FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Chen, YKH Palta, JP Bamberg, JB Kim, H Haberlach, GT Helgeson, JP AF Chen, YKH Palta, JP Bamberg, JB Kim, H Haberlach, GT Helgeson, JP TI Expression of nonacclimated freezing tolerance and cold acclimation capacity in somatic hybrids between hardy wild Solanum species and cultivated potatoes SO EUPHYTICA LA English DT Article DE freezing tolerance; potato; Solanum brevidens; Solanum commersonii; Solanum tuberosum; somatic hybrids ID HARDINESS EXPRESSION; FROST-HARDINESS; GENETIC-CONTROL; TUBEROSUM L; RESISTANCE; BREVIDENS; WHEAT; TRITICEAE; PROGENY; FUSION AB The expression of freezing tolerance was characterized in interspecific somatic hybrids between S. tuberosum (tbr) and two cold-hardy wild species, S. brevidens (brd) and S. commersonii (cmm). The nonacclimated freezing tolerance (NA) and acclimation capacity (ACC, increase in freezing tolerance in response to low nonfreezing temperature), two main genetic components of freezing tolerance, were evaluated separately. In contrast to cmm, which exhibited excellent NA and ACC, the freezing tolerance of brd was mainly due to ACC. However, the ACC of brd was only moderately expressed in the somatic hybrids. The NA of cmm was also suppressed in combination with tbr genomes. However, with acclimation, some of the tbr (+) cmm somatic hybrids achieved freezing tolerance comparable to pure hardy species such as brd used in this study. Analysis of chloroplast DNA type by RFLP markers revealed no significant difference in ACC between somatic hybrids carrying chloroplasts from either tbr or cmm. The reasons for the reduced expression of freezing tolerance from either the brd or cmm parent and the utilization of these somatic hybrids in breeding programs are discussed. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, US Potato Genebank, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. Dongguk Univ, Dept Agrobiol, Seoul, South Korea. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Palta, JP (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 47 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-2336 J9 EUPHYTICA JI Euphytica PY 1999 VL 107 IS 1 BP 1 EP 8 DI 10.1023/A:1003583706491 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 201HU UT WOS:000080590000001 ER PT J AU Ehdaie, B Baker, CA AF Ehdaie, B Baker, CA TI Inheritance and allelism for resistance to Russian wheat aphid in an Iranian spring wheat SO EUPHYTICA LA English DT Article DE Russian wheat aphid; resistance; inheritance; allelism; segregation ratio; wheat; Triticum aestivum L. ID DIURAPHIS-NOXIA HOMOPTERA; TRITICUM-AESTIVUM; MONOSOMIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC-VARIATION; UNITED-STATES; BREAD WHEAT; LANDRACES; PI294994 AB Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), is an important pest of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the United States of America. Developing adapted wheat cultivars with genetic resistance to RWA is an effective control strategy. Genetic studies were conducted to determine the mode of inheritance of gene(s) conferring resistance to RWA in an Iranian landrace wheat line, G 5864. For the inheritance study, G 5864 was crossed with the susceptible wheats 'Yecora Rojo' and ND 2375. Seedlings of F-1, reciprocal F-1, F-2, BC1 to the susceptible parent (BCS), and BC1 to the resistant parent (BCR) were screened for RWA reaction. Several phenotypic segregation ratios were tested in the F-2 populations for goodness of fit; the 9:3:3:1 ratio (resistant: rolled leaves: stunted plants: susceptible) was an acceptable fit in all cases. Thus, resistance in G 5864 seemed to be controlled by two independent dominant genes with additive gene effects. The allelic relationships of gene(s) in this line with genes in other resistant lines, PI 137739 (Dn1), PI 262660 (Dn2), PI 372129 (Dn4), PI 294994 (Dn5), and PI 243781 (Dn6), were also studied. Segregation patterns observed in G 5864 x resistant (R x R) F-2 populations were inconclusive. However, no susceptible plants were observed in these F-2 populations. If previous reports concerning the number of resistance genes present in the other resistant lines are correct, then given the high manifestation of resistance observed in G 5864, and given the absence of susceptible plants in the R x R F-2 populations, it is indicated that RWA resistance in G 5864 is either controlled by different alleles at the same loci as the other resistance genes, or that G 5864 shares a resistance gene with each of the other resistant lines. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. USDA, ARS, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Ehdaie, B (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-2336 J9 EUPHYTICA JI Euphytica PY 1999 VL 107 IS 1 BP 71 EP 78 DI 10.1023/A:1003549512216 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 201HU UT WOS:000080590000009 ER PT J AU Sukno, S Ruso, J Jan, CC Melero-Vara, JM Fernandez-Martinez, JM AF Sukno, S Ruso, J Jan, CC Melero-Vara, JM Fernandez-Martinez, JM TI Interspecific hybridization between sunflower and wild perennial Helianthus species via embryo rescue SO EUPHYTICA LA English DT Article DE embryo rescue; Helianthus spp.; interspecific hybridization; sunflower ID PLANT-REGENERATION; GENUS HELIANTHUS; ANNUUS L; CULTURE; HYBRIDS; LINES AB Interspecific crosses were made between the cultivated sunflower inbred line HA89 and accessions of five wild perennial Helianthus species (H. giganteus L., H. laevigatus T. & G., H. resinosus Small, H. pauciflorus Nutt. and H. decapetalus L.) resistant to broomrape (Orobanche cernua Loefl.). Using the genetic male-sterile isogenic version of that line as female, successful reciprocal crosses were also obtained with all these wild species except with H. decapetalus. Five-day-old hybrid embryos were excised and cultured in vitro. In all cases, few mature plants were obtained from embryos in early developmental stages (early heart and globular) but up to 28% mature plants were obtained from embryos in later stages of development Very immature embryos were difficult to excise without damage. Hybrid embryos and mature plants were obtained from all five wild species. Interspecific hybrid embryos from different wild species showed distinct developmental potentials, the proportion of hybrid embryos in different developmental stages varying among species. Differences in the proportion of hybrid embryos at the several developmental stages were also obtained for the reciprocal crosses (cultivated x wild), which showed higher proportion of fully developed embryos. Hybrids involving H, giganteus and cultivated sunflower were difficult to obtain without the use of embryo culture. Embryo culture proved to be an useful tool to overcome post-zygotic hybrid incompatibility in different Helianthus spp., and facilitated interspecific transfer of resistance to O. cernua. C1 CSIC, Inst Agr Sostenible, Dept Agron & Mejora Genet Vegetal, Cordoba, Spain. CSIC, Dept Protecc Cultivos, Inst Agr Sostenible, Cordoba 14080, Spain. ARS, USDA, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Fernandez-Martinez, JM (reprint author), CSIC, Inst Agr Sostenible, Dept Agron & Mejora Genet Vegetal, Cordoba, Spain. RI Fernandez-Martinez, Jose/A-7193-2010; Ruso, Juan/C-1089-2009; Sukno, Serenella/K-1449-2014; OI Ruso, Juan/0000-0001-5909-6754; Sukno, Serenella/0000-0003-3248-6490; Fernandez Martinez, Jose Maria/0000-0003-1413-0642 NR 31 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-2336 J9 EUPHYTICA JI Euphytica PY 1999 VL 106 IS 1 BP 69 EP 78 DI 10.1023/A:1003524822284 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 183TY UT WOS:000079570600010 ER PT J AU Polgar, Z Wielgus, SM Horvath, S Helgeson, JP AF Polgar, Z Wielgus, SM Horvath, S Helgeson, JP TI DNA analysis of potato plus Solanum brevidens somatic hybrid lines SO EUPHYTICA LA English DT Article DE Erwinia carotovora; Solanum tuberosum; somaclonal variation; RAPD ID RAPD MARKERS; TUBEROSUM L; PROTOPLAST CULTURES; RFLP ANALYSIS; S-TUBEROSUM; SOFT-ROT; RESISTANCE; PROGENY; FUSION; RECOMBINATION AB Three somatic hybrid lines between potato (cv. While Lady line no. Ke 64, 2n = 2x = 48) + Solanum brevidens (PI 218228, 2n = 2x = 24) were evaluated using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The lines originated from the same callus but showed different reactions to Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora, the cause of potato soft rot. By the use of 48 oligomer primers producing 99 scorable bands, DNA polymorphism were detected on 7 of 12 S. brevidens chromosomes. Loss of certain DNA segments on chromosome 5, 6, 9 and 11 were observed. Some of the variations could have taken place in early callus stage of development; others may have occurred after initiation of individual shoot regeneration. The possible involvement of missing RAPD products specific to one somatic hybrid that shows decreased resistance to bacterial soft rot is discussed. C1 Pannon Univ Agr Sci, Georgikon Fac, Dept Potato Res, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary. Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Polgar, Z (reprint author), Pannon Univ Agr Sci, Georgikon Fac, Dept Potato Res, Pf 71, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-2336 J9 EUPHYTICA JI Euphytica PY 1999 VL 105 IS 2 BP 103 EP 107 DI 10.1023/A:1003451327553 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 172WM UT WOS:000078948400005 ER PT J AU Vivek, BS Simon, PW AF Vivek, BS Simon, PW TI Phylogeny and relationships in Daucus based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) of the chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes SO EUPHYTICA LA English DT Article DE carrot; cladistic; genetic diversity; phenetic ID CAROTA SSP SATIVUS; MALE-STERILE; GENUS DAUCUS; DNA; SEQUENCE; SYSTEMATICS; EVOLUTION; DIVERSITY; APIACEAE; COMPLEX AB Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) restriction site analysis of nine species of Daucus (covering four of five sections) and nine carrot accessions was done using 14 Petunia cpDNA clones as probes and 10 restriction enzymes. Cladistic analysis yielded a phylogeny generally concordant with a recent morphological classification. A cpDNA point mutation was found in the cultivated carrots (probe P10-Bgl II digest). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) restriction site analysis of the same material using four maize mtDNA clones as probes and 10 enzymes exhibited extensive mitochondrial diversity in Daucus, both within and between sections. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Vivek, BS (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 36 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-2336 J9 EUPHYTICA JI Euphytica PY 1999 VL 105 IS 3 BP 183 EP 189 DI 10.1023/A:1003446301145 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 179MA UT WOS:000079330200003 ER PT J AU Knutson, LV Vala, JC AF Knutson, LV Vala, JC TI The male of Tetanoptera leucodactyla (Diptera : Sciomyzidae) SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Diptera; Sciomyzidae; Tetanoptera; Verbekaria; taxonomy; Africa AB The male of Tetanoptera leucodactyla Verbeke, a genus and species of Sciomyzidae known until now only from one female specimen from the Congo, is described, and the genus is more fully characterized. The external morphology is illustrated and the male genitalia are described and figured for the first time. The relationships of Tetanoptera to genera of the Sepedon group and certain other genera of Tetanocerini are discussed. Tetanoptera appears to be related to Verbekaria, and intermediate in an evolutionary lineage between the relatively primitive Tetanocera and the advanced Thecomyia. C1 ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20560 USA. RP Knutson, LV (reprint author), 4 Rue Erables, F-34830 Clapiers, France. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CZECH ACAD SCI, INST ENTOMOLOGY PI CESKE BUDEJOVICE PA BRANISOVSKA 31, CESKE BUDEJOVICE 370 05, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 1210-5759 J9 EUR J ENTOMOL JI Eur. J. Entomol. PY 1999 VL 96 IS 4 BP 451 EP 457 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 277DU UT WOS:000084918100014 ER PT J AU Van Everbroeck, B O'Rourke, KI Cras, P AF Van Everbroeck, B O'Rourke, KI Cras, P TI Immunoreactivity of the monoclonal antibody F89/160.1.5 for human prion protein SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HISTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE prion protein; Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; immunohistochemistry; human tissue; monoclonal antibody; epitope recognition ID VARIANT CJD; DISEASES AB Monoclonal antibodies (Mab) to the prion protein (PrP) have been critical to the neuropathological characterisation of PrP-related diseases in human and animals. Although PrP is highly evolutionary conserved, there is some sequence divergence among species. We have analysed the F89/160.1.5 Mab raised against the bovine prion protein for immunoreactivity with the human prion protein. The antibody recognised the IHFG epitope of the prion protein. An analysis of the Swiss Prot database confirmed conservation of the epitope in humans. Further immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis showed a highly sensitive (final concentration 55 ng/ml) and specific antibody for prion detection in humans. The observed immunoreactivity of the prion protein did not differ from that observed after staining with the well-known 3F4 (Senetek) monoclonal antibody. C1 Univ Instelling Antwerp, Born Bunge Fdn, Neurobiol Lab, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, USDA, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Cras, P (reprint author), Univ Instelling Antwerp, Born Bunge Fdn, Neurobiol Lab, Univ Pl 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU LUIGI PONZIO E FIGLIO PI PAVIA PA VIA D DA CATALOGNA 1/3, 27100 PAVIA, ITALY SN 1121-760X J9 EUR J HISTOCHEM JI Eur. J. Histochem. PY 1999 VL 43 IS 4 BP 335 EP 338 PG 4 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 264KG UT WOS:000084180800010 PM 10682272 ER PT J AU Pruvost, O Gottwald, TR Brocherieux, C AF Pruvost, O Gottwald, TR Brocherieux, C TI The effect of irrigation practices on the spatio-temporal increase of Asiatic citrus canker in simulated nursery plots in Reunion Island SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE epidemiology; Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri; spatial autocorrelation analysis; geostatistics ID LYGUS-HESPERUS HETEROPTERA; GEOSTATISTICAL DESCRIPTION; SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYSIS; EASTERN SPAIN; SPREAD; PATHOGENS; ARGENTINA; VIRUS; EPIDEMICS; MIRIDAE AB Asiatic citrus canker is a potentially severe disease of several citrus species and cultivars in many tropical and subtropical areas. In such areas, infected nursery plants constitute an important source of primary inoculum for newly established citrus groves. The influence of overhead, drip, and mist irrigation systems on the development of Asiatic citrus canker was studied in simulated, Mexican-lime nurseries in Reunion Island. Overhead irrigation exacerbated the increase of disease incidence and severity caused by a streptomycin-resistant strain of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. The temporal development of Asiatic citrus canker for overhead irrigated nursery plots was best described by an exponential model, because disease incidence in these plots did not come close to an asymptote during the experimental period. This can be explained by the continuous production of new growth, susceptible to infection by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, and splash dispersal of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri associated with overhead irrigation. Based on spatial correlation and spatio-temporal analyses, aggregated disease patterns were found irrespective of the irrigation system. In overhead-irrigated plots, the spread of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri lacked directionnality. Rainstorms of short duration and high intensity were apparently associated with disease increase in drip-irrigated plots. There is a need to improve cultivation practices in Reunion Island citrus nurseries to minimize Asiatic citrus canker incidence in nurseries and to minimize the introduction of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri to new groves. C1 CIRAD, Lab Phytopathol, St Pierre 97455, Reunion. ARS, USDA, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP Pruvost, O (reprint author), CIRAD, Lab Phytopathol, BP 180, St Pierre 97455, Reunion. EM pruvost@cirad.fr NR 38 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1873 J9 EUR J PLANT PATHOL JI Eur. J. Plant Pathol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 105 IS 1 BP 23 EP 37 DI 10.1023/A:1008683726706 PG 15 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 186GP UT WOS:000079720800003 ER PT J AU Moline, H Hubbard, JE Karns, JS Buyer, JS Cohen, JD AF Moline, H Hubbard, JE Karns, JS Buyer, JS Cohen, JD TI Selective isolation of bacterial antagonists of Botrytis cinerea SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bacteria; biological control; Chryseobacterium; Flavobacterium; grey mold; Pseudomonas; strawberries ID BIOCONTROL; MICROORGANISMS; HYDROLASE; SEEDLINGS; DISEASES; ROT AB Most potential fungal antagonists have been identified only after exhaustive non-selective screening. Bacteria antagonistic to Botrytis cinerea were selected using a simple method based on techniques developed for trace enrichment studies, where a crude cell wall preparation from B. cinerea was used as a selective substrate and bacteria were isolated based on growth on cell wall agar media. Most of the 52 bacterial isolates that were obtained from the surface of 'organically grown' strawberry fruit and could grow on B. cinerea wall media in culture showed some ability to inhibit the growth of the fungus. Potato dextrose agar seeded with B. cinerea spores (10(4) ml(-1)) were challenged with each of these bacterial isolates at concentrations of 10(9) and 10(6) colony forming units ml(-1). Eleven of the 52 isolates initially recovered, subsequently demonstrated strong antagonism in vitro and were selected for additional screening tests on strawberry fruit. All 11 isolates reduced grey mold rot incidence on fruit in storage. Three of the best isolates were tested in limited held trials, and also reduced grey mold rot on fruit under field conditions. C1 ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, USDA, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Cohen, JD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Bldg 002,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Cohen, Jerry/0000-0003-2816-8676 NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1873 J9 EUR J PLANT PATHOL JI Eur. J. Plant Pathol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 105 IS 1 BP 95 EP 101 DI 10.1023/A:1008641929417 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 186GP UT WOS:000079720800009 ER PT J AU Pitt, WC AF Pitt, WC TI Effects of multiple vertebrate predators on grasshopper habitat selection: trade-offs due to predation risk, foraging, and thermoregulation SO EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE behavior; birds; grasshoppers; habitat selection; lizards; Minnesota; predation risk ID LEAF NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION; AVIAN PREDATION; INVERTEBRATE PREDATORS; SANDHILLS GRASSLAND; TROPHIC CASCADES; FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; BODY-TEMPERATURE; CARBON GAIN; POPULATIONS; COMMUNITY AB Predation risk can influence habitat use and activity of potential prey. I explored how the risk of predation by vertebrates influenced the behavior of grasshoppers. I monitored the height in vegetation and the frequency of resting, moving, and feeding behaviors of both tethered and free-ranging grasshoppers under exposure to various predators. Grasshoppers protected from birds remained high in the vegetation, while those protected only from small mammals and lizards remained low in the vegetation. Grasshoppers exposed to all predators occupied an intermediate height. Lower positions in the vegetation were associated with cooler thermal conditions, lower feeding rates, and lower food availability. My results are consistent with the hypothesis that grasshoppers utilize different microhabitats to balance the trade-off between reducing mortality from predators and experiencing greater food availability, and warmer conditions. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, Logan, UT 84321 USA. Utah State Univ, Ctr Ecol, Logan, UT 84321 USA. RP Pitt, WC (reprint author), Utah State Univ, NWRC Predator Ecol, WS,APHIS, USDA,UMC 5295, Logan, UT 84321 USA. NR 71 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 3 U2 24 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0269-7653 J9 EVOL ECOL JI Evol. Ecol. PY 1999 VL 13 IS 5 BP 499 EP 515 DI 10.1023/A:1006792726166 PG 17 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 354TT UT WOS:000089346300005 ER PT J AU Suliman, HB Logan-Henfrey, L Majiwa, PAO ole-Moiyoi, O Feldman, BF AF Suliman, HB Logan-Henfrey, L Majiwa, PAO ole-Moiyoi, O Feldman, BF TI Analysis of erythropoietin and erythropoietin receptor genes expression in cattle during acute infection with Trypanosoma congolense SO EXPERIMENTAL HEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE erythropoietin; anemia; Trypanosoma congolense; RT-PCR ID STEM-CELL FACTOR; CHRONIC DISEASE; AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS; INTERFERON-GAMMA; LIGAND-BINDING; PROGENITOR CELLS; BORAN CATTLE; NDAMA CATTLE; WSXWS MOTIF; ANEMIA AB Acute Trypanosoma congolense infection induced moderate, transient anemia in N'Dama cattle (trypanotolerant) and severe anemia in Boran cattle (trypanosusceptible). Erythropoietin receptor (EpoR) was cloned and sequenced from the two breeds of cattle. A single position mutation of Tyr in the Boran to His in the N'Dama predicted amino acid sequence was revealed, The mRNA transcription of erythropoietin (Epo) in kidneys and EpoR in the bone marrow of infected cattle was determined by competitive reverse transcription and the polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Though Epo mRNA transcription increased in the kidneys during infection, the increase was not significantly different (p > 0.05) between the two breeds of infected cattle. The level of EpoR transcripts in the bone marrow of infected N'Damas was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that detected in the marrows from infected Boran cattle. While infection seem to increase levels of transcription of IL-1 alpha and beta, and TNF alpha in kidneys from both Boran and N'Dama cattle, no significant difference was detected in the level of mRNAs of these cytokines in the kidney from the two breed of cattle. The amount of IFN gamma mRNA transcripts were not changed with infection in N'Dama cattle, while on the contrary a significant higher levels of IFN gamma was found in kidneys from infected Boran cattle as compared to the other groups, A significant (p < 0.05) increase in the levels of IL-1 alpha and beta, and IFN gamma mRNA transcripts were detected in the marrows of infected Borans as compared to the infected N'Dama cattle. In this study the increase in the level of TNF alpha mRNA in the marrows of the two infected breeds was not different. This implies there is no negative effect of TNF alpha on hematopoiesis during acute infection, These findings suggest that the levels of Epo and EpoR in the infected Boran cattle were inadequate for their degree of anemia, which might be due in part to high expression of IFN gamma during acute infection with T. congolense. (C) 1999 International Society for Experimental Hematology, Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27710 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD USA. Int Livestock Res Inst, ILRI, Nairobi, Kenya. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept Biomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP Suliman, HB (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Box 2620,MSRB,Room 341, Durham, NC 27710 USA. EM sulim002@MC.DUKE.EDU NR 43 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0301-472X J9 EXP HEMATOL JI Exp. Hematol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 27 IS 1 BP 37 EP 45 DI 10.1016/S0301-472X(98)00019-8 PG 9 WC Hematology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Hematology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 157TV UT WOS:000078078500005 PM 9923442 ER PT J AU Welch, RM Graham, RD AF Welch, RM Graham, RD TI A new paradigm for world agriculture: meeting human needs - Productive, sustainable, nutritious SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sustainable agriculture; human nutrition; micronutrients; malnutrition; development; health ID CEREAL-GRAINS; UNITED-STATES; RAW; ELEMENTS; FLOUR; CROPS; RICE; CORN AB Micronutrient malnutrition ('Hidden Hunger') now afflicts over two billion people worldwide, resulting in poor health, low worker productivity, high rates of mortality and morbidity, increased rates of chronic diseases (coronary heart disease, cancer, stroke, and diabetes), and permanent impairment of cognitive abilities of infants born to micronutrient-deficient mothers. The consequences of food system failures include lethargic national development efforts, continued high population growth rates, and a vicious cycle of poverty for massive numbers of underprivileged people in all nations, Our food systems are failing us globally by not providing enough balanced nutrient output to meet all the nutritional needs of every person, especially resource-poor women, infants and children in developing countries, Agriculture is partly responsible because it has never held nutrient output as an explicit goal of its production systems. Indeed, many agricultural policies have fostered a decline in nutrition and diet diversity for the poor in many countries, Nutrition and health communities are also partly responsible because they have never considered using agriculture as a primary tool in their programs directed at alleviating poor nutrition and ill health globally. Now is the time for a new paradigm for agriculture and nutrition, We must consider ways in which agriculture can contribute to finding sustainable solutions to food system failures through holistic food-based system approaches, thereby closely linking agricultural production to improving human health, livelihood and well being. Such action will stimulate support for agricultural research in many developed countries because it addresses consumer issues as well as agricultural production issues and is, therefore, politically supportable. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Adelaide, Waite Agr Res Inst, Dept Plant Sci, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. RP Welch, RM (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 32 TC 215 Z9 250 U1 25 U2 139 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 60 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(98)00129-4 PG 10 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 167DT UT WOS:000078617900002 ER PT J AU Welch, RM Graham, RD AF Welch, RM Graham, RD TI Special issue on micronutrients - Micropreface SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. Univ Adelaide, Dept Plant Sci, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia. RP Welch, RM (reprint author), Cornell Univ, USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850 USA. NR 5 TC 12 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 60 IS 1-2 BP VII EP VIII PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 167DT UT WOS:000078617900001 ER PT J AU Grusak, MA Pearson, JN Marentes, E AF Grusak, MA Pearson, JN Marentes, E TI The physiology of micronutrient homeostasis in field crops SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE micronutrient; nutrition; iron; manganese; zinc; copper; phloem; xylem ID TOMATO LYCOPERSICON-ESCULENTUM; FE-EFFICIENCY REACTIONS; PEA PISUM-SATIVUM; IRON-DEFICIENCY; MUGINEIC ACID; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; PHYTOSIDEROPHORE RELEASE; REDUCTASE-ACTIVITY; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; METAL MICRONUTRIENTS AB Plants have developed a number of transport mechanisms to control the acquisition, partitioning and deposition of the micronutrients iron, copper, zinc and manganese. This control is important because the plants must obtain adequate levels of these essential nutrients for both vegetative acid reproductive tissues, while at the same time preventing excess accumulation. Points of physiological control include various root-system processes, movement and partitioning along the xylem pathway, temporary storage in vegetative compartments, and mobilization via the phloem pathway. The regulation of these control points is not fully understood, although it appears that certain functions may be influenced by interorgan communication. Current evidence does indicate that these processes can be controlled to various degrees; differences exist not only between species, they can also vary temporally and spatially within a given plant. Because this regulatory variability exists, it would appear that enhancing the micronutrient density of edible plant components through the manipulation of physiological processes is an achievable goal. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Dept Agr Sci, Plant Nutr & Soil Fertil Lab, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. RP Grusak, MA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. EM mgrusak@bcm.tmc.edu NR 132 TC 100 Z9 102 U1 2 U2 28 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 60 IS 1-2 BP 41 EP 56 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(98)00132-4 PG 16 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 167DT UT WOS:000078617900005 ER PT J AU Van Campen, DR Glahn, RP AF Van Campen, DR Glahn, RP TI Micronutrient bioavailability techniques: Accuracy, problems and limitations SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE trace minerals; bioavailability; micronutrients ID INTESTINAL-CELL LINE; FOOD IRON-ABSORPTION; IN-VITRO METHOD; GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY; EXTRINSIC LABELING TECHNIQUES; ISOLATED SOY PROTEIN; ZINC MOLAR RATIO; CACO-2 CELLS; ASCORBIC-ACID; STABLE-ISOTOPE AB Within the scientific agricultural community it is widely known that the total micronutrient content of soils is not a useful measure of the amount of 'available' micronutrients to plants. Thus, soil tests have been developed to determine the amounts of micronutrients in soils available to plants for growth. This same concept applies to plant foods eaten by humans because not all of the micronutrients in plant foods are available (i.e, bioavailable) for absorption and or utilization. Antinutrients and promoter substances within plant foods that can either inhibit or enhance the absorption and/or utilization of micronutrients when eaten. As a result, numerous techniques have been developed to determine the amounts of bioavailable micronutrients present in plant foods when consumed in mixed diets with other dietary constituents that can interact and affect the micronutrient bioavailability. Unfortunately, micronutrient bioavailability to humans fed mixed diets is still a confusing and complex issue fur the human nutrition community. Our understanding of the processes that control micronutrient bioavailability from mixed diets containing plant foods is relatively limited and still evolving. It remains the subject of extensive research in many human nutrition laboratories globally. This article reviews some of the numerous methodologies that have arisen to account for the bioavailability of micronutrients in plant foods when eaten by humans. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Glahn, RP (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM rpg3@cornell.edu NR 186 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 60 IS 1-2 BP 93 EP 113 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(98)00135-X PG 21 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 167DT UT WOS:000078617900008 ER PT J AU House, WA AF House, WA TI Trace element bioavailability as exemplified by iron and zinc SO FIELD CROPS RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE microminerals; extrinsic tag; intrinsic tag; antinutrient; tannin; phytate ID EXTRINSIC LABELING TECHNIQUES; DUODENAL MUCOSAL UPTAKE; CONTAINING AMINO-ACIDS; LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; LOW-PROTEIN DIET; NONHEME-IRON; ASCORBIC-ACID; PHYTIC ACID; FOOD IRON; INOSITOL PHOSPHATES AB Plant foods can be improved as sources of essential micronutrients either by increasing the concentrations of nutrients in the food, increasing the bioavailability of micronutrients in the food, or both of these, Quantities of minerals in edible portions of crops are influenced by numerous complex, dynamic and interacting factors, including plant genotype, soil properties, environmental conditions and nutrient interactions. Similarly, numerous dietary and host factors interact to affect the bioavailability to animals and people of mineral nutrients in plant foods. Micronutrient bioavailability apparently can be improved by either increasing the quantity of substances within plant foods that enhance the absorption and utilization of micronutrients or by decreasing the quantity of dietary antinutrients that inhibit micronutrient absorption; however, processes that control and regulate the bioavailability of trace elements in plant foods consumed in mixed diets are not fully understood. Use of either stable or radioactive isotopes incorporated intrinsically into edible portions of plant feuds during plant growth will likely provide the most reliable estimates of thr bioavailability of micronutrients consumed in mixed diets. Increasing the dietary supply of staple plant foods rich in trace elements combined with increased knowledge of micronutrient bioavailability from these foods will meaningfully improve the nutritional health and well being of people. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP House, WA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM wahl@cornell.edu NR 395 TC 93 Z9 99 U1 6 U2 31 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4290 J9 FIELD CROP RES JI Field Crop. Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 60 IS 1-2 BP 115 EP 141 DI 10.1016/S0378-4290(98)00136-1 PG 27 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 167DT UT WOS:000078617900009 ER PT B AU Falk, RH Vos, D Cramer, SM AF Falk, RH Vos, D Cramer, SM GP FPS FPS TI The comparative performance of woodfiber-plastic and wood-based panels SO FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WOODFIBER-PLASTIC COMPOSITES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Woodfiber-Plastics Composites CY MAY 26-28, 1999 CL FOREST PROD LAB, MADISON, WI SP USDA, Forest Serv, Amer Plast Council, Univ Wisconsin, Univ Toronto, Amer Chem Soc, Cellulose, Paper & Textile Div, Forest Prod Soc, Mat & Mfg Ontario, Soc Plast Engn, Composits Inst HO FOREST PROD LAB AB In this paper, we compare woodfiber-plastic and wood-based panel products to determine if woodfiber-plastic composites might serve as substitutes for conventional wood-based panel products. This comparison is based upon tests performed according to the ASTM D 1037, "Standard methods of evaluating the properties of wood-based fiber and particle panel materials." Results indicate that woodfiber-plastic composite panels are inferior to conventional wood-based panels in bending modulus of elasticity and bending modulus of rupture. However, the composite panels performed well in thickness swell and moisture absorption. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Falk, RH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705 USA PY 1999 BP 269 EP 274 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Composites; Materials Science, Textiles; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BP27C UT WOS:000084538400032 ER PT B AU Clemons, CM Giacomin, AJ Caulfield, DF AF Clemons, CM Giacomin, AJ Caulfield, DF GP FPS FPS TI Spherulitic structure in cellulose-fiber reinforced polypropylene SO FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WOODFIBER-PLASTIC COMPOSITES LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 5th International Conference on Woodfiber-Plastics Composites CY MAY 26-28, 1999 CL FOREST PROD LAB, MADISON, WI SP USDA, Forest Serv, Amer Plast Council, Univ Wisconsin, Univ Toronto, Amer Chem Soc, Cellulose, Paper & Textile Div, Forest Prod Soc, Mat & Mfg Ontario, Soc Plast Engn, Composits Inst HO FOREST PROD LAB C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705 USA PY 1999 BP 300 EP 300 PG 1 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Composites; Materials Science, Textiles; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BP27C UT WOS:000084538400036 ER PT B AU Lange, SE Rowell, RM AF Lange, SE Rowell, RM GP FPS FPS TI Weathering performance of aspen-polypropylene composites SO FIFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WOODFIBER-PLASTIC COMPOSITES LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 5th International Conference on Woodfiber-Plastics Composites CY MAY 26-28, 1999 CL FOREST PROD LAB, MADISON, WI SP USDA, Forest Serv, Amer Plast Council, Univ Wisconsin, Univ Toronto, Amer Chem Soc, Cellulose, Paper & Textile Div, Forest Prod Soc, Mat & Mfg Ontario, Soc Plast Engn, Composits Inst HO FOREST PROD LAB C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS RESEARCH SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705 USA PY 1999 BP 317 EP 317 PG 1 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Composites; Materials Science, Textiles; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BP27C UT WOS:000084538400052 ER PT B AU Hasegawa, S AF Hasegawa, S BE Teranishi, R Wick, EL Hornstein, I TI Limonin bitterness in citrus juices SO FLAVOR CHEMISTRY: THIRTY YEARS OF PROGRESS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American-Chemical-Society Symposium on Flavor Chemistry - 30 Years of Progress CY AUG 23-27, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Amer Chem Soc, ACS, Div Agr & Food Chem, Dragoco Gerberding & Co, Givaudan Roure Res Ltd, T Hasegawa Co Ltd, Kraft Gen Foods, Procter & Gamble Co, Takasago Int Corp, Ajinomoto Co Inc, Firmenich SA, Haarmann & Reimer GmbH, J & W Sci Inc, Ocean Spray Cranberries Inc, Quest Int, Unilever Res Lab ID BUCCAL POUCH CARCINOGENESIS; BETA-CYCLODEXTRIN POLYMER; FRUIT-GROWTH; ORANGE JUICE; NAVEL ORANGE; GRAPEFRUIT JUICE; VALENCIA ORANGE; ALBEDO TISSUES; BY-PRODUCTS; LIMONOIDS AB Bitterness due to limonin in a variety of citrus juices, generally referred to as delayed bitterness, is a major problem of the citrus industry worldwide and has a significant negative economic impact. Significant progress has been made during the past 30 years in understanding the flavor chemistry and biochemistry of citrus limonoids. The mechanisms of the delayed bitterness and a naturally occurring limonoid debittering process have been established. Biosynthetic pathways of limonoids, and sites of the biosynthesis and accumulation have been well established. The delayed bitterness can be controlled to a semi-acceptable level by chemical, biochemical and physical means. Genetic engineering approaches to the problem will be an area of interest in the future. Research on citrus limonoids has recently extended to their biological functions including anticarcinogenic and insect antifeedant activities, and their chemotaxonomy. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Hasegawa, S (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 82 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46199-4 PY 1999 BP 89 EP 106 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA BP51T UT WOS:000085374700010 ER PT B AU Takeoka, G AF Takeoka, G BE Teranishi, R Wick, EL Hornstein, I TI Flavor chemistry of vegetables SO FLAVOR CHEMISTRY: THIRTY YEARS OF PROGRESS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American-Chemical-Society Symposium on Flavor Chemistry - 30 Years of Progress CY AUG 23-27, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Amer Chem Soc, ACS, Div Agr & Food Chem, Dragoco Gerberding & Co, Givaudan Roure Res Ltd, T Hasegawa Co Ltd, Kraft Gen Foods, Procter & Gamble Co, Takasago Int Corp, Ajinomoto Co Inc, Firmenich SA, Haarmann & Reimer GmbH, J & W Sci Inc, Ocean Spray Cranberries Inc, Quest Int, Unilever Res Lab ID SIMULTANEOUS ENANTIOSELECTIVE ANALYSIS; ADDITIONAL VOLATILE COMPONENTS; SENSORY PROPERTIES; CORN PRODUCTS; CELERY; AROMA; ODORANTS; 3-BUTYLPHTHALIDE; STEREOISOMERS; CABBAGE AB Vegetables are edible plant products which can be modified stems, roots, leaves, flowers, or even fruits. They are usually classified on the basis of the part of the plant that is used for food. Stem vegetables include asparagus and kohlrabi while beets,carrots, radishes and turnips are root vegetables. Among the leaf and leafstalk vegetables are brussel sprouts, cabbage, celery, endive, kale, lettuce, rhubarb and spinach. The head or flower vegetables include artichokes, broccoli, and cauliflower. Garlic, leeks, and onions are classified as bulb vegetables. Botanically, the term "fruit" applies to the structure, usually containing seeds, which develops from the flower ovary after pollination and fertilization (Vaughan and Geissler, 1997). Therefore, beans, cucumbers, eggplant, okra, peppers, squash, sweet corn and tomatoes would be classified as fruits according to this definition. However, the important distinction between fruits and vegetables has come to be made on a usage basis; those plant products that are usually consumed with the main course of a meal are considered to be vegetables while those used mainly as desserts are considered fruits. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Takeoka, G (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 49 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46199-4 PY 1999 BP 287 EP 304 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA BP51T UT WOS:000085374700026 ER PT B AU Buttery, RG AF Buttery, RG BE Teranishi, R Wick, EL Hornstein, I TI Flavor chemistry and odor thresholds SO FLAVOR CHEMISTRY: THIRTY YEARS OF PROGRESS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American-Chemical-Society Symposium on Flavor Chemistry - 30 Years of Progress CY AUG 23-27, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Amer Chem Soc, ACS, Div Agr & Food Chem, Dragoco Gerberding & Co, Givaudan Roure Res Ltd, T Hasegawa Co Ltd, Kraft Gen Foods, Procter & Gamble Co, Takasago Int Corp, Ajinomoto Co Inc, Firmenich SA, Haarmann & Reimer GmbH, J & W Sci Inc, Ocean Spray Cranberries Inc, Quest Int, Unilever Res Lab ID QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; 2,5-DIMETHYL-4-HYDROXY-3(2H)-FURANONE; DERIVATIVES; AROMA; OIL AB Determination of odor thresholds of components in water solution was an early method adopted by many researchers for evaluating the relative contribution of food aroma/flavor components. Some more recent methods determine odor thresholds in air added to GC effluent from flavor volatile separation. Relatively simple methods are available for calculating thresholds in air from thresholds determined in water. Similar methods can be used for calculating oil and oil-water mixture thresholds from water threshold data. The ratio of a component's concentration in the food to its water odor threshold value has been useful in determining relative aroma/flavor importance for mostly aqueous foods. Small variations in chemical nature and structure can lead to large changes in threshold values. Water threshold values are compared for various acetyl nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, alkylhydroxyfuranones and 4-alkoxyfuranone derivatives. Even the most careful studies can lead to errors in threshold measurements. Some examples are given where threshold determination errors were caused by minor amounts of very low threshold impurities. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Buttery, RG (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 40 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46199-4 PY 1999 BP 353 EP 365 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA BP51T UT WOS:000085374700031 ER PT B AU Spanier, AM Beaulieu, JC Bett, KL Gross, K AF Spanier, AM Beaulieu, JC Bett, KL Gross, K BE Shahidi, F Ho, CT TI Use of electronic nose technology to examine apple quality SO FLAVOR CHEMISTRY OF ETHNIC FOODS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Chemical Congress of North America CY NOV 11-15, 1997 CL CANCUN, MEXICO SP Engelhard Corp, Mobil Technol Co, Air Prod & Chem Inc, Shell Chem Co, Mexican Acad Catalysis, Mexican Natl Inst Nucl Res, Mexican Petr Inst ID ODOR-SENSING SYSTEM; PATTERN-RECOGNITION; ASCORBIC-ACID; CHEMICAL DATA; BEEF; FLAVOR AB Within the last 5 years there has been a major surge in the development of electronic nose technology (conducting polymers and metal oxide sensors). These multisensor electronic nose (E-nose) devices are coupled to statistical data processing packages designed to simulate the way the human brain interprets or processes the interaction of multiple sensory inputs. Fortunately, to be able to develop an electronic instrument that, in the broadest sense of the word, mimics the human olfactory system, it is not necessary to understand exactly how the human brain interprets complex vapors. E-nose technology has encouraged a wide dissemination of this instrumentation within the food and fragrance industries where it is now used primarily for quality control. Analysis time using an E-nose is often only a Few minutes making it a viable alternative to longer classical gas chromatographic (GC) techniques. The fruit component of fresh-cut produce is the fastest growing market in today's produce business, representing a value-added, ready-to-use commodity that satisfies consumer requirements for authentic flavor, texture, nutritional value, and safety. These requirements challenge the packager / producer to develop cost effective ways of producing and monitoring their products for the presence of spoilage and/or pathogenic microflora and to stabilize and maintain their product's flavor. Therefore, we developed an E-nose method to distinguish differences in and keeping-quality of whole, fresh-cut, and minimally processed Gala variety apple using a 32 sensor (AromaScan(TM) A32 / 50S multisampler). C1 USDA ARS, MSRL, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, LPSI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Spanier, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, MSRL, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, LPSI, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 30 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46124-2 PY 1999 BP 127 EP 140 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA BQ67Y UT WOS:000089164500013 ER PT B AU Spanier, AM Flores, M Toldra, F AF Spanier, AM Flores, M Toldra, F BE Shahidi, F Ho, CT TI Flavor differences due to processing in dry-cured and other ham products using conducting polymers (electronic nose) SO FLAVOR CHEMISTRY OF ETHNIC FOODS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Chemical Congress of North America CY NOV 11-15, 1997 CL CANCUN, MEXICO SP Engelhard Corp, Mobil Technol Co, Air Prod & Chem Inc, Shell Chem Co, Mexican Acad Catalysis, Mexican Natl Inst Nucl Res, Mexican Petr Inst ID CATHEPSIN-L ACTIVITIES; ODOR-SENSING SYSTEM; PATTERN-RECOGNITION; VOLATILE COMPOUNDS; CHEMICAL-DATA; HPLC PURIFICATION; MEAT FLAVOR; MUSCLE; BEEF; AMINOPEPTIDASE AB Dry-cured ham is popular in Spain and other European countries nor only because of its flavor, but also because it is convenient, ready-to-use, and has a long shelf-life. The salt and nitrate used during the curing process play an important role in development and fixation of the characteristic cured-meat color, in prevention of growth of spoilage and/or pathogenic microflora, and in developing and stabilizing product flavor. The ripening/drying process involves numerous time-temperature interactions that serve as a major source of flavor variability. Some studies have been performed to demonstrate the relationship of dry-cured ham flavor to chemical data (direct and indirect instrumental methods) and sensory attributes. However, studies are often too expensive or too time consuming. Therefore, developing a rapid, reliable, and effective method to distinguish differences in dry-cured ham products is desirable. Using an electronic nose with 32 sensors (AromaScan(TM) A32/50S multisampler) we were able to differentiate between Spanish "Serrano" dry-cured hams processed for 7 month (short and 12 month (long! periods. Since the conducting polymers of the electronic nose distinguished between Serrano ham processing times we examined its ability to distinguish among other processed hams including Prosciutto ham, Country ham, Virginia ham and Deli ham; the instrument effectively distinguished these products. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, LPSI, MSRL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Spanier, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, LPSI, MSRL, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Toldra, Fidel/I-9758-2014 OI Toldra, Fidel/0000-0002-9843-0193 NR 51 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46124-2 PY 1999 BP 169 EP 183 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA BQ67Y UT WOS:000089164500017 ER PT S AU Horn, FP Breeze, RG AF Horn, FP Breeze, RG BE Frazier, TW Richardson, DC TI Agriculture and food security SO FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL SECURITY: GUARDING AGAINST NATURAL THREATS AND TERRORIST ATTACKS AFFECTING HEALTH, NATIONAL FOOD SUPPLIES, AND AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Food and Agricultural Security CY SEP 28-30, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP FEd Bur Investigat Lab, USDA ARS, Amer Vet Med Assoc, Dept Def Vet Serv Activ, Louisiana State Univ, FMI Sci Lab, Natl Consortium Genom Resources Management & Serv C1 ARS, USDA, Washington, DC 20003 USA. RP Horn, FP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 1400 Independence Ave SW,Room 302A,Jamie Whitten, Washington, DC 20003 USA. NR 0 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-230-4 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 894 BP 9 EP 17 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08037.x PG 9 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA BP47M UT WOS:000085238200002 PM 10681963 ER PT S AU Sequeira, R AF Sequeira, R BE Frazier, TW Richardson, DC TI Safeguarding production agriculture and natural ecosystems against biological terrorism - A US Department of Agriculture emergency response framework SO FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL SECURITY: GUARDING AGAINST NATURAL THREATS AND TERRORIST ATTACKS AFFECTING HEALTH, NATIONAL FOOD SUPPLIES, AND AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Food and Agricultural Security CY SEP 28-30, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP FEd Bur Investigat Lab, USDA ARS, Amer Vet Med Assoc, Dept Def Vet Serv Activ, Louisiana State Univ, FMI Sci Lab, Natl Consortium Genom Resources Management & Serv ID KARNAL-BUNT; WHEAT; INDICA AB Foreign pest introductions and outbreaks represent threats to agricultural productivity and ecosystems, and, thus, to the health and national security of the United States. It is advisable to identify relevant techniques and bring all appropriate strategies to bear on the problem of controlling accidentally and intentionally introduced pest outbreaks. Recent political shifts indicate that the U.S. may be at increased risk for biological terrorism. The existing emergency-response strategies of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services (APHIS) will evolve to expand activities in coordination with other emergency management agencies. APHIS will evolve its information superstructure to include extensive application of simulation models for forecasting, meteorological databases and analysis, systems analysis, geographic information systems, satellite image analysis, remote sensing, and the training of specialized cadres within the emergency-response framework capable of managing the necessary information processing and analysis. Finally, the threat of keg. pests ranked according to perceived risk will he assessed with mathematical models and "what-if" scenarios analyzed to determine impact and mitigation practices. An infrastructure will be maintained that periodically surveys ports and inland regions for the presence of exotic pest threats and will identify trend abnormalities. This survey and monitoring effort will include cooperation from industry groups, federal and state organizations, and academic institutions. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Ctr Plant Hlth Sci & Technol, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. RP Sequeira, R (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Ctr Plant Hlth Sci & Technol, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Centennial Campus,Partners 1 Bldg,1017 Main Campu, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 7 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-230-4 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 894 BP 48 EP 67 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08043.x PG 20 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA BP47M UT WOS:000085238200008 PM 10681969 ER PT S AU Torres, A AF Torres, A BE Frazier, TW Richardson, DC TI International economic considerations concerning agricultural diseases and human health costs of zoonotic diseases SO FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL SECURITY: GUARDING AGAINST NATURAL THREATS AND TERRORIST ATTACKS AFFECTING HEALTH, NATIONAL FOOD SUPPLIES, AND AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Food and Agricultural Security CY SEP 28-30, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP FEd Bur Investigat Lab, USDA ARS, Amer Vet Med Assoc, Dept Def Vet Serv Activ, Louisiana State Univ, FMI Sci Lab, Natl Consortium Genom Resources Management & Serv C1 ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Torres, A (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Vet Serv, Jamie L Whitten Fed Bldg,Room 320-E,12th & 14th S, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-230-4 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 894 BP 80 EP 82 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08047.x PG 3 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA BP47M UT WOS:000085238200012 PM 10681973 ER PT S AU Seitzinger, AH Forsythe, KW Madell, ML AF Seitzinger, AH Forsythe, KW Madell, ML BE Frazier, TW Richardson, DC TI Regionalization's potential in mitigating trade losses related to livestock disease entry SO FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL SECURITY: GUARDING AGAINST NATURAL THREATS AND TERRORIST ATTACKS AFFECTING HEALTH, NATIONAL FOOD SUPPLIES, AND AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Food and Agricultural Security CY SEP 28-30, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP FEd Bur Investigat Lab, USDA ARS, Amer Vet Med Assoc, Dept Def Vet Serv Activ, Louisiana State Univ, FMI Sci Lab, Natl Consortium Genom Resources Management & Serv C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ctr Epidemiol, Vet Serv, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ctr Anim Hlth, Vet Serv, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Trade Support Team, Int Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Seitzinger, AH (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ctr Epidemiol, Vet Serv, USDA, 555 S Howes, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-230-4 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 894 BP 95 EP 99 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08050.x PG 5 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA BP47M UT WOS:000085238200015 PM 10681976 ER PT S AU Higgins, JA Ibrahim, MS Knauert, FK Ludwig, GV Kijek, TM Ezzell, JW Courtney, BC Henchal, EA AF Higgins, JA Ibrahim, MS Knauert, FK Ludwig, GV Kijek, TM Ezzell, JW Courtney, BC Henchal, EA BE Frazier, TW Richardson, DC TI Sensitive and rapid identification of biological threat agents SO FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL SECURITY: GUARDING AGAINST NATURAL THREATS AND TERRORIST ATTACKS AFFECTING HEALTH, NATIONAL FOOD SUPPLIES, AND AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Food and Agricultural Security CY SEP 28-30, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP FEd Bur Investigat Lab, USDA ARS, Amer Vet Med Assoc, Dept Def Vet Serv Activ, Louisiana State Univ, FMI Sci Lab, Natl Consortium Genom Resources Management & Serv ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; MICROCHIP PCR; NUCLEIC-ACIDS; DNA; WARFARE; CONTAMINATION; AMPLIFICATION; INSTRUMENT; OUTBREAK; RNA C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Diagnost Syst Div, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. RP Higgins, JA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Rm 202,Bldg 1040,10300 Baltimore Blvd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 28 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 7 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-230-4 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 894 BP 130 EP 148 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08056.x PG 19 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA BP47M UT WOS:000085238200021 PM 10681982 ER PT S AU Dunn, MV AF Dunn, MV BE Frazier, TW Richardson, DC TI The threat of bioterrorism to US agriculture SO FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL SECURITY: GUARDING AGAINST NATURAL THREATS AND TERRORIST ATTACKS AFFECTING HEALTH, NATIONAL FOOD SUPPLIES, AND AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Food and Agricultural Security CY SEP 28-30, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP FEd Bur Investigat Lab, USDA ARS, Amer Vet Med Assoc, Dept Def Vet Serv Activ, Louisiana State Univ, FMI Sci Lab, Natl Consortium Genom Resources Management & Serv C1 USDA, Mkt Program, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA, Regulatory Program, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Dunn, MV (reprint author), USDA, Mkt Program, Room 228-W Stop 0109, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 2 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-230-4 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 894 BP 184 EP 188 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08063.x PG 5 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA BP47M UT WOS:000085238200028 PM 10681989 ER PT S AU Ragsdale, NN AF Ragsdale, NN BE Frazier, TW Richardson, DC TI The role of pesticides in agricultural crop protection SO FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL SECURITY: GUARDING AGAINST NATURAL THREATS AND TERRORIST ATTACKS AFFECTING HEALTH, NATIONAL FOOD SUPPLIES, AND AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Food and Agricultural Security CY SEP 28-30, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP FEd Bur Investigat Lab, USDA ARS, Amer Vet Med Assoc, Dept Def Vet Serv Activ, Louisiana State Univ, FMI Sci Lab, Natl Consortium Genom Resources Management & Serv C1 ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ragsdale, NN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-230-4 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 894 BP 199 EP 205 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08065.x PG 7 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA BP47M UT WOS:000085238200030 PM 10681991 ER PT J AU Juneja, VK Marmer, BS AF Juneja, VK Marmer, BS TI Lethality of heat to Escherichia coli O157 : H7: D- and z-value determinations in turkey, lamb and pork SO FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE E. coli O157 : H7; inactivation; turkey; lamb; pork ID HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; THERMAL-DESTRUCTION; NURSING-HOME; OUTBREAK; DIARRHEA; CONSUMPTION; MAYONNAISE; SURVIVAL; POULTRY; CHICKEN AB Thermal inactivation of a four-strain mixture of E. coli O157:H7 was determined in lean ground turkey, lamb and pork. Inoculated meat was packaged in bags completely immersed in a circulating water bath and held at 55, 57.5, 60, 62.5, and 65 degrees C for predetermined lengths of time. The surviving cell population was enumerated by spiral plating meat samples on tryptic soy agar overlaid with Sorbitol MacConkey agar. D-values, determined by linear regression, in turkey were 11.51, 3.59, 1.89, 0.81 and 0.29 min at 55, 57.5, 60, 62.5 and 65 degrees C, respectively (z = 6.5 degrees C). When a survival model was fitted to the non-linear survival curves, D-values in turkey ranged from 11.26 min at 55 degrees C to 0.23 min at 65 degrees C (z = 6 degrees C). When the E. coli O157:H7 four-strain cocktail was heated in ground pork or lamb, D-values calculated by both approaches were similar at all temperatures. Thermal-death-times from this study will assist the retail food industry to design cooking regimes that ensure safety of ground muscle foods contaminated with E. coli O157:H7. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. on behalf of the Canadian Institute of Food Science and Technology. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Juneja, VK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 28 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9969 J9 FOOD RES INT JI Food Res. Int. PY 1999 VL 32 IS 1 BP 23 EP 28 DI 10.1016/S0963-9969(99)00060-5 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 224HD UT WOS:000081891200004 ER PT J AU Berrios, JD Swanson, BG Cheong, WA AF Berrios, JD Swanson, BG Cheong, WA TI Physico-chemical characterization of stored black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) SO FOOD RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE black beans; Phaseolus vulgaris L.; hard-to-cook; hardshell; proximate composition; cooking time; solids loss; germination; water absorption; electrophoresis ID COOKED RECONSTITUTED LEGUMES; TEXTURAL DEFECTS; STORAGE PROTEIN; SALT-SOLUTIONS; COOKING TIME; DIGESTIBILITY; IMBIBITION AB Selected physical and chemical characteristics were studied on black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) after 2 years of storage under refrigerated hypobaric conditions (RHC) and ambient conditions (AC). Black beans stored under RHC of 4.5 degrees C, 50-60% relative humidity and atmospheric pressure of 125 mm Hg exhibited quality factors characteristic of fresh beans? such as shorter cooking time, smaller quantities of solids loss, electrolytes leached, and percentage of hardshell than beans stored at AC of 23-25 degrees C and 30- 50% relative humidity. Additionally, beans stored under RHC demonstrated greater germination rate (93%) than beans stored at AC (72%). Beans stored at AC exhibited quality factors characteristic of hard-to-cook (HTC) beans. Percentage water absorption indicated a faster initial hydration rate in beans stored under RHC compared to beans stored at AC until after 12 h of soaking, when both reached a similar hydration rate. Moisture content of beans stored under RHC was similar to that of beans prior to storage, while the moisture content of beans stored at AC was significantly lower. Crude protein, crude fat, and ash concentration of brans prior to storage and beans stored for 2 years under RHC or AC were not significantly different. The electrophoretic profile of the main protein of beans, globulin G1, was not altered by the storage conditions. The combined effect of refrigeration and hypobaric storage conditions demonstrated potential for maintaining the fresh quality of beans in storage for up to 2 years. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Berrios, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 37 TC 46 Z9 52 U1 5 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9969 J9 FOOD RES INT JI Food Res. Int. PY 1999 VL 32 IS 10 BP 669 EP 676 DI 10.1016/S0963-9969(99)00144-1 PG 8 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 288PF UT WOS:000085571600003 ER PT J AU Pearson, TC AF Pearson, TC TI Spectral properties and effect of drying temperature on almonds with concealed damage SO FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-LEBENSMITTEL-WISSENSCHAFT & TECHNOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE almond; Maillard; near infrared; detection; browning AB The feasibility of using near infrared light transmission, obtained after drying, to predict if an almond would develop concealed damage after roasting was studied. It was observed that, after drying, nuts with concealed damage have less absorbance in the oil absorption band at 930 nm and increased absorbance in the region between 700 and 750 nm. From near infrared transmission spectra obtained after drying, discriminant analysis was used to classify nuts as concealed damaged or undamaged; validation classification en or rates as low as 12.4% were obtained. The effect of drying temperature, and moisture exposure, on the incidence of almonds with concealed damage was also studied The use of a lower-temperature drying treatment can reduce the incidence of concealed damage. The incidence of concealed damage for nuts receiving the same moisture treatment was 44.4 and 1.2% when dried at 110 and 55 degrees C, respectively. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Pearson, TC (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 13 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0023-6438 J9 FOOD SCI TECHNOL-LEB JI Food Sci. Technol.-Lebensm.-Wiss. Technol. PY 1999 VL 32 IS 2 BP 67 EP 72 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 183EP UT WOS:000079541300001 ER PT J AU Pearson, TC AF Pearson, TC TI Use of near infrared transmittance to automatically detect almonds with concealed damage SO FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-LEBENSMITTEL-WISSENSCHAFT & TECHNOLOGIE LA English DT Article AB A near infrared inspection system was built to automatically detect whole almond kernels with concealed damage at an inspection rate of 40 nuts/s. The inspection device detects transmitted light through whole almonds from six different near infrared LEDs using a sine wave modulation-demodulation scheme. Multiple linear regression and discriminant analysis to classify nuts as concealed damaged ol undamaged was performed. A classification error rate of 14.3% on the validation set was obtained with discriminant analysis, and a classification error rate of 20.0% was obtained with regression analysis. Most of the incorrectly classified nuts were those where it was difficult to objectively determine if they were damaged or undamaged. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Pearson, TC (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 3 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0023-6438 J9 FOOD SCI TECHNOL-LEB JI Food Sci. Technol.-Lebensm.-Wiss. Technol. PY 1999 VL 32 IS 2 BP 73 EP 78 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 183EP UT WOS:000079541300002 ER PT J AU Finney, PL Bains, GS AF Finney, PL Bains, GS TI Protein functionality differences in eastern US soft wheat cultivars and interrelation with end-use quality tests SO FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-LEBENSMITTEL-WISSENSCHAFT & TECHNOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE soft wheat traits; gluten; protein functionality; quality test ID SDS-SEDIMENTATION TEST; BREAD-MAKING QUALITY; GLUTENIN SUBUNIT COMPOSITION; UNITED-STATES; DURUM-WHEAT; KERNEL HARDNESS; SPRING WHEATS; PREDICTION; STRENGTH; WINTER AB Fifty-nine samples of eastern U.S. soft winter wheat consisting of eight cultivars, with six to eight replications, were investigated for milling, cookie baking, and physical and chemical tests of quality and interrelations for predicting end-use quality. Three of the cultivars with 5 + 10 Glu-D1 high molecular weight subunit composition yielded significantly higher (P = 0.01) break flour and gave lower damaged starch, lower gluten hydration, longer dough mixing times and larger diameter cookies with superior top grain compared to those office cultivars with 2 + 12 Glu-D1 high molecular weight subunit composition. Dough development time and gluten hydration tests showed significant positive correlations with the milling parameters and a negative correlation with damaged starch contents of the flours. Due to the highly significant correlation coefficient (r = 0.94, n = 59) of Zeleny- and sodium dodecyl sulfate-sedimentation values, either can be used to test the strength of protein in the soft wheat flours. For better prediction of end-use quality, the results suggest integration of protein/gluten functionality testing with existing tests as an important facet of quality testing in soft reheats. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Soft Wheat Qual Lab, Agr Res Serv,USDA, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Finney, PL (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Soft Wheat Qual Lab, Agr Res Serv,USDA, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. NR 45 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0023-6438 J9 FOOD SCI TECHNOL-LEB JI Food Sci. Technol.-Lebensm.-Wiss. Technol. PY 1999 VL 32 IS 7 BP 406 EP 415 PG 10 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 266ZT UT WOS:000084330700003 ER PT J AU Neff, WE List, GR Byrdwell, WC AF Neff, WE List, GR Byrdwell, WC TI Effect of triacylglycerol composition on functionality of margarine basestocks SO FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-LEBENSMITTEL-WISSENSCHAFT & TECHNOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE triacylglycerol; reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography; light scattering detector; flame ionization detector ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; OIL TRIACYLGLYCEROLS; OXIDATIVE STABILITY; SOYBEAN OILS; INTERESTERIFICATION; TRIGLYCERIDES; BLENDS AB The triacylglycerol compositions of several margarine basestocks, including blends and interesterified blends of corn and soybean oils with cottonseed oil stearine, randomized corn oil and randomized soybean oil, were determined. Quantitative results obtained by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography for samples of known composition (randomized and interesterified samples) exhibited low average absolute en ars (0.6-1.8%) for the fatty acid composition calculated from the triacylglycerol composition compared to the fatty acid composition determined by gas chromatography. The evaporative light scattering detector did not give accurate quantitation with average absolute errors greater than 3%, for the noninteresterified blends, however. Accurate determination of the triacylglycerol composition allowed the study of both melting and solid fat indices with respect to the influence of unsaturated to saturated triacylglycerol groups. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Neff, WE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. OI Byrdwell, William/0000-0001-8241-428X NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0023-6438 J9 FOOD SCI TECHNOL-LEB JI Food Sci. Technol.-Lebensm.-Wiss. Technol. PY 1999 VL 32 IS 7 BP 416 EP 424 PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 266ZT UT WOS:000084330700004 ER PT J AU McHugh, TH Huxsoll, CC AF McHugh, TH Huxsoll, CC TI Extrusion processing of restructured peach and peach/starch gels SO FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY-LEBENSMITTEL-WISSENSCHAFT & TECHNOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE peach puree; extrusion; restructured fruit; texture; starch ID CORN STARCH; TEXTURE; FRUIT AB This study investigated the potential of twin screw extrusion technology to produce value-added, restructured peach and peach/starch gels. The effects of water content, melt temperature, sugar and starch concentration on product color water activity and texture were determined. Water exhibited the greatest effects. As water content increased, product color darkened significantly, water activity increased, and hardness and springiness values decreased significantly in both peach and peach/starch gels. Increasing melt temperatures resulted in darker products. Significant interactions between water content and temperature were observed for 100% peach gels. Starch addition resulted in significant increases in hardness, adhesiveness and cohesiveness values, as well as decreases in product springiness. Increasing melt temperatures resulted in peach/starch gels with softer, more adhesive and cohesive textures. The addition of sugar to peach gels did not significantly affect their color; however, sugar addition did significantly increase the L, a and b values of peach/starch gels. Sugar concentration did not affect peach gel texture, but sugar and starch concentration interacted significantly in peach/starch gels. As sugar concentration increased the effect of starch concentration on the hardness and adhesiveness decreased. Polynomial regression analysis was utilized to model the relationship between specific mechanical energy and product hardness. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP McHugh, TH (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0023-6438 J9 FOOD SCI TECHNOL-LEB JI Food Sci. Technol.-Lebensm.-Wiss. Technol. PY 1999 VL 32 IS 8 BP 513 EP 520 PG 8 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 280NP UT WOS:000085109100007 ER PT J AU Baker, RA Cameron, RG AF Baker, RA Cameron, RG TI Clouds of citrus juices and juice drinks SO FOOD TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Clouds, Hazes, and Sediments in Beverages, at the Annual Meeting of the Institute-of-Food-Technologists CY JUN 14-18, 1997 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA SP Inst Food Technologists, Food Chem Div, Inst Food Technologists, Citrus Prod Div, Inst Food Technologists, Fruit & Vegetable Prod DIv ID PROTEIN COAGULATION CLOUD; ORANGE JUICE; PECTIN METHYLESTERASE; FRUIT EXTRACT; PURIFICATION; PECTINESTERASES; STABILITY; CONSTITUENT; PULP C1 USDA ARS, Winter Haven, FL 33880 USA. RP Baker, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Winter Haven, FL 33880 USA. NR 70 TC 80 Z9 84 U1 2 U2 14 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0015-6639 J9 FOOD TECHNOL-CHICAGO JI Food Technol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 53 IS 1 BP 64 EP 69 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 159JP UT WOS:000078169200014 ER PT B AU Isebrands, JG Host, GE Lenz, K Wu, G Stech, HW AF Isebrands, JG Host, GE Lenz, K Wu, G Stech, HW BE Ceulemans, RJM Veroustraete, F Gond, V VanRensbergen, JBH TI Hierarchical, parallel computing strategies using component object model for process modelling responses of forest plantations to interacting multiple stresses SO FOREST ECOSYSTEM MODELLING, UPSCALING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Forest Ecosystem Modelling, Upscaling and Remote Sensing CY SEP 21-25, 1998 CL ANTWERP, BELGIUM SP Flemish Inst Technolog Res, Univ Antwerp DE object-oriented programming; global climate change; Component Object Model (COM); multiple stresses ID GROWTH-PROCESS MODEL; JUVENILE POPLAR; ECOPHYS AB Process models are powerful research tools for assessing the effects of multiple environmental stresses on forest plantations. These models are driven by interacting environmental variables and often include genetic factors necessary for assessing forest plantation growth over a range of different site, climate, and silvicultural conditions. However, process models are usually detailed and present complex modelling challenges that require innovative computing approaches. The authors have developed a hierarchical, parallel computing strategy for modelling forest plantations growing under multiple stresses. The strategy utilizes object-oriented programming to achieve computational efficiencies through distributed processing within a parallel computing network using the Microsoft Component Object Model (COM). The authors present this strategy as an alternative for process modelling of forest plantations. C1 US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Isebrands, JG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, 5985 Highway K, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU S P B ACADEMIC PUBL BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 11188, 1001 GD AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5103-138-6 PY 1999 BP 123 EP 135 PG 13 WC Ecology; Forestry; Remote Sensing SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry; Remote Sensing GA BQ52Z UT WOS:000088667300008 ER PT J AU Baumann, MGD Batterman, SA Zhang, GZ AF Baumann, MGD Batterman, SA Zhang, GZ TI Terpene emissions from particleboard and medium-density fiberboard products SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Indoor air quality problems resulting from emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have become an issue of increasing concern. Factors known to affect VOC levels in indoor air include: ventilation rate, occupant activities, and emissions from building and furnishing materials. In this research, VOC emissions from particleboard and medium density fiberboard (MDF) were measured in small stainless steel chambers (53 L) during a 4-day period. A protocol was developed to obtain new and representative samples and to minimize contamination of the samples during collection, preparation, and shipment to the laboratory. Samples were collected from 53 of the 61 U.S. mills that produce particleboard and MDF Each mill identified the predominant tree species used to manufacture the panels. The laboratory tests were conducted at 45 percent relative humidity and used a gas chromatograph and a mass selective detector to identify and quantify VOC compounds. The predominant compounds identified in emissions from the particleboard and MDF samples were terpenes and aldehydes. Small straight-chain alcohols and ketones were also found. This study describes the terpene emission data. Quantified terpenes included alpha- and beta-pinene, camphene, 3-carene, p-cymene, limonene, and borneol. Terpene emissions accounted for between 7 and 21 percent of the total VOC emissions, calculated as alpha-pinene. The highest terpene emissions were observed from particleboard samples manufactured from pines other than southern pine. For particleboard, terpene emissions were largely related to the extractive content of the wood species. The terpenes were almost completely absent in emissions from MDF samples, which indicates that differences in the manufacturing of MDF compared with the manufacturing of particleboard may have considerably affected emissions. After 4 days, the terpene emissions from all particleboard samples decreased to between 20 and 70 percent of their initial values. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Baumann, MGD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. OI Batterman, Stuart/0000-0001-9894-5325 NR 19 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 10 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 49 IS 1 BP 49 EP 56 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 159JL UT WOS:000078168900012 ER PT J AU Steinhagen, HP Rozas, C Khattabi, A Loehnertz, SP Poblete, MJ AF Steinhagen, HP Rozas, C Khattabi, A Loehnertz, SP Poblete, MJ TI Flattening wavy eucalyptus veneer during finish-drying SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Sliced Eucalyptus globulus veneer 0.5 mm (1/50 in.) thick, which had been pre-dried in a conventional non-pressure dryer, was finish-dried in an inexpensive, continuous press dryer for thin veneer, resulting in reduced waviness and improved grade. When finish-drying was started at about 30 percent moisture content (MC), using 240 degrees F and 2.4 psi for 2 minutes, the result was flat, A-grade veneer (instead of C-grade as in conventional drying), at a final MC below 10 percent. Data variability, however, was a problem, and further trials are warranted. C1 ENFI, Sale, Morocco. US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Bio Bio, Dept Ind Engn, Concepcion, Chile. RP Steinhagen, HP (reprint author), Univ Bio Bio, Wood Engn Dept, Casilla 5-C, Concepcion, Chile. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 49 IS 1 BP 63 EP 66 PG 4 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 159JL UT WOS:000078168900014 ER PT J AU Staddon, WJ Duchesne, LC Trevors, JT AF Staddon, WJ Duchesne, LC Trevors, JT TI The role of microbial indicators of soil quality in ecological forest management SO FORESTRY CHRONICLE LA English DT Article DE ecological management; soil quality; criteria and indicators; Canadian Standards Association; soil microorganisms; fire ID CARBON-SOURCE UTILIZATION; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; PHOSPHATASE-ACTIVITY; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; METABOLIC QUOTIENT; CONIFEROUS FOREST; ORGANIC-CARBON; CLEAR-CUT; BIOMASS; PHOSPHORUS AB Ecological management is gaining acceptance as an encompassing philosophy in forest resource management. In keeping with this new paradigm, the Canadian Standards Association is creating a forest certification process to ensure that forest products are generated through sustainable forestry. However, a great deal of research is needed to develop and assess soil indicators of ecological sustainability. This paper discusses the role and usefulness of microbial indicators of soil quality in the ecological management of forests and the forest certification process. Suitable microbial indicators of soil conservation should be closely linked to critical ecological processes, should be documented properly across various ecosystem types, should be easy to use, and must evolve with new scientific knowledge. C1 Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. RP Duchesne, LC (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Lab, POB 350, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 47 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU CANADIAN INST FORESTRY PI OTTAWA PA 151 SLATER ST, STE 606, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5H3, CANADA SN 0015-7546 J9 FOREST CHRON JI For. Chron. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 75 IS 1 BP 81 EP 86 PG 6 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 175FL UT WOS:000079082600040 ER PT J AU Baker, CJ Mock, N AF Baker, CJ Mock, N TI Characterization of a respiratory response of bacterial plant pathogens to their host SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PY 1999 VL 27 SU 1 MA 459 BP S151 EP S151 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 254EL UT WOS:000083598900484 ER PT J AU Koga, T Meydani, M AF Koga, T Meydani, M TI Homocysteine enhanced monocyte-endothelial adhesion and its inhibition by (alpha)-tocopherol SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, JM USDA, HNRCA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PY 1999 VL 27 SU 1 MA 133 BP S52 EP S52 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 254EL UT WOS:000083598900158 ER PT J AU Koga, T Meydani, M AF Koga, T Meydani, M TI Effect of plasma metabolites of (+)-catechin and quercetin on the endothelial/monocyte interaction SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, JM, USDA, HNRCA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PY 1999 VL 27 SU 1 MA 83 BP S37 EP S37 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 254EL UT WOS:000083598900108 ER PT J AU Krinsky, NI AF Krinsky, NI TI What is the scientific evidence for establishing carotenoids as recommended nutrients? SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, Dept Biochem, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PY 1999 VL 27 SU 1 MA P12 BP S7 EP S7 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 254EL UT WOS:000083598900014 ER PT J AU Morel, DW Harrison, EH AF Morel, DW Harrison, EH TI Enrichment of endothelial cells with carotenoid does not alter LDL oxidation or peroxide sensitivity SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Sci Philadelphia, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Philadelphia, PA USA. USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PY 1999 VL 27 SU 1 MA 92 BP S40 EP S40 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 254EL UT WOS:000083598900117 ER PT J AU Prior, RL Cao, G AF Prior, RL Cao, G TI Assessing antioxidant capacity in plant foods. SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PY 1999 VL 27 SU 1 MA P18 BP S11 EP S11 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 254EL UT WOS:000083598900021 ER PT J AU Tang, FY Meydani, M AF Tang, FY Meydani, M TI Green tea polyphenols and vitamin E inhibit angiogenesis by suppressing IL-8 SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tufts Univ, JM USDA HNRCA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PY 1999 VL 27 SU 1 MA 456 BP S149 EP S149 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 254EL UT WOS:000083598900482 ER PT J AU Tausz, M Bytnerowicz, A Arbaugh, MJ Weidner, W Grill, D AF Tausz, M Bytnerowicz, A Arbaugh, MJ Weidner, W Grill, D TI Antioxidants and protective pigments of Pinus ponderosa needles at gradients of natural stresses and ozone in the San Bernardino Mountains in California SO FREE RADICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Winter Meeting of the Society-for-Free-Radical-Research (European Region) CY DEC 17-19, 1998 CL GRANADA, SPAIN SP Soc Free Rad Res, European Reg DE ascorbate; glutathione; tocopherol; pigments; photoprotection; ozone ID SPRUCE NEEDLES; ALTITUDES; OXYGEN; FIELD AB At the San Bernardino Mountains, California, a well documented gradient of ozone pollution overlays a natural stress gradient from mesic to dry and from lower elevation to higher elevation sites. In contrast to gradient studies in European regions, the highest ambient ozone levels are observed at low elevation and more mesic locations. In the present study, antioxidative and photoprotective systems in Pinus ponderosa needles were investigated at three plots - DW (1725 m, high ozone impact, mesic site), SW (1200 m, clean air, xeric site) and CO (above 2000 m, clean air and xeric site). Needles from the CO site contained significantly more total GSH (500 vs 300 nmol g(-1) dw in c needles), less alpha-carotene (6-10 vs 14-19 mu g mg(-1) total chlorophyll) and chlorophyll (1.7-2 vs 2.5-2.6 mg g(-1) dw in c+l needles) than those at the DW site. Furthermore,their xanthophyll cycle pool was in a more de-epoxidized state at midday (up to 60% in c needles), and the carotenoid/chlorophylls ratios were generally higher. These patterns correspond to those observed at higher elevation plots in the Alps. On the other hand, needles from the high ozone site (DW) had a higher proportion of GSSG, indicating the onset of biochemical injury to needles. Needles from the SW site had intermediate proportions of GSSG. The results show the potential of environmental stressors to induce antioxidative and photoprotective responses in the absence of elevated ozone concentrations, but support the oxidative effects of ozone injury to ponderosa pine. C1 Graz Univ, Inst Pflanzenphysiol, A-8010 Graz, Austria. USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Tausz, M (reprint author), Graz Univ, Inst Pflanzenphysiol, Schubertstr 51, A-8010 Graz, Austria. RI Bytnerowicz, Andrzej/A-8017-2013; Tausz, Michael /C-1990-2013 OI Tausz, Michael /0000-0001-8205-8561 NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU HARWOOD ACAD PUBL GMBH PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 1071-5762 J9 FREE RADICAL RES JI Free Radic. Res. PY 1999 VL 31 SU S BP S113 EP S120 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 279XT UT WOS:000085070900017 PM 10694049 ER PT J AU Magee, JB AF Magee, JB TI Storage quality evaluation of southern highbush blueberry cultivars Jubilee, Magnolia and Pearl River SO FRUIT VARIETIES JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RABBITEYE; FRUIT AB Fruit of recently released southern highbush blueberry cultivars Jubilee, Magnolia and Pearl River (Vaccinium spp, mostly corymbosum) and rabbiteye cultivars Climax and Premier (Vaccinium ashei) were compared for storage quality. Physical characteristics and chemical composition before and after 28 days storage at 1-3 degrees C were the bases of comparison. Poststorage values of most quality parameters varied with cultivar, and there were changes during storage. 'Climax' and 'Jubilee' had the highest concentrations of glucose and fructose and were the most firm and least decayed after storage. Overall, fruit from the southern highbush cultivars were smaller, had higher weight loss, more shrivel and were less firm than the rabbiteye cultivars. Rabbiteye fruit were much higher in anthocyanins than southern highbush fruit; anthocyanin content of all cultivars increased during storage. The organic acid profile of southern highbush cultivars was similar to those reported for highbush berries. Using a rating system based on means separations of quality factors within cultivars, the estimated overall storage quality of the cultivars in decreasing order was 'Climax: 'Jubilee: 'Premier: 'Magnolia' and "Pearl River'. C1 USDA ARS, Small Fruit Res Stn, Poplarville, MS 39740 USA. RP Magee, JB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Small Fruit Res Stn, Poplarville, MS 39740 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 103 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA SN 0091-3642 J9 FRUIT VARIETIES J JI Fruit Var. J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 53 IS 1 BP 10 EP 15 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 166GH UT WOS:000078567500002 ER PT J AU Drake, SR Elfving, DC AF Drake, SR Elfving, DC TI Response of three strains of 'Gala' apples to high carbon dioxide prior to controlled atmosphere storage SO FRUIT VARIETIES JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CA AB The postharvest fruit quality of three strains ('Royal Gala: 'Imperial Gala' and 'Crimson Gala') of apples was evaluated over two or three storage seasons. To determine the influence of carbon dioxide treatment on storage quality, apples were stored in normal controlled atmosphere (1% O-2 & 1% CO2), or treated with 12% CO2 for 7 or 14 days prior to normal CA and evaluated after 90 or 150 days of storage. The use of 12% CO2 prior to storage helped to maintain firmness of 'Royal Gala' apples in 1 of 3 seasons. Firmness of 'Imperial Gala' and 'Crimson Gala' apples was not influenced by high CO2 treatment, regardless of storage season. Other quality factors (color, soluble solids, acidity and carbohydrates) were not influenced to the extent that high CO(2)would be a viable option for the quality enhancement of 'Gala' apples during storage, regardless of strain. Use of normal CA maintained 'Gala' apple quality for 150 days of storage. Harvest date had a major influence on 'Gala' apple quality. A delay of one week reduced firmness and acidity, but enhanced color and content of sucrose, glucose and fructose in 'Royal Gala: 'Imperial Gala' and 'Crimson Gala' apples. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Drake, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 103 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA SN 0091-3642 J9 FRUIT VARIETIES J JI Fruit Var. J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 53 IS 1 BP 16 EP 21 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 166GH UT WOS:000078567500003 ER PT J AU Smith, BJ AF Smith, BJ TI Susceptibility of southern blueberry cultivars to Botrytis blossom blight SO FRUIT VARIETIES JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The susceptibility of blueberry flowers at various developmental stages was evaluated by inoculating potted blueberry bushes of the rabbiteye cultivars, Climax, Premier and Tifblue, and the southern highbush cultivars, Magnolia and Jubilee, during bloom with a conidial suspension of Botrytis cinerea. Inoculated plants were then incubated in a dew chamber for two days at 20 degrees C and 100% RH. Flower stage was rated at the beginning of the study and two weeks after inoculation. Botrytis disease symptoms were scored two weeks after inoculation on a visual scale of 0 to 7. Susceptibility to Botrytis blossom blight was greatest on more developed flowers. Buds inoculated at stage 2 through stage 3 (prebloom) developed few disease symptoms, while flowers inoculated at stages 5 to 7 (furr bloom) developed more severe symptoms. 'Magnolia,' 'Premier,' and 'Tifblue' flowers at stage 6 were very susceptible. When averaged over the more susceptible flower stages (5, 6 and 7), 'Jubilee' and 'Premier' had the lowest disease severity scores. 'Tifblue' had higher disease scores than 'Magnolia' and 'Climax: The two southern highbush cultivars did not differ as a group from the three rabbiteye cultivars in their susceptibility to Botryris blossom blight. Since susceptibility of blueberry flowers is greatest at or near full bloom, fungicide applications for Botrytis blight control of southern blueberries should begin at flower stage 4 and continue though stage 6. C1 USDA ARS, Small Fruit Res Stn, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA. RP Smith, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Small Fruit Res Stn, POB 287, Poplarville, MS 39470 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 103 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA SN 0091-3642 J9 FRUIT VARIETIES J JI Fruit Var. J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 53 IS 1 BP 48 EP 52 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 166GH UT WOS:000078567500007 ER PT J AU Hummer, KE Rom, CR AF Hummer, KE Rom, CR TI Preserving a healthy fruit crop industry in the United States: Part II SO FRUIT VARIETIES JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Hummer, KE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, 33447 Peoria Rd, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 103 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA SN 0091-3642 J9 FRUIT VARIETIES J JI Fruit Var. J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 53 IS 1 BP 52 EP 52 PG 1 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 166GH UT WOS:000078567500008 ER PT J AU Hartung, JS AF Hartung, JS TI Quarantine testing of prohibited germplasm by the USDA at Beltsville, Maryland SO FRUIT VARIETIES JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Quarantine testing of imported plant germplasm is essential to protect U.S. agriculture against the inadvertent introduction of foreign pests and pathogens and is required by law. The testing of pome and stone fruits, brambles, potatoes, sweet potatoes, sugarcane, rice, grasses and some other crops is carried out jointly by two agencies within the United States Department of Agriculture at Beltsville, MD. Policy, budget, horticultural and technological questions as well as the perceptions of the user community have a direct impact on the operation of the testing program. A policy question that is of paramount concern to the operation of the testing program is whether or not to release foreign accessions if they are known to be infected with strains of a pathogen that is already found in the U.S. Low funding levels have hampered the program in the past, but additional funds have recently been made available for the program. The implementation of advanced technology has improved the testing program and will continue to do so in the future. A customer panel composed of people with technical knowledge in horticulture, plant pathology and advanced diagnostic methods is essential. Because the composition of this group will necessarily reflect the diverse crop responsibilities of the PGQO, communications among the 'customer' communities will be facilitated which should lead to a better understanding among the user groups of the complexities of the PGQO operations. C1 USDA ARS, Plant Germplasm Quarantine Off, Fruit Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hartung, JS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Germplasm Quarantine Off, Fruit Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Bldg 010-A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM jhartung@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 103 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA SN 0091-3642 J9 FRUIT VARIETIES J JI Fruit Var. J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 53 IS 1 BP 53 EP 58 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 166GH UT WOS:000078567500009 ER PT J AU Hurtt, SS AF Hurtt, SS TI The pome fruit tree quarantine program of the Plant Germplasm Quarantine Office - Fruit Laboratory, USDA. SO FRUIT VARIETIES JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID IDENTIFICATION; DISEASE AB Introduction of healthy, foreign germplasm is vital to promoting a healthy fruit tree industry in North America. Importation of foreign germplasm into the United States is controlled by federal regulations. Quarantine programs are necessary to import prohibited species, e.g. Malus, Pyrus, and Cydonia spp., without simultaneously importing exotic pests. Topics included in this paper are: (1) federal regulations that control importation of pome fruit germplasm; (2) operations at the Plant Germplasm Quarantine Office (PGQO), including quantities and health of pome tree fruit germplasm imported through the program; and (3) changes in the quarantine and indexing protocol for pome fruit trees under consideration by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS). C1 USDA ARS, PGQO FL, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hurtt, SS (reprint author), USDA ARS, PGQO FL, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER POMOLOGICAL SOC PI UNIVERSITY PK PA 103 TYSON BUILDING, UNIVERSITY PK, PA 16802 USA SN 0091-3642 J9 FRUIT VARIETIES J JI Fruit Var. J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 53 IS 1 BP 59 EP 63 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 166GH UT WOS:000078567500010 ER PT J AU Sloan, JJ Dowdy, RH Dolan, MS Rehm, GW AF Sloan, JJ Dowdy, RH Dolan, MS Rehm, GW TI Plant and soil responses to field-applied flue gas desulfurization residue SO FUEL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1997 International Ash Utilization Symposium CY 1997 CL LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY DE FGD residue; alfalfa; boron; sulfur; molybdenum ID FLY-ASH; BORON; MOLYBDENUM; ALFALFA; CORN AB The objective of this study was to document the availability of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) residue-borne boron (B), sulfur (S), and molybdenum (Mo) for alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) uptake when applied at agronomic rates to marginally B deficient soils. The FGD residue was applied at rates of 0, 0.46 and 3.75 Mg ha(-1) on a silt loam soil immediately prior to alfalfa seeding. Alfalfa yields were unaffected by these rates of residue applications, but shoot concentrations of B and S in the second cutting, and B, S, and Mo in the third cutting were increased by residue applications. Hence, FGD residue is a readily available B source, particularly later in the growing season when native soil B availability decreased. