dynamically driven pattern is the hallmark of an outbreak, We discuss the application of a spatial correlation coefficient that can be used to differentiate between the spatial distribution of killed trees in endemic and outbreak phases. The second issue we address through simulation is synchrony in adult emergence. Synchronous adult emergence is critical for the mass attack strategy necessary for overcoming tree defenses. Results from these simulations indicate that the degree of synchrony in adult emergence can have important consequences for assessing the risk of an outbreak. The final issue we investigate through simulation is the effect of spatial pattern of nurse trees (those successfully attacked the previous year) on outbreak potential. Simulations indicated that the spatial proximity of nurse trees was an important determinant of subsequent successful attacks. We conclude with a discussion of the general implications of our simulation experiments. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Intermt Res Stn, Logan Forestry Sci Lab, Logan, UT 84321 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Forestry Resources, Logan, UT 84321 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Logan, UT 84321 USA. RP Logan, JA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Intermt Res Stn, Logan Forestry Sci Lab, Logan, UT 84321 USA. RI Lundquist, John/B-6433-2012 NR 61 TC 75 Z9 79 U1 3 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0040-5809 J9 THEOR POPUL BIOL JI Theor. Popul. Biol. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 53 IS 3 BP 236 EP 255 DI 10.1006/tpbi.1997.1350 PG 20 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 100TN UT WOS:000074831600005 ER PT J AU Chojnacky, DC AF Chojnacky, DC TI Double sampling for stratification: a forest inventory application in the interior west SO USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN FOREST AND RANGE EXPERIMENT STATION RESEARCH PAPER LA English DT Article DE inventory design; mapped design; ratio estimation; southern Idaho; two-phase sampling; variance approximation AB Since 1928, the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) group within the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA 1992) has inventoried the nation's forests. Fundamental to current FIA inventories is a two-phase design using double sampling for stratification (Cochran 1977). In FIA's use of double sampling for stratification, a large first-phase sample from aerial photographs (or satellite images) is followed by a smaller second-phase ground sample. Neyman (1938) originally devised the theory to sample human populations. About 25 years later FIA adopted it based on Bickford's (1952, 1959) efforts in the Northeastern United States. Even though FIA has used this method for more than 30 years, the statistical details have not been published in an accessible reference document. Born and Barnard (1983) documented the computer program FINSYS-2 that uses double sampling to compile FIA inventories, but their notation for the sampling formulas is oriented toward computer programming, unlike notation commonly found in sampling textbooks. Jeyaratnam and others (1984) documented double sampling and extended it to four phases for application to Forest Service inventories, but they did not include all the variations of the double design used by FIA. This paper (1) briefly overviews the theoretical aspects of double sampling for stratification, and (2) documents the equations used in the FINSYS-2 Fortran program to compile an inventory conducted by the Interior West FIA Program. Eighteen equations are presented to estimate totals, means, and variances for resource attributes. These equations were selected from analysis of a southern Idaho inventory (Chojnacky 1995) by using SAS (1990) software to duplicate FINSYS-2 output. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ogden, UT 84401 USA. RP Chojnacky, DC (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ogden, UT 84401 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROCKY MT RESEARCH STATION N PI OGDEN PA 324 25TH ST, OGDEN, UT 84401 USA SN 0502-5001 J9 USDA FOR SERV RM RES JI USDA For. Serv. Rocky Mt. For. Range Exp Stn. Res. Pap. PD JUN PY 1998 IS RP-7 BP 1 EP + PG 16 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 117XM UT WOS:000075808000001 ER PT J AU Matsuda, M Miyazawa, T Moore, JE Buckley, TC Thomas, LA AF Matsuda, M Miyazawa, T Moore, JE Buckley, TC Thomas, LA TI Molecular genotyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of restricted genomic DNA of strains of Taylorella equigenitalis isolated in Ireland and in the United States SO VETERINARY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE contagious equine metritis; genotype; Ireland; USA; T-equigenitalis; pulsed-field electrophoresis AB The profiles, after digestion with ApaI or NotI and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), of genomic DNA From 18 strains of Taylorella equigenitalis isolated in Ireland were of three different types. The 13 strains in one of these types gave PFGE profiles identical to that of an American prototype strain, Kentucky 188, but different from strain NCTC11184(T) and from a strain isolated in Japan. Eight additional strains isolated in the United States gave four distinct types of genomic PFGE profiles. All four types were different from that of T. equigenitalis NCTC11184(T) or that of the Japanese strain. The profile of three strains of one type was identical to that of Kentucky 188. C1 Azabu Univ, Grad Sch Environm Hlth Sci, Mol Biol Lab, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298501, Japan. Belfast City Hosp, No Ireland Publ Hlth Lab, Mol Epidemiol Unit, Belfast BT9 7AD, Antrim, North Ireland. Irish Equine Ctr, Nass, Kildare, Ireland. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Matsuda, M (reprint author), Azabu Univ, Grad Sch Environm Hlth Sci, Mol Biol Lab, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298501, Japan. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7380 J9 VET RES COMMUN JI Vet. Res. Commun. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 22 IS 4 BP 217 EP 224 DI 10.1023/A:1006002212604 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 101BY UT WOS:000074850800001 PM 9686436 ER PT J AU Entry, JA Watrud, LS AF Entry, JA Watrud, LS TI Potential remediation of Cs-137 and Sr-90 contaminated soil by accumulation in Alamo switchgrass SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE phytoremediation; radionuclides; switchgrass; Cs-137; Sr-90 ID RADIOACTIVE CESIUM; RADIOCESIUM; SEEDLINGS; ACCIDENT; RADIONUCLIDES; PONDEROSA; FALLOUT; PLANTS AB Cesium-137 (Cs-137) and Strontium-90 (Sr-90) are radionuclides characteristic of nuclear fallout from nuclear weapons testing and nuclear reactor accidents. Alamo switchgrass (Panicum virginatum L.) is a perennial C-4 species native to central North America that produces exceptionally high biomass yields in short periods of time. In three separate experiments, Alamo switchgrass plants were tested for their ability to accumulate Cs-137 and Sr-90 from a contaminated growth medium. Plants in experiment 1 were grown in 33 x 20 x 7 cm plastic pans containing 2.5 kg sand. Plants in experiments 2 and 3 were grown in 30 x 3 cm diameter test tubes containing 0.3 kg growth medium. After 3 months of plant growth, either 102 Bq Cs-137 or 73 Bq Sr-90 g(-1) soil were added to the growth medium. Plants in all three experiments were grown within a greenhouse that was maintained at 22 +/- 2 degrees C with a photosynthetic active radiation of 400-700 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) and a 14-16 h photoperiod, Above-ground plant biomass did not differ between plants that were not exposed to these radionuclides (controls) and those that were exposed to growth medium containing Cs-137 or Sr-90 over the course of the experiment. Plants accumulated 44 and 36% of the total amount of Sr-90 and Cs-137 added to growth medium after the first 5 harvests. After the first two harvests, the concentration of Cs-137 and Sr-90 in plant tissue and the amount of Cs-137 or Sr-90 removed from growth medium declined with each successive harvest. Duration of exposure correlated curvilinearly with accumulation of both Sr-90 and Cs-137 by plants (r(2) = 0.95 and 0.78, respectively). As concentration of both Cs-137 and Sr-90 in growth medium increased, plant accumulation of both radionuclides increased and correlated curvilinearly in seedlings (r(2) = 0.83 and 0.89 respectively). C1 USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, Twin Falls, ID 83341 USA. US EPA, Terr Ecol Branch, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Western Ecol Div,Terr Plant Ecol Branch, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Entry, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Irrigat & Soils Res Lab, 3793 N,3600E, Twin Falls, ID 83341 USA. NR 30 TC 31 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 12 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 104 IS 3-4 BP 339 EP 352 DI 10.1023/A:1004994123880 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA ZU076 UT WOS:000074158800009 ER PT J AU Sano, EE Huete, AR Troufleau, D Moran, MS Vidal, A AF Sano, EE Huete, AR Troufleau, D Moran, MS Vidal, A TI Relation between ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar data and measurements of surface roughness and moisture content of rocky soils in a semiarid rangeland SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BARE SOIL; MICROWAVE EMISSION; SCATTERING MODEL; VEGETATION; BACKSCATTERING; PARAMETERS AB Surface roughness and soil moisture content control the distribution of rainfall into runoff, evapotranspiration, and infiltration. Satellite radar data have the potential to provide spatial and multitemporal estimates of these variables, depending upon the sensor configuration and field condition. The relation between the European Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS-1) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data and measurements of surface roughness and moisture content of rocky soils in a semiarid rangeland in southeast Arizona was analyzed in this study. A dry and a wet season C band SAR image were acquired and corrected for topographic effects. Field soil roughness and moisture content data were obtained from 47 sampling sites. An intensive soil moisture sampling campaign was also conducted at three sites to determine the number of samples necessary to estimate soil moisture content with 10% accuracy. Dry and wet season SAR data were found to be correlated (r(2) = 0.80 and 0.59, respectively) with root-mean-square (RMS) height measurements, while SAR data from the wet season image were poorly correlated with soil moisture. The results indicated that C band SAR data are promising for estimation of surface roughness in semiarid rangelands. However, they are less promising for soil moisture estimation, unless the effects of soil roughness and vegetation are removed. The acquisition of an adequate number of soil moisture samples to obtain representative soil moisture measurements is also a key issue in the validation of soil moisture retrieval from SAR data. In the study area, at least 17 samples per hectare were needed to obtain soil moisture estimates with 10% accuracy. C1 Ctr Pesquisa Agropecuaria Cerrados, Empresa Brasileira Pesquisa Agropecuaria, BR-73301970 Planaltina, DF, Brazil. Univ Arizona, Dept Soil Water & Environm Sci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Inst