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Dowdy, RH (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Dept Soil Water & Climate, 439 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 31 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0016-2361 J9 FUEL JI Fuel PD JAN PY 1999 VL 78 IS 2 BP 169 EP 174 DI 10.1016/S0016-2361(98)00135-5 PG 6 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 157CP UT WOS:000078042100009 ER PT J AU Clark, RB Zeto, SK Ritchey, KD Baligar, VC AF Clark, RB Zeto, SK Ritchey, KD Baligar, VC TI Boron accumulation by maize grown in acidic soil amended with coal combustion products SO FUEL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1997 International Ash Utilization Symposium CY 1997 CL LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY DE plant dry matter; shoot boron concentrations; soil pH and electrical conductivity ID FLY-ASH; MAGNESIUM; CORN AB Coal combustion products (CCPs) have potential for use as soil amendments on acidic soils. One concern for plants grown on acidic soils amended with CCPs is boron (B) toxicity, since many CCPs contain considerable B. Maize (Zea mays L.) was grown (greenhouse) on acidic soil [Umbric Dystrochept, pH 3.9 (1 soil:1 10 mM CaCl2)] amended with 15 CCPs [two fly ashes (FAs), three fluidized bed combustion products (FBCs), one calcium (Ca) oxide (CaO) material, six high Ca sulfite (CaSO3) flue gas desulfurization products (FGDs), and three high Ca sulfate (CaSO4) FGDs] at different levels to determine accumulation of B in shoots. Plants were also grown in soil amended with Ca carbonate (CaCO3, lime) and chemical grade CaSO4 and CaSO3 as controls. Among the CCPs tested, FAs contained the highest B levels. Shoot B concentrations were as high as 500 mg kg(-1) without reductions in dry matter (DM) for plants grown on soil amended with one FA. Plants grown with one FBC had sufficient B to suspect potential B toxicity, and plant DM was greatly reduced or died when grown with > 0.5% of this material. Relatively high shoot B concentrations were noted in plants grown with the highest levels of high CaSO3 FGDs. High shoot B concentrations (similar to 300 mg kg(-1)) were noted for plants grown with > 5% levels of one high CaSO4 FGD, and DM declined after reaching these levels. Plants grown on soil amended with CaO had low shoot B. Some of the CCPs used in this study contained sufficient B to potentially induce B toxicity in plants grown on the acidic soil amended with the various CCPs. Maize growth was generally enhanced when grown on soil amended with the CCPs at appropriate levels. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Clark, RB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, 1224 Airport Rd, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 21 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0016-2361 J9 FUEL JI Fuel PD JAN PY 1999 VL 78 IS 2 BP 179 EP 185 DI 10.1016/S0016-2361(98)00133-1 PG 7 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 157CP UT WOS:000078042100011 ER PT J AU Robbins, EI Cravotta, CA Savela, CE Nord, GL AF Robbins, EI Cravotta, CA Savela, CE Nord, GL TI Hydrobiogeochemical interactions in 'anoxic' limestone drains for neutralization of acidic mine drainage SO FUEL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1997 International Ash Utilization Symposium CY 1997 CL LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY DE aluminite; biofilms; epilithic bacteria; gibbsite; limestone armoring; anoxic limestone drains; acid mine drainage ID SURFACE WATERS; IRON; ALUMINUM; BACTERIA; SULFATE AB Processes affecting neutralization of acidic coal mine drainage were evaluated within 'anoxic' limestone drains (ALDs). Influents had pH less than or equal to 3.5 and dissolved oxygen < 2 mg/l. Even though effluents were near neutral (pH > 6 and alkalinity > acidity), two of the four ALDs were failing due to clogging. Mineral-saturation indices indicated the potential for dissolution of calcite and gypsum, and precipitation of Al3+ and Fe3+ compounds. Cleavage mounts of calcite and gypsum that were suspended within the ALDs and later examined microscopically showed dissolution features despite coatings by numerous bacteria, biofilms, and Fe-Al-Si precipitates. In the drain exhibiting the greatest flow reduction, Al-hydroxysulfates had accumulated on limestone surfaces and calcite etch points, thus causing the decline in transmissivity and dissolution. Therefore, where Al loadings are high and flow rates are low, a pre-treatment step is indicated to promote Al removal before diverting acidic mine water into alkalinity-producing materials. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, Reston, VA 20192 USA. US Geol Survey, Lemoyne, PA 17043 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Robbins, EI (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Natl Ctr, MS 956, Reston, VA 20192 USA. EM nrobbins@usgs.gov NR 40 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0016-2361 J9 FUEL JI Fuel PD JAN PY 1999 VL 78 IS 2 BP 259 EP 270 DI 10.1016/S0016-2361(98)00147-1 PG 12 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 157CP UT WOS:000078042100020 ER PT S AU Klungness, JH Pianta, F Stroika, ML Sykes, M Tan, F AbuBakr, S AF Klungness, JH Pianta, F Stroika, ML Sykes, M Tan, F AbuBakr, S BE Brogdon, BN TI Lightweight, high-opacity paper: Process costs and energy use reduction SO FUNDAMENTAL ADVANCES AND INNOVATIONS IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY SE AICHE SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AICHE Annual Meeting CY NOV 15-20, 1998 CL MIAMI, FL SP Amer Inst Chem Engineers AB Fiber loading is an environmentally friendly, energy efficient, and economical method for depositing precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) partly within pulp fibres. Fibres loading can easily be done within the existing pulp processing system. This paper is a review of the process development from bench-scale to industrial-scale demonstrations, with additional experimental results showing the benefit of high consistency and high pH used in fiber-loading processing. Initially increasing the filter level without decreasing paper strength was the objective. Subsequently, substituting low cost PCC for higher cost fibre was evaluated. Finally, a fiber-loading method was developed that processes fiber at high consistency and pH, resulting in a high ash pulp without reducing freeness. A principle advantage of fibre loading is in applications for lightweight, high opacity, mechanical pulp containing printing grade papers. An example of this use of fibre is in adding 4% PCC and reducing grammage by 4 g/m(2) processing of 600 metric tons per day of newsprint. This example gave an estimated return on investment from 26.7% to 39.0%, depending on raw material for the PCC. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Klungness, JH (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0065-8812 BN 0-8169-0816-8 J9 AICHE SYM S PY 1999 VL 95 IS 322 BP 99 EP 102 PG 4 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BR37K UT WOS:000166218300013 ER PT S AU Bormett, D Houtman, C Abubakr, S Peng, J AF Bormett, D Houtman, C Abubakr, S Peng, J BE Brogdon, BN TI Compatibility of pressure sensitive adhesives with recycling unit operations SO FUNDAMENTAL ADVANCES AND INNOVATIONS IN THE PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY SE AICHE SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT AICHE Annual Meeting CY NOV 15-20, 1998 CL MIAMI, FL SP Amer Inst Chem Engineers AB Removal of pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) from recovered paper is a major problem facing the paper recycling industry As a result of a United States Postal Service (LISPS) initiative, which currently purchases about 12% of domestic PSA production, a ream was formed consisting of representatives from the USPS, the Forest Products Laboratory, Springborn Testing and Research, paper recovery companies, paper recyclers, adhesive manufacturers, and chemical suppliers. This large team of cooperators has the common goal of formulating PSAs that can be efficiently removed during the fiber screening operations. To evaluate new PSAs, an initial pilot-scale separation sequence and an operating protocol were developed. This fiber sequence involved high-consistency pulping, pressure screening, forward cleaning, reverse cleaning, flotation and washing. The sampling protocol allowed the evaluation of the PSA removal efficiency of each of the unit operations. An initial trial of 14 adhesives has been completed. These data indicate thar some PSA formulations can be easily removed during fiber screening, bur others are only poorly removed. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Bormett, D (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0065-8812 BN 0-8169-0816-8 J9 AICHE SYM S PY 1999 VL 95 IS 322 BP 159 EP 164 PG 4 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BR37K UT WOS:000166218300020 ER PT S AU Seefeldt, SS Young, FL Zemetra, R Jones, SS AF Seefeldt, SS Young, FL Zemetra, R Jones, SS GP BCPC BCPC TI The production of herbicide-resistant jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) x wheat (Triticum aestivum) hybrids in the field by natural hybridization and management strategies to reduce their occurrence SO GENE FLOW AND AGRICULTURE: RELEVANCE FOR TRANSGENIC CROPS SE BRITISH CROP PROTECTION COUNCIL SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Gene Flow and Agriculture - Relevance for Transgenic Crops CY APR 12-14, 1999 CL UNIV KEELE, KEELE, ENGLAND SP British Crop Protect Council HO UNIV KEELE ID GENE-TRANSFER AB Two imazamox-resistant hybrids from a cross between A. cylindrica and an imazamox-resistant wheat ('cv' FS-4 IR wheat) were discovered in a research plot where FS-4 IR wheat seed had been replanted from the harvest of an efficacy study conducted the year before. Seven seeds (BC1) were produced by these plants. Six of the seven seedlings from these seeds survived an application of 72 g ai ha(-1) imazamox. Management strategies to reduce the occurrence of herbicide-resistant A. cylindrica x wheat hybrids can be incorporated before, during, and after the crop year when the herbicide-resistant wheat is planted. Strategies to control hybrids that do occur are discussed. These strategies take advantage of the biology of the A. cylindrica x wheat hybrid plant. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Seefeldt, SS (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU BRITISH CROP PROTECTION COUNCIL PI FARNHAM PA 49 DOWNING ST, FARNHAM GU9 7PH, SURREY, ENGLAND SN 0306-3941 BN 1-901396-72-X J9 BCPC SYMP SER PY 1999 IS 72 BP 159 EP 164 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA BM97Z UT WOS:000080334100021 ER PT J AU De Aguiar, D Hartl, DL AF De Aguiar, D Hartl, DL TI Regulatory potential of nonautonomous mariner elements and subfamily crosstalk SO GENETICA LA English DT Article DE mariner; mariner-like element (MLE); overproduction inhibition; transposable element regulation ID TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; HYBRID DYSGENESIS; IN-VITRO; FRUIT-FLY; TRANSPOSITION; EVOLUTION; GERMLINE; INSECTS AB Two naturally occurring nonautonomous mariner elements were tested in vivo for their ability to down-regulate excision of a target element in the presence of functional mariner transposase. The tested elements were the peach element isolated from Drosophila mauritiana, which encodes a transposase that differs from the autonomous element Mos1 in four amino acid replacements, and the DTBZ1 element isolated from D. teissieri, which encodes a truncated protein consisting of the first 132 residues at the amino end of the normally 345-residue transposase. We provide evidence that the protein from the peach element does interact to down-regulate wildtype transposase, indicating that at least some nonautonomous elements in natural populations that retain their open reading frame may play a regulatory role. In contrast, our tests reveal at most a weak interaction between transposase from the autonomous Mos1 element and the truncated protein from DTBZ1, and none between Mos1 transposase and that from the distantly related mariner-like element Himar1 identified in the horn fly Haematobia irritans. Hence, the extent of regulatory crosstalk between mariner-like elements may be limited to closely related ones. The evolutionary implications of these results are discussed. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Hartl, DL (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM dhartl@oeb.harvard.edu NR 36 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-6707 J9 GENETICA JI Genetica PY 1999 VL 107 IS 1-3 BP 79 EP 85 PG 7 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 331QK UT WOS:000088029600009 PM 10952200 ER PT J AU Sewell, MM Sherman, BK Neale, DB AF Sewell, MM Sherman, BK Neale, DB TI A consensus map for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). I. Construction and integration of individual linkage maps from two outbred three-generation pedigrees SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISMS; RFLP MAP; MEIOTIC RECOMBINATION; ALCOHOL-DEHYDROGENASE; GENOME LENGTH; VAR ELLIOTTII; DOUGLAS-FIR; INHERITANCE; SEQUENCES; MARKERS AB A consensus map for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was constructed from the integration of linkage data from two unrelated thr ee-generation outbred pedigrees. The progeny segregation data from restriction fragment length polymorphism, random amplified polymorphic DNA, and isozyme genetic markers from each pedigree were recoded to reflect the two independent populations of parental meioses, and genetic maps were constructed to represent each parent. The rate of meiotic recombination was significantly greater for males than females, as was the average estimate of genome length for males (1983.7 cM [Kosambi mapping function (K)]} and females [1339.5 cM(K)]. The integration of individual maps allows for the synthesis of genetic information from independent sources onto a single consensus map and facilitates the consolidation of linkage groups to represent the chromosomes (n = 12) of loblolly pine. The resulting consensus map consists of 357 unique molecular markers and covers similar to 1300 cM(K). C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Hort, USDA, Forest Serv,Inst Forest Genet, Davis, CA 95616 USA. US Forest Serv, Inst Forest Genet, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Placerville, CA 95667 USA. RP Neale, DB (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Hort, USDA, Forest Serv,Inst Forest Genet, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM dncale@dendrome.ucdavis.edu NR 51 TC 95 Z9 107 U1 1 U2 2 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 USA SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD JAN PY 1999 VL 151 IS 1 BP 321 EP 330 PG 10 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 156XW UT WOS:000078028900030 PM 9872970 ER PT B AU Lamkey, KR Edwards, JW AF Lamkey, KR Edwards, JW BE Coors, JG Pandey, S TI Quantitative genetics of heterosis SO GENETICS AND EXPLOITATION OF HETEROSIS IN CROPS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on the Genetics and Exploitation of Heterosis in Crops CY AUG 17-22, 1997 CL MEXICO CITY, MEXICO SP Int Maize & Wheat Improvement Ctr, Int Rice Res Inst, Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Co Ltd, Monsanto Co, Novartis Seeds AG, Peoples Republic China, Pioneer Hi-Bred Int Inc, Sementes Agroceres SA, US Agcy Int Dev, USDA, Asgrow Seed Co, DHL Worldwide Express, Grains Res Dev Corp, KWS Kleinwanzlebener Saatzucht AG, Cargill Hybrid Seeds, Ceres Int Semillas SA CV, Mexico, DeKlab Genet Corp, Inst Interamer Cooperac Agr, Martiz Mexico, SA CV, Plant Genet Syst Inc (Amer) ID RECIPROCAL RECURRENT SELECTION; BSCB1 MAIZE POPULATIONS; EPISTASIS; BSSS; VARIANCE; F2 C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Lamkey, KR (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Lamkey, Kendall/D-7631-2013 OI Lamkey, Kendall/0000-0001-8510-8798 NR 42 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA BN 0-89118-549-6 PY 1999 BP 31 EP 48 PG 18 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BQ84H UT WOS:000089810700004 ER PT B AU Hanna, W Ozias-Akins, P Roche, D AF Hanna, W Ozias-Akins, P Roche, D BE Coors, JG Pandey, S TI Apomixis and heterosis SO GENETICS AND EXPLOITATION OF HETEROSIS IN CROPS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on the Genetics and Exploitation of Heterosis in Crops CY AUG 17-22, 1997 CL MEXICO CITY, MEXICO SP Int Maize & Wheat Improvement Ctr, Int Rice Res Inst, Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Co Ltd, Monsanto Co, Novartis Seeds AG, Peoples Republic China, Pioneer Hi-Bred Int Inc, Sementes Agroceres SA, US Agcy Int Dev, USDA, Asgrow Seed Co, DHL Worldwide Express, Grains Res Dev Corp, KWS Kleinwanzlebener Saatzucht AG, Cargill Hybrid Seeds, Ceres Int Semillas SA CV, Mexico, DeKlab Genet Corp, Inst Interamer Cooperac Agr, Martiz Mexico, SA CV, Plant Genet Syst Inc (Amer) ID APOMICTIC MODE; REPRODUCTION; PENNISETUM; TRIPSACUM; MAIZE; IDENTIFICATION; MARKERS; PLANTS C1 USDA ARS, SAA, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Hanna, W (reprint author), USDA ARS, SAA, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Box 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA BN 0-89118-549-6 PY 1999 BP 335 EP 342 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BQ84H UT WOS:000089810700027 ER PT B AU Miller, JF AF Miller, JF BE Coors, JG Pandey, S TI Oilseeds and heterosis SO GENETICS AND EXPLOITATION OF HETEROSIS IN CROPS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on the Genetics and Exploitation of Heterosis in Crops CY AUG 17-22, 1997 CL MEXICO CITY, MEXICO SP Int Maize & Wheat Improvement Ctr, Int Rice Res Inst, Maharashtra Hybrid Seeds Co Ltd, Monsanto Co, Novartis Seeds AG, Peoples Republic China, Pioneer Hi-Bred Int Inc, Sementes Agroceres SA, US Agcy Int Dev, USDA, Asgrow Seed Co, DHL Worldwide Express, Grains Res Dev Corp, KWS Kleinwanzlebener Saatzucht AG, Cargill Hybrid Seeds, Ceres Int Semillas SA CV, Mexico, DeKlab Genet Corp, Inst Interamer Cooperac Agr, Martiz Mexico, SA CV, Plant Genet Syst Inc (Amer) ID BRASSICA-NAPUS L; GENETIC-DISTANCE; PERFORMANCE; LINES C1 USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58102 USA. RP Miller, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, POB 5677, Fargo, ND 58102 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA BN 0-89118-549-6 PY 1999 BP 399 EP 404 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA BQ84H UT WOS:000089810700032 ER PT B AU Robertson, G AF Robertson, G BE Yoshimoto, A Yukutake, K TI Employment impact multipliers and the economic role of timber in the small forest communities of Southeast Alaska SO GLOBAL CONCERNS FOR FOREST RESOURCE UTILIZATION: SUSTAINABLE USE AND MANAGEMENT SE FORESTRY SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium of Forest Sector Analysis CY OCT 05-08, 1998 CL MIYAZAKI, JAPAN SP Univ Miyazaki, IUFRO Working Party 6 17, Univ Washington, CINTRAFOR DE economic impacts; employment multipliers; input-output models; small-area economics; timber sector; Southeast Alaska ID BASE MULTIPLIERS AB Recent harvest declines in the Western United States have focused attention on the question of economic impacts at the community level. This paper uses community specific, time series employment data to estimate linear employment impact multipliers resulting from exogenously induced changes in timber employment and other basic employment in the small, semi-isolated communities of Southeast Alaska. Estimates were derived for each of the fourteen communities. When viewed as a whole, the study results provide no evidence for the existence of positive relations between changes in basic employment and other employment at the community level; changes in timber employment were seen to have no impact on other employment in Southeast Alaskan communities. While contrary to common perceptions regarding the workings of small scale economies, these results are not inconsistent with standard economic theory. However, they do highlight the need to consider the broader economic context within which economic impacts occur and the need to assess the validity of simplifying assumptions commonly used in models designed to estimate economic impacts at smaller spatial scales. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, PNW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Robertson, G (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, PNW Res Stn, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-5968-2 J9 FOR SCI PY 1999 VL 62 BP 123 EP 135 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ89F UT WOS:000089940800011 ER PT B AU Haynes, RW Adams, DM AF Haynes, RW Adams, DM BE Yoshimoto, A Yukutake, K TI Have forest sector models changed forest policy in the United States SO GLOBAL CONCERNS FOR FOREST RESOURCE UTILIZATION: SUSTAINABLE USE AND MANAGEMENT SE FORESTRY SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium of Forest Sector Analysis CY OCT 05-08, 1998 CL MIYAZAKI, JAPAN SP Univ Miyazaki, IUFRO Working Party 6 17, Univ Washington, CINTRAFOR DE models; policy analysis; price effects AB The United States has a 100-year history of broad scale assessments of forest conditions and timber trend types of studies (see Haynes 1993 for a more complete discussion). What has changed over that period has been both new types and amounts of data and our ability to develop more explicit information from the available data. How have the forest sector models developed in the last 20 years changed forest policy in the United States? The answer is threefold: they shifted the discussions from quantities to prices. They have allowed the use of scenario planning to discuss different views of the future, and they have changed the perceptions of decision makers through collaborative learning in the sense that we have been able to demonstrate how various projections are based on the underlying assumptions. The role that forest sector models have played in United States forest policy serves as a reminder that they are a means to inform policy debates, industrial decisions or landowner decisions. The models are not an end in themselves. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Haynes, RW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, POB 3890, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-5968-2 J9 FOR SCI PY 1999 VL 62 BP 267 EP 274 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA BQ89F UT WOS:000089940800021 ER PT B AU Haynes, RW AF Haynes, RW GP SAF SAF TI Forestry and the Baby Boomlet SO GREAT LAKES, GREAT FORESTS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 19-23, 1998 CL SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC, TRAVERSE CITY, MI SP Soc Amer Foresters HO SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC DE workforce; baby boom AB The children making up the Baby Boomlet will challenge employers with their optimism, willingness to work in teams but lack-of-interest in supervisory roles. At the same time organizations will be flattening meaning that future employees will need to be flexible and able to work on formal and informal teams. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Haynes, RW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Box 3890, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-77-5 PY 1999 BP 65 EP 70 PG 4 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP68K UT WOS:000085856700010 ER PT B AU Schmidt, TL Raile, GK AF Schmidt, TL Raile, GK GP SAF SAF TI Forest fragmentation in the Lake States SO GREAT LAKES, GREAT FORESTS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 19-23, 1998 CL SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC, TRAVERSE CITY, MI SP Soc Amer Foresters HO SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC DE stand area; ownership; disturbance; distance to road AB Forest fragmentation is of growing concern in the Lake States region of the United States as pressures continue to build on this resource for an increasing flow of benefits. Data from the two most recent inventories of the timberland resource completed by the USDA Forest Service are analyzed and discussed in terms of forest fragmentation in this region. Fragmentation is influenced by changes in historical stocking levels and the maturation of the forest. The fragmentation of the forest is exhibited by more than 70 percent of the current forest land occurring in stands of less than 40 acres. Between inventories, average size of ownership by private individuals decreased. During the 13 years between inventories, 19 percent of all timberlands were disturbed. Currently, 68 percent of all timberland in the Lake States is within 1/2 mile of a road. Results show that concerns about fragmentation need to be addressed by both public and private forest land management. C1 US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, USDA, Forest Inventory & Anal Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Schmidt, TL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, USDA, Forest Inventory & Anal Unit, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-77-5 PY 1999 BP 107 EP 115 PG 5 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP68K UT WOS:000085856700016 ER PT B AU Leatherberry, EC AF Leatherberry, EC GP SAF SAF TI Trends in forest ownership fragmentation in the Lake States, 1980s-1990s SO GREAT LAKES, GREAT FORESTS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 19-23, 1998 CL SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC, TRAVERSE CITY, MI SP Soc Amer Foresters HO SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC DE ownership; size of holdings; age; occupation; tenure AB There are 52 million acres of forested land in the Lake States of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, two-thirds of which are privately owned. Forest ownership fragmentation among non-industrial private forest landowners has long been a long-term trend. Various factors influence ownership fragmentation. Data from the two most recent forest landowner surveys conducted in each state are analyzed and implications of landowner fragmentation are discussed. Results suggest that ownership fragmentation is occurring, however, several factors work to mitigate its regional effect. C1 US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, USDA, Forest Inventory & Anal Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Leatherberry, EC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, USDA, Forest Inventory & Anal Unit, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-77-5 PY 1999 BP 116 EP 122 PG 3 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP68K UT WOS:000085856700017 ER PT B AU Dwyer, JF Stewart, SI AF Dwyer, JF Stewart, SI GP SAF SAF TI Changing demographics affecting sprawl SO GREAT LAKES, GREAT FORESTS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 19-23, 1998 CL SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC, TRAVERSE CITY, MI SP Soc Amer Foresters HO SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC DE sprawl; demographic change; fragmentation; forest management ID NONMETROPOLITAN AB Demographic changes including population growth, racial/ethnic diversity, aging, expansion of urban areas, and migration to rural areas can bring significant population increases in particular areas that may encourage sprawl. Areas where the pressures for sprawl are likely to be the greatest include the periphery of urban areas, popular retirement destinations, places where seasonal homes are common, areas that are attractive to amenity migrants, and areas where new businesses will locate. Sprawl and efforts to reduce or ameliorate its impacts can influence or be influenced by the management of forest resources across an urban to rural spectrum. With sprawl the forest resource may undergo significant changes, including different owners managing it, for different purposes, and in a very different social context than was previously the case. The extent and implications of these changes depends on the type of sprawl and how policy makers, planners, mangers, and residents respond to it. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Evanston, IL 60202 USA. RP Dwyer, JF (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, 845 Chicago Ave,Suite 225, Evanston, IL 60202 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-77-5 PY 1999 BP 123 EP 128 PG 4 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP68K UT WOS:000085856700018 ER PT B AU Greene, JL Haines, TK AF Greene, JL Haines, TK GP SAF SAF TI Tapping into forest management assistance programs SO GREAT LAKES, GREAT FORESTS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 19-23, 1998 CL SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC, TRAVERSE CITY, MI SP Soc Amer Foresters HO SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC AB Use of federal and state forest management assistance programs can enable nonindustrial private forest owners to reduce their management expenses and practice better stewardship. This paper summarizes six federal and twelve state assistance programs available to owners in the North Central states. It also describes how to calculate the amount of a government conservation cost-share payment that can be excluded from the recipient's gross income for federal income tax purposes. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Resource Law & Econ Res UNit, USDA, So Res Stn, New Orleans, LA USA. RP Greene, JL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Resource Law & Econ Res UNit, USDA, So Res Stn, New Orleans, LA USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-77-5 PY 1999 BP 136 EP 141 PG 2 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP68K UT WOS:000085856700020 ER PT B AU Dwyer, JF Childs, GM AF Dwyer, JF Childs, GM GP SAF SAF TI Urban forestry meets ecological restoration: Opportunites for synergism SO GREAT LAKES, GREAT FORESTS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 19-23, 1998 CL SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC, TRAVERSE CITY, MI SP Soc Amer Foresters HO SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC DE urban forestry; restoration; volunteers; resource management AB Urban forestry and ecological restoration are capturing significant citizen and professional interest. Despite similarities in goals, these movements are proceeding along separate paths. Opportunities for synergism, sharing, cooperation, and collaboration are discussed. Important areas where sharing can help these efforts include working with a wider range of sites and plant species, working with the public, training, and research. These opportunities continue to expand as increased attention is given to ecosystem and landscape management in urban areas. C1 US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, USDA, Evanston, IL 60202 USA. RP Dwyer, JF (reprint author), US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, USDA, 845 Chicago Ave,Suite 225, Evanston, IL 60202 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-77-5 PY 1999 BP 142 EP 147 PG 2 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP68K UT WOS:000085856700021 ER PT B AU Wadsworth, FH AF Wadsworth, FH GP SAF SAF TI Tropical silviculture: How different from that of the temperate zone? SO GREAT LAKES, GREAT FORESTS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 19-23, 1998 CL SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC, TRAVERSE CITY, MI SP Soc Amer Foresters HO SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC DE tropics; silviculture AB Tropical silviculture differs chiefly in detail. Highly productive plantations area growing source of industrial wood. Natural forests will continue as a supplementary source of diverse products not currently available from plantations. More than half of the forests are either secondary or cutover. These respond well to silviculture. The most common silvicultural practice has been "improvement fellings" concerned with both selective harvesting and care of the residual. Variants have been refinement and liberation. Low-impact logging, leaving potential crop trees undamaged, may lead to their retention and liberation as an investment. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR USA. RP Wadsworth, FH (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-77-5 PY 1999 BP 169 EP 175 PG 3 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP68K UT WOS:000085856700027 ER PT B AU Verry, ES AF Verry, ES GP SAF SAF TI Changes in lake state forests and streams: Past and present SO GREAT LAKES, GREAT FORESTS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 19-23, 1998 CL SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC, TRAVERSE CITY, MI SP Soc Amer Foresters HO SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC DE Lake States; original forests; stream geomorphology; land use impacts AB Primary forests (circa 1820) in the Lake States (and Eastern U.S.) were 100-200 years old (some 300, and some individual trees 1500). Most stands were multi-canopied that carried stand volumes from 34-288 m(3)/ha (3,000-25,000 b.f./acre or 50 - 425 cords/acre). Large-tree diameters ranged from 1-5 m (3-15 feet). Nearly all forested acres were harvested (90+%) with subsequent regeneration occupying 40% of the primary forest extent in 1990. The legacy of original logging, stream cleaning, catastrophic fires, and conversion to agriculture caused streams to shorten (straighten out as they lost their sinuosity) when they became unstable, widened and in some cases shallowed. Today, road and trail stream crossings are the major sediment source that fills pools and clogs riffles with fine road sand 1/2 to 1 mile downstream. Reservoirs are a large part of Lake State stream ecosystems and their operation can either degrade or enhance the fishery resource. Land-use that mixes agriculture (up to 30%), forest harvesting (up to 2% per year) and maturing forest lands provides for stable and healthy stream habitat. When open and young forests (<16 years old) exceed 2/3 of the basin, increases in the nearly-annual snowmelt peak flow causes in-channel stream erosion. In-channel erosion occurs in steep moraine basins as small as I square mile, and in flat outwash basins as small as 10 square miles. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Grand Rapids, MN 55799 USA. RP Verry, ES (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Grand Rapids, MN 55799 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-77-5 PY 1999 BP 182 EP 193 PG 6 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP68K UT WOS:000085856700029 ER PT B AU Riemenschneider, DE AF Riemenschneider, DE GP SAF SAF TI Current issues in poplar breeding and selection SO GREAT LAKES, GREAT FORESTS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 19-23, 1998 CL SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC, TRAVERSE CITY, MI SP Soc Amer Foresters HO SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC DE genetic variance; additive effects; non-additive effects; multi-stage testing AB Intensively cultured hybrid poplar plantations are an increasingly important supply of fiber. In the North Central Region, especially Minnesota, new breeding programs are adding to the small list of commercial clones now available. Early data suggest that new crones can outperform existing standards by 18% to over 70% in total above-ground biomass depending on selection intensity and location. The most important issues we face in the design of breeding strategies are the value of parental selection and devising optimum testing strategies. Efficient testing strategies are extremely important because large numbers of hybrid seedlings (clones) are relatively easy to produce and can overwhelm an R&D program unless mast clones are discarded during early test stages. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Riemenschneider, DE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, 5985 Highway K, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-77-5 PY 1999 BP 225 EP 231 PG 3 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP68K UT WOS:000085856700034 ER PT B AU Shifley, SR AF Shifley, SR GP SAF SAF TI Simulating forest growth and yield in uneven-aged and mixed-species stands: An overview of modeling methods SO GREAT LAKES, GREAT FORESTS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 19-23, 1998 CL SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC, TRAVERSE CITY, MI SP Soc Amer Foresters HO SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC DE individual-tree models; Forest Vegetation Simulator; forest simulation ID DIAMETER DISTRIBUTIONS; MATRIX MODEL; MANAGEMENT; ECOSYSTEMS; WILDLIFE; TIMBER AB The ability to predict forest growth and yield is integral to forest management. Analytical forest growth and yield models have existed since the 1930's, but modeling methods suitable for optimization problems in uneven-aged and mixed-species forests did not become prevalent until the 1970's. Of the modeling techniques reviewed in this paper, individual-tree, distance-independent models have the greatest geographic coverage. They are well-suited to forecasting change in mixed-species, uneven-aged forests. Stand component growth models that predict changes in stand density by tree size class and species group are also widely used in optimization problems for uneven-aged forests. Application of these or any other models to optimization problems requires a thorough examination of model assumptions and the reliability of model predictions. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Columbia, MO USA. RP Shifley, SR (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Columbia, MO USA. NR 53 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-77-5 PY 1999 BP 295 EP 305 PG 9 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP68K UT WOS:000085856700045 ER PT B AU McRoberts, RE Lessard, VC Holdaway, MR AF McRoberts, RE Lessard, VC Holdaway, MR GP SAF SAF TI Analyzing the uncertainty of diameter growth model predictions SO GREAT LAKES, GREAT FORESTS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 19-23, 1998 CL SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC, TRAVERSE CITY, MI SP Soc Amer Foresters HO SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC DE Monte Carlo simulations; annual forest inventory AB The North Central Research Station of the USDA Forest Service is developing a new set of individual tree, diameter growth models to be used as a component of an annual forest inventory system. The criterion for selection of predictor variables for these models is the uncertainty in 5-, 10-, and 20-year diameter growth predictions estimated using Monte Carlo simulations. Particular attention is focused on the uncertainty in the model predictions that can be attributed to five sources of uncertainty: (1) residual variation after model calibration; (2) covariances for parameter estimates; (3) measurement error for diameter at breast height; (4) measurement error for crown ratio; and (5) measurement error for crown class. The cumulative effects of uncertainty in model predictions for individual trees on the uncertainty of basal area estimates at the plot and regional levels are also investigated. For four Lakes States species, the results suggest that uncertainty in predictor variables has a non-negligible effect on the uncertainty of diameter predictions, but that these effects are attenuated when results are aggregated at the regional level. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP McRoberts, RE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-77-5 PY 1999 BP 319 EP 325 PG 5 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP68K UT WOS:000085856700047 ER PT B AU Haynes, RW Mills, JR AF Haynes, RW Mills, JR GP SAF SAF TI The role of technology in determining future prospects for the US Forest sector SO GREAT LAKES, GREAT FORESTS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 19-23, 1998 CL SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC, TRAVERSE CITY, MI SP Soc Amer Foresters HO SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC DE timber supply and demand; forest resources; technology AB The US Forest Service develops a strategic view of the determinants of future changes in the US forest sector including those that involve different types of technologies. Three broad types of technologies are of interest: changes in consumer tastes and preferences that act to shift the demand for various types of wood; changes in processing technologies; and technical improvements that improve timber growth or properties. Each of these change our perceptions of the future for the US forest sector. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Haynes, RW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Box 3890, Portland, OR 97208 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-77-5 PY 1999 BP 326 EP 329 PG 2 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP68K UT WOS:000085856700048 ER PT B AU Ince, PJ AF Ince, PJ GP SAF SAF TI Long-range outlook for US paper and paperboard demand, technology, and fiber supply-demand equilibria SO GREAT LAKES, GREAT FORESTS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 19-23, 1998 CL SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC, TRAVERSE CITY, MI SP Soc Amer Foresters HO SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC DE assessment; pulp and paper; technology; fiber markets; pulpwood AB This paper summarizes preliminary results of a long-range economic assessment of future U.S. paper and paperboard demand, technology, and fiber supply-demand equilibria, with projections to the year 2050. Slower growth is projected in U.S. population, with increasing gross domestic product per capita. While growth in paper and paperboard demand per capita is projected to decelerate, overall consumption is projected to increase with growing population. Trade is projected to increase in the long run, but future trade flows will remain small relative to domestic production. Slower growth is projected in rates of paper recovery and recycling as the United States reaches high levels of paper recycling. Wood residues are projected to decline in pulpwood supply, and pulpwood harvest and stumpage prices are projected to increase, particularly in the U.S. South. Short-rotation woody crop supply from agricultural land is projected to become increasingly important as an economical source of fiber supply in the long run. C1 USDA Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI USA. RP Ince, PJ (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-77-5 PY 1999 BP 330 EP 343 PG 4 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP68K UT WOS:000085856700049 ER PT B AU Schulz, BK Winterberger, KC AF Schulz, BK Winterberger, KC GP SAF SAF TI Assessing forest health in Alaska SO GREAT LAKES, GREAT FORESTS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 1998 National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 19-23, 1998 CL SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC, TRAVERSE CITY, MI SP Soc Amer Foresters HO SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC DE Alaska; forest health monitoring C1 USDA Forest Serv, Forest Hlth Protect Program, Anchorage, AK USA. RP Schulz, BK (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Forest Hlth Protect Program, Anchorage, AK USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-77-5 PY 1999 BP 383 EP 383 PG 1 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP68K UT WOS:000085856700063 ER PT B AU Stone, DM AF Stone, DM GP SAF SAF TI Snow damage in young aspen SO GREAT LAKES, GREAT FORESTS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 19-23, 1998 CL SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC, TRAVERSE CITY, MI SP Soc Amer Foresters HO SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC DE rain-on-snow; ice lens; snow breakage; stand density AB In May 1996, we observed a high proportion (24%) of broken stems in 1-year-old aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) suckers on a site within the "snow belt," about 30 km south of Lake Superior in western Upper Michigan. On 18-19 January, rain-on-snow, followed by frigid temperatures, produced an ice crust that encased the stems of the suckers. Approximately 240 cm of snow fell from 21 January to 30 April, more than 100 cm above the 30-year mean. As the snowpack above the ice lens compressed that below it, the downward movement of the lens broke the stems between the lens and the soil surface. The recurrence interval for this combination of rain-on-snow, frigid temperatures, and near-record snowfall may be on the order of 30 to 100 years. C1 USDA Forest Serv, Silviculture No Great Lakes Forests Unit, N Cent Res Stn, Grand Rapids, MI USA. RP Stone, DM (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Silviculture No Great Lakes Forests Unit, N Cent Res Stn, 1831 Highway 169 E, Grand Rapids, MI USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-77-5 PY 1999 BP 384 EP 386 PG 3 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP68K UT WOS:000085856700064 ER PT B AU Ostry, ME Haugen, LM O'Brien, JG AF Ostry, ME Haugen, LM O'Brien, JG GP SAF SAF TI Disease risk to uneven-aged red pine SO GREAT LAKES, GREAT FORESTS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 National Convention of the Society-of-American-Foresters CY SEP 19-23, 1998 CL SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC, TRAVERSE CITY, MI SP Soc Amer Foresters HO SAF MICHIGAN STATE SOC DE Sirococcus strobilinus; Diplodia pinea AB Trends toward uneven-aged management of red pine (Pinus resinosa) have renewed concerns over the impact of shoot blights on tree vigor and long-term survival. Shoot blights of red pine in the Lake States are caused primarily by the pathogens Sirococcus conigenus and Sphaeropsis sapinea. Outbreaks of S. conigenus historically have been associated with wet spring weather and multiple canopy levels. Outbreaks of S. sapinea cankers often occur on trees under moisture stress or with wounds. Shoot blights are common where there is a pine overstory, which provides a source of fungal spores. Both pathogens are capable of killing trees. Permanent plots were established in MI and WI during a recent shoot blight epidemic. Both pathogens were often present on the same site, and sometimes on the same branch. Disease severity was greatest where both pathogens were present. Stand characteristics and site factors affect the risk of disease damage. C1 USDA Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN USA. RP Ostry, ME (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, St Paul, MN USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI WASHINGTON PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, WASHINGTON, DC 20014 USA BN 0-939970-77-5 PY 1999 BP 389 EP 390 PG 2 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP68K UT WOS:000085856700066 ER PT S AU Roads, J Chen, S McCord, C Smith, W Stevens, D Juang, H Fujioka, F AF Roads, J Chen, S McCord, C Smith, W Stevens, D Juang, H Fujioka, F BE Sloot, P Bubak, M Hoekstra, A Hertzberger, B TI Weather and climate forecasts and analyses at MHPCC SO HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING AND NETWORKING, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference and Exhibition on High-Performance Computing and Networking (HPCN EUROPE 99) CY APR 12-14, 1999 CL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SP Dutch HPCN Fdn, Dutch Org Sci Res, Univ Amsterdam ID REGIONAL SPECTRAL MODEL AB In Hawaii, where weather and climate variations are strongly affected by the steep island topography, there is a clear and acknowledged need for improved weather and climate forecasts at increased spatial resolution. The Hawaii Weather, Climate,Modeling Ohana (HWCMO) was therefore formed at the Maul High Performance Computing Center in 1997 to establish an experimental weather/climate mesoscale modeling effort for near real-time support to the local National Weather service (NWS), decision makers in federal and state agencies, and local researchers. This operational mesoscale forecasting effort is currently providing on an almost regular schedule, daily forecast products (http://www.mhpcc.edu/ wswx/), using 5 nodesof the MHPCC multi-node IBM SP2 cluster. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Inst Oceanog Sci, Expt Climate Predict Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Maui High Performance Comp Ctr, Maui, HI USA. Univ Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. US Forest Serv, Riverside, CA USA. RP Roads, J (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Inst Oceanog Sci, Expt Climate Predict Ctr, 0224, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-65821-1 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1999 VL 1593 BP 130 EP 132 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BQ39Q UT WOS:000088252100014 ER PT J AU Shupe, TF Hse, CY Choong, ET Groom, LH AF Shupe, TF Hse, CY Choong, ET Groom, LH TI Effect of silvicultural practice and wood type on loblolly pine particleboard and medium density fiberboard properties SO HOLZFORSCHUNG LA English DT Article DE fiberboard; innerwood; internal bond; loblolly pine; modulus of elasticity; modulus of rupture; outerwood; particleboard ID HEARTWOOD; TREE; AGE AB The objective of this study was to determine the effect of five different silvicultural strategies and wood type on mechanical and physical properties of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) particleboard and fiberboard. The furnish was prepared in an unconventional manner from innerwood and outerwood veneer for each stand. Modulus of rupture (MOR) differences between the stands were insignificant for particleboard. Some significant modulus of elasticity (MOE) differences existed between the stands for particleboard and fiberboard. Differences between the wood types were minimal for each stand. Innerwood yielded higher mean MOR, MOE, and internal bond (IB) values than outerwood for most of the stands. The differences between the stand and wood types for 2 and 24h thickness swell and 2 and 24h water adsorption were very minimal. This research has shown that innerwood can produce particleboard and fiberboard panels with very comparable mechanical and physical properties to outerwood. The effect of the silvicultural strategy (i. e., stand) was minimal for most properties. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Cooperat Extens Serv, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Sch Forestry Wildlife & Fisheries, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. RP Shupe, TF (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, Louisiana Cooperat Extens Serv, POB 25100, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO PI BERLIN PA GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0018-3830 J9 HOLZFORSCHUNG JI Holzforschung PY 1999 VL 53 IS 2 BP 215 EP 222 DI 10.1515/HF.1999.036 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 182HC UT WOS:000079492300019 ER PT J AU Sweet, MS Winandy, JE AF Sweet, MS Winandy, JE TI Influence of degree of polymerization of cellulose and hemicellulose on strength loss in fire-retardant-treated southern pine SO HOLZFORSCHUNG LA English DT Article DE fire-retardant; strength loss; degree of polymerization; hemicellulose ID THERMAL-DEGRADATION; WOOD AB Southern pine boards, both untreated and treated with a fire retardant, were exposed to either a room temperature or high temperature (66 degrees C (150 degrees F)) environment. Strength properties were measured after 1 and 1-1/2 years of exposure, respectively. The degree of polymerization and the chemical composition of alpha-cellulose isolated from the exposed wood were measured. Little relationship was found between degree of polymerization and strength. However, a strong relationship was found between the amount of mannan in the alpha-cellulose isolated from the wood and the modulus of rupture and the work-to-maximum load of solid wood. This correlation leads to the conclusion that hemicellulose plays an important role in determining the strength of wood. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Sweet, MS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 33 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 8 PU WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO PI BERLIN PA GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0018-3830 J9 HOLZFORSCHUNG JI Holzforschung PY 1999 VL 53 IS 3 BP 311 EP 317 DI 10.1515/HF.1999.051 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 200CF UT WOS:000080521000014 ER PT J AU Denes, AR Tshabalala, MA Rowell, R Denes, F Young, RA AF Denes, AR Tshabalala, MA Rowell, R Denes, F Young, RA TI Hexamethyldisiloxane-plasma coating of wood surfaces for creating water repellent characteristics SO HOLZFORSCHUNG LA English DT Article DE cold plasma; surface modification; hexamethyldisiloxane; water repellency; southern yellow pine; surface chemistry ID POLYMERIZATION AB Southern yellow pine wood surfaces were modified under cold plasma conditions in order to create water repellent characteristics. The surface chemistry of the plasma "polymerized" hexamethyldisiloxane (PHMDSO) deposited onto wood surfaces was investigated using Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The presence of a crosslinked macromolecular structure, based on Si-O-Si and Si-O-C linkages was detected. Pyrolysis Mass Spectroscopy (MS) was carried out to investigate the nature of the building blocks of the plasma generated macromolecular structure. Plasma modified samples exhibited very high water contact angle values (contact angle = 130 degrees) in comparison to the unmodified samples (contact angle less than or equal to 15 degrees), indicating the presence of a hydrophobic surface. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) images, collected both from unmodified and HMDSO-plasma modified samples, indicate the progressive growth of the plasma "polymer", resulting in the deposition of a smooth layer at 10 minutes treatment time. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) indicated high thermal stability of the PHMDSO. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Engn Res Ctr Plasma Aided Mfg, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Engn Res Ctr Plasma Aided Mfg, USDA Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Denes, AR (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 15 TC 69 Z9 73 U1 3 U2 24 PU WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO PI BERLIN PA GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0018-3830 J9 HOLZFORSCHUNG JI Holzforschung PY 1999 VL 53 IS 3 BP 318 EP 326 DI 10.1515/HF.1999.052 PG 9 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 200CF UT WOS:000080521000015 ER PT J AU Celimene, CC Micales, JA Ferge, L Young, RA AF Celimene, CC Micales, JA Ferge, L Young, RA TI Efficacy of pinosylvins against white-rot and brown-rot fungi SO HOLZFORSCHUNG LA English DT Article DE extractives; conifer seed cones; stilbenes; fungitoxicity; white-rot fungi; brown-rot fungi; phytoalexins ID PINUS-STROBUS; WOOD; RESISTANCE; STILBENES; DECAY AB Three stilbenes, pinosylvin (PS), pinosylvin monomethyl ether (PSM) and pinosylvin dimethyl ether (PSD), were extracted from white spruce (Picea glauca), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), and red pine (Pinus, resinosa) pine cones, and their structures were confirmed by spectroscopic and chromatographic (HPLC, GC/MS, NMR and FTIR) analysis. PS, PSM, PSD or a 1:1:1 mixture of these stilbenes at concentrations of 0.1% and 1.0% were examined for their fungal inhibitory activity by two bioassay methods. Growth of white-rot fungi (Trametes versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium), and brown-rot fungi (Neolentinus lepideus, Gloeophyllum trabeum and Postia placenta) on agar media in the presence of each of the stilbenes or a 1:1:1 mixture inhibited growth of white-rot fungi, but slightly stimulated growth of brown-rot fungi. Soil-block assays, conditions more representative of those found in nature, did nor correlate with those from the screening on agar media. PS, PSM, PSD or a 1:1:1 mixture of the three compounds at concentrations of 0.1% and 1.0% did not impart any significant decay resistance to white-rot fungi inoculated on a hardwood (Red maple). However under the same conditions, decay resistance was observed against brown-rot fungi on a softwood (Southern yellow pine), it appears that stilbenes at least partially contribute to wood decay resistance against brown-rot fungi. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Russell Labs 120, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Celimene, CC (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forest Ecol & Management, Russell Labs 120, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 46 TC 54 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 15 PU WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO PI BERLIN PA GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0018-3830 J9 HOLZFORSCHUNG JI Holzforschung PY 1999 VL 53 IS 5 BP 491 EP 497 DI 10.1515/HF.1999.081 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 247QF UT WOS:000083230900007 ER PT J AU Green, F Clausen, CA AF Green, F Clausen, CA TI Production of polygalacturonase and increase of longitudinal gas permeability in southern pine by brown-rot and white-rot fungi SO HOLZFORSCHUNG LA English DT Article DE wood decay; brown-rot; white-rot; fungi; pit membrane; polygalacturonase; oxalic acid ID OXALIC-ACID; DEGRADATION; DECAY; PLACENTA; WOOD AB Hydrolysis of bordered and pinoid pits may be a key event during colonization of wood by decay fungi. Although pits are numerous, studies of pectin-hydrolyzing enzymes in wood decay fungi are scarce, probably because of the relatively low content (less than 4%) of pectin in wood and because of the primary focus on understanding the degradation of lignified components. Endopolygalacturonase (endo-PG) activity was estimated by cup-plate assay and viscosity reduction of pectin from liquid cultures of fifteen brown-rot and eight white-rot basidiomycetous fungi using sodium polypectate as the carbon source. Oxalic acid was estimated in liquid culture and related to mycelial weight of each fungus. Changes in longitudinal gas permeability of southern pine cores exposed to selected decay fungi in liquid culture were measured to determine the extent of hydrolysis of bordered pits. Twelve of fifteen brown-rot and six of eight white-rot fungi tested were positive for at least one of the polygalacturonase test methods. Accumulation of oxalic acid was detected in thirteen of fifteen brown-rot isolates and none of the white-rot fungi tested. Gas permeability of pine cores increased approximately fourfold among brown-rot fungi tested and eighteenfold among white-rot fungi tested. Scanning electron microscopy revealed bordered pit membrane hydrolysis in cores colonized by white-rot fungi, but only torus damage, weakening and tearing of the pit membranes, was observed in cores exposed to brown-rot fungi. We conclude that both brown- and white-rot decay fungi have the enzymatic capacity to hydrolyze pectin, damage bordered pit membranes, and increase wood permeability during colonization and incipient decay. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Green, F (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 42 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO PI BERLIN PA GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0018-3830 J9 HOLZFORSCHUNG JI Holzforschung PY 1999 VL 53 IS 6 BP 563 EP 568 DI 10.1515/HF.1999.093 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 267NJ UT WOS:000084363900001 ER PT J AU Houtman, CJ AF Houtman, CJ TI What factors control dimerization of coniferyl alcohol? SO HOLZFORSCHUNG LA English DT Article DE lignol; lignin biosynthesis; computer simulation; molecular dynamics ID LIGNIN AB Data suggest that the dimerization of coniferyl alcohol is not under thermodynamic control. In this study, molecular dynamics calculations were used to estimate the effect of the solvent environment. In water, the coniferyl alcohol radicals were forced to associate by the formation of a solvent cage. In glycerol, the solvent cage effect appeared to be absent. These results suggest that in water, the product distribution of the dimers will be modified by interactions with the solvent. The computed results are consistent with experimental observations of coniferyl alcohol reactions in various solvents. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Houtman, CJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RI Houtman, Carl/I-4469-2012 NR 18 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU WALTER DE GRUYTER & CO PI BERLIN PA GENTHINER STRASSE 13, D-10785 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0018-3830 J9 HOLZFORSCHUNG JI Holzforschung PY 1999 VL 53 IS 6 BP 585 EP 589 DI 10.1515/HF.1999.097 PG 5 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 267NJ UT WOS:000084363900005 ER PT J AU Haymond, MW Sunehag, AL Ellis, KJ AF Haymond, MW Sunehag, AL Ellis, KJ TI Body composition as a clinical endpoint in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency SO HORMONE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th hGH Symposium CY APR 23-24, 1999 CL SEVILLE, SPAIN DE rhGH; methods in measuring body composition ID GH REPLACEMENT THERAPY; CHRONIC-RENAL-FAILURE; ADULT HEIGHT; SHORT-TERM; METABOLISM; CHILDREN; PROTEIN; STRENGTH AB Endpoints in the treatment and management of adults with growth hormone (GH) deficiency(GHD) can be problematic. Changes in body composition with recombinant human GH (rhGH) treatment may be one of the most objective measures that could be applied in judging the effectiveness and long-term efficacy. The relative strengths and weaknesses of measures of body com position and their potential for clinical utility in the setting of rhGH replacement in GHD in adults are discussed. Measurement of changes in body fat, regardless of the method employed, from pretreatment baseline through 2-6 months of treatment may be quite useful in demonstrating the efficacy of rhGH in each patient. Other changes in body composition are compromised by the imprecision of the measurements, shifts in extracellular water, and the small real changes which occur in bone and muscle in the GHD subject. Use of body composition measures of change in fat content as an endpoint in determining the efficacy of rhGH treatment in adults with GHD cannot be implemented on the basis of current data and would require a carefully designed prospective, controlled study. Until such criteria are established and accepted, endocrinologists must continue to manage these patients purely on the basis of their clinical judgment. Copyright (C) 1999 S. Karger AG, Basel. C1 USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Haymond, MW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, 1100 Bates St,Suite 7064, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01DK55478-01] NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0301-0163 J9 HORM RES JI Horm. Res. PY 1999 VL 51 SU 3 BP 132 EP 140 DI 10.1159/000053176 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 263BZ UT WOS:000084103900023 PM 10592458 ER PT B AU Levick, LR Lane, LJ Nichols, MH AF Levick, LR Lane, LJ Nichols, MH BE Singh, VP Soe, WI Sonu, JH TI Snow cover mapping using AVHRR images and GIS for snowmelt runoff prediction SO HYDROLOGIC MODELING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Water, Environment, Ecology, Socioeconomics and Health Engineering (WEESHE) CY OCT 18-21, 1999 CL SEOUL NATL UNIV, SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA SP Seoul Natl Univ, Louisiana State Univ, Korean Soc Civil Engineers, Korea Water Resources Assoc, Korean Soc Water & Waste Water, Korean Soc Agr Engn HO SEOUL NATL UNIV AB A procedure is developed that links a geographic information system (GIS) and remotely sensed data to determine the extent of snow cover in a complex mountainous watershed. Snow cover extent is used in a hydrologic model to predict snowmelt and rainfall produced runoff. A series of programs (AMLs) are used in the GIS ARC/INFO to reclassify AVHRR satellite data for snow cover extent, and to delineate the watershed boundary and elevation zones. Four GIS data layers (obtained from AVHRR channels 1, 3, NDVI and derived channel 6) were used in the reclassification scheme, which identified thresholds for the identification of snow-covered or snow-free areas. The scheme correctly predicted the presence or absence of snow cover 72% of the time using one evaluation method, and 78% of the time using a different evaluation method. The low resolution of the AVHRR data (I-km pixel size) and the small area of analysis probably reduced the accuracy of the results. Other possible inaccuracies in this method may be due to temperature variations that would cause snow to either remain or melt sooner or later than expected, low or ice clouds mistaken for snow cover, snow cover under clouds mistaken for clouds, or errors in the climate data. The use of subpixel analysis, further validation of the spectral differences between snow, cloud and land in AVHRR data using higher resolution satellite images, or ground truthing could refine this procedure. C1 USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Levick, LR (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, 2000 E Allen Rd, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WATER RESOURCES PUBLICATIONS PI LITTLETON PA P O BOX 2841, LITTLETON, CO 80161 USA BN 1-887201-21-1 PY 1999 BP 134 EP 142 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BR17M UT WOS:000165805100012 ER PT J AU Gause, WC Ekkens, M Nguyen, D Mitro, V Liu, Q Finkelman, FD Greenwald, RJ Urban, JF AF Gause, WC Ekkens, M Nguyen, D Mitro, V Liu, Q Finkelman, FD Greenwald, RJ Urban, JF TI The development of CD4(+) T effector cells during the type 2 immune response SO IMMUNOLOGIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE CD4(+) T cell; costimulation; CD28; B7; type 2; Th2; cytokines; immune response ID CYTOKINE GENE-EXPRESSION; COSTIMULATORY MOLECULES; ACTIVATION MOLECULE; MEDIATED-IMMUNITY; IL-4 PRODUCTION; T-HELPER-1 TH1; HELPER CELLS; B7-1 CD80; IN-VITRO; DIFFERENTIATION AB Multiple pathways may be involved in the development of interleukin 4 (IL-4) producing T helper (Th) cells and the associated type 2 immune response. Increasing evidence suggests that the strength of signals delivered to the T cell may favor the development of the type 2 response. In contrast, antigen-presenting cell- (APC) derived stimuli produced following pattern recognition receptor binding during the innate response promotes the development of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) producing cells and the associated type 1 immune response. In many cases, the balance between increased signaling strength and the innate response may determine whether the type 2 response develops. T cell receptor (TCR), CD4, and costimulatory molecule interactions may all contribute to signal strength, but the type 2 immune response may be particularly dependent on the availability of coreceptor and costimulatory molecule interactions. B7 ligand interactions are required for the development of the type 2 immune response and interaction of CD28 with either B7-1 or B7-2 can provide sufficient signals for its initiation. In B7-2-deficient mice, the initial type 2 immune response is intact, but the response is not sustained, suggesting that B7-2 is important at later stages of the type 2 immune response. The roles of CD28 and CTLA-4 during the type 2 response remain unclear. The type 2 response to infectious pathogens is pronounced in CD28(-/-) mice, suggesting that. other costimulatory molecule interactions can substitute for CD28 for the development of IL-4 producing T cells and the associated type 2 immune response. C1 Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Coll Med, Dept Med, Cincinnati, OH USA. USDA, Immunol Dis Resistance Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gause, WC (reprint author), Uniformed Serv Univ Hlth Sci, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. OI Urban, Joseph/0000-0002-1590-8869 NR 66 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU HUMANA PRESS INC PI TOTOWA PA 999 RIVERVIEW DRIVE SUITE 208, TOTOWA, NJ 07512 USA SN 0257-277X J9 IMMUNOL RES JI Immunol. Res. PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 55 EP 65 DI 10.1007/BF02786507 PG 11 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 220RJ UT WOS:000081681000005 PM 10467983 ER PT J AU Halper, J Grubman, MJ Jacobsen, KL AF Halper, J Grubman, MJ Jacobsen, KL TI Development of chicken antibodies to bovine interferon alpha SO IMMUNOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS LA English DT Article ID MOUTH-DISEASE VIRUS AB We have developed chicken polyclonal antibody to bovine interferon alpha (IFN alpha). Five hundred mu g of recombinant bovine IFN alpha suspended with complete Freund's adjuvant was used in the first immunization round. A suspension of the same amount of IFN alpha and incomplete Freund's adjuvant was used for all subsequent boosters. The antibody was purified from egg yolks using polyethylene glycol precipitation. The first reactive antibody appeared several weeks after the first immunization. The antibody is specific for IFN alpha in immunoblotting, it is also useful in ELISA and immunohistochemistry. This method provides a fast, cheap and efficient alternative to development of monoclonal antibodies to conserved mammalian antigens. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Large Anim Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP Halper, J (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0882-0139 J9 IMMUNOL INVEST JI Immunol. Invest. PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 19 EP 27 DI 10.3109/08820139909022720 PG 9 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA 166FM UT WOS:000078565600003 PM 10073679 ER PT S AU Nelson, SO Kraszewski, AW Trabelsi, S Lawrence, KC AF Nelson, SO Kraszewski, AW Trabelsi, S Lawrence, KC BE Piuri, V Savino, M TI Using cereal grain permittivity for quality sensing by moisture determination SO IMTC/99: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 16TH IEEE INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, VOLS. 1-3 SE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference CY MAY 24-26, 1999 CL VENICE, ITALY SP IEEE, Instrumentat & Measurement Soc, AEI, ANIPLA, FAST, IMEKO TC-4, Politecn Milano ID RED WINTER-WHEAT; DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; MICROWAVE PARAMETERS; BULK-DENSITY; PARTICULATE MATERIALS; FREQUENCIES; DEPENDENCE; CORN AB A brief history of cereal grain moisture measurement by sensing the electrical properties of grain is presented The basic principles are also described for using radio-frequency (RF) and microwave dielectric properties, or permittivity, of grain for sensing moisture through their correlation with moisture content. The development of density-independent functions of the permittivity is explained. The findings of recent research are summarized which indicate that reliable density-independent moisture content determinations can be realized by measurements on grain at RF and microwave frequencies. Development of these techniques will provide useful instruments for on-line monitoring of moisture content in flowing grain to manage moisture in grain, prevent spoilage in storage and transport, improve processing, and provide information important for yield determinations in precision agriculture applications. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Nelson, SO (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30613 USA. NR 34 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1091-5281 BN 0-7803-5277-7 J9 IEEE IMTC P PY 1999 BP 237 EP 242 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BN32J UT WOS:000081629700045 ER PT J AU Saunders, JW Tsai, CJ AF Saunders, JW Tsai, CJ TI Production of somatic embryos and shoots from sugarbeet callus: Effects of abscisic acid, other growth regulators, nitrogen source, sucrose concentration and genotype SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-PLANT LA English DT Article DE sugarbeet; abscisic acid; nitrogen source; somatic embryogenesis; shoot regeneration; hormone-autonomous callus; 6-benzyladenine; 1-naphthaleneacetic acid; sucrose; REL-1; REL-2; glutamine; urea ID BETA-VULGARIS L; ARTIFICIAL SEEDS; ZYGOTIC EMBRYOS; CELL SELECTION; LEAF EXPLANTS; EMBRYOGENESIS; BEET; INDUCTION; CULTURES; INVITRO AB Two sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) genotypes, REL-1 and REL-2, were used to measure the level of somatic embryo and shoot production from hormone-autonomous callus plated under varied nutrient medium combinations of abscisic acid with the growth regulators 6-benzyladenine, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid, or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, with eight sole nitrogen sources, or with different sucrose concentrations. Clone REL-2 produced embryos up to 35-fold more frequently than clone REL-1. Inclusion of abscisic acid at some concentrations consistently improved embryo production in all experiments and was observed to stimulate shoot production. At some concentrations, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid as well as urea and glutamine stimulated greater embryo production over the control, but only for REL-1, for which there was greater room for improvement. Three and five percent sucrose were superior to 1, 7, and 9%. Higher initial 6-benzyladenine concentration [in the range 0, 0.1-1.0 mg/L (0.44-4.44 mu M)] was associated with lower embryo production but greater shoot regeneration for both clones. REL-2 was significantly better than REL-1 in shoot regeneration. The range of embryo production was more than 35-fold between genotypes, whereas the range of physiological effects was no greater than 10-fold. REL-2 has been released to sugarbeet researchers because of its superior embryogenic and shoot regeneration abilities for application in biotechnology. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, USDA ARS, Sugarbeet & Bean Res Unit, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Saunders, JW (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, USDA ARS, Sugarbeet & Bean Res Unit, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 30 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC IN VITRO BIOLOGY PI LARGO PA 9315 LARGO DR WEST, STE 25, LARGO, MD 20774 USA SN 1054-5476 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-PL JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 35 IS 1 BP 18 EP 24 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 169EW UT WOS:000078735400004 ER PT J AU Isbell, TA Abbott, TP Carlson, KD AF Isbell, TA Abbott, TP Carlson, KD TI Oxidative stability index of vegetable oils in binary mixtures with meadowfoam oil SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE oxidative stability index; meadowfoam oil; vegetable oils; 5-eicosenoic acid; fatty acids; binary oil mixtures ID FATTY-ACIDS; TOCOPHEROLS AB The oxidative stability indices (OSI) of several vegetable oils were determined at 110 degrees C. Meadowfoam oil, Limnanthes alba, was found to be the most stable oil with an OSI time of 67.3 h for refined oil and 246.9 h for crude oil. Other oils with good oxidative stabilities were refined high oleic sunflower and crude jojoba oil (Simmondsia chinensis) with OSI times of 49.8 and 34.5 h respectively. The unusually high OSI time of crude meadowfoam oil could not be attributed to its tocopherol content since refining did not significantly alter the tocopherol content, but significantly reduced the stability. A relationship of iodine value to antioxidant was developed for vegetable oils; however, this linear relationship did not account for the unusually high oxidative stability of meadowfoam oil. Binary mixtures of vegetable oils were also examined for enhanced oxidative stability. Small amounts of crude meadowfoam oil gave enhanced oxidative stability in mixtures with jojoba, triolein and castor oils. Triolein/crude meadowfoam oil mixtures showed the most dramatic improvements in OSI time with a 5% (w/w) addition of crude meadowfoam causing a 21-fold increase in the OSI time. Meadowfoam mixtures with jojoba improved the OSI time of jojoba from 31.1 to 52.7 h, when 10% crude meadowfoam oil was added. A study of oxidative stability with respect to olefin position showed that the Delta 5 double bond was the most stable by more than an order of magnitude. The oxidative stability of meadowfoam FAMEs at 90 degrees C gave an OSI time of 4.9 h which was the same as methyl erucate and methyl petroselenate, but less than methyl oleate which had an OSI time of 14.8 h. However, when methyl 5-eicosenoate was isolated in high purity (monoene > 96%) and tested, it gave an OSI time of 69.4 h. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, New Crops Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Isbell, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, New Crops Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 15 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 9 IS 2 BP 115 EP 123 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(98)00022-3 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 160AD UT WOS:000078207400005 ER PT J AU Glenn, GM Gray, GM Orts, WJ Wood, DW AF Glenn, GM Gray, GM Orts, WJ Wood, DW TI Starch-based lightweight concrete: effect of starch source, processing method, and aggregate geometry SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE corn starch; biopolymer; gel; aquagel; cement AB One potential new use for starch is in making lightweight (<2 g/cm(3)) concrete. Lightweight concrete is important commercially because of its low sound and thermal conductivity and its low plastic, cured, and oven-dried densities. Lightweight concrete was made containing wheat, corn and high amylose corn starches. The starches were used as either hydrated raw starch or aquagels (semi-rigid gels of gelatinized starch that contain mostly water) that were prepared by three different processes to form spherical, angular or cylindrical particles. The moisture content (MC) of the aquagels was highest for cylindrical samples (extrusion process), intermediate for spherical aquagels (batch process # 2), and lowest for angular aquagels (batch process # 2) and hydrated raw starches. When added to a concrete mixture, some of the moisture contained by the aquagels migrated into the mixture and affected the water:cement ratio (w/c), which, in turn, affects ultimate strength. The total moisture content (TMC) of the concrete mixture was lowest for mixtures containing aquagels from batch process # 2, intermediate for mixtures containing aquagels processed by extrusion or batch process # 1, and highest for mixtures containing raw starches. Shrinkage during the curing of concrete test samples was excessive in samples containing hydrated raw starches (1.4%) and aquagels prepared by extrusion (4.2%). The excessive shrinkage resulted in extensive cracking. Only a small amount of shrinkage and no cracking occurred in lightweight concrete containing aquagels prepared by the batch processes. The source of starch had no significant effect on the physical and mechanical properties of the concrete. The starch-based lightweight concrete had a lower compressive strength than samples made of perlite, a commercial lightweight aggregate. The greater strength of perlite-based concrete was likely due to the interfacial bonding that occurs between cement and perlite aggregate, but is absent in starch-based concrete. The size and shape of the starch aquagel significantly affected the cured density and strength of the concrete. Concrete containing small aquagels (0.15-0.84 mm) had a higher cured density and compressive strength than samples containing large (1.4-2.0 mm) aquagels. Concrete samples containing spherical aquagels had a greater compressive strength than samples containing angular aquagels. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Glenn, GM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 22 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 9 IS 2 BP 133 EP 144 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(98)00024-7 PG 12 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 160AD UT WOS:000078207400007 ER PT J AU Harry-O'kuru, RE Mojtahedi, H Vaughn, SF Dowd, PF Santo, GS Holser, RA Abbott, TP AF Harry-O'kuru, RE Mojtahedi, H Vaughn, SF Dowd, PF Santo, GS Holser, RA Abbott, TP TI Milkweed seedmeal: a control for Meloidogyne chitwoodi on potatoes SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE cardenolides; cardiac glycosides; milkweed seedmeal; nematicide; pesticide solvent extraction; Asclepias syriaca speciosa ID GREEN MANURE; CARDENOLIDES; RAPESEED AB Milkweed (Asclepias) is a new crop being produced for its fiber in pillows and comforters. Cardiac glycosides (cardenolides), are endemic in milkweed and may hinder utilization of its seed as an animal feed. In an ongoing effort to develop new coproducts for milkweed fiber, we found that the defatted seedmeal is an effective nematicide and pesticide for army worms. A procedure for separating the cardenolides from milkweed seedmeal has also been developed, (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Harry-O'kuru, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM harryore@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 24 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 9 IS 2 BP 145 EP 150 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(98)00025-9 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 160AD UT WOS:000078207400008 ER PT J AU Raneses, AR Glaser, LK Price, JM Duffield, JA AF Raneses, AR Glaser, LK Price, JM Duffield, JA TI Potential biodiesel markets and their economic effects on the agricultural sector of the United States SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE biodiesel; alternative fuels; renewable energy; soybean oil; agricultural commodities AB This analysis estimates potential US biodiesel demand in three specific markets that the US biodiesel industry has identified as likely candidates for commercialization: federal fleets, mining, and marine/estuary areas. If a 20% biodiesel blend becomes a competitive alternative fuel in the future, these markets could demand as much as 379 M1 of biodiesel. The Food and Agricultural Policy Simulator, an econometric model of US agriculture, was used to estimate the impacts of 76, 189, and 379 M1 of soybean-oil-based biodiesel production on the agricultural sector of the United States. The results indicate that the increased demand for soybean oil would increase US soybean oil price by as much as 14.1%. Corresponding to this price change, US soybean price would rise 2.0% and soybean meal price would fall by 3.3%. US net farm income would increase by as much as 0.3%. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Serv Econ Res, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Glaser, LK (reprint author), USDA, Serv Econ Res, 1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 38 TC 22 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 9 IS 2 BP 151 EP 162 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(98)00027-2 PG 12 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 160AD UT WOS:000078207400009 ER PT S AU Martinec, J Rango, A AF Martinec, J Rango, A BE Leibundgut, C McDonnell, J Schultz, G TI Snowmelt runoff conceptualization based on tracer and satellite data SO INTEGRATED METHODS IN CATCHMENT HYDROLOGY: TRACER, REMOTE SENSING AND NEW HYDROMETRIC TECHNIQUES SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Integrated Methods in Catchment Hydrology - Tracer, Remote Sensing and New Hydrometric Techniques CY JUL 18-30, 1999 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Int Union Geodesy & Geophys, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Comm Tracers, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Comm Remote Sensing & Data Transmiss, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Commiss Surface Water, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Commiss Water Qual, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Commiss Snow & Ice, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Commiss Groundwater, UNESCO, Int Hydrol Programme AB As a result of thermonuclear test explosions in the atmosphere, tritium concentrations in precipitation in the sixties and seventies varied strongly from year to year as well as in the winter and summer half years. This paper illustrates how the contrasting tritium concentration in snow and in groundwater was used to develop a snowmelt runoff model (SRM). A new insight into the runoff mechanism and the role of the recession now provided a concept of transforming the snowmelt into river flow on a daily basis. The adopted deterministic approach, without calibration of parameters, requires snow cover monitoring by satellites. While tritium tracing contributed to the model design, remote sensing enables the SRM model to be used around the world. C1 USDA, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Martinec, J (reprint author), Alteinstr 10, CH-7270 Davos, Switzerland. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-01-5 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 1999 IS 258 BP 47 EP 55 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Water Resources GA BP55R UT WOS:000085488000006 ER PT S AU Sick, GP AF Sick, GP GP INT EROSION CONTROL ASSOC INT EROSION CONTROL ASSOC TI Commun-equations SO INTERNATIONAL EROSION CONTROL ASSOCIATION - PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCE 30 SE INTERNATIONAL EROSION CONTROL ASSOCIATION - PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th Conference of the International-Erosion-Control-Association CY FEB 22-26, 1999 CL NASHVILLE, TN SP Int Erosion Control Assoc AB Hang out for a couple of hours at the IECA trade exposition and you can't avoid conversations about the relationship between sales and customer service and good communications. Yet, almost no one speaks with authority about what constitutes good communications. The fact is, to be successful, you have to sell more than just the product, particularly if you expect repeat or expanded business. Here are 15 suggestions that make a formula for success. You can do simple things like implementing phone answering procedures and deadlines for returning calls or modifying your employee's speech, behavior, and dress. What happens when a customer has to phone a second time to resolve a problem? Whose face would your customers draw if asked to sketch a picture of your firm? What upsets you when you are the customer? Customers expect special treatment. You expect sales. You cannot afford unhappy customers because in addition to losing the sale to them, you may lose sales to their friends. Meeting the customer's expectations is part of the investment for doing business, and it may even be more important than the cost of advertising. Yet, the costs for good communications are often very small or nonexistent, and businesses often ignore this low-cost part of their image. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Savannah River Inst, New Ellenton, SC 29809 USA. RP Sick, GP (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Savannah River Inst, POB 700, New Ellenton, SC 29809 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT EROSION CONTROL ASSOC PI STEAMBOAT SPRINGS PA PO BOX 4904, STEAMBOAT SPRINGS, CO 80477 USA SN 1092-2806 J9 IECA P CONF PY 1999 VL 30 BP 115 EP + PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Agriculture GA BN21T UT WOS:000081130600011 ER PT S AU Glennon, R AF Glennon, R GP INT EROSION CONTROL ASSOC INT EROSION CONTROL ASSOC TI Selection matrix for streambank protection practices SO INTERNATIONAL EROSION CONTROL ASSOCIATION - PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCE 30 SE INTERNATIONAL EROSION CONTROL ASSOCIATION - PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 30th Conference of the International-Erosion-Control-Association CY FEB 22-26, 1999 CL NASHVILLE, TN SP Int Erosion Control Assoc C1 USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Little Rock, AR 72201 USA. RP Glennon, R (reprint author), USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Little Rock, AR 72201 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT EROSION CONTROL ASSOC PI STEAMBOAT SPRINGS PA PO BOX 4904, STEAMBOAT SPRINGS, CO 80477 USA SN 1092-2806 J9 IECA P CONF PY 1999 VL 30 BP 533 EP + PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Agriculture GA BN21T UT WOS:000081130600049 ER PT S AU Young, N Glennon, R AF Young, N Glennon, R GP INT EROSION CONTROL ASSOC INT EROSION CONTROL ASSOC TI Active wetlands management for wildlife SO INTERNATIONAL EROSION CONTROL ASSOCIATION - PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCE 30 SE INTERNATIONAL EROSION CONTROL ASSOCIATION - PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 30th Conference of the International-Erosion-Control-Association CY FEB 22-26, 1999 CL NASHVILLE, TN SP Int Erosion Control Assoc C1 USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Little Rock, AR 72201 USA. RP Young, N (reprint author), USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Little Rock, AR 72201 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT EROSION CONTROL ASSOC PI STEAMBOAT SPRINGS PA PO BOX 4904, STEAMBOAT SPRINGS, CO 80477 USA SN 1092-2806 J9 IECA P CONF PY 1999 VL 30 BP 539 EP + PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Agriculture GA BN21T UT WOS:000081130600050 ER PT J AU Wagner, WC AF Wagner, WC TI Sustainable agriculture: how to sustain a production system in a changing environment SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Novel Approaches to the control of Helminth Parasites of Livestock CY MAR 22-26, 1998 CL BATON ROUGE, LOUISIANA DE sustainable agriculture; integrated production systems; grazing systems AB During the past 10-15 years, sustainable agriculture has progressed from a focus primarily on a low-input, organic farming approach with a major emphasis on small fruit or vegetable production farms, often described as Low Input Sustainable Agriculture, to the current situation where sustainability is an important part of mainstream animal and plant production units. The US Department of Agriculture programmes cover a broad range of activities, including conserving the natural resource base, enhancing environmental duality, and sustaining productivity of the nation's farms. The use of Geographic Information Systems technology to direct application of fertilisers, pesticides, and herbicides is one example of a rapidly emerging technology that can reduce use of external inputs, protect the agricultural environment, and improve economic returns. This Geographic Information Systems technology also is being used to localise animal pest and disease problems, assist in regulatory or control measures, and identify high risk areas that might need different management systems or should be avoided as sites for animal production. Use of intensive grazing systems also has increased markedly over the past 5-6 years. These systems will allow longer grazing seasons in southern parts of the USA, provide more efficient use of the forages being produced and reduce labour costs in the typical dairy operation. Major animal and plant production agriculture-oriented programmes at the US Department of Agriculture focus on integrated production systems, use of Integrated Pest Management techniques, and development of alternative methods to manage pests and diseases that reduce or avoid the use of drugs and chemicals. The US Department of Agriculture has a programme for sustainable agriculture, the Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education programme, which emphasises alternative approaches for animal and plant production systems. 1998 Australian Society for Parasitology, Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Wagner, WC (reprint author), Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, USDA, STOP 2220,1400 Independence Ave, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 2 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 28 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 29 IS 1 BP 1 EP 5 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(98)00173-8 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 155ZL UT WOS:000077976900001 PM 10048813 ER PT J AU Pruett, JH AF Pruett, JH TI Immunological control of arthropod ectoparasites - a review SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Novel Approaches to the control of Helminth Parasites of Livestock CY MAR 22-26, 1998 CL BATON ROUGE, LOUISIANA DE ectoparasite; vaccines; Boophilus microplus; Hypoderma lineatum; control; technology; arthropod ID INSECT HYPODERMA-LINEATUM; ADULT FEMALE TICKS; BOOPHILUS-MICROPLUS; PROTECTIVE ANTIGEN; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; BOVINE HOST; CATTLE TICK; RESISTANCE; VACCINATION; EXTRACTS AB The control of arthropod ectoparasites of livestock by systemically delivered chemicals was introduced in the 1950s. Their low cost, ease of use, and high level of efficacy ensured dependence upon them for ectoparasite control. However, current societal anti scientific concerns regarding dependency upon chemicals have emphasised the need for the evaluation of environmentally safe alternatives for ectoparasite control. Immunological intervention for the control of ectoparasite populations, either through the selection of animals with resistant genotypes or vaccination, is consistent with principles of sustainable agriculture. Unlike the activity of chemicals, currently available ectoparasite vaccines do not induce a rapid knockdown of the parasite population and they do not protect the individual from parasitism. However, if these vaccines are used in an integrated pest-management programme, they have the potential to reduce parasite populations over successive generations and reduce or eliminate the need for chemical application. 1998 Australian Society for Parasitology. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 ARS, USDA, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. RP Pruett, JH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Knipling Bushland US Livestock Insects Res La, 27 Fredericksburg Rd, Kerrville, TX 78028 USA. EM jhptlab@ktc.com NR 61 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 29 IS 1 BP 25 EP 32 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(98)00172-6 PG 8 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 155ZL UT WOS:000077976900004 PM 10048816 ER PT J AU Hogsette, JA AF Hogsette, JA TI Management of ectoparasites with biological control organisms SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Novel Approaches to the control of Helminth Parasites of Livestock CY MAR 22-26, 1998 CL BATON ROUGE, LOUISIANA DE biological control; house fly; stable fly; integrated control; parasitic wasps ID HORN FLY DIPTERA; MUSCIDAE CONTROL; FLIES DIPTERA; FLORIDA; CATTLE; BEEF AB Biological control is not a new concept, but for many reasons it is gaining interest for control of livestock ectoparasites. These reasons will be discussed, both from a political view and from environmental and economic views. The US government has vowed to reduce pesticide use by the year 2000, bur other forces may drive this change even faster, Pesticide costs are high, and efficacy against some pests is questionable. Also, many producers are concerned about the environment, and ore anxious to do their part to reduce chemical pollution. Specialised training is required to reduce on-the-farm difficulties involved with the use of biological-control organisms. Otherwise, how do producers or veterinarians purchase and use biocontrol organisms, and how do they critique what has been purchased? Included is a short summary of the three most common ectoparasites of livestock, and the type of biological-control strategies being developed to combat them. Much of the classical work has been done on filth fly control, most likely because of the nuisance status of flies, and because of the availability of candidate beneficial organisms, particularly parasitic wasps. And finally, two fly-control success stories will be briefly described. Tremendous strides have been made in house-fly and stable-fly control with parasitic wasps on feedlots, but more work is needed to better understand the habits of immature fly populations. A predaceous fly is being tested for pest fly control in dairies. Larvae of this Ay can kill 15-20 house-fly larvae daily, and the adults do not become pestiferous on farms or around homes, Biological control will be an important part of livestock pest control in the future, but its implementation will require a corps of educated producers who are confident that biological control can work for them. (C) 1998 Australian Society for Parasitology. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Hogsette, JA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 19 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 29 IS 1 BP 147 EP 151 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(98)00190-8 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 155ZL UT WOS:000077976900020 PM 10048827 ER PT J AU Banuelos, GS Shannon, MC Ajwa, H Draper, JH Jordahl, J Licht, L AF Banuelos, G. S. Shannon, M. C. Ajwa, H. Draper, J. H. Jordahl, J. Licht, L. TI Phytoextraction and Accumulation of Boron and Selenium by Poplar (Populus) Hybrid Clones SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION LA English DT Article DE phytoremediation; agroforestry; salinity AB There has been much interest recently in central California for reusing drainage water to grow trees. A sand-culture study was conducted to investigate the accumulation of boron (B) and selenium (Se) in eight hybrid poplar (Populus) clones irrigated with synthetic agricultural effluent containing increasing levels of chloride salt, B, and Se. Electrical conductivity (EC) ranged from 1.5 to 15 dS m(-1), B levels from 1 to 5 mg L-1, and Se levels from 100 to 500 m g L-1. Compared with all tree organs, the leaves accumulated the greatest concentrations of B and Se at the time of harvest. The results show that pooled leaf B concentrations were positively correlated with EC levels (r = 0.78, P < 0.001) and negatively correlated (r = -0.53, P < 0.001) with leaf dry matter for all clones at all tested B levels. Combined leaf and stem Se data show, respectively, a significant decrease (P < 0.05 level) in tissue accumulation of Se with increased salinity. Toxicity symptoms (e. g., burning leaf margins, shoot die back) occurred in most clones grown at 12 and 15 dS m(-1) treatments leading to leaf abscission. Based on the data, clone 49177 (Populus trichocarpa x P. deltoidus) best tolerated the tested parameters among the clones and accumulated the greatest amount of B and Se. The moderate ability of the Populus species to remove and accumulate B and Se from saline effluent is most effective at salinity levels less than 7 dS m(-1). C1 [Banuelos, G. S.; Ajwa, H.] USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. [Shannon, M. C.; Draper, J. H.] USDA ARS, Riverside, CA 92501 USA. [Jordahl, J.] CH2MHill, Portland, OR 97232 USA. [Licht, L.] Ecolotree Inc, Iowa City, IA 52240 USA. RP Banuelos, GS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 45 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 CHESTNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1522-6514 EI 1549-7879 J9 INT J PHYTOREMEDIAT JI Int. J. Phytoremediat. PY 1999 VL 1 IS 1 BP 81 EP 96 DI 10.1080/15226519908500006 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V33JJ UT WOS:000209014800006 ER PT J AU Shannon, MC Banuelos, GS Draper, JH Ajwa, H Jordahl, J Licht, L AF Shannon, M. C. Banuelos, G. S. Draper, J. H. Ajwa, H. Jordahl, J. Licht, L. TI Tolerance of Hybrid Poplar (Populus) Trees Irrigated with Varied Levels of Salt, Selenium, and Boron SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION LA English DT Article DE phytoremediation; agroforestry; salinity; salt tolerance; allometry; chloride AB Agricultural drainage waters and industrial effluents often consist of waste waters laden with salts, boron (B), selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo), and other contaminants. However, increasing shortages of high-quality water in arid and semiarid regions and increasing demands to maintain the water quality in rivers, lakes, streams, and groundwater have made water reuse an imperative. Trees have been viewed as potential candidates for wastewater reuse because of their capacities for high evapotranspiration, high growth rates, and abilities to accumulate salts and specific ions in a marketable product that is not biologically hazardous. Clones of eight hybrid poplar (Populus spp.) crosses were tested for salt tolerance and ion uptake characteristics in a sand culture study in Riverside, CA. After hardwood cuttings were planted and established under nonsaline conditions, young saplings were treated with artificial waste waters containing different levels of salts, Se, and B. High salt concentrations reduced growth and led to leaf damage and shedding; however, Se and B had no detrimental effect on growth. Salinity affected Se and B accumulation patterns in leaves. A significant degree of genetic variation in salt tolerance was noted among the clones. The salinity at which dry weight was reduced ranged from about 3.3 to about 7.6 dS m(-1) depending on clone, and the relative decrease in dry weight yield with increasing salinity varied among clones and ranged from about 10 to 15% per dS m(-1). This would indicate that poplars, whereas certainly more salt tolerant than avocado trees, are significantly less salt tolerant than eucalyptus. Leaf Cl concentrations increased in relation to the Cl concentrations in the irrigation waters, but also were subject to clonal variation. Salt tolerance in poplar was generally related to Cl in the leaves and stems but was also influenced by growth and vigor characteristics, as well as the allometric relationships between leaves and stems that influenced the sinks in which ions could accumulate before reaching toxic levels. C1 [Shannon, M. C.; Draper, J. H.] USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. [Banuelos, G. S.; Ajwa, H.] USDA ARS, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. [Jordahl, J.] CH2Mhill, Portland, OR 97232 USA. [Licht, L.] Ecolotree Inc, Iowa City, IA 52319 USA. RP Shannon, MC (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. FU California Department of Water Resources [DWR B-59922]; U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Lower Colorado Regional [5-AA-30-00100] FX Research reported herein were funded by the California Department of Water Resources (DWR B-59922), Project Manager, Dr. Fawzi Karajeh, and supported by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, Lower Colorado Regional (Interagency Agreement 5-AA-30-00100). Authors are indebted to Phyllis Nash for statistical analysis, Don Layfield for plant sample analysis, and to Drs. C. M Grieve, G. A. Picchioni, and J. D. Johnson for their helpful comments and suggestions in editing the manuscript. NR 31 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 15 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 CHESTNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1522-6514 EI 1549-7879 J9 INT J PHYTOREMEDIAT JI Int. J. Phytoremediat. PY 1999 VL 1 IS 3 BP 273 EP 288 DI 10.1080/15226519908500020 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V33JL UT WOS:000209015000005 ER PT J AU Ferro, AM Rock, SA Kennedy, J Herrick, JJ Turner, DL AF Ferro, Ari M. Rock, Steven A. Kennedy, Jean Herrick, James J. Turner, David L. TI Phytoremediation of Soils Contaminated with Wood Preservatives: Greenhouse and Field Evaluations SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION LA English DT Article DE phytoremediation; pentachlorophenol; polyaromatic hydrocarbons; bioremediation; wood preservatives AB Phytoremediation was evaluated as a potential treatment for the creosote-contaminated surface soil at the McCormick and Baxter (M&B) Superfund Site in Portland, Oregon. Soil at the M&B site is contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Eight individual PAH compounds (containing four to six aromatic rings) were included in the investigation. Greenhouse and field studies were carried out using perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). The following three treatments were compared in both studies: T1 = planted-amended soil; T2 = unplanted-amended soil; and T3 = unplanted-unamended soil. The amendments were mineral nutrients and dolomite, which was used to raise the acidic pH of the soil. Contaminant concentrations in the soil were measured initially and at regular intervals for several months. In the greenhouse study, the concentrations of certain contaminants decreased as a function of time. Thus, PCP, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, and benzo(k)fluoranthene appeared to undergo biodegradation in all of the treatments. On the other hand, certain larger molecular weight PAHs were relatively recalcitrant. These "recalcitrant PAHs" included benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(a) pyrene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene and indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene. Statistical methods were used to compare the concentrations of the more easily biodegraded contaminants in treatments T1, T2, and T3. The statistical analysis was facilitated by normalizing the contaminant concentrations relative to the sum of the recalcitrant PAHs in the same sample. Thus, ratios were created that could be compared directly to benchmark values indicative of the contaminant at the beginning of the study. In the greenhouse study, statistically significant differences between T1 and T2, across all treatment times, were obtained for fluoranthene, pyrene, and chrysene (p <= 0.05), suggesting enhanced rhizosphere biodegradation for these compounds. Significant differences between T2 and T3 were obtained for pyrene (p <= 0.03), indicating that nutrients stimulated the biodegradation of this contaminant. Although the greenhouse study was carried out with a well-mixed soil sample from the M&B site, an extremely uneven distribution of contaminants was encountered in the field study. The resulting scatter in the field data made comparisons difficult, and treatment-specific effects observed in the greenhouse study were not statistically significant in the field study. However, analysis of the normalized data from the field revealed the same time-dependent decreases in contaminant concentration as observed in the greenhouse study. C1 [Ferro, Ari M.; Kennedy, Jean; Herrick, James J.] Phytokinetics Inc, N Logan, UT 84341 USA. [Rock, Steven A.] US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. [Turner, David L.] US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Logan, UT 84321 USA. RP Ferro, AM (reprint author), Phytokinetics Inc, 1770 North Res Pk Way, N Logan, UT 84341 USA. EM ariferro@phytokinetics.com FU U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Emerging Technology Program [CR 824129-01-0] FX This study was conducted through a Cooperative Agreement with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Emerging Technology Program (assistance identification number CR 824129-01-0). We thank Dr. Evelyn Drake (Exxon Research and Engineering Company) for helpful discussions regarding the use of internal chemical indicators for the analysis of the data. We also thank Kevin Jensen (USDA, Agricultural Research Service), Darwin Sorensen, and Don Sisson (Utah State University) for their suggestions in the development of experimental design for the outdoor study. Derek Knight provided capable technical assistance. NR 50 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 CHESTNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1522-6514 EI 1549-7879 J9 INT J PHYTOREMEDIAT JI Int. J. Phytoremediat. PY 1999 VL 1 IS 3 BP 289 EP 306 DI 10.1080/15226519908500021 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V33JL UT WOS:000209015000006 ER PT J AU Banuelos, GS Tebbets, JS Johnson, JA Vail, PV Mackey, B AF Banuelos, G. S. Tebbets, J. S. Johnson, J. A. Vail, P. V. Mackey, B. TI Insect Diversity in Phytoremediation and Bioaccumulation of Se SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION LA English DT Article DE bioaccumulation; Indian mustard; Trichoplusia ni; selenium AB A variety of plant species are being considered for the phytoremediation of selenium (Se) contaminated soils in agricultural regions of central California. Use of this plant-based technology may also attract a wide range of insects to these Se-accumulating plants. The first field study surveyed the diversity of insects attracted to tall fescue, birdsfoot trefoil, kenaf, and Indian mustard. Over 7500 specimens were collected by a sweep net collection technique for one complete growing season. Most of the 84 families identified were associated with beneficial insects, although pestiferous insects, for example, thrips, aphids, lygus, and leafhoppers, were also found. In the second study the bioaccumulation of Se in the cabbage looper [Trichoplusia ni (Hubner)] was investigated on Indian mustard grown in Se-rich water culture solution. Neonate larvae were transferred to plants and fed on Se-treated and no Se treated plants (controls) for 14 days, respectively. Pupae were collected from each treatment and incubated until adult insects emerged. Almost 50% fewer pupae were collected from Se-treated plants compared with "controls", resulting in fewer adult insects. Selenium concentrations were as high as 3173 mu g Se kg(-1) DW in adult insects hatched from Se-treated plants compared with < 5 mu g Se kg(-1) DW in insects from "controls". Based on both studies, we concluded that insect diversity should be determined and insects monitored for bioaccumulation of Se on phytoremediation sites in agricultural regions. C1 [Banuelos, G. S.] USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. [Tebbets, J. S.; Vail, P. V.] USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. [Mackey, B.] USDA ARS, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Banuelos, GS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 CHESTNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1522-6514 EI 1549-7879 J9 INT J PHYTOREMEDIAT JI Int. J. Phytoremediat. PY 1999 VL 1 IS 4 BP 311 EP 326 DI 10.1080/15226519908500022 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V33JS UT WOS:000209015700001 ER PT J AU Rieseberg, LH Kim, MJ Seiler, GJ AF Rieseberg, LH Kim, MJ Seiler, GJ TI Introgression between the cultivated sunflower and a sympatric wild relative, Helianthus petiolaris (Asteraceae) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE crop-wild hybridization; introgression; AFLPs; sunflowers; Helianthus; genetics ID WEED GENE FLOW; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; ENGINEERED GENES; OILSEED RAPE; HYBRIDIZATION; CROPS; RISK; AFLP; PERSISTENCE; MARKERS AB High rates of hybridization and introgression have been reported between the cultivated sunflower and its wild progenitor (both Helianthus annuus), raising concerns that neutral or favorable transgenes might escape and persist in wild H. annuus populations. However, little consideration has been given to the possibility that other wild sunflower species may hybridize with the cultivated sunflower. Here, we estimate the frequency of hybridization and introgression between the cultivated sunflower and Helianthus petiolaris, a closely related wild species whose range almost completely overlaps that of the cultivated sunflower in the central and northern plains and which hybridizes extensively with wild H. annuus. Assays of 21 cultivar-specific AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) markers in 159 individuals from four sympatric populations of H. petiolaris revealed low rates of introgression, with average marker frequencies per population ranging from 0.006 to 0.026. Twenty-seven individuals had a hybrid ancestry, and all hybrids appeared to represent later-generation backcrosses. There was significant heterogeneity in rates of introgression for different markers, and eight of the 21 markers failed to introgress into any of the four populations. This and other evidence indicate that the H. petiolaris genome may be differentially permeable to introgression. These data indicate that (1) beneficial and neutral transgenes will take much longer to move into H. petiolaris populations than into wild H. annuus; (2) the risk of escape may depend on the genomic location of the transgene; and (3) escape is likely to be sporadic, occurring in some populations and not others and at different times. Thus, risk assessment in wild H. annuus is of more immediate concern than in H. petiolaris. C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. USDA ARS, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Rieseberg, LH (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Dept Biol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. RI Rieseberg, Loren/B-3591-2013 OI Rieseberg, Loren/0000-0002-2712-2417 NR 46 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 8 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 160 IS 1 BP 102 EP 108 DI 10.1086/314107 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 177RM UT WOS:000079224900010 ER PT J AU Asay, KH Johnson, DA Rumbaugh, MD AF Asay, KH Johnson, DA Rumbaugh, MD TI Genotype by competition level interactions in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE ecology; water stress; alfalfa breeding; wagon-wheel design; drought; genetic variation; selection ID GENETIC VARIANCES; CRESTED WHEATGRASS; YIELD AB Competition among plants for available water and other resources seriously limits the persistence and productivity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and other forage plants on semiarid rangelands of western North America and similar environments throughout the world. In alfalfa breeding programs, screening and selection are often done in space-planted nurseries, which permits the breeder to maintain the identity of individual genotypes. However, comparative differences among plants grown as spaced plants and under the levels of competition characteristic of actual range conditions are not understood. A wagon-wheel design was employed at two field locations (D and E) near Logan, Utah, to evaluate trends in dry matter yield (DMY) in 14 clonal lines of NC-83-1 and Spredor 2 alfalfa under nine levels of intraspecific competition. Differences among clonal lines within and across cultivars were significant at both locations and during each of the 2 yr of the study. Dry matter yield of clonal lines within each cultivar generally increased in a linear manner as plant spacings increased, particularly at location E, where no supplemental irrigation was applied. As indicated by ranges in mean values and genetic variances, opportunities for selection for DMY increased substantially at wider plant-spacing levels. Significant entry x spacing-level interactions and the magnitude of correlations among spacing levels indicated, however, that relative differences among clonal lines were not consistent at the different spacing levels. Based on these trends, we conclude that alfalfa breeding populations should not be screened at spacings substantially wider than those found under actual range conditions, particularly when making final selections in the development of a cultivar. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Asay, KH (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 8 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 160 IS 1 BP 129 EP 134 DI 10.1086/314106 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 177RM UT WOS:000079224900014 ER PT J AU Wang, ET van Berkum, P Sui, XH Beyene, D Chen, WX Martinez-Romero, E AF Wang, ET van Berkum, P Sui, XH Beyene, D Chen, WX Martinez-Romero, E TI Diversity of Rhizobia associated with Amorpha fruticosa isolated from Chinese soils and description of Mesorhizobium amorphae sp nov SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mesorhizobium amorphae; Amorpha fruticosa; polyphasic taxonomy; diversity; rhizobia ID LEGUMINOSARUM BIOVAR PHASEOLI; NITROGEN-FIXING NODULES; GENETIC DIVERSITY; GEN-NOV; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; VULGARIS L; PLASMID; TIANSHANENSE; BACTERIA; IDENTIFICATION AB Fifty-five Chinese isolates from nodules of Amorpha fruticosa were characterized and compared with the type strains of the species and genera of bacteria which form nitrogen-fixing symbioses with leguminous host plants. A polyphasic approach, which included RFLP of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE), DNA-DNA hybridization, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, electrophoretic plasmid profiles, cross-nodulation and a phenotypic study, was used in the comparative analysis. The isolates originated from several different sites in China and they varied in their phenotypic and genetic characteristics. The majority of the isolates had moderate to slow growth rates, produced acid on YMA and harboured a 930 kb symbiotic plasmid (pSym). Five different RFLP patterns were identified among the 165 rRNA genes of all the isolates. Isolates grouped by PCR-RFLP of the 165 rRNA genes were also separated into groups by variation in MLEE profiles and by DNA-DNA hybridization. A representative isolate from each of these DNA homology groups had a separate position in a phylogenetic tree as determined from sequencing analysis of the 165 rRNA genes. A new species, Mesorhizobium amorphae, is proposed for the majority of the isolates, which belonged to a moderately slow- to slow-growing, acid-producing group based upon their distinct phylogenetic position, their unique electrophoretic type, their low DNA homology with reference strains representing the species within the genus Mesorhirobium and their distinct phenotypic features. Strain ACCC 19665 was chosen as the type strain for M. amorphae sp, nov. C1 Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Invest Sobre fijac Nitrogeno, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. China Agr Univ, Coll Biol, Dept Microbiol, Beijing 100094, Peoples R China. ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wang, ET (reprint author), Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Invest Sobre fijac Nitrogeno, Apdo Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. EM ewang@cifn.unam.mx NR 63 TC 104 Z9 116 U1 0 U2 13 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AG, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 49 BP 51 EP 65 PN 1 PG 15 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 159MD UT WOS:000078176600006 PM 10028247 ER PT S AU Wang, CY AF Wang, CY BE Michalezuk, L TI Postharvest quality decline, quality maintenance and quality evaluation SO INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON EFFECT OF PREHARVEST AND POSTHARVEST FACTORS ON STORAGE OF FRUIT SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Effect of Preharvest and Postharvest Factors on Storage of Fruit CY AUG 03-07, 1997 CL WARSAW, POLAND SP European Community, Phare Programme, State Comm Sci Res, AgrEvo-Poland, Agros Lowicz, Coolex, Elektromechanika Chlodnicza, Otwock, Hortex Przysucha, Polmos Spirit Ind, Zyrardow, Varichem DE storage; temperature; ripening; respiration; ethylene; refrigeration AB Fresh fruits are highly perishable and their quality declines rapidly after harvest, especially if proper postharvest handling procedures are not followed. Changes in colour, texture, nutrition, and flavour all affect the market quality of the fruits. Fruit tissues are composed of living cells, and continue to respire, metabolise, and lose moisture after harvest. These processes lead to the deterioration and breakdown of tissues. Other factors which enhance quality decline are bruising, mechanical injury, physiological disorders, and pathological diseases. Desirable quality maintenance can be achieved by harvesting fruits at optimal maturity and storing fruits at proper temperature, humidity, and atmosphere. Good sanitation is also important to reduce losses due to diseases. Quality evaluation includes measurements of colour, texture, flavour, and nutritional value. Methods for measuring these quality attributes can be destructive or nondestructive. Colour can be measured with a colorimeter. Texture can be assessed by several instruments using puncture, deformation, or shearing methods. Flavour is usually judged by sensory taste panels, and volatile aroma compounds are analysed by gas chromatography. Nutritional values are determined by chemical analysis, gas chromatography, or high performance liquid chromatography. Internal defects can be detected nondestructively by a light transmittance method or nuclear magnetic resonance imaging technique. C1 USDA, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wang, CY (reprint author), USDA, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-851-X J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 1999 IS 485 BP 389 EP 392 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Horticulture SC Agriculture GA BN07Y UT WOS:000080608500054 ER PT S AU Gross, KC AF Gross, KC BE Lee, JM Gross, KC Watada, AE Lee, SK TI Fresh vegetable quality in the United States: Current issues SO INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON QUALITY OF FRESH AND FERMENTED VEGETABLES SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Quality of Fresh and Fermented Vegetables CY OCT 27-30, 1997 CL SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA SP Korea Seed Assoc, Hungnong Int Co Ltd, Choong Ang Seed Ltd, Korean Federat Sci & Technol, Natl Agr Cooperative Federat, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Open Univ, Korea Res Fdn, Agr & Fishery Mkt Corp, Korean Hort Mat Ctr, Korea Cosil Agr Mat Co, Shinhan Engn, Korea Plast Producers Assoc, Daehan Greenhouse Ind Assoc, Taechoon Farm, Kyungbuk Agr Chem Co, Dongbu Hannong, Jeonjin Ind Co, Misung Agr Chem Co, Korea Cold Storage Assoc DE food safety; fresh-cut produce; human pathogens; pesticide reduction; taste-life; sensory analysis; texture ID CUT CELERY; FRUITS; DECAY AB The purpose of this review article is to point out some of the challenges we face in the United States of America in relation to quality of fresh vegetables. It is impossible in this review to cover all of the quality-related issues being addressed through current research. Rather, food safety and textural quality, two of the issues and challenges the author feels are most critical and of higher priority are considered. It is clear that the single most important problem facing the fresh produce industry is one of food safety. This has become a major problem recently, and the various types of human pathogens and problems associated with them are discussed. The pathogens of primary concern are Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Shigella spp., Clostridium perfringens, Campylobacter, and Cryptosporidia. The issue of the microbiological safety of the fresh produce consumed in the United States has been heightened lately due to the increased import of fresh produce from other countries where regulations may not be as tightly controlled, as well as the increasing percentage of produce consumed in a fresh-cut, pre-packaged form. Other important issues of fresh vegetable quality and food safety are alternative methods to control various pre-harvest and postharvest diseases without the use of pesticides, particularly methyl bromide and fungicides, while maintaining yield and quality. We must also address ways to maintain or increase further the nutritive quality of fresh vegetables, and evaluate how the nutritional quality of fresh-cut vegetables compares with that of vegetables not minimally-processed by cutting, slicing, or dicing. Another serious problem currently being addressed is the roughly 20% loss of fresh produce that occurs after harvest. There is a need to develop a greater understanding of what contributes to deleterious changes in texture after harvest that lead to these losses, and how the important physiological and structural factors contributing to the texture of any given vegetable can be measured and related to the human perception of textural quality. The understanding between the subjective human perception of quality and the objective methods used to measure quality are unclear and must be addressed. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gross, KC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Bldg 002,Room 113,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-771-8 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 1999 IS 483 BP 39 EP 47 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA BN05Y UT WOS:000080518300003 ER PT S AU Watada, AE Qi, L AF Watada, AE Qi, L BE Lee, JM Gross, KC Watada, AE Lee, SK TI Quality control of minimally-processed vegetables SO INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON QUALITY OF FRESH AND FERMENTED VEGETABLES SE ACTA HORTICULTURAE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Quality of Fresh and Fermented Vegetables CY OCT 27-30, 1997 CL SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA SP Korea Seed Assoc, Hungnong Int Co Ltd, Choong Ang Seed Ltd, Korean Federat Sci & Technol, Natl Agr Cooperative Federat, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, Korea Natl Open Univ, Korea Res Fdn, Agr & Fishery Mkt Corp, Korean Hort Mat Ctr, Korea Cosil Agr Mat Co, Shinhan Engn, Korea Plast Producers Assoc, Daehan Greenhouse Ind Assoc, Taechoon Farm, Kyungbuk Agr Chem Co, Dongbu Hannong, Jeonjin Ind Co, Misung Agr Chem Co, Korea Cold Storage Assoc DE fresh-cut; controlled or modified atmosphere; sanitation; maturity; temperature ID LOW-OXYGEN ATMOSPHERE; FRESH-CUT SPINACH; SURFACE WHITE DISCOLORATION; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; BROCCOLI FLORETS; MICROBIAL-POPULATIONS; SHREDDED CARROTS; STORAGE; LETTUCE; GROWTH AB Minimally-processed vegetables (fresh-cut vegetables) are highly perishable because of exposed internal tissues, lack of skin or cuticle for protection, and elevated metabolism. Thus, all factors from harvest to sales need to be given attention to retain quality. Maturity is important because older or more mature tissues are more senescent than younger tissues. Processing causes disorders such as darkening of potatoes and cut ends of lettuce or discoloration of carrots. These disorders can be minimized by use of proper processing equipment, browning inhibitors, high relative humidity, and/or modified atmosphere. Temperature is the most critical factor during preparation, handling, transit and marketing toward quality maintenance. The optimum temperature is when product deterioration and/or chilling injury are at a minimum. Modified atmospheres can be beneficial in maintaining quality and the recommended gas mixture differs with each vegetable. High relative humidity is essential to minimize losses. All of these factors need to be optimized in order to retain the quality of fresh-cut products. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Watada, AE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 58 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 5 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI LEUVEN 1 PA PO BOX 500, 3001 LEUVEN 1, BELGIUM SN 0567-7572 BN 90-6605-771-8 J9 ACTA HORTIC PY 1999 IS 483 BP 209 EP 219 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA BN05Y UT WOS:000080518300023 ER PT J AU Dyby, SD Silhacek, DL AF Dyby, SD Silhacek, DL TI Development and movements of extraembryonic cells in the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella Hubner (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae) SO INVERTEBRATE REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE amnion; cell motility; epiboly; extraembryonic; fountainoid flow; Indian meal moth; Lepidoptera; Plodia interpunctella; Pyralidae; serosa; yolk cells ID BOMBYX-MORI; MORPHOGENESIS; MIGRATION; GROWTH AB Time-lapse video microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and electron microscopy provide complementary perspectives on the genesis and movements of the serosa, amnion, and yolk cells of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella Hubner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Prospective serosal cells undergo a nuclear division, round up and detach from the adjoining cells of the germ band. They reattach only to other serosal cells, creating a free migrating edge at the boundary between the germ band and the serosa. The serosa engages in epiboly, spreads to enclose the embryo, attaches to the vitelline envelope, and secretes materials onto the vitelline envelope on the inner side of the egg shell. The amnion derives from the dorsal edge of the germ band; at this time the germ band is a cell sheet composed of columnar cells (palisade-type). Amniotic cells change briefly into spindle-shaped, motile cells that dissociate from the germ band. They cross the dorsal rim of the germ band, then flatten and form an epithelium. The amnion engages in epiboly and spreads across most of the embryo, starting approximately Ih after the serosa does. A lamina is secreted between the amnion and the embryo. By midembryogenesis, the amnion reaches over the dorsal region, including some yolk cells. The lamina and amnion loosen from the embryo during blastokinesis, the stage after germ band shortening. The yolk endoplasm partitions into yolk cells between 1 to 2h after other cells appear. Yolk cells are highly motile during early embryogenesis, then gradually slow and engage in cell shape changes without locomotion. They tend to flatten and ruffle during blastokinesis. By the end of blastokinesis, they form stable membrane contacts, creating a cell sheet. These large cells exhibit fountanoid and centripetal flows when they are motile. C1 USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Dyby, SD (reprint author), USDA, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600-1700 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 32 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU INT SCIENCE SERVICES/BALABAN PUBLISHERS PI REHOVOT PA PO BOX 2039, REHOVOT 76120, ISRAEL SN 0168-8170 J9 INVERTEBR REPROD DEV JI Invertebr. Reprod. Dev. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 35 IS 1 BP 27 EP 43 DI 10.1080/07924259.1999.9652365 PG 17 WC Reproductive Biology; Zoology SC Reproductive Biology; Zoology GA 172XG UT WOS:000078950500004 ER PT B AU Walters, C AF Walters, C BE Marzalina, M Khoo, KC Jayanthi, N Tsan, FY Krishnapillay, B TI Levels of recalcitrance in seeds SO IUFRO SEED SYMPOSIUM 1998: RECALCITRANT SEEDS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IUFRO Seed Symposium on Recalcitrant Seeds CY OCT 12-15, 1998 CL KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA SP Int Plant Genet Resources Inst, Fiat Panis, DANIDA, Forest Res Inst Malaysia, IUFRO ID ABSCISIC-ACID CONTENT; DESICCATION TOLERANCE; WATER RELATIONS; ZIZANIA-PALUSTRIS; STORAGE BEHAVIOR; SOLUBLE SUGARS; MATURATION; GERMINATION; PROTEINS; EMBRYOGENESIS AB Orthodox seeds tolerate almost complete desiccation and recalcitrant seeds do not. After histodifferentiation, cells in orthodox seeds fill vacuoles with proteins, accumulate sugars, alter membrane composition, produce LEA (late-embryogenesis-abundant) proteins and form aqueous glasses. These changes are hypothesized to confer tolerance of desiccation. Yet, the same processes occur to a similar extent in many recalcitrant seeds making it difficult to conclusively demonstrate a protective role. Recently, the view of recalcitrance or desiccation tolerance has changed from an "all or nothing" feature to a more quantitative feature. With this new perspective, we can approach the study of desiccation damage as the result of one or many unprotected stresses and tolerance as a series of protective mechanisms. Molecules that accumulate in tissues during embryogenesis may impart protection to a specific stress and may be ineffective against another. In my laboratory, we are trying to identify the stresses of desiccation. We have approached this by quantifying the moisture levels at which damage is observed and have shown that as embryos mature they acquire tolerance to progressively lower water potentials in discrete steps. From this, we have concluded that there are critical water potentials at about -1.8, -5, and -12, -50 and -180 MPa. These critical water potentials represent particular challenges that cells must accommodate as they acquire desiccation tolerance and damage at these water potentials indicate a limiting factor to achieving complete desiccation tolerance. Our working hypothesis is that mature recalcitrant seeds may be categorized by the minimum water potential they endure and this may lead to an understanding of the limiting factor to their tolerance of desiccation. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Seed Storage Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. RP Walters, C (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Seed Storage Lab, 1111 S Mason St, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. NR 51 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA PI KUALA LUMPUR PA KEPONG, KUALA LUMPUR 52109, MALAYSIA BN 983-2181-01-1 PY 1999 BP 1 EP 13 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA BP67Z UT WOS:000085844300001 ER PT B AU Vozzo, JA Patel, R Terrell, A AF Vozzo, JA Patel, R Terrell, A BE Marzalina, M Khoo, KC Jayanthi, N Tsan, FY Krishnapillay, B TI In vivo digital phyto imaging (IDPI) in Juglans nigra seeds SO IUFRO SEED SYMPOSIUM 1998: RECALCITRANT SEEDS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IUFRO Seed Symposium on Recalcitrant Seeds CY OCT 12-15, 1998 CL KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA SP Int Plant Genet Resources Inst, Fiat Panis, DANIDA, Forest Res Inst Malaysia, IUFRO ID MAGNETIC-RESONANCE MICROSCOPY; PLANT-TISSUES; NMR; WATER AB A major disadvantage of conventional seed radiography is that the resulting image will not distinguish full-viable seeds from full-nonviable. Empty seeds will imbibe sufficient water to appear full, but these are easily distinguished by radiography before imbibition. Full seeds, both viable and nonviable, have 25 to 35% moisture content when freshly collected. This is sufficient water to confuse interpretation due to radiopacity of water density. While the full-viable seeds will germinate, the full-nonviable ones will not germinate due to physiological rather than morphological conditions, even while they maintain a moisture content sufficient to support germination. Speculation points to distribution and availability of Free water and fat as promising factors to determine if an otherwise healthy seed will germinate. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will determine these distributions. MRI is a nondestructive, noninvasive method suitable to seed research and ultimate germination of viable seeds. Although it is a widely used medical procedure, there are only limited applications to tree seed physiology. Specific differences reported in this paper are primarily the distribution and abundance of mobile hydrogen (H(+)) protons in bulk free water and in lipid molecules or parts of long chains. The difference in images was obtained by using fat and water suppression techniques utilising the small differences in resonant frequencies between H(+) in bulk water and lipids. C1 USDA ARS, Forestry Sci Lab, Stark Ville, MS 39760 USA. RP Vozzo, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Forestry Sci Lab, POB 298, Stark Ville, MS 39760 USA. EM jvozzo@cfr.msstate.edu NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE MALAYSIA PI KUALA LUMPUR PA KEPONG, KUALA LUMPUR 52109, MALAYSIA BN 983-2181-01-1 PY 1999 BP 74 EP 80 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA BP67Z UT WOS:000085844300009 ER PT J AU Buta, JG Moline, HE Spaulding, DW Wang, CY AF Buta, JG Moline, HE Spaulding, DW Wang, CY TI Extending storage life of fresh-cut apples using natural products and their derivatives SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cysteine; homocysteine; N-acetylcysteine; S-carbamylcysteine; isoascorbic acid; 4-hexyl-resorcinol ID PRESSURE INFILTRATION; INHIBITION; 4-HEXYLRESORCINOL; SLICES; FRUITS; VACUUM; ACIDS AB Prevention of browning of apples slices has been difficult to achieve because of the rapidity of the enzymatic oxidation of phenolic substrates even under reduced atmospheric pressure storage. Combinations of enzymatic inhibitors, reducing agents, and antimicrobial compounds containing calcium to extend storage life were tested to decrease the browning of Red Delicious apple slices stored at 5 and 10 degrees C under normal atmospheric conditions. Treatments were devised to prevent browning for up to 5 weeks at 5 degrees C with no apparent microbial growth using dipping solutions of compounds derived from natural products consisting of 4-hexylresorcinol, isoascorbic acid, a sulfur-containing amino acid (N-acetylcysteine), and calcium propionate. Analyses of organic acids and the major sugars revealed that the slices treated with the combinations of antibrowning compounds retained higher levels of malic acid and had no deterioration in sugar levels at 5 and 10 degrees C, indicating that higher quality was maintained during storage. C1 ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Buta, JG (reprint author), ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM gbuta@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 25 TC 86 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 26 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 47 IS 1 BP 1 EP 6 DI 10.1021/jf980712x PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 158UT UT WOS:000078136200001 PM 10563838 ER PT J AU Lloyd, SW Grimm, CC AF Lloyd, SW Grimm, CC TI Analysis of 2-methylisoborneol and geosmin in catfish by microwave distillation-solid phase microextraction SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE 2-methylisoborneol; catfish; geosmin; microwave distillation; off-flavor; solid-phase microextraction ID ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; WATER; METHYLISOBORNEOL; DEPURATION AB The semivolatile cyclic alcohols 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin (GSM) impart muddy or musty flavors to water and food products. A rapid quantitative analytical technique has been developed whereby microwave distillation is used to remove the volatile organic compounds from a lipophilic matrix into an aqueous matrix. Solid-phase microextraction (MD-SPME) is then used to extract and concentrate the analytes, which are then desorbed in the injection port of a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) for analysis. Limits of detection are 0.01 mu g/kg and limits of quantification are 0.1 mu g/kg. MD-SPME: is comparable in precision, requires no solvents, and is faster than current methods of analysis; This methodology allows detection of MIB and GSM at concentrations below human sensory thresholds in fish tissue. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Lloyd, SW (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert F Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 11 TC 56 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 47 IS 1 BP 164 EP 169 DI 10.1021/jf980419x PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 158UT UT WOS:000078136200028 PM 10563866 ER PT J AU Fiddler, W Pensabene, JW Gates, RA Donoghue, DJ AF Fiddler, W Pensabene, JW Gates, RA Donoghue, DJ TI Supercritical fluid extraction of organochlorine pesticides in eggs SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE supercritical fluid extraction; SFE; organochlorine pesticides; OCPs; chicken eggs ID RESIDUES; CLEANUP AB The efficacy of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) for the recovery of 16 common organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from liquid whole eggs was investigated by employing supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) without the use of a solvent modifier to minimize interfering coextractives. The OCPs tested included aldrin; alpha-, beta-, delta-, and gamma-BHCs; p,p'-DDD, -DDE, and -DDT; dieldrin; endosulfans I, II, and sulfate; endrin; endrin aldehyde; heptachlor; and heptachlor epoxide. The SFE conditions were as follows: 10000 psi (680 bar),40 degrees C, SC-CO2 now rate of 3.0 L/min with an extraction time of 40 min for a total of 120 L of CO2. The OCPs were trapped off-line in an SPE cartridge containing Florisil and then eluted by an acetone/hexane mixture and analyzed by gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD). Recovery studies were carried out on homogenized eggs fortified at the 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 ppm levels. At the lowest level, 0.05 ppm, recoveries ranged from 81.8 to 108.3%, with CVs <9.8%. All recoveries were significantly higher than those obtained by an AOAC/ FDA solvent extraction method. Eggs containing incurred endosulfan I were also effectively extracted by SFE. This study suggests that the application of SFE for the extraction of OCPs from eggs will. result in significant savings in analysis time and lower solvent use and disposal costs compared to conventional solvent extraction procedures. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. US FDA, Div Anim Res, Ctr Vet Med, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Fiddler, W (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 25 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 47 IS 1 BP 206 EP 211 DI 10.1021/jf980436m PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 158UT UT WOS:000078136200035 PM 10563873 ER PT J AU Jones, WA Greenberg, SM AF Jones, WA Greenberg, SM TI Host instar suitability of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) for the parasitoid Encarsia pergandiella (Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae) SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND URBAN ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Encarsia pergandiella; Bemisia argentifolii; host; instar; suitability; parasitoid; mortality; survival; biological parameters ID OVIPOSITION; FORMOSA; TABACI AB Studies were conducted to assess the suitability of instars of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring attacked by Encarsia pergandiella Howard. E. pergandiella parasitized all instars of B. argentifolii, although the rate of parasitism of second, third, and early- or late-fourth instars was significantly greater than for first-instar hosts. The highest percentage of parasitoid emergence (96.3%) was when third instars were parasitized, and the least (69.4%) when first instars were attacked. The second, third, and early-fourth-instar hosts resulted in the higher proportion of host mortality and parasitoid survival. Parasitoids took significantly longer to develop after parasitizing first instars (14.9 d) than after parasitizing other instars (11.0-12.0 d). The shortest period of progeny emergence (2.0 d) occurred when E. pergandiella had parasitized the third instar. The longevity of unfed progeny was significantly longer (2.3-3.0 d) for adults emerged from hosts attacked at the third or early fourth instar compared with those following parasitization of first (1.5 d), second (1.9 d), or late-fourth (1.4 d) instars. When E. pergandiella parasitized the first or late-fourth instars, emerging females were significantly smaller (0.437-0.444 mm) compared with those emerged from other instars (0.483-0.495 mm). When E. pergandiella parasitized first, second, or third instars, the parasitoid can be referred to as a koinobiont because after parasitization, the host continues to feed, grow, and develop. When E. pergandiella parasitized early- or late-fourth instars, however, the hosts seemingly stopped development (idiobiont). C1 ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Jones, WA (reprint author), ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 22 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOUTH CAROLINA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI CLEMSON PA PO BOX 582, CLEMSON, SC 29633 USA SN 1523-5475 J9 J AGR URBAN ENTOMOL JI J. Agr. Urban Entomol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 16 IS 1 BP 49 EP 57 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 267CM UT WOS:000084337500004 ER PT J AU Kraszewski, AW Trabelsi, S Nelson, SO AF Kraszewski, AW Trabelsi, S Nelson, SO TI Temperature-compensated and density-independent moisture content determination in shelled maize by microwave measurements SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID BULK-DENSITY; SCATTERING; PARAMETERS; CORN AB Moisture content of shelled maize, Zea mays L., was correlated with the attenuation and phase shift of electromagnetic waves travelling through a layer of grain. Several calibration equations are presented in the paper that are based on measurements taken at 15.2 GHz for various grain densities, moisture contents and temperatures. Validation of the calibration equations indicated that moisture content can be predicted with an uncertainty less than +/-0.72% moisture content w.b. at the 95% confidence level. Moisture predictions are largely independent of bulk density variations at temperatures from 4 to 45 degrees C and moisture contents from 9 to 19% w.b. By following one approach described, the grain bulk density can be determined from the same measurements with an uncertainty of less than 25 kg/m(3). With another approach, the grain bulk density cannot be determined, but moisture content is determined independent of the material bulk density and compensated for temperature. No differences among three maize hybrids were observed in the measured data. (C) 1999 Silsoe Research Institute. C1 ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Kraszewski, AW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 10 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-8634 J9 J AGR ENG RES JI J. Agr. Eng. Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 72 IS 1 BP 27 EP 35 DI 10.1006/jaer.1998.0341 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 157NZ UT WOS:000078069700003 ER PT J AU Brenner, RJ Taffs, R Focks, DA Wiechmann, G Anderson, MC Horowitz, E Milne, D Westmoreland, J Hulme, C Quander, T Togias, A AF Brenner, RJ Taffs, R Focks, DA Wiechmann, G Anderson, MC Horowitz, E Milne, D Westmoreland, J Hulme, C Quander, T Togias, A TI A new approach to environmental assessment in cockroach (CR) related asthma. SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD USA. US FDA, Bethesda, MD 20014 USA. Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 103 IS 1 SU S MA 907 BP S236 EP S236 PN 2 PG 1 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 165FC UT WOS:000078509000909 ER PT J AU Chung, SY Champagne, ET AF Chung, SY Champagne, ET TI Increase of IgE binding to peanut calcium-binding proteins in the presence of Ca2+. SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 103 IS 1 SU S MA 388 BP S102 EP S102 PN 2 PG 1 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 165FC UT WOS:000078509000393 ER PT J AU King, N Maleki, SJ Sampson, H Burks, AW Bannon, GA AF King, N Maleki, SJ Sampson, H Burks, AW Bannon, GA TI Modulation of the allergenicity of a major peanut allergen, Ara h 2 by mutagenesis of its immunodominant IgE binding epitopes. SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. USDA, Washington, DC USA. Mt Sinai Sch Med, New York, NY 10029 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 103 IS 1 SU S MA 258 BP S67 EP S67 PN 2 PG 1 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 165FC UT WOS:000078509000265 ER PT J AU Maleki, SJ Connaughton, C Kopper, RA Sampson, HA Bannon, GA Burks, AW AF Maleki, SJ Connaughton, C Kopper, RA Sampson, HA Bannon, GA Burks, AW TI T-cell responses to peanut allergens: Potential for development of novel immunotherapeutic strategies for food allergic disease. SO JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Arkansas Childrens Hosp, Little Rock, AR 72202 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. Mt Sinai Sch Med, New York, NY 10029 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0091-6749 J9 J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUN JI J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 103 IS 1 SU S MA 415 BP S109 EP S109 PN 2 PG 1 WC Allergy; Immunology SC Allergy; Immunology GA 165FC UT WOS:000078509000420 ER PT J AU Hahn, GL AF Hahn, GL TI Dynamic responses of cattle to thermal heat loads SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE thermal energy; stress; thermoregulation; animal husbandry ID THERMOREGULATORY RESPONSES; TYMPANIC TEMPERATURE; CIRCADIAN-RHYTHMS; BODY-TEMPERATURE; HYPOTHALAMUS; MEMBRANE; STRESS AB The focal point of this limited review is bioenergetic research conducted in the Biological Engineering Research Unit at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center (MARC), using recently developed instrumentation and analytical techniques. The dynamics of observed thermoregulatory responses in cattle to thermal heat load challenges are explored, with an emphasis on physiological and behavioral parameters of body temperature, respiration rate, and feed intake. Observations of body temperature, especially tympanic temperature, have shown hot environments to cause phase shifts, increased amplitude, and increased means for diurnal rhythms. Fractal analysis of body temperature records obtained at 2- to 10-min intervals has been found to be robust for objectively differentiating among responses of cattle in cool to hot environments, and it indicates a stress threshold of approximately 25 degrees C (coincident with declining feed intake). Other analyses determined a 21 degrees C threshold for increased respiration rate. The reported observations and analyses provide further understanding of how and why the animals respond to environmental challenges, an understanding that is necessary for refining performance models and developing energetic and thermoregulatory models. The dynamic responses are discussed in the context of establishing criteria for proactive environmental management for cattle during hot weather, using heat methods as an example. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Hahn, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 54 TC 228 Z9 245 U1 4 U2 31 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PY 1999 VL 77 SU 2 BP 10 EP 20 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 240AV UT WOS:000082804200002 PM 15526777 ER PT J AU Davis, JJ Sahlu, T Puchala, R Herselman, MJ Fernandez, JM McCann, JP Coleman, SW AF Davis, JJ Sahlu, T Puchala, R Herselman, MJ Fernandez, JM McCann, JP Coleman, SW TI The effect of bovine somatotropin treatment on production of lactating Angora does with Kids SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE goat breeds; bovidae; somatotropin; milk production ID EXOGENOUS GROWTH-HORMONE; NONESTERIFIED FATTY-ACIDS; DAIRY-COWS; GROWING LAMBS; MILK-YIELD; CARCASS COMPOSITION; PRIMIGRAVID EWES; TREATED STEERS; WOOL GROWTH; FACTOR-I AB Fourteen Angora does (35 +/- 2 kg), each with a single kid and in the first month of lactation, were used to determine ongoing (Period 1) and residual (Period 2) effects of chronic bovine somatotropin (bST) treatment. Specifically, we sought to determine whether chronic bST treatment was capable of improving milk yield, and thus kid growth, and mohair production of nursing does. The experiment consisted of a 2-wk pretreatment period, 5 wk of weekly subcutaneous treatment of slow-release bST (n = 7; Period 1), and a 4-wk posttreatment period (Period 2). The weekly dose of bST was calculated to release 100 mu g/(kg BW.d(-1)). To estimate milk production, kids were separated from the does daily for 5 h, and their BW was recorded before and after suckling. The difference in BW was taken as milk production for 5 h. Fiber growth was measured by shearing does at the start of the experiment and at the end of Periods I and 2. Dry matter intake and BW of does were not affected by bST (P > .05). Average daily gain of kids that were suckling bST-treated does was higher (P < .05) than for kids of untreated does during Period 1 (184 vs 139 g/d) but not during Period 2 (140 vs 136 g/d; P > .10). Treatment with bST did not affect (P > .10) milk composition or clean fleece production in either period. Injection of bST did not affect (P > .10) plasma concentrations of glucose (mean = 49.5 mg/dL), urea N (mean = 19 mg/dL), total protein (mean = 72.5 g/d), or NEFA (mean = 122 mu Eq/L). During the period of bST treatment, plasma concentrations of somatotropin and IGF-I were increased (P < .05), concentrations of thyroxine and cortisol were decreased (P < .10), and plasma insulin levels were unchanged (P > .10) by bST. In conclusion, treatment of Angora dams with bST did not change DMI or mohair growth, but it improved growth of their kids. C1 Langston Univ, E Kika de la Garza Inst Goat Res, Langston, OK 73050 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. ARS, USDA, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Sahlu, T (reprint author), Langston Univ, E Kika de la Garza Inst Goat Res, Langston, OK 73050 USA. NR 48 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 77 IS 1 BP 17 EP 24 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 166AA UT WOS:000078553000003 PM 10064023 ER PT J AU Brown, MA Phillips, WA Brown, AH Coleman, SW Jackson, WG Miesner, JR AF Brown, MA Phillips, WA Brown, AH Coleman, SW Jackson, WG Miesner, JR TI Postweaning and performance of calves from Angus, Brahman, reciprocal-cross tall fescue cows grazing endophyte-infected or common bermudagrass SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Brahman; heterosis; maternal effects; Festuca arundinacea; genotype environment interaction; postweaning interval ID SUBSEQUENT FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE; X ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS; CARCASS TRAITS; BEEF-CATTLE; BODY-COMPOSITION; BIOLOGICAL TYPES; STEERS; PASTURES; HETEROSIS; GROWTH AB Data from 403 Polled Hereford-sired calves from Angus, Brahman, and reciprocal-cross cows were used to evaluate the effects of preweaning forage environment on postweaning performance. Calves were spring-born in 1991 to 1994 and managed on either endophyte-infected tall fescue (E+) or common bermudagrass (BG) during the preweaning phase. After weaning, calves were shipped to the Grazinglands Research Laboratory, El Reno, OK and stratified to one of two winter stocker treatments by breed and preweaning forage; stocker treatments were winter wheat pasture (WW) or native range plus supplemental CP (NR). Each stocker treatment was terminated in March, calves grazed cool-season grasses, and calves were then moved to a feedlot phase in June. In the feedlot phase, calves were fed to approximately 10 mm fat over the 12th rib and averaged approximately 115 d on feed. When finished, calves were weighed and shipped to Amarillo, TX for slaughter. Averaged over calf breed group, calves from E+ gained faster during the stocker phase (P < .10), had lighter starting and finished weights on feed(P < .01), lighter carcass weights (P < .01), and smaller longissimus muscle areas (P < .05) than calves from BG. Calves from E+ were similar to calves from BG in feedlot ADG, percentage kidney, heart, and pelvic fat, fat thickness over 12th rib, yield grade, marbling score, and dressing percentage. Maternal heterosis was larger in calves from E+ for starting weight on feed (P < .01), finished weight (P < .10), and carcass weight (P < .16). These data suggest that few carryover effects from tall fescue preweaning environments exist, other than lighter, but acceptable, weights through slaughter. These data further suggest that the tolerance to E+ in calves from reciprocal-cross cows, expressed in weaning weights, moderated postweaning weight differences between E+ and BG compared to similar comparisons in calves from purebred cows. C1 ARS, USDA, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. Univ Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. ARS, USDA, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. RP Brown, MA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 77 IS 1 BP 25 EP 31 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 166AA UT WOS:000078553000004 PM 10064024 ER PT J AU Echternkamp, SE Gregory, KE AF Echternkamp, SE Gregory, KE TI Effects of twinning on gestation length retained placenta, and dystocia SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE twinning; reproduction; dystocia; beef cattle ID CORTICOID INDUCED PARTURITION; CALF BIRTH-WEIGHT; COW PRODUCTIVITY; FETAL MEMBRANES; EMBRYO-TRANSFER; OVULATION RATE; BEEF-CATTLE; GROWTH; SURVIVAL; PROGESTERONE AB Constraints to maximal productivity from twinning in beef cattle include increased incidence of dystocia and retained placenta, longer postpartum interval, and lower conception rate. Incidence and cause(s) of the shorter gestation length and of the increased retained placenta and dystocia associated with twinning were evaluated for 3,370 single and 1,014 twin births produced in a population of cattle selected for natural twin births. Gestation length was shorter for twin than for single pregnancies (275.6 vs 281.3 d, P < .01) and likely contributed to the higher incidence of retained placenta associated with twin births (27.9 vs 1.9%; P < .01). Incidence of retained placenta was also higher in the spring (March-April) than in the fall (August-September) calving season (18.3 vs 11.4%; P < .01). The higher incidence of dystocia with twins than with singles (46.9 vs 20.6%, P < .01) was primarily due to abnormal presentation (37.0 vs 4.5%, respectively) of one or both twin calves at parturition. First- (40.5%) and second- (22.7%) parity dams with a single birth had more(P < .01) dystocia than older dams (13.4%), whereas dystocia was not affected (P > .10) by parity with twin births. Because of the shorter gestation length and the increased incidence of retained placenta and (or) dystocia, achievement of increased productivity with twinning in cattle necessitates intensive management of twin-producing dams and their calves during the calving season. Management of the increased dystocia can be facilitated by preparturient diagnosis of twin pregnancies, enabling timely administration of obstetrical assistance to facilitate delivery of twin calves and to increase their neonatal survival. C1 ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Echternkamp, SE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 36 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 77 IS 1 BP 39 EP 47 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 166AA UT WOS:000078553000006 PM 10064026 ER PT J AU Echternkamp, SE Gregory, KE AF Echternkamp, SE Gregory, KE TI Effects of twinning on postpartum reproductive performance in cattle selected for twin births SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE twinning; reproductive performance; postpartum interval; fetal death; beef cattle ID EMBRYONIC MORTALITY; COW PRODUCTIVITY; OVULATION RATE; CALF SURVIVAL; GROWTH; TRAITS; DYSTOCIA AB The effects of twinning, dystocia, retained placenta, and body weight on postpartum reproduction were evaluated for 3,370 single and 1,014 twin births. Females were bred by AI for 40 d followed by 20 or 30 d of natural service with equal numbers bred and calved in spring and fall. Percentage of dams cyclic by the end of the AI period was lower (P < .05) for dams birthing and nursing a single calf (92.4%) than for dams birthing twins and nursing zero (98.7%) or two (94.7%) calves. Whereas the interval from parturition to first estrus was shorter (P < .01) for dams birthing and nursing a single (56.9 d) than for dams birthing twins and nursing one (68.5 d) or two (69.6 d) calves, length of the interval was further reduced by dystocia in nonlactating dams of either twins or singles (type of birth x dystocia, P < .05). Ensuing pregnancy rates were also affected by type of birth and dystocia. Without dystocia, dams birthing and nursing a single calf had a higher pregnancy rate (79.2%) than dams birthing twins and nursing one (61.7%) or two (66.3%) calves, whereas the lower ensuing pregnancy rates associated with dystocia in dams of singles (71.9%) resulted in similar rates among dams of singles and twins with dystocia (type of birth x dystocia; P < .01). Having a retained placenta resulted in a lower incidence of (93.5 vs 96.4%, with vs without; P < .05) and a longer interval to (64.7 vs 59.2 d; P < .01)estrus while reducing subsequent pregnancy rates ((X) over bar = 9.6%) in 3 of the 7 yr evaluated (retained placenta x year, P < .01). Because all parous females were bred during the same calendrical period, the shorter gestation length for twin calves (275.6 vs 281.3 d) resulted in a longer interval from parturition to conception for twin births, whereas means for conception date differed by only 2 d between dams of twins and singles. Furthermore, a reduction (P < .01) in the interval to conception occurred with dystocia in dams of singles (89.3 vs 85.0 d, without vs with dystocia) and of twins nursed by zero (116.9 vs 83.5 d), one (100.2 vs 92.8 d), or two (96.1 vs 97.2 d) calves. Another detriment to fertility was the higher incidence of fetal mortality or abortions associated with twin vs single pregnancies (12.4 vs 3.5%; P < .01). However, despite the lower conception rates for dams of twins, the increased prolificacy provides an opportunity to increase total beef production with a twinning technology. C1 ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Echternkamp, SE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 20 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 77 IS 1 BP 48 EP 60 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 166AA UT WOS:000078553000007 PM 10064027 ER PT J AU Van Vleck, LD AF Van Vleck, LD TI Implications of cloning for breed improvement strategies: Are traditional methods of animal improvement obsolete? SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE genetics; livestock; animal breeding ID DAIRY-CATTLE; GENETIC-IMPROVEMENT; CLONAL RESPONSES; SCHEMES; SELECTION; RATES AB Can the optimum animal be defined? Will that definition change over time, by location, by market demand? First, assume what may be impossible, that the perfect animal can be defined or that only a limited number of definitions of "perfect" are needed. Then, can the "perfect" animal to match a definition be found? Suppose such an animal is found. Then the question to be answered before trying to clone as a method of genetic improvement becomes "Is the animal perfect because of phenotype or genotype?" In other words, the P = G + E problem exists, which requires traditional methods of genetic evaluation and testing to determine whether genotype (G) or random environmental(E) effects or a combination leads to the apparent perfection in the phenotype (P). For most traits, additive genetic variance accounts for 10 to 50% of total variance, a fraction denoted as heritability. With a simple model, the best prediction of genotypic value is to reduce the apparent phenotypic superiority by multiplying by heritability. Cloning the "perfect" animal also could capture optimum dominance and epistatic genetic effects that are otherwise difficult to select for. For some traits, maternal effects are important. In that case, clones as breeding animals must be "perfect" for both direct and maternal genotypes, or alternatively terminal and maternal clone lines would need to be developed. The use of clones to increase uniformity can be only partially successful. If heritability is 25%, then the standard deviation among clones would be 87% of that of uncloned animals. Only if heritability is 100% will clone mates have complete uniformity. Fixing the genotype could increase susceptibility to failure if environment changes or if the cloned genotype is susceptible to a new disease or if economic conditions change. Cloning, at best, is another tool for animal improvement that joins the list of previous biotechnological inventions, some of which have become cost-effective, such as artificial insemination, sexing of semen, multiple ovulation and embryo transfer, embryo sexing, and in vitro fertilization. Cloning has a place in that inventory but, in the long-term, the use of cloning will need to be managed to be cost effective for the improvement of quantitative characters. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Van Vleck, LD (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PY 1999 VL 77 SU 2 BP 111 EP 121 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 240AV UT WOS:000082804200011 PM 15526786 ER PT J AU Kerth, CR Miller, MF Wise, JW Lansdell, JL Ramsey, CB AF Kerth, CR Miller, MF Wise, JW Lansdell, JL Ramsey, CB TI Accuracy of application of USDA beef quality and yield grades using the traditional system and the proposed seven-grade yield grad system SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE quality; meat grades; yields; beef AB Beef carcasses (n = 5,542) were evaluated by three USDA on-line graders and compared with the computed expert USDA quality (QG) and yield grades (YG) during 8-h shifts at a major beef-processing facility for a 2-wk period to evaluate the accuracy of applying USDA QG and YG within the traditional five-grade and the proposed seven-grade (segregating YG 2 and 3 into YG 2A, 2B, 3A, and 3B) YG systems. Quality grade distribution of the carcasses was 1.1% Prime, 50.0% Choice, 43.8% Select, and 5.1% No-Roll. Accuracy of applying QG was not affected (P > .05) by changing from the five-grade (91.5%) to either the seven-grade system, when determining only QG (94.3%), or the seven-grade system, when determining QG and YG (95.0%). Calculated expert YG successfully segregated carcasses into their respective YG, but on-line graders could not differentiate between YG 4 and 5 in the seven-grade systems. The application of YG in the five-grade system was more accurate (P < .05) than either of the seven-grade systems. A trend existed for on-line graders to undergrade carcasses as the numerical YG increased. Total accuracy of applying YG decreased by 19.4 to 21.8% when switching from the five-grade to the seven-grade system. The segmentation of USDA YG 2 and 3 into YG 2A, 2B, 3A, and 3B resulted in a decrease in the ability of on-line graders to accurately apply the YG. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Anim Sci & Food Technol Dept, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Agr Mkt Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Miller, MF (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Anim Sci & Food Technol Dept, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. EM mfmrraider@aol.com NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 77 IS 1 BP 116 EP 119 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 166AA UT WOS:000078553000014 PM 10064034 ER PT J AU Johnson, LA Welch, GR Rens, W AF Johnson, LA Welch, GR Rens, W TI The Beltsville sperm sexing technology: High-speed sperm sorting gives improved sperm output for in vitro fertilization and AI SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE spermatozoa; flow cytometry; cells; artificial insemination ID X-CHROMOSOME-BEARING; FLOW CYTOMETRIC SEPARATION; Y-SPERM; SPERMATOZOA; INSEMINATION; PRESELECTION; DNA; INJECTION; OOCYTES; BIRTHS AB The Beltsville sperm sexing technology is currently the only effective means of altering the sex ratio of offspring in livestock. The method is based on the flow-cytometric separation of X- and Y-chromosome-bearing sperm based on X/Y DNA content difference. It is an effective means of producing progeny of predetermined sex in cattle, swine, sheep, and laboratory animals. The method involves treating sperm with a DNA-binding fluorochrome, Hoechst 33342, and flow-cytometrically sorting them into separate X and Y populations that can subsequently be used for surgical intratubal or intrauterine insemination, deep-uterine insemination, regular artificial insemination in some cases, in vitro fertilization to produce sexed embryos for transfer, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection of ova. Skewed sex ratios of 85 to 95% of one sex or the other have been repeatably achieved in most species. The method has been used worldwide to produce several hundred morphologically normal animal offspring of the predicted sex. It has also been validated in the laboratory using DNA reanalysis of the sorted sperm populations and by fluorescence in situ hybridization and PCR of individual sperm. We developed a new orienting nozzle that we have fitted to both conventional and highspeed cell sorters that have been modified for sperm sorting. Recently we completed the adaptation of the new orienting nozzle to a Cytomation MoFlo highspeed cell sorter modified for sperm. This adaptation of the nozzle has increased the overall production rate of sorted X and Y sperm from about .35 million/h to 5 or 6 million sperm/h teach population). Calves have been born from cows artificially inseminated using conventional technique and sexed sperm. In addition, numerous litters of pigs have been born after transfer of embryos produced from X or Y sorted sperm. C1 USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Johnson, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 24 TC 55 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PY 1999 VL 77 SU 2 BP 213 EP 220 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 240AV UT WOS:000082804200023 PM 15526798 ER PT J AU Cole, NA AF Cole, NA TI Nitrogen retention by lambs fed oscillating dietary protein concentrations SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ruminants; protein; excretion; environment ID SHEEP; PHOSPHORUS; MAGNESIUM; RUMINANTS; INFUSION; CALCIUM AB Nitrogen excreted by beef cattle can be retained in manure or lost by volatilization to the atmosphere or by runoff and percolation into surface or ground water. Increasing the retention of dietary N should decrease environmental losses. To this end, the effects of oscillating concentrations of dietary CP on nutrient retention were determined using lambs fed a 90% concentrate diet. Ten St. Croix lambs (average BW = 27 kg) were used in two 5 x 5 Latin square experiments. Dietary treatments were as follows: I) 10% CP, 2) 12.5% CP, 3) 15% CP, 4) 10% and 15% CP diets oscillated at 24-h intervals, and 5) 10% and 1.5% CP diets oscillated at 48-h intervals. Supplemental N was provided by cottonseed meal in Trial 1 and by a 50:50 (N basis) blend of cottonseed meal and urea in Trial 2. Each period of the Latin square lasted 35 d, with excreta collection the final 8 d. Nitrogen retention increased linearly(P <.01) with increasing N intake in both trials (.77, 1.33, and 1.89 g/d for 10, 12.5, and 15% CP, respectively, in Trial 1;.94, 1.78, and 2.19 g/d for 10, 12.5, and 15% CP, respectively, in Trial 2). Compared with continuously feeding the 12.5% CP diet, oscillating the 10 and 15% CP diets on a 24-h basis did not affect N retention (P >.10) in either trial (1.62 and 1.56 g/d for Trials 1 and 2, respectively). Oscillating dietary CP at 48-h intervals did not affect N retention in Trial 2 (1.82 g/d) but increased (P <.05) N retention by 38% in Trial 1 (1.87 g/d). Phosphorus, K, and Na retention and excretion were not affected by dietary treatments in Trial I. In Trial 2, P retention increased (linear, P <.05) with increasing dietary CP and was greater (P <.05) in lambs on the 48-h oscillation treatment than in lambs fed the 12.5% CP diet. These results suggest that oscillating the dietary CP concentrations might potentially increase the utilization of N by ruminants fed high-concentrate diets. C1 USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. RP Cole, NA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. EM nacole@ag.gov NR 26 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 77 IS 1 BP 215 EP 222 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 166AA UT WOS:000078553000027 PM 10064047 ER PT J AU Cockett, NE Jackson, SP Snowder, GD Shay, TL Berghmans, S Beever, JE Carpenter, C Georges, M AF Cockett, NE Jackson, SP Snowder, GD Shay, TL Berghmans, S Beever, JE Carpenter, C Georges, M TI The callipyge phenomenon: Evidence for unusual genetic inheritance SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sheep; callipyge; genes ID PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION; MUSCLE GROWTH; MEAT QUALITY; SHEEP; BOVINE; OVINE; LAMB; TENDERNESS; MARKERS; LOCUS AB In 1983, a male lamb exhibiting a pronounced muscular hypertrophy, particularly noticeable in the hind quarters, was born into a commercial Dorset flock in Oklahoma. The ram was premonitorily called Solid Gold. He subsequently produced offspring expressing the unusual phenotype, which is referred to as callipyge (Greek: calli- beautiful + -pyge buttocks). Animals demonstrating the callipyge phenotype are all descendants of this founder ram. These animals produce leaner, higher yielding car-casses, but there is some concern with decreased tenderness of the loin. Genetic characterization of the locus has demonstrated a unique mode of inheritance termed polar overdominance, in which only heterozygous offspring inheriting the mutation from their sire express the phenotype. The three other genotypes are normal-in appearance. Progeny data indicate that reactivation of the maternal callipyge allele occurs after passage through the male germ line, although this reactivation is not absolute. The callipyge gene has been mapped to the distal end of ovine chromosome 18. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Anim Dairy & Vet Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Food Technol, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. USDA ARS, US Sheep Expt Stn, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. Univ Liege, Dept Genet, B-4000 Liege, Belgium. Univ Illinois, Dept Anim Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Utah State Univ, Dept Nutr & Food Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Cockett, NE (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Anim Dairy & Vet Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. OI Berghmans, Stephane/0000-0001-5414-8674 NR 37 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PY 1999 VL 77 SU 2 BP 221 EP 227 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 240AV UT WOS:000082804200024 PM 15526799 ER PT J AU Solomon, MB AF Solomon, MB TI The callipyge phenomenon: Tenderness intervention methods SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE callipyge; lamb (meat); tenderness ID LAMB; LONGISSIMUS; HYDRODYNE; MUSCLE AB Consumers continue to desire leaner meats. Lambs expressing the callipyge gene have been identified as having superior, leaner carcasses compared with normally muscled lambs. However, the longissimus muscle, a major merchandised muscle in lamb, has repeatedly been shown to be significantly less tender in callipyge lamb compared with normally muscled lambs. Preharvest factors, such as genetics, sex, and production/management practices, have thus far shown no promise at alleviating this tenderness problem. But a number of postharvest interventions have been introduced to alleviate it. Included among the strategies are postmortem aging, carcass electrical stimulation, the combination of freezing and thawing before aging, calcium chloride injection, and the Hydrodyne process. These strategies have exhibited various degrees of success. Postharvest strategies to improve callipyge longissimus tenderness are described in this article. C1 USDA ARS, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Solomon, MB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Meat Sci Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PY 1999 VL 77 SU 2 BP 238 EP 242 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 240AV UT WOS:000082804200026 PM 15526801 ER PT J AU Jain, AV Ross, PF Carlson, MP AF Jain, AV Ross, PF Carlson, MP TI Screening nitrate in forages with a test strip: Collaborative study SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB A collaborative study was conducted for screening nitrate in forages with a commercially available test strip, The method involves extracting a finely ground sample with deionized water. The test strip is dipped in the sample extract. The color of the reaction zone on the test strip changes from white to pink or purple depending on the nitrate concentration in sample extract. The nitrate present in the extract is determined by comparing the color of the test strip to the color scale on the test strip container. Six blind quintuplicates of forage samples were analyzed by 20 collaborators. Nitrate concentrations in forage samples tested ranged from <1000 ppm nitrate to >10 000 ppm nitrate on dry matter basis. Each collaborator was asked to assign each sample to one of the 4 following nitrate concentration ranges: (1) <1000 ppm, (2) 1000 to 5000 ppm, (3) >5000 ppm to 10 000 ppm, and (4) >10 000 ppm. Nineteen of 20 collaborators reported results. Results from 2 laboratories were rejected as outliers by inspection and chi(2) test, Sensitivity rates (p(+)) ranged from 0.965 to 0.998, with standard errors of 0.006 to 0.16. Specificity rates (p(-)) ranged from 0.991 to 0.997 for the 4 ranges, with standard errors of 0.003 to 0.006, False-positive rates (pf(+)) ranged from 0.006 to 0.046, with standard errors of 0.006 to 0.025, False-negative rates (pf(-)) ranged from 0.003 to 0.007, with standard errors of 0.003 to 0.006, Screening nitrate in forages with a test strip has been adopted first action by AOAC INTERNATIONAL. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Athens Vet Diagnost Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Toxicol Sect, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Univ Nebraska, Vet Diagnost Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Jain, AV (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Athens Vet Diagnost Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 82 IS 1 BP 9 EP 15 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 165KA UT WOS:000078518900002 PM 10028667 ER PT J AU Trucksess, MW Giler, J Young, K White, KD Page, SW AF Trucksess, MW Giler, J Young, K White, KD Page, SW TI Determination and survey of ochratoxin A in wheat, barley, and coffee - 1997 SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB Ochratoxin A (OA) is a nephrotoxic and nephrocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium species. it has been found mainly in cereal grains and coffee beans. The purpose of this study was to investigate the occurrence of OA in cereal grains and in coffee imported to the United States. A modified liquid chromatographic (LC) method for determining OA in green coffee was applied to wheat, barley, green coffee, and roasted coffee. The test sample was extracted with methanol-1% NaHCO3 (7 + 3), and the extract was filtered. The filtrate was diluted with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), filtered, and passed through an immunoaffinity column. After the column was washed with PBS and then with water, OA was eluted with methanol, The eluate was evaporated to dryness, and the residue was dissolved in acetonitrile-water (1 + 1). OA was separated on a reversed-phase Cls LC column with acetonitrile-water-acetic acid (55 + 45 + 1) as eluant and quantitated with a fluorescence detector. Recoveries of OA from the 4 commodities spiked over the range 1-4 ng/g were 71-96%, The limit of detection was about 0.03 ng/g, OA contamination at >0.03 ng/g was found in 56 of 383 wheat samples, 11 of 103 barley samples, 9 of 19 green coffee samples, and 9 of 13 roasted coffee samples. None of the coffee samples contained OA at >5 ng/g; only 4 samples of wheat and 1 sample of barley were contaminated above this level. C1 US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Washington, DC 20204 USA. USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20204 USA. RP Trucksess, MW (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Washington, DC 20204 USA. NR 10 TC 126 Z9 129 U1 0 U2 4 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 82 IS 1 BP 85 EP 89 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 165KA UT WOS:000078518900013 PM 10028675 ER PT J AU LaCroix, DE Wolf, WR Vanderslice, JT AF LaCroix, DE Wolf, WR Vanderslice, JT TI Determination of niacin in infant formula and wheat flour by anion-exchange liquid chromatography with solid-phase extraction cleanup SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 109th AOAC International Meeting CY SEP 16-22, 1995 CL NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE SP AOAC ID FORTIFIED FOOD-PRODUCTS; NICOTINIC-ACID; RIBOFLAVIN; PYRIDOXINE; THIAMIN; HPLC AB Niacin content must be included on food labels of infant formula products and bakery products containing enriched flour Liquid chromatographic (LC) determination of niacin in complex food matrixes is complicated by the presence of endogenous compounds that absorb at the commonly used wavelength of 260 nm, Also, the presence of particulate matter in the standard sulfuric acid extraction procedure results in reduced life of LC columns and precolumns. A simple, rapid, solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure for separation and cleanup of niacin from a complex food matrix digest has been developed. By using a vacuum manifold with the SPE column system, multiple samples can be processed quickly and efficiently for LC analysis, compared with gravimetric column cleanup. Sulfuric acid sample digest is passed over an aromatic sulfonic acid cation-exchange (ArSCX-SPE) or a sulfonated Florisil SPE column. Niacin is eluted with 0.25M sodium acetate-acetic acid, pH 5.6 buffer in vacuo. LC chromatograms of the resulting eluate are free of interference from other components absorbing at 260 nm at the retention time of niacin. Validation of the method was obtained from agreement of analytical results on available reference materials. For both SPE methods, values for niacin in SRM 1846 Infant Formula (milk-based powder) were within uncertainty ranges of the certified value. Use of several calibration procedures (the LC computer program, a peak area response graphic standard curve, or the method of standard additions) with both SPE procedures resulted in niacin Values for 3 RM-Wheat Flours (not certified for niacin) in agreement (90-105%) with their respective values reported in the literature. Several commercial wheat flours showed a broad 260 nm interference, resulting in high niacin values, Niacin recoveries from spiked soy-based liquid infant formulas ranged from 95-107% with the ArSCX-SPE column, Calibration curves of niacin were linear up to 400 mu g/mL, with a detection limit of 0.2 mu g/mL. C1 USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wolf, WR (reprint author), USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Food Composit Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 21 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 82 IS 1 BP 128 EP 133 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 165KA UT WOS:000078518900019 PM 10028681 ER PT J AU Guzman-Novoa, E Page, RE Spangler, HG Erickson, EH AF Guzman-Novoa, E Page, RE Spangler, HG Erickson, EH TI A comparison of two assays to test the defensive behaviour of honey bees (Apis mellifera) SO JOURNAL OF APICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Africanized honey bees; Apis mellifera; defensive behaviour; stinging; assays; colonies; Mexico ID COLONY DEFENSE; FIELD-TEST AB The reliability of a traditional leather-patch assay to measure the stinging behaviour of honey bees was compared with that of a temper detection apparatus developed to electronically measure and record defensiveness. Colonies were tested with the two different assays during morning and afternoon hours. The traditional assay was more reliable than the automated electronic assay. Afternoon trials were more reliable than morning trials. Significant variation was observed among colonies with both methods, suggesting that these assays may separate highly defensive from gentle colonies. However, variation among trials within colonies may result in misclassifying colonies with intermediate degrees of defensiveness. The need for the development of more reliable assays is stressed. C1 INIFAP, CENIFMA, Metepec 52140, Mex, Mexico. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. ARS, Carl Hayden Bee Lab, USDA, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Guzman-Novoa, E (reprint author), INIFAP, CENIFMA, Santa Cruz 29 B,Las Haciendas, Metepec 52140, Mex, Mexico. NR 29 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU INT BEE RESEARCH ASSOC PI CARDIFF PA JOURNALS LIBRARIAN, 18 NORTH RD, CARDIFF CF1 3DY, WALES SN 0021-8839 J9 J APICULT RES JI J. Apic. Res. PY 1999 VL 38 IS 3-4 BP 205 EP 209 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 272YN UT WOS:000084679200010 ER PT J AU Danka, RG Villa, JD AF Danka, RG Villa, JD TI Paravestibular hairs of British Buckfast honey bees do not regulate genetic resistance to Acarapis woodi SO JOURNAL OF APICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Acarapis woodi; Apis mellifera; Buckfast; tracheal mites; genetic resistance; morphology C1 ARS, USDA, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. RP Danka, RG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Honey Bee Breeding Genet & Physiol Res Lab, 1157 Ben Hur Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70820 USA. NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT BEE RESEARCH ASSOC PI CARDIFF PA JOURNALS LIBRARIAN, 18 NORTH RD, CARDIFF CF1 3DY, WALES SN 0021-8839 J9 J APICULT RES JI J. Apic. Res. PY 1999 VL 38 IS 3-4 BP 221 EP 222 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 272YN UT WOS:000084679200013 ER PT J AU Campbell, WW Joseph, LJO Davey, SL Cyr-Campbell, D Anderson, RA Evans, WJ AF Campbell, WW Joseph, LJO Davey, SL Cyr-Campbell, D Anderson, RA Evans, WJ TI Effects of resistance training and chromium picolinate on body composition and skeletal muscle in older men SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE exercise; strength training; aging; basal metabolic rate; muscle power ID EXCRETION; STRENGTH; SUPPLEMENTATION; EXERCISE; INSULIN; GLUCOSE; HUMANS; LOSSES; DIETS; WOMEN AB The effects of chromium picolinate (CrPic) supplementation and resistance training (RT) on skeletal muscle size, strength, and power and whole body composition were examined in 18 men (age range 56-69 yr). The men were randomly assigned (double-blind) to groups (n = 9) that consumed either 17.8 mu mol Cr/day (924 mu g Cr/day) as CrPic or a low-Cr placebo for 12 wk while participating twice weekly in a high-intensity RT program. CrPic increased urinary Cr excretion similar to 50-fold (P < 0.001). RT-induced increases in muscle strength (P < 0.001) were not enhanced by CrPic. Arm-pull muscle power increased with RT at 20% (P = 0.016) but not at 40, 60, or 80% of the one repetition maximum, independent of CrPic. Knee-extension muscle power increased with RT at 20, 40, and 60% (P < 0.001) but not at 80% of one repetition maximum, and the placebo group gained more muscle power than did the CrPic group (RT by supplemental interaction, P < 0.05). Fat-free mass (P < 0.001), whole body muscle mass (P < 0.001), and vastus lateralis type II fiber area (P < 0.05) increased with RT in these body-weight-stable men, independent of CrPic. In conclusion, high-dose CrPic supplementation did not enhance muscle size, strength, or power development or lean body mass accretion in older men during a RT program, which had significant, independent effects on these measurements. C1 Univ Arkansas Med Sci, Donald W Reynolds Dept Geriatr, Nutr Metab & Exercise Lab, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. Vet Affairs Geriatr Res Educ & Clin Ctr, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. Penn State Univ, Noll Physiol Res Ctr, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Campbell, WW (reprint author), VA Med Ctr, NMELNLR, Rm 3J106,2200 Ft Roots Dr, N Little Rock, AR 72114 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [T32AG-0048, R01-AG-11811, 1-R29-AG-13409] NR 49 TC 67 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 86 IS 1 BP 29 EP 39 PG 11 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA 191EN UT WOS:000080009600006 PM 9887110 ER PT J AU Greenstone, MH Sunderland, KD AF Greenstone, MH Sunderland, KD TI Proceedings of the XIV International Congress of Arachnology and a Symposium on Spiders in Agroecosystems held at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois - June 27-July 3, 1998 at the 22nd Annual Meeting of the American Arachnological Society - Acknowledgment SO JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 ARS, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Lab, USDA, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Greenstone, MH (reprint author), ARS, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Lab, USDA, 1301 N Western St, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ARACHNOLOGICAL SOC PI NEW YORK PA C/O NORMAN I PLATNICK, AMER MUSEUM NATURAL HISTORY, CENTRAL PK WEST AT 79TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10024 USA SN 0161-8202 J9 J ARACHNOL JI J. Arachnol. PY 1999 VL 27 IS 1 BP 264 EP 264 PG 1 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 229UA UT WOS:000082213100040 ER PT J AU Greenstone, MH AF Greenstone, MH TI Spider predation: How and why we study it SO JOURNAL OF ARACHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COTTON FLEAHOPPER HEMIPTERA; PEUCETIA-VIRIDANS ARANEAE; STRIPED LYNX SPIDER; WINTER-WHEAT FIELDS; ARTHROPOD PREDATION; VELVETBEAN CATERPILLAR; TEXAS COTTON; GENERALIST PREDATORS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; OXYOPES-SALTICUS AB Predation is of great ecological, evolutionary and behavioral interest. For our present purposes the primary reason for studying it is to determine the role of spiders in suppressing pest populations. Research approaches have included laboratory studies of preference, feeding rate, and fitness; direct observation of predation events or accumulations of prey carcasses; gut analysis; and field experiments. Laboratory studies provide some uniquely useful kinds of information but cannot give reliable indications of the "biological control potential" of spiders against a given pest. Direct observation can be powerful; it has provided the best data on dietary range and predation rates in the field. Gut analytical methods include the use of radionuclides, electrophoresis, chromatography and serology. Serological techniques are preferred: antibodies can be made specific down to the level of prey stage or instar, and assays are simple, sensitive, and reliable. They can determine the relative importance of different predator species, and may be the most efficient methods to document predation on eggs. Problems in quantitation remain. Field experiments have demonstrated unequivocally that spiders can effectively reduce pest populations and the crop damage they cause. C1 ARS, USDA, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Lab, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Greenstone, MH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Plant Sci & Water Conservat Lab, 1301 N Western St, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. NR 107 TC 44 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER ARACHNOLOGICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PARK PA UNIV MARYLAND, DEPT ENTOMOLOGY, 4112 PLANT SCIENCES BLDG, COLLEGE PARK, MD 20742-4454 USA SN 0161-8202 J9 J ARACHNOL JI J. Arachnol. PY 1999 VL 27 IS 1 BP 333 EP 342 PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 229UA UT WOS:000082213100049 ER PT J AU Cui, YJ Wang, LD Norton, RA Zheng, JH Guo, DA AF Cui, YJ Wang, LD Norton, RA Zheng, JH Guo, DA TI Biotransformation of 24 alpha-methylcholesterol and 24 beta-methylcholesterol by yeast mutant GL7 SO JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE biotransformation; yeast mutant GL7; 24 alpha-methylcholesterol; 24 beta-methylcholesterol; sterol C-22-desaturase ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; STEROL AUXOTROPHS; BIOSYNTHESIS; REQUIREMENTS; MEMBRANE AB Incubation of 24 alpha- and 24 beta-methylcholesterols with yeast mutant GL7 afforded their corresponding C-22-desaturated products under the catalysis of sterol Delta(22(23))-desaturase. The metabolites were identified to be 22-dehydro-24 alpha-methylcholesterol (2% yield from 24 alpha-methylcholesterol) and 22-dehydro-24 beta-methylcholesterol (51% yield from 24 beta-methylcholesterol) respectively on the basis of their chromatographic and spectral properties. It was concluded that the sterol Delta(22(23))-desaturase prefers the 24 beta-methyl sterols and is highly stereospecific. C1 Beijing Med Univ, Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China. USDA ARS, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Guo, DA (reprint author), Beijing Med Univ, Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China. RI ding, zuoqi/C-9271-2013 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU HARWOOD ACAD PUBL GMBH PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1028-6020 J9 J ASIAN NAT PROD RES JI J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. PY 1999 VL 2 IS 1 BP 39 EP 44 DI 10.1080/10286029908039889 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Chemistry; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 337JH UT WOS:000088353500005 PM 11261204 ER PT J AU Rodrigues, KF Samuels, GJ AF Rodrigues, KF Samuels, GJ TI Fungal endophytes of Spondias mombin leaves in Brazil SO JOURNAL OF BASIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PALM AB Endophytic fungi were isolated from symptomless leaf blades and the rachis of Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae) collected in Para and Rio de Janeiro states of Brazil. A total of 822 and 690 isolates were obtained from leaves and rachises, respectively. Of the 13 taxa isolated from the two sites examined, only three, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Guignardia sp., and Phomopsis sp., were recovered from the rachis. An unidentified Guignardia species was the dominant species with high overall frequency of isolation in leaf blades and rachis at both sites. An unidentified Phomopsis species was the second mostly common isolated species, significantly showing preference in colonizing the rachis tissues. C1 FIOCRUZ, Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Dept Micol, BR-21045900 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. ARS, USDA, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Rodrigues, KF (reprint author), FIOCRUZ, Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Dept Micol, Av Brasil 4365, BR-21045900 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. NR 22 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0233-111X J9 J BASIC MICROB JI J. Basic Microbiol. PY 1999 VL 39 IS 2 BP 131 EP 135 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4028(199905)39:2<131::AID-JOBM131>3.0.CO;2-9 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 192FR UT WOS:000080068300008 ER PT J AU Masci, S Egorov, TA Ronchi, C Kuzmicky, DD Kasarda, DD Lafiandra, D AF Masci, S Egorov, TA Ronchi, C Kuzmicky, DD Kasarda, DD Lafiandra, D TI Evidence for the presence of only one cysteine residue in the D-type low molecular weight subunits of wheat subunits of wheat glutenin SO JOURNAL OF CEREAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE D glutenin subunits; omega-gliadins; determination of cysteine residues; amino acid sequencing ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; POLYMERIC PROTEIN; BIOCHEMICAL BASIS; CYSTINE PEPTIDES; FLOUR PROPERTIES; DISULFIDE BONDS; OMEGA-GLIADINS; GAMMA-GLIADINS; BREAD WHEATS AB D-type low molecular weight subunits of bread wheat glutenin have omega-gliadin type N-terminal amino acid sequences, but are incorporated into the glutenin polymers because of the presence of cysteine residues. In order to determine the number and position of cysteine residues, ID-encoded D-type low molecular weight subunits of wheat glutenin were purified from the cv. Chinese Spring using a procedure thai allowed high recovery. Comparison of the molecular weights of alkylated and unalkylated subunits by MALDI mass spectrometry indicated the presence of only one cysteine residue per molecule. This was supported also by the detection of dimers of D subunits in gluten. An internal sequence of 62 amino acids preceding the cysteine was obtained, but it was nor possible to identify the cysteine residue, either because it was nor within the range of N-terminal sequencing of peptides obtained, or because it was present in one of the two unidentified positions. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Univ Tuscia, Dipartimento Agrobiol & Agrochim, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Engelhardt Inst Mol Biol, Grp Analyt Prot & Peptide Chem, Moscow 117984, Russia. RP Univ Tuscia, Dipartimento Agrobiol & Agrochim, Via S Camillo de Lellis, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy. RI Masci, Stefania/B-6690-2013 OI Masci, Stefania/0000-0003-2857-4498 NR 31 TC 52 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0733-5210 EI 1095-9963 J9 J CEREAL SCI JI J. Cereal Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 29 IS 1 BP 17 EP 25 DI 10.1006/jcrs.1998.0224 PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 159PQ UT WOS:000078183000002 ER PT J AU Cosse, AA Baker, TC AF Cosse, AA Baker, TC TI Electrophysiologically and behaviorally active volatiles of buffalo gourd root powder for corn rootworm beetles SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Coleoptera; Chrysomelidae; buffalo gourd root powder; Cucurbita foetidissima; Diabrotica virgifera virgifera; D-undecimpunctata howardi; D-barberi; attractants; solid-phase microextraction; gas chromatography electroantennography ID DIABROTICITE BEETLES; TOXIC BAIT; CHRYSOMELIDAE; COLEOPTERA; ATTRACTANTS; ADULTS; COMPONENTS; KAIROMONES; CUCURBITA; NORTHERN AB The dried, powdered roots of buffalo gourd, Cucurbita foetidissima, were tested in a cornfield and shown to attract adult northern and southern corn rootworm beetles. Coupled gas chromatography-electroantennography (GC-EAG) analyses of headspace samples of the root powder showed several GC-EAG-active compounds on the antennae of female northern, southern, and western corn rootworms. Among other techniques, solid-phase microextraction and CC-mass spectrometry identified the following GC-EAG-active compounds: hexanol, nonanal, 1-octen-3-ol, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, (E)-3-octen-2-one, (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-one, and (E,Z)-3,5-octadien-2-one. EAG dose-response studies of several of the identified root powder volatiles also were performed and compared with results from known attractants. Field tests of synthetic root powder volatiles in commercial cornfields showed that northern corn rootworm adults were attracted to (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-one. The antennae of the Diabrotica species and the field tests showed specificity for different geometrical isomers of 3,5-octadien-2-one, with a behavioral preference for (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-one. In addition, we have shown that the efficacy of buffalo gourd root powder as a feeding stimulant and arrestant can be enhanced for northern and western corn rootworm adults by augmenting buffalo gourd root powder with additional (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2-one. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Cosse, AA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 27 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 25 IS 1 BP 51 EP 66 DI 10.1023/A:1020885032397 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 162AX UT WOS:000078323800004 ER PT J AU Zilkowski, BW Bartelt, RJ Blumberg, D James, DG Weaver, DK AF Zilkowski, BW Bartelt, RJ Blumberg, D James, DG Weaver, DK TI Identification of host-related volatiles attractive to pineapple beetle Carpophilus humeralis SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Carpophilus humeralis; 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol; 2,5-diisopropylpyrazine; 2-phenylethanol; microbe produced attractants; synergism; structure-activity relationship; field trials ID SYNTHETIC AGGREGATION PHEROMONES; DRIEDFRUIT BEETLE; COLEOPTERA; NITIDULIDAE; HEMIPTERUS; RESPONSES; FRUIT AB Volatiles collected from oranges fed upon by Carpophilus humeralis of either sex were consistently more attractive than volatiles from beetle-free oranges in wind-tunnel bioassays. Three compounds were identified as attractants from this system: 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol (1), 2,5-diisopropylpyrazine (2) (a new natural product), and 2-phenylethanol (3). Identifications were confirmed with synthetic compounds that had matching chromatographic and spectral properties. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 had only slight activity alone, but were highly synergistic with each other and with propyl acetate (PA), a fruity ester that is mildly attractive to Carpophilus beetles. Compound 2 was the most active in the wind tunnel; its threshold dose was 0.5 ng when PA was present. The structural specificity for these compounds was high. Twelve phenol analogs of 1 were tested, but only one of these, 2-methoxyphenol, was more attractive than the control. Similarly, the analogs of 2, 2-isopropylpyrazine and 2,6-diisopropylpyrazine, were completely inactive. In the field, a combination of 1, 2, and 3 was not attractive by itself, but it strongly synergized attraction to fermentation volatiles, Carpophilus pheromones, or both. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 apparently have a microbial origin because all three were detected when the host fruit was pineapples instead of oranges, because they could occur in the absence of beetles, and because autoclaved pineapple began to produce the compounds after inoculation from an attractive piece of fruit. The study demonstrated that host location for this generalist species can be far more complex than responding simply to the bouquet of low-molecular-weight volatiles normally associated with fermentation. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Entomol, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. NSW Agr, Yanco Agr Inst, PMB Yanco, NSW 2703, Australia. USDA ARS, Stored Prod Insects Res & Dev Lab, Savannah, GA 31403 USA. RP Zilkowski, BW (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Entomol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 30 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 25 IS 1 BP 229 EP 252 DI 10.1023/A:1020857721010 PG 24 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 162AX UT WOS:000078323800015 ER PT J AU Johnston, JJ Furcolow, CA Volz, SA Mauldin, RE Primus, TM Savarie, PJ Brooks, JE AF Johnston, JJ Furcolow, CA Volz, SA Mauldin, RE Primus, TM Savarie, PJ Brooks, JE TI Quantitation of pyrethrum residues in brown tree snakes SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NATURAL PYRETHRINS C1 USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80525 USA. USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. RP Johnston, JJ (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, SW, 4101 La Porte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 26 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 USA SN 0021-9665 J9 J CHROMATOGR SCI JI J. Chromatogr. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 37 IS 1 BP 5 EP 10 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 157GV UT WOS:000078053900002 PM 9987852 ER PT J AU Weimer, PJ Waghorn, GC Odt, CL Mertens, DR AF Weimer, PJ Waghorn, GC Odt, CL Mertens, DR TI Effect of diet on populations of three species of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria in lactating dairy cows SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cellulolytic; microbial populations; ribonucleic acid probes; ruminal bacteria ID TARGETED OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES; SUBSTRATE-LIMITED CONDITIONS; HYBRIDIZATION PROBES; RUMEN CONTENTS; FIBROLYTIC BACTERIA; CONTINUOUS CULTURE; MICROBIAL ECOLOGY; DIGEST CELLULOSE; PURE CULTURES; MICROORGANISMS AB The effects of four contrasting diets were determined on populations of three species of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria (Ruminococcus albus, Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and Fibrobacter succinogenes) using oligonucleotide probes to rRNA. Diets based on alfalfa silage or corn silage as the primary fiber source were formulated to contain either 24 or 32% neutral detergent fiber measured after a-amylase treatment. The diets were fed twice daily to four ruminally fistulated, lactating Holstein cows in a trial using a Latin square design. The cows fed the alfalfa silage diets had higher dry matter intakes and milk production and smaller pH fluctuations than did cows fed the corn silage diets (0.3 vs. 0.8 units). The total populations of the three cellulolytic species at 3 h after feeding ranged from 0.3 to 3.9% of the bacterial domain; R. albus was generally the most abundant of the three species. The data are in general agreement with population assessments obtained by some traditional methods of culture enumeration. Although diet and individual cows had major effects on ruminal pH and volatile fatty acid concentrations and on milk production and composition, differences in cellulolytic populations that were attributable to individual cows were larger than those attributable to diet, suggesting that each cow maintained a unique assemblage of cellulolytic species. C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. AgRes Grasslands, Palmerston North, New Zealand. RP Weimer, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 45 TC 91 Z9 101 U1 3 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-0302 EI 1525-3198 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 82 IS 1 BP 122 EP 134 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 163NV UT WOS:000078412400015 PM 10022014 ER PT J AU Bach, A Yoon, IK Stern, MD Jung, HG Chester-Jones, H AF Bach, A Yoon, IK Stern, MD Jung, HG Chester-Jones, H TI Effects of type of carbohydrate supplementation to lush pasture on microbial fermentation in continuous culture SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE carbohydrate supplementation; pasture; protein utilization ID VOLATILE FATTY-ACIDS; MIXED RUMEN BACTERIA; RUMINAL FERMENTATION; DIETARY FIBER; BEEF STEERS; DAIRY-COWS; DIGESTION; PROTEIN; DEGRADATION; NITROGEN AB Eight single-flow continuous culture fermenters were used to study the effects of the type of energy source on ruminal N utilization from high quality pasture. The four dietary treatments included high quality grass and legume pasture alone (50:50; wt/wt), pasture plus soybean hulls, pasture plus beet pulp, and pasture plus corn. Diets supplemented with additional sources of energy (soybean hulls, beet pulp, and corn) were isocaloric but differed in the type and rate of carbohydrate fermentation. Energy supplements constituted 45% of the total dietary dry matter and were fed twice daily at 12-h intervals in place of pasture, which is characteristic of grain feeding at milking when animals are in a grazing situation. Energy supplementation reduced pH, NH3 N now, and NH3 N concentration and increased bacterial N flow (as a percentage of N intake). The supplementation of corn and soybean hulls resulted in the highest microbial N flow (as a percentage of N intake). Corn had a tendency to reduce fiber digestion because of excessively low NH3 N concentrations. Beet pulp was similar to corn in that it decreased NH3 N concentrations. Supplementation of soybean hulls resulted in a more synchronized fermentation, greater volatile fatty acid production, and greater fiber digestion. Nitrogen utilization by microbes was maximized by supplementation with soybean hulls or corn twice a day. With diets based on pasture, it may be more important to improve bacterial N flow and bacterial utilization of N than to maximize the efficiency of bacterial protein synthesis because better utilization of N by ruminal microorganisms results in higher bacterial N flow and higher fiber digestion. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Anim Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr Cluster, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Stern, MD (reprint author), 205 Haecker Hall,1364 Eckles Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. OI Bach, Alex/0000-0001-6804-2002 NR 33 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 82 IS 1 BP 153 EP 160 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 163NV UT WOS:000078412400018 PM 10022017 ER PT J AU Gengler, N Tijani, A Wiggans, GR Van Tassell, CP Philpot, JC AF Gengler, N Tijani, A Wiggans, GR Van Tassell, CP Philpot, JC TI Estimation of (co)variances of test day yields for first lactation Holsteins in the United States SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE variance component estimation; test day model; multitrait evaluation; heritability C1 Fac Univ Sci Agron, Fonds Natl Belge Rech Sci, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium. Fac Univ Sci Agron, Unite Zootech, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium. ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gengler, N (reprint author), Fac Univ Sci Agron, Fonds Natl Belge Rech Sci, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 82 IS 1 BP 225 EP 225 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 163NV UT WOS:000078412400026 ER PT J AU Tijani, A Wiggans, GR Van Tassell, CP Philpot, JC Gengler, N AF Tijani, A Wiggans, GR Van Tassell, CP Philpot, JC Gengler, N TI Use of (co)variance functions to describe (co)variances for test day yield SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE (co)variance function; test day model; variance component estimation C1 Fac Univ Sci Agron, Unite Zootech, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium. ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Fonds Natl Belge Rech Sci, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. RP Tijani, A (reprint author), Fac Univ Sci Agron, Unite Zootech, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium. NR 0 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 82 IS 1 BP 226 EP 226 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 163NV UT WOS:000078412400027 ER PT J AU Hamm, JJ AF Hamm, JJ TI Interactions in entomology: Enhanced infectivity of entomopathogenic viruses by fluorescent brighteners SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 62nd Meeting of the Georiga-Entomological-Society CY APR 15, 1998 CL JEKYLL ISLAND, GEORGIA SP GA Entomol Soc DE Lymantria dispar; Spodoptera frugiperda; Spodoptera exigua; Helicoverpa zea; Heliothis virescens; Pseudoplusia includens; Trichoplusia ni; Anticarsia gemmatalis; Plutella xylostella; nucleopolyhedrovirus; granulovirus; cypovirus; iridovirus; entomopoxvirus; fluorescent brightener; optical brightener; biocontrol; UV protection; enhanced infection ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; AUTOGRAPHA-CALIFORNICA LEPIDOPTERA; FALL ARMYWORM LEPIDOPTERA; OPTICAL BRIGHTENER; LYMANTRIIDAE BACULOVIRUS; STEINERNEMA-CARPOCAPSAE; RADIATION PROTECTANTS; TINOPAL LPW; NOCTUIDAE AB Fluorescent brighteners or optical brighteners, chemicals that absorb energy from ultraviolet light (UV) and emit it as visible light, have been studied as UV protectants for entomopathogens to extend their effectiveness in the field as biocontrol agents. Some stilbene fluorescent brighteners have been demonstrated both to provide some protection from UV degradation and to enhance infectivity independently of the UV protection for several entomopathogenic viruses. Although the mode of action of this enhanced infectivity is not fully understood, enhanced infectivity of 10 nucleopolyhedroviruses and a granulovirus (Baculoviridae), a cypovirus (Reoviridae), an iridovirus (Iridoviridae), and an entomopoxvirus (Poxviridae) has been demonstrated. The enhanced infectivity produced by the fluorescent brighteners generally resulted in earlier mortality and in some cases extended infectivity of the virus to older instars. In a few cases the host range was extended, i.e., viruses which were not infective for a particular species under normal conditions were infective with the addition of a fluorescent brightener. Thus, if proper formulations can be made, the fluorescent brighteners have the potential to increase the effectiveness of certain entomopathogenic viruses for biocontrol of certain lepidopterous pests of forest and agricultural crops. C1 ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, USDA, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Hamm, JJ (reprint author), ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, USDA, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 34 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 5 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 34 IS 1 BP 8 EP 16 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 158MD UT WOS:000078118500003 ER PT J AU Webb, RE Thorpe, KW Podgwaite, JD Reardon, RC White, GB Talley, SE AF Webb, RE Thorpe, KW Podgwaite, JD Reardon, RC White, GB Talley, SE TI Field evaluation of an improved formulation of Gypchek (a nuclear polyhedrosis virus product) against the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Lymantria dispar (L.); adjuvant; formulation; aerial spray; insect sampling AB Prior to 1994, Gypchek(R) (USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC), the gypsy moth nuclear multicapsid polyhedrosis virus (LdMNPV), was used in operational programs against. gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (L.) dispersed in a standard molasses-lignosulfonate tank mix and applied twice at the rate of 5 x 10(11) polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) per ha per application in a volume of 19 liters per ha. In 1995, we evaluated a commercially-produced carrier and operational options that would make Gypchek application more efficient and less costly without reducing efficacy. Specifically, the standard tank mix formulation and application procedure was compared against a premixed commercial carrier, Carrier 038 (Novo Nordisk, Franklinton, NC) applied by three different application options. Option 1 consisted of double applications of Gypchek at the rate of 5 x 10(11) PIB per ha per application in volumes of 9.5 liters per ha. Option 2 was identical to Option 1 except that application volume was reduced to 4.8 liters per ha. Option 3 consisted of a single application of Gypchek dispersed in 9.5 liters per ha at the rate of 1 x 10(12) PIB per ha. There was also a fifth treatment consisting of unsprayed control plots. All treatments were evaluated inreplicated 4-ha forest plots in southwestern Virginia. Levels of LdNPV-induced mortality, of larvae collected live 6 to 11 days after treatment, among treatments receiving a double application were not significantly different at alpha = 0.05 from such mortality resulting from the single application of Gypchek in Carrier 038. However, both of the double-application treatment options (but not the single application option) of Gypchek dispersed in Carrier 038 had significantly higher levels (alpha = 0.05) of LdMNPV than the double-application treatment of Gypchek dispersed in the standard tank mix. Defoliation was significantly different among the four Gypchek treatments, but all were significantly lower than the controls. These results indicated that all three options using Carrier 038 provided a level of efficacy equal to or better than the standard tank mix formulation applied twice at 19 liters/ha. Economic assessment indicated that the single application option was more efficient and/or less expensive than the other options. C1 ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Webb, RE (reprint author), ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 34 IS 1 BP 72 EP 83 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 158MD UT WOS:000078118500008 ER PT J AU Webb, RE White, GB Thorpe, KW Talley, SE AF Webb, RE White, GB Thorpe, KW Talley, SE TI Quantitative analysis of a pathogen-induced premature collapse of a "leading edge" gypsy moth (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae) population in Virginia SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Lymantria dispar; Entomophaga maimaiga; gypsy moth NPV; nuclear polyhedrosis virus; forest entomology; insect pathogen; insect population dynamics ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; ENTOMOPHAGA-MAIMAIGA HUMBER; FUNGAL PATHOGEN; DISPAR LEPIDOPTERA; RESTING SPORES; NUCLEOPOLYHEDROSIS VIRUS; SOPER ENTOMOPHTHORALES; LARVAL MORTALITY; NORTH-AMERICA; EPIZOOTICS AB The population dynamics of a "leading edge" (= at the edge of the expanding gypsy moth invasion) gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), population was monitored for 3 years (1995-97), with emphasis on the interactions of the gypsy moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdNPV) and the fungus Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu, & Soper. Gypsy moth populations in the woodlots varied from very sparse to high (potentially defoliating) levels. LdNPV was strongly density dependent, being confirmed only from the higher populated woodlots. In contrast, the fungus was similarly active in both sparse and highly-populated woodlots. In 1995, the fungal epizootic developed late in the season, with most larvae succumbing during stadia 5-6 and producing mainly resting spores (azygospores). Estimated mortality due to fungus averaged 68% in high-density plots and 85% in low-density plots. LdNPV mortality occurred in a two-wave epizootic, although second-wave LdNPV mortality was undoubtedly reduced because of the reduction of late-season larvae due to fungus activity. Estimated mortality due to LdNPV averaged 14% in highly-populated plots and 1% in low-population plots. In 1996, high levels of fungal-induced mortality occurred earlier in the gypsy moth season than in the previous year. Most gypsy moth larvae in 1996 died in a mid-season wave of fungal-induced mortality, with necropsied cadaver containing only conidia. This resulted in relatively few larvae surviving to late instars. At this time, a second wave of fungus-induced mortality occurred, with over half of the necropsied cadavers containing resting spores, The depletion of the gypsy moth populations by the fungus in 1995 resulted in a greatly reduced first wave of LdNPV in all plots in 1996, and perhaps due to the early appearance of the fungus in 1996, LdNPV was nearly absent from late-season larvae collected from all plots. In 1997, gypsy moth populations were uniformly low, and no dead larvae were found in any of the plots. C1 ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Webb, RE (reprint author), ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 44 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 34 IS 1 BP 84 EP 100 PG 17 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 158MD UT WOS:000078118500009 ER PT J AU Mitchell, ER Hu, GY Okine, JS Carpenter, JE AF Mitchell, ER Hu, GY Okine, JS Carpenter, JE TI Parasitism of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera : Plutellidae) larvae by Cotesia plutellae (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) and Diadegma insulare (Hymenoptera : Ichneumonidae) in cabbage fields after inundative releases of C-plutellae SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Plutella xylostella; biological control; parasitoids; dispersal ID RESISTANCE; INSECTS; ECOLOGY; ODORS AB Cocoons of Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) were released for nine consecutive wk along the margins of two commercial cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. brave L.) fields near Bunnell, Flagler Co., FL, in spring 1996. The larval parasitism of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), by C. plutellae and by the native parasitoid Diadegma insulare (Cresson) was evaluated in release fields and in nearby cabbage fields using two methods-sentinel collard (Brassica oleracea var. acephala L.) or sentinel cabbage plants and non-sentinel plants. Total parasitism of diamondback moth larvae on sentinel plants in the release and adjacent fields was 35.7%. There were no significant differences in the level of parasitism by C. plutellae among sentinel plant locations within the release fields. In non-release fields, parasitoids spread as far as 1,500 m from the nearest release site during the release period, but parasitism of larvae on sentinel plants decreased as the distance from the release area increased. Parasitism of diamondback moth larvae by D. insulare was 8.3% in C. plutellae release and adjacent fields, but 14.6% in the nearby fields. Sampling of non-sentinel cabbage plants for diamondback moth larvae demonstrated a total of 37.4% larval parasitism by C. plutellae in the release and adjacent fields, similar to that recorded on sentinel plants. However, C. plutellae were detected only as far as 800 m from the release site on non-sentinel cabbage plants, and total parasitism in the dispersal fields also was very low. Diadegma insulare contributed only 1.1% parasitism of larvae sampled from non-sentinel plants in all cabbage fields. Cotesia plutellae was more effective than D. insulare in attacking diamondback moth larvae in this study where field populations of diamondback moth were low (<0.1 larva per cabbage plant). C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Mitchell, ER (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 3 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 34 IS 1 BP 101 EP 112 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 158MD UT WOS:000078118500010 ER PT J AU DeMilo, AB Cunningham, RT McGovern, TP AF DeMilo, AB Cunningham, RT McGovern, TP TI tert-pentyl 4 (and 5)-chloro-trans-2-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate, a highly effective and persistent male specific attractant for the Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE insecta; Ceratitis capitata; lure; pentamedlure; trimedlure analog; attractant ID CERATITIS-CAPITATA AB The attraction of male Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) to tert-pentyl 4 (and 5)-chlorotrans-2-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate (or pentamedlure) was compared to its attraction to trimedlure to establish the suitability of pentamedlure as a possible alternate for trimedlure in applications that use a cotton dental-roll wick dispenser. Results from field tests with released sterile C. capitata showed that pentamedlure, applied to cotton dental roll wicks, was not only comparable to trimedlure in attractiveness but was more persistent. Batch to batch variations in isomer distribution of pentamedlure appeared to have little effect on attraction. Dose-response data showed that pentamedlure, applied at 0.02 and 0.16 ml/wick, initially caught more flies than trimedlure at comparable doses. Moreover, initial catches for pentamedlure for most dosages tested exceeded, but not significantly, initial catches for trimedlure despite a much higher load (2 ml/wick). Trimedlure initial catches within a natural population of wild C. capitata were significantly higher than pentamedlure catches at a comparable dosage (0.2 ml lure/wick). However, pentamedlure-treated wicks were 2 to 3 times more persistent than wicks treated with trimedlure. C1 ARS, USDA, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Trop Fruit & Vegetable Lab, Hilo, HI USA. RP DeMilo, AB (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 34 IS 1 BP 119 EP 125 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 158MD UT WOS:000078118500012 ER PT J AU Elden, TC AF Elden, TC TI Laboratory screening techniques for evaluation of soybean germplasm for resistance to twospotted spider mite (Acari : Tetranychidae) SO JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGICAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Tetranychus urticae; mites; soybean; plant resistance; screening ID URTICAE KOCH; GROWTH; GENOTYPES; STRESS AB Thirty-one soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill, accessions from maturity groups II through VIII were evaluated in excised and intact (whole plant) leaf bioassays to determine the ability of these bioassays to detect differences in susceptibility to the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. Although there were few significant differences between bioassays for variables measured within maturity groupings, the excised leaf bioassay which was easier to set up and monitor and took three-fourths less growth chamber space also had less variation among replications and repeated tests and detected a greater number of differences among accessions. Although there were significant differences among soybean accessions within a maturity group for specific variables, results suggest that high levels of resistance to the twospotted spider mite are not present in the germplasm screened. Several accessions screened, with known resistance to foliar feeding insects, were significantly less preferred for spider mite oviposition and development. However, it was apparent that the gene(s) controlling insect resistance do not impart the same level of resistance to the twospotted spider mite. Results of this study, based on differences in susceptibility among soybean accessions, demonstrate that the excised leaf bioassay should prove to be an efficient and uniform laboratory bioassay to screen soybean germplasm for resistance to the twospotted spider mite. C1 ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Elden, TC (reprint author), ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, USDA, Bldg 470A,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU GEORGIA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI TIFTON PA PO BOX 748 DEPT ENTOMOLOGY COASTAL PLAIN EXPT STATION, TIFTON, GA 31793-0748 USA SN 0749-8004 J9 J ENTOMOL SCI JI J. Entomol. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 34 IS 1 BP 132 EP 143 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 158MD UT WOS:000078118500014 ER PT J AU Hatfield, JL Jaynes, DB Burkart, MR Cambardella, CA Moorman, TB Prueger, JH Smith, MA AF Hatfield, JL Jaynes, DB Burkart, MR Cambardella, CA Moorman, TB Prueger, JH Smith, MA TI Water quality in Walnut Creek watershed: Setting and farming practices SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID NEAR-SURFACE AQUIFERS; MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; METABOLITES; HERBICIDES; PESTICIDES; NITRATE AB Nonpoint-source pollution has been linked to agricultural practices; however, there is a need for quantitative information describing the effect of specific farming practices on ground and surface water quality, Lack of information at the watershed scale limits our ability to make decisions about the effect of potential changes in either farming practices or landscape management that would enhance water quality. A multidisciplinary study was designed to evaluate the effect of farming practices on subsurface drainage, surface runoff, stream discharge, groundwater, volatilization, and soil processes that influence water quality. Walnut Creek watershed is a 5130-ha intensively cropped area in central Iowa on the Des Moines Lobe landform region. Soils within the watershed are in the Clarion-Nicollet-Webster (Typic Hapludoll-Aquic Hapludoll-Typic Haplaquoll) soil association, and the underlying surficial material is glacial till. Land use is predominantly corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation, Fertilizer use, herbicide application, tillage practices, and crop selection were obtained through surveys of each field operator, Atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], cyanazine [2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile], EPTC [S-ethyl dipropyl carbamothioate], and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] are the primary herbicides used within the watershed at rates similar to those for the state, Nitrogen fertilizer was applied as anhydrous ammonia on 60% of the corn fields at an average rate of 153 kg ha(-1) for the 1991-1994 period, but the frequency of corn fields receiving <112 kg ha(-1) has increased. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Hardin Cty Ext Off, Iowa Falls, IA 50126 USA. RP Hatfield, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM hatfield@nstl.gov NR 27 TC 87 Z9 87 U1 4 U2 16 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 11 EP 24 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 159QJ UT WOS:000078184900002 ER PT J AU Cambardella, CA Moorman, TB Jaynes, DB Hatfield, JL Parkin, TB Simpkins, WW Karlen, DL AF Cambardella, CA Moorman, TB Jaynes, DB Hatfield, JL Parkin, TB Simpkins, WW Karlen, DL TI Water quality in Walnut Creek watershed: Nitrate-nitrogen in soils, subsurface drainage water, and shallow groundwater SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID TILE DRAINAGE; CONTINUOUS CORN; CENTRAL IOWA; TILLAGE; LYSIMETERS; SURFACE; CARBON; FLOW AB Nonpoint source contamination of surface and groundwater resources with nitrate-N (NO3-N) has been linked to agriculture across the midwestern USA. A 4-yr study was conducted to assess the extent of NO3-N leaching in a central Iowa field. Water now rate was monitored continuously and data were stored on an internal datalogger. Water samples for chemical analysis were collected weekly provided there was sufficient now. Twelve soil cores were collected in spring, early summer, mid-summer, and after harvest for each of the 4 yr. Nitrate-N concentrations in shallow groundwater exhibited temporal trends and were higher under Clarion soil than under Okoboji or Canisteo soil. Denitrification rates were two times higher in Okoboji surface soil than in Clarion surface soil and the highest denitrification potential among subsurface sediments was observed for deep unoxidized loess Soil profile NO3-N concentrations decreased with depth and were the same below 30 cm for fertilized corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Nitrate-N concentrations in subsurface drainage water exceeded 10 mg L-1 for 12 mo and were between 6 and 9 mg L-1 for 32 mo during the 4-yr study. The temporal pattern of NO3-N concentrations in subsurface drainage water was not related to the timing of fertilizer N application or the amount of fertilizer N applied. Total NO3-N losses to subsurface drains were greatest in 1993 (51.3 kg ha(-1)) and least in 1994 (4.9 kg ha(-1)). Most of the subsurface drainage water NO3-N was lost when crop plants were not present (November-May), except in 1993, Our results indicate that NO3-N losses to subsurface drainage water occur primarily as a result of asynchronous production and uptake of NO3-N in the soil and the presence of large quantities of potentially mineralizable N in the soil organic matter. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Cambardella, CA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 27 TC 122 Z9 123 U1 6 U2 38 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 25 EP 34 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 159QJ UT WOS:000078184900003 ER PT J AU Moorman, TB Jaynes, DB Cambardella, CA Hatfield, JL Pfeiffer, RL Morrow, AJ AF Moorman, TB Jaynes, DB Cambardella, CA Hatfield, JL Pfeiffer, RL Morrow, AJ TI Water quality in Walnut Creek watershed: Herbicides in soils, subsurface drainage, and groundwater SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID NEAR-SURFACE AQUIFERS; PESTICIDE DEGRADATION; TILE DRAINAGE; FIELD-SCALE; ATRAZINE; TILLAGE; LOSSES; METOLACHLOR; MOVEMENT; NITRATE AB Herbicide transport in subsurface drainage fan result in unacceptable levels of contamination in surface waters. This study assessed the extent of atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3-,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] and metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethyethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] transport to subsurface drainage and shallow groundwater, A corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation was used with corn receiving banded atrazine applications of 459 g ha(-1) in 1992 and 561 g ha(-1) in 1994. Soybean were treated with metribuzin at 420 g ha(-1) in 1993 and 1995. Monthly flow-weighted average concentrations of atrazine in drainage water did not exceed 3 mu g L-1 and annual losses ranged from 0.02 to 2.16 g ha(-1) during the 4-yr study. Less than 3% of the groundwater samples contained atrazine concentrations exceeding the 3 mu g L-1 maximum contaminant level for drinking water (MCL). Atrazine was detected more frequently in groundwater beneath the lowest parts of the field, despite greater than average sorption to soils in that area. Metribuzin was also found in groundwater, but only half as frequently as atrazine, The patterns observed in subsurface drainage and groundwater reflected the persistence of atrazine and metribuzin in soil, Atrazine,vas detected in >90% of surface soil samples up to 23 mo after application, whereas metribuzin was rarely detected during the second year following application. Atrazine was found far more commonly than metribuzin in soil below 30 cm depth. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM moorman@nstl.gov NR 27 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 EI 1537-2537 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 35 EP 45 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 159QJ UT WOS:000078184900004 ER PT J AU Jaynes, DB Hatfield, JL Meek, DW AF Jaynes, DB Hatfield, JL Meek, DW TI Water quality in Walnut Creek watershed: Herbicides and nitrate in surface waters SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; TILE DRAINAGE; AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS; CONTINUOUS CORN; LOAM SOIL; NITROGEN; TILLAGE; RUNOFF; ATRAZINE; PESTICIDE AB There is a lack of quantitative information describing the impact of fanning on water quality at the watershed scale. This study documents the surface water quality of Walnut Creek-a 5130-ha watershed with about 86% of the land used for crop production. Starting in 1990, now and concentrations of NO3-N and four herbicides-atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide], metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methyl-thio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one], and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N- (2 -methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide]-were measured at eight locations. Nitrate-N concentrations often exceeded 10 mg L-1 during May, June, and July. Total losses from the watershed ranged from 4 to 66 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) and represented 6 to 115% of the N applied as fertilizer in any year. Atrazine and metolachlor were detected at concentrations >0.2 mu g L-1 in about half of all water samples, while alachlor and metribuzin were seldom detected. Median concentrations for atrazine and metolachlor were below 1 mu g L-1 for all locations within the watershed. During runoff events, herbicide concentrations in the stream increased while NO3-N concentrations decreased. Yearly losses from the watershed ranged from 0.2 to 7.5 g ha(-1) for atrazine and from 0.3 to 6.7 g ha(-1) for metolachlor. These losses represent 0.18 to 5.6% of the atrazine and 0.047 to 1.6% of the metolachlor applied in any year. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Jaynes, DB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 47 TC 140 Z9 140 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 45 EP 59 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 159QJ UT WOS:000078184900005 ER PT J AU Eidem, JM Simpkins, WW Burkart, MR AF Eidem, JM Simpkins, WW Burkart, MR TI Geology, groundwater flow, and water quality in the Walnut Creek watershed SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; CENTRAL IOWA; PLEISTOCENE; LOESS; RECHARGE; TILL AB An investigation of the Walnut Creek watershed was performed to characterize the geology, groundwater now, and water quality in geological units impacted by agriculture, Six Quaternary lithostratigraphic units including alluvium of the Deforest Formation, till of the Doffs and Wolf Creek Formations, and loess of the Peoria, Pisgah, and Loveland Formations, along with two pedostratigraphic units, the Farmdale and Sangamon Geosols, were identified. The thickness and spatial distribution of the units were controlled by the formation of a paleo-valley before the advance of the Des Moines Lobe, sediment movement into the paleo-valley, and later erosion and deposition by the Des Moines Lobe. Groundwater flows toward the creek under unconfined conditions in the fractured, oxidized zone of till of the Doffs Formation, Tritium data indicate that recent recharge occurs at the water table and that the 1963 bomb peak occurs near the bottom of the oxidized zone. Fifty-five percent of groundwater samples taken in 1995 shelved NO3-N concentrations at or above the MCL of 10 mg/L; pesticides were detected in two samples. Some of the highest concentrations of NO3-N occur in bomb peak groundwater near the base of the oxidized zone, This relationship implies that NO3-N leaching has decreased during a period of increased N application in Iowa. It may actually reflect an increase in tile drain efficiency, decrease in groundwater recharge, and resultant isolation of NO3-N in less-mobile groundwater, Agricultural practices that further decrease NO3-N leaching will be needed to improve the quality of shallow groundwater in the watershed. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Geol & Atmospher Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Geomatrix Consultants, Minneapolis, MN 55305 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Simpkins, WW (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Geol & Atmospher Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM bsimp@iastate.edu NR 53 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 60 EP 69 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 159QJ UT WOS:000078184900006 ER PT J AU Burkart, MR Simpkins, WW Squillace, PJ Helmke, M AF Burkart, MR Simpkins, WW Squillace, PJ Helmke, M TI Tributary stream infiltration as a source of herbicides in an alluvial aquifer SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-WATER; GROUNDWATER; ATRAZINE; NITRATE AB Where Walnut Creek flows across the South Skunk River alluvial aquifer, it provides a potential source of herbicides and herbicide metabolites, This straightened reach of the creek loses water and dissolved contaminants to the alluvial aquifer through a layer of fine-grained flood plain deposits. Estimates of potential flux of chemicals were based on measurements taken during baseflow in April 1994 before herbicides were applied to the watershed and in June 1994 after chemical application and when stream discharge included runoff and tile-drainage water, Hydraulic head measurements between the creek and flood plain deposits and between the creek and aquifer confirmed the potential for downward groundwater flow during both sampling periods, Hydraulic conductivity estimates from slug tests were used to calculate an average linear groundwater velocity of 0.5 m d(-1) in the fine-grained flood plain deposits. At this velocity, contaminants could be advectively transported to the aquifer within 6 d, The potential for atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) flux to the aquifer from the creek was estimated to be between 60 and 3000 mu g d(-1) m(-2). This rate is one to three orders of magnitude greater than the estimated flux via leaching beneath a typical field. II the process of vertical stream leakage occurs in many hydrologic settings, it may constitute a substantial source of herbicides to shallow alluvial aquifers in many areas of the Midwest. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Geol & Atmospher Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. US Geol Survey, Rapid City, SD 57702 USA. RP Burkart, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 19 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 69 EP 74 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 159QJ UT WOS:000078184900007 ER PT J AU Prueger, JH Hatfield, JL Sauer, TJ AF Prueger, JH Hatfield, JL Sauer, TJ TI Field-scale metolachlor volatilization flux estimates from broadcast and banded application methods in central Iowa SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID MEASURING PESTICIDE EVAPORATION; SOIL; DEPOSITION; DIELDRIN; RAINFALL; LAYER AB Volatilization of pesticides has been considered to be a large part of the loss from fields after application; however, there have been relatively few studies conducted to quantify the amount lost to the atmosphere. This study was designed to evaluate volatilization rates of a preemergent herbicide Dual [a.i. metolachlor 2.24 kg ha(-1) (2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide)] from two fields (175 and 45 ha) in central Iowa under contrasting tillage operations and pesticide application scenarios. Metolachlor vapor was trapped using polyurethane foam plugs at six heights on a profile mast. Average concentrations were measured at each height every 2 h for the first 4 d after application, then every 4 h thereafter. Volatilization rates were calculated with a flux-gradient technique using data from Bowen ratio and eddy correlation measurements. Flux profile concentrations of metolachlor were large during the first 24 h and quickly declined for the duration of the study. There was approximately a threefold greater cumulative volatilization loss of applied metolachlor from the broadcast (22%) treatment than from the banded treatment (6%) for the 10-d study period. Metolachlor volatilization was affected by residue cover, spatial concentration on the surface, and timing of precipitation. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Biomass Res Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM prueger@nstl.gov NR 29 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 EI 1537-2537 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 75 EP 81 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 159QJ UT WOS:000078184900008 ER PT J AU Pote, DH Daniel, TC Nichols, DJ Sharpley, AN Moore, PA Miller, DM Edwards, DR AF Pote, DH Daniel, TC Nichols, DJ Sharpley, AN Moore, PA Miller, DM Edwards, DR TI Relationship between phosphorus levels in three ultisols and phosphorus concentrations in runoff SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; IRON; PHOSPHATE; SORPTION; ALUMINUM AB Soils that contain high P levels can become a primary source of dissolved reactive P (DRP) in runoff, and thus contribute to accelerated eutrophication of surface waters. In a previous study on Captina soil, several soil test P (STP) methods gave results that were significantly correlated to DRP levels in runoff, but distilled N2O and NH4-oxalate methods gave the best correlations. Because results might differ on other soils, runoff studies were conducted on three additional Ultisols to identify the most consistent STP method for predicting runoff DRP levels, and determine effects of site hydrology on correlations between STP and runoff DRP concentrations. Surface soil (0-2 cm depth) of pasture plots was analyzed by Mehlich III, Olsen, Morgan, Bray-Kurtz P1, NH4-oxalate, and distilled H2O methods. Also, P saturation of each soil was determined by three different methods. Simulated rain (75 mm h(-1)) produced 30 min of runoff from each plot. All correlations of STP to runoff DRP were significant (P < 0.01) regardless of soil series or STP method, with most STP methods giving high correlations (r > 0.90) on all three soils. For a given level of H2O-extractable STP, low runoff volumes coincided with low DRP concentrations. Therefore, when each DRP concentration was divided by volume of plot runoff, correlations to H2O-extractable STP had the same (P < 0.05) regression line for every soil. This suggests the importance of site hydrology in determining P loss in runoff, and may provide a means of developing a single relationship for a range of soil series. C1 USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Agron, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA ARS, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. USDA ARS, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Kentucky, Biosyst & Agr Engn Dept, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. RP Pote, DH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dale Bumpers Small Farms Res Ctr, 6883 S State Hwy 23, Booneville, AR 72927 USA. NR 24 TC 282 Z9 319 U1 9 U2 40 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 170 EP 175 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 159QJ UT WOS:000078184900020 ER PT J AU King, KW Balogh, JC AF King, KW Balogh, JC TI Modeling evaluation of alternative management practices and reclaimed water for turfgrass systems SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID EROSION AB The use of reclaimed water for turfgrass irrigation is being implemented to conserve potable water supplies. Reclaimed water coupled with alternative management strategies may reduce offsite loadings of fertilizers and pesticides. The Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EBIC) water quality model was used to evaluate alternative management practices and reclaimed water for a southern turfgrass system, One green and fairway were modeled for a 65-yr period of climatic record with four treatments. Specifically, the treatments were normal water normal management (NWNM), normal water reduced management (NWRM), reclaimed water normal management (RWNM), and reclaimed water reduced management (RWRM). Surface and subsurface nitrate (NO3-N), fenamiphos (ethyl 3-methyl-4-(methylthio)phenyl (1-methylethyl)phosphoramidate),and MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) losses were evaluated. Significant differences were predicted in NO3-N runoff and leaf hate losses from green management, Mean annual NO3-N losses from runoff were 2.85 kg ha(-1) (NWNM) and 2.05 kg ha(-1) (RWRM), Significant reductions in mean annual surface and subsurface NO3-N losses from fairway conditions were simulated when comparing NWNM (5.11 kg ha(-1) surface; 1.68 kg ha(-1) subsurface) to RWRM (2.69 kg ha(-1) surface; 0.90 kg ha(-1) subsurface). The cited differences in NO3-N losses in runoff and leachate from green and fairway conditions were attributed primarily to irrigation strategies and excess rainfall. Predicted average annual pesticide recovery in runoff and leachate was <0.01% of applied and no significant differences were predicted with respect to treatments. This modeling strategy provides valuable insight into the relative efficacy of implementing reduced management practices for turfgrass systems. C1 USDA ARS, Temple, TX 76502 USA. Spectrum Res Inc, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP USDA ARS, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. EM king@bresun0.tamu.edu NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 EI 1537-2537 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 187 EP 193 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 159QJ UT WOS:000078184900022 ER PT J AU Hunt, PG Stone, KC Humenik, FJ Matheny, TA Johnson, MH AF Hunt, PG Stone, KC Humenik, FJ Matheny, TA Johnson, MH TI In-stream wetland mitigation of nitrogen contamination in a USA coastal plain stream SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID DENITRIFICATION AB Nonpoint source N from riverine origin is a major water quality problem throughout the world. Nitrogen removal from a contaminated (6.6 mg L-1, NO3-N) stream was evaluated in this study using an instream wetland (ISW). The ISW was established at the exit of a 425-ha USDA Water Quality Demonstration watershed in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina,It ranged in depth from about 0.2 to 2 m, and it was <1% (3.3 ha) the size of the watershed. The ISW dramatically lowered mean stream NO3-N from 6.6 to 2.0 mg L-(1.) Nitrate-N mass removal was highly correlated to inflow NO3-N (r = 0.93) in the warmer months when biological processes were more active. Ammonia-N mass removal was opposite that of NO3-N. It was highly correlated to inflow NH3-N (r = 0.81) during the cooler months. Removal of both NO3-N and total-N (NO3-N + TKN) were positively correlated to temperature with r values of 0.77 and 0.62, respectively. Total annual N removal for the ISW was approximately 3 kg ha(-1) d(-1), which was about 37% of the inflow N. The ISWs appear to be very good landscape features for mitigating excess nonpoint source N in the southeastern Coastal Plain of the USA. As such, they are a good complement to other best management practices for improved water quality. C1 ARS, USDA, Florence, SC 29501 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Anim Waste Management Program, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Hunt, PG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 2611 W Lucas St, Florence, SC 29501 USA. NR 22 TC 34 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 249 EP 256 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 159QJ UT WOS:000078184900030 ER PT J AU DeWalle, DR Tepp, JS Swistock, BR Sharpe, WE Edwards, PJ AF DeWalle, DR Tepp, JS Swistock, BR Sharpe, WE Edwards, PJ TI Tree-ring cation response to experimental watershed acidification in West Virginia and Maine SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID FERNOW-EXPERIMENTAL-FOREST; ACIDIC DEPOSITION; RED SPRUCE; ELEMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; SOIL ACIDIFICATION; INDICATORS; NITROGEN; CALCIUM; CHEMISTRY AB The impact of experimental watershed acidification on xylem ration chemistry was evaluated in eight tree species at two sites in West Virginia (Clover Run and Fernow) and one site in Maine (Bear Brook). All sites had received regular additions of (NH4)(2)SO4 equivalent to twice the ambient annual wet plus dry atmospheric deposition of N and S, Multiple wood cores were extracted from tree boles in five trees of each species on treatment and control areas at each site with increment borers. Cores were divided into several age segments and composited for each tree, Ground wood samples were destructively, analyzed for Ca, Mg, Mn, and Al concentrations using inductively coupled plasma emission (ICP) methods, All tree species sampled at the two West Virginia sites exhibited significant Ca and/or Mg concentration decreases and Mn concentration increases in sapwood on the treated relative to control areas after 8 yr of treatment. At Bear Brook, tree-ring concentrations in three species showed similar trends after 5 yr of treatment, but differences were generally not significant. Sapwood molar ratios of Ca/Mn and Mg/Mn were better indicts to soil acidification than Ca/Al due to low Al concentrations and insensitivity of sapwood Al concentrations to treatments. Overall, sapwood chemistry appeared to be a reliable indicator of the current nutrient status of trees; but, except for Japanese larch (Larix leptolepis Sieb, and Zucc), sapwood chemistry did not preserve a record of the chronology of past changes due to treatments. C1 Penn State Univ, Sch Forest Resources, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, Parsons, WV 26287 USA. RP DeWalle, DR (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Sch Forest Resources, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 31 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 299 EP 309 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 159QJ UT WOS:000078184900037 ER PT J AU Wu, J Laird, DA Thompson, ML AF Wu, J Laird, DA Thompson, ML TI Sorption and desorption of copper on soil clay components SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-MATTER; MANGANESE-OXIDE; ADSORPTION; SURFACE; ZINC; MONTMORILLONITE; KINETICS; CADMIUM; IRON AB Toxic effects have been reported due to the accumulation of Cu in soils receiving long-term applications of swine (Sus scrofa) manure, sewage, municipal composts, and mining waste. The objective of this study was to quantify sorption and desorption of Cu on various clay and clay-organic matter fractions separated from a Zook soil (fine, smectitic, mesic Cumulic Vertic Endoaquolls) located in central Iowa. The clay was separated into four particle-size fractions and portions of each fraction mere treated with H2O2 and/or dithionite-citrate-bicarbonate (DCB) for removal of organic matter and free-iron compounds, respectively. A batch-equilibration technique was employed to evaluate sorption of Cu at pH 6.0 in the presence of 0.01 M CaCl2. The sorption isotherms show that Cu was preferentially sorbed on organic matter associated with the coarse clay fraction of the soil. After removal of organic matter, the fine clay (<0.02 mu m) exhibited higher Cu retention than did the coarse (0.2-2.0 mu m) and medium clay (0.02-0.2 mu m). The DCB treatment treated or exposed high-affinity sites for Cu on the fine clay, but had little effect on Cu sorption for the coarse clay. Copper appears to be specifically sorbed on the surfaces of silicate clays in excess of that which can be accounted for by variable charge sites. The results also suggest that Fe oxides may coat lateral surfaces of layer silicates, blocking access of Cu to potential sorption sites, Substantial sorption-desorption hysteresis was observed for all samples, suggesting that Cu forms high-energy bonds with both organic matter and layer-silicate surfaces. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Laird, DA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Laird, David/E-8598-2014 NR 28 TC 69 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 334 EP 338 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 159QJ UT WOS:000078184900041 ER PT J AU Wang, D Ernst, FF Yates, SR AF Wang, D Ernst, FF Yates, SR TI Automated sequential sampler for collection of highly volatile atmospheric contaminants SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID METHYL-BROMIDE VOLATILIZATION; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; SOIL AB Rapid and accurate measurement of atmospheric concentrations of highly volatile organic compounds is important in obtaining reliable information for the assessment of environmental pollution or the volatilization mechanisms of the chemicals. Nonmechanized sample collection requires intensive labor and effort, and may cause large random or systematic errors. An automated solenoid switching system has developed to assist in obtaining precise environmental concentrations of highly volatile organic compounds. The design, construction, and operation are described in the paper for potential application in similar studies Using this sampling system, two experiments were conducted to determine atmospheric volatilization flux density of three highly volatile and reactive organic compounds (methyl bromide, 1,3-dichloropropene, and propargyl bromide). The automated solenoid switching system significantly reduced the requirements for labor and time. Results from the two experiments indicate that reliable sample collection was achieved. The automated sampling system was also relatively inexpensive and can be easily modified to accommodate a variety of sources, sampling intervals, and multiple number of solenoid valves. C1 ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Wang, D (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Spring Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 345 EP 349 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 159QJ UT WOS:000078184900043 ER PT J AU Warthen, JD Leonhardt, BA Cunningham, RT Rice, RE Harte, EM Cook, JM AF Warthen, JD Leonhardt, BA Cunningham, RT Rice, RE Harte, EM Cook, JM TI A new trimedlure plug dispenser for the attraction of male Mediterranean fruit flies SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE trimedlure; medfly; Jackson trap; fly captures; residuals; emission rates; hot weather aging ID FLY DIPTERA; TEPHRITIDAE; FORMULATIONS; PERFORMANCE; TRAPS AB A new commercial plug dispenser containing trimedlure, the parapheromone for male medflies, Ceraritis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), was developed and tested. The dispenser showed high efficacy in comparison to reference cotton wicks baited with trimedlure and to the standard AgriSense plug dispenser, containing trimedlure, now in use in all medfly detection programs. Fly captures were not significantly different with the two styles of plugs when aged and tested in Hawaii. When both plugs were aged in California and then tested in Hawaii, the fly captures with the new plug were not significantly different from the standard AgriSense plug except for being significantly higher for the T-1 and T-2 weeks of aging. The residual amounts of trimedlure in the new plug after each aging period in California compared to that in the AgriSense plug during the same aging period were 6.8% and 3.2% greater for T-0 and T-1 weeks aged, respectively, and 13.6%, 19.1%, and 26.2% less for T-2, T-4, T-6 weeks aged, respectively. However, the emission rates of the California-aged new plug exceeded that of the California-aged standard AgriSense plug by 7.2, 29.6, 33.3, 14.6, and 9.5% for T-0, T-1, T-2, T-4, and T-6, respectively. C1 ARS, USDA, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Trop Fruit & Vegetable Res Lab, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Parlier, CA 93648 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Farma Tech Int, Fresno, CA 93720 USA. RP Warthen, JD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 6 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1093-4529 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL A JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A-Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 3 BP 557 EP 565 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 180CH UT WOS:000079367200004 ER PT J AU Banuelos, GS Ajwa, HA AF Banuelos, GS Ajwa, HA TI Trace elements in soils and plants: An overview SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE inorganic pollutants; phytoremediation; solubilization ID HEAVY-METALS; FULVIC-ACID; ORGANIC-ACIDS; SEWAGE-SLUDGE; ZINC; SELENIUM; CADMIUM; BIOAVAILABILITY; PHYTOREMEDIATION; MANGANESE AB The movement of both essential and non-essential trace elements through agricultural ecosystems and food chains is a complex phenomenon. Such elements as As, B, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, U, V, and Zn, are generally present in soils in low concentrations but concentrations may be elevated because of natural processes and human activities, such as fossil fuel combustion, mining, smelting, sludge amendment to soil, fertilizer application, and agricultural practices. Although a significant effort has been expended over the past 40 years to evaluate and quantify the transfer of trace elements from soils to plants, more attention needs to be given to mechanisms within the soil and plant systems, which influence their solubility, chemical speciation, mobility, and uptake by and transport in plants. The prediction of movement of trace elements in the agricultural ecosystem must be partially based on understanding the soil and plant processes governing chemical form and the uptake and behavior of trace elements within plants. C1 ARS, USDA, Water Management Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Banuelos, GS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Water Management Res Lab, 2021 S Peach, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 82 TC 33 Z9 38 U1 4 U2 25 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1093-4529 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL A JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A-Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 4 BP 951 EP 974 PG 24 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 191CB UT WOS:000080002700011 ER PT J AU Yucel, U Ylim, M Gozek, K Helling, CS Sarykaya, Y AF Yucel, U Ylim, M Gozek, K Helling, CS Sarykaya, Y TI Chlorpyrifos degradation in Turkish soil SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART B-PESTICIDES FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on the Use of Nuclear and Related Techniques for Studying Environmental Behaviour of Crop Protection Chemicals CY JUL 01-05, 1996 CL VIENNA, AUSTRIA DE soil biodegradation; chlorpyrifos; trichloropyridinol residues; supercritical fluid extraction ID HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION; BIODEGRADATION; RESIDUES AB Degradation of chlorpyrifos was evaluated in laboratory studies. Surface (0-15 cm) and subsurface (40-60 cm) clay loam soils from a pesticide-untreated field were incubated in biometer flasks for 97 days at 25 degrees C. The treatment was 2 mu g g(-1) [2,6-pyridinal-C-14] chlorpyrifos, with 74 kBq radioactivity per 100 g soil flask. Evolved (CO2)-C-14 was monitored in KOH traps throughout the experiment. Periodically, soil subsamples were also methanol-extracted [ambient shaking, then supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)], then analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. Total C-14 and unextractable soil-bound C-14 residues were determined by combustion. From the surface and subsurface soils, 41 and 43% of the applied radiocarbon was evolved as (CO2)-C-14 during 3 months incubation. The time required for 50% loss of the parent insecticide in surface and subsurface soils was about 10 days. By 97 days, chlorpyrifos residues and their relative concentration (in surface/subsurface) as % of applied C-14 were: (CO2)-C-14(40.6/42.6), chlorpyrifos (13.1/12.4), soil-bound residues (11.7/11.4), and 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol (TCP) (3.8/4.8). Chlorpyrifos was largely extracted by simple shaking with methanol, whereas TCP was mainly removed only by SFE. The short persistence of chlorpyrifos probably relates to the high soil pH (7.9-8.1). C1 Turkish Atom Energy Author, Ankara Nucl Res & Training Ctr, Ankara 06983, Turkey. USDA ARS, Weed Sci Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ankara Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Chem, TR-06100 Ankara, Turkey. RP Yucel, U (reprint author), Turkish Atom Energy Author, Ankara Nucl Res & Training Ctr, Ankara 06983, Turkey. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 7 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0360-1234 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL B JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B-Pestic. Contam. Agric. Wastes PY 1999 VL 34 IS 1 BP 75 EP 95 DI 10.1080/03601239909373185 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 168UV UT WOS:000078712300006 PM 10048206 ER PT J AU Mostafa, FIY Karns, JS Mulbry, WW AF Mostafa, FIY Karns, JS Mulbry, WW TI An enzyme based assay for differential determination of coumaphos and potasan in cattle dips SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART B-PESTICIDES FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES LA English DT Article DE parathion hydrolase; OPH; fluorescence; waste; biodegradation; ticks ID WASTE TREATMENT; DIPPING VATS; PARATHION; MANAGEMENT AB An enzyme-based assay was developed to monitor the levels of the organophosphate acaricide coumaphos and potasan, a metabolite formed by reductive dechlorination in cattle dipping solutions. The assay relies on the differential rates of hydrolysis of coumaphos and potasan by the enzyme parathion hydrolase (organophosphorous anhydrase [EC 3.1.8.1]). Hydrolysis of coumaphos and potasan yields the fluorescent products chlorferon and 4-methylumbelliferone, respectively. By altering the reaction conditions and measuring the formation of fluorescent compounds in two parallel reactions (one reaction for potasan hydrolysis, one reaction for hydrolysis of potasan and coumaphos), it was possible to measure both coumaphos and potasan in samples from cattle dipping vats and from a bioreactor used for digestion of coumaphos-containing wastes. This sensitive and reliable assay would be suited for use in remote field sites where more conventional chemical analysis is difficult to obtain. C1 USDA, Agr Res Ctr, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Karns, JS (reprint author), USDA, Agr Res Ctr, Soil Microbial Syst Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave Bldg 001,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0360-1234 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL B JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B-Pestic. Contam. Agric. Wastes PY 1999 VL 34 IS 2 BP 193 EP 205 DI 10.1080/03601239909373192 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 180HP UT WOS:000079380300002 ER PT J AU Warthen, JD Avery, JW Cunningham, RT Cook, JM AF Warthen, JD Avery, JW Cunningham, RT Cook, JM TI Attractancy evaluation of ceralure-B1 isomer via field captures of Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera : Tephritidae) SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART B-PESTICIDES FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES LA English DT Article DE ceralure; ceralure-B1; Mediterranean fruit fly; medfly; Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann); Diptera; Tephritidae; trimedlure; attractant ID FLY DIPTERA; MEDFLY ATTRACTANT; TRANS-ISOMERS; TRIMEDLURE; ATTRACTIVENESS; TESTS AB Commercially prepared ceralure-B1, an attractant for the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), was evaluated in trapping tests by comparison with commercial ceralure and trimedlure. Jackson traps were used for medfly captures. The residual ceralure-B1, ceralure, and trimedlure contents of aged dispensers were determined. The results of this study show that male medfly captures from traps with ceralure-B1 were as high or higher than male medfly captures from traps with twice the quantity of ceralure or trimedlure. The use of regioselectively synthesized ceralure-B1, enriched in B1, as a source of a more potent attractant than commercial ceralure and as a more persistent male medfly attractant than trimedlure is reported. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Trop Fruit & Vegetable Res Lab, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. Farma Tech Int, Fresno, CA 93720 USA. RP Warthen, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0360-1234 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL B JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B-Pestic. Contam. Agric. Wastes PY 1999 VL 34 IS 2 BP 333 EP 347 DI 10.1080/03601239909373200 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 180HP UT WOS:000079380300010 ER PT J AU Abdel-Rahman, ARG Wauchope, RD Truman, CC Dowler, CC AF Abdel-Rahman, ARG Wauchope, RD Truman, CC Dowler, CC TI Runoff and leaching of atrazine and alachlor on a sandy soil as affected by application in sprinkler irrigation SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART B-PESTICIDES FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES LA English DT Article DE alachlor; atrazine; chemigation; herbicide; irrigation; leaching; runoff; simulated rainfall; water quality ID SURFACE-APPLIED CHEMICALS; SIMULATED RAINFALL; TRANSPORT; WATER; FORMULATION; PESTICIDES; MOISTURE; RELEASE; EROSION; FIELD AB Rainfall simulation was used with small packed boxes of soil to compare runoff of herbicides applied by conventional spray and injection into sprinkle-irrigation (chemigation), under severe rainfall conditions. It was hypothesized that the larger water volumes used in chemigation would leach some of the chemicals out of the soil surface rainfall interaction zone, and thus reduce the amounts of herbicides available for runoff. A 47-mm rain falling in a 2-hour event 24 hours after application of alachlor (2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)-acetamide) and atrazine (6-chloro-N-ethyl-N'-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) was simulated. The design of the boxes allowed a measurement of pesticide concentrations in splash water throughout the rainfall event. Initial atrazine concentrations exceeding its' solubility were observed. When the herbicides were applied in 64000 L/ha of water (simulating chemigation in 6.4 mn irrigation water) to the surface of a Tifton loamy sand, subsequent herbicide losses in runoff water were decreased by 90% for atrazine and 91% for alachlor, as compared to losses from applications in typical carrier water volumes of 187 L/ha. However, this difference was not due to an herbicide leaching effect but to a 96% decrease in the amount of runoff from the chemigated plots. Only 0.3 mm of runoff occurred from the chemigated boxes while 7.4 mm runoff occurred from the conventionally-treated boxes, even though antecedent moisture was higher in the former. Two possible explanations for this unexpected result are (a) increased aggregate stability in the more moist condition, leading to less surface sealing during subsequent rainfall, or (b) a hydrophobic effect in the drier boxes. In the majority of these pans herbicide loss was much less in runoff than in leachate water. Thus, in this soil application of these herbicides by chemigation would decrease their potential for pollution only in situations where runoff is a greater potential threat than leaching. C1 Desert Res Ctr, Dept Plant Protect, Cairo, Egypt. USDA, Agr Res Serv, Tifton, GA USA. RP Abdel-Rahman, ARG (reprint author), Desert Res Ctr, Dept Plant Protect, Cairo, Egypt. NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0360-1234 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL B JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B-Pestic. Contam. Agric. Wastes PY 1999 VL 34 IS 3 BP 381 EP 396 DI 10.1080/03601239909373204 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 194XV UT WOS:000080220800003 PM 10227190 ER PT J AU Rizzuti, AM Cohen, AD Hunt, PG Vanotti, MB AF Rizzuti, AM Cohen, AD Hunt, PG Vanotti, MB TI Evaluating peats for their capacities to remove odorous compounds from liquid swine manure using head space "solid-phase microextraction" SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART B-PESTICIDES FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES LA English DT Article DE peat; liquid swine manure; odor removal; solid-phase microextraction; hogs ID HOG MANURE; AERATION; WATER; ABILITY; STORAGE; SLURRY AB This paper reports on research designed to investigate the capacities of different highly characterized peats to remove odorous compounds from liquid swine manure (LSM). Feat types representing a wide range of properties were tested in order to establish which chemical and physical properties might be most indicative of their capacities to remediate odors produced by LSM. Eight percent slurries (of peat/LSM) were measured for odor changes after 24 hours using odor panel and GC/MS-Solid-phase microextraction (GC/MS-SPME) analysis. The GC/MS-SPME and odor panel results indicated that, although all peats tested in this study were found to be effective at removing odor-causing compounds found in LSM, some peats tended to work better than others. Overall, the peats that were the most effective at removing odor-causing compounds tended to have lower bulk densities, ash contents, fulvic acids contents, and guaiacyl lignins contents,and higher water holding capacities, hydraulic conductivities, "total other lignins" contents, hydrogen contents, carbon contents, and total cellulose contents. GC/MS-SPME analysis was found to be a reasonably inexpensive and efficient way of conducting this type of research. It allows one to identify a large number of the odor-causing compounds found in LSM, and more importantly, to detect with some precision specific differences in the amounts of these compounds between peat types. C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. USDA ARS, Coastal Plains Soil Water & Plant Res Ctr, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RP Rizzuti, AM (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0360-1234 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL B JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B-Pestic. Contam. Agric. Wastes PY 1999 VL 34 IS 4 BP 709 EP 748 DI 10.1080/03601239909373222 PG 40 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 210GV UT WOS:000081097500009 PM 10390855 ER PT J AU Celis, R Koskinen, WC Cecchi, AM Bresnahan, GA Carrisoza, MJ Ulibarri, M Pavlovic, I Hermosin, MC AF Celis, R Koskinen, WC Cecchi, AM Bresnahan, GA Carrisoza, MJ Ulibarri, M Pavlovic, I Hermosin, MC TI Sorption of the ionizable pesticide imazamox by organo-clays and organohydrotalcites SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART B-PESTICIDES FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES LA English DT Article DE desorption; imazamox; organoclays; organohydrotalcites; sorption ID HYDROTALCITE; SORBENT; WATER; PENTACHLOROPHENOL; HETEROGENEITY; MECHANISM; COMPOUND; SOILS; ACID AB The ability of two montmorillonites, SWy-2 and SAz-1, one hydrotalcite, HT [(Mg3Al(OH)(8))(2). CO3. 4H(2)O], and some of their organoderivatives (organoclays and organohydrotalcites) to sorb the ionizable pesticide imazamox (2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-(methoxymethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid) was determined at different pH levels to determine their potential use as sorbent materials for ionizable organic pollutants. At the pH of the sorbents (pH 6-7), the anionic form of imazamox predominated and the calcined product of HT (HT500) was found to be the best sorbent for imazamox anion. Negligible sorption of imazamox anion was measured on the pure clays, on hydrotalcite and organohydrotalcites, whereas sorption on organoclays was moderate and highly irreversible. Decreasing the pH led to a great increase in the sorption capacity of the organoclays, due to formation of molecular imazamox, which had a great affinity for the interlayer organic phase of the organoclays. In contrast, extensive dissolution of the hydroxide structure of the hydrotalcites at low pH limited their use as sorbent material in acidic conditions. C1 CSIC, Inst Recursos Nat & Agrobiol Sevilla, E-41080 Seville, Spain. USDA ARS, Soil & Water Manag Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58103 USA. Univ Cordoba, Dept Quim Inorgan & Ingn Quim, Cordoba, Spain. RP Celis, R (reprint author), CSIC, Inst Recursos Nat & Agrobiol Sevilla, POB 1052, E-41080 Seville, Spain. RI Celis, Rafael/D-8074-2012 OI Celis, Rafael/0000-0002-0548-0774 NR 20 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 4 U2 21 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0360-1234 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL B JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B-Pestic. Contam. Agric. Wastes PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6 BP 929 EP 941 DI 10.1080/03601239909373237 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 252YJ UT WOS:000083529600001 ER PT J AU Durant, JA Lowry, VK Nisbet, DJ Stanker, LH Corrier, DE Ricke, SC AF Durant, JA Lowry, VK Nisbet, DJ Stanker, LH Corrier, DE Ricke, SC TI Short-chain fatty acids affect cell-association and invasion of HEp-2 cells by Salmonella typhimurium SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART B-PESTICIDES FOOD CONTAMINANTS AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES LA English DT Article DE short chain fatty acids; invasion; HEp-2 cells; Salmonella typhimurium; cell-association ID CULTURED EPITHELIAL-CELLS; ENVIRONMENTAL-REGULATION; COORDINATE REGULATION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GENE-EXPRESSION; GROWTH-PHASE; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; SHIGELLA-FLEXNERI; PEYERS-PATCHES; ORGANIC-ACIDS AB This study demonstrates that the growth of S. typhimurium in Luria Bertani broth supplemented with acetate, propionate, butyrate, or a mixture of the three SCFA, affected cell-association and the ability to invade cultured HEp-2 cells. Cell-association and invasion was determined after growth for 4 h of growth in the presence of the SCFA at pH 6 and 7. The results suggest that the growth rate of the culture may have affected cell-association and invasion since accompanying the significant decrease in growth rate in the presence of SCFA at pH 6 was a decrease in cell-association and invasion. However, the results also suggest that the individual SCFA may play a role in modulating cell-association and the invasion phenotype and the regulation of cell-association and invasion by the SCFA was dependent on the concentration and the pH of the medium. Although the growth rates were similar for S. typhimurium in the SCFA mixture, butyrate (100 mM) and propionate (50 mM) at pH 6, differences in cell-association and invasion were observed among these cultures. Also, at pH 7, differences were observed among the SCFA treatments even though the growth rates were similar. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Vet Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Ricke, SC (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 53 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0360-1234 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL B JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part B-Pestic. Contam. Agric. Wastes PY 1999 VL 34 IS 6 BP 1083 EP 1099 DI 10.1080/03601239909373246 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 252YJ UT WOS:000083529600010 PM 10565427 ER PT J AU Young, MK AF Young, MK TI Summer diel activity and movement of adult brown trout in high-elevation streams in Wyoming, USA SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE activity; brown trout; diel; movement; radiotelemetry ID JUVENILE ATLANTIC-SALMON; RIVER CUTTHROAT TROUT; MICHIGAN STREAM; RAINBOW-TROUT; TRUTTA L; HABITAT; POSITIONS; SALAR; DRIFT; FOOD AB The variation in diel activity patterns was determined by implanting transmitters in adult brown trout of various sizes in two montane streams in two summers in the central Rocky Mountains, U.S.A. More brown trout tended to be active, and to move greater distances, each hour during twilight and night than during the day. Mean hourly light intensity was significantly negatively correlated with the proportion of fish active and with the distance moved. Maximum water temperature was not correlated with any measure of diel activity. Brown trout displayed fidelity to diurnal positions within a given diel cycle. Overall, fish were active an average of 11 h, had an average home range of 41 m, and moved an average of 121 m over the diel cycle. Fish length and distance moved were significantly positively correlated. Water temperature, predator avoidance, and foraging tactics may influence these patterns of diel behaviour in adult brown trout in U.S. streams. (C) 1999 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. RP Young, MK (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 222 S 22nd St, Laramie, WY 82070 USA. NR 39 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 54 IS 1 BP 181 EP 189 DI 10.1006/jfbi.1998.0854 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 156UP UT WOS:000078020700014 ER PT J AU Fasina, OO Ajibola, OO Tyler, RT AF Fasina, OO Ajibola, OO Tyler, RT TI Thermodynamics of moisture sorption in winged bean seed and gari SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID LATENT-HEAT; WATER; VAPORIZATION; ISOTHERMS; FOODS AB Experimental data on sorption isotherms of gari and winged bean seeds were used to determine their thermodynamic functions (heat of vaporization, spreading pressure, net integral enthalpy and entropy). The heat of vaporization of both products reduced with increase in moisture content and approached that of saturated water at moisture contents of about 15%. Within the moisture content range of 2.0 and 18.0%, the net integral enthalpy and net integral entropy of gari were respectively higher and lower than those of winged bean seeds. The maximum net integral enthalpy for gari was 556 kJ/kg and was 335 W/kg for winged bean seeds. The difference in the values of the thermodynamic functions were attributed to the higher amount of oil/fat in winged bean seeds and the presence of gelatinized starch in gari. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Obafemi Awolowo Univ, Dept Agr Engn, Ile Ife, Nigeria. Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Appl Microbiol & Food Sci, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. RP Fasina, OO (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Box 7624, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 34 TC 46 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 3 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0145-8876 J9 J FOOD PROCESS ENG JI J. Food Process Eng. PY 1999 VL 22 IS 6 BP 405 EP 418 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4530.1999.tb00496.x PG 14 WC Engineering, Chemical; Food Science & Technology SC Engineering; Food Science & Technology GA 284CH UT WOS:000085312800002 ER PT J AU Berrang, ME Frank, JF Buhr, RJ Bailey, JS Cox, NA AF Berrang, ME Frank, JF Buhr, RJ Bailey, JS Cox, NA TI Eggshell membrane structure and penetration by Salmonella Typhimurium SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID SHELL QUALITY; HATCHABILITY; HATCHERIES; HENS AB Eggshell membrane was removed from 10 broiler hatching eggs at approximately monthly intervals through the productive life of a commercial flock. A piece of membrane (2 by 2 cm) was used to cover an opening in an apparatus designed to test penetration by Salmonella Typhimurium. The membrane was placed between two chambers as the only means of liquid transfer. The chamber above the membrane was filled with a suspension of Salmonella Typhimurium cells. Sampling of the bottom chamber provided cultural evidence of the penetration by a marker strain of Salmonella Typhimurium. Samples were drawn at 15 min and at 1, 3, 5, 7, 12, 24, and 48 h. Following the cultural penetration experiment, the same pieces of membrane were removed and stained for microscopic examination. Membrane structure was examined with the use of a confocal laser scanning microscope. Each image consisted of a composite of eight 1-mu m optical slices showing the fibers making up the outer surface of the membrane. These images were transferred to an image analysis software package that allowed the measurement of the interfiber area. No clear correlation could be made between the average size of all interfiber areas or the total interfiber area measured in the outer 8 mu m of the outer membrane and the ability of Salmonella Typhimurium to penetrate the same piece of eggshell membrane. C1 USDA, ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Berrang, ME (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Russell Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 8 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 62 IS 1 BP 73 EP 76 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 159YA UT WOS:000078201900014 PM 9921833 ER PT J AU James, J Lamikanra, O Morris, JR Main, G Walker, T Silva, J AF James, J Lamikanra, O Morris, JR Main, G Walker, T Silva, J TI Interstate shipment and storage of fresh muscadine grapes SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article AB Muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia michx.) are highly perishable, with a short harvest season. The objective of this study was to enhance the commercial viability of muscadine grapes by developing harvesting and handling systems through interstate shipment studies, using sulfur dioxide and/or polyethylene overwrap treatments. Cultivars Fry, Summit and Granny Val from Florida, Arkansas and Mississippi, respectively, were shipped from each region to the other in refrigerated trucks for subsequent storage at 0C and evaluation at 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks. Biochemical properties: pH, titratable acidity and degrees Brix, remained fairly constant with time for all cultivars, under all treatments. The cultivar, Granny Val, which was shipped, wrinkled after 2 weeks' storage, but maintained 6 weeks' shelf-life in the in-house study. 'Summit' shelf-life was increased to 4 weeks with SO2 treatment at all test sites while 'Fry' became bleached by SO2. The shelf-life of 'Fry' was 6 weeks in the in-house study using a polyethylene overwrap, but the shelf-life was decreased to 4 weeks after handling and transportation. Shipment of muscadine grapes adversely affected the shelf-life of all the three cultivars. The effect of SO2 treatment and moisture retention on shelf-life of muscadine grapes were cultivar specific. C1 Florida A&M Univ, Ctr Viticultural Sci & Small Farm Dev, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. RP Lamikanra, O (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Proc & Sensory Qual Res Lab, SRRC, POB 19687,1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PY 1999 VL 22 IS 6 BP 605 EP 617 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.1999.tb00274.x PG 13 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 281EY UT WOS:000085146000001 ER PT J AU Walter, WM Truong, VD Espinel, KR AF Walter, WM Truong, VD Espinel, KR TI Effects of puree processing methods on the textural characteristics of an alginate-texturized sweet potato product SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article AB The objective was to determine the effect of sweet potato (SP) puree preparation methods on the properties of texturized SP products. The treatments were separated into two main types in which sliced SPs were cooked prior to puree preparation, or purees were prepared by grinding raw roots, followed by heat processing using steam injection. Purees fr om each treatment were texturized into cylinders 12.7 cm long and 5.5 cm in diameter, using an alginate-calcium system, and frozen. We found that cooked purees prepared by steam injection of raw purees had higher viscosities than did purees made from cooked SP. Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) revealed that texturized product made from SP cooked before puree preparation was the most fracturable and feast springy of the texturized products. Sensory panelists did not express a preference for texturized product from any of the treatments, but 23 % of the panelists noted a grainy texture and/or raw root aroma in products prepared by steam injection of raw purees. In view of these observations and the fact that puree preparation from cooked SP is the simplest process, this process appears to be the best for this type of texturized SP product. C1 USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Walter, WM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 4 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PY 1999 VL 22 IS 6 BP 631 EP 640 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.1999.tb00276.x PG 10 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 281EY UT WOS:000085146000003 ER PT J AU Wang, CY Buta, JG AF Wang, CY Buta, JG TI Methyl jasmonate improves quality of stored zucchini squash SO JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY LA English DT Article ID CHILLING TOLERANCE; INJURY AB Freshly harvested zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L., cv. Elite) were pressure infiltrated (82. 