Geog, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Ctr Natl Machinisme Agr Genie Rural & Eaux Forets, Div Irrigat, F-34033 Montpellier 1, France. RP Sano, EE (reprint author), Ctr Pesquisa Agropecuaria Cerrados, Empresa Brasileira Pesquisa Agropecuaria, BR-020 Km 18,Caixa Postal 08223, BR-73301970 Planaltina, DF, Brazil. EM sano@cpac.embrapa.br RI Vidal, Alain/A-3986-2009; Huete, Alfredo/C-1294-2008; OI Huete, Alfredo/0000-0003-2809-2376; SANO, EDSON/0000-0001-5760-556X NR 43 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1491 EP 1498 DI 10.1029/98WR00032 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA ZQ933 UT WOS:000073917600009 ER PT J AU Cain, MD Wigley, TB Reed, DJ AF Cain, MD Wigley, TB Reed, DJ TI Prescribed fire effects on structure in uneven-aged stands of loblolly and shortleaf pines SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE burning cycle; cutting cycle; Pinus echinata; Pinus taeda; plant diversity; prescribed burning; selection silviculture AB Structure was assessed in uneven-aged stands of loblolly (Pinus taeda) and shortleaf pine (P. echinata) that were subjected to prescribed winter burns on cycles of 0, 3, 6, and 9 years. Vegetation assessments were made in late summer of 1990, 10 years after a single hardwood control treatment (basal injection of nonpine woody plants >2.5 cm in groundline diameter with Tordon(R) 101R); 1 year after the fourth 3-year burn cycle; 4 years after the second 6-year burn cycle; and 1 year after the second 9-year burn cycle. Compared to unburned controls, prescribed burning tended to increase (P less than or equal to 0.008) percent ground cover from graminoids and composites. For understory woody plants that were >1 m tall but <2.5 cm diameter breast height (dbh), American beautyberry (Callicarpa americana) had the greatest percent ground cover on burned and unburned plots. Horizontal cover between 0- and 3-m height tended to average less (P less than or equal to 0.002) with more frequent prescribed burning and with shorter time since-burning. There were no burn treatment differences in density (P = 0.199, beta = 0.853) or basal area (P = 0.477, beta = 0.898) for sapling-size stems (2.5-8.9 cm dbh), but species diversity of saplings was lower (P = 0.002) on plots prescribe burned at 3-year intervals as compared to other treatments. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Aquaculture Fisheries & Wildlife, NCASI, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. Univ Arkansas, Sch Forest Resources, Arkansas Agr Expt Stn, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. RP Cain, MD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. NR 42 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 26 IS 2 BP 209 EP 218 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 132JB UT WOS:000076625600004 ER PT J AU Belant, JL Woronecki, PP Dolbeer, RA Seamans, TW AF Belant, JL Woronecki, PP Dolbeer, RA Seamans, TW TI Ineffectiveness of five commercial deterrents for nesting starlings SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE avian-predator effigies; European starlings; eyespots; frightening devices; magnetic field; nesting; phenethyl alcohol; repellent; Sturnus vulgaris ID AVOIDANCE; DEVICE AB We evaluated the effectiveness of phenethyl alcohol (PEA), eyespots, magnetic fields, and avian-predator effigies to deter European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) from nesting in artificial cavities in Ohio during 1993, 1995, and 1996. Each year, 82 nest boxes attached to utility poles were assigned at random equally among 3 treatments (including control): 1993-PEA or eyespots, 1995-magnetic fields of 88 or 118 gauss, and 1996-great horned owl or merlin effigy. Starlings nested in 84% (1993), 58% (1995), and 90% (1996) of the boxes. There was no difference (P greater than or equal to 0.13) among treatments each year in 6-7 measures of starling nesting activity. Four species other than starlings (eastern bluebirds [Sialia sialis], house wrens [Troglodytes aedon], tree swallows [Tachycineta bicolor], and house sparrows [Passer domesticus]) occupied 13 (1993), 23 (1995), and 2 (1996) nest boxes. We conclude that PEA, eyespots, magnetic fields less than or equal to 118 gauss, and avian-predator effigies are ineffective as deterrents for starlings nesting in artificial cavities. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. RP Belant, JL (reprint author), Denali Natl Pk & Preserve, POB 9, Denali Natl Pk, AK 99755 USA. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 26 IS 2 BP 264 EP 268 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 132JB UT WOS:000076625600012 ER PT J AU Ickes, SK Belant, JL Dolbeer, RA AF Ickes, SK Belant, JL Dolbeer, RA TI Nest disturbance techniques to control nesting by gulls SO WILDLIFE SOCIETY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE harassment; herring gull; Larus argentatus; Larus delawarensis; nest disturbance; ring-billed gull; urban-nesting; wildlife damage management AB Urban-nesting gulls throughout the lower Great Lakes often conflict with human activities. We evaluated 5 nest disturbance techniques (nest-and-egg removal, egg removal, nest-and-egg destruction, egg destruction, and egg replacement) to reduce herring gull (Larus argentatus) and ring-billed gull (L. delawarensis) nesting in urban habitat, primarily roofs, in northern Ohio. Nest disturbance techniques were more effective in causing colony abandonment for ring-billed gulls than for herring gulls. Nest disturbance conducted for 1 year at an established ring-billed gull colony, and for <1 week at a newly established ring-billed gull colony caused abandonment. Nest disturbance conducted for 1-10 years did not cause herring gulls to abandon 5 of 6 established colonies; however, reductions were observed in annual maximum number of nests or eggs. Egg removal was at least as effective as nest-and-egg removal and required about 60% less effort. Egg replacement was the least effective of the techniques evaluated. Unless structural damage to buildings is of concern, egg removal is recommended over other nest disturbance techniques evaluated for inexpensive, long-term reductions of roof-nesting colonies. Nest-and-egg or egg destruction is recommended for ground-nesting colonies. Use of other control methods (e.g., habitat modification, frightening techniques) in addition to nest disturbance may increase the potential for colony abandonment. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Sandusky, OH 44870 USA. RP Ickes, SK (reprint author), 1619 Cottage Ave E, St Paul, MN 55106 USA. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0091-7648 J9 WILDLIFE SOC B JI Wildl. Soc. Bull. PD SUM PY 1998 VL 26 IS 2 BP 269 EP 273 PG 5 WC Biodiversity Conservation SC Biodiversity & Conservation GA 132JB UT WOS:000076625600013 ER PT J AU Ganey, JL Block, WM Dwyer, JK Strohmeyer, BE Jenness, JS AF Ganey, JL Block, WM Dwyer, JK Strohmeyer, BE Jenness, JS TI Dispersal movements and survival rates of juvenile Mexican Spotted Owls in northern Arizona SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID EASTERN SCREECH-OWLS; NATAL DISPERSAL; TAWNY OWLS; NORTHWEST; BEHAVIOR AB We monitored dispersal movements of 19 radiotagged juvenile Mexican Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis lucida) in northern Arizona during 1994 and 1995. All juveniles initiated dispersal movements in September or October during both years, with most dispersing during September. Initial dispersal movements were rapid and abrupt, but lacked a significant directional pattern. Distance from the nest to the last observed location and the most distant location reached ranged from 0.6-72.1 and 2.1-73.5 km for individual owls, respectively. These distances represent minimum estimates of dispersal capability because only one individual was tracked until it settled on a territory and paired. Owls used a variety of habitat types during dispersal, some of which differed markedly from typical nesting habitat for Mexican Spotted Owls. Four of five owls that were tracked past mid-November moved to lower elevation pinyon-juniper woodlands and at least one overwintered in pinyon-juniper woodland. Kaplan-Meier estimates of annual survival rate ranged from 20.5-28.7%, depending on whether we censored all owls with unknown fates or included suspected deaths as mortality events. Estimates differed significantly between years and confidence intervals were wide, suggesting that longer-term studies of large numbers of owls will be required to obtain accurate and precise estimates of juvenile survival. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Ganey, JL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM jlg@alpine.for.nau.edu OI Jenness, Jeff/0000-0002-9448-1444 NR 46 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 13 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 110 IS 2 BP 206 EP 217 PG 12 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZY281 UT WOS:000074604400006 ER PT J AU Wunderle, JM Latta, SC AF Wunderle, JM Latta, SC TI Avian resource use in Dominican shade coffee plantations SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID FOREST AB We quantified foraging behavior of 19 bird species in shade coffee plantations in the Dominican Republic to document and evaluate their use of food resources in the shade overstory relative to the coffee understory. All species were observed foraging in the Inga vera overstory, and 18 of the 19 species had median foraging heights significantly above the median maximum coffee height. Eight species (42%) foraged exclusively in the canopy or subcanopy and not in the coffee understory. No species foraged exclusively in the coffee, although the Narrow-billed Tody (Todus angustirostris) foraged mostly in coffee. A negative correlation was found between a species' median foraging height in our shade plantations and its abundance in nearby sun coffee plantations. Invertebrates and nectar were the most important food items in the Inga overstory where 95% of the species gleaned leaf surfaces, 63% probed flowers, 58% gleaned or probed wood, 47% used epiphytes (for invertebrates or fruits), and 26% gleaned or probed Inga fruit. In contrast, birds in coffee foraged primarily for invertebrate prey as 42% of all species gleaned leaf surfaces, 21% gleaned or probed wood, 21% gleaned or probed fruit, and 5% probed flowers. The Inga overstory was an important foraging site for most species suggesting that plantations without a shade overstory (i.e., sun coffee) will have a lower diversity and abundance of food and hence are less attractive to birds than traditional shade plantations. C1 US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, Palmer, PR 00721 USA. RP Wunderle, JM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, POB B, Palmer, PR 00721 USA. NR 30 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 4 U2 9 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 110 IS 2 BP 271 EP 281 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZY281 UT WOS:000074604400012 ER PT J AU Schaefer, RR Saenz, D AF Schaefer, RR Saenz, D TI Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavity tree-resin avoidance by southern flying squirrels SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID RAT SNAKES AB While examining Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) cavity contents in eastern Texas, we observed cavity tree resin avoidance by southern flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans). The tree surface around an active Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavity is coated with sticky resin which flows from resin wells created by the woodpecker. The southern flying squirrel is a competitor for Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavities and is known to be quite capable of entering active cavities in trees with a well developed resin coating. However, our observation indicates that in some circumstances the resin coating can offer some deterrence. C1 Stephen F Austin State Univ, Coll Forestry, Wildlife Habitat & Silviculture Lab, So Res Stn,USDA Forest Serv, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. RP Schaefer, RR (reprint author), Stephen F Austin State Univ, Coll Forestry, Wildlife Habitat & Silviculture Lab, So Res Stn,USDA Forest Serv, Nacogdoches, TX 75962 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD JUN PY 1998 VL 110 IS 2 BP 291 EP 292 PG 2 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA ZY281 UT WOS:000074604400016 ER PT J AU Qian, H Hausman, GJ Compton, MM Azain, MJ Hartzell, DL Baile, CA AF Qian, H Hausman, GJ Compton, MM Azain, MJ Hartzell, DL Baile, CA TI Leptin regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, tumor necrosis factor, and uncoupling protein-2 expression in adipose tissues SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID FACTOR-ALPHA; PPAR-GAMMA; OBESITY AB It has previously been reported that intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of leptin induced adipose tissue apoptosis in addition to influencing lipid metabolism. The objective of the present study was to determine if the expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR gamma), uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha) were influenced by in vivo leptin treatment. Expression of PPAR gamma, UCP2, and TNF alpha in epididymal fat tissue was examined by Western immunoblot and in situ immunocytochemical analysis after 5 days of ICV leptin treatment. Young and old rats (3 and 8 months old) were treated with or without 5 mu g/d leptin. Leptin treatment increased PPAR gamma expression by 70-80% (P < 0.01) in both age groups. Leptin treatment decreased the expression of UCP2 (P < 0.01) in young rats, whereas it increased UCP2 expression (P < 0.01) in old rats. Leptin treatment also decreased TNF alpha expression by 40% (P < 0.01) in young rats but did not influence its expression in old rats. The basal level of expression of PPAR gamma was greater in 3-month-old rats than in 8-month-old rats. The basal level of UCP2 and TNF alpha expression was not different between the two age groups. These immunoblotting data were further confirmed by in situ immunocytochemical analysis. The present study suggests that expression of PPAR gamma may be directly involved in the leptin-induced adipocyte apoptosis signal pathway, whereas UCP2 and TNF alpha may play roles in the leptin-induced lipolysis process. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Foods & Nutr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA, ARC, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Baile, CA (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Foods & Nutr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 24 TC 63 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD MAY 29 PY 1998 VL 246 IS 3 BP 660 EP 667 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8680 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA ZT218 UT WOS:000074061900019 PM 9618269 ER PT J AU Lin, JT Snyder, LR McKeon, TA AF Lin, JT Snyder, LR McKeon, TA TI Prediction of relative retention times of triacylglycerols in non-aqueous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE relative retention times; retention prediction; triacylglycerols ID FATTY-ACIDS; TRIGLYCERIDES; MIXTURES; DETECTOR AB Accurate and simple methods for prediction of relative retention times of triacyglycerols in non-aqueous reversed-phase HPLC are presented here. The prediction is based on a simple calculation using the experimental relative retention time (min) of the triacylglycerol with the closest corresponding structure and taking into account the contributions (min) of functional groups present in the triacylglycerol for which the standard is not available to predict the relative retention time. The contribution of functional groups on the fatty acyl in the sn-2 position were greater than those at the sn-1(3) position, especially for polar functional groups such as the hydroxy group of ricinoleate, Another method of prediction which is based on the experimental relative retention time of tristearin and disregards the difference of sn-1(3) and sn-2 is also presented here. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. LC Resources Inc, Orinda, CA 94563 USA. RP Lin, JT (reprint author), ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 14 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD MAY 29 PY 1998 VL 808 IS 1-2 BP 43 EP 49 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00134-4 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA ZT892 UT WOS:000074138500004 ER PT J AU Giroux, MJ Morris, CF AF Giroux, MJ Morris, CF TI Wheat grain hardness results from highly conserved mutations in the friabilin components puroindoline a and b SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Triticum aestivum L.; grain softness protein ID SOFTNESS PROTEIN; KERNEL HARDNESS; STARCH; LINKAGE; GENES; SEED AB "Soft" and "hard" are the two main market classes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and are distinguished by expression of the Hardness gene. Friabilin, a marker protein for grain softness (Ha), consists of two proteins, puroindoline a and b (pinA and pinB, respectively), We previously demonstrated that a glycine to serine mutation in pinB is linked inseparably to grain hardness, Here, we report that the pinB serine mutation is present in 9 of 13 additional randomly selected hard wheats and in none of 10 soft wheats. The four exceptional hard wheats not containing the serine mutation in pinB express no pinA, the remaining component of the marker protein friabilin. The absence of pinA protein was linked inseparably to grain hardness among 44 near-isogenic lines created between the soft variety Heron and the hard variety Falcon. Both pinA and pinB apparently are required for the expression of grain softness. The absence of pinA protein and transcript and a glycine-to-serine mutation in pinB are two highly conserved mutations associated with grain hardness, and these friabilin genes are the suggested tightly linked components of the Hardness gene. A previously described grain hardness related gene termed "GSP-1" (grain softness protein) is not controlled by chromosome 5D and is apparently not involved in grain hardness, The association of grain hardness with mutations in both pinA or pinB indicates that these two proteins alone may function together to effect grain softness. Elucidation of the molecular basis for grain hardness opens the way to understanding and eventually manipulating this wheat endosperm property. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Wheat Qual Lab, Food Sci & Human Nutr Facil E E202, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Montana State Univ, Plant Soil & Environm Sci Dept, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Giroux, MJ (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Western Wheat Qual Lab, Food Sci & Human Nutr Facil E E202, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Giroux, Michael/F-4413-2010 NR 27 TC 270 Z9 298 U1 0 U2 20 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAY 26 PY 1998 VL 95 IS 11 BP 6262 EP 6266 DI 10.1073/pnas.95.11.6262 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZQ352 UT WOS:000073852600074 PM 9600953 ER PT J AU Feldstein, PA Hu, Y Owens, RA AF Feldstein, PA Hu, Y Owens, RA TI Precisely full length, circularizable, complementary RNA: An infectious form of potato spindle tuber viroid SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE RNA replication; circular RNAs; ribozymes ID HEPATITIS-DELTA VIRUS; AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; REPLICATION; HYBRIDIZATION; PATHOGENICITY; INVITRO; TRANSCRIPTS; EXPRESSION; EVOLUTION AB The replication of many viral and subviral pathogens as well as the amplification of certain cellular genes proceeds via a rolling circle mechanism. For potato spindle tuber (PSTVd) and related viroids, the possible role of a circular (-)strand RNA as a template for synthesis of (+)strand progeny is unclear. Infected plants appear to contain only multimeric linear (-)strand RNAs, and attempts to initiate infection with multimeric (-)PSTVd RNAs generally have failed. To examine critically the infectivity of monomeric (-)strand viroid RNAs, we have developed a ribozyme-based expression system for the production of precisely full length (-)strand RNAs whose termini are capable of undergoing facile circularization in vitro., Mechanical inoculation of tomato seedlings with electrophoretically purified (-)PSTVd RNA led to a small fraction of plants becoming infected whereas parallel assays with an analogous tomato planta macho viroid (-)RNA resulted in a much larger fraction of infected plants. Ribozyme-mediated production of (-)PSTVd RNA in transgenic plants led to the appearance of monomeric circular (-)PSTVd RNA and large amounts of (+)PSTVd progeny. No monomeric circular (-)PSTVd RNA could be detected in naturally infected plants by using either ribonuclease protection or electrophoresis under partially denaturing conditions, Although not a component of the normal replicative pathway, precisely full length (-)PSTVd RNA appears to contain all of the structural and regulatory elements necessary for initiation of viroid replication. C1 USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Plant Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Owens, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM rowens@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 43 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 3 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAY 26 PY 1998 VL 95 IS 11 BP 6560 EP 6565 DI 10.1073/pnas.95.11.6560 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZQ352 UT WOS:000073852600127 PM 9601006 ER PT J AU Shipitalo, MJ Edwards, WM AF Shipitalo, MJ Edwards, WM TI Runoff and erosion control with conservation tillage and reduced-input practices on cropped watersheds SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Congress of the European-Society-for-Soil-Conservation CY SEP 01-07, 1996 CL TECH UNIV MUNICH, FREISING, GERMANY SP European Soc Soil Conservat HO TECH UNIV MUNICH DE corn/soybean rotation; infiltration; no-till; sustainable agriculture; water quality ID CORN-SOYBEAN ROTATION; SOIL-EROSION AB The North Appalachian Experimental Watershed near Coshocton, OH was established in 1935 to develop, evaluate, and refine conservation practices that reduce runoff and erosion under the hilly, humid conditions of the northeastern United States. Small (0.5 to 1 ha), single-practice, gaged watersheds comprised of sandstone- and shale-derived residual soils are used to evaluate the interaction of management, climate, and soils. In a 28-year, nine-watershed study, 92% of the erosion occurred during the corn (Zea mays L.) years of a 4-year corn/wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)/meadow/meadow rotation. These watersheds were moldboard plowed prior to planting corn and cultivation was used for weed control. By tilling and planting on the contour and increasing fertility levels, soil loss was reduced more than 3-fold, but still averaged 4.7 Mg ha(-1) during corn years. Thus, annual production of row crops on a sustainable basis was not without risk. A 6-year, six-watershed study indicated that by using reduced tillage (no-till, chisel, or paraplow) and herbicides, corn and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] can be grown in rotation with an average soil loss of 0.5 Mg ha(-1) yr(-1), well below the stipulated soil loss tolerance of 7.8 Mg ha(-1) yr(-1), if a winter cover crop of rye (Secale cereale L.) followed soybean. Under these conditions, however, concentrations of surface-applied herbicides and nitrate in runoff frequently exceeded drinking water standards, particularly in the first few runoff events after application, and may be a concern. A reduced-input management practice for corn and soybean production with light disking and cultivation for weed control and manure and a legume (red clover, Trifolium pratense L.) to supply some of the nitrogen was implemented to determine if a balance between losses of soil and purchased chemical inputs could be obtained. In a B-year comparison, soil losses were similar to those under conservation tillage, but the risk of yield loss increased due to inability to cultivate in a timely manner due to weather conditions. Regardless of tillage practice, infrequent, severe storms during years when row crops were grown caused most of the soil loss from the watersheds. Erosion prediction models must account for the contribution of such events and management practices must limit erosion caused by these storms if long-term sustainability is to be maintained. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. RP Shipitalo, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB 488, Coshocton, OH 43812 USA. OI Shipitalo, Martin/0000-0003-4775-7345 NR 22 TC 46 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD MAY 25 PY 1998 VL 46 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 12 PG 12 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA ZY945 UT WOS:000074679300002 ER PT J AU Oliver, JE Schmidt, WF AF Oliver, JE Schmidt, WF TI Chiral 3-(hydroxymethyl)oxiranecarboxylic acids via the Jocic reaction SO TETRAHEDRON-ASYMMETRY LA English DT Article ID ALPHA-HYDROXY ACIDS; ENANTIOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS; ELECTROORGANIC CHEMISTRY; CARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; TRICHLOROMETHYL; AMINO AB (R,R)-2,2-Dimethyl-alpha-(trichloromethyl)-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol 5 and its (R,S)-isomer 6 were converted into the TBDMS ethers of (2S,3R)-methyl 3-(hydroxymethyl)oxiranecarboxylate 12 and its (2R,3R)-isomer 14, respectively, with 100% stereoselectivity. threo-Glycols afforded cis-epoxides, while erythro-glycols provided the trans-isomers. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Oliver, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0957-4166 J9 TETRAHEDRON-ASYMMETR JI Tetrahedron: Asymmetry PD MAY 22 PY 1998 VL 9 IS 10 BP 1723 EP 1728 DI 10.1016/S0957-4166(98)00156-6 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Organic; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA ZT441 UT WOS:000074088200012 ER PT J AU Brown, F AF Brown, F TI BSE coordinator should have been full-time job SO NATURE LA English DT Letter C1 USDA, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Brown, F (reprint author), USDA, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAY 21 PY 1998 VL 393 IS 6682 BP 206 EP 206 DI 10.1038/30338 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZP513 UT WOS:000073761000021 PM 9607752 ER PT J AU Zobeck, TM Popham, TW AF Zobeck, TM Popham, TW TI Wind erosion roughness index response to observation spacing and measurement distance SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE microrelief; microtopography; range of influence; abrasion ID SOIL SURFACE-ROUGHNESS; PROFILE METER; LASER SCANNER; RAINFALL; TILLAGE; MICRORELIEF AB The cumulative shelter angle distribution (CSAD) is a physically-based roughness index that can be used to estimate the amount of soil surface impacted by saltating sand grains which produce wind erosion. But little is known of how observation spacing and other measurement factors affect CSAD estimates. This study was designed to determine the effect of observation spacing and range of influence (distances within which calculations are made) on CSAD parameters. Soil surface roughness measurements were made using a laser profile meter on a chiselled sandy clay loam soil after seven levels of simulated precipitation applied at four intensities. In this study, the different rainfall amounts and intensities were used only to create different roughness levels. Calculations were made on replicated plots using five observation spacings ranging from 4 to 48 mm in directions parallel and perpendicular to the tillage direction and ranges of influence of 150, 300, 400 and 600 mm. Calculations of roughness using different observation spacings and range of influence produced significant differences (P less than or equal to 0.05) in CSAD estimates. Each observation spacing tested was different from all others. Ranges of influence of 300 mm or more produced similar CSAD parameter values. Estimates of the fraction of the soil surface susceptible to wind erosion decreased as the observation spacing decreased. When measured parallel to tillage, 92% of the soil surface was susceptible to abrasion when the observation spacing was 48 mm but 54% of the surface was susceptible when the observation spacing was 6 mm, suggesting roughness elements as small as 6 mm offer protection to the soil surface if they are nonerodible. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, Wind Eros & Water Conservat Res Unit, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. ARS, USDA, Stillwater, OK 74076 USA. RP Zobeck, TM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Wind Eros & Water Conservat Res Unit, Rt 3 Box 215, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. EM tzobeck@mail.csrl.usda.gov RI Zobeck, Ted/A-6126-2012 NR 26 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD MAY 18 PY 1998 VL 45 IS 3-4 BP 311 EP 324 DI 10.1016/S0933-3630(97)00024-X PG 14 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA ZX828 UT WOS:000074559500008 ER PT J AU Colasanti, J Yuan, Z Sundaresan, V AF Colasanti, J Yuan, Z Sundaresan, V TI The indeterminate gene encodes a zinc finger protein and regulates a leaf-generated signal required for the transition to flowering in maize SO CELL LA English DT Article ID FLORAL MERISTEM IDENTITY; SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM; NICOTIANA-TABACUM; ARABIDOPSIS; TIME; MORPHOGENESIS; PATTERNS; HOMOLOG; CLONING; PLANTS AB Flowering in plants is a consequence of the transition of the shoot apex from vegetative to reproductive growth in response to environmental and internal signals. The indeterminate 1 gene (id1) controls the transition to flowering in maize. We show by cloning the id1 gene that it encodes a protein with zinc finger motifs, suggesting that the id1 gene product functions as a transcriptional regulator of the floral transition, id1 mRNA expression studies and analyses of transposon-induced chimeric plants indicate that id1 acts non-cell-autonomously to regulate the production of a transmissible signal in the leaf that elicits the transformation of the shoot apex to reproductive development. These results provide molecular and genetic data consistent with the florigen hypothesis derived from classical plant physiology studies. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA. Natl Univ Singapore, Inst Mol Agrobiol, Singapore 117604, Singapore. RP Colasanti, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 43 TC 165 Z9 184 U1 0 U2 25 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 1050 MASSACHUSETTES AVE, CIRCULATION DEPT, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA SN 0092-8674 J9 CELL JI Cell PD MAY 15 PY 1998 VL 93 IS 4 BP 593 EP 603 DI 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81188-5 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA ZP152 UT WOS:000073722200012 PM 9604934 ER PT J AU Datta, S McConnell, LL Baker, JE Lenoir, J Seiber, JN AF Datta, S McConnell, LL Baker, JE Lenoir, J Seiber, JN TI Evidence for atmospheric transport and deposition of polychlorinated biphenyls to the Lake Tahoe basin, California - Nevada SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SIERRA-NEVADA; PERSISTENT POLLUTANTS; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; SISKIWIT LAKE; ISLE-ROYALE; WATER; SUPERIOR; CHEMISTRY; FISH; SNOW AB PCB congener concentrations in air, water, fish, and snow were determined in the lake Tahoe basin and in the water and fish of an adjacent but more remote rural comparison lake, Marlette lake, to examine whether atmospheric transport and deposition are primary sources of contamination to this alpine region of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Profiles of 97 congeners analyzed by capillary GC-ECD from surface waters of Lake Tahoe and Marlette Lake were closely matched, with total dissolved PCB (t-PCB) concentrations of 0.37 ng/L in Lake Tahoe and 0.67 ng/L in Marlette Lake. Gas-phase t-PCB concentrations measured in air samples from the Lake Tahoe basin averaged 72 pg/m(3), and t-PCB (dissolved and particulate) concentrations in snow were 4.8-5.1 ng/L. Rainbow trout from Marlette Lake and lake trout from Lake Tahoe had similar distributions of congeners, with t-PCB tissue levels varying from 3 to 14 ng/g wet weight. The finding of PCBs in all sampled compartments, particularly snow and air, and the similar pattern of congeners in surface waters and in fish from Lake Tahoe and Marlette Lake indicate an atmospheric source of contamination. C1 Univ Nevada, Ctr Environm Sci & Engn, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Toxicol, Livermore, CA 95616 USA. RP Seiber, JN (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Ctr Environm Sci & Engn, Reno, NV 89557 USA. RI McConnell, Laura/H-1519-2011; Baker, Joel/A-9685-2011 OI Baker, Joel/0000-0002-9980-7781 NR 38 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD MAY 15 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 10 BP 1378 EP 1385 DI 10.1021/es970657t PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZN466 UT WOS:000073648700003 ER PT J AU Yates, SR Wang, D Gan, J Ernst, FF Jury, WA AF Yates, SR Wang, D Gan, J Ernst, FF Jury, WA TI Minimizing methyl bromide emissions from soil fumigation SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID COVERED FIELD; VOLATILIZATION; DEGRADATION; CH3BR AB There is great controversy concerning the need to phase out methyl bromide (MeBr) to protect stratospheric ozone. Unlike chlorinated hydrocarbons, MeBr occurs naturally in the atmosphere making it difficult to differentiate the threat to stratospheric ozone depletion from anthropogenic use of MeBr compared to natural sources. New technology has been developed which could nearly eliminate MeBr emissions from soil fumigation, bringing into question the need for a phase out. A field experiment demonstrated that virtually impermeable films (VIF) reduced MeBr emissions to near-zero levels. When compared to soil fumigation using conventional high-density polyethylene film (HDPE), the total global MeBr emission could be reduced from 32 Gg/yr to less than 1 Gg/yr, if VIF were required. In addition, reduced application rates are possible since using VIF reduces wasteful leakage and increases pest-control efficiency. With such low emission rates, and considering the large uncertainty in global estimates of MeBr, it seems that the phase-out of MeBr as a soil fumigant is unjustified. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Soil & Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Yates, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NR 23 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 15 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 10 BP 1633 EP 1636 DI 10.1029/98GL51310 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZN248 UT WOS:000073626900024 ER PT J AU Tarun, AS Theologis, A AF Tarun, AS Theologis, A TI Complementation analysis of mutants of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase reveals the enzyme is a dimer with shared active sites SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS; ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE; INTERSUBUNIT LOCATION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; DIRECTED MUTANTS; FORMS; HYBRIDIZATION; PURIFICATION; MUTAGENESIS; EXPRESSION AB The pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (ACS, EC 4.4.1.14) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway. ACS shares the conservation of 11 invariant residues with a family of aminotransferases that includes aspartate aminotransferase. Site-directed mutagenesis on two of these residues, Tyr-92 and Lys-278, in the tomato isoenzyme Le-ACS2 greatly reduces enzymatic activity, indicating their importance in catalysis. These mutants have been used in complementation experiments either in vivo in Escherichia coli or in an in vitro transcription/translation assay to study whether the enzyme functions as a dimer. When the Y92L mutant is coexpressed with the K278A mutant protein, there is partial restoration of enzyme activity, suggesting that the mutant proteins can dimerize and form active heterodimers. Coexpressing a double mutant with the wildtype protein reduces wild-type activity, indicating that inactive heterodimers are formed between the wild-type and the double mutant protein subunits. Furthermore, hybrid complementation shows that another tomato isoenzyme, Le-ACS4, can dimerize and that Le-ACS2 and Le-ACS4 have limited capacity for heterodimerization. The data suggest that ACS functions as a dimer with shared active sites. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Theologis, A (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. OI Tarun, Alice/0000-0002-0300-6657 NR 23 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD MAY 15 PY 1998 VL 273 IS 20 BP 12509 EP 12514 DI 10.1074/jbc.273.20.12509 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA ZN277 UT WOS:000073629800074 PM 9575209 ER PT J AU Gobster, PH AF Gobster, PH TI Urban parks as green walls or green magnets? Interracial relations in neighborhood boundary parks SO LANDSCAPE AND URBAN PLANNING LA English DT Article DE urban parks; boundary landscape; interracial relations; Chicago AB A recent paper in this journal (Solecki and Welch, 1995) describes how urban parks that lie between racially different neighborhoods can become "green walls" or barriers to use and appreciation. Although this phenomenon is well grounded in the experience of many who plan for, manage, and live near parks in racially and ethnically segregated cities, an analysis of the authors' logic and methods suggests that there may be better ways to test the green wall thesis than with physical-biological measures of park tree condition. Examples from research in Chicago area parks illustrates how alternative methods and measures from the social sciences might more clearly and directly identify the perception and experience of racially defined barriers. A case study of Chicago's Warren Park provides a counterexample of a boundary park that acts more like a "green magnet" than a green wall, and addresses the potential role of such parks as active agents in improving interracial relations. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Evanston, IL 60202 USA. RP Gobster, PH (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, 845 Chicago Ave,Suite 225, Evanston, IL 60202 USA. RI Gobster, Paul/A-2826-2013 OI Gobster, Paul/0000-0002-8576-0310 NR 23 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 4 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-2046 J9 LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN JI Landsc. Urban Plan. PD MAY 15 PY 1998 VL 41 IS 1 BP 43 EP 55 DI 10.1016/S0169-2046(98)00045-0 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Studies; Geography; Geography, Physical; Urban Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography; Physical Geography; Urban Studies GA 109PY UT WOS:000075333200005 ER PT J AU Liddell, S Lally, NC Jenkins, MC Dubey, JP AF Liddell, S Lally, NC Jenkins, MC Dubey, JP TI Isolation of the cDNA encoding a dense granule associated antigen (NCDG2) of Neospora caninum SO MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Neospora caninum; NCDG2; dense granule antigen; cDNA sequence ID TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; PARASITOPHOROUS VACUOLE; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; PROTEIN; DIAGNOSIS; NETWORK; CLONING; DOGS C1 USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Parasite Immunobiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Liddell, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Bldg 1040,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM sliddell@ggpl.arsusda.gov RI liddell, susan/C-2653-2012 NR 25 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-6851 J9 MOL BIOCHEM PARASIT JI Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. PD MAY 15 PY 1998 VL 93 IS 1 BP 153 EP 158 DI 10.1016/S0166-6851(98)00031-0 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Parasitology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Parasitology GA ZT679 UT WOS:000074113700017 PM 9662039 ER PT J AU Yu, PW Schuler, LA Rejman, JJ Chen, HT Gosink, K Kehrli, M Mattocks, L Nonnecke, B Czuprynski, CJ AF Yu, PW Schuler, LA Rejman, JJ Chen, HT Gosink, K Kehrli, M Mattocks, L Nonnecke, B Czuprynski, CJ TI Regulation of bovine interleukin-1 receptors SO VETERINARY IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symposium on Cytokines and the Type I Type II Paradigm CY OCT 25-30, 1996 CL CAIRNS, AUSTRALIA DE interleukin-1; bovine leukocytes; dexamethasone AB Interleukin-1 is a key player in inflammation and the immune response. The interleukin-1 family consists of three ligands (IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and the IL-1 receptor antagonist) and two receptors (IL-1RI and IL-1RII). Previous studies suggest a dynamic relationship among these receptors and ligands that regulates the magnitude and extent of IL-1 mediated activities. Our laboratory has cloned and sequenced the bovine type I and II interleukin-1 receptors, and has begun to investigate their regulation in bovine leukocytes in vitro and in vivo. IL-1RI and IL-1RII mRNA levels were upregulated in vitro by various mediators, including dexamethasone, rBoIL-4, rBoGM-CSF, and rHuTNF alpha. Conversely, IL-1RI mRNA levels were down-regulated by IFN-gamma. An in vivo study indicated that IL-1RII mRNA levels increased earlier than IL-1RI mRNA levels in dexamethasone-treated cattle. These findings suggest that early upregulation of IL-1RII, which is a decoy receptor, may be part of the anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids. Our investigations suggest that anti-inflammatory agents increase expression of the biologically inactive IL-1RII, as compared with the biologically active IL-1RI, in bovine leukocytes. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Czuprynski, CJ (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol Sci, 2015 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-2427 J9 VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD MAY 15 PY 1998 VL 63 IS 1-2 BP 21 EP 25 DI 10.1016/S0165-2427(98)00078-6 PG 5 WC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences SC Immunology; Veterinary Sciences GA ZW928 UT WOS:000074462400004 PM 9656437 ER PT J AU Veit, B Briggs, SP Schmidt, RJ Yanofsky, MF Hake, S AF Veit, B Briggs, SP Schmidt, RJ Yanofsky, MF Hake, S TI Regulation of leaf initiation by the terminal ear 1 gene of maize SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID CELL-LINEAGE PATTERNS; SHOOT APICAL MERISTEM; EXPRESSION; PROTEINS; MEIOSIS AB Higher plants elaborate much of their architecture post-embryonically through development initiated at the tips of shoots(1,2) During vegetative growth, leaf primordia arise at predictable sires to give characteristic leaf arrangements, or phyllotaxies(3,4). How these sites are determined is a long-standing question(5,6) that bears on the nature of pattern-formation mechanisms in plants, Fate-mapping studies in several species indicate that each leaf primordium becomes organized from a group of 100-200 cells on the flank of the shoot apes'. Although molecular studies indicate that the regulated expression of specific homeobox genes plays some part in this determination process(8-11), mechanisms that regulate the timing and position of leaf initiation are less well understood. Here we describe a gene from maize, terminal ear 1. Patterns of expression of this gene in the shoot and phenotypes of mutants indicate a role for terminal ear 1 in regulating leaf initiation. The te1 gene product contains conserved RNA-binding motifs, indicating that it may function through an RNA-binding activity. C1 Massey Univ, Inst Mol Biosci, Palmerston North, New Zealand. Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Pioneer Hi Bred Int Inc, Johnston, IA 50131 USA. RP Veit, B (reprint author), Massey Univ, Inst Mol Biosci, Palmerston North, New Zealand. NR 23 TC 87 Z9 98 U1 3 U2 9 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD MAY 14 PY 1998 VL 393 IS 6681 BP 166 EP 168 DI 10.1038/30239 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZN200 UT WOS:000073619900047 PM 9603518 ER PT J AU Uri, ND Atwood, JD Sanabria, J AF Uri, ND Atwood, JD Sanabria, J TI The environmental benefits and costs of conservation tillage SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE production practice; conservation tillage; environmental consequences ID SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; CROP RESIDUE; CARBON; WILDLIFE; IMPACTS; DYNAMICS AB Every production practice, including conservation tillage, has positive or negative environmental consequences that may involve air, land, water and/or the health and ecological status of wildlife. The negative impacts associated with agricultural production and the use of conventional tillage systems in particular, include soil erosion, energy use, leaching and runoff of agricultural chemicals and carbon emissions. Several of these impacts are quantified. The conclusions suggest that the use of conservation tillage does result in less of an adverse impact on the environment from agricultural production than does conventional tillage by reducing surface water runoff, wind erosion and to some extent the enhancement of wildlife habitat. The benefits to be gained from carbon sequestration will depend on the soil remaining undisturbed and further expansion of conservation tillage on highly erodible land will unquestionably result in an increase in social benefits but the expected gains will be modest. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Resources Inventory Div, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA, Resource Assessment & Strateg Planning Div, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Temple, TX USA. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), USDA, Resources Inventory Div, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 63 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD MAY 14 PY 1998 VL 216 IS 1-2 BP 13 EP 32 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00134-X PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZP373 UT WOS:000073745800002 ER PT J AU Uri, ND AF Uri, ND TI The role of public policy in the use of conservation tillage in the USA SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE public policy; soil erosion; conservation tillage; United States ID CARBON; WATER; SOIL AB A number of policy tools are used to reduce soil erosion from agricultural lands in the United States, including education and technical assistance, financial assistance, land retirement and conservation compliance requirements. Education and technical assistance by public and private sources can be effective in promoting the adoption of conservation tillage by farmers for whom that practice will be profitable. Financial incentives may be necessary to induce the voluntary adoption of conservation tillage by farmers for whom the practice would not be more profitable than conventional tillage but on whose land the use of conservation tillage would provide substantial offsite benefits. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Resources Inventory Div, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Resources Inventory Div, 1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 55 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD MAY 14 PY 1998 VL 216 IS 1-2 BP 89 EP 102 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(98)00140-5 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZP373 UT WOS:000073745800008 ER PT J AU O'Donnell, CJ Lindpaintner, K Larson, MG Rao, VS Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ Myers, RH Levy, D AF O'Donnell, CJ Lindpaintner, K Larson, MG Rao, VS Ordovas, JM Schaefer, EJ Myers, RH Levy, D TI Evidence for association and genetic linkage of the angiotensin-converting enzyme locus with hypertension and blood pressure in men but not women in the Framingham Heart Study SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Article DE angiotensin; trials; genetics; genes; hormones; hypertension; blood pressure ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; DELETION POLYMORPHISM; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; INCREASED RISK; POPULATION; FAMILIES; DNA; SEGREGATION; FERTILITY; JAPANESE AB Background-There is controversy regarding the association of the angiotensin-converting enzyme deletion-insertion (ACE D/I) polymorphism with systemic hypertension and with blood pressure. We investigated these relations in a large population-based sample of men and women by using association and linkage analyses. Methods and Results-The study sample consisted of 3095 participants in the Framingham Heart Study. Blood pressure measurements were obtained at regular examinations. The ACE D/I polymorphism was identified by using a polymerase chain reaction assay. In logistic regression analysis, the adjusted odds ratios for hypertension among men for the DD and DI genotypes were 1.59 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13 to 2.23) and 1.18 (95% CI, 0.87 to 1.62), respectively, versus II (Chi(2) P=.02). In women, adjusted odds ratios for the DD and DI genotypes were 1.00 (95% CI, 0.70 to 1.44) and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.56 to 1.09), respectively (P=.14). In linear regression analysis, there was an association of the ACE DD genotype with increased diastolic blood pressure in men (age-adjusted P=.03, multivariate-adjusted P=.14) but not women. Quantitative trait linkage analyses in 1044 pairs of siblings, by using both ACE D/I and a nearby microsatellite polymorphism of the human growth hormone gene, supported a role of the ACE locus in influencing blood pressure in men but not in women. Conclusions-In our large, population-based sample, then is evidence for association and genetic linkage of the ACE locus with hypertension and with diastolic blood pressure in men but not women, Our data support the hypothesis that ACE, or a nearby gene, is a sex-specific candidate gene for hypertension. Confirmatory studies in other large population-based samples are warranted. C1 NHLBI, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01701 USA. Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Med, Cardiac Unit,Dept Med, Boston, MA USA. Harvard Univ, Beth Israel Hosp, Sch Med, Div Cardiol, Boston, MA USA. Harvard Univ, Beth Israel Hosp, Sch Med, Div Clin Epidemiol, Boston, MA USA. Harvard Univ, Childrens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Cardiol, Boston, MA USA. Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Dept Med,Cardiovasc Div, Boston, MA USA. Tufts Univ, Mol Biol Sect, Lipid Metab Lab, Jean Mayer US Dept Agr,Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Boston, MA 02118 USA. NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP O'Donnell, CJ (reprint author), NHLBI, Framingham Heart Study, 5 Thurber St, Framingham, MA 01701 USA. EM chris@fram.nhlbi.nih.gov FU NHLBI NIH HHS [K04-HL-03138-01, N01-HC-38038, HL-54776] NR 45 TC 380 Z9 398 U1 0 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD MAY 12 PY 1998 VL 97 IS 18 BP 1766 EP 1772 PG 7 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA ZM245 UT WOS:000073519200004 PM 9603529 ER PT J AU Williams, MS Wiant, HV AF Williams, MS Wiant, HV TI Double sampling with importance sampling to eliminate bias in tree volume estimation of the centroid method SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE efficiency; 3P; point-3P; simple random sampling ID POINT-POISSON; VARIANCE AB The bias associated with the centroid method for estimating tree volume was removed by double sampling using the centroid method in the first stage of estimation and importance sampling in the second. The bias and efficiency of various sampling methods were investigated in a number of different simulation studies. Three data sets, two of ponderosa pine and the other of mixed species, were used to evaluate the double sampling estimator. We assumed that for small area estimates, such as timber sales, every tree in the population could be visited in the first stage and an estimate of bole volume generated using the centroid method. Both simple random and 3P sampling were studied as methods for selecting the second-stage sample trees. For the estimation of volume over a large area, we chose point-3P sampling for applying the double sampling estimator. The bias associated with using the centroid method alone was reduced in every case. No consistent trends for the three data sets were found when efficiency was measured in terms of the simulation variance. The double sampling estimator was the most efficient in some cases and least efficient in others. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Williams, MS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Forest & Range Expt Stn, USDA, 240 W Prospect Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD MAY 12 PY 1998 VL 104 IS 1-3 BP 77 EP 88 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00257-0 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZK701 UT WOS:000073352500007 ER PT J AU King, DI Griffin, CR DeGraaf, RM AF King, DI Griffin, CR DeGraaf, RM TI Nest predator distribution among clearcut forest, forest edge and forest interior in an extensively forested landscape SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE forest; clearcut edges; nest predators; Tamiasciurus hudsonicus; Tamias striatus; Cyanocitta cristata ID REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; NEOTROPICAL MIGRANT; HARDWOOD FORESTS; MIGRATORY BIRDS; SMALL MAMMALS; FRAGMENTATION; POPULATIONS AB The distribution of avian and mammalian nest predator species in clearcut forest, forest edge and forest interior habitats was assessed on four study plots in 1992 and 1993 using line transect counts. Red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) and eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) were detected more often than expected by chance in mature forest than clearcut forest (P < 0.05). Linear regressions of sciurid abundance incorporating conifer basal area and distance from clearcut borders explained 75% and 60% of the variation in the abundance of red squirrels and eastern chipmunks, respectively; however, the regression equation of eastern chipmunk abundance was only marginally significant (P = 0.07). Abundance of blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) did not differ between clearcuts and mature forest (P > 0.05) and was not significantly correlated with conifer basal area or distance from clearcut borders (P > 0.05). We conclude that the distribution of two important nest predator species, the eastern chipmunk and the red squirrel, are primarily influenced by the distribution of conifers, However, the distribution of eastern chipmunks and red squirrels are affected by clearcut borders as well. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Forestry & Wildlife, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Massachusetts, NE Forest Expt Stn, USDA, Forest Serv, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP King, DI (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Forestry & Wildlife, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 35 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD MAY 12 PY 1998 VL 104 IS 1-3 BP 151 EP 156 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00253-3 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZK701 UT WOS:000073352500013 ER PT J AU Greenberg, CH McNab, WH AF Greenberg, CH McNab, WH TI Forest disturbance in hurricane-related downbursts in the Appalachian mountains of North Carolina SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE windthrow; gap dynamics; treefall; wind disturbance; uproot; soil disturbance ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; OLD-GROWTH FOREST; GAP DYNAMICS; CATASTROPHIC WINDTHROW; SOUTHERN APPALACHIANS; HARDWOOD FOREST; NEW-HAMPSHIRE; PUERTO-RICO; OAK FORESTS; WIND DAMAGE AB We characterized five 0.2-1.1 ha gaps created by downbursts during Hurricane Opal in xeric oak forest at the Bent Creek Experimental Forest, Asheville, NC. Direction of windthrow was nonrandom in four of the five gaps, but differed among gaps suggesting that each was caused by an independent downburst. Windthrows reduced tree density by 19-39% and basal area (BA) by 30-53% within gaps. Most windthrows were uprooted (17-38% of all trees) versus broken below 1.8 m height (0-3%). Most species were uprooted in proportion to their abundance regardless of canopy position. Red oaks (Quercus coccinea, Quercus rubra and Quercus velutina) were disproportionately uprooted, while Nyssa sylvatica and Acer rubrum were resistant to uprooting. As a group, Quercus lost 27-47% of individuals and 41-50% of BA. Q. coccinea lost greater than or equal to 44% of trees and > 55% of BA in sites where it occurred. Only minor shifts in canopy species dominance were evident. For several species, significantly more large-diameter individuals uprooted than their smaller counterparts. No relationship between dbh and number uprooted was detected for the red oaks, however. Canopy position appeared to have little bearing on this relationship. Uprooting disturbed 1.6-4.3% of the ground area and displaced 130-587 m(3) of root-soil-rock masses (rootmasses) per gap. We suggest that episodic, high-intensity wind is not uncommon, and has a substantial influence on forest structure, species composition, regeneration and microtopography of the southern Appalachian mountains at variable scales. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Bent Creek Res & Demonstrat Forest, Asheville, NC 28806 USA. RP Greenberg, CH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Bent Creek Res & Demonstrat Forest, 1577 Brevard Rd, Asheville, NC 28806 USA. NR 71 TC 74 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD MAY 12 PY 1998 VL 104 IS 1-3 BP 179 EP 191 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00246-6 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA ZK701 UT WOS:000073352500016 ER PT J AU Mullins, GL Alley, SE Reeves, DW AF Mullins, GL Alley, SE Reeves, DW TI Tropical maize response to nitrogen and starter fertilizer under strip and conventional tillage systems in southern Alabama SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE tropical maize; conventional tillage; nitrogen fertilization; conservation tillage; starter fertilizer; strip tillage ID CONSERVATION-TILLAGE; CORN GROWTH; SOIL; YIELD; CARBON AB Tropical maize (Zea mays L.) is a promising new crop for the southeastern US, but optimum management practices have not been established for this alternative crop. Field studies were initiated in 1990 to evaluate its response to N and starter fertilizer under conventional and reduced tillage systems double cropped following wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was conducted on a Dothan sandy loam (fine-loamy, silicious, thermic Plinthic Paleudults) in Southern Alabama. Treatments included conventional (chisel plowing (25 cm depth), disking, and in-row subsoiling) and strip (in-row subsoiling) tillage systems; four N rates (0, 56, 112 and 168 kg ha(-1)); and five starter fertilizer combinations: (1) no starter; (2) 22.4 kg N ha(-1); (3) 22.3 kg P ha(-1); (4) 22.4 kg N and 22.4 kg P ha(-1); (5) 22.4 kg N, 22.4 kg P and 11.2 kg S ha(-1). The depth of subsoiling was 40 cm for both tillage systems. Tropical maize hybrids' Pioneer(R) Brand X304C (1990) and Pioneer(R) Brand 3072 (1991 and 1992) were utilized in the study. Maize silage yields (averaged over 1990 and 1991) under conventional tillage were 14% lower than with strip tillage, while grain yields in 1991 were 30% lower. Differences among tillage systems were not significant in 1992 except for the 0 and 168 kg N ha(-1) rates where conventional tillage produced slightly higher yields as compared to strip tillage. Silage and gain yields increased with N rate with the largest response to N occurring in 1991 under strip tillage. For silage yields averaged over both tillage systems in 1990 and silage and grain yields in 1991 and 1992 under strip tillage there was a quadratic response to N rate. Silage and grain yields peaked at approximately 112 kg N ha(-1). Under conventional tillage in 1991 and 1992, the response of silage and grain to N rate was linear. The best starter for silage was the N and P (NP) treatment. For grain, N alone gave the same yield as the NP starter in 1991, with the greatest response occurring under conventional tillage. In 1992, the NP treatment was the best starter for grain. This study demonstrated that double cropped tropical maize is a promising alternative crop for warm temperate/subtropical regions. High silage yields and reasonable grain yields can be obtained using conservation tillage systems and the addition of N in combination with a starter fertilizer containing N and P. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Agron & Soils, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. RP Mullins, GL (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Agron & Soils, 202 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 48 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD MAY 11 PY 1998 VL 45 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 15 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(97)00069-X PG 15 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA ZX836 UT WOS:000074560300001 ER PT J AU Unger, PW Jones, OR AF Unger, PW Jones, OR TI Long-term tillage and cropping systems affect bulk density and penetration resistance of soil cropped to dryland wheat and grain sorghum SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE soil bulk density; soil penetration resistance; soil water content; stubble mulch tillage; no-tillage; cropping systems; Pullman clay loam; Torrertic Paleustoll ID WATER STORAGE; GREAT-PLAINS; WINTER-WHEAT; NO-TILLAGE; ROTATION; YIELD AB Stubble mulch tillage (SMT) and no-tillage (NT) are well adapted for dryland crops in the US Great Plains. Long-term use of NT, however, may impair soil physical conditions and crop yields, and, by inference, soil quality and production sustainability. We determined effects of using SMT and NT in several cropping systems for dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) production on soil bulk density (BD), penetration resistance (PR), and water content (WC). We determined these in 1994 in plots of a tillage method and cropping system study started in 1982 on Pullman (Torrertic Paleustoll) clay loam at Bushland, TX, USA. Due to the nature of the study, a common statistical analysis of the data was not appropriate, but eight separate analyses were possible. Besides tillage method and cropping system, these allowed comparisons due to rotation phase, land condition (level or non-level), and crop grown. Soil ED and PR always increased with depth and WC often increased. The tillage x depth interaction effect also was significant. Soil ED and PR were lower in the tillage layer (0-10 cm depth) in SMT than in NT plots, but no definite trends for ED were evident below 10 cm. Based on regression analyses, PR with SMT was related to ED and WC of the entire profile and most depth increments. With NT, PR was related to profile ED and WC, but only to WC for individual depths. These results indicate some strength factor largely independent of ED and affected by WC strongly influences PR of NT soil. Because NT does not disturb the soil, we concluded that stable biopores created by soil organisms and root channels reduced the effects of ED differences among NT plots and that NT soils developed a rigid structure independent of ED. Reports of improved trafficability on NT soils support this conclusion. Results of this study and previously reported crop yields suggest long-term use of NT will not impair the quality and production sustainability of this and similar soils under dryland cropping conditions. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, USDA, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Unger, PW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 25 TC 55 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD MAY 11 PY 1998 VL 45 IS 1-2 BP 39 EP 57 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(97)00068-8 PG 19 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA ZX836 UT WOS:000074560300003 ER PT J AU Yamoah, CF Varvel, GE Waltman, WJ Francis, CA AF Yamoah, CF Varvel, GE Waltman, WJ Francis, CA TI Long-term nitrogen use and nitrogen-removal index in continuous crops and rotations SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE nitrogen-removal index; biological window; cropping systems; maize; sorghum; soybean ID EFFICIENCY; SYSTEMS; YIELDS; CORN; SOIL AB Cropping systems, nitrogen (N) fertilizer levels, and climate largely dictate patterns of N use and influence problems arising from N fertilization. Nitrogen use was assessed in cropping systems with a nitrogen removal-index (NRI), defined as the ratio of N removed in the grain to total N supply including that from N fixation by legumes grown in rotation. Results are reported from analyses of NRIs of cropping systems that comprised a 12-yr continuous and sequential growing of maize [Zea mays L.], soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr.], sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and oat/clover [Auena sativa (L.)/80% Melilotus officinalis (L.) Lam., 20% Trifolium pratense] in eastern Nebraska. Rotations involving maize or sorghum had higher NRIs than continuous cereals at 0 N application levels. Increasing N rates reduced NRI and resulted in an increase of residual nitrate in all but the continuous soybean system. Also, NRI was highest in continuous soybean, lower in continuous maize, and lowest in continuous sorghum. Rotations and lower N rates both contributed to higher NRI and lower soil residual nitrate. Biological windows that comprised the cumulative number of days in the entire year when soil is moist and temperature above a specific threshold correlated positively and significantly with NRI, whereas MU and August temperature were negatively related. Between 43 and 87% of variability of NRI in maize and soybean systems was attributed to August temperature plus August precipitation index. Biological window (moist soil, temperature above 5 degrees C) plus May temperature explained up to 76% of variability of NRI of maize and soybean. Nitrogen removal index for sorghum was unrelated to weather variables. Estimated additions to the soil organic N reserve from the return of crop residues averaged between 16 and 80 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) with higher levels from sorghum and from all treatments with high levels of N fertilizer. Crop rotations generally increased the N-removal index, reduced the year-to-year variability in N-removal-index, and at 0 N-application rate, increased the return of N in residue to the soil N pool, compared to continuous cropping of single species. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA, NRCS, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. RP Yamoah, CF (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 18 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD MAY 8 PY 1998 VL 57 IS 1 BP 15 EP 27 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(97)00109-3 PG 13 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA ZT417 UT WOS:000074083600002 ER PT J AU Zaika, LL Phillips, JG Fanelli, JS Scullen, OJ AF Zaika, LL Phillips, JG Fanelli, JS Scullen, OJ TI Revised model for aerobic growth of Shigella flexneri to extend the validity of predictions at temperatures between 10 and 19 degrees C SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Shigella flexneri; growth kinetics; response surface models; food; temperature ID SODIUM-NITRITE CONCENTRATIONS; INITIAL PH; CHLORIDE; SURVIVAL; KINETICS; FOODS AB Although Shigella is a major foodborne pathogen, its growth in foods has received little attention. Growth of S. flexneri 5348 inoculated into commercially available sterile foods (canned broths, meat, fish, UHT milk, baby foods) was studied at 10 to 37 degrees C. S. flexneri was enumerated by surface-plating on Tryptic Soy Agar and growth curves were fitted by means of the Gompertz equation. Observed growth kinetics values and values calculated using a previously developed response surface model compared favorably for growth at 19 to 37 degrees C, but not at < 19 degrees C, To refine the model, additional data were collected for growth at 10 to 19 degrees C. A total of 844 tests in BHI broth, representing 197 variable combinations of temperature (10-37 degrees C), pH (5.0-7.5), NaCl (0.5-5.0%) and NaNO2, (0-1000 ppm) was used for the revised model. The revised model, developed in BHI, gave significantly better agreement of calculated growth kinetics values with those observed in foods at 10 to 19 degrees C. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. ARS, N Atlantic Area Off, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Zaika, LL (reprint author), ARS, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 19 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD MAY 5 PY 1998 VL 41 IS 1 BP 9 EP 19 DI 10.1016/S0168-1605(98)00037-3 PG 11 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA ZR784 UT WOS:000074013400002 PM 9631334 ER PT J AU O'Rourke, KI Baszler, TV Parish, SM Knowles, DP AF O'Rourke, KI Baszler, TV Parish, SM Knowles, DP TI Preclinical detection of PrPSc in nictitating membrane lymphoid tissue of sheep SO VETERINARY RECORD LA English DT Article ID NATURAL SCRAPIE; PRION PROTEIN; DIAGNOSIS; BRAIN; GENE C1 USDA, ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Washington Anim Dis Diagnost Lab, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP O'Rourke, KI (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 14 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON, ENGLAND W1M 0AT SN 0042-4900 J9 VET REC JI Vet. Rec. PD MAY 2 PY 1998 VL 142 IS 18 BP 489 EP 491 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZM023 UT WOS:000073497000012 PM 9612916 ER PT J AU Ma, QL Wauchope, RD Hook, JE Johnson, AW Truman, CC Dowler, CC Gascho, GJ Davis, JG Summer, HR Chandler, LD AF Ma, QL Wauchope, RD Hook, JE Johnson, AW Truman, CC Dowler, CC Gascho, GJ Davis, JG Summer, HR Chandler, LD TI Influence of tractor wheel tracks and crusts/seals on runoff: Observations and simulations with the RZWQM SO AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article ID ESTIMATING SOIL-WATER; HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; BROMIDE BEHAVIOR; FIELD CONDITIONS; MODEL; PESTICIDE; INFILTRATION; SENSITIVITY; MOVEMENT; GLEAMS AB In simulations on the fate of agricultural chemicals applied to crops, accurate partitioning of rainfall between infiltration and runoff is fundamental to chemical runoff predictions. We evaluated the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM version 3.1) against measured runoff from two field plots (15x45 m with 3% slope) on a Tifton loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Plinthic Kandiudult). Six simulated rainfall events, each 25 mm h(-1) for 2 h, were applied to maize (Zea mays, L.) each year. In the uncalibrated mode, RZWQM under-predicted runoff by 40% on average, with the closest fit for events that occurred after full canopy. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) accounted for the majority of the uncertainty in predicted runoff. When Ks of the surface crust was back calibrated from the measured runoff, RZWQM predicted runoff closely for the remaining plots and events. Alternatively, using different Ks values for wheel track and crop beds, running the model for each and then, proportionally assigning runoff also led to predictions that agreed with measured runoff. When spatial and temporal changes in Ks were calibrated to specific conditions at the site, RZWQM effectively predicted runoff. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. ARS, USDA, Nematodes Weeds & Crops Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. ARS, USDA, SE Watershed Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. ARS, USDA, Insect Biol & Pest Management Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Grain Insect Res Lab, Brookings, SD USA. RP Hook, JE (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RI Davis, Jessica/C-1903-2013 NR 57 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-521X J9 AGR SYST JI Agric. Syst. PD MAY PY 1998 VL 57 IS 1 BP 77 EP 100 DI 10.1016/S0308-521X(97)00077-2 PG 24 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA ZT904 UT WOS:000074139700005 ER PT J AU Wu, GW Wilson, LT McClung, AM AF Wu, GW Wilson, LT McClung, AM TI Contribution of rice tillers to dry matter accumulation and yield SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN-FERTILIZATION; SEEDING RATE; SEEDED RICE; GROWTH; COMPONENTS AB A rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop functions as a population of tillers produced at different times and possessing specific growth characteristics. The objective of this study was to characterize the contribution of cultivar tillering ability to dry matter accumulation, yield components, and grain yield. Field experiments were conducted over a 2-yr period using a completely randomized plot design at Beaumont, TX, grown under a pin-point flood system, with a China clay soil (fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Oxyaquic Dystrudert), Three cultivars were chosen (Gulfmont, Rosemont, and Teqing), to represent moderate to high tillering abilities, and three plant densities were chosen (56, 112, and 169 plants m(-2)), to produce differential competition for light and nutrients, Teqing had the highest tillering ability and partitioned more mass to tillers, especially tit the lowest plant density, with 77% of the total mass represented by tillers, compared with 71 and 69% for Gulfmont and Rosemont, respectively. However, total dry mass per unit area at harvest was not significantly different, contrasting the plant density treatments (1618, 1725, and 1744 g m(-2) for the 56, 112, and 169 plants m(-2) treatments, respectively, when averaged across cultivars). Both cultivar and plant density significantly affected a number of yield components, but not kernel weight, The higher yield of Teqing (918 g m(-2)), contrasted with the lower-yielding Gulfmont (791 g m(-2)) and Rosemont (729 g m(-2)), appears largely to have resulted from its greater tillering ability, higher spikelet density, and longer maturation period, which makes greater use of the relatively long growing season length at Beaumont. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. ARS, USDA, Beaumont, TX 77713 USA. RP Wilson, LT (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM wilson*@kelsun2.tamu.edu RI Wilson, Lloyd/E-9971-2011 NR 32 TC 60 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 90 IS 3 BP 317 EP 323 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA ZZ772 UT WOS:000074765600001 ER PT J AU Rhoton, FE Romkens, MJM AF Rhoton, FE Romkens, MJM TI Water distribution in a fragipan soil during the growing season SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MISSISSIPPI RIVER VALLEY; IDENTIFICATION; EROSION; YIELD AB The resistance to penetration developed during the formation of fragipan horizons effectively excludes plant roots from the water stored in this zone. Thus, plant roots are believed to be restricted to the use of water stored in the profile between the fragipan and soil surface, This study was conducted to determine if fragipan horizons contribute water to plant rooting zones during the growing season. Twelve experimental field plots were installed at each of three sites situated on Grenade silt loam (fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Glossic Fragiudalfs), Based on relative depths to the fragipan horizon, these three sites represented slight, moderate, and severely eroded phases of the soil. Access tubes were inserted to a depth of 30.5 cm below the fragipan surface on six of the plots at each site. Water contents were measured weekly by a combination of gravimetric and neutron probe methods from the 1984 through the 1987 growing seasons. Results indicate that the fragipan horizons contributed water to the overlying profile each growing season at all three sites. The extent of water loss from the fragipan was determined by its proximity to the soil surface, For the four growing seasons, the fragipan horizon contributed on average 15.6% of the water lost at the severely eroded site, compared with 5.5 and 6.1% at the slightly and moderately eroded sites, respectively. These results suggest that plants grown on soils with fragipan horizons have indirect access to water stored in that zone. Consequently, yield data from such studies must be carefully interpreted when comparing sites with a range of depths to fragipan. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Rhoton, FE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Sedimentat Lab, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 90 IS 3 BP 368 EP 375 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA ZZ772 UT WOS:000074765600009 ER PT J AU Allen, LH Valle, RR Jones, JW Jones, PH AF Allen, LH Valle, RR Jones, JW Jones, PH TI Soybean leaf water potential responses to carbon dioxide and drought SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENT CO2 ENVIRONMENTS; OSMOTIC ADJUSTMENT; USE EFFICIENCY; PLANT-GROWTH; STRESS; NITROGEN; LEAVES; FIELD; YIELD; MAIZE AB Rising CO2 can have direct effects on crop water relations and indirect effects on water available for growth. We studied the effects of elevated CO2 and drought on leaf water relations of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Bragg] and considered the hypothesis of osmotic adjustment mediated by increased photosynthesis (Hypothesis 1) vs. the hypothesis of water conservation mediated by decreased stomatal conductance (Hypothesis 2) to explain improved water relations of plants growing under elevated CO2. In Exp. 1, soybean was grown at 330, 450, 660, and 800 mu mol mol(-1) CO2 in sunlit, closed-circulation, controlled-environment chambers under well-watered conditions. Leaf total water potential (WP), osmotic potential (OP), and turgor potential (TP) were measured at midday during V4 to R6 stages of development. In Exp. 2 (well-watered, R1-R3) and Exp. 3 (13-d drying cycle, R6 seed filling), soybean was grown at 330 and 660 mu mol mol(-1) CO2 and WP, OP, and TP were measured five times per day on sunlit and shaded leaves. In Exp. 3, stomatal conductance (g(s)) and transpiration rate (TR) of leaves were also measured. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that elevated CO2 increased TP and decreased OP, but did not affect leaf WP, thus favoring Hypothesis 1. In Exp. 3, leaf WP was higher in elevated than ambient CO2. Diurnal TP was higher in elevated than ambient CO2 at the beginning of drought, and was maintained longer each day as drought progressed. At the end of drought, TP and WP was higher in elevated than ambient CO2. Elevated CO2 leaves had lower TR because of lower g(s) than ambient CO2 counterparts. Thus, Exp. 3 supported Hypothesis 2, that both stressed and nonstressed plants in elevated CO2 have a better water status (e.g., higher TP) than plants in ambient CO2 due to water conservation mediated by decreased g(s). Remobilization of leaf nutrients during seed filling may limit the capability for osmotic adjustment. Regardless of the mechanisms, growth of plants in elevated CO2 should be less affected by drought than plants in ambient CO2. C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Ctr Pesquisas Cacau, Div Bot, Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil. Univ Florida, Dept Agr Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Allen, LH (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM lhajr@nervm.nerdc.ufl.edu NR 48 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 EI 1435-0645 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1998 VL 90 IS 3 BP 375 EP 383 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA ZZ772 UT WOS:000074765600010 ER EF