7kPa for 3 min) with an aqueous suspension solution of 0.1 mM methyl jasmonate, while control fruit were similarly infiltrated with distilled water. All fruit were then stored at a chilling temperature of 5C. Chilling injury symptoms developed in the control fruit after 4 days of storage. However, the onset of chilling injury was significantly delayed by methyl jasmonate treatment. The methyl jasmonate treatment not only retarded the development of chilling symptoms in zucchini squash,,but also maintained higher levels of carbohydrates and organic acids during storage compared with the controls. Fructose and glucose were major carbohydrates, and malic acid was the predominant organic acid in zucchini squash. Methyl jasmonate reduced the losses of these sugars and organic acids, and thus helped maintain better internal quality of zucchini squash during cold storage. C1 USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Plant Sci, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wang, CY (reprint author), USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Plant Sci, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 10 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0146-9428 J9 J FOOD QUALITY JI J. Food Qual. PY 1999 VL 22 IS 6 BP 663 EP 670 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4557.1999.tb00279.x PG 8 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 281EY UT WOS:000085146000006 ER PT J AU Pavlath, AE Gossett, C Camirand, W Robertson, GH AF Pavlath, AE Gossett, C Camirand, W Robertson, GH TI Ionomeric films of alginic acid SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE algin; films; multivalent ions; calcium; copper AB Transparent, flexible films could be made by casting aqueous solutions of alginic acid, but they dissolved in water. When films were made from a solution of alginic acid and multivalent ions, they were stilt water soluble. However, when alginic acid films were immersed in a solution of salts with multivalent ions, they dissolved in water much more slowly, if at all. Treatment with calcium and zinc resulted in films insoluble in water and their tensile strength increased by an order of magnitude. Iron and magnesium ions had little effect on properties of the films. Copper and aluminum showed intermediate effect, but treatment with cupric ion resulted in a fast crosslinking of the surface without affecting the inside of the film. This resulted in the formation of a tube when opposing surfaces were pulled apart. C1 ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Pavlath, AE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 14 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 8 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 64 IS 1 BP 61 EP 63 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb09861.x PG 3 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 174DW UT WOS:000079019700013 ER PT J AU Thomson, MS Beeman, RW AF Thomson, MS Beeman, RW TI Assisted suicide of a selfish gene SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Canine Genetics - The Map, the Genes, the Diseases CY JUL 12-13, 1997 CL CORNELL UNIV, ITHACA, NEW YORK HO CORNELL UNIV ID TRIBOLIUM-CASTANEUM; FLOUR BEETLES; DROSOPHILA; INVIABILITY; SPECIATION; HYBRIDS AB Medea (Rn) factors and the hybrid incompatibility factor (H) are involved in two incompatibility systems in flour beetles that were previously thought to be independent. M factors are a novel class of selfish genes that act by maternal lethality to nonself. The H factor causes the death of hybrids with a paternally derived H gene and previously uncharacterized maternal cofactors. We now find that M factors exhibit their selfish behavior only in the absence of the H factor. Furthermore, we show that the previously uncharacterized maternal cofactors required for H-associated hybrid inviability are identical to M factors. We propose that incompatibility between H strains and WI strains is due to suppression by the H factor of the self-rescuing activity of the lethal M genes. This interaction has the effect of converting M elements from selfish into self-destructive or "suicidal" genes. M factors are globally widespread, but are conspicuously absent from India, the only country where the H factor is known to occur. Such a mechanism could prevent the spread of selfish M elements by establishing an absolute barrier to hybridization in the boundary between M and non-M zones. C1 Univ Wisconsin Parkside, Dept Biol Sci, Kenosha, WI 53140 USA. USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Thomson, MS (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin Parkside, Dept Biol Sci, Kenosha, WI 53140 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD29594] NR 13 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 90 IS 1 BP 191 EP 194 DI 10.1093/jhered/90.1.191 PG 4 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 160HW UT WOS:000078225400036 PM 9987929 ER PT J AU Grosz, MD MacNeil, MD AF Grosz, MD MacNeil, MD TI The "spotted" locus maps to bovine chromosome 6 in a hereford-cross population SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; GROWTH-FACTOR; MUTANT MICE; KIT; MUTATIONS; RECEPTOR; GENOME; PH; EXPRESSION; CATTLE AB The spotted locus is responsible for several phenotypically distinguishable piebald patterns in cattle, including Hereford, or white face (S-H), lineback (S-P), and recessive spotting (s), in addition to non-spotted (S+). In a backcross mapping population, the S locus has been mapped by genetic linkage to bovine chromosome 6, between microsatellite markers BM4528 and EL03. This region corresponds comparatively to a region on mouse chromosome 5 which houses several coat color mutations, among which homology is possible with Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma viral oncogene homologue (Kil), patch (Ph), and rump white (Rw). Mutations at these loci resemble mutations at the bovine S locus in both phenotype and mode of inheritance. Data are presented which show genetic linkage between the bovine S locus and microsatellite markers on chromosome 6. Candidate genes for the bovine S locus are discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RP Grosz, MD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ft Keogh Livestock & Range Res Lab, RT 1,Box 2021, Miles City, MT 59301 USA. RI MacNeil, Michael/A-6772-2009 NR 29 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 90 IS 1 BP 233 EP 236 DI 10.1093/jhered/90.1.233 PG 4 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 160HW UT WOS:000078225400044 PM 9987932 ER PT J AU Zantoko, L Shukle, RH AF Zantoko, L Shukle, RH TI An STS linked to a hessian fly locus controlling virulence to resistance gene H13 in wheat SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID MAYETIOLA-DESTRUCTOR; DIPTERA-CECIDOMYIIDAE; CYTOGENETICS; INHERITANCE; POPULATIONS; ABILITY AB We have identified a sequence tagged site (STSE9(617)) linked to both the locus controlling virulence in Hessian fly to resistance gene H13 in wheat (vrH13) and the white-eye (w) locus, w, STSE9(617), and vrH13 are sex linked and occur on a single linkage group The loci were mapped through analysis of recombinant genotypes in backcross progenies. These data contribute toward the development of a genetic map, anchored to the while-eye marker. that includes genes controlling virulence in Hessian fly to resistance in wheat. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Entomol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Shukle, RH (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Entomol, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 90 IS 1 BP 242 EP 247 DI 10.1093/jhered/90.1.242 PG 6 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 160HW UT WOS:000078225400047 ER PT J AU Kohel, RJ Bell, AA AF Kohel, RJ Bell, AA TI Genetic analysis of two terpenoid variants in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article AB We conducted genetic analysis of two terpenoid aldehyde (TA) variants transferred to G. hirsutum L. A high level of methylation (ME) was transferred from G, barbadense L. by direct backcrossing to G. hirsutum. Raimondal accumulation (RA), unique to G. raimondii Ulbr., was transferred by producing a synthetic amphidiploid and backcrossing to G. hirsutum. Progeny tests of the two TA variants were conducted in the field to ensure that the phenotypic expression was repeatable under field conditions and that plants used in the genetic analysis were homozygous. The TA variants were crossed on to TM-1 and the F(1) TA profiles were determined. The F(1) with the ME line had a wild-type (WT) TA profile that indicated that ME was recessively inherited. The F(1) was self-pollinated to produce an F(2), and the F(1) was crossed with the ME line to produce a backcross (BC). Segregation in both populations confirmed that ME was conditioned by a single recessive allele, and we assigned it the symbol meme. The F(1) with the RA line expressed raimondal that indicated that RA was dominantly inherited. The F(1) was self-pollinated to produce an F(2), and the F(1) was crossed to TM-1 to produce a BC. Segregation for the RA variant was complex, in the F(2), segregation was 9 raimondal: 7 none, and in the BC segregation was 1 raimondal: 3 none. This segregation conformed to the segregation of alleles at two loci with epistasis in which a variant allele has to be present at both loci before raimondal is produced. We assigned the gene symbols Ra,Ra,Ra,Ra, to the RA variant. Linkage tests were conducted with virescent-l (v(1)), cup leaf (cu), glandless-1 (gl(1)), frego bract (fg), cluster-1 (cl(1)), Red plant(R(1)), Okra leaf (L(2)degrees), Tomentum (T(1)), Petal spot(R(2)), Yellow pollen (P(1)), Yellow petals (Y(1)), Brown lint (Lc(1)), and Naked seed (N(1)). Neither of the TA variants showed any linkage with the markers in our tests. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Germplasm Res Unit, So Plains Area, So Crops Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. USDA ARS, Cotton Pathol Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Kohel, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Germplasm Res Unit, So Plains Area, So Crops Res Lab, 2765 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 90 IS 1 BP 249 EP 251 DI 10.1093/jhered/90.1.249 PG 3 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 160HW UT WOS:000078225400049 ER PT J AU Hanson, CL Johnson, GL Rango, A AF Hanson, Clayton L. Johnson, Gregory L. Rango, Albert TI COMPARISON OF PRECIPITATION CATCH BETWEEN NINE MEASURING SYSTEMS SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB A site was established by the U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service on the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed in southwest Idaho in the fall of 1987 and operated through the spring of 1994, to compare precipitation catch between nine precipitation-measuring systems. This site was established as a part of the World Meteorological Organization's program to compare current national methods of measuring solid precipitation (snow), so the primary emphasis of this study was the measurement of snowfall. Over seven seasons, four of the systems measured snowfall and total catch, which included snow, mixed snow and rain, and rain events, within 4% of the Wyoming shielded gauge, which had the greatest total catch. These measuring systems were the Alter shielded gauge and the dual-gauge system from the United States, the double-fence shielded gauge from Russia, and the Nipher shielded gauge from Canada. The unshielded universal recording gauge that was mounted with its orifice at 3.05 m had the least catch in all precipitation categories, which amounted to 24% less snow, 18% less mixed snow and rain, and 10% less rain than was measured by the Wyoming shielded gauge. C1 [Hanson, Clayton L.] ARS, USDA, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. [Johnson, Gregory L.] USDA, NRCS, Nat Water & Climate Ctr, Portland, OR 97204 USA. [Rango, Albert] ARS, Hydro Lab, USDA, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hanson, CL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NW Watershed Res Ctr, 800 Pk Blvd,Plaza 4,Ste 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 28 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 7 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 4 IS 1 BP 70 EP 75 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(1999)4:1(70) PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA V15AP UT WOS:000207775200010 ER PT J AU Hjelmfelt, A Wang, MH AF Hjelmfelt, Allen Wang, Menghua TI MODELING HYDROLOGIC AND WATER QUALITY RESPONSES TO GRASS WATERWAYS SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID VEGETATIVE FILTER STRIPS; POLLUTION; RUNOFF AB The impact of vegetation filter strips on runoff, sediment yield, and atrazine loss from a cultivated field was investigated using a physically based, distributed watershed model. The field to which the model is applied has a gentle to flat sloping surface covered by a thin topsoil layer underlain by a claypan and is located in the Goodwater Creek watershed, a USDA research site in central Missouri. The model, which works on a cell basis, was developed to route runoff, sediment, and soluble chemical downslope from one cell to the next. The spatial variability of soil, depth of the topsoil, and vegetation are allowed among cells; each cell, however, is represented as a homogeneous unit. Our investigation indicates that changing waterway cover from natural sparse vegetation to dense grass has great potential for retarding runoff and reducing sediment loss, but it is not effective for controlling atrazine loss on claypan soils. C1 [Hjelmfelt, Allen] ARS, USDA, Cropping Sys & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. [Wang, Menghua] Univ Missouri, Food Sci & Engrg Unit, Columbia, MO USA. RP Hjelmfelt, A (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Cropping Sys & Water Qual Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 4 IS 3 BP 251 EP 256 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(1999)4:3(251) PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA V15AR UT WOS:000207775400009 ER PT J AU Nachabe, MH Ahuja, LR Butters, G AF Nachabe, MH Ahuja, LR Butters, G TI Bromide transport under sprinkler and flood irrigation for no-till soil condition SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE solute transport; irrigation; tillage; bromide AB Understanding the influence of irrigation methods on solute transport is essential to properly manage chemical use in agricultural soils. In this study, we compare the transport of a conservative solute (bromide) under sprinkler and flood irrigations on a sandy clay loam (mixed Ustollic Haplargid) under no-till condition. After spraying 148.8 kg/ha of KBr on the surface, approximate to 25 cm of irrigation water was applied in six increments over two months as flood irrigation on one plot and as sprinkler irrigation on another plot. The net applied water (NAW = irrigation + precipitation - evaporation) was similar for both plots, which allowed the comparison of the Br profiles for the two types of irrigation. Water content and Br concentration were sampled at 5, 19, 34, and 68 days after chemical application. The recovered mass of Br and the location of center of mass were comparable for the two types of irrigation. The spread around the center of mass, however, was higher for the flood-irrigated plot. On the flood-irrigated plot, more mass leached below the depth of 90 cm, with the differences being statistically significant. The velocity of the Br center of mass was consistently 10%-20% larger than the piston displacement velocity. Dispersion and velocity coefficients varied substantially between sampling time. A recent quasi-steady solution of the convection-dispersion equation [M.H. Nachabe, L.R. Ahuja, Quasi-analytical solution for predicting the redistribution of surface-applied chemicals. Trans. ASAE 39(5) (1996) 1659-1664], which accounts for variable flow and dispersion, simulates the Br profiles fairly well. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Nachabe, MH (reprint author), Univ S Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave,ENB 118, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 214 IS 1-4 BP 8 EP 17 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(98)00222-4 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 168FQ UT WOS:000078681400002 ER PT J AU Salvucci, ME Hendrix, DL Wolfe, GR AF Salvucci, ME Hendrix, DL Wolfe, GR TI Effect of high temperature on the metabolic processes affecting sorbitol synthesis in the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sorbitol; polyol; heat stress; ketose reductase; sorbitol dehydrogenase ID HEXOSE-MONOPHOSPHATE SHUNT; PHYSIOLOGICAL-ROLE; HONEYDEW; SUGARS; APHID; OSMOREGULATION; ACCUMULATION; HOMOPTERA; COTTON AB Whiteflies accumulate the polyhydric alcohol, sorbitol, when exposed to temperatures greater than about 30 degrees C. Feeding experiments using artificial diets containing labeled sucrose showed that more of the label was incorporated into whitefly bodies and less was excreted in the honeydew when feeding was conducted at 41 compared with 25 degrees C.;Analysis of the components of the honeydew showed that more of the excreted label was in glucose and fructose and less in trehalulose at 41 degrees C than at 25 degrees C. A similar effect of temperature on honeydew composition occurred for whiteflies feeding on cotton leaves. Measurement of the activities of glycolytic, pentose-phosphate and polyol pathway enzymes at 30 and 42 degrees C showed that NADPH-dependent ketose reductase/sorbitol dehydrogenase (NADPH-KR/SDH), sucrase,. glucokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities were stimulated to a greater extent at 42 degrees C than trehalulose synthase sind fructokinase. NAD(+)-sorbitol dehydrogenase (NAD(+)-SDH) activity was inhibited at 42 degrees C. We propose that high temperature alters metabolic activity in a way that increases the availability of fructose and stimulates pentose-phosphate pathway activity, providing both the substrate and coenzyme for sorbitol synthesis. High temperature also increases the activity of NADPH-KR/SDH, the enzyme in whiteflies that synthesizes sorbitol, but inhibits the activity of NAD(+)-SDH, the enzyme that degrades sorbitol. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Salvucci, ME (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 26 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 45 IS 1 BP 21 EP 27 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(98)00105-X PG 7 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 154DL UT WOS:000077873300004 ER PT J AU Miller, JS Howard, RW Rana, RL Tunaz, H Stanley, DW AF Miller, JS Howard, RW Rana, RL Tunaz, H Stanley, DW TI Eicosanoids mediate nodulation reactions to bacterial infections in adults of the cricket, Gryllus assimilis SO JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE insect immunity; nodulation; eicosanoids; Gryllus assimilis ID MANDUCA-SEXTA; BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE; GALLERIA-MELLONELLA; FATTY-ACIDS; PROSTAGLANDINS; RESPONSES; INSECTS; LARVAE; PHAGOCYTOSIS; BIOSYNTHESIS AB Nodulation is the temporally and quantitatively most important cellular defense reaction to bacterial infections in insects. Inhibition of eicosanoid biosynthesis in adults of the cricket, Gryllus assimilis, immediately prior to intrahemocoelic injections of the bacterium, Serratia marcescens, sharply reduced the nodulation response. Separate treatments with specific inhibitors of phospholipase A,, cyclooxygenase, and lipoxygenase reduced nodulation, supporting our view that nodule formation is a complex process involving lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase products. The inhibitory influence of dexamethasone was apparent within 2 h of injection, and nodulation was significantly reduced, relative to control crickets, over 22 h. The dexamethasone effects were reversed by treating bacteria-injected insects with the eicosanoid-precursor polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid. Low levels of arachidonic acid were detected in fat body phospholipids, and fat body preparations were shown to be competent to biosynthesize eicosanoids from exogenous radioactive arachidonic acid. These findings in a hemimetabolous insect broaden our hypothesis that eicosanoids mediate cellular immune reactions to bacterial infections in most, if not all, insects. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nebraska, Insect Biochem Physiol Lab, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Stanley, DW (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Insect Biochem Physiol Lab, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 23 TC 51 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-1910 J9 J INSECT PHYSIOL JI J. Insect Physiol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 45 IS 1 BP 75 EP 83 DI 10.1016/S0022-1910(98)00089-4 PG 9 WC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology SC Entomology; Physiology; Zoology GA 154DL UT WOS:000077873300010 ER PT J AU Maddox, JV Baker, MD Jeffords, MR Kuras, M Linde, A Solter, LF McManus, ML Vavra, J Vossbrinck, CR AF Maddox, JV Baker, MD Jeffords, MR Kuras, M Linde, A Solter, LF McManus, ML Vavra, J Vossbrinck, CR TI Nosema portugal, n. sp., isolated from gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar L.) collected in Portugal SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE life cycle; biological control; taxonomy; ultrastructure; ribosomal RNA sequence ID MICROSPORA; LEPIDOPTERA; VAIRIMORPHA; SEQUENCE; PARASITE; SPORES AB A microsporidium Nosema portugal n. sp. was isolated from gypsy moths, Lymantria dispar L, collected near Lisbon, Portugal, in 1985. The Life cycle includes two sequential developmental cycles, a primary and a secondary cycle. The primary cycle occurs in midgut epithelial cells, where primary spores are produced within 48 h. The primary spores immediately extrude their polar filaments, presumably to infect other cells. In the target tissues (salivary glands and fat body) the secondary development cycle is followed by the formation of environmental spores. Primary spores were also sometimes present in target tissues. Fresh unfixed and unstained primary spores have a large posterior vacuole and measured 4.8 x 2.7 mu m. Ultrastructurally, they have 5-8 polar filament coils, a large posterior vacuole, abundant endoplasmic reticulum, and were binucleate. Mature unfixed and unstained environmental spores were highly refractive and the posterior vacuole and nuclei could not be seen through the spore coat. Fresh environmental spores measured 4.5 x 1.9 mu m. Ultrastructurally, environmental spores were binucleate, with a typical polaroplast, 10-11 isofilar polar filament coils, and a series of 4-6 thin polar filament-like tubules situated at the posterior end of the row of typical polar filament coils. The ssu rRNA sequences strongly suggest that this species is more closely related to the Vairimorpha subgroup within the Nosema/Vairimorpha clade than to the Nosema subgroup. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Ctr Econ Entomol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Warsaw Univ, Inst Bot, PL-00973 Warsaw, Poland. Univ Appl Sci, D-16225 Eberswalde, Germany. US Forest Serv, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. Charles Univ, Dept Parasitol, Prague 128442, Czech Republic. Connecticut Agr Expt Stn, Dept Soil & Water, New Haven, CT 06504 USA. RP Maddox, JV (reprint author), Illinois Nat Hist Survey, Ctr Econ Entomol, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. RI Vavra, Jiri/H-2157-2014 NR 32 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 73 IS 1 BP 1 EP 14 DI 10.1006/jipa.1998.4817 PG 14 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 154CB UT WOS:000077870000001 ER PT J AU Delgado, FX Britton, JH Onsager, JA Swearingen, W AF Delgado, FX Britton, JH Onsager, JA Swearingen, W TI Field assessment of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) vuillemin and potential synergism with diflubenzuron for control of savanna grasshopper complex (Orthoptera) in Mali SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Beauveria bassiana; grasshoppers; diflubenzuron; fenitrothion; survival rate; synergist; pathogens ID METARHIZIUM-FLAVOVIRIDE; RANGELAND GRASSHOPPERS; COMBINATIONS; TEMPERATURE; COLEOPTERA; ANISOPLIAE; PATHOGEN AB In large-scale held trials in Mall, formulated conidia of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin strain GHA were tested against unconfined grasshopper populations in held plots of 10 ha each. The trials compared B. bassiana conidia formulated in a mineral oil, carrier formulated diflubenzuron, a combination of B. bassiana plus formulated diflubenzuron, and fenitrothion. A total of 30 different species of grasshoppers occurred in the experimental plots, of which 3 were dominant in all plots, namely Cryptocatantops haemorrhoidalis (Krauss), Acrotylus blondeli (Saussure), and Hieroglyphus daganensis (Krauss). The density of grasshopper populations in the plots was determined by the number of grasshoppers counted in 0.1-m(2) rings laid out in repeated transects. All treatments significantly reduced the grasshopper densities in the experimental plots compared to the untreated controls. After 14 days posttreatment the grasshopper populations decreased by 38.1% in plots treated with B. bassiana done, 29.4% in plots treated with diflubenzuron alone, and 55.6% in plots treated with the B. bassiana plus diflubenzuron. Effects of the diflubenzuron-B. bassiana mixture were additive and not synergistic. In the fenitrothion plots, after a drop of 95.5% within the first 48 h after the treatment, the grasshopper population steadily increased at a rate of 12.4% per day for the remainder of the 14-day period, whereas densities in the other treated plots continued to decrease. These trials suggest that B. bassiana, with or without a diflubenzuron additive, exerts a continuous effect over a prolonged period. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Entomol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Mycotech Corp, Butte, MT 59701 USA. USDA ARS, Sidney, MT 59270 USA. RP Delgado, FX (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Entomol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 28 TC 17 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 73 IS 1 BP 34 EP 39 DI 10.1006/jipa.1998.4804 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 154CB UT WOS:000077870000004 PM 9878287 ER PT J AU Lupiani, B Raina, AK Huber, C AF Lupiani, B Raina, AK Huber, C TI Development and use of a PCR assay for detection of the reproductive virus in wild populations of Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Helicoverpa zea reproductive virus (HzRV); Helicoverpa zea; corn earworm; polymerase ID ENHANCEMENT; DIAGNOSIS; SEQUENCES; DNA AB Helicoverpa zea reproductive virus (HzRV) is a nonoccluded bacilliform Virus that affects both female and male moths of the corn earworm H. zea. In order to study the biology and host range of HzRV, a bioassay was previously developed to detect the presence of this virus in infected insects. A drawback of this bioassay is that it is time consuming and requires more than a month to complete. Here we describe the development of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the rapid detection of HzRV in infected corn earworms. The genome of HzRV was digested with PstI and cloned into a plasmid vector. Sequences hom two different clones, P4 and P13, were selected for designing;two sets of primers. These primers were used for PCR and their sensitivity and specificity in detecting HzRV DNA were examined. Both sets of primers produced the expected amplification product in samples containing HzRV DNA but not in uninfected corn earworm samples, Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf-9) cells, or samples from the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. In addition, the primer pair of the clone P13 was sensitive enough to detect approximately 175 copies of viral DNA. We then used this assay to examine feral populations of H. zea from seven geographical locations in the United States. HzRV was detected primarily in the Mississippi populations and to a lesser extent in Iowa and Georgia, but none in Maryland, Missouri, and Texas populations. This PCR assay provides a highly specific, sensitive, and rapid way of detecting the presence of HzRV and will be useful in further studying the host range, tissue specificity, and incidence of this virus in wild populations of the corn earworm. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Raina, AK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beneficial Insects Res Unit, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RI Lupiani, Blanca/A-5267-2011 NR 19 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 73 IS 1 BP 107 EP 112 DI 10.1006/jipa.1998.4812 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 154CB UT WOS:000077870000013 ER PT J AU Tarrant, MA Cordell, HK AF Tarrant, MA Cordell, HK TI Environmental justice and the spatial distribution of outdoor recreation sites: an application of geographic information systems SO JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE environmental justice; geographic information systems; outdoor recreation sites; national forests; logit analysis; sustainability; locally unwanted land uses ID ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; LEISURE; SATISFACTION; COMMUNITY; LIFE; ATTITUDES; EQUITY AB This study examines the spatial distribution of outdoor recreation sites and their proximity to census block groups (CBGs), in order to determine potential socioeconomic inequities. It is framed within the context of environmental justice. Information from the Southern Appalachian Assessment database was applied to a case study of the Chattahoochee National Forest in North Georgia. Outdoor recreation sites (campgrounds, wilderness areas, good/poor fisheries habitat, and overcrowded recreation sites) were mapped using geographic information systems. All CBGs (n = 200) contained by, and within 1500 meters (approximately one mile), of the Chattahoochee National Forest were identified and characterized by four socioeconomic variables (race, household income, heritage, and occupation). Logit analysis was conducted to determine the spatial relationships between outdoor recreation sites and CBG variables. Results show that household income was the only significant predictor (p < .05) of proximity to outdoor recreation sites. CBGs with a higher proportion of lower income households were significantly more likely to be situated within 1500 meters of a wilderness area, campground, and/or good fisheries habitat than CBGs with higher incomes. Implications for identifying recreation as a locally desirable or undesirable land-use, applying benefits-based management, and considering sustainable community development in national forest management are addressed. C1 Univ Georgia, Ramsey Ctr 347, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, Athens, GA USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Recreat & Leisure Studies, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Tarrant, MA (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Ramsey Ctr 347, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 56 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 18 PU NATL RECREATION PARK ASSN PI ARLINGTON PA 2775 S. QUINCY STREET SUITE 300, ARLINGTON, VA 22206-2204 USA SN 0022-2216 J9 J LEISURE RES JI J. Leis. Res. PY 1999 VL 31 IS 1 BP 18 EP 34 PG 17 WC Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism; Sociology SC Social Sciences - Other Topics; Sociology GA 195UK UT WOS:000080270400002 ER PT J AU Winter, PL Palucki, LJ Burkhardt, RL AF Winter, PL Palucki, LJ Burkhardt, RL TI Anticipated responses to a fee program: The key is trust SO JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE social trust; fees on public lands; communities of interest; communities of place ID INFORMATION; RISK AB Anticipated responses to a proposed recreation fee program were examined through the use of focus groups and self-administered questionnaires. Varied communities of interest (based on ethnicity and recreation activity groups) and communities of place (based on residency within a National Forest boundary and greater geographic proximity) were targeted for the study. Conditional acceptance, and in some cases outright disapproval, were expressed during the group discussions. Social trust was revealed as the most significant predictor of anticipated impacts of new fees, general attitudes towards the recreation fees, and amounts respondents were willing to pay for daily and annual passes. Age, ethnicity and income were less helpful in understanding public response to fees, even though there were distinct differences between the communities. The importance of social trust to understanding the responses of these selected communities suggests the need for greater consideration of trust in agency/ public exchanges. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. Claremont Grad Univ, Claremont, CA 91711 USA. RP Winter, PL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 36 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RECREATION PARK ASSN PI ARLINGTON PA 2775 S. QUINCY STREET SUITE 300, ARLINGTON, VA 22206-2204 USA SN 0022-2216 J9 J LEISURE RES JI J. Leis. Res. PY 1999 VL 31 IS 3 BP 207 EP 226 PG 20 WC Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism; Sociology SC Social Sciences - Other Topics; Sociology GA 259VB UT WOS:000083913700002 ER PT J AU More, TA AF More, TA TI A functionalist approach to user fees SO JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE user fees; equity; economic efficiency; recreation policy ID IMPACT AB Few recreation issues are more controversial than imposing fees for access to public lands. Fee proponents argue that user fees: (a) promote equity by charging users directly; (b) increase economic efficiency; and (c) generate needed revenue. However, the argument from equity ignores the existence of nonuse values and fails to consider the effect of fees on people at the margin, particularly the working class. The efficiency argument relies on questionable assumptions about value and willingness to pay and weights public policy toward the preferences of the affluent. The argument from revenue generation tends to advance agency interests that may not be perceived as being consistent with the interests of the general public. As an alternative, I propose a functionalist perspective that focuses on the purposes associated with public-sector management of parks and recreation. Public parks, facilities, and programs must serve public objectives. It is these objectives that determine the appropriateness of user fees, a point that has been largely lost in the discussions of the mechanics of setting fees. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. RP More, TA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, POB 968, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. NR 43 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 4 PU NATL RECREATION PARK ASSN PI ARLINGTON PA 2775 S. QUINCY STREET SUITE 300, ARLINGTON, VA 22206-2204 USA SN 0022-2216 J9 J LEISURE RES JI J. Leis. Res. PY 1999 VL 31 IS 3 BP 227 EP 244 PG 18 WC Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism; Sociology SC Social Sciences - Other Topics; Sociology GA 259VB UT WOS:000083913700003 ER PT J AU Williams, DR Vogt, CA Vitterso, J AF Williams, DR Vogt, CA Vitterso, J TI Structural equation modeling of users' response to wilderness recreation fees SO JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE wilderness; recreation fees; pricing; wilderness experience; structural equation modeling ID PAST-EXPERIENCE; INVOLVEMENT; EFFICIENCY; BEHAVIOR AB This paper examines wilderness users'response to recently established overnight camping fees at the Desolation Wilderness in California. Fee program evaluations have typically focused on economic or revenue issues, distributional or equity impacts of various pricing strategies, and questions of price fairness. In the case of wilderness recreation fees, it is also important to recognize the complex public purpose of wilderness and the long history of not having access fees in wilderness. To evaluate these various factors, this paper examines the impart of past wilderness experience and residential proximity on response to wilderness use fees using data from the 1997 Desolation Wilderness Fees Study. The results suggest general support for wilderness use fees, bur fees are judged to be less appropriate for wilderness than for more developed recreation facilities and services. Structural equation modeling shows that experienced wilderness users, experienced Desolation Wilderness users, and users residing in close proximity to the Desolation Wilderness are less supportive of fees and less likely to see positive benefits from fees. A history of paying fees for access to other recreation sites and perceptions of wilderness problems, though positively related to past wilderness experience, do not contribute to fee support. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Recreat Management & Tourism, Tempe, AZ USA. Eastern Norway Res Fdn, Lillehammer, Norway. RP Williams, DR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. RI Williams, Daniel/D-8114-2011 OI Williams, Daniel/0000-0003-2428-0345 NR 40 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL RECREATION PARK ASSN PI ARLINGTON PA 2775 S. QUINCY STREET SUITE 300, ARLINGTON, VA 22206-2204 USA SN 0022-2216 J9 J LEISURE RES JI J. Leis. Res. PY 1999 VL 31 IS 3 BP 245 EP 268 PG 24 WC Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism; Sociology SC Social Sciences - Other Topics; Sociology GA 259VB UT WOS:000083913700004 ER PT J AU Schroeder, HW Louviere, J AF Schroeder, HW Louviere, J TI Stated choice models for predicting the impact of user fees at public recreation sites SO JOURNAL OF LEISURE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE recreation,fees; choice models; logit AB A crucial question in the implementation of fee programs is how the users of recreation sites will respond to various levels and types of fees. Stated choice models can help managers anticipate the impact of user fees on people's choices among the alternative recreation sites available to them. Models developed for both day and overnight trips to several areas and types of sites in the Midwest have included user fees as one of the site attributes used to predict choices. Two of these models are presented to illustrate how stated choice models can help assess the impact of fee changes on the likelihood of choosing a site, and the importance of fees relative to other site attributes in people's choices. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Evanston, IL 60202 USA. Univ Sydney, Dept Mkt, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. RP Schroeder, HW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, 845 Chicago Ave,Suite 225, Evanston, IL 60202 USA. NR 18 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL RECREATION PARK ASSN PI ARLINGTON PA 2775 S. QUINCY STREET SUITE 300, ARLINGTON, VA 22206-2204 USA SN 0022-2216 J9 J LEISURE RES JI J. Leis. Res. PY 1999 VL 31 IS 3 BP 300 EP 324 PG 25 WC Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism; Sociology SC Social Sciences - Other Topics; Sociology GA 259VB UT WOS:000083913700007 ER PT J AU Smith, RA Kreeger, JM Alvarez, AJ Goin, JC Davis, WC Whipple, DL Estes, DM AF Smith, RA Kreeger, JM Alvarez, AJ Goin, JC Davis, WC Whipple, DL Estes, DM TI Role of CD8(+) and WC-1(+) gamma/delta T cells in resistance to Mycobacterium bovis infection in the SCID-bo mouse SO JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE T cell receptor; antibody treatment ID INTERFERON-GAMMA RECEPTOR; BACILLUS-CALMETTE-GUERIN; DELTA-LYMPHOCYTES-T; TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; MICE; CATTLE; SUBPOPULATIONS; RECOGNITION; DEFICIENCY AB The role of various effector T cell populations in the bovine immune response to Mycobacterium bovis infection is poorly understood, This is largely due to the difficulties associated with performing in vivo challenge studies in the natural host species. in this report, we utilized a fetal bovine-severe combined immunodeficient (SCID-bo) xenochimeric mouse model to study the protective role of two putative effector cell types, CD8(+) T cells and a subpopulation of gamma/delta T cells that express WC-1, a member of the cysteine-rich scavenger receptor superfamily (CRSR). We demonstrate that CD8+ T cells play a hey role in protection and contribute substantially to bovine IFN-gamma mRNA levels at 30 days post-infection. The role of WC-1 bearing cells to protection Tvas less definitive but our results suggest that this population may play a pivotal role early in infection. Granuloma architecture was altered in anti-WC-1 (ILA29) but not anti-CD8 (ILA51)-treated animals, suggesting that this population may be involved in recruitment of various cell types to sites of infection. C1 Univ Missouri, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol & Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Zoonot Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Estes, DM (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, 210 Connaway Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 34 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0741-5400 J9 J LEUKOCYTE BIOL JI J. Leukoc. Biol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 65 IS 1 BP 28 EP 34 PG 7 WC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology SC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology GA 155MF UT WOS:000077950400005 PM 9886243 ER PT J AU Chitko-McKown, CG Heaton, MP Grosse, WM Laegreid, WW AF Chitko-McKown, CG Heaton, MP Grosse, WM Laegreid, WW TI Identification, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery, and linkage mapping of bovine immune response genes. SO JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0741-5400 J9 J LEUKOCYTE BIOL JI J. Leukoc. Biol. PY 1999 SU S MA 44 BP 16 EP 16 PG 1 WC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology SC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology GA 225QX UT WOS:000081973200046 ER PT J AU Eicher, SD Blecha, F AF Eicher, SD Blecha, F TI beta-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae accumulates predominantly in pig lungs and IL-1 receptor antagonist mRNA is detected in beta-glucan stimulated porcine alveolar macrophages. SO JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Anat & Physiol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0741-5400 J9 J LEUKOCYTE BIOL JI J. Leukoc. Biol. PY 1999 SU S MA 49 BP 17 EP 17 PG 1 WC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology SC Cell Biology; Hematology; Immunology GA 225QX UT WOS:000081973200049 ER PT J AU Shelver, WL Huwe, JK AF Shelver, WL Huwe, JK TI The application of immunoaffinity chromatography for the analysis of tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in bovine milk SO JOURNAL OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY & RELATED TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Article ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY; IMMUNOASSAY; SAMPLES; CONTAMINATION; EXTRACTION; ASSAY; PCDD AB An immunoaffinity column generated by cross-linking a polyclonal chicken antibody with CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B was used for isolation of 1,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1,3,7,8-TCDD) from bovine milk. Direct application of a milk sample, even if diluted 1:50 with 0.05% Triton X-100, interfered with the binding of 1,3,7,8-TCDD to the column, Pre-immunoaffinity column clean-up using liquid-liquid extraction followed by solid phase extraction produced excellent retention of 1,3,7,8-TCDD by the column. The TCDD was easily eluted by increasing the Triton X-100 concentration to 0.5%. Although analysis of milk samples requires more stringent clean up than serum samples, the immunoaffinity chromatography column procedures provide specific clean-up for these samples. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Shelver, WL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, State Univ Stn, POB 5674, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 12 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1082-6076 J9 J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T JI J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. PY 1999 VL 22 IS 6 BP 813 EP 821 DI 10.1081/JLC-100101700 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 181BB UT WOS:000079419800002 ER PT J AU Neff, WE List, GR Byrdwell, WC AF Neff, WE List, GR Byrdwell, WC TI Quantitative composition of high palmitic and stearic acid soybean oil triacylglycerols by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography: Utilization of evaporative light scattering and flame ionization detectors SO JOURNAL OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY & RELATED TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Article ID OXIDATIVE STABILITY AB Triacylglycerol species (TAG) of oils from five genetically modified soybean varieties were resolved by gradient reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The eluting TAG were detected and quantitated without the requirement for TAG response factors or calibration curves for the detector response by an improved evaporative light scattering detector and by a flame ionization detector. The accuracy of the improved light scattering detector for TAG analysis was checked by comparing the absolute error and average absolute error between experimental fatty acid composition obtained by calibrated gas chromatography of the transmethylated soybean oil and the calculated fatty acid composition obtained from the TAG composition of the soybean oil. Low absolute and average absolute errors were obtained for the quantitative TAG analysis by the improved light scattering detector. Thus, this light scattering detector is suitable without the need for detector calibration for routine quantitative analysis of vegetable oil TAG mixtures. The evaporative light scattering detector showed absolute and average absolute errors compared to TAG quantitative analysis obtained by the flame ionization detector. C1 USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Neff, WE (reprint author), USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. OI Byrdwell, William/0000-0001-8241-428X NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1082-6076 J9 J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T JI J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. PY 1999 VL 22 IS 11 BP 1649 EP 1662 DI 10.1081/JLC-100101758 PG 14 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 210PX UT WOS:000081114800002 ER PT J AU Ketchum, REB Luong, JV Gibson, DM AF Ketchum, REB Luong, JV Gibson, DM TI Efficient extraction of paclitaxel and related taxoids from leaf tissue of Taxus using a potable solvent system SO JOURNAL OF LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY & RELATED TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Article ID CELL-CULTURES; PACIFIC YEW; BREVIFOLIA; TAXANES; NEEDLES; BARK; CHROMATOGRAPHY; SEPARATION; GROWTH; HPLC AB Leaves of Taxus x media and Taxus brevifolia were examined for their potential use as a source of paclitaxel and related taxoids. Various solvent systems were compared for their efficacy in the extraction of paclitaxel, as well as the extraction of contaminating residue. A method of extraction has been developed that enriches paclitaxel by over 500-fold using only potable solvents in combination with solid phase extraction, thus avoiding the use of chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent systems. This solvent system can be used on fresh leaf material, eliminating the need for drying material before extraction, and preventing degradation of the taxoids during the drying process. Using these methods, paclitaxel constituted 0.01 to 0.02% of the dry weight of the leaf tissue from Taxus x media, and 0.04% from dried leaves of Taxus brevifolia. C1 USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Ketchum, REB (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1082-6076 J9 J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T JI J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol. PY 1999 VL 22 IS 11 BP 1715 EP 1732 DI 10.1081/JLC-100101762 PG 18 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 210PX UT WOS:000081114800006 ER PT J AU Sarkar, NK Karmaker, A Prasad, A Shih, F AF Sarkar, NK Karmaker, A Prasad, A Shih, F TI Simulation of in vivo degradation of dental composites SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID WATER; FILLER; WEAR C1 Louisiana State Univ, Sch Dent, New Orleans, LA 70119 USA. Jener Pentron Inc, Wallingford, CT 06492 USA. USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Sarkar, NK (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Sch Dent, New Orleans, LA 70119 USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0261-8028 J9 J MATER SCI LETT JI J. Mater. Sci. Lett. PY 1999 VL 18 IS 21 BP 1749 EP 1752 DI 10.1023/A:1006666808669 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 237UW UT WOS:000082675300011 ER PT J AU Schmidtmann, ET Tabachnick, WJ Hunt, GJ Thompson, LH Hurd, HS AF Schmidtmann, ET Tabachnick, WJ Hunt, GJ Thompson, LH Hurd, HS TI 1995 epizootic of vesicular stomatitis (New Jersey serotype) in the western United States: An entomologic perspective SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE vesicular stomatitis virus; livestock disease; insect vectors; arbovirus; western United States; epizootiology ID VIRUS NEW-JERSEY; LUTZOMYIA-SHANNONI DIPTERA; VECTOR COMPETENCE; OSSABAW ISLAND; COLORADO; GEORGIA; TRANSMISSION; PSYCHODIDAE; SIMULIIDAE; CALIFORNIA AB Entomologic and epizootic data are reviewed concerning the potential for transmission of vesicular stomatitis (VS) virus by insects, including field data from case-positive premises in New Mexico and Colorado during the 1995 outbreak of the New Jersey serotype (VSNJ). As with previous outbreaks of VSNJ in the western United States, the 1995 epizootic illustrated that risk of exposure is seasonal, increasing during warm weather and decreasing with onset of cool weather; virus activity spread from south to north along river valleys of the southwestern and Rocky Mountain states; clinical disease was detected most commonly in horses, but also occurred in cattle and 1 Ilama; and most infections were subclinical. Overall, 367 case-positive premises were identified during the 1995 outbreak, with foci of virus activity along the Rio Grande River south of Albuquerque, NM, in southwestern Colorado, and along the Colorado River near Grand Junction, CO. The establishment of a 16-km (10-mile) radius zone of restricted animal movement around confirmed positive premises, along with imposition of state and international embargoes, created economic hardship for livestock owners and producers. The importance of defining the role of blood-feeding insects as biological vectors of VSNJ virus relative to risk factors that promote high levels of insect transmission, such as the presence of livestock along western river valleys, blood feeding activity, and frequent transport of animals for recreational purposes, is emphasized as a basis for developing effective disease management. C1 USDA ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Schmidtmann, ET (reprint author), USDA ARS, Arthropod Borne Anim Dis Res Lab, Box 3965,Univ Stn, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. NR 41 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 36 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 PG 7 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 157WT UT WOS:000078085200001 PM 10071485 ER PT J AU Meola, RW Dean, SR Meola, SM Sittertz-Bhatkar, H Schenker, R AF Meola, RW Dean, SR Meola, SM Sittertz-Bhatkar, H Schenker, R TI Effect of lufenuron on chorionic and cuticular structure of unhatched larval Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera : Pulicidae) SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ctenocephalides felis; lufenuron; chitin synthesis inhibitor; cuticle ID CAT FLEA SIPHONAPTERA; DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES; DIFLUBENZURON; EFFICACY; INTEGUMENT; CGA-184699; INHIBITION; PUPAE; DOGS AB When adult cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche), were fed concentrations of less than or equal to 0.08 ppm lufenuron in cattle blood, egg hatch did not differ significantly from the controls. However, as the concentration of lufenuron in blood increased from 0.125 to 1.0 ppm egg hatch decreased to 64 and 2%, respectively. Most of these eggs contained fully developed larvae. Microscopic examination of unhatched larvae, revealed that the cuticle, epidermal cells, chorion, and vitelline membrane all were affected by lufenuron treatment. Larvae often produced 2 separate cuticles in response to treatment. The Ist cuticle consisted of an indistinct layer of epicuticle and a procuticle composed of randomly deposited chitin microfibrils. After the Ist layer of procuticle separated from the epidermal cells, a 2nd layer of procuticle was deposited. It was not possible to determine whether the egg tooth was functional during larval hatch. The surface of the egg tooth appeared normal, but the cuticle may have had structural abnormalities similar to those seen in other areas of the exoskeleton. Structural defects appeared to be due to the cytotoxic effects of lufenuron. The epidermal cells of treated larvae showed evidence of disintegration (i.e., the nuclei and mitochondria appeared to be degenerating and the amount of endoplasmic reticulum and other cytoplasmic organelles was decreased). The chorion of lufenuron-treated larvae consisted of an outer layer, middle and inner layers that were thinner and less electron dense than those of controls, and lacked the innermost chorionic layer found in the control larvae. The vitelline membrane also was thinner than that of the controls. Larval hatching was prevented by ruptures in the cuticle, which opened during eclosion resulting in the loss of hemolymph and desiccation of the larva. Evidently, tearing of the cuticle was caused by abnormal formation of the procuticle that was not strong enough to withstand the cuticular expansion and muscular movement of the larva within the egg shell. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Electron Microscopy, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Novartis Anim Hlth, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. RP Meola, RW (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Entomol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 30 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 36 IS 1 BP 92 EP 100 PG 9 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 157WT UT WOS:000078085200015 PM 10071499 ER PT J AU Wu, C Siems, WF Hill, HH Hannan, RM AF Wu, C Siems, WF Hill, HH Hannan, RM TI Improved supercritical fluid chromatography ion mobility spectrometry interface SO JOURNAL OF MICROCOLUMN SEPARATIONS LA English DT Article DE ion mobility spectrometry; supercritical fluid chromatography; detector AB This article describes the construction and performance of a restrictor heater for interfacing an ion mobility detector (IMD) to a supercritical fluid chromatograph. In this interface design, an independent heating system controlled the temperature of the supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) column restrictor up to 325 degrees C. The performance of this direct SFC-IMD interface was evaluated by separating and detecting test compounds that do not contain chromophore groups and cannot be detected by UV/visible detection methods. Polydimethylsilicone (PDMS) oligomers with molecular weights larger than 4000 amu were efficiently separated and detected when the restrictor was heated to 325 degrees C. Overall detector sensitivity and chromatographic resolution were improved with the novel interface. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Chem, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Hill, HH (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Chem, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1040-7685 J9 J MICROCOLUMN SEP JI J. Microcolumn Sep. PY 1999 VL 11 IS 4 BP 251 EP 257 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 181UN UT WOS:000079461000001 ER PT J AU Spande, TF Jain, P Garraffo, HM Pannell, LK Yeh, HJC Daly, JW Fukumoto, S Imamura, K Tokuyama, T Torres, JA Snelling, RR Jones, TH AF Spande, TF Jain, P Garraffo, HM Pannell, LK Yeh, HJC Daly, JW Fukumoto, S Imamura, K Tokuyama, T Torres, JA Snelling, RR Jones, TH TI Occurrence and significance of decahydroquinolines from dendrobatid poison frogs and a myrmicine ant: Use of H-1 and C-13 NMR in their conformational analysis SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID DL-PUMILIOTOXIN-C; VENOM ALKALOIDS; SKIN ALKALOIDS; INDOLIZIDINES; QUINOLIZIDINES; PYRROLIZIDINES; SOLENOPSIS AB Structures for 2,5-disubstituted decahydroquinolines (DHQs) are reported for the two diastereomeric pairs cis-275B (14) and cis-275B' (15) and 5-epi-trans-269AB (18) and trans-269AB (19), all isolated from skin extracts of dendrobatid frogs, and for 5-epi-cis-275B' (16) and 5-epi-trans-275B (17) found in the extracts of virgin queens of a myrmicine ant [Solenopsis (Diplorhoptrum) azteca]. Detection of such DHQs in an ant, their first reported occurrence, strengthens a dietary hypothesis for the origin of the approximately 30 DHQs that have been detected in extracts of frog skin. NMR data on the two conformers of cis-decahydroquinoline permit assignment of ring conformations and stereochemistry to cis-DHQs of the "N-endo" type or the "N-exo" type. These conformations are also assigned on whether H-8a is equatorial or axial as determined with E-COSY or 1D-HOHAHA spectra. C1 NIH, Bioorgan Chem Lab, NIDDK, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Shimadzu Corp, Kanagawa 2591304, Japan. Toyo Polymer Co Ltd, Osaka 5640044, Japan. Osaka City Univ, Fac Sci, Osaka 585, Japan. Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Biol, San Juan, PR 00931 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. Los Angeles Cty Museum Nat Hist, Los Angeles, CA 90007 USA. Virginia Mil Inst, Dept Chem, Lexington, VA 24450 USA. RP Spande, TF (reprint author), NIH, Bioorgan Chem Lab, NIDDK, Bldg 10, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM Thomassp@bdg8.niddk.nih.gov NR 31 TC 75 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 62 IS 1 BP 5 EP 21 DI 10.1021/np980298v PG 17 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 159QX UT WOS:000078186300002 ER PT J AU Reeves, JB AF Reeves, JB TI Mid- versus near infrared spectroscopic analysis of diversely treated feedstuffs SO JOURNAL OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE near infrared; mid-infrared; treated feeds; NDF; CP; MLR; PLS ID FORAGES; DELIGNIFICATION; RESIDUES AB The objectives of this study were to determine the advantages and disadvantages of using mid-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy versus near infrared for the analysis of diversely-treated forages and by-products, and to compare the relative merits of calibration development using multi-linear regression versus partial least squares regression for such samples. Study samples (325) were randomly selected from 2808 possible sample-treatment combinations generated using 18 feedstuffs, 26 treatments (acids, bases, oxidising and reducing agents, heat etc.), and six levels of reagent for each treatment. Neutral detergent fibre and crude protein were determined on all samples and calculated on an organic dry matter basis. Neat samples were scanned (256 co-added scans) from 4000 to 400 cm(-1) at 4 and 16 cm(-1) resolutions on a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer equipped with a sample transport device, and in the near infrared (1100-2498 nm) using a scanning monochromator (64 co-added scans). Calibration results using 4 cm-l resolution mid-infrared spectra were equal to those obtained using near infrared spectra, While the results for both spectral regions using partial least squares regression were an improvement over those using multi-linear regression, neither region produced calibrations equal to those obtained for less diversely treated or non-treated samples. The results obtained also showed that: (1) visual determination of likely compositional or spectral outliers is not obviously feasible using either near or mid-infrared spectra; (2) changes in spectra due to treatment can be much more easily attributed to compositional components using mid- as opposed to near infrared spectra; (3) examination of either mid-infrared PLS or PCR factors can be useful in determining compositional changes caused by treatments, while near infrared PLS and PCR factors appear to be dominated by moisture differences. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Reeves, JB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU N I R PUBLICATIONS PI CHICHESTER PA 6 CHARLTON MILL, CHARLTON, CHICHESTER PO18 0HY, WEST SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0967-0335 J9 J NEAR INFRARED SPEC JI J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. PY 1999 VL 7 IS 2 BP 89 EP 100 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Applied; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 240CF UT WOS:000082807600004 ER PT J AU Reeves, JB McCarty, GW Meisinger, JJ AF Reeves, JB McCarty, GW Meisinger, JJ TI Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for the analysis of agricultural soils SO JOURNAL OF NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE carbon; near infrared; NIR reflectance spectroscopy; nitrogen; organic matter; soils ID NITROGEN AB The objective of this work was to investigate the usefulness of near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy in determining: (i) various constituents (total N, total C, active N, biomass and mineralisable N, and pH), (ii) parameters (soil source, depth from which sample was obtained, type of tillage used) and (iii) rate of application of NH4NO3 fertiliser) of low organic matter soils. A NIRSystems model 6250 spectrometer was used to scan soil samples (n = 179) obtained from experimental plots at two locations with three replicate plots under plow and no till practices at each location with three rates of NH4NO3 for each plot (2 x 3 x 2 x 3). For each of these, samples were taken from five depths for a total of 2 x 3 x 2 x 3 x 5 or 180 samples (one sample lost). The results demonstrated that NIR reflectance spectroscopy can be successfully used to determine some compositional parameters of low organic matter soils (particularly total C and total N). It is also apparent that for non-biological parameters (excluding soil type as reflected by source) such as the depth from which the sample was obtained, the rate of application of NH4NO3 fertiliser and the form of tillage used, that NIR reflectance spectroscopy is not very useful, unless a very limited set of samples is used (i.e. single tillage and location). For other determinations, such as pH, biomass N and active N, the results may be useful depending on the exact needs in question. Finally, from the results presented here, NIR reflectance spectroscopy was not successful in determining soil N mineralisable in 21 days. C1 ARS, USDA, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, USDA, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Reeves, JB (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 118 Z9 123 U1 0 U2 14 PU N I R PUBLICATIONS PI CHICHESTER PA 6 CHARLTON MILL, CHARLTON, CHICHESTER PO18 0HY, WEST SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0967-0335 J9 J NEAR INFRARED SPEC JI J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. PY 1999 VL 7 IS 3 BP 179 EP 193 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Applied; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 240CW UT WOS:000082809000005 ER PT J AU Hayek, MG Han, SN Wu, DY Watkins, BA Meydani, M Dorsey, JL Smith, DE Meydani, SN AF Hayek, MG Han, SN Wu, DY Watkins, BA Meydani, M Dorsey, JL Smith, DE Meydani, SN TI Dietary conjugated linoleic acid influences the immune response of young and old C57BL/6NCrlBR mice SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE conjugated linoleic acid; mice; immune response; age ID HEAT-ALTERED DERIVATIVES; GLUTATHIONE SUPPLEMENTATION; DIENOIC DERIVATIVES; CELL-FUNCTION; FATTY-ACID; MAMMARY; RESTRICTION; INHIBITION; DECLINE; GROWTH AB Aging is associated with a decline in the immune response in mammals. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been suggested to have immunoenhancing properties. We examined the influence of dietary CLA on the immune response of young and old mice. Forty young (4 mo) and 40 old (22 mo) mice consumed ad libitum diets containing 0 or 1 g CLA /100 g for 8 wk. Splenocytes from half of the mice were isolated to evaluate proliferation to concanavalin A (Con A) (0.5, 1.5, 5.0 mg/L) and phytohemagglutinin A (PHA) (5, 20, 40 mg/L) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (5, 15, 30 mg/L), natural killer cell (NK) activity and prostaglandin (PG)E-2 and interleukin (IL)-2 production. The remaining mice were used to evaluate in vivo delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) skin response. There was a significant decline due to age in response to all three mitogens tested (P < 0.05). CLA supplementation significantly increased all CLA isomers measured in hepatic neutral lipids and phospholipids (P < 0.05). Young mice fed 1% CLA had greater splenocyte proliferation in response to Con A (0.5 and 5.0 mg/L) and PHA (40 mg/L) (P < 0.05) than young mice fed control diet. Old mice fed 1 g CLA/100 g had significantly higher proliferative response to optimal concentrations of Con A (1.5 mg/L) (P < 0.001) than the mice fed the control diet. Old mice fed the control diet had significantly lower splenocyte IL-2 production than the young mice (P < 0.005). CLA-supplemented young mice had significantly higher splenocyte IL-2 production than those fed the control diet (P < 0.05). CLA had no effect on NK cell activity, PGE(2) production or DTH in young or old mice. Further studies ave needed to determine the mechanism of CLA-induced enhancement of IL-2 production and T cell proliferation. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Immunol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Food Sci, Lipid Chem & Metab Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Florida State Univ, Dept Nutr Food & Movement Sci, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Meydani, SN (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Immunol Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 50 TC 152 Z9 169 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 129 IS 1 BP 32 EP 38 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 158VL UT WOS:000078138000006 PM 9915872 ER PT J AU Burrin, DG Fiorotto, ML Hadsell, DL AF Burrin, DG Fiorotto, ML Hadsell, DL TI Transgenic hypersecretion of des(1-3) human insulin-like growth factor I in mouse milk has limited effects on the gastrointestinal tract in suckling pups SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE growth factors; lactase; mice; neonatal; protein synthesis ID RAT SMALL-INTESTINE; IGF-I; PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; INDUCED APOPTOSIS; BINDING-PROTEINS; TISSUES; PROLIFERATION; FIBROBLASTS; EXPRESSION; RECEPTORS AB We tested the hypothesis that chronic ingestion of increased concentrations of milk-borne des(1-3) human insulin-like growth factor-1 (hIGF-I) stimulates gastrointestinal growth and development in suckling mice. We used a transgenic mouse with targeted, lactation-dependent, overexpression of des(1-3) hIGF-I in the mammary gland (IGF). Pups were suckled (7 pups per litter) from birth by either IGF (n = 3-6 litters) or control (n = 3-5 litters) dams. In IGF and control pups, we measured the growth (protein and DNA content) and protein synthesis rate (H-3-phenylalanine incorporation) of gastrointestinal and visceral organs in 4-, 8-, 12-, 16- and 29-d-old pups. Des(1-3) hIGF-I in milk from IGF dams was 40-200-fold higher than mouse IGF in either IGF or control dams, but was not detected in the plasma of pups suckling IGF dams. Small intestinal weight, protein and DNA content at 8 and 16 d were greater in pups suckling IGF dams than control dams; protein synthesis was also greater in IGF pups at 8 d. Total intestinal lactase activity at 8 and 12 d of age tended to be higher (P < 0.10) in IGF than in control pups. Hypersecretion of des(1-3) hIGF-I in milk ingested by suckling mice pups had limited effects on the growth and maturation of the gastrointestinal tract. Moreover, there was little evidence that milk-borne IGF-I is absorbed into the circulation and stimulates visceral organ growth. This study also demonstrates the feasibility of using mammary-specific transgenes to increase the concentration of milk-borne growth factors to examine whether they affect the growth and development of the suckling neonate. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Burrin, DG (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 38 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 129 IS 1 BP 51 EP 56 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 158VL UT WOS:000078138000009 PM 9915875 ER PT J AU Davis, CD Feng, Y Hein, DW Finley, JW AF Davis, CD Feng, Y Hein, DW Finley, JW TI The chemical form of selenium influences 3,2 '-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl-DNA adduct formation in rat colon SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE selenium; rats; DNA adducts; colon cancer ID ABERRANT CRYPT FOCI; DIETARY SELENIUM; DNA ADDUCTS; ORGANOSELENIUM COMPOUNDS; MAMMARY-GLANDS; CANCER; CARCINOGENESIS; GLUTATHIONE; METABOLISM; INHIBITION AB There is increasing evidence that selenium can protect against tumorigenesis or preneoplastic lesion development induced by chemical carcinogens. This study examined whether selenite, selenate or selenomethionine would be protective against 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl (DMABP)-DNA adduct formation in the liver and colon of rats and sought to delineate the mechanism for the protective effects of the different chemical forms of selenium against aberrant crypt formation, a preneoplastic lesion for colon cancer. After injection of DMABP, two DNA adducts were identified in the liver and colon of rats. Supplementation with either 0.1 or 2.0 mg selenium/kg diet as either selenite or selenate but not selenomethionine resulted in significantly fewer (53-70%; P < 0.05) N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl (C8-DMABP)-DNA adducts in the colon but not the liver than in rats fed a selenium-deficient diet. Rats supplemented with selenomethionine had greater (P < 0.05) plasma and liver selenium concentrations and glutathione peroxidase activity than those supplemented with selenite or selenate; however, they also had more DMABP-DNA adducts. The protective effect of selenite and selenate against DMABP-DNA adduct formation apparently is not a result of alterations in plasma or liver selenium concentrations or altered glutathione peroxidase or glutathione transferase activities but may be related to differences in the metabolism of the different forms of selenium. C1 USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. Univ N Dakota, Dept Surg, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. Univ N Dakota, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Davis, CD (reprint author), USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RI Hein, David/A-9707-2008 NR 61 TC 28 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 129 IS 1 BP 63 EP 69 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 158VL UT WOS:000078138000011 PM 9915877 ER PT J AU Han, O Fleet, JC Wood, RJ AF Han, O Fleet, JC Wood, RJ TI Reciprocal regulation of HFE and Nramp2 gene expression by iron in human intestinal cells SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 98 Meeting CY APR 18-22, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA DE HFE; Nramp2; iron; human intestinal cell line; gene expression ID MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; HEREDITARY HEMOCHROMATOSIS; IDIOPATHIC HEMOCHROMATOSIS; GASTROINTESTINAL-TRACT; EPITHELIAL-CELL; HLA-H; TRANSFERRIN; MICE; TRANSPORTER; METABOLISM AB The newly identified hemochromatosis gene, HFE, and a candidate iron transporter gene, Nramp2, have been proposed as key factors responsible for the regulation of intestinal iron absorption. Although the exact functions of these proteins in intestinal iron absorption are unknown, HFE may be required for the down-regulation of iron absorption that occurs with increasing iron status, and Nramp2 may up-regulate iron absorption when iron status is low, Thus, we examined whether the expression of the HFE and Nramp2 genes are regulated by iron status in the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. HFE mRNA and HFE protein were increased and Nramp2 mRNA was decreased by increasing cellular iron status in Caco-2 cells. This iron-mediated modulation of mRNA levels was specific to icon. Moreover, super-induction of HFE mRNA in the presence of cycloheximide suggests that HFE gene expression may be controlled by a short-lived repressor protein. HFE and Nramp2 mRNA levels also changed in opposite directions during cellular differentiation. This reciprocal modification of the HFE and Nramp2 gene expression during both iron treatment and cell differentiation in Caco-2 cells is consistent with an opposing role for these proteins in homeostatic regulation of human intestinal iron absorption. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Mineral Bioavailabil Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Han, O (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Mineral Bioavailabil Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 42 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 129 IS 1 BP 98 EP 104 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 158VL UT WOS:000078138000016 PM 9915882 ER PT J AU Smith, AD Guidry, CA Morris, VC Levander, OA AF Smith, AD Guidry, CA Morris, VC Levander, OA TI Aurothioglucose inhibits murine thioredoxin reductase activity in vivo SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE thioredoxin reductase; glutathione peroxidase; aurothioglucose; selenium; mice ID SELENIUM-DEFICIENT MICE; GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE; COXSACKIEVIRUS B3; IODOTHYRONINE DEIODINASE; HUMAN ENTEROVIRUS; VITAMIN-E; GOLD; PURIFICATION; EXPRESSION; VIRULENT AB Gold (I)-containing compounds, including aurothioglucose (ATG), are potent in vitro inhibitors of several selenocysteine-containing enzymes. Gold compounds have also been shown to potentiate the virulence of several viruses in mice, including coxsackievirus, implicated asa possible infectious agent in Keshan disease. One possible mechanism by which gold compounds may be increasing the virulence of viral infections in mice is by acting as a selenium antagonist in vivo and inducing oxidative stress. To investigate the possible role of gold compounds in inducing oxidative stress in mice, we assessed the ability of ATG administered in vivo to inhibit the activity of the selenocysteine-containing enzymes thioredoxin reductase (Te) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX1). Doses as low as 0.025 mg ATG/g body weight caused significant and prolonged inhibition of TR activity in all tissues examined. No such inhibition of GPX1 activity was seen, indicating differential in vivo sensitivity of the enzymes to inhibition by ATG. In liver and heart, some recovery of TR activity was observed after a 7-d period, but no recovery was observed in pancreas or kidney. Because TR is involved in several important cellular redox functions, its inhibition most likely will affect multiple cellular processes. These results indicate that in vivo administration of ATG results in significant and long-lasting inhibition of TR activity. Such inhibition of TR could lead to increased levels of oxidative stress in vivo, thereby increasing the virulence of several viruses including the coxsackievirus. C1 Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Smith, AD (reprint author), Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 41 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 129 IS 1 BP 194 EP 198 PG 5 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 158VL UT WOS:000078138000033 PM 9915899 ER PT J AU Wang, E Riley, RT Meredith, FI Merrill, AH AF Wang, E Riley, RT Meredith, FI Merrill, AH TI Fumonisin B-1 consumption by rats causes reversible, dose-dependent increases in urinary sphinganine and sphingosine SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE fumonisins; sphingolipids; urinary biomarker; rats ID SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; MONILIFORME CULTURE MATERIAL; LEUKEMIC HL-60 CELLS; PROTEIN KINASE-C; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; SPHINGOLIPID BIOSYNTHESIS; EQUINE LEUKOENCEPHALOMALACIA; INDUCE APOPTOSIS; TOXICITY; METABOLISM AB Fumonisin B-1 (FB1) is a frequently encountered mycotoxin that inhibits ceramide synthase, the enzyme that acylates sphinganine, sphingosine and other "sphingoid" bases. Exposure of rats, rabbits, pigs and nonhuman primates to fumonisin-contaminated feed elevates sphingoid base amounts in urine; therefore, this study examined the time course and reversibility of these changes. When an AIN-76 diet supplemented with greater than or equal to 5 mu g FB1/g was fed to male Sprague-Dawley rats, there was a significant increase in sphinganine (ca. 50-fold in urine from rats fed 50 mu g FB1/g diet) and smaller changes in sphingosine within 5 to 7 d, compared to rats fed the same diet without FB1. No change occurred in sphingoid bases upon feeding 1 mu g FB1/g for up to 60 d. When rats were fed FB1 (10 mu g FB1/g diet: For 10 d), then changed to the same diet minus FB1, urinary sphingoid bases returned to normal within 10 d. However, if the rats were fed 10 mu g FB1/g for 10 d, then changed to 1 mu g FB1/g, the amounts of sphingoid bases in urine were the same as for rats that were continuously fed 10 mu g FB1/g. These results establish that consumption of FB1 causes dose-dependent and reversible elevations in the amounts of urinary sphingoid bases. The finding that 1 mu g FB1/g (which does not, alone, alter urinary sphingoid bases) will sustain the elevation caused by previous exposure to 10 mu g FB1/g raises the possibility that even low levels of fumonisins could be deleterious when an animal is occasionally exposed to higher amounts. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. ARS, USDA, Toxicol & Mycotoxins Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Merrill, AH (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, 4113 Rollins Res Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. EM amerril@emory.edu NR 57 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 129 IS 1 BP 214 EP 220 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 158VL UT WOS:000078138000036 PM 9915902 ER PT J AU Roubenoff, R AF Roubenoff, R TI The pathophysiology of wasting in the elderly SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Clinical Trials for the Treatment of Secondary Wasting and Cachexia - Selection of Appropriate Endpoints CY MAY 22-23, 1997 CL BETHESDA, MARYLAND SP US FDA, Off AIDS Res, Natl Canc Inst, NIMH, Bristol Myers Squibb, Abbott Labs, Serono Labs Inc, Amer Inst Canc Res, Roxane Labs, NIDA, SmithKline Beecham, NIA, Eli Lilly & Co DE wasting; elderly; sarcopenia; body composition ID BODY CELL MASS; RHEUMATOID CACHEXIA; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; MUSCLE STRENGTH; WEIGHT-LOSS; WOMEN; ASSOCIATION; CIRRHOSIS; DEPLETION; MORTALITY AB Aging is associated with changes in body composition and energy and protein metabolism that are due both to the direct effects of aging and to the effect of age-related diseases. We have recently differentiated these changes under three categories: wasting, cachexia, and sarcopenia, We have defined wasting as unintentional loss of weight, including both fat and fat-free compartments. Experience in the HIV epidemic suggests that wasting is driven largely by inadequate dietary intake. Cachexia, on the other hand, refers to loss of fat-free mass, and especially body cell mass, but with little or no weight loss. The metabolic hallmarks of cachexia are hypermetabolism and hypercatabolism, driven by inflammatory cytokine-mediated acute phase responses. Finally, sarcopenia refers to loss of muscle mass specifically, and seems to be an intrinsic age-related condition. In the elderly, wasting as defined here is at the extreme end of the spectrum, but generally develops in the setting of pre-existing sarcopenia and cachexia. The challenges before us now are to better define these conditions, establish guidelines for their recognition, and develop better methods for intervening when appropriate. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA HNRCA, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Tupper Res Inst, Boston, MA 02111 USA. New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Roubenoff, R (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA HNRCA, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK45734] NR 31 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 129 IS 1 SU S BP 256S EP 259S PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 160PA UT WOS:000078238000009 PM 9915910 ER PT J AU Moreland, DE AF Moreland, DE TI Biochemical mechanisms of action of herbicides and the impact of biotechnology on the development of herbicides SO JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID CAROTENOID BIOSYNTHESIS; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; RESISTANCE; EXPRESSION; MANAGEMENT; GLYPHOSATE; GENE C1 USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Moreland, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Campus Box 7631, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 45 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 3 U2 6 PU PESTICIDE SCI SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA TOKYO UNIV AGR DEPT OF AGR CHEM, TOKYO, 156, JAPAN SN 1348-589X J9 J PESTIC SCI JI J. Pestic. Sci. PY 1999 VL 24 IS 3 BP 299 EP 307 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 231PF UT WOS:000082318400009 ER PT J AU Malik, VS Saroha, MK AF Malik, VS Saroha, MK TI Marker gene controversy in transgenic plants SO JOURNAL OF PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE transgenic plants; selectable markers; horizontal transfer ID GENETICALLY-MODIFIED CROPS; GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; ENGINEERED GENES; WILD RELATIVES; OILSEED RAPE; SPONTANEOUS HYBRIDIZATION; STREPTOMYCES-FRADIAE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; RAPHANUS-SATIVUS AB Biosafety implications of selectable marker genes that are integrated into the transgenic plants are discussed, In the laboratory, selectable marker genes are used at two stages to distinguish transformed cells out of a large population of nontransformed cells: 1) initial assembly of gene cassettes is generally done in E. coli on easily manipulatable plasmid vectors that contain the selectable marker genes which often code for antibiotic inactivating enzymes, and 2) Then the gene cassettes are inserted into the plant genome by various transformation methods. For selection of transformed plant cells, antibiotic and herbicide resistance genes are widely used. Consequently, transgenic plants can end up with DNA sequences of selectable markers that are functional in E. coli and plants. The potential for horizontal gene transfer of selectable markers from transgenic plants to other organisms both in the environment and in the intestine of humans and animals is evaluated. Mechanisms and consequences of the transfer of marker genes from plants to other organisms is examined. Strategies to avoid marker genes in plants are discussed. It is possible to avoid the use of controversial selectable markers in the construction of transgenic plants. C1 US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. Osmania Univ, Dept Microbiol, Hyderabad 500007, Andhra Pradesh, India. RP Malik, VS (reprint author), US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. EM Vedpalm@hotmail.com NR 128 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC PLANT BIOCHEM BIOTECH PI NEW DELHI PA DIV BIOCHEM, INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RES INST, NEW DELHI 110 012, INDIA SN 0971-7811 J9 J PLANT BIOCHEM BIOT JI J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 8 IS 1 BP 1 EP 13 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 175PM UT WOS:000079103600001 ER PT J AU Fageria, NK Baligar, VC AF Fageria, NK Baligar, VC TI Yield and yield components of lowland rice as influenced by timing of nitrogen fertilization SO JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID SEEDING RATE AB Insufficient nitrogen (N) supply is an important constraint to productivity of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.), and there is limited information available on optimum timing of N application for lowland rice. To determine the effects of timing of ammonium sulphate application on yield, yield components, and N-use efficiency of lowland rice, a greenhouse experiment was conducted on an Inceptisol (Typic Haplaquepts). The 1,200 mg N application timing was: i) total at sowing (T-1); ii) one-third at sowing + one-third at active tillering + one-third at panicle initiation (T-2); iii) one-third at sowing + one-third at panicle initiation + one third at booting (T-3); iv) one-third at planting + one-third at panicle initiation + one-third at flowering (T-4); v) zero at sowing + one-half at the initiation of tillering + one-half at panicle initiation (T-5); and vi) zero at sowing + one-third at the initiation of tillering + one-third at booting + one-third at flowering (T-6). Dry matter, grain yield, N uptake, and N-use efficiency were significantly affected with timing of N application treatments. Maximum grain yield was obtained with the T-1 treatment, followed by the T-2 and T-5 treatments. Treatments T-4 and T-6 produced minimum grain yields. Nitrogen treatments had highly significant (P<0.001) effects on the number of panicles, followed by filled (P<0.01) and unfilled (P<0.05) spikelets. The number of panicles was the most important component of yield, accounting for about 87% of the variation in yield. C1 EMBRAPA, Natl Rice & Bean Res Ctr, BR-74001970 Goiania, Go, Brazil. ARS, USDA, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Fageria, NK (reprint author), EMBRAPA, Natl Rice & Bean Res Ctr, Caixa Postal 179, BR-74001970 Goiania, Go, Brazil. NR 16 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 5 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0190-4167 J9 J PLANT NUTR JI J. Plant Nutr. PY 1999 VL 22 IS 1 BP 23 EP 32 DI 10.1080/01904169909365603 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 166LV UT WOS:000078578800003 ER PT J AU Fageria, NK Baligar, VC AF Fageria, NK Baligar, VC TI Phosphorus-use efficiency in wheat genotypes SO JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID CORN AB Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the principal yield-limiting factors in Oxisols in various parts of the world. The objective of this study was to evaluate 15 wheat genotypes for P-use efficiency. The genotypes were evaluated in an Oxisol at zero ("low" P), 75 mg P kg(-1) ("medium" P), and 150 mg P kg(-1) ("high" P). Shoot weight and P uptake in shoot were the most sensitive plant parameters to P deficiency. Significant (P<0.01) genotypic differences in P-use efficiency were found. Phosphorus-use efficiency is represented as mgs of dry matter of root and shoot per mg of P accumulated in root and shoot. On the basis of P-use efficiency, genotypes were classified as efficient and responsive (ER), efficient and nonresponsive (ENR), nonefficient and responsive (NER), and nonefficient and nonresponsive (NENR). From a practical point of view, genotypes which produce high shoot dry matter in a low level of P and respond well to added P are the most desirable because they are able to express their high yield potential in a wide range of P environment. Genotypes BR10, CPAC89128, and NLA59 fall into this group. These are often referred to as widely adapted genotypes, in contrast with other genotypes which can be referred to as more specifically adapted genotypes. C1 EMBRAPA, Natl Rice & Bean Res Ctr, BR-74500197 Goiania, Go, Brazil. USDA ARS, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Fageria, NK (reprint author), EMBRAPA, Natl Rice & Bean Res Ctr, Caixa Postal 179, BR-74500197 Goiania, Go, Brazil. NR 10 TC 32 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 12 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0190-4167 J9 J PLANT NUTR JI J. Plant Nutr. PY 1999 VL 22 IS 2 BP 331 EP 340 DI 10.1080/01904169909365630 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 170VY UT WOS:000078828800011 ER PT J AU Jucker, EI Foy, CD de Paula, JC Centeno, JA AF Jucker, EI Foy, CD de Paula, JC Centeno, JA TI Electron paramagnetic resonance studies of manganese toxicity, tolerance, and amelioration with silicon in snapbean SO JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID CULTIVARS AB Plant genotypes within species differ widely in tolerance to excess manganese (Mn) that may occur in acid soils, or in neutral or alkaline soils having poor aeration caused by imperfect drainage or compaction. However, Mn tolerance mechanisms in plants are largely unknown. Silicon (Si) is reported to detoxify Mn within plants, presumably by preventing localized accumulations of Mn associated with lesions on leaves. Because Mn is paramagnetic, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, shows promise as a tool for characterizing toxic and non-toxic forms of Mn in tolerant and sensitive plants. The objective of our study was to use EPR to: i) determine the chemical/physical state of Mn in Mn-tolerant and -sensitive snapbean cultivars; and ii) characterize the protective effects of Si against Mn toxicity. Manganese-sensitive Wonder Crop 2 (WC) and Mn-tolerant Green Lord (GL) cultivars of snapbean were grown at pH 5.0, in a greenhouse, in a modified Steinberg solution containing: Mn=0.05 mg L-1 (optimal); Mn=1.0 mg L-1 (toxic); Mn=1.0 mg L-1 plus Si=4 mg L-1; and Mn=0.05 mg L-1 plus 4 mg Si L-1. All trifoliate leaf samples exhibited a 6-line EPR signal that is characteristic of hexaaquo Mn2+. In both cultivars, a higher EPR Mn2+ signal-intensity generally correlated with lower total leaf mass, higher total Mn concentrations and more pronounced symptoms of toxicity. Tolerance to excess Mn coincided with lower Mn2+ signal intensity. Silicon treatments ameliorated Mn toxicity symptoms in both genotypes, decreased total leaf Mn concentrations, and decreased EPR Mn2+ signal intensity. Results suggest that Mn toxicity is associated with reduced electron transport and accumulation of oxidation products in leaves. Amelioration of Mn toxicity by Si is regarded as connected with a reduction in this Mn-induced process. Results indicated that EPR spectroscopy can be useful in investigating the biochemical basis for differential Mn tolerance in plants. The EPR observations might also help plant breeders in developing Mn-tolerant cultivars. C1 USDA ARS, Nat Resources Inst, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Haverford Coll, Dept Chem, Haverford, PA 19041 USA. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Environm & Toxicol Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. RP Jucker, EI (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nat Resources Inst, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 6 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0190-4167 J9 J PLANT NUTR JI J. Plant Nutr. PY 1999 VL 22 IS 4-5 BP 769 EP 782 PG 14 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 191PB UT WOS:000080029800013 ER PT J AU Campbell, TA AF Campbell, TA TI Magnetic resonance imaging of absorbed aluminum in alfalfa roots SO JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID ACID; CULTIVARS; TOLERANCE; SUBSOIL; STRESS AB An estimated 30% of the world's arable soils are acidic and aluminum (Al) toxicity is often the primary growth-limiting factor. Excess Al is especially undesirable in sub-soils because it reduces rooting depth and branching and predisposes plants to drought injury. Liming the plow layer does not generally neutralize subsoil phytotoxicity and Al-tolerant cultivars offer an alternative or supplemental solution to the problem. Genetic diversity for acid soil tolerance in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is limited and a better understanding of the basic tolerance mechanisms would facilitate the design of more efficacious breeding procedures. Evidence is accumulating that organic acids and proteins elicited by Al stress may complex and detoxify Al either within, or external to, the root. Because Al is a paramagnetic element that can reduce T2 relaxation times tinter-proton interactions markedly, the mechanism of Al tolerance in alfalfa was investigated through T2-based Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRT) of young lateral root sections of an Al-sensitive and an Al-tolerant alfalfa clone grown in nutrient solution (0 or 111 mu mol Al; pH 4.5). Root sections that developed under phytotoxic levels of Al accumulated considerable Al in the epidermis and internal root tissue. Aluminum may have been complexed by low molecular weight proteins and organic acids in the tolerant clone whereas the sensitive clone appeared to have abundant free Al; however, variation among replications indicates that free Al may still have been present in tolerant roots and that other tolerance mechanisms may also be important. Root buds accumulated little Al compared to the remainder of the root, indicating that the pronounced effects of Al on lateral root development are indirect. Magnetic Resonance Imaging images evaluated in this study provided clues to the basic mechanisms of Al tolerance in alfalfa and, with further refinement, could be used as one criterion for selecting Al-tolerant plants. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Plant Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Campbell, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Inst Plant Sci, Bldg 002,Room 10, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 22 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0190-4167 J9 J PLANT NUTR JI J. Plant Nutr. PY 1999 VL 22 IS 4-5 BP 827 EP 834 DI 10.1080/01904169909365674 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 191PB UT WOS:000080029800017 ER PT J AU Malinowski, DP Belesky, DP AF Malinowski, DP Belesky, DP TI Neotyphodium coenophialum-endophyte infection affects the ability of tall fescue to use sparingly available phosphorus SO JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID ACREMONIUM-COENOPHIALUM; FESTUCA-ARUNDINACEA; LOLIUM-PERENNE; PLANT; SOIL; ALKALOIDS; GRASSES; PERFORMANCE; SEEDLINGS; NUTRIENTS AB Neotyphodium coenophialum, (Morgan-Jones & Gams) Glenn, Bacon & Hanlin, infected tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) plants perform better than non-infected isolines on phosphorus (P)-deficient soils. Our objective was to characterize growth and P uptake dynamics of tall fescue in response to endophyte infection and P source at low P availability in soil. Two tall fescue genotypes (DN2 and DN4) infected with their naturally occurring N. coenophialum strains (E+), and in noninfected (E-) forms were grown in Lily soil (fine loamy siliceous, mesic Typic Hapludult) in a greenhouse for 20 weeks. Three soil P treatments were imposed: no P supplied (control) and P supplied as commercial fertilizer (PF) or as phosphate rock (PR) at the level of 25 mg P kg(-1) soil. Interaction of tall fescue genotype and endophyte status had a significant influence on mineral element uptake suggesting high specificity of endophyte-tall fescue associations. Endophyte infection did not affect root dry matter (DM) when no P was supplied but shoot DM was reduced by 20%. More biomass was produced and greater P uptake rate occurred in PR than PF treatment. Root DM was greater in E+ DN4 than E-DN4 when supplied with either PF or PR. In contrast, endophyte infection did not affect root DM of DN2, regardless of P source. Relative growth rate (RGR) of E+ plants grown with PR was 16% greater than that of E- plants. Endophyte infection did not improve growth or P uptake in PF treatment. When PR was supplied, P uptake rate was 24% greater in E+ DN2 than E- DN2, but endophyte infection did not benefit DN4. Phosphorus-use efficiency was 6% less in E+ DN2 but 16% greater in E+ DN4 compared to E- plants, regardless of P source. Root exudates of E+ DN2, but not E+ DN4 solubilized more P from PR than those of E- plants. The correlation between root RGR and P uptake rate was relatively high for E- plants (r=0.76), but low for E+ plants (r=0.27) grown with PR. Results suggest that P uptake by E+ tall fescue might rely on mechanisms other than an increase in root biomass (surface area). Endophyte infection modified tall fescue responses to P source. This phenomenon was associated with modes of P acquisition which included enhanced activity of root exudates in releasing P from PR in E+ plants (DN2), and increased root biomass (DN4). The dominant means of P acquisition may be determined by a specific association of endophyte and tall fescue genomes. Endophyte-tall fescue association plasticity contributes to widespread success of symbiotic in marginal resource conditions. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Res & Extens Ctr, Vernon, TX 76385 USA. USDA ARS, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Lab, Beaverton, WV 25813 USA. RP Belesky, DP (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Res & Extens Ctr, POB 1658, Vernon, TX 76385 USA. NR 54 TC 72 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 8 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0190-4167 J9 J PLANT NUTR JI J. Plant Nutr. PY 1999 VL 22 IS 4-5 BP 835 EP 853 DI 10.1080/01904169909365675 PG 19 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 191PB UT WOS:000080029800018 ER PT J AU Schier, GA McQuattie, CJ AF Schier, GA McQuattie, CJ TI Effect of nitrogen source on aluminum toxicity in nonmycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal pitch pine seedling SO JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID PICEA-ABIES SEEDLINGS; MINERAL-NUTRITION; RIGIDA SEEDLINGS; METAL TOXICITY; SAND CULTURE; RED SPRUCE; GROWTH; PLANTS; AMMONIUM; NITRATE AB The effect of elevated nitrate [(NO3-nitrogen (N)] or ammonium (NH4)-N on the response of nonmycorrhizal (NM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) seedlings to aluminum (Al) was determined in experiments in which N was increased three times above ambient levels. Seedlings with and without the mycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch were grown in sand irrigated with nutrient solution (pH 3.8) containing 0, 10, or 20 mg Al L-1 (0, 370, or 740 mu M Al). The nutrient solution simulated that for the sandy, nutrient-poor soil of the New Jersey Pine Barrens. Elevated NO3-N had no significant effect on Al toxicity in NM seedlings, but Al toxicity at ambient NH4-N was ameliorated by elevated NH4-N. Symptoms of Al toxicity in roots (thick and stunted) of ECM seedlings at ambient N levels were reduced by elevated NH3-N and absent at elevated NO3-N. When N was elevated by an increase in NO3-N or NH4-N, uptake of N and relative increases in total biomass were greater in ECM than in NM seedlings. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Schier, GA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, 359 Main Rd, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. NR 30 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 4 U2 7 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0190-4167 J9 J PLANT NUTR JI J. Plant Nutr. PY 1999 VL 22 IS 6 BP 951 EP 965 DI 10.1080/01904169909365685 PG 15 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 197LC UT WOS:000080365400009 ER PT J AU Malinowski, DP Belesky, DP AF Malinowski, DP Belesky, DP TI Tall fescue aluminum tolerance is affected by Neotyphodium coenophialum endophyte SO JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID FESTUCA-ARUNDINACEA; LOLIUM-PERENNE; ACREMONIUM; WHEAT; MECHANISMS; EXUDATION; RYEGRASS; STRESS; ACID AB Roots of endophyte-infected (E+) tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) exude more phenolic-like reductants than roots of endophyte-free (E-) plants when mineral stressed. Phenolic compounds are efficient chelators of aluminum (Al) and may influence Al tolerance in many plant species. The objective of our study was to determine if enhanced release of phenolic compounds by roots of E+ plants contributes to Al tolerance in tall fescue. Two cloned genotypes (DN2 and DN11) of tall fescue infected with their naturally occurring fungal endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones and Gams) Glenn, Bacon and Hanlin and their noninfected isolines were grown in nutrient solutions at 0 mu M Al(Al-) and at 640 mu M Al (Al+) under controlled environment conditions. Root and shoot dry matter (DM) of endophyte-infected tall fescue was greater in E+ than E- plants by 57% and 40%, respectively, when plants were grown without Al. Endophyte infection did not affect root and shoot DM of tall fescue grown with Al but relative (to Al-treatment) reduction in root and shoot DM was greater in E+ than E- plants. In response to Al stress, more Al (47%) and P (49%) could be desorbed from root surfaces of E+ than E- plants. Aluminum concentrations in roots of E+ plants were 35% greater and P concentrations were 10% less than those determined in roots of E- plants. No differences in mineral concentrations were observed in shoots, regardless of endophyte status, or Al level in nutrient solution. Roots of E+ plants increased pH of both Al- and Al+ nutrient solutions to a greater extent than roots of E- plants in a 48 h interval. Our results show that more Al can be sequestered on root surfaces and in root tissues of endophyte-infected tall fescue than in plants devoid of endophyte. Aluminum sequestration was greater on root surfaces and in root tissues of E+ than E- plants of a given tall fescue genotype. Our results suggest that increased exudation of phenolic-like compounds from roots of endophyte-infected tall fescue may be directly involved in Al tolerance and serves as a mechanism for widespread adaptability and success of endophyte-tall fescue associations. C1 USDA, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Belesky, DP (reprint author), USDA, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, 1224 Airport Rd, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 39 TC 40 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0190-4167 J9 J PLANT NUTR JI J. Plant Nutr. PY 1999 VL 22 IS 8 BP 1335 EP 1349 DI 10.1080/01904169909365716 PG 15 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 221DQ UT WOS:000081709100011 ER PT J AU Grieve, CM Suarez, DL Shannon, MC AF Grieve, CM Suarez, DL Shannon, MC TI Effect of saline irrigation water composition on selenium accumulation by wheat SO JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Article AB Trace amounts of selenium (Se) are essential for animal and human nutrition. However, the optimum concentration range is very narrow and outside of this range deficiencies or toxicities can occur. Potentially harmful levels of Se in soils and irrigation waters have been reported in regions where salinity is also a hazard. This study was conducted to determine the effects of irrigation water composition and salinity level on Se accumulation in leaves and grain of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. 'Yecora Rojo'). Plants were grown in greenhouse sand cultures and irrigated with complete nutrient solution. Salinity treatments were initiated 4 days after planting by irrigating the seedlings with either chloride-dominated waters or with waters containing both chloride and sulfate salts. Compositions of the mixed salt waters were designed to simulate saline drainage waters commonly present in the San Joaquin Valley of California. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with two salinity types (Cl- or mixed salts), eight salinity levels (osmotic potentials=0.07, 0.16, 0.21, 0.30. 0.36, 0.44, 0.52, and 0.63 MPa), and, three replications. Four weeks after planting, Se (1 mg L-1 as sodium selenate) was added to all irrigation. waters. In the chloride system, the molar ratio of SO42-:SeO42- was approximately 110 across all salinity levels, whereas in the mixed salt system, the SO42-:SeO42- ratio in solution increased from about 300 to 4,700 as salinity increased. Selenium concentration was determined in fully-expanded flag leaf blades and grain. Salinity type, and to a lesser extent, salinity affected Se accumulation. In the Cl--sysrem, wheat accumulated Se to levels that may be potentially harmful to livestock and humans, e.g., blade-Se ranged fi om 435 to 295 mg kg(-1) dry wt; grain-Se ranged from 81 to 54 mg kg(-1) dry wt. Under the saline conditions of the mixed salt system, the inhibition of selenium uptake by sulfate reduced both blade- and grain-Se to levels that would minimize the health risk to consumers. C1 ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Grieve, CM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, 450 Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0190-4167 J9 J PLANT NUTR JI J. Plant Nutr. PY 1999 VL 22 IS 9 BP 1443 EP 1450 DI 10.1080/01904169909365725 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 228EP UT WOS:000082124400007 ER PT J AU Fageria, NK Baligar, VC AF Fageria, NK Baligar, VC TI Growth and nutrient concentrations of common bean, lowland rice, corn, soybean, and wheat at different soil pH on an inceptisol SO JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID EXCHANGEABLE ALUMINUM; LIME AB Soil pH is an important soil chemical property of acid soils that profoundly affects the growth and nutrient uptake by crops. Five greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate responses of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.), corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to mean soil pH values of 4.9, 5.9, 6.4, 6.7, and 7 on an Inceptisol. Relative dry matter yield (DMY) of shoots of all the crops tested was significantly affected by soil pH. Based on the quadratic response optimum pH for maximum relative Dry matter yield of wheat was 6.3, for soybean 5.6, for corn 5.4, for common bean 6 and for rice 4.9. This shows that crops responded differently to soil acidity. Among the crops tested, rice was the most tolerant and wheat was the most intolerant to soil acidity. On an average concentration of calcium (Ca) and potassium (K) in the plant shoots increased quadratically with increased soil pH except K concentration in the shoots of corn and soybean decreased. Magnesium (Mg) concentrations in the shoots of common bean and wheat decreased with increasing soil pH but in lowland rice, corn, and soybean increased quadratically with increasing soil pH. Phosphorus (P) concentrations in the shoots of common bean, wheat, and corn was increased but in lowland rice and soybean decreased with increasing soil pH. With few exceptions, most of the micronutrients concentrations decreased with increasing soil pH. C1 EMBRAPA, Natl Rice & Bean Res Ctr, BR-75375000 Santo Antonio De Goias, Go, Brazil. ARS, USDA, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Fageria, NK (reprint author), EMBRAPA, Natl Rice & Bean Res Ctr, Caixa Postal 179, BR-75375000 Santo Antonio De Goias, Go, Brazil. NR 23 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 4 U2 17 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0190-4167 J9 J PLANT NUTR JI J. Plant Nutr. PY 1999 VL 22 IS 9 BP 1495 EP 1507 DI 10.1080/01904169909365730 PG 13 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 228EP UT WOS:000082124400012 ER PT J AU Foy, CD Sadeghi, AM Ritchie, JC Krizek, DT Davis, JR Kemper, WD AF Foy, CD Sadeghi, AM Ritchie, JC Krizek, DT Davis, JR Kemper, WD TI Aluminum toxicity and high bulk density: Role in limiting shoot and root growth of selected aluminum indicator plants and eastern gamagrass in an acid soil SO JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID AESTIVUM L WHEAT; TRIPSACUM-DACTYLOIDES; NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS; COMPACTED SUBSOIL; TOLERANCE; PENETRATION; CULTIVARS; REGISTRATION; MECHANISMS; VARIETIES AB Shallow rooting and susceptibility to drought are believed to be caused, at least in part, by strongly acidic (pH <5.5, 1:1 soil-water), aluminum (Al)-toxic subsoils. However, this hypothesis has not been clearly confirmed under field conditions. The Al toxicity hypothesis was tested on a map unit of Matawan-Hammonton loam (0-2% slope) on unlimed and limed field plots (pH range 5.1 to 5.8) at Beltsville, MD, during 1994 to 1998. Aluminum-tolerant and sensitive pairs of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.)], snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars were used as indicator plants. Eastern gamagrass [Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L.], cultivar 'Pete', reported to tolerate both chemical and physical stress factors in soils, was grown for comparison. Shoots of Al-sensitive 'Romano' snap beans showed a significant response to liming of the 0-15 cm surface layer, but those of Al-tolerant 'Dade' did not, indicating that Al toxicity was a growth limiting factor in this acid soil at pH 5.1. Lime response of the Al-tolerant and sensitive cultivars of barley, wheat, and soybean were in the same direction but not significant at the 5% level. Aluminum-tolerant and sensitive cultivars did not differ in abilities to root in the 15-30 cm soil depth. Only 9 to 25% of total roots were in this layer, and 75 to 91% were in the 0-15 cm zone. No roots were found in the 30-45 cm zone which had a pH of 4.9. Soil bulk density values of 1.44 and 1.50 g cm(-3) in the 15-30 and 30-45 cm zones, respectively, indicated that mechanical impedance was a primary root barrier. Results indicated that restricted shoot growth and shallow rooting of the Al-indicator plants studied in this acid soil were due to a combination of Al toxicity and high soil bulk density. Confounding of the two factors may have masked the expected response of indicator plants to Al. These two growth restricting factors likely occur in many, if not most acid, problem subsoils. Studies are needed to separate these factors and to develop plant genotypes that have tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. Unlike the Al indicator cultivars, eastern gamagrass showed high tolerance to acid, compact soils in the field and did not respond to lime applications (pH 5.1-5.8). C1 ARS, Climate Stress Lab, NRI, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Environm Chem Lab, NRI, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, Hydrol Lab, NRI, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA, Nat Resource Conservat Serv, Beltsville, MD USA. ARS, Natl Program Staff, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Foy, CD (reprint author), ARS, Climate Stress Lab, NRI, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 48 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0190-4167 J9 J PLANT NUTR JI J. Plant Nutr. PY 1999 VL 22 IS 10 BP 1551 EP 1566 DI 10.1080/01904169909365736 PG 16 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 237CP UT WOS:000082638000005 ER PT J AU Riedell, WE AF Riedell, WE TI Nutrient solution nitrogen form and barley yellow dwarf virus disease tolerance in oat and wheat SO JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID GROWTH; INFECTION; SPREAD AB The form of nutrient solution nitrogen (either NH4-N or NO3-N or mixtures of the two) provided to plants influences the severity of many crop diseases. This greenhouse study was conducted to determine how growth, grain yield, and yield components of oat (Avena sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants given nutrient solutions containing different ratios of NO3-N to NH4-N would react to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) infection. Fifteen-day-old seedlings (2nd leaf stage) were either infected with BYDV (PAV strain) or left uninfected. Nutrient solution treatments (started 19 d after germination) provided three ratios of NO3-N to NH4-N (100% NO3, 50:50 NH4:NO3, or 100% NH4) for a 30-d period, after which plant height and tillers plant(-1) were measured. Oat and wheat plants given NH4 had fewer tillers than plants given the other nutrient solution treatments. BYDV-infected oat and wheat plants were short than uninfected plants. All pots then received NO3 nutrient solution until plant maturity, after which days to anthesis, primary tiller height, grain yield and yield components were measured. In the NH4 nutrient solution treatments, BYDV infection significantly reduced individual kernel weight in oat and primary tiller height in wheat. These same measures were not significantly affected by BYDV infection in the NO3 or NH4NO3 nutrient solution treatments. There were no other significant nutrient solution by BYDV infection interactions for any other dependent variable measured. Nutrient solution treatments had no significant effect on grain yield, but BYDV infection reduced grain yield by 45% in oat and 46% in wheat. In conclusion, nutrient solution N form interacted with BYDV infection to alter disease tolerance in oat (kernel weight) and wheat (primary tiller height), but these alterations had no effect in ameliorating grain yield loss caused by BYDV disease. C1 ARS, USDA, NPA, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. RP Riedell, WE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NPA, No Grain Insects Res Lab, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 5 U2 11 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0190-4167 J9 J PLANT NUTR JI J. Plant Nutr. PY 1999 VL 22 IS 10 BP 1577 EP 1587 DI 10.1080/01904169909365738 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 237CP UT WOS:000082638000007 ER PT J AU Al-Karaki, GN Clark, RB AF Al-Karaki, GN Clark, RB TI Varied rates of mycorrhizal inoculum on growth and nutrient acquisition by barley grown with drought stress SO JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAE; WATER-STRESS; WHEAT; FUNGI; RESISTANCE; INFECTION; MAIZE; ROOT AB Effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is crucial for maximum plant growth and acquisition of mineral nutrients under drought. The objective of this research was to determine effects of varied rates of AMF inoculum on plant growth and acquisition of phosphorus (P), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) by barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. SLB-6) grown with and without drought stress (WS and nonWS). Plants inoculated with four inoculum rates [control(M-0), 120 (M-1), 240 (M-2) and 360 (M-3) spores per 100 g dry soil] of Glomus mosseae were grown in a low P silty clay (Typic Xerochrept) soil (pH=8.0) mix in a greenhouse for 45 days. Root AMF colonization increased as inoculum rate increased in plants grown with WS and nonWS. Leaf area and shoot and root dry matter (DM) increased as inoculum rate increased up to M-2 regardless of soil moisture. Shoot concentrations of P, Cu, and Mn were generally higher for mycorrhizal (AMF) than for nonmycorrhizal (nonAMF) plants grown with bath WS and nonWS. Shoot contents of P, Zn, Cu, and Mn were higher for AMF than for nonAMF plants grown with nonWS, and shoot contents of P were higher for AMF than for nonAMF plants with WS. For Plants grown with WS and nonWS, contents of P, Zn, Cu, and Mn were generally higher for plants inoculated with M-2 compared to other rates of inoculum. The results of this study indicated that plant responses to root colonization with AMF were dependent on AMF rate and soil moisture. Eased on enhancements in plant DM and mineral acquisition traits, M-2 inoculum was the most effective rate of inoculation for this AMF isolate. C1 Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Agr, Irbid, Jordan. Agr Res Serv, Appalachian Soil & Water Conservat Res Lab, USDA, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Al-Karaki, GN (reprint author), Jordan Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Agr, POB 3030, Irbid, Jordan. NR 24 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 32 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0190-4167 J9 J PLANT NUTR JI J. Plant Nutr. PY 1999 VL 22 IS 11 BP 1775 EP 1784 DI 10.1080/01904169909365753 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 247HN UT WOS:000083215500009 ER PT J AU Raese, JT Drake, SR Staiff, DC AF Raese, JT Drake, SR Staiff, DC TI Calcium sprays, time of harvest, and duration in cold storage affects fruit quality of d'Anjou pears in a critical year SO JOURNAL OF PLANT NUTRITION LA English DT Article ID ANJOU PEARS; CORK SPOT; YIELD; DISORDERS; APPLES AB Calcium chloride (CaCl2) sprays increased calcium (Ca) concentrations in d'Anjou fruit (Pyrus communis L.), reduced the incidence of cork spot and improved shelf-life by increasing fruit firmness in a critical year that had lower fruit Ca concentrations due to record high spring and late season temperatures. The third and final harvest in las September resulted in larger fruit size, lower fruit Ca concentrations, higher incidence of cork spot, more extractable juice and yellow fruit skin color, higher soluble solids and sucrose concentrations, but lower acidity than earlier harvested fruits. Fruit held longer in cold storage (145 days) had higher concentrations of fruit Ca, lower concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and ethylene (C2H4), less fruit firmness, soluble solids and acidity,:lower concentrations of sucrose, glucose and fructose,:and, less green color of fruit skin than short term storage (45 days). Shelf-life of CaCl2-sprayed fruit was improved because df higher concentrations of fruit Ca that resulted in a lower incidence of cork spot and brown core, fruit firmness was higher, levels:of CO2 and C2H4 were lower, and soluble solids, acidity, and extractable juices were affected less for ripened fruit. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Raese, JT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0190-4167 J9 J PLANT NUTR JI J. Plant Nutr. PY 1999 VL 22 IS 12 BP 1921 EP 1929 DI 10.1080/01904169909365763 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 255QW UT WOS:000083682500008 ER PT J AU Cooper, RL Fausey, NR Johnson, JW AF Cooper, RL Fausey, NR Johnson, JW TI Yield response of corn to a subirrigation/drainage management system in northern Ohio SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article ID DRAINAGE AB On most soils, even in the humid Midwest, lack of sufficient moisture at critical times often limits crop yields. Subirrigation/drainage (SLD) is a relatively new concept in water management, where drain Lines are used both to add or remove water from the soil to maintain a constant water table. By the use of a SID system, significant increases in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) yields have been obtained. The potential also exists for SID to increase corn (Zea mays L.) yields. The objective of this research was to determine whether corn yields could be increased and stabilized at high yield levels by the use of SID systems. Two 3-yr SLD studies on corn were conducted, one at Wooster in northeastern Ohio, 1990 to 1992, on Ravenna silt loam (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Aeric Fragiaqualfs), and one in northwestern Ohio, 1992 to 1994, near Hoytville on a Hoytville silty clay loam (fine, illitic, mesic Mollic Ochraqualfs). Results of this research indicated significant increases in corn yields can be obtained in dry years but in favorable moisture years little yield increase was observed. These data indicate that corn yields can be stabilized at high levels (180 to 200 bu/acre) by the use of SID, resulting in higher long term average yields. C1 USDA ARS, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. RP Cooper, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dept Hort & Crop Sci, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. NR 7 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD JAN-MAR PY 1999 VL 12 IS 1 BP 74 EP 77 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 190JE UT WOS:000079958700008 ER PT J AU Anderson, RL Bowman, RA Nielsen, DC Vigil, MF Aiken, RM Benjamin, JG AF Anderson, RL Bowman, RA Nielsen, DC Vigil, MF Aiken, RM Benjamin, JG TI Alternative crop rotations for the central Great Plains SO JOURNAL OF PRODUCTION AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article ID WINTER-WHEAT; YIELD; MANAGEMENT; WATER; SOIL; SYSTEMS; CORN AB Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most common dryland crop grown in the central Great Plains. Producers in this region include fallow in the rotation to minimize yield variability due to erratic precipitation. However, fallow degrades soil quality by increasing erosion potential and loss of organic matter. Fortunately, minimum-till production systems and residue management improve water use efficiency by plants, thus producers can crop more frequently. We evaluated eight rotations comprised of various sequences of winter wheat (W), corn (Zea mays L.) (C), prose millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) (M), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) (S), and fallow (F) in comparison to W-F at Akron CO. Our goal was to identify rotations that can replace W-F to minimize the frequency of fallow. The sob was a Weld silt loam (Aridic Paleustoll). Continuously cropping with WC-M and W-M almost doubled total grain yield compared with the conventional system of W-F. Other rotations such as W-C-F, W-C-S-F, and W-C-M-F yielded >60% more on an annualized basis than W-F. Winter wheat yield increased with longer time intervals between wheat crops. Sunflower yielded the most when grown only once every 4 yr; more frequent cropping favored diseases. Sunflower reduced yield of the following crop, especially during dry years. Yield variability was highest with corn and sunflower, whereas prose millet showed the least variability. Producers can manage yield variability by diversifying crops in the rotation, as annualized yield variability of W-M and W-C-M was similar to W-F. With residue maintenance and minimum tillage, producers can crop more frequently, thus increasing land productivity while minimizing the frequency of fallow in this semiarid region. C1 USDA ARS, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, Akron, CO 80720 USA. RP Anderson, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Cent Great Plains Res Stn, POB 400, Akron, CO 80720 USA. RI Nielsen, David/A-8044-2009 OI Nielsen, David/0000-0002-8240-7183 NR 26 TC 81 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0890-8524 J9 J PROD AGRIC JI J. Prod. Agric. PD JAN-MAR PY 1999 VL 12 IS 1 BP 95 EP 99 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 190JE UT WOS:000079958700012 ER PT J AU Angell, R Svejcar, T AF Angell, R Svejcar, T TI A chamber design for measuring net CO2 exchange on rangeland SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE photosynthesis; respiration; carbon dioxide flux; sagebrush ID TUNDRA ECOSYSTEMS; CARBON-CYCLE; FLUXES; SYSTEM AB Net carbon exchange of terrestrial ecosystems will likely change as atmospheric CO2 concentration increases, Currently, little is known of the annual dynamics or magnitude of CO2 flux on many native and agricultural ecosystems. Remoteness of many ecosystems has limited our ability to measure CO2 flux on undisturbed vegetation. Today, many plant ecologists have portable photosynthesis systems with which they make single-leaf photosynthesis measurements. Utility of this equipment is enhanced when canopy-level CO2 flux is also measured. We designed a portable 1-m(3) closed chamber for use in measuring CO2 exchange in short statured vegetation with widely varied canopy structure. The design includes external ductwork equipped with doors which are used to open the chamber for ventilation with outside air between measurements. The chamber was tested on a Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. Wyomingensis Nutt.)/Thurber's needlegrass (Stipa thurberiana Piper) community using 10 plots equally divided between shrub and interspace, The ductwork and doors provided adequate ventilation to allow consecutive measurements of CO2 nux without removing the chamber from the plot. The chamber could differentiate CO2 flux between plots with sagebrush and those with grass only, even at relatively low fluxes, Net CO2 uptake per unit ground area was greater (P = 0.04) on sagebrush-grass plots (7.6 +/- 1.4 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) than on interspace plots without sagebrush (3.1 +/- 1.0 pmol m(-2) s(-1)). Chamber and leaf temperature increased by an average of 0.5 and 1.2 degrees C, respectively, during measurements. C1 ARS, USDA, Burns, OR 97720 USA. RP Angell, R (reprint author), ARS, USDA, HC 71 4-51 Hwy 205, Burns, OR 97720 USA. NR 14 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 52 IS 1 BP 27 EP 31 DI 10.2307/4003488 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 157HQ UT WOS:000078055900004 ER PT J AU Kronberg, SL Walker, JW AF Kronberg, SL Walker, JW TI Sheep preference for leafy spurge from Idaho and North Dakota SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE diet selection; palatability; noxious weeds; Euphorbia esula ID CARBON NUTRIENT BALANCE; LIMITING CONDITIONS; RUMINANTS; EUPHORBIA; SELECTION; TERPENES AB Three trials were conducted to determine if low ingestion of some leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L,) by sheep is primarily due to differences in sheep or in leafy spurge, In the first trial, pastures in Idaho and North Dakota were grazed by sheep originating from both states. Generally, sheep from both states grazed the leafy spurge growing in the Idaho pastures reluctantly but grazed the leafy spurge growing in the North Dakota pastures in proportion to its availability (P = 0.003), In the second trial, ingestion of air-dried leafy spurge by penned sheep was compared by offering samples from the 2 locations simultaneously. Sheep consumed more (P = 0.0001) leafy spurge from North Dakota than from Idaho. In the third trial, penned sheep were simultaneously offered Idaho leafy spurge harvested from fertilized and non-fertilized sites. Initially, equal amounts of fertilized and unfertilized leafy spurge were consumed (P greater than or equal to.68), but by the fourth day sheep had an obvious preference for leafy spurge from the fertilized site (P = 0.01), These trials indicate that preference for leafy spurge By sheep differs depending on site, and that using sheep to manage leafy spurge may be more successful on soils with relatively high fertility. C1 S Dakota State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Agr Res & Extens, San Angelo, TX 76901 USA. ARS, USDA, US Sheep Expt Stn, Dubois, ID 83402 USA. RP Kronberg, SL (reprint author), S Dakota State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Brookings, SD 57007 USA. NR 29 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 4 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 52 IS 1 BP 39 EP 44 DI 10.2307/4003490 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 157HQ UT WOS:000078055900006 ER PT J AU Hardegree, SP Van Vactor, SS Pierson, FB Palmquist, DE AF Hardegree, SP Van Vactor, SS Pierson, FB Palmquist, DE TI Predicting variable-temperature response of non-dormant seeds from constant-temperature germination data SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE seed; model; rate ID S-AND-H; GRAIN LEGUMES; PEARL-MILLET; FLUCTUATING TEMPERATURES; GRASSES; TIME; CHICKPEA; MODEL AB The objective of many laboratory-germination experiments is to develop insight into the process of field establishment. It is relatively difficult, however, to infer potential field response from laboratory data given the enormous spatial and temporal variability in seedbed microclimate. Previous studies have attempted to survey large numbers of alternating day/night temperature regimes in order to estimate germination response to potential conditions of field microclimate. The objectives of this study were to estimate the errors associated with prediction of variable-temperature germination response from fewer, constant-temperature germination data. Non-dormant seeds of thickspike wheatgrass [Elymus lanceolatus (Scribn. and J.G. Smith) Gould], bluebunch wheatgrass [Pseudoroegneria spicata (Pursh) Love], Sandberg bluegrass (Poa sandbergii Vasey), and bottlebrush squirreltail [Elymus elymoides (Raf.) Swezey] were germinated under constant, alternating-constant and sine-wave temperature regimes. Predicted and measured cumulative-germination response generally coincided to within a day for most temperature treatments except for the most slowly germinating subpopulations of seeds. Thermal response models can be parameterized from relatively few experimental data but provide predictive inferences relevant to a wide number of variable-temperature conditions. C1 USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. ARS, USDA, Landscape Ecol Rangelands Res Unit, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Hardegree, SP (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, 800 Pk Rd, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 31 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 52 IS 1 BP 83 EP 91 DI 10.2307/4003496 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 157HQ UT WOS:000078055900012 ER PT J AU Chambers, JC Blank, RR Zamudio, DC Tausch, RJ AF Chambers, JC Blank, RR Zamudio, DC Tausch, RJ TI Central Nevada riparian areas: Physical and chemical properties of meadow soils SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE water tables; watershed geology; soil morphology; soil quality; ecosystem classification; ecosystem condition ID BEAVER AB Despite the importance of soil characteristics for classifying riparian ecosystem types and evaluating ecosystem or range condition, little information exists on western riparian area soils or the factors that influence them. We examined the effects of drainage basin geology and water table depth on soil morphology and soil physical and chemical properties of meadow sites in central Nevada. We described and analyzed the soils of meadows that occurred in 4 drainages with different geology and that exhibited high water tables (0 to -20 cm from the surface), intermediate water tables (-30 to -50 cm), and low water tables (-60 to -80 cm). Pedons of high water tables sites had thick O(e) horizons, dark, fine-textured A horizons, no B horizons, and lower C horizons high in coarse fragments. In contrast, pedons of low water tables sites were characterized by deep, dark and organic-rich A horizons, cambic B horizons, and deep rooting profiles. High water tables sites had higher organic matter, total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, and extractable potassium, but lower pH than low water table sites. Also, high water table sites had lower percentage sand, lower bulk densities, and higher soil moisture retention. The importance of organic matter was evidenced by strong positive product moment correlations for organic matter and total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, and extractable potassium. Significant differences in pH, extractable potassium and extractable phosphorus existed among drainages that were explainable largely from the parent materials. Drainages with chert, quartzite, and limestone had higher silt and clay, neutral pH, and high levels of extractable phosphorus. Drainages formed in acidic volcanic tuffs, rhyolites and breccia were characterized by coarser textured soils and low pH and extractable phosphorus. In riparian areas, soil water table depth interacts with soil parent material to significantly affect soil morphology and soil physical and chemical properties. Because these factors vary over both large and small spatial scales, differences among sites must be carefully interpreted when classifying ecosystems or evaluating ecosystem condition. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Agr Res Serv, USDA, Reno, NV 89512 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Humbolt Toiyabe Natl Forest, Sparks, NV 89431 USA. RP Chambers, JC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 32 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 11 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 52 IS 1 BP 92 EP 99 DI 10.2307/4003497 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 157HQ UT WOS:000078055900013 ER PT J AU Lal, R Follett, RF Kimble, J Cole, CV AF Lal, R Follett, RF Kimble, J Cole, CV TI Managing US cropland to sequester carbon in soil SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID ORGANIC-MATTER CHANGES; RESIDUE MANAGEMENT; CONSERVATION TILLAGE; WHEAT-FALLOW; NITROGEN; ROTATION; SYSTEMS; FERTILIZATION; DYNAMICS; BIOMASS C1 Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. USDA ARS, Soil Plant Nutrient Res, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. USDA, NRCS, Natl Soil Survey Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. Colorado State Univ, Estes Pk, CO 80517 USA. RP Lal, R (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Sch Nat Resources, 2021 Coffey Rd, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RI Lal, Rattan/D-2505-2013 NR 63 TC 186 Z9 211 U1 3 U2 35 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 1 BP 374 EP 381 PG 8 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 187TY UT WOS:000079805200002 ER PT J AU Gewin, VL Kennedy, AC Veseth, R Miller, BC AF Gewin, VL Kennedy, AC Veseth, R Miller, BC TI Soil quality changes in eastern Washington with Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) take-out SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Conservation Reserve Program; crested wheatgrass; direct-seed; erosion; no-till; soil microbiology; soil quality; tillage ID CRESTED WHEATGRASS; CROP PRODUCTION; ORGANIC-MATTER; TILLAGE AB CRP lands in eastern Washington were eligible for dryland cropping production as of 1995. Conservation and conventional take-put practices were assessed at eight sites throughout eastern Washington to determine changes in soil quality parameters. The trials tested different tillage options: direct-seed/spring plant (DSP), conventional tillage/spring take-out (CSP), or conventional tillage/summer fallow (CSF). The eastern Washington sites range in annual precipitation from 23 to 36 cm (?? to ?? in) and in soil organic matter from 1.06 to 2.60%. Microbial biomass, readily-mineralized carbon (RMC), dehydrogenase activity, pH, organic matter content (OM), nitrate and ammonium concentrations, moisture, bulk density, and aggregate stability were monitored from 1995 to 1996. Results showed that RMC and pH were lower after one year in conventionally-tilled plots as compared to CRP grassland. The direct-seed samples were more like CRP grassland with respect to pH, dehydrogenase activity, and RMC than conventional tillage treatments. C1 USDA ARS, Land Management, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Univ Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Gewin, VL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Land Management, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 31 TC 12 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 1 BP 432 EP 438 PG 7 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 187TY UT WOS:000079805200010 ER PT J AU Karlen, DL Rosek, MJ Gardner, JC Allan, DL Alms, MJ Bezdicek, DF Flock, M Huggins, DR Miller, BS Staben, ML AF Karlen, DL Rosek, MJ Gardner, JC Allan, DL Alms, MJ Bezdicek, DF Flock, M Huggins, DR Miller, BS Staben, ML TI Conservation Reserve Program effects on soil quality indicators SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE tillage; perennial grass effects; soil resiliency; CRP; public policy assessment ID WATER-STABLE AGGREGATION; MICROBIAL BIOMASS; ORGANIC-MATTER; HUMID CLIMATE; TILLAGE; CULTIVATION; NITROGEN; CARBON; EXTRACTION; ERGOSTEROL AB Soil quality indicators may be useful for evaluating public policies such as the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). The objective of this study was to determine how CRP affected several physical, chemical, and biological indicators of soil quality. Soil aggregate stability and size distribution, bulk density, total organic C and N, nitrate-N, ammonium-N, pH, cation exchange capacity, microial biomass C and N, soil respiration, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, fungal hyphal length, and ergosterol concentrations were measured in paired CRP and cropland sites in Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, and Washington. CRP sites in Iowa generally had a higher percentage of water stable soil aggregates than cropland sites. In Minnesota, the mean aggregate diameter was significantly higher in CRP than cropland samples, but differences in North Dakota were not significant. In all states, microbial biomass carbon was 17 to 64% higher at CRP sites than at cropland or fallow sites. Nitrate-N was 18 to 74% higher in cropland than CRP sites. Soil respiration values were greater (but not significantly different) in CRP than cropland sites in all four states. Hyphal length, measured only in Iowa, increased 26 to 62% under CRP. CRP samples had higher ergosterol only in Henry County, Iowa, where cropland was chisel plowed and disced each year. Overall, soil biological indicators showed more significant differences than either chemical or physical indicators. This multi-state project shows that several soil quality indicators were improved by placing highly erodible cropland into perennial grass, and that with refinement, those indicators could be used to assess long-term impacts of agricultural management practices. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Terra Int, Oakley, MI USA. AgGrow Oils, Carrington, ND USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Blue Earth Agron, Lake Crystal, MN USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Brookside Labs, New Knoxville, OH USA. USDA ARS, Land Management & Water Conservat Res Unit, Pullman, WA USA. Carrington Res & Extens Ctr, Carrington, ND USA. RP Karlen, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 52 TC 66 Z9 100 U1 1 U2 25 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 1 BP 439 EP 444 PG 6 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 187TY UT WOS:000079805200011 ER PT J AU Mausbach, MJ AF Mausbach, MJ TI The soil resource SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Mausbach, MJ (reprint author), Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 2 BP 450 EP 451 PG 2 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 277MA UT WOS:000084936300001 ER PT J AU Toy, TJ Foster, GR Renard, KG AF Toy, TJ Foster, GR Renard, KG TI RUSLE for mining, construction and reclamation lands SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE erosion; soil loss; RUSLE; USLE; mining; construction; reclamation; disturbed land ID SOIL LOSS EQUATION; UNIVERSAL AB The Revised Universal Sail Loss Equation (RUSLE) is a practical and increasingly popular choice to provide soil-loss estimates in the preparation of environmental impact assessments, reclamation plans, and post-reclamation site evaluations for land subjected to mining and construction. A factor-by-factor comparison of the Universal Soil Lass Equation (USLE) and RUSLE versions 1.04 and 1.06 illustrates the ways in which version 1.06 has been modified and improved to accommodate the special conditions of mining, construction and reclamation lands. The effects of several erosion- and sediment-control materials and practices are included in the C and P factors. The program computes sediment-delivery ratios that include consideration of sediment characteristics. Despite its limitations, we believe that RUSLE 1.06 is the best currently available technology for soil-lass estimation an mining, construction, and reclamation lands. The USLE and RUSLE version 1.04 no longer should be used for this purpose. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS USA. ARS, USDA, Tucson, AZ USA. RP Toy, TJ (reprint author), Univ Denver, Denver, CO 80208 USA. NR 21 TC 25 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 12 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 2 BP 462 EP 467 PG 6 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 277MA UT WOS:000084936300003 ER PT J AU Saleh, A Fryrear, DW AF Saleh, A Fryrear, DW TI Soil roughness for the revised wind erosion equation (RWEQ) SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE decay; orientation; roughness; soil loss AB Soil surface aggregates (random roughness) and ridges (oriented roughness) can reduce soil loss by wind erosion. The soil roughness factor used in the Wind Erosion Equation (WEQ) model describes the effect of soil roughness on soil loss by wind. However, the sail roughness factor used in the WEQ does not include the random roughness effect, decay of soil surface roughness by rainfall, and is described only for the direction perpendicular to the ridges. This study was conducted to develop a new soil roughness factor for the Revised Wind Erosion Equation (RWEQ) model. The new soil roughness factor (K') (1) includes both oriented and random roughness effect; (2) is modified as soil surface roughness decay by rainfall; and (3) is predicted at any given angle with respect to ridge orientation. Wind tunnel data were used to generate K' which includes the effect of both random and oriented roughness Surface roughness decay functions were used to predict K' when soil surface is decayed as function of rainfall amount and storm erosivity index (EI). A function was used to predict K' at any given angle with respect to ridge orientation for ridged fields. C1 Tarleton State Univ, Texas Inst Appl Environm Res, Stephenville, TX 76402 USA. Custom Prod & Consultants, Big Spring, TX USA. ARS, USDA, Big Spring, TX USA. RP Saleh, A (reprint author), Tarleton State Univ, Texas Inst Appl Environm Res, Stephenville, TX 76402 USA. NR 13 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 5 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 2 BP 473 EP 476 PG 4 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 277MA UT WOS:000084936300005 ER PT J AU Day, JC Hallahan, CB Sandretto, CL Lindamood, WA AF Day, JC Hallahan, CB Sandretto, CL Lindamood, WA TI Pesticide use in US corn production: Does conservation tillage make a difference? SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE conventional tillage; conservation tillage; corn production; pesticide use ID POPULATION-DYNAMICS; SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; NO-TILLAGE; SYSTEMS; SOIL; MANAGEMENT; ATRAZINE; IMPACT; WATER AB This study analyzed herbicide and insecticide application rate data collected in surveys of farmers in the Corn Belt to determine if significant differences existed between five tillage practices: conventional with moldboard plow, conventional without moldboard plow, mulch-till, no-till, and ridge-till. Survey data from 1990 1993, and 1995 were analyzed and results compared to similar studies reported in the literature for the years 1980 1990 1991, and 1992. Only with no-till and ridge-till was there a clear statistically significant difference in herbicide application rates between conventional and conservation tillage systems. With respect to insecticides, application rates with conservation tillage were found to be no higher than with conventional tillage, and often lower. The Key variable that determined pesticide loadings in the stz area was the number of acres treated in each tillage class, not differences in per hectare application rates between classes. C1 ERS, USDA, Resource Econ Div, Washington, DC 20250 USA. ERS, USDA, Informat Serv Div, Washington, DC USA. RP Day, JC (reprint author), ERS, USDA, Resource Econ Div, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 7 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 2 BP 477 EP 484 PG 8 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 277MA UT WOS:000084936300006 ER PT J AU Schillinger, WF Papendick, RI Veseth, RJ Young, FL AF Schillinger, WF Papendick, RI Veseth, RJ Young, FL TI Russian thistle skeletons provide residue in wheat-fallow cropping systems SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE conservation tillage; drought; erosion; fallow; residue; Pacific Northwest; Russian thistle; wheat ID SOIL AB Growers in low-precipitation (< 300 mm annual) dryland areas of the inland Pacific Northwest of the USA practice a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) -fallow rotation where only one crop is grown every two years. When when wheat yields are low, it is difficult to maintain adequate surface residue for erosion control during the ensuing fallow cycle Russian thistle (Salsola iberica) is a major broadleaf weed in low-crop-production years, and it often produces more dry matter by grain harvest than the wheat crop it infests. In a 4-yr study, the effect of 3 tillage management treatments on retention of above-ground wheat residue and dead Russian thistle plants or "skeletons" during fallow was determined Treatments were: 1) traditional (tillage), 2) minimum (herbicides and tillage), and 3) delayed minimum (herbicides and delayed tillage). Russian thistle infestation occurred 2 of the 4 yr when winter wheat failed and was replaced by spring wheat. Russian thistle skeletons were preserved as an important source of surface cover during fallow using minimum tillage, whereas they were wind-blown from the field or buried with traditional tillage. Minimum tillage also increased surface wheat residue compared to traditional tillage an all sampling dates. Results show the value of conserving Russian thistle skeletons for erosion control in low crop residue situations when this weed is likely to be present in large amounts. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Lind, WA 99341 USA. ARS, USDA, Pullman, WA USA. Univ Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Schillinger, WF (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Lind, WA 99341 USA. OI Schillinger, William/0000-0001-9285-8159 NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 9 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 2 BP 506 EP 509 PG 4 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 277MA UT WOS:000084936300010 ER PT J AU Liebig, MA Doran, JW AF Liebig, MA Doran, JW TI Evaluation of point-scale assessments of soil quality SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE farmers' perceptions; on-farm research; point-scale assessments; soil quality ID BIOMASS AB This study was conducted to evaluate four approaches to point-scale assessment of soil quality: farmers' perceptions and field-descriptive, field-analytical, and laboratory-analytical assessments. Twenty-four conventional and organic farmers were paired within ecoregions, and perceptions of soil quality indicators on their "good" and "problem" soils were surveyed. Using results from laboratory-analytical assessments as a standard, farmers' perceptions were accurate or near-accurate in over 75% of the cases for the majority of indicators evaluated in the study. Field-descriptive assessments of topsoil depth and soil texture were accurate or near-accurate in at least 92% of the cases. Results from field-analytical assessments of electrical conductivity, soil pH, and soil nitrate were accurate in at least 46% of the cases. From an assessment-efficiency stand-point, seeking out farmers' perceptions of soil quality indicators seems to be an appropriate first iteration to point-scale evaluations. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Liebig, MA (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. RI Liebig, Mark/A-2775-2009 NR 38 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 2 BP 510 EP 518 PG 9 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 277MA UT WOS:000084936300011 ER PT J AU Lee, JJ Phillips, DL Benson, VW AF Lee, JJ Phillips, DL Benson, VW TI Soil erosion and climate change: Assessing potential impacts and adaptation practices SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE climate change; soil erosion; adaptation; assessment; simulations; US corn belt ID YIELD; MODEL AB Changes in climate associated with changes in atmospheric concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases might affect soil erosion by wind and water. Changes in erosion could in turn cause changes in productivity and sustainability of agricultural systems, and changes in air quality (PM10) and water quality (sediment transport). Substantial effects on productivity may however, only occur several decades after climate changes. This paper presents a procedure for assessing the potential effects of climate change on erosion and productivity. A preliminary screening process is used to identify and prioritize regions and management systems. Subsequent simulation of selected sites with the EPIC model is used to investigate potential practices to adapt agricultural systems to climate change. In some cases, proposed adaptation strategies might reduce sustainability if they due not matched to environmental conditions found at specific sites. As an example, the assessment procedure is applied to evaluate vulnerability and adaptation practices for a 20% increase in mean monthly wind speeds in the U.S. corn belt. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv Grassland, Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Lee, JJ (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RI Phillips, Donald/D-5270-2011 NR 31 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 3 BP 529 EP 536 PG 8 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 277MB UT WOS:000084936400003 ER PT J AU Bilbro, JD Stout, JE AF Bilbro, JD Stout, JE TI Wind velocity patterns as modified by plastic pipe windbarriers SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE density index; efficiency index; optical density; shelterbelt; soil erosion; windbarrier; wind erosion; wind velocity reduction AB Windbarriers can reduce the damaging effects of wind erosion. Therefore, to obtain information that would facilitate the design of more efficient windbarriers, wind velocity patterns produced by various combinations of plastic-pipe windbarriers were studied. A one-vow windbarrier with 12.5% optical density was the least effective, reducing downwind velocities over a 30-m (99-ft) distance by an average of only 4.3%. The most efficient windbarrier was a one-row windbarrier with 75% optical density, which reduced velocities an average of 32.5% over the 30-m (99-ft) distance. Equations were derived that can be used in the design of more efficient windbarriers to control wind erosion. C1 USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. USDA ARS, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. RP Bilbro, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 3 BP 551 EP 556 PG 6 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 277MB UT WOS:000084936400006 ER PT J AU Armbrust, DV AF Armbrust, DV TI Effectiveness of polyacrylamide (PAM) for wind erosion control SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE polyacrylamide; PAM; wind erosion; wind erosion control AB Polyacrylamide (PAM) has been shown to he very effective in controlling water erosion from furrow irrigation, but it has not been evaluated for its effectiveness in controlling wind erosion. Laboratory and field wind tunnel tests using several formulations and rates of PAM were conducted to determine its possible use for forming wind erosion-resistant surfaces (crusts). Tests showed that PAM is no more effective than natural rainfall for wind erosion control tinder general agricultural conditions. C1 USDA ARS, Wind Eros Res Unit, Manhattan, KS USA. RP Armbrust, DV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Wind Eros Res Unit, Manhattan, KS USA. NR 12 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 9 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 3 BP 557 EP 559 PG 3 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 277MB UT WOS:000084936400007 ER PT J AU Daniel, JA AF Daniel, JA TI Influence of wheat tillage practices on shallow groundwater recharge SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE groundwater recharge; moldboard; no-till; sweeps; winter wheat ID RUNOFF AB A three-year study (1994 to 1996) using four-ha watersheds was done to determine the impact of no-till, moldboard, and sweeps tillage practices on recharge to a shallow unconfined groundwater system. A native grass watershed was used for central: Each watershed was equipped with three groundwater wells, which allowed monthly monitoring of water levels. Two method of quantifying recharge from fluctuating water table levels (deep percolation) were used: an averaged index and active monthly recharge. Results show native grass with the highest index (0.7) followed by moldboard (0.6), sweeps (0.2), and no-till (.06). Recharge rates under the native grass watershed are larger than the tilled watersheds for years with average and above average rainfall. However, during a year with below average rainfall no active recharge was found. The watersheds with different tillage practices had lesser recharge amounts with mold-board ranging from 10.4 to 20.8 cm, no-till ranging from 3.8 to 11.7 cm, and sweeps ranging from 20 to 10.9 cm. This recharge is attributed to fallow practice during summer and low evapotranspiration during the fall and early winter. C1 USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RP Daniel, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 3 BP 560 EP 564 PG 5 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 277MB UT WOS:000084936400008 ER PT J AU Karlen, DL AF Karlen, DL TI Opportunities and challenges associated with watershed-scale assessments of soil and water quality SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Karlen, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 4 BP 626 EP 627 PG 2 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 277MC UT WOS:000084936500001 ER PT J AU Aschmann, SG Anderson, DP Croft, RJ Cassell, EA AF Aschmann, SG Anderson, DP Croft, RJ Cassell, EA TI Using a watershed nutrient dynamics model, WEND, to address watershed-scale nutrient management challenges SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE animal waste; nutrient management; phosphorus; simulation; sustainability; water quality; watershed ID PHOSPHORUS LOSS AB Nutrient management has become a major focus for watershed-scale planning to sustain or improve groundwater quality in certain areas. The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Watershed Science Institute (WSSI), in cooperation with a number Of partners, is developing a process for creating unique, watershed-scale models to examine dynamic phosphorus (P) flows into, out of; and within watersheds using a mass balance approach. The Watershed Ecosystem Nutrient Dynamics (WEND) model tracks watershed P balances over time within each of the several land-use sectors. Long-term impacts of various strategic policy decisions on P cycling both within and export from watersheds can be modeled The Winooski River Watershed in Vermont is a case watershed in which WEND has been used to evaluate the impacts of long-term strategies an nutrient use efficiency. The objective of this study was to describe the effects of three scenarios (status quo, increased rate of development, and increased conservation policies) an P cycling. The model showed increased water quality impairment over 80 years under the status quo and development scenarios. Under the conservation scenario, P movement into the drainage network was significantly reduced. This suggests that the WEND model could be adopted as an NRCS tool for improved watershed-scale P management. C1 USDA, NRCS, Watershed Sci Inst, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. USDA, NRCS, Watershed Sci Inst, Burlington, VT USA. Univ Vermont, Sch Nat Resources, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. RP Aschmann, SG (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, Watershed Sci Inst, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. NR 28 TC 4 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 4 BP 630 EP 635 PG 6 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 277MC UT WOS:000084936500002 ER PT J AU Sloan, AJ Gilliam, JW Parsons, JE Mikkelsen, RL Riley, RC AF Sloan, AJ Gilliam, JW Parsons, JE Mikkelsen, RL Riley, RC TI Groundwater nitrate depletion in a swine lagoon effluent-irrigated pasture and adjacent riparian zone SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE denitrification; leaching; nitrate chloride ratio; stream; water quality ID FOREST; DENITRIFICATION; WATERSHEDS; LOSSES AB lIrrigation of anaerobic swine lagoon effluent onto cattle-grazed grass pastures represents a common waste treatment method in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina. However, such treatment strategies can result in high nitrate (NO3) concentrations in the shallow groundwater beneath spray fields, and ultimately surface waters receiving groundwater discharge if application rates exceed crop and animal removal. This study was conducted to determine NO3 accumulation and movement in the spray fields and riparian zone on a swine farm in eastern North Carolina, as well as effects of effluent irrigation on streams recharged by shallow groundwater flow. Increases in the NO3 concentration of receiving streams occurred over the farm, suggesting that some NO3 was reaching surface waters. Despite evidence of denitrification losses in riparian areas, the riparian zone did not fully protect the receiving streams from high concentrations of NO3 in the groundwater. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Washington, DC USA. RP Sloan, AJ (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Soil Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 19 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 4 BP 651 EP 656 PG 6 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 277MC UT WOS:000084936500005 ER PT J AU McQuaid, BF Norfleet, L AF McQuaid, BF Norfleet, L TI Assessment of two Carolina watersheds using land and stream habitat quality indices SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Index of Biotic Integrity; land quality; soil quality; watershed health ID BIOTIC INTEGRITY; INDEX AB The US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) has been directed to assist local landowners and communities to implement watershed improvement practices. The purpose of this study was to document current conditions in the Rocky River Watershed in North Carolina and the Saluda River Watershed in South Carolina. A variety of watershed assessment tools, including the NRCS Visual Stream Assessment (VSA), Stream Habitat Assessment (SHA), Riparian Vegetation Index (RVI), Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI), and Land Quality Index (LQI) were wed on a statistically representative portion of both watershed. Overall, the SHA, VSA, and RVI rated the watersheds' condition as good, whereas the IBI rated them as fair. Correlations between IBI and the other indices were poor, perhaps indicating these indices measure different features within the watersheds. The LQI emphasized the need for better characterization of urban land and riparian corridors. Inclusion of suburban lawns with the urban land indicator improved correlations between IBI and LQI by 20%. This pilot study suggests further scrutiny in applying quantitative stream physical habitat measures to assess watershed renditions. It also indicates additional study of the IBI by NRCS. Resources devoted to statistical design were valuable and should provide the NRCS with a framework for conducting future watershed studies. C1 USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Watershed Sci Inst, Raleigh, NC USA. Auburn Univ, USDA, Nat Conservat Serv, Soil Qual Inst, Auburn, IL USA. RP McQuaid, BF (reprint author), USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Watershed Sci Inst, Raleigh, NC USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 4 BP 657 EP 665 PG 9 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 277MC UT WOS:000084936500006 ER PT J AU Griffith, GE Omernik, JM Woods, AJ AF Griffith, GE Omernik, JM Woods, AJ TI Ecoregions, watersheds, basins, and HUCs: How state and federal agencies frame water quality SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE aquatic ecosystems; ecoregions; hydrologic units; reference sites; water quality; watersheds ID ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; ECOLOGICAL REGIONS; UNITED-STATES; CALIFORNIA; BIODIVERSITY; PHOSPHORUS; STREAMS; SALMON; FISHES; USA AB Many stare and federal agencies have adopted a "watershed approach" for water quality assessment and management and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommend; using hydrologic units for this purpose. Watersheds are important spatial units for studies of land-water relationships, but most hydrologic units are not watershed. More importantly, watersheds, basins, or hydrologic units do not correspond to the spatial patterns of regional characteristics, such as physiography, soils, vegetation, geology, climate, and land use that influence the physical, chemical, or biological nature of water bodies. Far effective management Strategies regarding protective water quality standards or restoration goals, these regional differences in ecological potentials should be considered. An ecoregion framework is an appropriate and necessary complementary tool for watershed assessment and management. Reference watershed within ecoregions can be wed to help set expectations, standards, and management practices. National, regional, and state examples illustrate the need to recognize the limitations of water quality assessments conducted solely within watershed or hydrologic unit frameworks. C1 USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Corvallis, OR USA. Dynamac Corp, Corvallis, OR USA. RP Griffith, GE (reprint author), USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 82 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 15 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 4 BP 666 EP 677 PG 12 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 277MC UT WOS:000084936500007 ER PT J AU Cochrane, TA Flanagan, DC AF Cochrane, TA Flanagan, DC TI Assessing water erosion in small watersheds using WEPP with GIS and digital elevation models SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE DEM; flowpaths; Geographic Information System; hydrology; modeling; runoff; sediment; soil erosion; Water Erosion Predication Project ID AREAS AB Three different approaches using geographical information systems (GIS) and digital elevation models (DEMs) are described and evaluated for applying the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model to assess water erasion in small watershed. The first approach describes a typical application of the watershed version of WEPP racing GIS only as an aid for construction of required input files. The second approach presents an automated method for the application of WEPP through the extraction of hillslopes and channels from DEMs. The third approach uses WEPP model simulations an all possible flowpaths within a watershed. The three methods were applied to six research watersheds: one from Treynor, Ia., two from Watkinsville, Ga., and three from Holly Springs, Miss. A statistical analysis far all method and watersheds compared the predicted vs. measured runoff and sediment yield from watershed outlets on an event-by-event basis for runoff and sediment loss. The results indicate that the automatic hillslope method (the second approach) performs as well as the manual technique (the first approach) for all watersheds. A comparison of erosion fi om only hillslopes for all three methods indicates that the flowpath method (the third approach) is statistically comparable to the other method. Results of the analysis suggest that, given art accurate DEM and valid input data for a Simple watershed, the automatic hillslope method can be wed to facilitate the application of the watershed version of WEPP, and that predictions should be comparable to an expert user's application of WEPP. C1 Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN USA. RP Cochrane, TA (reprint author), Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 21 TC 56 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 18 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 4 BP 678 EP 685 PG 8 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 277MC UT WOS:000084936500008 ER PT J AU Tiscareno-Lopez, M Baez-Gonzalez, AD Velazquez-Valle, M Potter, KN Stone, JJ Tapia-Vargas, M Claveran-Alonso, R AF Tiscareno-Lopez, M Baez-Gonzalez, AD Velazquez-Valle, M Potter, KN Stone, JJ Tapia-Vargas, M Claveran-Alonso, R TI Agricultural research for watershed restoration in central Mexico SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE conservation tillage; erosion; hillslope agriculture; modeling; runoff; soil ID SOIL CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS; PRODUCTIVITY; TECHNOLOGY; ADOPTION; FARMERS AB More than 60% of Mexico's soil and water resources has been identified as being in a moderately to severely degraded condition. The objective for this Mexico-United States project was to identify Best Management Practices that could restore agricultural soil in the steep hillslopes of the Patzcuaro Watershed in central Mexico. The use of no-till equipment and preserving a moderate amount of crop residue (33% coaler) on soils having 8% slope reduced roil loss 80%, and runoff 76%, compared to conventional tillage. Rainfall simulation studies indicated that water infiltration is enhanced almost three-fold using no-till. improvement of water infiltration and deep-water percolation would represent a significant modification of the local hydrologic regime for fake recharge and soil moisture retention for cropland areas. Using hydrologic process-based modeling with satellite images and Geographical Information Systems allowed the extrapolation of point-based experimental data to the watershed scale. This technology will provide the decision-making elements needed to develop soil conservation plans and implement a national program for conservation tillage in Mexico. C1 Natl Ctr Sustainable Agr, Inst Nacl Invest Forestales Agr & Pecuarias, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico. USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ USA. Colegio Postgraduados, Watershed Management, Montecillos, Mexico. RP Tiscareno-Lopez, M (reprint author), Natl Ctr Sustainable Agr, Inst Nacl Invest Forestales Agr & Pecuarias, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico. NR 27 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 4 BP 686 EP 692 PG 7 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 277MC UT WOS:000084936500009 ER PT J AU Karlen, DL Kramer, LA James, DE Buhler, DD Moorman, TB Burkart, MR AF Karlen, DL Kramer, LA James, DE Buhler, DD Moorman, TB Burkart, MR TI Field-scale watershed evaluations on deep-loess soils: I. Topography and agronomic practices SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE agroecology; continuous corn production; long-term field research; soil productivity; sustainable agriculture ID AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL MOVEMENT; ZEA-MAYS; CORN; IOWA; TERM; ROTATIONS; HYDROLOGY; NITROGEN; SYSTEMS; NITRATE AB Long-term field-scale watershed studies are needed to quantify productivity and environmental imparts of various farming practices. The objective for this study was to summarize geologic, topographic, and agronomic data for four deep-loess, field-scale watersheds in western Iowa. Average corn grain yield for 1972 through 1995 on Monona (fine-silty, mixed mesic Typic Hapludolls), Ida-Dow (fine-silty, mixed mesic Typic Udorthents), and Napier-Kennebec (fine-silty, mixed mesic Cumulic Hapludolls) soils was 7.2, 6.7, and 7.9 Mg ha(-1) (115, 107, and 126 bu/ac), respectively. After more than 20 yr of continuous corn production, the weed community had reached a high density and was dominated by foxtail (Setaria) species. It is recommended that fixture soil and crop management practices on these watershed should focus on increasing crop diversity to control weeds and reduce the apparent yield penalty associated with continuous corn. The management practices dire should strive to develop a soil rendition that is resilient and able to buffer periodic, but anticipated plant water and heat stress. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Deep Loess Res Stn, Council Bluffs, IA USA. RP Karlen, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 50 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 4 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 4 BP 693 EP 704 PG 12 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 277MC UT WOS:000084936500010 ER PT J AU Kramer, LA Burkart, MR Meek, DW Jaquis, RJ James, DE AF Kramer, LA Burkart, MR Meek, DW Jaquis, RJ James, DE TI Field-scale watershed evaluations on deep-loess soils: II. Hydrologic responses to different agricultural land management systems SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE baseflow; conservation practices; hydrology; runoff; sediment; watershed AB The deep-loess hills in Iowa and Missouri are susceptible to erosion and disruption of the balance between infiltration and runoff due to row-crop production. More than 30 yr of precipitation, runoff, baseflow, and sediment discharge measurements near Treynor, la., showed conservation tillage improved important hydrologic responses. Conservation tillage produced smaller amounts of storm-driven runoff and more baseflow. Accompanying this was reduction in sediment discharged annually and during peak storm events. Sediment discharge also was reduced between rough fallow and crop development. The watershed with ridge-till had reduced annual runoff seasonal runoff and seasonal sediment discharge compared to ridge-till and terraces. This raises questions about the efficacy and value of widely-spaced terraces in this region. It is clear that ridge-till and terracing provide multiple benefits to soil and water management The reduced runoff resulting from maximum storm events decreases the loss of sediment derived from sheet and rill erosion. The reduction in annual runoff and accompanying increase in baseflow provides for additional potential soil moisture available for crops. This is particularly important in there relatively well-drained soils. C1 USDA ARS, Deep Loess Res Stn, Council Bluffs, IA USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Kramer, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Deep Loess Res Stn, Council Bluffs, IA USA. NR 10 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 4 BP 705 EP 710 PG 6 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 277MC UT WOS:000084936500011 ER PT J AU Logsdon, SD Karlen, DL Prueger, JH Kramer, LA AF Logsdon, SD Karlen, DL Prueger, JH Kramer, LA TI Field-scale watershed evaluations on deep-loess soils: III. Rainfall and fertilizer N use efficiencies SO JOURNAL OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE baseflow; crop yield; evaporation; leaching; runoff; water use ID AGRICULTURAL CHEMICAL MOVEMENT; CORN; TILLAGE; IOWA; HYDROLOGY; SYSTEMS; NITRATE; TERM AB Water is often the most limiting crop production factor but it also can cause nutrient runoff and leaching losses. The objectives of this report were to (1) compare water we efficiency for the production of continuous corn (Zea mays L.) on long-term conventional-till and ridge-till watersheds in western Iowa, and (2) relate water use to fertilizer N use efficiency. Information on crop yield, rainfall baseflow, runoff; and soil water content was collected over a period of 23 yr. Potential evaporation was calculated from microclimate data. Using these data, water we efficiency was computed. Nitrogen use efficiency was estimated using crop removal and fertilizer application data. There were no significant differences in seasonal rainfall or estimated water loss between the two watersheds, but water use efficiency for ridge-tillage (22.8 kg ha(-1) mm(-1) yr(-1) or 517 lb ac(-1) in(-1) yr(-1)) was significantly greater than for conventional tillage (20.3 kg ha(-1) mm(-1) yr(-1) or 460 lb ac(-1) in(-1) yr(-1)). The estimated N removal by crop harvest accounted for 48 and 59% of the applied N. Ridge-till reduced runoff, increased infiltration, and reduced water loss due to greater residue; therefore, greater water use efficiency was observed. The ridge-till field had less residual NO3-N in the root zone for subsequent leaching, but higher N concentrations in the baseflow since average N fertilization rates exceeded average crop removal by 68 kg ha(-1) yr(-1). This interaction demonstrates the importance of balancing both N and water we efficiencies to achieve a sustainable production system. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Deep Loess Res Stn, Council Bluffs, IA USA. RP Logsdon, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 16 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOIL WATER CONSERVATION SOC PI ANKENY PA 7515 N E ANKENY RD, ANKENY, IA 50021-9764 USA SN 0022-4561 J9 J SOIL WATER CONSERV JI J. Soil Water Conserv. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 4 BP 711 EP 716 PG 6 WC Ecology; Soil Science; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture; Water Resources GA 277MC UT WOS:000084936500012 ER PT J AU Burks, CS Hagstrum, DW AF Burks, CS Hagstrum, DW TI Rapid cold hardening capacity in five species of coleopteran pests of stored grain SO JOURNAL OF STORED PRODUCTS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE rapid cold hardening; Cryptolestes ferrugineus; Oryzaephilus surinaemensis; Rhyzopertha dominica; Sitophilus oryzae; Tribolium casteneum ID MUSCA-DOMESTICA DIPTERA; SHOCK INJURY; TEMPERATURES; TOLERANCE; MUSCIDAE; SURVIVAL; INSECTS; FALL AB The capacity for rapid cold hardening was examined in recently-eclosed adults of five coleopteran species associated with stored grain, Supercooling points indicated that mortality was predominantly due to chilling injury. Threshold temperatures for indirect chilling injury for each of these species were determined by fitting survivorship data for unacclimated insects held for 0-6 h at various sub-0 degrees C temperatures to a response surface. These response surfaces were used to predict a threshold temperature for each species at which 50% of the unacclimated individuals would survive for 2 h. The survival time at this threshold temperature with acclimation for 2 h at 4 degrees C was compared to that without acclimation. The ratio of the 50% survivorship time of unacclimated to that of acclimated beetles was 8.7 for C. ferrugineus. This exceeded by over two-fold the range of 2.6-4.0 observed for the remaining species indicating that, in addition to greater innate cold hardiness, C. ferrugineus also has a greater capacity for rapid cold hardening than the other species examined. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Burks, CS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. EM cburks@asrr.arsusda.gov OI Burks, Charles/0000-0003-0242-8644 NR 18 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-474X J9 J STORED PROD RES JI J. Stored Prod. Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 35 IS 1 BP 65 EP 75 DI 10.1016/S0022-474X(98)00031-9 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 158VD UT WOS:000078137300007 ER PT J AU Arthur, FH AF Arthur, FH TI Residual susceptibility of fifth instar Plodia interpunctella to cyfluthrin wettable powder SO JOURNAL OF STORED PRODUCTS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Plodia interpunctella; insecticides; cyfluthrin; treated surfaces ID DELTAMETHRIN DUST; CONCRETE; FORMULATIONS; COLEOPTERA; PLYWOOD; TIME AB Wandering-phase fifth instar Plodia interpuntella (Hubner) were exposed at 3-week intervals for 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 h on concrete treated with sprays of 100, 150, and 200 mg 20% cyfluthrin wettable powder (WP) per m(2) over a 15-week period. Pupation rate and adult emergence were not significantly different (P greater than or equal to 0.05) with respect to exposure interval at any application rate. Of the larvae exposed at week 0 (1 day after treatment) on concrete treated with 100 mg per m(2) cyfluthrin WP, 8.7 +/- 3.8% reached the pupal stage and 3.8 +/- 1.5% emerged as adults, but adult emergence at all subsequent weeks was at least 63.8%. No adults emerged from larvae exposed at week 0 or week 3 on concrete treated with 150 mg cyfluthrin WP per m(2). Pupation and adult emergence for larvae exposed at week 0 on concrete treated with 200 mg cyflutrhin WP per m(2) was 12.7 +/- 6.8 and 11.4 +/- 6.6%, respectively, but adult emergence at week 3 was only 1.9 +/- 1.0%. Residual control, defined as the time when pupation and adult emergence were less than 10%, exceeded 3-week only at the intermediate label rate of 150 mg cyfluthrin WP per m(2). (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Arthur, FH (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-474X J9 J STORED PROD RES JI J. Stored Prod. Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 35 IS 1 BP 99 EP 105 DI 10.1016/S0022-474X(98)00016-2 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 158VD UT WOS:000078137300010 ER PT J AU Montanari, L Fantozzi, P Snyder, JM King, JW AF Montanari, L Fantozzi, P Snyder, JM King, JW TI Selective extraction of phospholipids from soybeans with supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol SO JOURNAL OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Italian Conference on Supercritical Fluids and Their Applications CY SEP 07-10, 1997 CL CAPRI, ITALY DE phospholipid; selective extraction; supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) ID CO2 AB Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) is very effective in removing oils from a variety of seed matrices, devoid of any appreciable amount of phospholipid (PL) content. However. the limited solubility of PLs in SC-CO2 leaves behind a potentially valuable by-product in the spent seed matrix. Any PL extraction process from the spent matrix must maintain the structure and the quality of PLs and must be compatible with the end use of the seed protein meal as animal feed or for human consumption. An initial SC-CO2 extraction of soybean flakes was performed at 32 MPa and 80 degrees C to extract the oil, leaving the PLs in the defatted soybean flakes (DSF). A second step was performed on the DSF using X-eth =0.10, varying the pressure from 16.6 to 68.4 MPa and the temperature from 60 to 80 degrees C. For all SC-CO2/ethanol extractions, a fraction rich in PLs was obtained. The fractions extracted from defatted soybean flakes were dried and then re-dissolved in chloroform before HPLC-ELSD analysis. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of PLs on soybean seeds, DSF, and different extracted phospholipid fractions was carried out, to ascertain the effort of combinations of extraction pressure and temperature. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Perugia, Ist Ind Agr, I-06126 Perugia, Italy. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Montanari, L (reprint author), Univ Perugia, Ist Ind Agr, Via San Costanzo, I-06126 Perugia, Italy. NR 21 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 3 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0896-8446 J9 J SUPERCRIT FLUID JI J. Supercrit. Fluids PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 14 IS 2 BP 87 EP 93 DI 10.1016/S0896-8446(98)00110-7 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Chemistry; Engineering GA 156HM UT WOS:000077995600002 ER PT J AU Uri, ND AF Uri, ND TI The use of no till farming in US agriculture: Farmers' perceptions versus reality SO JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE US agriculture; no till farming; environmental benefits; farmers' perceptions ID CONSERVATION TILLAGE; RUNOFF AB A number of economic and environmental benefits are associated with the use of no till in production agriculture in the United States. There are lower labor, energy, and machinery costs associated with no till farming relative to conventional tillage systems and other types of conservation tillage. The reduced erosion and runoff associated with no till also lead to a number of environmental benefits including a reduction in water quality impairment. In order to properly associate the benefits of no till with its use, it is important that farmers' perception of what constitutes no till and their actual use of no till be consistent. An analysis of the Agricultural Resource Management Study survey data for 1996 shows that for soybeans, winter wheat, spring wheat, and durum wheat, farmers' perceptions are consistent with reality. In the case of corn, however, nearly 18 percent of corn farmers believe they are using no till while in actuality, only slightly more than 12 percent are using this tillage system. C1 Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Resources Inventory Div, USDA, Washington, DC USA. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Resources Inventory Div, USDA, Rm 1-2118A,5601 Sunnyside Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 32 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 7 U2 9 PU HAWORTH PRESS INC PI BINGHAMTON PA 10 ALICE ST, BINGHAMTON, NY 13904-1580 USA SN 1044-0046 J9 J SUSTAIN AGR JI J. Sustain. Agric. PY 1999 VL 15 IS 2-3 BP 5 EP 17 DI 10.1300/J064v15n01_03 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 277YC UT WOS:000084960300002 ER PT J AU Uri, ND AF Uri, ND TI The economic benefits and costs of conservation tillage SO JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE conservation tillage; economic costs; private benefits; soil erosion ID SOIL; PRODUCTIVITY AB The economic benefits of the adoption of conservation tillage depend on site-specific factors including soil characteristics, local climatic conditions, cropping patterns, and other attributes of the overall farming operation. While it is possible to draw some general inferences about components of economic returns and costs, a comprehensive assessment of the net private benefits from greater use of conservation tillage is not feasible. C1 USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Resources Inventory Div, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, RID, Rm 1-2118A,5601 Sunnyside Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 43 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 7 U2 9 PU HAWORTH PRESS INC PI BINGHAMTON PA 10 ALICE ST, BINGHAMTON, NY 13904-1580 USA SN 1044-0046 J9 J SUSTAIN AGR JI J. Sustain. Agric. PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1 BP 5 EP 27 DI 10.1300/J064v15n01_03 PG 23 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 266EF UT WOS:000084287100002 ER PT J AU Lu, YC Watkins, B Teasdale, J AF Lu, YC Watkins, B Teasdale, J TI Economic analysis of sustainable agricultural cropping systems for mid-Atlantic states SO JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE no-tillage; crown vetch; cover crop; manure; cost; returns; gross margins; risks ID CORN AB This paper evaluates the profitability and economic risks associated with four cropping systems for the Sustainable Agriculture Demonstration site at Beltsville, Maryland, for the 1994-97 period. Each system follows a 2-year rotation of corn in the first year and winter wheat and soybean in the second year. The four systems are (1) a no-tillage system with recommended fertilizer and herbicide inputs, (2) a no-tillage system with crownvetch living mulch, (3) a no-tillage system with winter annual cover crop, and (4) a reduced tillage manure-based system without chemical inputs. cover crop system is the most profitable ($238 in gross margin), closely followed by the no-tillage ($233) and the manure-based system ($217). Even though farmers desire a cropping system that maximizes profits, the variability of profits, or risks, can influence the desirability of the cropping system. In terms of risks, no-tillage is the most preferred rotation with the smallest coefficient of variation (1.14) followed by the cover crop system (1.24), the manure-based system (1.58), and the crownvetch system The same ranking can be obtained using a "safety-first" criterion risk-averse farmers, in which the gross margin of the no-tillage system would exceed $53 ha(-1) in three out of four years, while the gross margin of the cover crop system would exceed $39 ha(-1) in three out of four years. The manure-based system is an organic system and it was not profitable in 1996 and 1997 because of weed infestations. However, the manure-based system shows potential to be the most profitable if some methods can be found to control weeds without resorting to herbicides and its crops can be certified as organic and sold at premium prices. C1 ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20750 USA. ARS, Weed Sci Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20750 USA. RP Lu, YC (reprint author), ARS, Remote Sensing & Modeling Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20750 USA. NR 10 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU HAWORTH PRESS INC PI BINGHAMTON PA 10 ALICE ST, BINGHAMTON, NY 13904-1580 USA SN 1044-0046 J9 J SUSTAIN AGR JI J. Sustain. Agric. PY 1999 VL 15 IS 2-3 BP 77 EP 93 DI 10.1300/J064v15n02_09 PG 17 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 277YC UT WOS:000084960300008 ER PT J AU Uri, ND Lewis, JA AF Uri, ND Lewis, JA TI Agriculture and the dynamics of soil erosion in the United States SO JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act; Food Security Act; policy options; social costs; soil conservation policy; soil erosion ID CONSERVATION; CARBON AB Soil erosion has both on-farm and off-farm impacts. Reduction of soil depth can impair the land's productivity, and the transport of sediments can degrade streams, lakes, and estuaries. To address this problem, soil conservation policies have existed in the United States for over 60 years. Initially, these policies focused on the on-farm benefits of keeping soil on the land and increasing net farm income. Beginning in the 1980s, however, policy goals increasingly included reductions in off-site impacts of erosion. The Food Security Act of 1985 was the first major legislation explicitly to tie eligibility to receive agricultural program payments to conservation performance. The Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act (FAIR) of 1996 modifies the conservation compliance provisions by providing farmers with greater flexibility in developing and implementing conservation plans. As a consequence of conservation efforts, total soil erosion between 1982 and 1997 was reduced by 42 percent and the erosion rate fell from 8.0 tons per acre per year in 1982 to 5.2 tons per acre per year in 1997. Still, soil erosion is imposing substantial social costs. In 1997 these costs are estimated to have been about $29,700,000,000. To further reduce soil erosion and thereby mitigate its social costs, there are a number of policy options available to induce farmers to adopt conservation practices including education and technical assistance, financial assistance, research and development, land retirement, and regulation and taxes. C1 NRCS, RID, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), NRCS, RID, USDA, Room 1-2118A,5601 Sunnyside Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 39 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 7 PU HAWORTH PRESS INC PI BINGHAMTON PA 10 ALICE ST, BINGHAMTON, NY 13904-1580 USA SN 1044-0046 J9 J SUSTAIN AGR JI J. Sustain. Agric. PY 1999 VL 14 IS 2-3 BP 63 EP 82 DI 10.1300/J064v14n02_07 PG 20 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 226ZT UT WOS:000082053600006 ER PT J AU Huang, WY Lu, YC Uri, ND AF Huang, WY Lu, YC Uri, ND TI An evaluation of soil nitrogen testing considering the carry-over effect SO JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE fertilizer use model; nitrogen carry-over; nitrogen fertilization; nitrogen runoff; soil N-testing AB In order to evaluate the economic and environmental consequences of soil nitrogen tests, this paper combines a dynamic fertilizer use decision model with a crop production model. The preside-dress soil N-test is evaluated for a hypothetical farmer growing corn at the ARS Sustainable Agriculture Demonstration Farm site in southern Maryland. For a farmer not currently using a soil N-test, adoption of this technology can lead to the enhancement of net farm income and the reduction in nitrogen loss to the environment. This will transpire only if the farmer is currently underestimating nitrogen carry-over by more than 25 percent or applying nitrogen fertilizer based solely on an expected plateau-yield goal. C1 Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 22311 USA. RP Huang, WY (reprint author), Econ Res Serv, USDA, 1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU HAWORTH PRESS INC PI BINGHAMTON PA 10 ALICE ST, BINGHAMTON, NY 13904-1580 USA SN 1044-0046 J9 J SUSTAIN AGR JI J. Sustain. Agric. PY 1999 VL 13 IS 3 BP 5 EP 34 DI 10.1300/J064v13n03_03 PG 30 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 226BL UT WOS:000082000400002 ER PT J AU May, OL Kasperbauer, MJ AF May, OL Kasperbauer, MJ TI Genotypic variation for root penetration of a soil pan SO JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE cotton roots; genotypic variation; soil pan ID UPLAND COTTON; TILLAGE AB Cotton production has increased dramatically on the Coastal Plain of the southeastern USA since eradication of the boil weevil (Anthonomus grandis [Boh.]) in the late 1980s. Most of the cotton production in this area occurs on soils possessing subsoil pans. Soil pans limit root growth, requiring mechanical disruption to increase the root zone and facilitate cotton growth. Mechanical amelioration of a soil pan has several disadvantages including expenses for equipment and energy, equipment to break up the pan may not be available, and the effects of mechanical disruption are temporary and contribute to soil erosion. The need for soil pan disruption might be eliminated or reduced with cotton germplasm capable of rooting through high strength soil. Our objective was to identify germplasm with superior rooting ability and thereby initiate breeding efforts incorporating this trait into cultivars. Cultivars and Pee Dee germplasm lines were evaluated at Florence, SC for 2-yr without irrigation for root penetration of a naturally occurring soil pan. Roots were excavated at maturity and rated on a 1-5 scale based on magnitude of the root penetration of the pan. Combined analysis of variance over years revealed significant genotypic variation and a genotype x yr interaction for root penetration of the pan. Despite the genotype x yr interaction, we identified germplasm that could partially root through the pan. Additionally, we were able to eliminate those genotypes with poor rooting characteristics from further consideration as parents in the breeding program. Cultivars with ability to penetrate a soil pan would make a valuable contribution to sustainable cotton production systems for the USA and developing countries. C1 ARS, USDA, Pee Dee Res & Educ Ctr, Florence, SC 29506 USA. ARS, USDA, Florence, SC 29501 USA. RP May, OL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Pee Dee Res & Educ Ctr, 2200 Pocket Rd, Florence, SC 29506 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU HAWORTH PRESS INC PI BINGHAMTON PA 10 ALICE ST, BINGHAMTON, NY 13904-1580 USA SN 1044-0046 J9 J SUSTAIN AGR JI J. Sustain. Agric. PY 1999 VL 13 IS 4 BP 87 EP 94 DI 10.1300/J064v13n04_08 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 226BN UT WOS:000082000600007 ER PT J AU Rajaram, G Erbach, DC AF Rajaram, G Erbach, DC TI Effect of wetting and drying on soil physical properties SO JOURNAL OF TERRAMECHANICS LA English DT Article AB Agricultural soils are subject to seasonal wetting and drying cycles. Effect of drying stress, as influenced by one cycle of wetting and drying, on physical properties of a clay-loam soil was investigated in the laboratory. The physical properties studied were soil bulk density, cone penetration resistance, shear strength, adhesion and aggregate size and stability. Three drying stress treatments were made by wetting air-dried soil of initial moisture content of 12% (on dry weight basis) to three different higher moisture contents, namely 27, 33 and 40%, and then drying each of them back to their original moisture content of 12%. Thus, the soil was subjected to three different degrees of drying stress. The results showed that the soil strength indicated by cone penetration resistance and cohesion, and soil aggregate size, increased with the degree of drying stress. However, the soil bulk density did not change significantly with the drying stress. (C) 1999 ISTVS. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36832 USA. Univ Vigo, Escuela Tecn Super Ingn Ind & Minas, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Engn, Vigo 36200, Spain. RP Erbach, DC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, 411 S Donohue Dr, Auburn, AL 36832 USA. NR 26 TC 33 Z9 38 U1 7 U2 16 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4898 J9 J TERRAMECHANICS JI J. Terramech. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 36 IS 1 BP 39 EP 49 DI 10.1016/S0022-4898(98)00030-5 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental SC Engineering GA V3109 UT WOS:000171724900003 ER PT J AU Liu, CK McClintick, M AF Liu, CK McClintick, M TI The use of acoustic emission in predicting the tensile strength of leather SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB This investigation is to establish a foundation for developing a nondestructive tester with an acoustic analyzer for predicting the tensile strength of leather. Observations showed an excellent correlation between the tensile strength of leather and the corresponding acoustic cumulative energy at break, read from an acoustic emission analyzer. Moreover, a linear relationship was observed between the acoustic cumulative energy at break and the initial acoustic cumulative energy when leather was stretched to 10 percent of it original length. More importantly, a correlation was observed between the initial acoustic cumulative energy and the tensile strength of leather. The implication of these phenomena is that the tensile strength of leather may be predicted without breaking the leather, by measuring the initial acoustic cumulative energy. The result of this study thus provides an essential base facilitating the possible design of a portable leather stretcher attached with an acoustic sensor. This would allow the prediction of tensile strength by measuring the cumulative acoustic energy during initial stretching without breaking or damaging the leather. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Liu, CK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 14 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 94 IS 1 BP 8 EP 19 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 159TE UT WOS:000078189900002 ER PT J AU Singleton, JA Ruan, M Sanford, JH Haney, CA Stikeleather, LF AF Singleton, JA Ruan, M Sanford, JH Haney, CA Stikeleather, LF TI Separation and characterization of peanut phospholipid molecular species using high-performance liquid chromatography and fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry; HPLC; lipids; molecular species; peanuts; phospholipids; reversed-phase HPLC ID ELECTROSPRAY-IONIZATION; FIELD DESORPTION AB Total lipid extracts from peanut seed were separated on a silica column into a triacylglycerol fraction and a polar lipid fraction by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The polar fraction containing the phospholipids was retained on the precolumn, and the triacylglycerol fraction was eluted to a waste flask by a special valve arrangement. Phospholipids were eluted from the precolumn and separated into various classes on a silica analytical column. Each phospholipid class was manually collected and subsequently subjected to reversed-phase HPLC in tandem with a fast atom bombardment mass spectrometer. Phosphatidylethanolamine was separated into five molecular species. Phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylcholine were each separated into six molecular species. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Mass Spectrometry Ctr, Dept Chem, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Singleton, JA (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, 280 Weaver Bldg, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM Singleto@eos.ncsu.edu NR 32 TC 8 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 1 BP 49 EP 56 DI 10.1007/s11746-999-0046-y PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 168PK UT WOS:000078701300008 ER PT J AU List, GR Orthoefer, F Taylor, N Nelsen, T Abidi, SL AF List, GR Orthoefer, F Taylor, N Nelsen, T Abidi, SL TI Characterization of phospholipids from glyphosate-tolerant soybeans SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE analysis of variance; glyphosate-tolerant; high-pressure chromatography; lecithin; phosphatidic acid; phosphatidylcholine; phosphatidylethanolamine; phosphatidylinositol; phospholipids; soybeans ID LECITHIN AB The phospholipids from three control and two glyphosate-tolerant soybean cultivars were isolated by extraction of soy flakes with hexane and characterized after separation by high-pressure liquid chromatography. In addition, several lots of commercial fluid lecithin were analyzed and the results were compared to values published in the literature. Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidic acid were identified as major components in these cultivars and in the commercial lecithin samples. The results showed that glyphosate-tolerant soybeans yield lecithin comparable and equivalent to conventional soybean cultivars. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Food Qual & Safety Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Monsanto, Chesterfield, MO 63198 USA. USDA ARS, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP List, GR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Food Qual & Safety Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM listgr@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 15 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 1 BP 57 EP 60 DI 10.1007/s11746-999-0047-x PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 168PK UT WOS:000078701300009 ER PT J AU Dunn, RO AF Dunn, RO TI Thermal analysis of alternative diesel fuels from vegetable oils SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE cloud point; cold filter plugging point; crystallization onset; differential scanning calorimetry; freezing point; low-temperature flow test; melting point; methyl esters; pour point ID DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY; LOW-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES; CRYSTALLIZATION TEMPERATURE; METHYL-ESTERS; POINT AB The relatively poor cord-flow properties of monoalkyl esters of vegetable oils and animal fats (biodiesel) present a major obstacle to their development as alternative fuels and extenders for combustion in direct injection compression-ignition (diesel) engines. In this work, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) heating and cooling curves of methyl soyate (SME), methyl tallowate (TME), SME/TME admixtures, and winterized SME were analyzed. Completion of melt, crystallization onset (Onset), and other temperatures corresponding to melting and freezing peaks were correlated to predict cloud point (CP), pour point (PP), cold filter plugging point (CFPP), and low-temperature flow test (LTFT) data. Effects of treating methyl esters with cold-flow improvers were examined. Low-temperature flow properties of biodiesel may be accurately inferred from subambient DSC analyses of high-melting or freezing (beta-form) peaks. The temperature of maximal heat flow for freezing peaks gave the best accuracy for predicting CP, PP, and CFPP, while freezing point gave the best accuracy for predicting LTFT. Onset also gave good correlations with respect to predicting PP, CFPP, and LTFT. Cooling scan parameters were more reliable than heating scan parameters. C1 ARS, Oil Chem Res, USDA, NCAUR, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Dunn, RO (reprint author), ARS, Oil Chem Res, USDA, NCAUR, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 18 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 1 BP 109 EP 115 DI 10.1007/s11746-999-0056-9 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 168PK UT WOS:000078701300018 ER PT J AU Urrea, CA Miklas, PN Beaver, JS AF Urrea, CA Miklas, PN Beaver, JS TI Inheritance of resistance to common bacterial blight in four tepary bean lines SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Phaseolus acutifolius; Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli ID PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS L; FIELD PERFORMANCE; ACUTIFOLIUS; GENES AB High levels of resistance to common bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv, phaseoli (Smith) Dye (Xcp) have been observed for tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray var. latifolius Freeman), However, the inheritance of resistance from this source is unknown for many lines. The inheritance of common bacterial blight resistance was studied in four tepary bean lines crossed with the susceptible tepary bean MEX-114. Progenies were inoculated with a single Xcp strain 484a. Segregation ratios in the F-2 generation suggested that resistance in Neb-T-6-s and PI 321637-s was governed by one dominant gene, and Neb T-8a-s had two dominant genes with complementary effects. These hypotheses for inheritance of resistance were supported by various combinations of F-10, F-3, BC1Pn Segregation data in all lines except PI 321637-s where an additional minor-effect gene with recessive inheritance was indicated. Generation means analyses corroborated that multiple resistance genes were present in PI 321638-s. Lack of segregation for susceptibility among testcrosses for allelism between Neb-T-6-s/PI 321637-s, Neb-T-6-s/Neb-T-8a-s, PI 321637-s/Neb-T-8a-s, and PI 321637-s/PI 321638-s, suggested that one or more loci conditioning resistance to common bacterial blight mere in common across the four tepary lines. C1 ARS, USDA, Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Agron & Soils, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. RP Miklas, PN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 25 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 124 IS 1 BP 24 EP 27 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 148GY UT WOS:000077497900004 ER PT J AU McPhee, KE Tullu, A Kraft, JM Muehlbauer, FJ AF McPhee, KE Tullu, A Kraft, JM Muehlbauer, FJ TI Resistance to Fusarium wilt race 2 in the Pisum core collection SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Pisum sativum; Fusarium oxysporum; fungal disease ID PEA AB Plant breeders must be aware of sources of resistance to pathogens that affect their crops. Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp. pisi Snyd. & Hans. is a fungal disease that affects peas and is important worldwide. Resistance to the different races of the pathogen has been identified in adapted germplasm and from specific accessions in the United States World Collection of peas (Pisum sativum L.). The goal of this study was to evaluate the resistance to fusarium wilt race 2 in the Pisum core collection. Of the 452 accessions screened, 62 (14%) were resistant. The resistant accessions included accessions from P.s. ssp. elatius that were collected from 24 different countries. The wide distribution of resistance around the world precludes the identification of any single country or region as a source of resistance. Of the 62 accessions resistant to race 2, 39 are also resistant to race 1 based on data obtained from GRIN. One of the wild progenitors, PI 344012, possessed resistance to races 1 and 2. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Grain Legume Genet & Physiol Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP McPhee, KE (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Grain Legume Genet & Physiol Res Unit, Room 303 Johnson Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Tullu, Abebe/B-2722-2012 NR 21 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 113 S WEST ST, STE 200, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-2851 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 124 IS 1 BP 28 EP 31 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 148GY UT WOS:000077497900005 ER PT J AU Boiteux, LS Fonseca, MEN Simon, PW AF Boiteux, LS Fonseca, MEN Simon, PW TI Effects of plant tissue and DNA purification method on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-based genetic fingerprinting analysis in carrot SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE marker-assisted selection; polymerase chain reaction; PCR; RAPD ID GENOMIC DNA; PCR; POLYSACCHARIDES; EXTRACTION; INHIBITION; MARKERS; WHEAT AB Seven plant genomic DNA purification protocols were evaluated for genetic fingerprinting analysis using six tissues obtained from inbred carrot (Daucus carota L.) lines. Evaluations included 1) DNA yield, 2) DNA purity, 3) DNA cleavage with HindIII, 4) DNA integrity, and 5) DNA suitability for amplification in a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) system. Significant differences were observed among tissues and purification methods for the total amount of DNA, An extraction method using CTAB buffer + organic solvents gave the best results in DNA yield, purity, and HindIII cleavage when compared with the other six nonorganic extraction methods. Of the tissues examined, flowers yielded the most DNA (average value = 115 ng of DNA/mg of fresh tissue); followed by seeds (54 ng . mg(-1)), fresh leaves (48 ng . mg(-1)), lyophilized leaves (40 ng . mg(-1)), calli (22 ng . mg(-1)), and tap roots (4 ng . mg(-1)). For most of the preparations, the DNA showed no traces of degradation. However, DNA preparations were not consistently accessible to HindIII cleavage in all tissue-extraction method combinations, Uncut DNA was observed chiefly in extractions from flowers and fresh leaves suggesting a tissue-specific adverse effect on restriction endonuclease activity. Differences in RAPD band (amplicon) intensity and number were observed across tissues and DNA extraction methods using identical PCR conditions for RAPD, Callus was the best type of tissue for RAPD-based fingerprinting yielding a consistently higher number of more intense amplicons when compared to the other tissues. In flowers and seeds, only DNA obtained with the CTAB extraction method could be amplified, Polymorphisms deviating from genetic expectations were mainly observed in root and fresh leaf DNA, indicating that some RAPD markers may not present satisfactory levels of reproducibility. Judicious and uniform selection of DNA purification method as well as tissue source for DNA extraction are, therefore, important considerations for reliable RAPD-based DNA fingerprinting analysis in carrot. In addition, our studies allowed the identification of a better combination of procedures for use in routine manipulations of carrot DNA such as RFLP-RAPD-based cultivar fingerprinting, molecular mapping, screening of transgenic plants, construction of genomic libraries, and gene cloning. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Plant Breeding & Plant Genet Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EMBRAPA, Ctr Nacl Pesquisa Hortalicas, BR-70359970 Brasilia, DF, Brazil. EMBRAPA, Ctr Nacl Pesquisa Recursos Genet & Biotecnol, BR-70849970 Brasilia, DF, Brazil. RP Simon, PW (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Fonseca, Maria Esther/G-3524-2012; Boiteux, Leonardo/F-9675-2012 NR 31 TC 39 Z9 46 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 124 IS 1 BP 32 EP 38 PG 7 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 148GY UT WOS:000077497900006 ER PT J AU Bassett, CL AF Bassett, CL TI Comparative abundance of the large subunit of rubisco in aerial organs of the Japanese morning glory [Ipomoea (Pharbitis) nil] suggests a photosynthetic role for sepals SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE carbon assimilation; immunoblotting; differential expression ID CARBOXYLASE-OXYGENASE; PLANTS; FRUIT; REDUCTION; FIXATION; PROTEINS AB Levels of the large subunit (LSU) of rubisco (ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) were measured in vegetative and floral organs of 'Violet' Japanese morning glory (Ipomoea [Pharbitis] nit Roth). Identification of the LSU in polypeptides separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis allowed estimation of the relative abundance of this polypeptide in the organs examined. Further quantitation was achieved by immunoblotting protein extracts either alone or in combination with various amounts of extracts from other organs. The amount of LSU decreased in the order leaves > cotyledons > sepals > corollas > androecium, gynoecium. The relative abundance of LSU in sepals (74%) compared to photosynthetically competent organs [leaves (100%) and cotyledons (81%)] suggests that sepals may be photosynthetically competent in supporting development of the other floral organs. C1 ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Bassett, CL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, 45 Wiltshire Rd, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE PI ALEXANDRIA PA 701 NORTH SAINT ASAPH STREET, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1998 USA SN 0003-1062 J9 J AM SOC HORTIC SCI JI J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 124 IS 1 BP 67 EP 70 PG 4 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 148GY UT WOS:000077497900011 ER PT J AU Bostom, AG Gohh, RY Bausserman, L Hakas, D Jacques, PF Selhub, J Dworkin, L Rosenberg, IH AF Bostom, AG Gohh, RY Bausserman, L Hakas, D Jacques, PF Selhub, J Dworkin, L Rosenberg, IH TI Serum cystatin C as a determinant of fasting total homocysteine levels in renal transplant recipients with a normal serum creatinine SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLOMERULAR-FILTRATION RATE; PLASMA TOTAL HOMOCYSTEINE; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; IMMUNOASSAY; PREVALENCE; DISEASE AB Serum creatinine, a surrogate for both renal function and homocysteine generation, is an important determinant of fasting plasma total homocysteine levers in stable renal transplant recipients. In this study, it is hypothesized that among stable renal transplant recipients with normal creatinine levels (i.e., less than or equal to 1.5 mg/dl), serum cystatin C, a more sensitive indicator of GFR, would better predict fasting total homocysteine levels compared with serum creatinine. Fasting plasma total homocysteine, folate, vitamin B-12, and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate levels, along with serum cystatin C, creatinine, and albumin levels, were determined in 28 consecutive renal transplant recipients (mean age 47 +/- 14 yr; 60.7% men) with stable allograft function, whose serum creatinine was less than or equal to 1.5 mg/dl. General linear modeling with analysis of covariance revealed that serum cystatin C was independently predictive (partial R = 0.494; P = 0.023) of fasting total homocysteine levels after adjustment for age, gender, vitamin status, albumin, and creatinine levels. In contrast, creatinine levels were not predictive of fasting total homocysteine levels in this model (P 0.110) or an identical model that excluded cystatin C (P = 0.131). Serum cystatin C levels may reflect subtle decreases in renal function that independently predict fasting total homocysteine levels among stable renal transplant recipients with a normal serum creatinine. C1 Mem Hosp Rhode Isl, Div Gen Internal Med, Pawtucket, RI 02860 USA. Tufts Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA USA. Rhode Isl Hosp, Div Renal Dis, Providence, RI USA. Miriam Hosp, Lipid Res Lab, Providence, RI 02906 USA. RP Bostom, AG (reprint author), Mem Hosp Rhode Isl, Div Gen Internal Med, 111 Brewster St, Pawtucket, RI 02860 USA. EM abostom@loa.com NR 19 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1046-6673 J9 J AM SOC NEPHROL JI J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 10 IS 1 BP 164 EP 166 PG 3 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 154FN UT WOS:000077878300021 PM 9890323 ER PT J AU Lichtenfels, JR Pilitt, PA Kharchenko, VA Dvojnos, GM AF Lichtenfels, JR Pilitt, PA Kharchenko, VA Dvojnos, GM TI Differentiation of Coronocyclus sagittatus and Coronocyclus coronatus (Nematoda : Cyathostominea) of horses SO JOURNAL OF THE HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON LA English DT Article DE Cronocyclus sagittatus; Coronocyclus coronatus; Nematoda; Cyathostominea; horses ID LARVAL CYATHOSTOMIASIS; FLAGRANS AB An increased interest worldwide in small strongyles of horses has prompted a revision of the systematics in order to support research on improving antiparasitic chemotherapy. biocontrol. and other management practices. A 1997 international workshop developed a revised list of recommended names for 51 recognized species of Cyathostominea and indicated problems in the differentation of some species, including Coronocyclus coronatus (Looss, 1900) and C, sagittatus (Kotlan, 1920). These morphologically similar species are members of Coronocyclus Hartwich. 1986, a genus with prominent and sclcrotized external leaf crown supports that are separated from the buccal capsule. The two species can be distinguished from one another by differences in the shape of the buccal capsule, in the shape of the buccal capsule wall in optical section. in the point of insertion of elements of the internal leaf crown , and in the dorsal ray of the male. Drawings and photomicrographs are presented that illustrate the characteristics useful for differentiating C. coronatus and C. sagittatus. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Biosystemat & Natl Parasite Collect Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Ukrainian Acad Sci, II Schmalhausen Inst Zool, UA-252601 Kiev, Ukraine. RP Lichtenfels, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Biosystemat & Natl Parasite Collect Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Kharchenko, Vitaliy/F-2426-2010 OI Kharchenko, Vitaliy/0000-0002-3824-2078 NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU HELMINTHOLOGICAL SOC WASHINGTON PI LAWRENCE PA C/O ALLEN PRESS INC, 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1049-233X J9 J HELMINTHOL SOC W JI J. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 66 IS 1 BP 56 EP 66 PG 11 WC Parasitology; Zoology SC Parasitology; Zoology GA 169ZN UT WOS:000078780300011 ER PT J AU Woodson, WD Smith, MP Fuller, BW AF Woodson, WD Smith, MP Fuller, BW TI Effect of insecticide treated soil on movement of third instar western corn rootworms (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) SO JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB The effect of insecticide treated soil on the distribution of third instar Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (LeConte) was investigated using a choice test. Larvae were allowed the option of remaining on untreated soil or moving into soil containing a concentration of insecticide. In tests with organophosphates (terbufos, chlorethoxyfos, and fonofos) fewer larvae were recovered from treated soil compared to untreated soil. An inverse relationship was found between the percent of larvae which were recovered in treated soil and the concentration of insecticide in the soil. No significant relationship could be found in tests in which tefluthrin, a pyrethroid, was used for soil treatment. Results indicate that D. virgifera virgifera larvae are able to detect and avoid the presence of organophosphates in the soil. C1 USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. RP Woodson, WD (reprint author), USDA ARS, No Grain Insects Res Lab, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-8567 J9 J KANSAS ENTOMOL SOC JI J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 72 IS 1 BP 99 EP 103 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 278PN UT WOS:000084998300011 ER PT J AU Morrison, WH Akin, DE Himmelsbach, DS Gamble, GR AF Morrison, WH Akin, DE Himmelsbach, DS Gamble, GR TI Chemical, microscopic, and instrumental analysis of graded flax fibre and yarn SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE flax; quality measurements; chemical/instrumental evaluations ID CELL-WALL POLYSACCHARIDES; DIETARY FIBER AB A series of flax fibre and yarn samples that had been commercially graded low, medium, and high quality were analysed by light microscopy, wet chemical analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to determine characteristics which could be related to quality ratings for each sample type. Light microscopy revealed fragments of cuticular and epidermal material bound to the fibres. As the quality ratings improved, fewer of these fragments were found and greater separation of the fibre bundles to smaller bundles and, in some cases, elementary fibres occurred indicating more efficient retting. Chemical evaluation showed that, as quality of the yarns increased, amounts of fatty acid and long-chain alcohols as well as dihydroxy fatty acids decreased. Chemical data on fibre did not show consistent trends with quality. Raman spectroscopy showed increasing amounts of cellulose and decreasing amounts of aromatics and hydrocarbons with increasing quality, which paralleled the chemical data. NMR analysis showed nearly equal amounts of crystalline cellulose regardless of quality for both fibre and yarn samples. The strengths and weaknesses of each analytical method are discussed. This initial study suggested that chemical constituents characteristic of cutin and waxes could be used as an initial marker of quality. (C) 1999 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Morrison, WH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 17 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 79 IS 1 BP 3 EP 10 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199901)79:1<3::AID-JSFA157>3.0.CO;2-7 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 168TP UT WOS:000078709000001 ER PT J AU Chang, SY Delwiche, SR Sun Wang, N AF Chang, SY Delwiche, SR Sun Wang, N TI Hydrolysis of wheat starch and its effect on the Falling Number procedure: experimental observations SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE Falling Number; sprout damage; starch viscosity; enzymatic hydrolysis ID MALT AB The underlying mechanisms of starch hydrolysis in cereal grains, as measured by the Falling Number procedure, were studied. Wheat starch, spiked with barley malt alpha-amylase, was used as a model experimental system. A non-invasive and real-time monitoring system was developed to simultaneously record the sample temperature and stirrer velocity profiles, which are critical parameters that affect Falling Number readings. Experimental results show that the repeatability of the Falling Number procedure can be improved by slowing the heating rate, which is accomplished by increasing the quantity of sample components (ie starch and water) while maintaining the same proportion as currently specified in standard methodology. Among the tested range of heating rates, the best repeatability of Falling Number readings was obtained with 8.4g starch and 30.0g water. The experimental findings of this study also serve as basic information for the development of mathematical models on the hydrolysis of starch. (C) 1999 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Chem Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Delwiche, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Bldg 303,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 79 IS 1 BP 19 EP 24 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199901)79:1<19::AID-JSFA160>3.0.CO;2-O PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 168TP UT WOS:000078709000003 ER PT J AU Cabeza, LF Taylor, MM Brown, EM Marmer, WN AF Cabeza, LF Taylor, MM Brown, EM Marmer, WN TI Isolation of protein products from chromium-containing leather waste using two consecutive enzymes and purification of final chromium product: Pilot plant studies SO JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF LEATHER TECHNOLOGISTS AND CHEMISTS LA English DT Article AB In this paper, the pilot plant trials of a process to treat chrome shavings to isolate protein products and purified chromium are presented. The process uses two enzymes, pepsin and alkaline protease, in two consecutive extractions with the isolation of a high quality gelatin and a hydrolysate. Chrome shavings (10 kg) are pretreated with 0.1% pepsin at pH 3-3.5 and at room temperature for 8 hours and gelatin is then extracted at pH 8 and 70 degrees C; hydrolysed protein is then isolated with 0.005% alkaline protease at pH 8 and 70 degrees C for 3 hours. The remaining solid, called chrome cake, is chemically treated to prepare it for recycling in the tanning industry. The chemical and physical properties of the protein products and the chemical characteristics of the purified chromium are presented. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Cabeza, LF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 W Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Cabeza, Luisa F./B-4587-2013 OI Cabeza, Luisa F./0000-0001-5086-872X NR 10 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC LEATHER TECHNOL CHEMISTS PI NORTHAMPTON PA 38 ROSEHOLME RD, NORTHAMPTON, NORTHANTS, ENGLAND NN1 4TQ SN 0144-0322 J9 J SOC LEATH TECH CH JI J. Soc. Leather Technol. Chem. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 83 IS 1 BP 14 EP 19 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 177QR UT WOS:000079222600003 ER PT J AU Vigo, TL AF Vigo, TL TI Intelligent fibrous materials SO JOURNAL OF THE TEXTILE INSTITUTE LA English DT Article ID GELS AB The development of intelligent materials, i.e. materials that usually have a dramatic and reversible response to one or more external stimuli, is critically reviewed, with emphasis on intelligent fibrous materials. Initial developments and concepts were made,vith shape-memory metal alloys, followed by polymeric gels, and, more recently, intelligent fibrous materials. Examples of intelligent metals, polymer gels, and fibrous products are presented, and new applications and products based on fibrous intelligent materials are explored. C1 ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Vigo, TL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU TEXTILE INST INTL HEADQUARTERS PI MANCHESTER PA 10 BLACKFRIARS ST, MANCHESTER, ENGLAND M3 5DR SN 0040-5000 J9 J TEXT I JI J. Text. Inst. PY 1999 VL 90 IS 3 SI SI BP 1 EP 13 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Textiles SC Materials Science GA 326AL UT WOS:000087709500002 ER PT J AU Shelton, MG Cain, MD AF Shelton, MG Cain, MD TI Structure and short-term dynamics of the tree component of a mature pine-oak forest in southeastern Arkansas SO JOURNAL OF THE TORREY BOTANICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE forest growth; old-growth forests; Pinus echinata Mill.; P-taeda L.; research natural areas; succession ID OLD-GROWTH FORESTS; AGE STRUCTURE; HARDWOOD FOREST; SUCCESSION; VEGETATION; STANDS; PENNSYLVANIA; DISTURBANCES; REGENERATION; REPLACEMENT AB The R.R. Reynolds Research Natural Area is a 32-ha second growth forest with little human intervention for nearly 60 years. In this paper, we characterize the existing vegetation, which represents 60 years of successional change with no major disturbances, and report vegetative changes over a 5-year period, which suggest the future successional direction. Trees greater than or equal to 9.0 cm DBH were inventoried in twenty 0.1-ha plots and placed into four species groups: pines, oaks, other overstory trees, and midstory trees. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) was the dominant tree species, accounting for 51% of the total basal area and having the largest mean DBH (56.5 cm) and height (35.7 m). Tree ages ranged from 50 to 140 years for the pines and from 40 to 150 years for the oaks. However, 70% of the pines became established in the 4 decades that followed harvest of the virgin forest in the 1910s, while the oaks showed two peaks of establishment (one after harvest and one 50 years before harvest). The pines displayed a hell-shaped DBH-class distribution, while the oaks displayed a gradual decline in numbers as DBH-class increased. In contrast, the other overstory trees and midstory trees had negative exponential distributions. Multiple occupancy was common within the canopy, which had a horizontal coverage of 97%. Canopy positions of the species groups were as follows: pines>oaks>other overstory trees>midstory trees. The growth of individual trees was positively related with tree size. Stand-level survivor growth was positively related with the basal area of the species group. Recruitment was greatest for the other overstory trees and midstory trees (totaling 6.2 trees ha(-1) yr(-1)), but did not occur for the pines and oaks. Mortality of large pines during the observation period (averaging 3.3 trees ha(-1) yr(-1)) resulted in net losses in basal area and volume for that species group. By contrast, hardwood species groups displayed net increases, totaling 0.17 m(2) ha(-1) yr(-1) for basal area and 1.59 m(3) ha(-1) yr(-1) for volume. Stand dynamics suggest that the shade-intolerant pines are rapidly being replaced by more shade-tolerant hardwoods. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. RP Shelton, MG (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Monticello, AR 71656 USA. NR 70 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU TORREY BOTANICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1095-5674 J9 J TORREY BOT SOC JI J. Torrey Bot. Soc. PD JAN-MAR PY 1999 VL 126 IS 1 BP 32 EP 48 DI 10.2307/2997253 PG 17 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 171NY UT WOS:000078871200005 ER PT J AU Shier, WT Abbas, HK AF Shier, WT Abbas, HK TI Current issues in research on fumonisins, mycotoxins which may cause nephropathy? SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY-TOXIN REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium of Monastir on Environmental Toxicants and Pathologies CY APR 02-04, 1998 CL MONASTIR, TUNISIA SP Monastir Univ, Lab Biochem & Molec Toxicol, El Fatah Univ Med Sci, Fac Med, Toxicol Dept, Univ Bordeaux 2, Fac Pharmacy, Toxicol Lab ID F-SP-LYCOPERSICI; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD; MAMMALIAN-CELL CULTURES; CORN-BASED FOODS; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; SPHINGOLIPID BIOSYNTHESIS; BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITIES; TOXIN AAL; RATS; B-1 AB The fumonsins are a series of mycotoxins produced by the ubiquitous corn (maize) contaminant, Fusarium moniliforme, and several other Fusarium species. Fumonisin B-1 (FB1), the major component of the fumonisins, causes leukoencephalomalacia in horses, pulmonary edema in swine and hepatocellular carcinoma, cirrhosis and chronic interstitial nephritis in rats. Also, consumption of corn-derived food products contaminated with F. moniliforme has been correlated with increased risk of human esophageal cancer in epidemiological studies in South Africa and China. In the kidneys of rodents, dietary exposure to FB1 produces a dose-related non-inflammatory nephrosis with regeneration at low doses. Individual cells die by induction of apoptosis. The fumonisins have chemical structures analogous to sphingosine, a putative intracellular regulatory molecule, and a component of sphingolipids. The alkylamine structure of FB1 makes possible sensitive high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assays based on pre-column derivatization of the amino group with fluorogenic reagents. These assays have been used to demonstrate that FB1 contaminates most corn and corn-derived processed food products intended for human consumption. Conventional thermal food processing techniques reduce FB1 levels, but do not completely eliminate it. Structure-activity relationship studies carried out in our laboratories on natural and synthetic fumonisins indicate that extensive alterations in structure are possible without loss of biological activity. This observation raises the concern that the FB1 eliminated during food processing may actually be converted to other biologically active forms. The full extent of the threat to food safety posed by fumonisins will not be known until it is determined what substances the toxin is converted to during food processing, the bioavailability of those substances, the extent they retain biological activity and the additivity of their toxic effects with other nephrotoxic myeotoxins such as ochratoxins A and B. C1 Univ Minnesota, Coll Pharm, Dept Med Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. ARS, So Weed Sci Res Unit, USDA, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Shier, WT (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Coll Pharm, Dept Med Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NR 71 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0731-3837 J9 J TOXICOL-TOXIN REV JI J. Toxicol.-Toxin Rev. PY 1999 VL 18 IS 3-4 BP 323 EP 335 PG 13 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 249EQ UT WOS:000083320300011 ER PT J AU Lominadze, D Saari, JT Miller, FN Catalfamo, JL Percival, SS Schuschke, DA AF Lominadze, D Saari, JT Miller, FN Catalfamo, JL Percival, SS Schuschke, DA TI In vitro platelet adhesion to endothelial cells at low shear rates during copper deficiency in rats SO JOURNAL OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE flow chamber; tetraethylenepentamine; thrombogenesis; von Willebrand factor ID ACTIVATING-FACTOR INVITRO; DENSE GRANULE SECRETION; VONWILLEBRAND-FACTOR; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; DIETARY COPPER; HL-60 CELLS; AGGREGATION; MECHANISMS; FLOW; THROMBOGENESIS AB Dietary copper restriction impairs thrombogenesis and hemostasis in rat microcirculation. In this study, the role of wall shear rate in platelet-to-endothelial cell adhesion in vitro was studied during copper deficiency. Platelets were obtained from male, weanling Sprague-Dawley rats fed purified diets, which were either copper-adequate (CuA, 6.3 mu g Cu/g) or copper-deficient (CuD, 0.3 mu g Cu/g), for 4 weeks. Platelets were through a parallel plate flow chamber containing cultured rat endothelial cells which were either normal or treated with the copper chelator tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA). Since platelet von Willebrand factor (vWF) concentration is decreased in CuD rats, we determined the platelet adhesion when CuD platelets were incubated in purified vWF (0.2 units/ml). Adhesion to normal endothelial cells was significantly lower for CuD platelets vs. CuA platelets at low (70 s(-1); 21.5 +/- 4.0% vs. 37.0 +/- 2.7%) and relatively high (200 s(-1); 9.3 +/- 1.7% vs. 19.5 +/- 1.1%) wall shear rates. Adhesion of CuD platelets to normal endothelial cells incubated in VWF was not different from adhesion of CuA platelets. Adhesion to TEPA-treated endothelial cells was lower than adhesion to normal endothelial cells for both CuA and CuD platelets (30.6 +/- 1.5% vs. 37 +/- 2.7%). Although increasing the shear rate (from 70 s(-1) to 200 s(-1)) decreased adhesion of both CuA and CuD platelets, the ratio between groups remained similar. These results demonstrate that adhesion of CuD platelets to normal endothelial cells is less than that of CuA platelets under flow conditions typical for venules. Further, altered shear rate does not account for the depressed in vitro platelet adhesion. Thus, alteration of platelet and endothelial cell properties by copper deficiency may be of greater importance than the effect of flow conditions on endothelial cells in delaying thrombosis. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Louisville, Hlth Sci Ctr A1115, Ctr Appl Microcirculatory, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. Cornell Univ, Coll Vet Med, Diagnost Lab, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Schuschke, DA (reprint author), Univ Louisville, Hlth Sci Ctr A1115, Ctr Appl Microcirculatory, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. OI Lominadze, David/0000-0002-9911-4539 NR 35 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0896-548X J9 J TRACE ELEM EXP MED JI J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. PY 1999 VL 12 IS 1 BP 25 EP 36 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-670X(1999)12:1<25::AID-JTRA3>3.0.CO;2-P PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 149RR UT WOS:000077619600003 ER PT J AU Anderson, RA AF Anderson, RA TI International Symposium on the Health Effects of Dietary Chromium SO JOURNAL OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Anderson, RA (reprint author), USDA, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0896-548X J9 J TRACE ELEM EXP MED JI J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. PY 1999 VL 12 IS 2 BP 53 EP 54 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 191DV UT WOS:000080007200001 ER PT J AU Cheng, NZ Zhu, XX Shi, HL Wu, WL Chi, JM Cheng, JY Anderson, RA AF Cheng, NZ Zhu, XX Shi, HL Wu, WL Chi, JM Cheng, JY Anderson, RA TI Follow-up survey of people in China with type 2 diabetes mellitus consuming supplemental chromium SO JOURNAL OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE chromium; glucose tolerance; diabetes; insulin ID GLUCOSE AB In a recent double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 180 people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus, supplemental chromium (Cr) was shown to improve fasting glucose, postprandial glucose, insulin, hemoglobin A1c, and cholesterol. In a follow-up survey, the fasting glucose, postprandial glucose, and diabetic symptoms of 833 people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus were monitored for up to 10 months following Cr supplementation (500 mu g/d Cr as chromium picolinate). All subjects were on hypoglycemic medication and/or insulin. Fasting and postprandial glucose improved in >90% of the subjects, and similar improvements occurred after 1-10 months. Mean fasting glucose values before consuming additional Cr were 10.0 +/- 0.14 mmol/L (mean +/- SEM); they decreased to 8.0 +/- 0.15 after 1 month and remained significantly lower during the ensuing 9 months. Values for postprandial glucose decreased from 12.0 +/- 0.21 to 9.9 +/- 0.40 mmol/L in 1 month and also remained significantly lower in the following 9 months. Symptoms of diabetes including fatigue decreased from 443 people who reported feeling fatigued before Cr to 52 people after supplementation. Subjects reporting symptoms of thirst decreased from 334 to 47; frequency of urination episodes dropped from 322 to 40 people after Cr supplementation for 1 month or longer. Similar effects were observed in women and men. There were no confirmed negative side effects of supplemental Cr. These data confirm the safety and beneficial effects of supplemental Cr and demonstrate that beneficial effects of supplemental Cr observed in a few months an also present after 10 months. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 12:55-60, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger C1 ARS, USDA, BHNRC, NRFL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Tang Ann Med, Beijing, Peoples R China. Shanghair Huashan Hosp, Beijing, Peoples R China. Shanghai No 3 Hosp, Beijing, Peoples R China. Beijing Hosp, Beijing, Peoples R China. Beijing Sino Japanese Hosp, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Anderson, RA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, BHNRC, NRFL, Bldg 307,Rm 224,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 15 TC 38 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0896-548X J9 J TRACE ELEM EXP MED JI J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. PY 1999 VL 12 IS 2 BP 55 EP 60 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-670X(1999)12:2<55::AID-JTRA2>3.0.CO;2-G PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 191DV UT WOS:000080007200002 ER PT J AU Veillon, C Patterson, KY AF Veillon, C Patterson, KY TI Analytical issues in nutritional chromium research SO JOURNAL OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE chromium; analysis; contamination; accuracy; blood volume; ICP/MS ID ATOMIC-ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY; STABLE-ISOTOPE; TRACE-ELEMENTS; URINE; SERUM; VOLUME; CR-53 AB In most readily accessible biological samples from humans, like blood, serum/plasma, urine, etc, the levels of chromium (Cr) are less than 1 ng/g, and in many cases closer to 0.1 ng/g. Only 3 analytical techniques have the required sensitivity to make measurements at these levels, namely, neutron activation analysis (NAA), mass spectrometry (MS), and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The first 2 are not widely available, and the third is the one most susceptible to interferences from the sample matrix. At the sub-parts-per-billion level, collecting samples without contaminating them and generating sufficiently low analytical and reagent blanks become extremely important and difficult. For other determinations of Cr, eg, in diet components, foods and tissues, where the levels are often well above the ng/g level, the required sensitivity is less of a limitation, but contamination problems remain, and factors like sample processing and homogeneity become more important. Problems and precautions in Cr determinations are discussed, and means of accuracy verification are presented. A novel use of stable isotopes of Cr in an accurate, non-radioactive method of measuring blood volume is described, as well as a discussion of the future of Cr determinations using inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 12:99-109, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger C1 USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Veillon, C (reprint author), USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Bldg 307,Rm 223, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 15 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI HOBOKEN PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0896-548X J9 J TRACE ELEM EXP MED JI J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. PY 1999 VL 12 IS 2 BP 99 EP 109 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 191DV UT WOS:000080007200007 ER PT J AU Preuss, HG Talpur, N Manohar, V Venkataramiah, N Anderson, RA AF Preuss, HG Talpur, N Manohar, V Venkataramiah, N Anderson, RA TI Chromium and hypertension SO JOURNAL OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE chromium; hypertension; Syndrome X ID INDUCED INSULIN-RESISTANCE; BLOOD-PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; SUCROSE INGESTION; GLUCOSE-TOLERANCE; RATS; OBESITY; FAT; TROGLITAZONE; METFORMIN AB Syndrome X, composed of cardiac risk factors such as hypertension, obesity, and dyslipidemias, is attributed, at least in part, to insulin resistance often accompanied by hyperinsulinemia. Although chromium (Cr) supplementation augments loss of fat mass and corrects dyslipidemias, its effects on elevated blood pressure (BP) had not been previously determined. Accordingly, we examined hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive rats on diets containing 18% or 52% of calories from sucrose to initiate insulin resistance and assessed the ability of chromium to overcome sucrose-induced elevations of systolic BP (SBP) acutely and chronically. In acute studies, chromium consistently and completely overcame sugar-induced SBP elevations in SHR (10-20 mm Hg), but did not overcome genetic hypertension. In chronic studies on normotensive F344/BN rats, a control group received a diet with 18% of calories from sucrose and no soluble fiber, whereas a test group received the same diet with Cr added (5 ppm) and two antioxidants: zinc (18 ppm) and a grape seed extract high in flavonoids (250 ppm). Initial SBP of both groups was 122 mm Hg. Over the first 7 months, the SBP of the control animals steadily increased to 140 mm Hg, whereas the SBP of SHR receiving Cr and other antioxidants initially decreased over the first several months to as low as 110-114 mm Hg. It eventually reached 120 mm Hg at the end of 7 months, still significantly lower than control (P < 0.000). We conclude that in a standard rat model for insulin resistance, Cr can acutely and chronically overcome the sucrose-induced elevation of SBP. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 12:125-130, 1999. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Georgetown Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Nephrol & Hypertens, Washington, DC 20007 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Ctr, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Preuss, HG (reprint author), Georgetown Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Nephrol & Hypertens, Bldg D,Rm 371,4000 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007 USA. NR 54 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0896-548X J9 J TRACE ELEM EXP MED JI J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. PY 1999 VL 12 IS 2 BP 125 EP 130 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-670X(1999)12:2<125::AID-JTRA9>3.3.CO;2-D PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 191DV UT WOS:000080007200009 ER PT J AU Hunt, CD Idso, JP AF Hunt, CD Idso, JP TI Dietary boron as a physiological regulator of the normal inflammatory response: A review and current research progress SO JOURNAL OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE inflammation; inflammatory disease; rheumatoid arthritis; immune function ID INDUCED LUNG INJURY; SERINE PROTEASE; SELECTIVE-INHIBITION; PANCREATIC ELASTASE; ACID INHIBITOR; NK; LYMPHOCYTES; RAT; SPECTROSCOPY; CONTRACTIONS AB A substantial number of metabolic processes in humans and animals are beneficially affected by physiologic amounts of dietary boron. There is emerging evidence that boron influences immune function. Specifically, there is evidence that dietary boron helps control the normal inflammatory process and may do so by serving as a signal suppressor that down-regulates specific enzymatic activities typically elevated during inflammation at the inflammation site. Suppression, but not elimination, of these enzyme activities by boron is hypothesized to reduce the incidence and severity of inflammatory disease. This is a review of previous findings describing an apparent positive effect of boron on aspects of physiology related to the inflammatory process, including joint swelling, restricted movement, fever, antibody production, hemostasis, serine protease and Lipoxygenase activities, and leukotriene metabolism. It also summarizes current research findings on the immunomodulatory effects of physiologic amounts of dietary boron such as reduced paw swelling and circulating neutrophil concentrations and increased circulating concentrations of natural killer cells and CD8a(+)/CD4(-) cells of rats with antigen-induced arthritis. Possible biochemical mechanisms for the effects of boron on the induced inflammatory response are discussed, with emphasis on possible roles of boron in the respiratory burst mechanism, and inhibition of leukocyte 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, cyclooxygenase, and serine proteases (elastase, chymase, cathepsin G, thrombin, and coagulation factors IXa, Xa, XIa) activities. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 12:221-233, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss.Inc.dagger C1 ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Hunt, CD (reprint author), ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, POB 9034, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 59 TC 74 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 10 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0896-548X J9 J TRACE ELEM EXP MED JI J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. PY 1999 VL 12 IS 3 BP 221 EP 233 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-670X(1999)12:3<221::AID-JTRA6>3.0.CO;2-X PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 217NF UT WOS:000081505300006 ER PT J AU Nielsen, FH Penland, JG AF Nielsen, FH Penland, JG TI Boron supplementation of peri-menopausal women affects boron metabolism and indices associated with macromineral metabolism, hormonal status and immune function SO JOURNAL OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE estrogen; 17 beta-estradiol; menopause; thyroid hormone; dietary intake ID POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; DIETARY BORON; ESTROGEN; BLOOD AB A double-blind crossover designed experiment was conducted with 43 peri-menopausal women who were experiencing discomforts associated with menopause. They were given sodium berate capsules containing 2.5 mg of boron for 60 days followed (19 women) or preceded (24 women) by 90 days of receiving a placebo capsule containing lactose powder. Blood was collected weekly after a 12-hour overnight fast. Urine voided in 24 hours was collected three times each week. Because boron is well absorbed and excreted in the urine, urinary boron was used to estimate usual oral intake. Urinary boron excretion during the placebo period indicated that the usual boron intake of peri-menopausal women in the eastern North Dakota area of the United States ranges between 0.34 and 2.33 mg/d with a median of 1.15 mg/d. Usual plasma concentrations range between 0.020-0.067 mu g/mL with a median of 0.033 mu g/mL. The boron supplementation moderately increased the median plasma boron concentration to 0.052 mu g/mL, with a range of 0.028-0.075 mu g/mL. Boron supplementation resulted in more frequent and severe hot flashes and night sweats in 21 women. However, 10 women reported a reduction in discomforts. The remaining 15 women did not respond negatively or positively to the boron supplementation. Boron supplementation significantly increased white blood cell numbers with a decreased percentage of lymphocytes and increased percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The boron supplementation also affected serum 17 beta-estradiol, alkaline phosphatase, and thyroxine concentrations, but the effect was influenced by the sequence in which the boron supplement and placebo were given. For example, both serum alkaline phosphatase and triiodothyronine concentrations were noticeably increased by boron supplementation when it followed the placebo period. However, the increase in serum 17 beta-estradiol concentration with boron supplementation was most marked when the boron was given before the placebo. The findings show that boron is homeostatically controlled and support the hypothesis that bored affects hormone processes, possibly at the cell membrane level, in humans. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 12:251-261, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger C1 ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58201 USA. RP Nielsen, FH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 9034, Grand Forks, ND 58201 USA. NR 23 TC 23 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0896-548X J9 J TRACE ELEM EXP MED JI J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. PY 1999 VL 12 IS 3 BP 251 EP 261 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-670X(1999)12:3<251::AID-JTRA8>3.0.CO;2-I PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 217NF UT WOS:000081505300008 ER PT J AU Sutherland, B Woodhouse, LR Strong, P King, JC AF Sutherland, B Woodhouse, LR Strong, P King, JC TI Boron balance in humans SO JOURNAL OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE nutrient; dietary intake; urinary boron; fecal boron ID POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; SUPPLEMENTATION AB Studies of boron (B) in animals and humans indicate that boron homeostasis is maintained by urinary excretion. A relationship between dietary boron and bone mineral metabolism also has been reported. To understand further boron metabolism, boron balance and urinary calcium excretion were measured in seven healthy men who were participating in a controlled, metabolic study of zinc homeostasis. The 20-week study consisted of four metabolic periods: equilibration, 3 weeks; baseline, 2 weeks; low zinc period, 10 weeks; zinc repletion, 5 weeks. A diet of conventional foods provided a daily average boron intake of 3.73 mg B. Dietary zinc intake was 13.7 mg/d during the equilibration, baseline and repletion periods, and 4.6 mg/d during the low zinc period. Urinary excretion of boron and calcium was measured for 8 weeks during the study-the second week of the baseline period, the first 2 weeks of the low zinc period, and the entire 5 weeks of the zinc repletion period. Fecal boron excretion and boron balance [dietary boron less (urinary boron + fecal boron)] were measured for 6 weeks during the study-the second week of the baseline period, the first 2 weeks of the low zinc period, and the last 3 weeks of the 5-week zinc repletion period. Daily urinary and fecal boron excretion averaged 3.18 mg B (85% of dietary boron) and 0.29 mg B (8% of dietary boron), respectively. The subjects were in slight positive boron balance (0.19 mg B/d). Urinary excretion of calcium during the 5-week repletion period was significantly (P < 0.05) higher, on average 42%, than during the 3 weeks at the end of baseline and at the beginning of the low zinc period. Urinary boron excretion was significantly (P < 0.05) higher during weeks 3 and 4 of the repletion period than during the first 2 weeks. Boron homeostasis appears to be regulated by the kidney, and urinary boron excretion responds quickly to changes in dietary boron. Changes in dietary zinc did not alter urinary boron excretion. There is no evidence that the elevated urinary calcium excretion, seen during the entire zinc repletion period, is related to boron metabolism. J. Trace Elem. Med. 12:271-284, 1999. (C) 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Nutr Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USDA, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Sutherland, B (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Nutr Sci, Morgan Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 8 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0896-548X J9 J TRACE ELEM EXP MED JI J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. PY 1999 VL 12 IS 3 BP 271 EP 284 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-670X(1999)12:3<271::AID-JTRA10>3.0.CO;2-B PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 217NF UT WOS:000081505300010 ER PT J AU Ravina, A Slezak, L Mirsky, N Anderson, RA AF Ravina, A Slezak, L Mirsky, N Anderson, RA TI Control of steroid-induced diabetes with supplemental chromium SO JOURNAL OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE chromium; glucose; insulin; diabetes; trace elements ID INSULIN RESISTANCE AB Corticosteroid treatment leads to decreased insulin sensitivity, impaired glucose tolerance, and/or diabetes as well as increased losses of the essential nutrient, chromium [Ravina et al., Diabetes Med, 1999]. Since supplemental chromium leads to improved glucose levels and increased insulin sensitivity in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes, we supplemented 50 patients with steroid-induced diabetes with supplemental chromium, 200 mu g of Cr as chromium picolinate three times per day. Within 1 week of supplemental chromium, blood glucose values of 47 of 50 patients with uncontrolled steroid-induced diabetes decreased from >13.9 mmol L-1 (250 mg dL(-1)) to <8.3 mmol L-1 (150 mg dL(-1)). Oral hypoglycemic medications and/or insulin were reduced one-half in patients prior to the initiation of supplemental chromium. These data demonstrate that chromium may be beneficial in the control of steroid-induced diabetes. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 12:375-378, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger C1 ARS, USDA, BHNRC, NRFL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Oranim Univ, Dept Biol, Haifa, Israel. Oranim Uni, Linn Clin, Dept Diabet, Haifa, Israel. RP Anderson, RA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, BHNRC, NRFL, Bldg 307,Rm 224,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0896-548X J9 J TRACE ELEM EXP MED JI J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. PY 1999 VL 12 IS 4 BP 375 EP 378 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 258AT UT WOS:000083816400011 ER PT J AU Afonso, CL Tulman, ER Lu, Z Oma, E Kutish, GF Rock, DL AF Afonso, CL Tulman, ER Lu, Z Oma, E Kutish, GF Rock, DL TI The genome of Melanoplus sanguinipes Entomopoxvirus SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Review ID SWINE FEVER VIRUS; AMSACTA-MOOREI ENTOMOPOXVIRUS; DNA-POLYMERASE-BETA; CHORISTONEURA-BIENNIS ENTOMOPOXVIRUS; HELIOTHIS-ARMIGERA ENTOMOPOXVIRUS; BASE EXCISION-REPAIR; MULTIPLE SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; MEMBRANE-PROTEIN STRUCTURE; INVERTED TERMINAL REPEATS AB The family Poxpiridae contains two subfamilies: the Entomopoxvirinae (poxviruses of insects) and the Chordopoxvirinae (poxviruses of vertebrates), Here we present the first characterization of the genome of an entomopoxvirus (EPV) which infects the North American migratory grasshopper Melanoplus sanguinipes and other important orthopteran pests. The 236-kbp M. sanguinipes EPV (MsEPV) genome consists of a central coding region bounded by 7-kbp inverted terminal repeats and contains 267 open reading frames (ORFs), of which 107 exhibit similarity to previously described genes. The presence of genes not previously described in poxviruses, and in some cases in any other known virus, suggests significant viral adaptation to the arthropod host and the external environment. Genes predicting interactions with host cellular mechanisms include homologues of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein, stress response protein phosphatase 2C, extracellular matrixin metalloproteases, ubiquitin, calcium binding EF-hand protein, glycosyltransferase, and a triacylglyceride lipase, MsEPV genes with putative functions in prevention and repair of DNA damage include a complete base excision repair pathway (uracil DNA glycosylase, AP endonuclease, DNA polymerase beta, and an NAD(+)-dependent DNA ligase), a photoreactivation repair pathway (cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer photolyase), a LINE-type reverse transcriptase, and a mutT homologue, The presence of these specific repair pathways may represent viral adaptation for repair of environmentally induced DNA damage. The absence of previously described poxvirus enzymes involved in nucleotide metabolism and the presence of a novel thymidylate synthase homologue suggest that MsEPV is heavily reliant on host cell nucleotide pools and the de novo nucleotide biosynthesis pathway. MsEPV and lepidopteran genus B EPVs lack genome colinearity and exhibit a low level of amino acid identity among homologous genes (20 to 59%), perhaps reflecting a significant evolutionary distance between lepidopteran and orthopteran viruses. Divergence between MsEPV and the Chordopoxvirinae is indicated by the presence of only 49 identifiable chordopoxvirus homologues, low-level amino acid identity among these genes (20 to 48%), and the presence in MsEPV of 43 novel ORFs in five gene families. Genes common to both poxvirus subfamilies, which include those encoding enzymes involved in RNA transcription and modification, DNA replication, protein processing, virion assembly, and virion structural proteins, define the genetic core of the Poxviridae. C1 USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. RP USDA ARS, Plum Isl Anim Dis Ctr, POB 848, Greenport, NY 11944 USA. EM drock@cshore.com NR 218 TC 148 Z9 167 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X EI 1098-5514 J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 73 IS 1 BP 533 EP 552 PG 20 WC Virology SC Virology GA 146YP UT WOS:000077461700060 PM 9847359 ER PT J AU Thome, DM Zabel, CJ Diller, LV AF Thome, DM Zabel, CJ Diller, LV TI Forest stand characteristics and reproduction of northern spotted owls in managed north-coastal California forests SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE clearcuts; habitat management; landscape pattern; northern spotted owl; private lands; redwoods; reproduction; residual trees; Strix occidentalis caurina ID NEST-SITE SELECTION; NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA; WESTERN OREGON; HABITAT-USE; HOME-RANGE; OLD-GROWTH; PREY; WASHINGTON; SUCCESS; PATTERN AB We monitored reproductive success of northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) at 51 sites on Simpson Timber Company's (STC) managed, young-growth forests in northwestern California from 1991 to 1995. We compared habitat characteristics between sites with high and low fecundity at 5 spatial scales (concentric circles of 7, 50, 114, 203, and 398 ha), using 2 stratifications of annual reproductive success (upper 50% vs. lower 50%, and upper 25% vs, lower 75% of the proportion of years when greater than or equal to 1 owlet fledged). Habitat features included number of residual trees per hectare and mean proportion of 6 categories of stand age and 4 categories of basal area. Using the 50th percentile categories, we found there were higher proportions of age class 21-40 years and basal area classes 23-45 and 46-69 m(2)/ha (P less than or equal to 0.05), but lower proportions of recent clearcuts (0-5 yr) and basal area >69 m(2)/ha (P less than or equal to 0.05) at sites with high reproductive success. Using the upper 25% and lower 75% categories, we found there were higher proportions of basal area class 23-45 m(2)/ha, lower proportions of 61-80-year-old stands, and more residual trees per hectare at sites with high reproductive success (P less than or equal to 0.05). We also compared random sites to occupied sites via the above parameters. Spotted owl sites contained lower proportions of basal area class <23 m(2)/ha and greater proportions of class >69 m(2)/ha than did random sites (P < 0.05). There was less young forest (6-40 yr) and more forest of age class 41-60 years at spotted owl than at random sites (P < 0.05). Low prey abundance around spotted owl nest sites, roost sites, or both may explain why older stands with more basal area were found in higher proportions at sites with lower fecundity: Spotted owls that chose younger stands with smaller trees may have benefited from higher woodrat (Neotoma fuscipes) availability in young stands. Managing habitat by retaining residual trees and limiting clearcutting to at least 1.1 km beyond nest sites may prove useful in increasing reproductive success of northern spotted owls. C1 Humboldt State Univ, Dept Wildlife, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Simpson Timber Co, Korbel, CA 95550 USA. RP Thome, DM (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, 2321 W Royal Palm Rd,Suite 103, Phoenix, AZ 85021 USA. EM darrin_thome@fws.gov NR 45 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 14 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 63 IS 1 BP 44 EP 59 DI 10.2307/3802486 PG 16 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 159WY UT WOS:000078199400005 ER PT J AU Delaney, DK Grubb, TG Beier, P Pater, LL Reiser, MH AF Delaney, DK Grubb, TG Beier, P Pater, LL Reiser, MH TI Effects of helicopter noise on Mexican spotted owls SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE chain saws; disturbance; flush response; helicopters; Mexican spotted owls; noise; response thresholds; sound measurements; Strix occidentalis lucida ID BREEDING BALD EAGLES; RESPONSES; BEHAVIOR; AIRCRAFT AB Military helicopter training over the Lincoln National Forest (LNF) in southcentral New Mexico has been severely limited to protect nesting Mexican spotted owls (Strix occidentalis lucida). To evaluate nesting and nonnesting spotted owl responses to helicopter noise, we measured flush frequency, flush distance, alert behavior, response duration, prey delivery rates, female trips from the nest, and nest attentiveness during manipulated and nonmanipulated periods, 1995-96. Chain saws were included in our manipulations to increase experimental options and to facilitate comparative results. We analyzed stimulus events by measuring noise levels as unweighted one-third-octave band levels, applying frequency weighting to the resultant spectra, and calculating the sound exposure level for total sound energy (SEL) and the 0.5-sec equivalent maximum energy level (LEQ(max 0.5-sec)) for helicopters, and the 10-sec equivalent average energy level (LEQ(avg. 10-sec)) for chain saws. An owl-weighting (dBO) curve was estimated to emphasize the middle frequency range where strigiform owls have the highest hearing sensitivity. Manipulated and nonmanipulated nest sites did not differ in reproductive success (P = 0.59) or the number of young fledged (P = 0.12). As stimulus distance decreased, spotted owl flush frequency increased, regardless of stimulus type or season. We recorded no spotted owl flushes when noise stimuli were >105 m away. Spotted owls returned to predisturbance behavior within 10-15 min after a stimulus event. All adult flushes during the nesting season occurred after juveniles had left the nest. Spotted owl flush rates in response to helicopters did not differ between nonnesting (13.3%) and nesting seasons (13.6%; P = 0.34). Spotted owls did not flush when the SEL noise level for helicopters was less than or equal to 102 dBO (92 dBA) and the LEQ level for chain saws was less than or equal to 59 dBO (46 dBA). Chain saws were more disturbing to spotted owls than helicopter flights at comparable distances. Our data indicate a 105-m buffer zone for helicopter overflights on the LNF would minimize spotted owl flush response and any potential effects on nesting activity. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. No Arizona Univ, Sch Forestry, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. USA, Construct Engn Res Labs, Champaign, IL 61826 USA. 49th Civil Engineer Squadron Environm Flight, Holloman AFB, NM 88330 USA. RP Delaney, DK (reprint author), USA, Construct Engn Res Labs, POB 9005, Champaign, IL 61826 USA. RI Beier, Paul/K-9294-2013 OI Beier, Paul/0000-0002-4297-4343 NR 43 TC 64 Z9 70 U1 3 U2 37 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 63 IS 1 BP 60 EP 76 DI 10.2307/3802487 PG 17 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 159WY UT WOS:000078199400006 ER PT J AU Mason, JR Hollick, J Kimball, BA Johnston, JJ AF Mason, JR Hollick, J Kimball, BA Johnston, JJ TI Repellency of Deer Away Big Game Repellent (R) to eastern cottontail rabbits SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE BGR; browsing; deer; herbivore; rabbit; repellent; Sylvilagus floridanus ID WHITE-TAILED DEER; DAMAGE AB Deer Away Big Game Repellent(R) (BGR) effectively deters browsing deer, most likely by the release of sulfur odors and volatile fatty acids. Because many herbivores avoid these odors, a logical inference is that BGR may repel herbivores other than deer. To address this possibility, we tested whether BGR was repellent to eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus). During fall-winter of 1994-95, we located 4 test sites (0.4- 2.0 ha) in commercial nurseries in southern New Jersey. Different sites were planted to flowering pear (Pyrus calleryana), dogwood (Cornus florida), firebush (Pyracantha coccinea), and crab apple (Malus spp.). We split each site into 2 plots (0.2-1.0 ha), and plots then were randomly assigned to the treatment or control condition. After recording the number of damaged plants in each plot, we applied a 32.4% (mass/volume) solution of BGR to treated plots at the labeled rate of 3.8 L/400 plants. We applied water alone to plants in control plots. During a el-day posttreatment period, we reassessed damage at 7-day intervals. During fall-winter of 1995-96, we repeated treatment and control applications, except that conditions were reversed (i.e., former control plots were treated with BGR and vice versa). We estimated rabbit numbers at each site during both years of the study and chemically evaluated the environmental persistence of BGR during the first year. Big Game Repellent was an effective repellent at all sites during both years of the study. These findings are consistent with the possibility that BGR represents an omnibus repellent for problem herbivores. C1 Utah State Univ, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. RP Mason, JR (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, BNR-163, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 26 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 63 IS 1 BP 309 EP 314 DI 10.2307/3802514 PG 6 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 159WY UT WOS:000078199400033 ER PT J AU Snell, RR Keen, JE Bradley, S Johnson, JL AF Snell, RR Keen, JE Bradley, S Johnson, JL TI Fecal shedding of Salmonella in a beef herd following a clinical outbreak SO LARGE ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article C1 Burwell Vet Hosp, Burwell, NE 68823 USA. USDA ARS, Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. Univ Nebraska, W Cent Res & Extens Ctr, N Platte, NE USA. RP Snell, RR (reprint author), Burwell Vet Hosp, Burwell, NE 68823 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU VETERINARY PRACTICE PUBL CO PI IRVINE PA 3 BURROUGHSDR, IRVINE, CA 92618-2804 USA SN 1043-7533 J9 LARGE ANIM PRACT JI Large Anim. Pract. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 20 EP + PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 158FB UT WOS:000078104400005 ER PT J AU Parsons, DJ AF Parsons, DJ TI Preserving Nature in the National Parks, a history. SO LEISURE SCIENCES LA English DT Book Review C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT USA. RP Parsons, DJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Aldo Leopold Wilderness Res Inst, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0149-0400 J9 LEISURE SCI JI Leis. Sci. PD JAN-MAR PY 1999 VL 21 IS 1 BP 68 EP 70 PG 3 WC Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism; Sociology SC Social Sciences - Other Topics; Sociology GA 183BC UT WOS:000079532700007 ER PT J AU Rice, EW Rodgers, MR Wesley, IV Johnson, CH Tanner, SA AF Rice, EW Rodgers, MR Wesley, IV Johnson, CH Tanner, SA TI Isolation of Arcobacter butzleri from ground water SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI; SURVIVAL; INACTIVATION; HELICOBACTER; OUTBREAK; COLI; PCR AB Arcobacter butzleri was isolated from a contaminated ground water source. These organisms, previously designated as aerotolerant Campylobacter, were capable of surviving in the ground water environment. Specific DNA probes were used to characterize the isolates in the initial identification and survival studies. Arcobacter butzleri was found to be sensitive to chlorine inactivation. C1 US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. USDA, Ames, IA USA. Idaho Dept Hlth & Welfare, Couer Alene, ID USA. RP Rice, EW (reprint author), US EPA, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. EM rice.gene@epa.gov NR 23 TC 100 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 31 EP 35 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00483.x PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 163DP UT WOS:000078388000006 PM 10030029 ER PT J AU Broadhurst, CL Schmidt, WF Cunnane, SC AF Broadhurst, CL Schmidt, WF Cunnane, SC TI Molecular modeling and experimental confirmation of selective mobilization of polyunsaturates from triacylglycerols SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Congress of the International-Society-for-the-Study-of-Fatty-Acids-and-Lipids CY JUN 01-05, 1998 CL LYON, FRANCE SP Int Soc Study Fatty Acids & Lipids ID TISSUE FATTY-ACIDS; ADIPOSE; DEPLETION; LINOLEATE; RATS C1 USDA ARS, NMR Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Toronto, Fac Med, Dept Nutrit Sci, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada. USDA ARS, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Broadhurst, CL (reprint author), USDA ARS, NMR Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PY 1999 VL 34 SU S BP S179 EP S180 DI 10.1007/BF02562280 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 215PA UT WOS:000081389000061 PM 10419140 ER PT J AU Crawford, MA Bloom, M Broadhurst, CL Schmidt, WF Cunnane, SC Galli, C Gehbremeskel, K Linseisen, F Lloyd-Smith, J Parkington, J AF Crawford, MA Bloom, M Broadhurst, CL Schmidt, WF Cunnane, SC Galli, C Gehbremeskel, K Linseisen, F Lloyd-Smith, J Parkington, J TI Evidence for the unique function of docosahexaenoic acid during the evolution of the modern hominid brain SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Congress of the International-Society-for-the-Study-of-Fatty-Acids-and-Lipids CY JUN 01-05, 1998 CL LYON, FRANCE SP Int Soc Study Fatty Acids & Lipids ID POLYUNSATURATED FATTY-ACIDS; SOUTH-AFRICA; FISH; CHAIN; MEMBRANES; PROFILES; DIET AB The African savanna ecosystem of the large mammals and primates was associated with a dramatic decline in relative brain capacity associated with little docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which is required for brain structures and growth. The biochemistry implies that the expansion of the human brain required a plentiful source of preformed DHA. The richest source of DHA is the marine food chain, while the savanna environment offers very little of it. Consequently Homo sapiens could not have evolved on the savannas. Recent fossil evidence indicates that the lacustrine and marine food chain was being extensively exploited at the time cerebral expansion took place and suggests the alternative that the transition from the archaic to modern humans took place at the land/water interface. Contemporary data on tropical lakeshore dwellers reaffirm the above View with nutritional support for the vascular system, the development of which would have been a prerequisite for cerebral expansion. Both arachidonic acid and DHA would have been freely available from such habitats providing the double stimulus of preformed acyl components for the developing blood vessels and brain. The n-3 docosapentaenoic acid precursor (n-3 DPA) was the major n-3-metabolite in the savanna mammals. Despite this abundance, neither it nor the corresponding n-6 DPA was used for the photoreceptor nor the synapse. A substantial difference between DHA and other fatty acids is required to explain this high specificity. Studies on fluidity and other mechanical features of cell membranes did not reveal a difference of such magnitude between even alpha-linolenic acid and DHA sufficient to explain the exclusive use of DHA. We suggest that the evolution of the large human brain depended on a rich source of DHA from the land/water interface. We review a number of proposals for the possible influence of DHA on physical properties of the brain that are essential for its function. C1 Inst Brain Chem, London N7 8DB, England. Univ British Columbia, Dept Phys, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada. USDA, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Nutr Sci, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada. Inst Pharmacol Sci, I-20133 Milan, Italy. Univ Cape Town, Dept Archaeol, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa. RP Crawford, MA (reprint author), Inst Brain Chem, London N7 8DB, England. RI Lloyd-Smith, James/K-4080-2012 OI Lloyd-Smith, James/0000-0001-7941-502X NR 51 TC 125 Z9 134 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PY 1999 VL 34 SU S BP S39 EP S47 DI 10.1007/BF02562227 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 215PA UT WOS:000081389000008 PM 10419087 ER PT J AU Jensen, CL Prager, TC Zou, YL Fraley, JK Maude, M Anderson, RE Heird, WC AF Jensen, CL Prager, TC Zou, YL Fraley, JK Maude, M Anderson, RE Heird, WC TI Effects of maternal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation on visual function and growth of breast-fed term infants SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Congress of the International-Society-for-the-Study-of-Fatty-Acids-and-Lipids CY JUN 01-05, 1998 CL LYON, FRANCE SP Int Soc Study Fatty Acids & Lipids C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Hermann Eye Ctr, Dept Ophthalmol, Houston, TX USA. Univ Oklahoma, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dean A McGee Eye Inst,Dept Ophthalmol, Oklahoma Ctr Neurosci, Oklahoma City, OK USA. RP Jensen, CL (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 0 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PY 1999 VL 34 SU S BP S225 EP S225 DI 10.1007/BF02562299 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 215PA UT WOS:000081389000080 PM 10419159 ER PT J AU Pawlosky, R Hibbeln, J Wegher, B Sebring, N Salem, N AF Pawlosky, R Hibbeln, J Wegher, B Sebring, N Salem, N TI The effects of cigarette smoking on the metabolism of essential fatty acids SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Congress of the International-Society-for-the-Study-of-Fatty-Acids-and-Lipids CY JUN 01-05, 1998 CL LYON, FRANCE SP Int Soc Study Fatty Acids & Lipids C1 USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NIAAA, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NIH, Ctr Clin, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Pawlosky, R (reprint author), USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 2 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PY 1999 VL 34 SU S BP S287 EP S287 DI 10.1007/BF02562319 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 215PA UT WOS:000081389000100 PM 10419179 ER PT J AU Pawlosky, RJ Salem, N AF Pawlosky, RJ Salem, N TI A chronic ethanol-feeding study in rhesus monkeys SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Congress of the International-Society-for-the-Study-of-Fatty-Acids-and-Lipids CY JUN 01-05, 1998 CL LYON, FRANCE SP Int Soc Study Fatty Acids & Lipids AB This study describes the effect of chronic ethanol-feeding in rhesus monkeys. Animals which were maintained on a diet containing 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 as 1.4 and 0.08% of the calories, respectively, and consumed alcohol (mean 2.6 g kg(-1) d(-1)) had decreased amounts of 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 in their livers and plasma lipids compared with controls. Alcohol consumption did not appear to effect the absorption of H-2(5)-18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3 esters into the blood following an oral dose. There was an increase in H-2(5) enrichment in plasma 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3, indicating that alcohol may have increased production of these fatty acids. There was a greater concentration of 4-hydroxynonenal in the plasma of alcohol-exposed monkeys compared to controls. C1 USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NIAAA, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. RP Pawlosky, RJ (reprint author), USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PY 1999 VL 34 SU S BP S131 EP S132 DI 10.1007/BF02562261 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 215PA UT WOS:000081389000042 PM 10419121 ER PT J AU Robinson, DG AF Robinson, DG TI Alien invasions: The effects of the global economy on nonmarine gastropod introductions into the United States SO MALACOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Unitas Malacologica - American-Malacological-Society Symposium on Interactions Between Man and Molluscs CY JUL 26-30, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Malacol Soc DE travelling species; invasive; terrestrial snails; aquatic snails; slugs; introduced; quarantine ID ARION-LUSITANICUS MABILLE; LAND SNAILS; MELANOIDES-TUBERCULATA; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; NW-AFRICA; ISLAND; STYLOMMATOPHORA; EXTINCTION; MARTINIQUE; DIVERSITY AB With the expanding global economy, increasing trade volume and international trade agreements facilitating commodity movements worldwide, the risks of "alien" introductions are increasing. Of over 4,900 molluscan interceptions from almost 100 countries by USDAAPHIS PPQ inspectors over the last five years on commodities entering the United States, some 369 gastropod taxa, belonging to 197 genera in 71 families, have been identified. Although expected on agricultural and horticultural products, "hitch-hikers" also are found in and on shipping containers, household tiles, military hardware, aquarium supplies, and other items, as well as being deliberately introduced. Many of these mollusks belong to a lengthening list of traveller species, and the number of introduced species in each country is increasing inexorably despite efforts to slow their invasions. A listing of these travelling species is given, together with their distributions in the principal regions of the world with which the United States has commerce. This is drawn from a survey of the world malacological bibliography, which is provided. Most countries lack or have minimal quarantine restrictions, or where inspection agencies exist, they may be ineffective and/or underfunded. Local agriculture potentially will be negatively effected, native species adversely impacted, and the establishment of a non-indigenous species will create a reservoir for its further spread when that country exports its own products abroad. These invasive species may also be human and livestock disease vectors. As we lack specific ecological information for most of these taxa, there is an urgent need for the collection and pooling of any such data from concerned scientists and governments worldwide. C1 Acad Nat Sci Philadelphia, Dept Malacol, Philadelphia, PA 19130 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Washington, DC USA. RP Robinson, DG (reprint author), Acad Nat Sci Philadelphia, Dept Malacol, 1900 Benjamin Franklin Pkwy, Philadelphia, PA 19130 USA. NR 278 TC 63 Z9 67 U1 3 U2 23 PU INST MALACOL PI ANN ARBOR PA 2415 SOUTH CIRCLE DR, ANN ARBOR, MI 48103 USA SN 0076-2997 J9 MALACOLOGIA JI Malacologia PY 1999 VL 41 IS 2 BP 413 EP 438 PG 26 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 287PH UT WOS:000085514300009 ER PT S AU Clapp, CE Liu, R Linden, DR Larson, WE Dowdy, RH AF Clapp, CE Liu, R Linden, DR Larson, WE Dowdy, RH BE Wilson, WS Ball, AS Hinton, RH TI Nitrates in soils and waters from sewage wastes on land SO MANAGING RISKS OF NITRATES TO HUMANS AND THE ENVIRONMENT SE Royal Society of Chemistry Special Publications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Managing Risks of Nitrates to Humans an the Environment CY SEP 01-02, 1997 CL UNIV ESSEX, COLCHESTER, ENGLAND SP Royal Soc Chem, Agr Sector & Toxicol Grp HO UNIV ESSEX ID MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER EFFLUENT; QUALITY; HEALTH AB Research was initiated in 1973 at St. Paul, Minnesota, with objectives to develop efficient, practical, and environmentally safe methods for utilizing sewage wastes on land in harmony with agricultural usage. Applications of municipal sewage sludge and/or wastewater effluent were studied. Liquid digested sewage sludges from several wastewater treatment plants were applied to a 16-ha terraced watershed cropped to maize (Zea mays L.) and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). The sludge was transported to the site by tank truck, stored in lagoons, and spread by combinations of traveling gun and subsurface injection. Sludge was applied to the maize areas for 20 years (total of 68 cm, 224 tonnes ha(-1) solids, and 9460 kg ha(-1) total N) and to the reed canarygrass areas for 12 years (total of 96 cm, 173 tonnes ha(-1) solids, and 10 040 kg ha(-1) total N). Crop yields were high with normal plant tissue concentrations of N, P, and K. Analysis of water samples from runoff, soil, and ground water showed no movement of potentially polluting materials out of the watershed via surface runoff or leaching. Wastewater effluent was sprinkled onto a 2-ha area containing maize and eight forage species for a four-year period at about 5 and 10 cm wk(-1) (total of 120 to 280 cm yr(-1) and 260 to 680 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)). The drainage, ground and soil water, soils, and crops were analyzed for N, P, K, and trace metals. Maize and forage grasses produced high yields (average of 13.4 and 11.1 tonnes ha(-1) for maize and reed canarygrass, respectively). Removal of N and P from effluent by the combination of crop uptake and soil sorption was satisfactory. No increase in trace metal concentrations was detected in either the water percolate or crops. Special management of the crop was important for maintaining adequate infiltration rates, for producing high yields of dry matter, and for maximum removal of N. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Clapp, CE (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0260-6291 BN 0-85404-768-9 J9 ROY SOC CH PY 1999 IS 237 BP 139 EP 154 DI 10.1533/9781845693206.139 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Chemistry, Organic; Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BQ46T UT WOS:000088419300010 ER PT S AU Ramsay, TG AF Ramsay, TG BE Cranwell, PD TI A review - Leptin: A regulator of feed intake and physiology in swine SO MANIPULATING PIG PRODUCTION VII, PROCEEDINGS SE AUSTRALASIAN PIG SCIENCE ASSOCIATION (APSA) - CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Biennial Conference of the Australasian-Pig-Science-Association CY NOV 28-DEC 01, 1999 CL ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA SP Australasian Pig Sci Assoc ID ISOLATED RAT ADIPOCYTES; OBESE GENE-PRODUCT; PORCINE ADIPOSE-TISSUE; BODY-WEIGHT REGULATION; NORMAL FEMALE MICE; SERUM LEPTIN; GLUCOSE-TRANSPORT; MESSENGER-RNA; OB GENE; IN-VIVO AB Leptin is a small hormone produced by adipose tissue and subsequently secreted into the bloodstream. This hormone is involved in the regulation of feeding behavior, metabolism, reproduction and immunology. Review of the literature indicates that leptin may function as a regulator of overall energy balance in the normal pig. It is a signal synthesized in the peripheral energy stores (adipose tissue) in increasing quantity as the energy stores increase in volume. This signal is secreted by the adipose tissue and acts at the peripheral tissues and in the central nervous system to reduce feed/energy intake in a counter-regulatory manner. Leptin may have effects in peripheral tissues as well as in the central nervous system as receptors are present on many tissues. Thus, leptin has been demonstrated to alter nutrient partitioning through metabolic actions on muscle and adipose tissue. The onset of puberty and subsequent fertility mandate a positive energy balance for reproduction. Data suggests that leptin may contribute to the overall signal for the onset of puberty through actions both in the central nervous system and at the ovary. In addition, leptin can promote development of the immune system. Starving animals have depressed immune systems and low serum leptin levels. Leptin administration stimulates macrophage and T cell growth and activity. The potential application of leptin to swine will be dependent upon acquiring the knowledge necessary to alter these biological processes in such a manner as to improve production efficiency of the pig. C1 USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ramsay, TG (reprint author), USDA ARS, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 92 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AUSTRALASIAN PIG SCIENCE ASSOC PI WERRIBEE PA VICTORIAN INST ANIMAL SCIENCE, WERRIBEE, VIC 3049, AUSTRALIA SN 1324-9177 BN 0-957-72260-5 J9 APSA CONF P PY 1999 VL 7 BP 157 EP 170 PG 14 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity; Nutrition & Dietetics; Veterinary Sciences SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity; Nutrition & Dietetics; Veterinary Sciences GA BV77B UT WOS:000179982500061 ER PT J AU Feldmann, H Kiley, MP AF Feldmann, H Kiley, MP TI Classification, structure, and replication of filoviruses SO MARBURG AND EBOLA VIRUSES SE CURRENT TOPICS IN MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Review ID STRAND RNA VIRUSES; MARBURG VIRUS; EBOLA-VIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; MESSENGER-RNA; LYMPHOCYTE-PROLIFERATION; NUCLEOPROTEIN GENE; ENVELOPE PROTEINS; GLYCOPROTEIN; IDENTIFICATION C1 Univ Marburg, Inst Virol, D-35037 Marburg, Germany. Agr Res Serv, USDA, Natl Program Staff, Beltsville, MD 21113 USA. RP Feldmann, H (reprint author), Univ Marburg, Inst Virol, Robert Kock Str 17, D-35037 Marburg, Germany. NR 81 TC 59 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 18 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0070-217X J9 CURR TOP MICROBIOL JI Curr.Top.Microbiol.Immunol. PY 1999 VL 235 BP 1 EP 21 PG 21 WC Immunology; Microbiology SC Immunology; Microbiology GA BM10K UT WOS:000077639800001 PM 9893375 ER PT J AU Wear, DJ Sullivan, MJ Moore, AD Millie, DF AF Wear, DJ Sullivan, MJ Moore, AD Millie, DF TI Effects of water-column enrichment on the production dynamics of three seagrass species and their epiphytic algae SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE eutrophication; primary production; epiphytic algae; seagrasses; pigments ID EELGRASS ZOSTERA-MARINA; NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT; NITRATE ENRICHMENT; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; SEDIMENT SYSTEM; COCKBURN SOUND; COASTAL WATERS; COMMUNITIES; BIOMASS; GROWTH AB Monospecific beds of the seagrasses Halodule wrightii, Syringodium filiforme and Thalassia testudinum were enriched with a slow-release Osmocote(TM) (N-P-K) fertilizer from August 1993 through September 1994. Primary production rates (as C-14 uptake), biomass (dry weight), and chlorophyll a (chl a) (measured by HPLC) of epiphytes in enriched beds were significantly greater than those of epiphytes in control beds. Based on microscopic observations, the dominant epiphytic algae were diatoms and red and brown algae. Populations of the brown alga Myriotrichia subcorymbosa and the red alga Acrochaetium flexuosum increased greatly in enriched plots of all 3 seagrass species. Multiple linear regression supported observational data in that pigment signatures selected for the dominant epiphytes (fucoxanthin, zeaxanthin, and violaxanthin) explained 97 % of the variation in chi a. A strong correlation between measured and predicted chi a (r = 0.98) suggested that chi a is an excellent indicator of epiphytic biomass in this system. Production rates of blades increased in enriched plots relative to controls but biomass of blades was unaffected. The strong response of epiphytes to enrichment suggests that cultural eutrophication could pose a threat to seagrass beds of Big Lagoon, Perdido Key, Florida, USA. Negative effects could be manifested as a reduction in the coverage of shallow-water sediments by seagrass beds and/or the elimination of 1 or 2 species, possibly converting Big Lagoon into a seagrass monoculture. C1 Augusta State Univ, Dept Biol, Augusta, GA 30904 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Wear, DJ (reprint author), Augusta State Univ, Dept Biol, 2500 Walton Way, Augusta, GA 30904 USA. EM dwear@aug.edu NR 34 TC 78 Z9 83 U1 2 U2 32 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1999 VL 179 BP 201 EP 213 DI 10.3354/meps179201 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 195PW UT WOS:000080261400017 ER PT J AU Lebow, ST Nilsson, T Morrell, JJ AF Lebow, ST Nilsson, T Morrell, JJ TI Performance of copper-based wood preservatives in soil bed exposures SO MATERIAL UND ORGANISMEN LA English DT Article DE Douglas-fir; red alder; CCA; ACZA; ACQ; copper citrate; soil bed; bacterial attack AB The abilities of chromated copper arsenate (CCA), ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA), ammoniacal copper quaternary (ACQ), and ammoniacal copper citrate (CC) to protect Douglas-fir sapwood and heartwood and red alder from deterioration were evaluated in single-culture decay tests and soil burial tests. In nearly all treatments, tests stakes incurred some weight losses over the test period. Tunneling bacteria and soft rot fungi were especially prevalent in the garden compost soil, while white rot fungi were more prevalent in the acid forest soil. Protection was often greatest for Douglas-fir heartwood stakes, suggesting some interaction of preservatives with extractives in this wood. with regard to either fixation or efficacy. In general, CC provided the lowest level of protection under most conditions, while the remaining chemicals performed well on a majority of species/soil combinations, The results highlight the importance of testing preservatives on multiple wood species under an array of environmental conditions. C1 US Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Prod, S-75007 Uppsala, Sweden. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Prod, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Lebow, ST (reprint author), US Forest Serv, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU DUNCKER & HUMBLOT GMBH PI BERLIN PA POSTFACH 410329, 12113 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0025-5270 J9 MATER ORGANISMEN JI Mater. Org. PY 1999 VL 33 IS 3 BP 235 EP 244 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA 466VF UT WOS:000170666300006 ER PT B AU Rammer, DR AF Rammer, DR BE Bank, LC TI Evaluation of recycled timber members SO MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION: EXPLORING THE CONNECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th ASCE Materials Engineering Congress (MatCong5) CY MAY 10-12, 1999 CL CINCINNATI, OH SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers AB An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the residual shear capacity of large Douglas-fir timbers used in a military facility in Ardeen Hills, MN. A 5-point and 4-point bending test was used to determine the effects of checks and splits on the shear strength capacity. Experimental results are compared to past shear and flexural studies. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Rammer, DR (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0423-2 PY 1999 BP 46 EP 51 PG 2 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA BP25J UT WOS:000084506000007 ER PT B AU Soltis, LA Ross, RJ AF Soltis, LA Ross, RJ BE Bank, LC TI Repair of white oak glued-laminated beams SO MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION: EXPLORING THE CONNECTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th ASCE Materials Engineering Congress (MatCong5) CY MAY 10-12, 1999 CL CINCINNATI, OH SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers AB Connections between steel side plates and white oak glued-laminated beams subjected to tension perpendicular-to-grain stresses were tested to failure. The beams were then repaired with five different configurations using two sizes of lag screws, with and without steel reinforcing plates. The repaired beams were re-tested to failure. Results indicate that in all cases the repaired beams had greater ultimate loads than did the original beams. Results also indicate that lag screws without the reinforcing plate are sufficient for repair. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Soltis, LA (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0423-2 PY 1999 BP 116 EP 123 PG 4 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA BP25J UT WOS:000084506000016 ER PT J AU Hart, SE Wax, LM AF Hart, SE Wax, LM TI Review and future prospectus on the impacts of herbicide resistant maize on weed management SO MAYDICA LA English DT Review DE herbicide resistant maize; weed management; imidazolinone resistant maize; glufosinate resistant maize ID CORN ZEA-MAYS; SOYBEAN GLYCINE-MAX; AMARANTH AMARANTHUS-PALMERI; ERIOCHLOA-VILLOSA CONTROL; TOLERANT CROPS; STREPTOMYCES-HYGROSCOPICUS; ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE; TRANSGENIC PLANTS; POTENT INHIBITORS; IMAZETHAPYR AB Advances in plant biotechnology have allowed the development of a number of herbicide resistant crops (HRCs). These developments have provided one of rile most exciting and challenging aspects of need management in crops for many years, and offer new approaches to managing weeds effectively in a number of cropping systems. Several types of herbicide-resistant systems have been evaluated and commercialized in maize. Imidazolinone-resistant maize (IMI-maize) offers the option of using this class of herbicide to provide broad spectrum control of weeds in maize production. However, the rapid development of weed biotypes resistant to this class of herbicides may limit the long-term utility of this need management system in maize. Sethoxydim resistant maize (SR maize) allows for the use of sethoxydim as a safe and effective postemergence (POST) treatment for grass control. Sethoxydim can provide excellent control of a variety of annual and some perennial grasses and is more environmentally benign than some of the standard soil-applied herbicides. This system has some limitations in that sethoxydim has no soil residual, and repent applications are sometimes needed for later emerging weeds. Also, this herbicide system does not provide control of dicotyledonous weeds, and when herbicides for this purpose are added to the mixture, antagonism of grass control may occur. SR maize may become a problem weed as volunteer maize in subsequent crops. Glufosinate resistant maize (GR maize) systems allow the opportunity to use POST applications of glufosinate for selective control of a broad spectrum of annual weeds. This herbicide brings a unique mode of action that could he helpful in managing resistant weed biotypes. However, it is a relatively costly herbicide, and control may be inconsistent if not applied in a timely manner to small weeds in goad growing conditions. Using this system in conjunction with other herbicides and/or with sequential cultivation has been rile most effective. Glyphosate resistant maize (GLR) systems allow for the selective use of glyphosate to control a wide spectrum of annual and perennial weeds. However, glyphosate does not have soil residual. Therefore, a single application may nor be effective in all cropping situations. This system is advantageous over the sethoxydim anti glufosinate systems in terms of spectrum of weeds controlled, wider application window, and treatment costs. At this time, it has not been determined if any of these herbicide resistant systems in maize will have the same impact on weed management as the GLR-soybean systems. These herbicide resistant systems must demonstrate clop safety, good agronomic hybrid performance, and be economically competitive with standard weed management practices. The ultimate impact of these systems in weed management is uncertain, but likely will depend on the willingness of the producers to adopt this technology after some years of experience in their own cropping systems. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. ARS, USDA, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Wax, LM (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 127 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU MAYDICA-IST SPER CEREALICOLTUR PI BERGAMO PA SEZ DI BERGAMO VIA STEZZANO, 24, 24100 BERGAMO, ITALY SN 0025-6153 J9 MAYDICA JI Maydica PY 1999 VL 44 IS 1 BP 25 EP 36 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 184CN UT WOS:000079591900004 ER PT J AU Guzman, PS Lamkey, KR AF Guzman, PS Lamkey, KR TI Predicted gains from recurrent selection in the BS11 maize population SO MAYDICA LA English DT Article ID SIZE; BSCB1; BSSS AB Random generic drift and inbreeding depression resulting from the use of small effective population size limit the gain of recurrent selection programs. The objectivities of our study were to predict the gains of S-2, S-1, full-sib,, and modified-ear-to-row recurrent selection methods in maize (Zea mays L.) with varying effective population sizes of 5, 10, 20, rind 30 and to compare these: predicted gains with the realized gains obtained in a related study. Using the variance estimates of the BS11C0 population, predicted gain cycle(-1) was computed based on single trait selection and index selection. Predicted gain cycle-l fur S1 progeny selection method in the BS11 maize population was also, computed by multiplying die heritabilities and the selection differentials obtained fi om the original selection. Results showed that the trend was similar for single trait selection and index sc lection. Relatively higher predicted values were observed for the inbred progeny recurrent selection methods in all traits. Predicted gain cycle(-1) for a trait in a recurrent selection method increased with increasing effective population size but differences among the predicted values were agronomically insignificant. While the predictions based on single trait and index; selection showed increasing grain yield with increasing effective population size, result,, from the selection trials of the S1 programs showed otherwise. The comparison between our predictions and the realized gains obtained in a related study indicated that intermating more than 10 individuals would not result in a significant response over a few generations of selection. There is no distinct advantage of using an effective population size of greater than 10 to realize gain in a short-term maize recurrent selection program. C1 Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agron, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, USDA,ARS, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Lamkey, KR (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agron, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, USDA,ARS, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Lamkey, Kendall/D-7631-2013 OI Lamkey, Kendall/0000-0001-8510-8798 NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU MAYDICA-IST SPER CEREALICOLTUR PI BERGAMO PA SEZ DI BERGAMO VIA STEZZANO, 24, 24100 BERGAMO, ITALY SN 0025-6153 J9 MAYDICA JI Maydica PY 1999 VL 44 IS 1 BP 93 EP 99 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 184CN UT WOS:000079591900010 ER PT J AU Ray, JD Kindiger, B Sinclair, TR AF Ray, JD Kindiger, B Sinclair, TR TI Introgressing root aerenchyma into maize SO MAYDICA LA English DT Article DE aerenchyma; Tripsacum; introgression; root ID TRIPSACUM; ETHYLENE; GRASSES; GROWTH; PLANTS; WATER AB Root aerenchyma play a significant role in alleviating the effects of low oxygen environments through providing an open passage for oxygen diffusion inside roots. In Zen mays L, aerenchyma are usually not present but may form in response to environmental stress. Our research indicated that plants of Tripsacum dactyloides L. (eastern gamagrass) and Zen luxurians L. (teosinte) possess well-formed root aerenchyma, even in well-aerated environments. The ability of these species to constitutively form aerenchyma may enhance their competitive ability to grow in wet or compacted soils. Introgressing constitutive aerenchyma into maize may similarly enhance its ability to perform in these environments. Our objective was to investigate the possibility of introgressing constitutive root aerenchyma into maize from related species that have constitutive aerenchyma. Hybrid plants from crosses between Z. mays and T. dactyloides and between Z. luxurians and Z. mays were examined for the presence or absence of root aerenchyma in a well-aerated environment. In Z. mays X T. dactyloides backcross progeny variations in root aerenchyma formation were observed. The genome constitutions of the backcross progeny were not stable and the genomes tended to lose Tripsacum chromosomes which allowed an examination of backcross progeny with a varying number of T. dactyloides chromosomes. From this analysis, Ne concluded that constitutive aerenchyma formation is controlled by more than one locus, but that at least one major controlling locus is associated with the short arm of Tripsacum chromosome 16 (Tr16S). We also found that F-1 plants from the Z. luxurians X Z. mays cross had aerenchyma in well-aerated environments. This cross may be especially important in developing maize lines with constitutively produced aerenchyma because Z. luxurians is much more closely related to Z. mays than T. dactyloides. C1 ARS, USDA, Crop Genet & Environm Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. ARS, USDA, So Plains Range Res Stn, Woodward, OK 73801 USA. RP Ray, JD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Crop Genet & Environm Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. OI Kindiger, Bryan/0000-0002-2938-3653 NR 19 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU MAYDICA-IST SPER CEREALICOLTUR PI BERGAMO PA SEZ DI BERGAMO VIA STEZZANO, 24, 24100 BERGAMO, ITALY SN 0025-6153 J9 MAYDICA JI Maydica PY 1999 VL 44 IS 2 BP 113 EP 117 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 218EJ UT WOS:000081540000001 ER PT J AU Hibbard, BE Darrah, LL Barry, BD AF Hibbard, BE Darrah, LL Barry, BD TI Combining ability of resistance leads and identification of a new resistance source for western corn rootworm (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) larvae in corn SO MAYDICA LA English DT Article DE Diabrotica virgifera virgifera; western corn rootworm; resistance; plant resistance to insects; combining ability ID MAIZE; REGISTRATION; MANAGEMENT; BORER AB The western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) is a major insect pest in continuous corn (Zen mays L.), but no viable alternatives to insecticides are available for its control. From 1994 to 1996, seven germplasm sources of corn with reduced corn rootworm damage (resistance leads) were identified. Since utilization of these sources would likely require backcrossing into elite germplasm, a diallel including the seven resistance lines and inbred lines B37 and Mo47 was formed to determine which had the best potential for contributing com rootworm resistance to progeny. Each parental line was crossed reciprocally with each of the other eight. Parental germplasm, available crosses, and resistant and susceptible checks were evaluated in a randomized complete block experiment with four replications at three central Missouri locations in 1997. Ten of the best crosses in the diallel from 1997 were selfed in a 1997-1998 winter nursery and seed from three ears for each cross (30 ears total) were grown along with checks in 1998. Plots for both years were mechanically infested with western corn rootworm eggs and roots were evaluated for corn rootworm feeding damage. Although damage to the susceptible check was less than desired in 1997 (the mean damage rating for the susceptible check was 3.17, just over the economic threshold of 3.0 on the 1 to 6 scale), 29 of the 34 crosses evaluated (combining reciprocal crosses) were significantly less damaged than susceptible check and mio [TL92A PAR 1779 60-4 x NGSDCRW1(S2)C4-15-2S2 and ((Dent x Teo)-xIADS69) x NGSDCRW1(S2)C4-15-2S2] were significantly less damaged than the resistant check. When feeding dam age data For reciprocal crosses from the 1997 trial were combined,, three of the nine parents [NGSDCRW1(S2)C4-15-2S2, TL93A-PAR1774 28-1(C3), and TL92A-PAR1779 60-4] contributed corn rootworm resistance to their respective progeny, as indicated by a significantly negative general combining ability effect (lower ratings were desirable). Overall, specific combining ability effects for these crosses were not significant, and only mio of the 22 crosses evaluated for which reciprocal crosses were available (36 were possible) were significantly different from each other In 1998, the susceptible check was significantly more damaged (3.90) than all other entries. TL92A PAR 1779 60-4 x NGSDCRW1(S2)C4-15-2S2 had significantly less damage (2.60) than all other entries including the resistant check. The specific cross, TL92A PAR 1779 60-4 x NGSDCRW1(S2)C4-15-2S2, was the best of all entries evaluated in 1997 and 1998, had significantly less damage than the resistant check both years, and represents a new source of native resistance to feeding damage caused by corn rootworm larvae. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Entomol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Hibbard, BE (reprint author), Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 28 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 5 PU MAYDICA-IST SPER CEREALICOLTUR PI BERGAMO PA SEZ DI BERGAMO VIA STEZZANO, 24, 24100 BERGAMO, ITALY SN 0025-6153 J9 MAYDICA JI Maydica PY 1999 VL 44 IS 2 BP 133 EP 139 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 218EJ UT WOS:000081540000004 ER PT J AU Pedersen, JF Toy, JJ AF Pedersen, JF Toy, JJ TI Measurement of sorghum stalk strength using the Missouri-modified electronic rind penetrometer SO MAYDICA LA English DT Article DE Sorghum bicolor; stalk strength; lodging; penetrometer AB Resistance to lodging is critical in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] grown for grain, yet adequate tools for plant breeders to assess this character at or before anthesis have not been developed. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether an electronic penetrometer previously shown to be an effective tool for measuring stalk strength in maize (Zea mays L.) could be used to differentiate among grain sorghum hybrids. Entries in three commercial grain sorghum hybrid trials were evaluated for rind penetrometer resistance (RPR) of the peduncle, the lower stalk at anthesis, and the lower stalk at maturity. Actual lodging counts were also taken immediately prior to harvest. Significant differences were detected among hybrids for RPR of the peduncle and lower stalk at anthesis, and for actual lodging percentages in all three experiments. Rind penetrometer resistance of lower stalks at maturity differed significant ly among hybrids in only one of the three experiments. Coefficients of variation (CVs) ranged from 8.9 to 11.2% for peduncle RPR at anthesis, 6.3 to 7.5% for lower stalk RPR at anthesis 10.4 to 14.0% for lower stalk RPR at maturity, and 85.4 to 116.0% for actual lodging percentages. Rind penetrometer resistance measurements allowed better separation of hybrids into groups with high or low RPR than did actual lodging scores. Correlation of RPR values with actual lodging scores was extremely low and were usually non-significant. Based on these results, RPR of peduncies and lower stalks at anthesis may have utility as a selection tool for direct improvement of sorghum stalk strength. C1 ARS, Wheat Sorgbum & Forage Res Unit, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Pedersen, JF (reprint author), ARS, Wheat Sorgbum & Forage Res Unit, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 4 PU MAYDICA-IST SPER CEREALICOLTUR PI BERGAMO PA SEZ DI BERGAMO VIA STEZZANO, 24, 24100 BERGAMO, ITALY SN 0025-6153 J9 MAYDICA JI Maydica PY 1999 VL 44 IS 2 BP 155 EP 158 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 218EJ UT WOS:000081540000007 ER PT J AU Ming, R Brewbaker, JL Moon, HG Musket, TA Holley, RN Pataky, JK McMullen, MD AF Ming, R Brewbaker, JL Moon, HG Musket, TA Holley, RN Pataky, JK McMullen, MD TI Identification of RFLP markers linked to a major gene, sw1, conferring resistance to Stewart's wilt in maize SO MAYDICA LA English DT Article DE corn; Erwinia stewartii; genetic mapping; disease resistance ID STREAK MOSAIC-VIRUS; ERWINIA-STEWARTII; MOLECULAR MARKERS; SWEET CORN; DENT CORN; DISEASE; LINES AB The objective of this study was to determine the genetic basis of resistance to Stewart's bacterial wilt (Erwinia stewartii Smith) and to map associated gene(s) in maize (Zea mays L.). It is known that two major dominant genes were involved in the resistance to Stewart's wilt and a single major gene conditions intermediate resistance. Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were derived in Hawaii from resistant inbred Ki14 and susceptible inbred Hi31, and analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Seventy-one RILs were evaluated for resistance to Stewart's wilt at Henderson, KY. The RILs segregated 1:1 and F-1 hybrids showed intermediate resistance, indicating a single major resistance gene in this population. RFLP markers on the short arm of chromosome 1 showed the largest effect and suggested a major gene in this region. This gene, designated sw1, was mapped on the short arm of chromosome 1 between the RFLP markers umc167 and umc67. This region includes two resistance gene analogs (RGAs) and a major gene for resistance to maize streak virus, msv1, also revealed in RILs produced in Hawaii. In an inoculated trial at Urbana, IL, where disease developed poorly, marker data suggested that none of the more susceptible phenotypes had Sw1 alleles from the resistant parent, Ki14. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Agron & Soil Sci & Hort, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Northrup King Co, Henderson, KY 42420 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Ming, R (reprint author), Hawaii Agr Res Ctr, 99-193 Aiea Heights Dr, Aiea, HI 96701 USA. NR 29 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU MAYDICA-IST SPER CEREALICOLTUR PI BERGAMO PA SEZ DI BERGAMO VIA STEZZANO, 24, 24100 BERGAMO, ITALY SN 0025-6153 J9 MAYDICA JI Maydica PY 1999 VL 44 IS 4 BP 319 EP 323 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 288EU UT WOS:000085549900009 ER PT S AU Cornick, NA Matise, I Samuel, JE Bosworth, BT Moon, HW AF Cornick, NA Matise, I Samuel, JE Bosworth, BT Moon, HW BE Paul, PS Francis, DH TI Edema disease as a model for systemic disease induced by Shiga toxin-producing E-coli SO MECHANISMS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ENTERIC DISEASES 2 SE Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Rushmore Conference on Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Enteric Diseases CY SEP 30-OCT 03, 1998 CL RAPID CITY, SD SP N Cent Reg Res Comm NC-62, Bayer, Agr Div, Pfizer Cent Res Div, Boehringer Ingelheim Anim Hlth, St Joseph, Grand Labs Inc, Eli Lilly & Co Fdn, Wyeth Lederle Vaccines & Pediatrics, Wyeth Ayerst Labs ID HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GNOTOBIOTIC PIGLETS; HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; II VARIANT; PIGS; INFECTION; DIARRHEA; O157-H7; SWINE AB Edema disease (ED) is a naturally occurring disease of weaned pigs caused by host adapted strains of E. coli that produce Shiga toxin (STEC). We determined the temporal and quantitative relationships between intestinal colonization by STEC, levels of Shiga toxin (Stx2e) in the gut, in the blood, and clinical manifestations of ED. Bacterial colonization (10(8) CFU/cm ileum) was highest 4 days post inoculation (pi) in animals that did not develop clinical disease and 6 days pi in animals with clinical signs of ED. The mean time for the development of clinical signs of ED was 6 days pi (range 4-10). Average peak titers of Stx2e in the ileum were 1:16,384 in asymptomatic animals and 1:32,768 in clinical animals. Titers of Stx2e in the feces reflected the toxin titers in the ileum but were lower. Intestinal titers of Stx2e and the density of bacterial colonization were predictive of clinical ED for a group of animals but not for individuals. Approximately 50% of the pigs that had Stx2e titers of greater than or equal to 1 :4096 and a bacterial density of greater than or equal to 10(6) CFU/cm in their ileum. had clinical ED. Pigs that had intestinal Stx2e titers <1: 4096 were asymptomatic. Stx2e was detected in the red cell fraction of blood from some of the pigs with clinical ED and in some that were asymptomatic. Stx2e was not detected in the serum of any animals. ED may be a useful model for predicting the temporal and quantitative relationships between bacterial colonization, Stx levels in the gut and blood and systemic disease for STEC in other species. C1 Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Med, Dept Med Microbiol & Immunol, College Stn, TX USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Enter Dis & Food Safety Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Cornick, NA (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI41328] NR 30 TC 2 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2598 BN 0-306-46214-1 J9 ADV EXP MED BIOL JI Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. PY 1999 VL 473 BP 155 EP 161 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Infectious Diseases; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Agriculture; Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Infectious Diseases; Research & Experimental Medicine GA BP55D UT WOS:000085482700014 PM 10659353 ER PT S AU Matise, I Sirinarumitr, T Bosworth, BT Moon, HW AF Matise, I Sirinarumitr, T Bosworth, BT Moon, HW BE Paul, PS Francis, DH TI Ultrastructure and DNA fragmentation analysis of arterioles in swine infected with Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli SO MECHANISMS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ENTERIC DISEASES 2 SE Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Rushmore Conference on Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Enteric Diseases CY SEP 30-OCT 03, 1998 CL RAPID CITY, SD SP N Cent Reg Res Comm NC-62, Bayer, Agr Div, Pfizer Cent Res Div, Boehringer Ingelheim Anim Hlth, St Joseph, Grand Labs Inc, Eli Lilly & Co Fdn, Wyeth Lederle Vaccines & Pediatrics, Wyeth Ayerst Labs ID HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; NECROSIS; O157-H7; APOPTOSIS; PIGS; LESIONS; MODEL AB Shiga toxins (Stx) produced by E. coli are potent cytotoxins that affect the vascular system. In humans, systemic toxemia causes renal glomerular damage manifested as hemolytic uremic syndrome. In swine, Stx-producing E, coli (STEC) cause edema disease that is characterized microscopically by segmental arteriolar smooth muscle cell (SMC) lesions. Our objectives were to characterize ultrastructurally and by TUNEL the type of death (apoptosis or necrosis) that occurs in SMCs during edema disease. Increased DNA fragmentation consistent with apoptosis was detected by TUNEL in arterioles of challenged pigs 14-15 days post inoculation. Ultrastructurally 3 grades of SMC lesions were distinguished: 1) Partial loss of SMCs, intercellular space filled with granular cellular debris admired with membrane bound vacuoles; 2) Complete loss of SMCs; only granular cellular debris and clear vacuoles remained within basement membrane: 3) Inflammation of media: SMCs replaced by a rim of cellular debris located in the periphery of vessel wall. The most common lesion detected was grade 1 (9 ilea and il brains). We did not And apoptotic nuclear changes in SMCs or apoptotic inclusion bodies within resident cells. Our study indicates, that (1) Stx produced during edema disease does not cause SMC apoptosis 14-15 dpi, (2) SMCs undergo an array of changes from degeneration to necrosis. C1 Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Enter Dis & Food Safety Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Matise, I (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI41328] NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2598 BN 0-306-46214-1 J9 ADV EXP MED BIOL JI Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. PY 1999 VL 473 BP 163 EP 171 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Infectious Diseases; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Agriculture; Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Infectious Diseases; Research & Experimental Medicine GA BP55D UT WOS:000085482700015 PM 10659354 ER PT S AU Dean-Nystrom, EA Bosworth, BT Moon, HW AF Dean-Nystrom, EA Bosworth, BT Moon, HW BE Paul, PS Francis, DH TI Pathogenesis of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 in weaned calves SO MECHANISMS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ENTERIC DISEASES 2 SE ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Rushmore Conference on Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Enteric Diseases CY SEP 30-OCT 03, 1998 CL RAPID CITY, SOUTH DAKOTA SP N Cent Reg Res Comm NC-62, Bayer, Agr Div, Pfizer Cent Res Div, Boehringer Ingelheim Anim Hlth, St Joseph, Grand Labs Inc, Eli Lilly & Co Fdn, Wyeth Lederle Vaccines & Pediatrics, Wyeth Ayerst Labs ID REQUIRES INTIMIN; INFECTION AB Cattle are an important reservoir of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 and other enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) that cause diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemorrhagic uremic syndrome in humans. One strategy for reducing human foodborne EHEC infections is to reduce the levels of EHEC in cattle. Bovine O157:H7 infection models will facilitate identification of virulence factors involved in bovine infections. O157:H7 cause severe diarrhea and attaching and effacing (A/E) mucosal lesions in colostrum-deprived neonatal (< 2h) calves, We hypothesized that O157:H7 also cause A/E lesions in older calves, but these were not detected in earlier studies because intestinal levels of O157:H7 were too low (<10(6) CFU/g of tissue) for detection of focally distributed microscopic lesions. Weaned 3- to 4-month-old calves were fasted 48 h, inoculated via stomach tube with 10(10) CFU of O157:H7 or nonpathogenic E. coli, necropsied 4 d pi and examined histologically. Calves inoculated with O157:H7 had higher intestinal levels of inoculated E. coli than control animals. The rectum was the major site of colonization. A/E lesions were seen in the rectum and cecum of calves with high levels of O157:H7. Weaned calves, like neonatal calves, are susceptible to intestinal damage induced by EHEC O157:H7. The rectum and cecum may be principal sites of EHEC O157:H7 colonization during the carrier-shedder state in cattle. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Enter Dis & Food Safety, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Iowa State Univ, Coll Vet Pathol, Vet Med Res Inst, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Dean-Nystrom, EA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Enter Dis & Food Safety, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 8 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC / PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2598 BN 0-306-46214-1 J9 ADV EXP MED BIOL JI Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. PY 1999 VL 473 BP 173 EP 177 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Infectious Diseases; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Agriculture; Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Infectious Diseases; Research & Experimental Medicine GA BP55D UT WOS:000085482700016 PM 10659355 ER PT S AU Harvey, RB Anderson, RC Young, CR Hume, ME Genovese, KJ Ziprin, RL Farrington, LA Stanker, LH Nisbet, DJ AF Harvey, RB Anderson, RC Young, CR Hume, ME Genovese, KJ Ziprin, RL Farrington, LA Stanker, LH Nisbet, DJ BE Paul, PS Francis, DH TI Prevalence of Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Arcobacter species at slaughter in market age pigs SO MECHANISMS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF ENTERIC DISEASES 2 SE ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Rushmore Conference on Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Enteric Diseases CY SEP 30-OCT 03, 1998 CL RAPID CITY, SOUTH DAKOTA SP N Cent Reg Res Comm NC-62, Bayer, Agr Div, Pfizer Cent Res Div, Boehringer Ingelheim Anim Hlth, St Joseph, Grand Labs Inc, Eli Lilly & Co Fdn, Wyeth Lederle Vaccines & Pediatrics, Wyeth Ayerst Labs ID FOOD AB A survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Arcobacter species in market age pigs from an integrated swine operation in Texas. Our findings indicate that farms from this commercial operation were heavily contaminated with Campylobacter and Salmonella, that the isolation rates of C. jejuni were higher than predicted, and that there was a low prevalence of Arcobacter. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Harvey, RB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, Route 5, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 7 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 4 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC / PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0065-2598 BN 0-306-46214-1 J9 ADV EXP MED BIOL JI Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. PY 1999 VL 473 BP 237 EP 239 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Infectious Diseases; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Agriculture; Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Infectious Diseases; Research & Experimental Medicine GA BP55D UT WOS:000085482700025 PM 10659364 ER PT J AU Layne, JE Nelson, ME AF Layne, JE Nelson, ME TI The effects of progressive resistance training on bone density: a review SO MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE LA English DT Article DE osteoporosis; fractures; weight bearing; exercise; aging ID RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; MUSCLE-BUILDING EXERCISE; MINERAL DENSITY; POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; HIGH-INTENSITY; PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; YOUNG MEN; OLDER WOMEN; STRENGTH; SUPPLEMENTATION AB Osteoporosis is a major public health problem that is characterized by low bone mass and increased susceptibility to fractures, primarily of the hip, spine, and wrist. It is estimated to cause 1.5 million fractures annually in the United States in people aged 50 yr and older. Physical activity, particularly weight-bearing exercise, is thought to provide the mechanical stimuli or "loading" important for the maintenance and improvement of bone health, whereas physical inactivity has been implicated in bone loss and its associated health costs. Both aerobic and resistance training exercise can provide weight-bearing stimulus to bone, yet research indicates that resistance training may have a more profound site specific effect than aerobic exercise. Over the past 10 years, nearly two dozen cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have shown a direct and positive relationship between the effects of resistance training and bone density. Conversely, a handful of other studies have reported little or no effect on bone density. However, these results may be partially attributable to the study design, intensity and duration of the exercise protocol, and the bone density measurement techniques used. High-intensity resistance training, in contrast to traditional pharmacological and nutritional approaches for improving bone health in older adults, has the added benefit of influencing multiple risk factors for osteoporosis including improved strength and balance and increased muscle mass. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Layne, JE (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Nutr Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 34 TC 143 Z9 151 U1 1 U2 23 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0195-9131 J9 MED SCI SPORT EXER JI Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 31 IS 1 BP 25 EP 30 DI 10.1097/00005768-199901000-00006 PG 6 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 155ZF UT WOS:000077976400005 PM 9927006 ER PT B AU White, JL AF White, JL BE Ammann, K Jacot, Y Kjellsson, G Simonsen, V TI The concept of familiarity and its role in the commercialization of pest resistant genetically engineered plants SO METHODS FOR RISK ASSESSMENT OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS, VOL III: ECOLOGICAL RISKS AND PROSPECTS OF TRANSGENIC PLANTS, WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE? A DIALOGUE BETWEEN BIOTECH INDUSTRY AND SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Methods for Risk Assessment of Transgenic Plants III - Ecological Risks and Prospects of Transgenic Plants CY JAN 28-31, 1998 CL BERN, SWITZERLAND SP Fed Off Environm, Forests & Landscape, Monsanto, Life Sci Co, Fed Off Agr, Swiss Natl Fdn, Novartis, Life Sci Co, Nestle, Biotechnol C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. RP White, JL (reprint author), USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Unit 147,4700 River Rd, Riverdale, MD 20737 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIRKHAUSER VERLAG AG PI BASEL PA VIADUKSTRASSE 40-44, PO BOX 133, CH-4010 BASEL, SWITZERLAND BN 3-7643-5917-X PY 1999 BP 225 EP 226 PG 2 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Ecology; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity GA BP83W UT WOS:000086379200028 ER PT J AU Johnson, TA Sims, GK Ellsworth, TR Ballance, AR AF Johnson, TA Sims, GK Ellsworth, TR Ballance, AR TI Effects of moisture and sorption on bioavailability of p-hydroxybenzoic acid to Arthrobacter sp. in soil SO MICROBIOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE biodegradation; physical accessibility; bioavailability ID MICROBIAL ACTIVITY; BIODEGRADATION; DEGRADATION; TEMPERATURE; DIFFUSION; KINETICS AB Effects of bioavailability on degradation of C-14-p-hydroxybenzoate were examined using sterile soil inoculated with Arthrobacter sp. Physical accessibility of p-hydroxybenzoate was controlled by varying pore continuity with a range of moisture regimes (-33 to -420 kPa), whereas sorption was controlled via addition of an exchange resin. Arthrobacter sp. accessed 94% of p-hydroxybenzoate in soil at -33 kPa, owing to continuity of soil pores and sufficient cells to exploit available space. A deviation in degradation kinetics at -420 kPa soil was attributed to inaccessible p-hydroxybenzoate in solution. Addition of resin decreased extent of degradation, though the effect diminished as pore continuity decreased. Subtle differences in effects of these processes on degradation kinetics may facilitate their separate treatment in environmental fate models. C1 USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Sims, GK (reprint author), USDA ARS, 1102 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RI Sims, Gerald/A-2500-2008 NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0944-5013 J9 MICROBIOL RES JI Microbiol. Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 153 IS 4 BP 349 EP 353 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 165UK UT WOS:000078540100008 PM 10206726 ER PT J AU Tomasula, PM Boswell, RT Dupre, NC AF Tomasula, PM Boswell, RT Dupre, NC TI Buffer properties of milk treated with high pressure carbon dioxide SO MILCHWISSENSCHAFT-MILK SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID COAGULATION; ACID AB The buffering properties of milk at 38 degrees C treated with CO2 at pressures up to 13.8 MPa were determined. Buffer index was determined directly from the pressurization data by assuming a strong acid equivalent for each addition of CO2. Milk treated with CO2 showed buffering peaks at pH 5.2 and pH 4.95, which is indicative of the presence of various salt systems based on the interactions of calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. Milk treated with HCl showed a single buffering peak at pH 5.05. The refractive index (RI) as a function of pH was used to compare micelle aggregation with either addition of CO2 or HCl to milk. The results showed that extent of precipitation as a function of pH agreed for both precipitants. However, the point that corresponds to solubilization of colloidal calcium phosphate (CCP) for the CO2 treated milk was shifted approximately .2 pH units higher than the HCl treated milk, possibly because of pressure effects on solubilization of CCP. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Tomasula, PM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU VOLKSWIRTSCHAFTLICHER VERLAG PI MUNICH 70 PA KEDERBACHER STRASSE 50 POSTFACH 70 19 20, W-8000 MUNICH 70, GERMANY SN 0026-3788 J9 MILCHWISSENSCHAFT JI Milchwiss.-Milk Sci. Int. PY 1999 VL 54 IS 12 BP 667 EP 670 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 279CL UT WOS:000085025700002 ER PT B AU van Genuchten, MT Schaap, MG Mohanty, BP Simunek, J Leij, FJ AF van Genuchten, MT Schaap, MG Mohanty, BP Simunek, J Leij, FJ BE Feyen, J Wiyo, K TI Modeling flow and transport processes at the local scale SO MODELLING OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN SOILS: AT VARIOUS SCALES IN TIME AND SPACE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop of the European-Society-of-Agricultural-Engineers Field of Interest on Soil and Water CY NOV 24-26, 1999 CL LEUVEN, BELGIUM SP European Soc Agr Engineers, Soil & Water Interest Grp, CIGR, ICID, CIID, CNR, Katholieke Univ Leuven, Fac Agr & Appl Biol Sci, Inst Land & Water Management ID SOIL HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; PARTICLE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; FRACTURE MATRIX FLOW; DUAL-POROSITY MODEL; POROUS-MEDIA; SOLUTE TRANSPORT; WATER-RETENTION; TENSION INFILTROMETERS; PEDOTRANSFER FUNCTIONS; PARAMETER-ESTIMATION AB Much progress has been made during the past several decades in attempts to more realistically simulate variably-saturated water flow and solute transport in the subsurface. A large number of conceptual models are now available to predict flow and transport in the vadose zone. In this paper we highlight recent advances in modeling at especially the local scale. Improved understanding of underlying processes, continued advances in numerical methods, and the introduction of increasingly powerful computers now permit comprehensive simulations of the most important physical, chemical and biological processes operative in the unsaturated zone. Examples include models for mass/energy transport in the soil-plant atmosphere continuum, multicomponent major ion chemistry, and multifluid flow. While the problem of preferential flow remains a challenge, several useful approaches have recently become available to study and model preferential flow in structured media. Increasingly accurate indirect methods, including pedotransfer functions, are now also available for estimating the unsaturated soil hydraulic properties from more readily available or easily measured data. A need still exists for more user-friendly software to enable more effective application of models to a variety of flow and transport problems in research and management. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92501 USA. RP van Genuchten, MT (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92501 USA. RI van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 86 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 9 PU WAGENINGEN ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI WAGENINGEN PA POSTBUS 220, 6700 AE WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-74134-76-9 PY 1999 BP 23 EP 45 PG 23 WC Soil Science; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BQ06B UT WOS:000087021500003 ER PT B AU Simunek, J de Vos, JA AF Simunek, J de Vos, JA BE Feyen, J Wiyo, K TI Inverse optimization, calibration and validation of simulation models at the field scale SO MODELLING OF TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN SOILS: AT VARIOUS SCALES IN TIME AND SPACE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop of the European-Society-of-Agricultural-Engineers Field of Interest on Soil and Water CY NOV 24-26, 1999 CL LEUVEN, BELGIUM SP European Soc Agr Engineers, Soil & Water Interest Grp, CIGR, ICID, CIID, CNR, Katholieke Univ Leuven, Fac Agr & Appl Biol Sci, Inst Land & Water Management DE simulation models; parameter estimation; calibration; tile-drained field ID SOIL HYDRAULIC-PROPERTIES; PARAMETER-ESTIMATION; TRANSPORT; FLOW; CONDUCTIVITY; CANNOT AB An overview is given of the issues of parameter estimation, model verification, and model validation as applied to field-scale subsurface flow and transport problems. We briefly review inverse optimization methods for estimating soil hydraulic parameters from a variety of field experiments, including tension disc infiltrometry, cone penetrometry, and gravity drainage experiments. An example is presented showing calibration of the numerical HYDRUS-2D model using data of a tile-drainage experiment. The hydraulic characteristics of the layered soil profile at the site were identified based on the joined use of laboratory data, field monitoring data, and the numerical model. A split sampling technique was used to test applicability of the numerical model for this study. C1 USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Simunek, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 44 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU WAGENINGEN ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI WAGENINGEN PA POSTBUS 220, 6700 AE WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-74134-76-9 PY 1999 BP 431 EP 445 PG 15 WC Soil Science; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA BQ06B UT WOS:000087021500052 ER PT B AU Ragsdale, NN AF Ragsdale, NN BE Lyr, H Russell, PE Dehne, HW Sisler, HD TI Determining benefits of fungicide use SO MODERN FUNGICIDES AND ANTIFUNGAL COMPOUNDS II LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Reinhardsbrunn Symposium CY MAY 24-29, 1998 CL FRIEDRICHRODA, GERMANY SP AgrEvo Co, BASF Co, Bayer Co, Cyanamid Co, Dupont Co, Novartis Co, Zeneca Co AB Benefits are the advantages that may be gained in the yield and/or quality of a treated commodity when compared to the losses incurred when pests are not adequately controlled. When benefits are assessed, they are usually expressed in terms of the loss of yield and/or quality. This information is further analysed by economists, and the impacts on producers and consumers are expressed in monetary terms. Describing this information as benefits, rather than impacts or risks, has been associated with pesticide regulation, in which risks, referring to potentially detrimental effects on human health and the environment, were balanced against benefits. Over the past twenty-five years, the pesticide regulatory process in the United States (U.S.) has developed numerous protocols for the extrapolation of health and environmental risks. Protocols have not been developed for pesticide benefits information used for regulatory purposes. Currently the U.S. decision-making process involved in determining the registration status of fungicides, as well as other pesticides, no longer incorporates, in most cases, consideration of benefits. However, agriculture has an obligation to inform the public of the consequences of failure to adequately manage crop damage due to pathogens. Assimilation and assessment of several types of data are required. Information on use includes pathogens of economic importance, current fungicide usage, and non-chemical pest control practices. In addition, alternative fungicides and/or practices must be identified together with the yield, quality and cost changes that occur when using alternatives. Determination of these changes, often referred to as losses, is a complex process, and the resulting estimates are subject to criticism. However, this information is essential in generating the economic impacts of changes in disease management methods. The U.S. Department of Agriculture, together with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the American Crop Protection Association, initiated efforts to develop methodology for producing benefit information. Four areas must be addressed: information/databases, quality assurance, analysis/output structure, and peer review. Protocols developed in these four primary areas will assure scientifically justified, reproducible benefits data that convey the importance of pest management in agricultural production systems. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ragsdale, NN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Rm 331,Bldg 005,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTERCEPT LTD SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL & MEDICAL PUBLISHERS PI ANDOVER PA PO BOX 716, ANDOVER SP10 1YG, HANTS, ENGLAND BN 1-898298-60-2 PY 1999 BP 3 EP 9 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Mycology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Mycology GA BP35A UT WOS:000084810100001 ER PT J AU Jatoi, A Dallal, GE Nguyen, PL AF Jatoi, A Dallal, GE Nguyen, PL TI False-negative rates of tumor metastases in the histologic examination of bone marrow SO MODERN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bone marrow biopsy; false negative; metastasis; staging ID NEUROBLASTOMA; BIOPSY AB Recent reports have claimed that bone marrow histology is less sensitive for detecting metastatic tumor than are other methods of marrow examination. These reports, however, did not specify methodologic information, such as the number of slides or tissue sections reviewed. To demonstrate the importance of specifying such information, we reviewed archival, tumor-positive marrow biopsy specimens from our laboratory. By means of a statistical model, we calculated the false-negative rates that would have occurred had random histologic review entailed fewer than 10 slides. Our model demonstrates a progressive increase in the percentage of false-negative diagnoses with the review of fewer slides, e.g., from 1% with review of nine slides to as high as 24% with review of only two slides. We conclude that the number of histologic slides and tissue sections reviewed should be specified when comparing bone marrow histologic examination with other techniques of marrow assessment. C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Lab Med & Pathol, Div Hematopathol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Tufts Univ, Biostat Sect, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. New England Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Hematol Oncol, Boston, MA USA. RP Nguyen, PL (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Lab Med & Pathol, Div Hematopathol, Mayo Box 609,420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NR 7 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0893-3952 J9 MODERN PATHOL JI Mod. Pathol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 12 IS 1 BP 29 EP 32 PG 4 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 159WA UT WOS:000078197200006 PM 9950159 ER PT J AU Lewers, KS Crane, EH Bronson, CR Schupp, JM Keim, P Shoemaker, RC AF Lewers, KS Crane, EH Bronson, CR Schupp, JM Keim, P Shoemaker, RC TI Detection of linked QTL for soybean brown stem rot resistance in 'BSR 101' as expressed in a growth chamber environment SO MOLECULAR BREEDING LA English DT Article DE brown stem rot; composite interval mapping; disease resistance QTL; Phialophora gregata; resistance; gene analogue; soybean ID QUANTITATIVE TRAITS; GENETIC-ANALYSIS; INHERITANCE; GREENHOUSE; MARKERS; MAP; RMD AB The objective of this study was to map the gene(s) conferring resistance to brown stem rot in the soybean cultivar BSR 101. A population of 320 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) was derived from a cross of BSR 101 and PI 437.654. Seedlings of each RIL and parent were inoculated by injecting stems with a suspension of spores and mycelia of Phialophora gregata, incubated in a growth chamber at 17 degrees C, and assessed for resistance by monitoring the development of foliar and stem symptoms. The population also was evaluated with 146 RFLPs, 760 AFLPs, and 4 probes for resistance gene analogs (RGAs). Regression analysis identified a significant association between resistance and several markers on Linkage Group J of the USDA-ARS molecular marker linkage map. Interval analysis with Mapmaker QTL identified a major peak between marker RGA2V-1 and AFLP marker AAGATG 152M on Linkage Group J. A second peak, associated only with stem symptoms, was identified between the RFLP B122I-1 and RGA2V-1, also on Linkage Group J. When composite interval mapping with QTL Cartographer was used, two linked QTL were identified with both foliar and stem disease assessment methods: a major QTL between AFLP markers AAGATG152E and ACAAGT260, and a minor QTL between RGA3I-3 and RGA3I-2, These results demonstrate that composite interval mapping gives increased precision over interval mapping and is capable of distinguishing two linked QTL. The minor QTL associated with the cluster of RGA3I loci is of special interest because it is the first example of a disease resistance QTL associated with a resistance gene analog. C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, CICGR, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Zool Genet, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, SARL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. No Arizona Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. RP Shoemaker, RC (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, CICGR, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Keim, Paul/A-2269-2010 NR 39 TC 36 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1380-3743 J9 MOL BREEDING JI Mol. Breed. PY 1999 VL 5 IS 1 BP 33 EP 42 DI 10.1023/A:1009634710039 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 172UG UT WOS:000078942800004 ER PT J AU Crouch, JH Crouch, HK Constandt, H Van Gysel, A Breyne, P Van Montagu, M Jarret, RL Ortiz, R AF Crouch, JH Crouch, HK Constandt, H Van Gysel, A Breyne, P Van Montagu, M Jarret, RL Ortiz, R TI Comparison of PCR-based molecular marker analyses of Musa breeding populations SO MOLECULAR BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Musa; plantain; RAPD; VNTR; AFLP; breeding ID GENETIC DIVERSITY; RAPD ANALYSIS; SOMATIC HYBRIDS; AFLP MARKERS; SSR MARKERS; PLANTAIN; SEQUENCE; MICROSATELLITE; WHEAT; REPRODUCIBILITY AB Progress in the breeding of plantain and banana has been restricted by the complex genetic structure and behaviour of cultivated polyploid Musa. Genetic improvement has been hindered due to the large amount of space required for growth and maintenance of plant populations, in addition to the long growth cycle and the low levels of fertility and seed viability characteristic of cultivated genotypes. Molecular marker assisted breeding has the potential to dramatically enhance the pace and efficiency of genetic improvement in Musa. This study was conducted to compare different PCR-based marker systems (RAPD, VNTR and AFLP) for the analysis of breeding populations generated from two diverse Musa breeding schemes. All three assays detected a high level of polymorphism between parental genotypes and within progeny populations. As expected, AFLP assays had by far the highest multiplex ratio while VNTR analysis detected the highest levels of polymorphism. AFLP analysis of a full-sib tetraploid hybrid population confirmed previous reports based on VNTR analysis, of a high frequency of recombination during 2n (3x) gamete formation by a triploid plantain landrace. In addition, both VNTR and RAPD analyses of a full-sib triploid hybrid population suggested a high frequency of homoeologous recombination during n (2x) gamete formation by tetraploid hybrids. In general, there was a poor correlation between estimates of genetic similarity based on different types of marker. The implications of these findings for the molecular breeding of Musa crops are discussed. C1 Int Inst Trop Agr, Crop Improvement Div, Plantain & Banana Improvement Program, Ibadan, Nigeria. State Univ Ghent VIB, Dept Genet, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. ARS, USDA, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. RP Crouch, JH (reprint author), Elsoms Seeds Ltd, Spalding PE11 1QG, Lincs, England. EM Crouch@Globalnet.co.uk NR 66 TC 39 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1380-3743 J9 MOL BREEDING JI Mol. Breed. PY 1999 VL 5 IS 3 BP 233 EP 244 DI 10.1023/A:1009649521009 PG 12 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 197GX UT WOS:000080358000003 ER PT J AU Chavarriaga-Aguirre, P Maya, MM Tohme, J Duque, MC Iglesias, C Bonierbale, MW Kresovich, S Kochert, G AF Chavarriaga-Aguirre, P Maya, MM Tohme, J Duque, MC Iglesias, C Bonierbale, MW Kresovich, S Kochert, G TI Using microsatellites, isozymes and AFLPs to evaluate genetic diversity and redundancy in the cassava core collection and to assess the usefulness of DNA-based markers to maintain germplasm collections SO MOLECULAR BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Manihot esculenta Crantz; core collection; molecular markers; germplasm characterization and diversity ID LOCI; RESOURCES; DISTANCES; SIZE AB The cassava core collection was selected to represent, with minimum repetitiveness, the potential genetic diversity of the crop. The core (630 accessions) was chosen from the base collection (over 5500 accessions) on the basis of diversity of origin (country and geographic), morphology, isozyme patterns and specific agronomic criteria. To asses the genetic diversity of the core, 521 accessions were typed with four microsatellite loci. Allele diversity and frequency, and size variance of dinucleotide repeats (Rst statistic) were estimated. Microsatellite allele numbers and frequencies varied among countries: Colombia and Brazil had the largest number of different alleles across all loci. Mexico also had a high number, ranking fifth after Peru, Costa Rica and Venezuela (which tied). Unique alleles were present in accessions from Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Venezuela and Paraguay. A small number (1.34%) of potential duplicates were identified through isozyme and AFLP profiles. Thus, the present results indicated that traditional markers have been highly effective at selecting unique genotypes for the core. Future selections of cassava germplasm sets can be aided by DNA-based markers to ensure genetically representative, non-redundant samples. C1 Univ Georgia, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Resources Conservat Unit, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Bot, Athens, GA 30605 USA. CIAT, Cassava Program, Cali, Colombia. RP Chavarriaga-Aguirre, P (reprint author), CIAT, Biotechnol Res Unit, Apartado Aereo 6713, Cali, Colombia. NR 32 TC 46 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1380-3743 J9 MOL BREEDING JI Mol. Breed. PY 1999 VL 5 IS 3 BP 263 EP 273 DI 10.1023/A:1009627231450 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 197GX UT WOS:000080358000006 ER PT J AU Rens, W Welch, GR Johnson, LA AF Rens, W Welch, GR Johnson, LA TI Improved flow cytometric sorting of X- and Y-chromosome bearing sperm: Substantial increase in yield of sexed semen SO MOLECULAR REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE gender preselection; DNA analysis; nozzle; sorting ID RESOLUTION DNA ANALYSIS; PRESELECTION; SPERMATOZOA; INSEMINATION AB The yield of flow cytometric sorted X- and Y-chromosome-bearing sperm in a given time period is an important factor in the strategies used for fertilization and the production of sex-preselected offspring. This yield is dependent on the efficiency with which the modified flow cytometer/cell sorter analyzes the DNA of spermatozoa. The efficiency is directly related to the number of sperm with the correct orientation during DNA analysis. Currently, the efficiency of flow cytometric sperm sorting is low since orientation of the sperm head to laser excitation is rate limiting. To overcome this problem, a new nozzle was designed to enhance sperm orientation and tested under flow cytometric sorting conditions. The degree of orientation improvement was determined with different sample rates using viable sperm and dead sperm of several different species. There was at minimum, a two-fold increase in the proportion of oriented sperm when comparing the new nozzle with the currently used modified flow cytometer/cell sorter employing a beveled needle. More than 60% of intact bull sperm and boar sperm were correctly oriented compared with 25% to 30% using the beveled needle system. A unique characteristic of the novel nozzle was that the proportion of oriented sperm was independent of sample rate and of sperm motility. The accuracy of DNA measurement together with high purity sorting was tested using the novel nozzle. The novel nozzle was unique in that accuracy of measurement and sorting performance were not diminished. Using the new nozzle, samples of 88% purity of sorted X-sperm and Y-sperm were obtained for viable bull and boar sperm. The yield of flow cytometric sorted X- and Y-chromosome-bearing sperm using the novel nozzle was, on average, twice that obtained by using the beveled needle system in conjunction with a standard equipment nozzle for orientation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 52:50-56, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger C1 ARS, USDA, GGPL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Johnson, LA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, GGPL, B-200,BARC-E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 18 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1040-452X J9 MOL REPROD DEV JI Mol. Reprod. Dev. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 52 IS 1 BP 50 EP 56 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2795(199901)52:1<50::AID-MRD7>3.0.CO;2-H PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology; Reproductive Biology GA 141NC UT WOS:000077149200007 ER PT J AU Palm, ME AF Palm, ME TI Mycology and world trade: a view from the front line SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Editorial Material DE agriculture; fungi; phytopathology; plant quarantine; phytosanitary; systematics ID TILLETIA-INDICA; KARNAL BUNT; SCAB DISEASES; WHEAT; IDENTIFICATION; COLLETOTRICHUM; ISOZYMES; SEQUENCE; ELSINOE; CITRUS AB Mycology as reflected in fungal systematics, affects world trade and the development of policies on the movement of agricultural commodities. Examples are provided illustrating the impact of systematic knowledge on world trade and the urgent need for research on fungi in order to provide the scientific basis for plant quarantine policies and decisions. Additionally, the contributions of world trade to our knowledge of the biodiversity of fungi are discussed. A brief history of plant quarantine legislation is provided as well as background information on recent changes in the criteria used in establishing national and international phytosanitary regulations. C1 USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Palm, ME (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, PPQ, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Rm 329,B-011A,BARC-W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 43 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 91 IS 1 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.2307/3761189 PG 12 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 166ZT UT WOS:000078608600001 ER PT J AU Castlebury, LA Carris, LM AF Castlebury, LA Carris, LM TI Tilletia walkeri, a new species on Lolium multiflorum and L-perenne SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Mycological-Society-of-America CY JUN 12, 1998 CL SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO SP Mycol Soc Amer DE Karnal bunt; ryegrass; smut fungi; Tilletiaceae; Ustilaginales ID KARNAL BUNT; WHEAT; GERMINATION; INDICA AB Tilletia walkeri (Ustilaginales: Tilletiaceae) is described as a new species of partial bunt infecting Lolium multiforum, annual ryegrass, and L. perenne, perennial ryegrass in the United States and Australia, respectively. The new species is characterized by large, tuberculate teliospores with the exospore ornamentation comprised of incompletely cerebriform ridges in surface view. Teliospores of T walkeri are compared with those of T indica and other similar species of Tilletia, and the issue of Neovossia versus Tilletia is discussed. A key is provided to smuts known to occur on species of Lolium. C1 USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Castlebury, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM lisa@nt.ars-grin.gov NR 33 TC 31 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 1 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 91 IS 1 BP 121 EP 131 DI 10.2307/3761200 PG 11 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 166ZT UT WOS:000078608600012 ER PT J AU Poldmaa, K Samuels, GJ AF Poldmaa, K Samuels, GJ TI Aphyllophoricolous species of Hypomyces with KOH-negative perithecia SO MYCOLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Mycological-Society-of-America CY JUN 12, 1998 CL SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO SP Mycol Soc Amer DE Ascomycota; Cladobotryum; fungicolous fungi; Hypocreaceae; systematics AB The aphyllophoricolous species of Hypomyces that have pallid, KOH-negative perithecia and Cladobotryum anamorphs form the biggest subset within the genus. Twelve holomorphic members and one asexual member of this group that occur in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere are discussed. Several new European collections are reported for H. albidus, H. orthosporus, H. polyporinus and H. semitranslucens. Hypomyces pseudopolyporinus, H. sympodiophorus and H. viridigriseus are presented from Europe for the first time. Two new species, H. corticiicola and H. rostratus, are described from Europe. Cladobotryum stereicola, for which no teleomorph is known, is not the anamorph of H. sympodiophorus, as has been reported. The new combination Cladobotryum uniseptatus is proposed for the anamorph of H, sympodiophorus. A previously unknown Cladobotryum anamorph is found associated with the teleomorph of H, tegillum in herbarium material from Central and South America. Hypomyces sibirinae, previously known only from its type location in Indonesia, is reported from North America. The role of anamorphic vs. teleomorphic characters and the use of ascospore measurements in delimitation of species and identification of specimens is discussed in the group of KOH- aphyllophoricolous Hypomyces. C1 Tartu State Univ, Inst Zool & Bot, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia. Tartu State Univ, Inst Bot & Ecol, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia. USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Poldmaa, K (reprint author), Tartu State Univ, Inst Zool & Bot, Riia 181, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN PI BRONX PA PUBLICATIONS DEPT, BRONX, NY 10458 USA SN 0027-5514 J9 MYCOLOGIA JI Mycologia PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 91 IS 1 BP 177 EP 199 DI 10.2307/3761207 PG 23 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 166ZT UT WOS:000078608600019 ER PT J AU Zhang, JX Bruton, BD Biles, CL AF Zhang, JX Bruton, BD Biles, CL TI Purification and characterisation of a prominent polygalacturonase isozyme produced by Phomopsis cucurbitae in decayed muskmelon fruit SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID POLYSACCHARIDE-DEGRADING ENZYMES; F-SP LYCOPERSICI; BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; SCLEROTINIA-SCLEROTIORUM; COCHLIOBOLUS-CARBONUM; 3 POLYGALACTURONASES; PECTIC ENZYMES; ENDOPOLYGALACTURONASE; SEPARATION; INFECTION AB Phomopsis cucurbitae is a latent infection fungus which causes muskmelon fruit decay only after harvest. It can cause severe losses during fruit storage and marketing in the U.S.A., Japan and some Central American countries. Previous studies showed that P. cucurbitae produced polygalacturonase (PG) in both culture and muskmelon fruit tissue. In this study, a prominent PG isozyme (PGI) produced by P. cucurbitae in decayed fruit was purified to homogeneity by a procedure of extraction ultrafiltration, preparative isoelectric focusing, anion exchange, and gel filtration chromatography. The isozyme had a primary endo-activity, a relative molecular weight of 54 kD according to SDS-PAGE, and a pi of 4.2 based on IEF-PAGE. The isozyme was active in a low pH range from 2 to 6, and was optimum at pH 5. Optimum temperature for the activity of PGI was 40-45 degrees C. The K-m and V-max on polygalacturonic acid were 44.7 mu g ml(-1) and 0.14 U mu g(-1) enzyme, respectively. The purified PGI effectively macerated mature fruit tissue, suggesting that the isozyme may be involved in the pathogenesis of Phomopsis fruit rot of muskmelon. C1 USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. E Cent Univ, Dept Biol, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. NR 55 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 103 BP 21 EP 27 DI 10.1017/S0953756298006674 PN 1 PG 7 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 171NJ UT WOS:000078869900004 ER PT J AU Frederick, BA Caesar-Tonthat, TC Wheeler, MH Sheehan, KB Edens, WA Henson, JM AF Frederick, BA Caesar-Tonthat, TC Wheeler, MH Sheehan, KB Edens, WA Henson, JM TI Isolation and characterisation of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis melanin mutants SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CRYPTOCOCCUS-NEOFORMANS; MAGNAPORTHE-GRISEA; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; WALL GROWTH; VAR TRITICI; FUNGI; SUSCEPTIBILITY; BIOSYNTHESIS; SURFACE; GENE AB Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis produces 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin in its hyphal and hyphopodial cell walls. We isolated G. graminis mutants that were affected in their melanin biosynthesis. One was unable to synthesize DHN-melanin and, because it accumulated 2-hydroxyjuglone, a DHN melanin pathway shunt product, it is most likely to be defective in the reductase that catalyzes the conversion of 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene to vermelone, the penultimate reaction in DHN synthesis. Genetic crosses with our wild-type strain indicated that this trihydroxynaphthalene reductase deficiency was the result of a single mutation. Another mutant constitutively synthesized DHN melanin and genetic crosses with our wild-type strain suggested that this heavily melanized mutant had a single mutation responsible for its phenotype. This mutant produced more melanin than the wild-type strain as measured by Azure A binding to melanin. The wild type and constitutively melanized mutant hyphae were more hydrophobic and more resistant to lyric enzymes, benomyl, restrictive temperature, and uv light than the non-melanized mutant, which also autolysed more readily. The non-melanized mutant was not more sensitive to heavy metal than the melanized strains. In addition, the non-melanized mutant was unaltered in pathogenicity to rice, whereas the constitutively melanized mutant was less pathogenic. The constitutively melanized mutant produced less extracellular lytic enzymes than the wild-type and the non-melanized mutant, which may explain its reduced virulence. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. USDA ARS, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Frederick, BA (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. NR 60 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 103 BP 99 EP 110 DI 10.1017/S0953756298006959 PN 1 PG 12 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 171NJ UT WOS:000078869900016 ER PT J AU Abbas, HK Cartwright, RD Xie, W Mirocha, CJ Richard, JL Dvorak, TJ Sciumbato, GL Shier, WT AF Abbas, HK Cartwright, RD Xie, W Mirocha, CJ Richard, JL Dvorak, TJ Sciumbato, GL Shier, WT TI Mycotoxin Production by Fusarium proliferatum isolates from rice with Fusarium sheath rot disease SO MYCOPATHOLOGIA LA English DT Article ID NATURAL OCCURRENCE; CORN EARS; MONILIFORME; FUMONISINS; BEAUVERICIN; SUBGLUTINANS; CHROMATOGRAPHY; OXYSPORUM; TOXICITY; CULTURES AB Twenty samples of unpolished (rough) rice collected in Arkansas and Texas during the 1995 harvesting season from fields exhibiting Fusarium sheath rot disease or panicle blight were previously shown to include 8 samples positive for fumonisin B-1 (FB1) in the range 2.2-5.2 ppm, and moniliformin (MON), but no beauvericin (BEA), deoxynivalenol, its derivatives or zearalenone were detected. Fifteen cultures of F. proliferatum were established from the 20 rough rice samples. Single spore isolates of each culture were grown on rice and tested for the production of fumonisins (FB1, FB2, FB3, etc.), MON and BEA. All 15 isolates produced FB1, FB2, MON and BEA in culture on rice. No deoxynivalenol, its derivatives or zearalenone were detected. Seven cultures produced FB1 at > 50ppm (range 80-230 ppm), with the rest producing FB1 in the range 14-43 ppm. FB2 was produced in the range 5-47 ppm, and those cultures which produced the most FB1 also produced the most FB2. Of the 15 cultures producing MON, 11 produced it at > 100 ppm in the range 188-6018 ppm, with the rest producing in the range 7-64 ppm. BEA was produced in the range 109-1350 ppm. Other derivatives of fumonisins, including FA(1), FA(2) and partially hydrolyzed FB1, as well as several unknown metabolites including a compound with MW 414, were identified in culture extracts by continuous flow fast atom bombardment with ion spray mass spectrometry (CF/FAB/MS). Further study is needed to identify the factors that control production of FB1, MON and BEA by F. proliferatu in culture and in field samples. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. Univ Arkansas, CES, Little Rock, AR 72204 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Minnesota, Coll Pharm, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Delta Res & Extens Ctr, Stoneville, MS USA. RP Abbas, HK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 41 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-486X J9 MYCOPATHOLOGIA JI Mycopathologia PY 1999 VL 147 IS 2 BP 97 EP 104 DI 10.1023/A:1007147813326 PG 8 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 337KU UT WOS:000088360000005 PM 10967968 ER PT J AU Chang, PK Yu, JJ Bhatnagar, D Cleveland, TE AF Chang, PK Yu, JJ Bhatnagar, D Cleveland, TE TI Repressor-AFLR interaction modulates aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus SO MYCOPATHOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE aflatoxin; aflR; Aspergillus parasiticus; repressor; sclerotia ID REGULATORY PROTEIN; GENE-CLUSTER; AMINO-ACIDS; PATHWAY; NIDULANS; BINDING; DNA; FLAVUS; TRANSCRIPTION; EXPRESSION AB Regulation of aflatoxin (AF) biosynthesis likely involves a complex interplay of positive- and negative-acting factors that are affected by physiological cues responsive to internal and external stimuli. These factors, presumably, modulate the expression of the AF pathway-specific regulatory gene, aflR, whose product, AFLR, a zinc cluster transcription factor, then turns on or off the transcription of other AF genes. To determine if the AFLR carboxyl region (AFLRC) interacts with positive- or negative-acting proteins, we fused the Aspergillus parasiticus aflR carboxyl coding region (aflRC) to the promoter of A. parasiticus nitrite reductase gene (niiA(p)::aflRC), and transformed it into A. parasiticus SRRC 2043. Transformants that contained two copies of niiA(p)::aflRC, one at the niaD locus and another at the aflR locus, overproduced AF precursors independent of the nitrogen source. The higher copy number of the integrated niiA(p)::aflRC correlated with increased production of AF precursors by the transformants as well as increased expression of both aflRC and native aflR in potato dextrose broth and A & M medium. Since aflRC does not encode a DNA-binding domain, the expressed AFLRC should not bind to the promoters of AF pathway genes and affect transcription directly. The results are consistent with AFLRC titrating out a putative repressor that interacts with AFLR under different growth conditions and modulates AF biosynthesis. This interaction also indirectly affects sclerotial development. C1 ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Chang, PK (reprint author), ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 28 TC 46 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-486X J9 MYCOPATHOLOGIA JI Mycopathologia PY 1999 VL 147 IS 2 BP 105 EP 112 DI 10.1023/A:1007157309168 PG 8 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 337KU UT WOS:000088360000006 PM 10967969 ER PT J AU Norred, WP Bacon, CW Riley, RT Voss, KA Meredith, FI AF Norred, WP Bacon, CW Riley, RT Voss, KA Meredith, FI TI Screening of fungal species for fumonisin production and fumonisin-like disruption of sphingolipid biosynthesis SO MYCOPATHOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE bioassay; ceramide; fumonisins; fungi; sphingolipids; tissue slices ID CUT RAT-LIVER; SERINE PALMITOYLTRANSFERASE; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; SPHINGOSINE; BASES; CORN; SPHINGANINE; INHIBITOR; MYCOTOXIN; SLICES AB Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by several species of Fusaria. They are found on corn and in corn-based products, can cause fatal illnesses in some animals and are suspected human esophageal carcinogens. Fumonisins are believed to cause toxicity by blocking ceramide synthase, a key enzyme in sphingolipid biochemistry which converts sphinganine (or sphingosine) and fatty acyl CoA to ceramide. Relatively few fungal species have been evaluated for their ability to produce fumonisins. Fewer have been studied to determine if they produce ceramide synthase inhibitors, whether fumonisin-like structures or not, therefore potentially having toxicity similar to fumonisins. We analyzed corn cultures of 49 isolates representing 32 diverse species of fungi for their ability to produce fumonisins. We also evaluated the culture extracts for ceramide synthase activity. Only cultures prepared with species reported previously to produce fumonisins - Fusarium moniliforme and F. proliferatum - tested positive for fumonisins. Extracts of these cultures inhibited ceramide synthase, as expected. None of the other fungal isolates we examined produced fumonisins or other compounds capable of inhibiting ceramide synthase. Although the fungi we selected for these studies represent only a few of the thousands of species that exist, they share the commonality that they are frequently associated with cereal grasses, including corn, either as pathogens or as asymptomatic endophytes. Thus, these results should be encouraging to those attempting to find ways to genetically manipulate fumonisin-producing fungi, to make corn more resistant, or to develop biocontrol measures because it appears that only a relatively few fungal contaminants of corn can produce fumonisins. C1 ARS, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Norred, WP (reprint author), ARS, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 26 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-486X J9 MYCOPATHOLOGIA JI Mycopathologia PY 1999 VL 146 IS 2 BP 91 EP 98 DI 10.1023/A:1007036709624 PG 8 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 296ET UT WOS:000086010600006 PM 10822508 ER PT J AU Richard, JL Plattner, RD May, J Liska, SL AF Richard, JL Plattner, RD May, J Liska, SL TI The occurrence of ochratoxin A in dust collected from a problem household SO MYCOPATHOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE environmental hazards; house dust; indoor air quality; mycotoxin analysis by HPLC and LC-MS; ochratoxicosis AB Accumulated dust samples were collected from the heating ducts in a household where signs resembling ochratoxin poisoning in animals occurred. Several Penicillium spp. and Aspergillus ochraceous had been identified previously from air samples taken from this house. A composite sample from six collected samples was examined by HPLC, and it was determined that 58 ppb of ochratoxin A was present in this sample. A second set of six samples was collected and determinations were made by HPLC of the ochratoxin content in each sample. All samples, including one sample of dirt from a crawl space, yielded at least a trace of ochratoxin A; however, one sample of dust collected from the heating ducts yielded over 1500 ppb of ochratoxin A, and another sample of dust from a different heating duct yielded 306 ppb of ochratoxin A. Ochratoxin A was confirmed in all samples by LC-MS, and ochratoxin was evident in the samples by TLC analysis. This is believed to be the first report of finding ochratoxin in house dust. C1 Romer Labs Inc, Union, MO 63084 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. May Home Inspect, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Richard, JL (reprint author), Romer Labs Inc, 1301 Stylemaster Dr, Union, MO 63084 USA. EM jrichard@romerlabs.com NR 21 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-486X J9 MYCOPATHOLOGIA JI Mycopathologia PY 1999 VL 146 IS 2 BP 99 EP 103 DI 10.1023/A:1007056627296 PG 5 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 296ET UT WOS:000086010600007 PM 10822509 ER PT J AU Banik, MT Burdsall, HH AF Banik, MT Burdsall, HH TI Incompatibility between Laetiporus cincinnatus and L-sulphureus in culture SO MYCOTAXON LA English DT Article DE allozyme; bipolar; isozyme; mating systems; Polyporaceae AB Pairings were conducted between single basidiospore isolates obtained from 9 collections of Laetiporus belonging to three Laetiporus restriction groups (LRG). Seventy one of 81 pairings between LRGs I and VII, both of which have yellow pores and fruit on trunks or stumps of hardwoods, resulted in a change in culture morphology to a denser, more pigmented mycelium than that present in the single spore cultures. Allozyme analysis of 35 of these pairings indicated that nuclear exchange had occurred. All of the 162 pairings between LRGs I or VII and LRG IV, which has white pores and fruits on the ground near hardwoods, resulted in the formation of a dark pigmented line between the single spore isolates. No nuclear migration was indicated in any of these pairings based on allozyme analysis. These results confirm previous reports that suggest LRGs I and VII are probably the same species, L. sulphureus. LRG IV undoubtedly does not belong to this species but represents L. cincinnatus. Preliminary results of pairings between sibling single basidiospores using the culture morphology criteria suggest that both of the species have bipolar multi-allelic mating systems. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Ctr Forest Mycol Res, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Banik, MT (reprint author), USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Ctr Forest Mycol Res, Forest Serv, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 7 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU MYCOTAXON LTD PI ITHACA PA PO BOX 264, ITHACA, NY 14851-0264 USA SN 0093-4666 J9 MYCOTAXON JI Mycotaxon PD JAN-MAR PY 1999 VL 70 BP 461 EP 469 PG 9 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 174WK UT WOS:000079059200040 ER PT S AU Burri, BJ Clifford, A Dixon, Z AF Burri, BJ Clifford, A Dixon, Z BE Kumpulainen, JT Salonen, JT TI beta-carotene normalizes oxidative damage in carotenoid-depleted women SO NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS AND ANTICARCINOGENS IN NUTRITION, HEALTH AND DISEASE SE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Natural Antioxidants and Anticarcinogens in Nutrition, Health and Disease CY JUN 24-27, 1998 CL HELSINKI, FINLAND ID CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE; PREVENTION; PROTECTION; REPLETION; CANCER; DIET C1 USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. RP Burri, BJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 29997, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0260-6291 BN 0-85404-793-X J9 ROY SOC CH PY 1999 IS 240 BP 231 EP 233 DI 10.1533/9781845698409.4.231 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Nutrition & Dietetics SC General & Internal Medicine; Nutrition & Dietetics GA BP13T UT WOS:000084220100038 ER PT J AU Mitchell, JM AF Mitchell, JM TI Habitat relationships of five northern bird species breeding in Hemlock Ravines in Ohio, USA SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE birds; GIS; habitat use; hemlock; Neotropical migrants ID UNITED-STATES; FOREST; COWBIRDS; HISTORY AB I examined habitat use by black-throated green warbler (Dendroica virens), Canada warbler (Wilsonia canadensis!, hermit thrush (Catharus guttatus), magnolia warbler (Dendroica magnolia), and solitary vireo (Vireo solitarius) in a hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) ravine system in Ohio. Systematic and territory-specific vegetation analysis coupled with raster grid GIS were used to compare territory habitats with available habitat, and to compare species habitat differences. The five species showed a preference for hemlock-dominated sites in association with elevation. Canada warbler showed a preference for an open canopy and low hemlock density, whereas the other species preferred high hemlock relative density. C1 Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Major Land Resource Area Off, Portland, OR 97501 USA. RP Mitchell, JM (reprint author), Nat Resources Conservat Serv, USDA, Major Land Resource Area Off, 101 SW Main St,Suite 1600, Portland, OR 97501 USA. NR 42 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOCIATION PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD STREET, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 19 IS 1 BP 3 EP 11 PG 9 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 161JZ UT WOS:000078286600001 ER PT J AU Greenberg, CH Simons, RW AF Greenberg, CH Simons, RW TI Age, composition, and stand structure of old-growth oak sites in the Florida high pine landscape: Implications for ecosystem management and restoration SO NATURAL AREAS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE old growth; sandhills; high pine; ecosystem management; fire ecology ID QUERCUS-LAEVIS; FIRE; VEGETATION; SANDHILLS; COMMUNITIES; DYNAMICS; HISTORY AB We sampled tree age, species composition, and stand structure of four high pine sites composed of old-growth sand post oak (Q, margaretta Ashe), old-growth turkey oak (Quercus laevis Walt.), and young longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) in north and central peninsular Florida. The oldest turkey oak sampled was 123 years old, and the oldest sand post oak was 230 years old. Turkey oak exhibited the greatest diameter variation in relation to age. The median number of rings found in rotten and/or hollow turkey oaks was 63 and the corresponding number for sand post oak was 105. Age reconstruction indicated that in 1900 minimum oak tree (greater than or equal to 5 cm diameter at breast height) density ranged from 10 to 60 trees ha(-1) among sites. This study demonstrates that sandhill oak trees historically were an integral component of at least some phases of the high pine ecosystem. These data support the hypothesis that spatial patchiness and variability in fire frequency, season, and intensity historically permitted oaks to reach and maintain tree size in varying densities over time and across the high pine landscape. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Bent Creek Res & Demonstrat Forest, Asheville, NC 28806 USA. RP Greenberg, CH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Bent Creek Res & Demonstrat Forest, 1577 Brevard Rd, Asheville, NC 28806 USA. EM kgreenberg/srs_bentcreek@fs.fed.us NR 38 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATURAL AREAS ASSOC PI ROCKFORD PA 320 SOUTH THIRD ST, ROCKFORD, IL 61104 USA SN 0885-8608 J9 NAT AREA J JI Nat. Areas J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 19 IS 1 BP 30 EP 40 PG 11 WC Ecology; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 161JZ UT WOS:000078286600003 ER PT J AU Rimando, AM Dayan, FE Mikell, JR Moraes, RM AF Rimando, AM Dayan, FE Mikell, JR Moraes, RM TI Phytotoxic lignans of Leucophyllum frutescens SO NATURAL TOXINS LA English DT Article DE furofuran lignans; epiyangambin; diayangambin; diasesartemin; epiashantin; herbicide; mitosis inhibition; phytotoxicity ID STEREOCHEMISTRY; DERIVATIVES AB Bioassay-guided fractionation of the hexane:ethyl acetate (1:1) extract of the leaves of Leucophyllum frutescens (Berl.) I.M.Johnst (Scrophulariaceae) led to the isolation of its phytotoxic constituents diayangambin (1), epiyangambin (2), diasesartemin (3) and epiashantin (4). Phytotoxicity was demonstrated as inhibition of seed germination of Agrostis stolonifera cv, penncross (Poaceae) and inhibition of development of Lactuca sativa L. (Asteraceae) seedlings in a microassay using 24-well plates. Compound 1 was the most phytotoxic to L. sativa, showing strong inhibitory activity at 110 mu M. Compound 1 was more active than 2 and 3 in inhibiting the growth of A. stolonifera with I-50 values of 160, 670 and 930 mu M, respectively. At a concentration of 500 mu M, these compounds inhibited ail phases of onion root cell division. Th is is the first demonstration of anti mitotic activity of these furofuran lignans, and the first report of their isolation from this species. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, Natl Ctr Dev Nat Prod, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Rimando, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, POB 8048, University, MS 38677 USA. RI Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009 OI Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499 NR 18 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1056-9014 J9 NAT TOXINS JI Nat. Toxins PY 1999 VL 7 IS 1 BP 39 EP 43 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1522-7189(199902)7:1<39::AID-NT38>3.0.CO;2-2 PG 5 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 253UF UT WOS:000083573600004 PM 10441036 ER PT J AU Liu, BH Bhatnagar, D Chu, FS AF Liu, BH Bhatnagar, D Chu, FS TI Purification and characterization of 40-KDa sterigmatocystin O-methyltransferase involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis SO NATURAL TOXINS LA English DT Article DE sterigmatocystin; O-methyltransferase; aflatoxin B-1; Aspergillus; purification ID ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; PARASITICUS; PATHWAY; AFLR; CLONING; ENZYME AB Sterigmatocystin-O-methyltransferase (ST-OMTase), an enzyme catalyzing O-methylation of sterigmatocystin with S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by immunoaffinity chromatography. A novel spectrofluorometric method was established to quantitatively determine the enzymatic activity of ST-OMTase. The purified protein, with a molecular weight of 40 kDa by SDS-PACE, was sensitive to thiol reagents and low concentrations of heavy metal ions. Using a nutritional shift assay, the expression patterns for ST-OMTase and the transcripts of its corresponding gene, omtA, correlated well with that for aflatoxin B-1 formation. Neither methyltransferase activity nor omtA, mRNA was detected in the fungal cultures of nonaflatoxigenic isolates, including A. flavus, A. sojae, A. nidulans and A. versicolor under optimal growing conditions for aflatoxin B1 production. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Food Microbiol & Toxicol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Food Res Inst, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Environm Toxicol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. ARS, USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Chu, FS (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Food Microbiol & Toxicol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. OI LIU, BIING-HUI/0000-0002-8662-0512 NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1056-9014 J9 NAT TOXINS JI Nat. Toxins PY 1999 VL 7 IS 2 BP 63 EP 69 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1522-7189(199903/04)7:2<63::AID-NT41>3.0.CO;2-T PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 253UH UT WOS:000083573800004 PM 10495468 ER PT J AU Proctor, RH Desjardins, AE Plattner, RD AF Proctor, RH Desjardins, AE Plattner, RD TI Biosynthetic and genetic relationships of B-series fumonisins produced by Gibberella fujikuroi mating population A SO NATURAL TOXINS LA English DT Article DE Gibberella fujikuroi; Fusarium verticillioides; fumonisin; mycotoxin biosynthesis ID FUSARIUM SECTION LISEOLA; PHASE EXTRACTION COLUMNS; RAPID PURIFICATION; MONILIFORME; MYCOTOXINS; CHEMISTRY; SYNTHASE; STRAINS; MAIZE; B-1 AB Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by the maize pathogen Gibberella fujikuroi mating population A and frequently contaminate maize. Wild-type G. fujikuroi produces four B-series fumonisins, FB(1), FB(2), FB(3) and FB(4). These toxins are identical in structure except for the number and positions of hydroxyls along their linear carbon backbone. To elucidate the genetic and biosynthetic relationships among these fumonisins, we conducted meiotic and biochemical analyses of G. fujikuroi mutants with altered fumonisin production that resulted from defective alleles at three loci, Fum1, Fum2 and Fum3. These mutants produced either no fumonisins, only FB(2) and FB(4), or only FB(3) and FB(4). Genetic analyses revealed the orientation of the Fum loci along linkage group 1 of the fungus. The mutants were grown together in pair-wise combinations to determine if their fumonisin production phenotypes could be complemented. When FB(3)- and FB(2)-producing mutants were grown together, complementation occurred. However, when a nonproducing mutant was grown with a FB(2)- or FB(3)-producing mutant, complementation did not occur or was incomplete. When purified FB(2), FB(3) or FB(4) was fed to mutant cultures, FB(4) was converted primarily to FB(2), FB(3) was converted to FB(1) and FB(2) was not converted. The results from these assays suggest a previously unrecognized branch in the fumonisin biosynthetic pathway. Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Proctor, RH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. EM proctorh@mail.ncaur.usda.gov NR 31 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1056-9014 J9 NAT TOXINS JI Nat. Toxins PY 1999 VL 7 IS 6 BP 251 EP 258 DI 10.1002/1522-7189(199911/12)7:6<251::AID-NT64>3.0.CO;2-L PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 385RL UT WOS:000166017400005 PM 11122515 ER PT J AU Alexander, NJ McCormick, SP Ziegenhorn, SL AF Alexander, NJ McCormick, SP Ziegenhorn, SL TI Phytotoxicity of selected trichothecenes using Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a model system SO NATURAL TOXINS LA English DT Article DE Fusarium toxins; wheat head blight; bioassay; mycotoxin ID FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT; GIBBERELLA-PULICARIS; REDUCED VIRULENCE; GENE; WHEAT; SPOROTRICHIOIDES; TOXIN; DISRUPTION; DEOXYNIVALENOL; PATHOGENICITY AB Trichothecenes are potent inhibitors of cytoplasmic protein synthesis which can affect the severity of plant diseases such as wheat head scab. While many trichothecene-producing fungi share the initial biosynthetic intermediates, Fusarium sp. are unique in the production of trichothecenes containing an oxygen function at C-3. Although the initial trichothecene and the final products have a C-3 hydroxyl group, the intermediate steps are acetylated at C-3. By using Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a unicellular plant with a well-defined genetic system, we were able to test the proposal that trichothecenes with a C-3 hydroxyl are more toxic to plants, as well as demonstrate that C. reinhardtii is a promising plant trichothecene bioassay system. Seven pairs of trichothecenes with either a C-3 hydroxyl or C-3 acetyl group were assayed. Our results confirm that trichothecenes acetylated at C-3 were far less toxic to Chlamydomonas than those with a C-3 hydroxyl group. Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Alexander, NJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 32 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1056-9014 J9 NAT TOXINS JI Nat. Toxins PY 1999 VL 7 IS 6 BP 265 EP 269 DI 10.1002/1522-7189(199911/12)7:6<265::AID-NT65>3.0.CO;2-5 PG 5 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 385RL UT WOS:000166017400007 PM 11122517 ER PT J AU Dowd, PF AF Dowd, PF TI Relative inhibition of insect phenoloxidase by cyclic fungal metabolites from insect and plant pathogens SO NATURAL TOXINS LA English DT Article DE kojic acid; fusaric acid; picolinic acid; Aspergillus; Fusarium ID KOJIC ACID; FUSARIC ACID; CORN; LEPIDOPTERA; ENZYMES AB The fungal metabolite kojic acid, which is produced by Aspergillus and Penicillium species fungi that may be pathogens of both insects and plants, was a significant inhibitor of phenoloxidase of different representative beetle and caterpillar insect species. Fusaric acid and picolinic acid, produced by Fusarium spp., were also significant inhibitors of phenoloxidase, while dipicolinic acid and beauvericin were ineffective at concentrations tested. Previous reports of the ability of kojic and fusaric acid to inhibit defensive enzymes of plants suggest that these compounds may be important in allowing the producing fungi to be pathogens of both insects and plants. Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Dowd, PF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Bioact Agents Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 41 TC 24 Z9 30 U1 4 U2 13 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1056-9014 J9 NAT TOXINS JI Nat. Toxins PY 1999 VL 7 IS 6 BP 337 EP 341 DI 10.1002/1522-7189(199911/12)7:6<337::AID-NT69>3.0.CO;2-O PG 5 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 385RL UT WOS:000166017400016 PM 11122526 ER PT J AU Plattner, RD AF Plattner, RD TI HPLC/MS analysis of Fusarium mycotoxins, fumonisins and deoxynivalenol SO NATURAL TOXINS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Advances in Detection Methods for Fungal and Algal Toxins CY JUN 17-19, 1999 CL MT DESERT ISL BIOL LAB, SALSBURY COVE, MAINE HO MT DESERT ISL BIOL LAB DE Fusarium; fumonisin; trichothecene; deoxynivalenol; HPLC; electrospray ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD; CORN AB Fusarium fungi are widely found in agricultural products, worldwide and can produce a great variety of mycotoxins. Fumonisins, produced by F. moniliforme, and deoxynivalenol, produced by F. graminearum, are two such mycotoxins that have received considerable attention as food safety concerns by regulatory agencies. High Performance liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (HPLC/MS) was found to be a convenient analytical method to detect and quantify the naturally occurring fumonisin homologs and deoxynivalenol in extracts from grains and food products. The fumonisins are detected primarily as protonated molecules in the positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI) mode as they elute from a C-18 reverse phase column during a methanol water gradient containing acetic acid to facilitate chromatography. Deoxynivalenol can be detected as positive or negative ions in the atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APC I) mode or in the negative ion ESI mode. One nanogram amounts of fumonisins or deoxynivalenol injected into the HPLC system are easily detected with signal to noise allowing detection limits of 1 mug g(-1) or better to easily be achieved with minimal clean-up of grain extracts. Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Plattner, RD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 13 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 11 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1056-9014 J9 NAT TOXINS JI Nat. Toxins PY 1999 VL 7 IS 6 BP 365 EP 370 DI 10.1002/1522-7189(199911/12)7:6<365::AID-NT85>3.0.CO;2-0 PG 6 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 385RL UT WOS:000166017400021 PM 11122531 ER PT J AU Maragos, CM Thompson, VS AF Maragos, CM Thompson, VS TI Fiber-optic immunosensor for mycotoxins SO NATURAL TOXINS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Advances in Detection Methods for Fungal and Algal Toxins CY JUN 17-19, 1999 CL MT DESERT ISL BIOL LAB, SALSBURY COVE, MAINE HO MT DESERT ISL BIOL LAB DE fiber optic immunosensor; biosensor; immunoassay; mycotoxins ID FUMONISINS; CORN AB Evanescent wave-based fiber-optic immunosensors were studied for the detection of fumonisins and aflatoxins in maize. Two formats, competitive and non-competitive, were used. A competitive format was used to measure fumonisin B-1 (FB1) in both spiked and naturally contaminated maize samples. Fumonisin monoclonal antibodies were covalently coupled to an optical fiber and the competition between FB1 and FB1 labeled with fluorescein (FB1-FITC) for the limited number of binding sites on the fiber was assessed. The signal generated in the assay was inversely proportional to the FB1 concentration. For samples, the concentration causing an inhibition of binding by 50% (IC50) was dependent upon the clean-up procedure used. Simple dilution of methanolic maize extracts yielded an assay with an IC50 equivalent to 25 mug FB1 g(-1) maize with a limit of detection of 3.2 mug g(-1) maize. Affinity column clean-up yielded an assay with an IC50 equivalent to 5 mug FB, g(-1) maize (limit of detection 0.4 mug FB1 g(-1)). An HPLC method and the immunosensor method agreed well for naturally contaminated maize samples except when large amounts of other fumonisins that cross-react with the immunosensor were present. The second sensor format, for the mycotoxin aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)), was a non-competitive assay using the native fluorescence of this mycotoxin. Because the fluorescence of AFB1 itself was detected, the response of the sensor was directly proportional to the toxin concentration. The sensor, while capable of detecting as little as 2 ng ml(-1) of AFB(1) in solution was technically not an immunosensor, since the attachment of aflatoxin specific antibodies was not required. Sensors of the formats described have the potential to rapidly screen individual maize samples but require coupling with a clean-up technique to be truly effective. Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Maragos, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RI Thompson, Vicki/B-9086-2017 OI Thompson, Vicki/0000-0003-4975-392X NR 10 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 14 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1056-9014 J9 NAT TOXINS JI Nat. Toxins PY 1999 VL 7 IS 6 BP 371 EP 376 DI 10.1002/1522-7189(199911/12)7:6<371::AID-NT86>3.0.CO;2-8 PG 6 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 385RL UT WOS:000166017400022 PM 11122532 ER PT J AU Riley, RT Norred, WP Wang, E Merrill, AH AF Riley, RT Norred, WP Wang, E Merrill, AH TI Alteration in sphingolipid metabolism: Bioassays for fumonisin- and ISP-I-like activity in tissues, cells and other matrices SO NATURAL TOXINS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Advances in Detection Methods for Fungal and Algal Toxins CY JUN 17-19, 1999 CL MT DESERT ISL BIOL LAB, SALSBURY COVE, MAINE HO MT DESERT ISL BIOL LAB DE fumonisins; ISP-I, myriocin; sphingolipids; ceramide synthase; serine palmitoyltransferase ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION; CUT RAT-LIVER; COMPLEX SPHINGOLIPIDS; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; SPHINGOSINE RATIO; RAPID METHOD; SPHINGANINE; BIOMARKER; EXPOSURE; BASES AB The first discovered naturally occurring inhibitor of de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis was fumonisin B-1. There are now 11 identified fungal inhibitors of ceramide synthase or 'fumonisin B-1-like' compounds. With the exception of the australifungins, all other fungal ceramide synthase inhibitors are structurally sphingoid-like. There are several recently discovered fungal inhibitors of another enzyme in the de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis pathway: serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). One of the SPT inhibitors is named [SP-l. While ceramide synthase inhibitors are toxic to animals, plants and fungi, the SPT inhibitors are not known to cause animal or plant disease, but are potent inhibitors of fungal growth. Very little is known about their toxicity in animals. There are at least 24 fungal SPT inhibitors produced by a variety of fungi. Given that the fungal inhibitors of sphingolipid biosynthesis are chemically and biologically diverse, two bioassays have been developed to screen for fumonisin-like or ISP-I-like activity in naturally contaminated products or fungal culture materials. These bioassays are based on the changes in free sphingoid base concentration that occur when the ceramide synthase or SPT are inhibited. The bioassays have the advantage that they are functionally rather than chemically specific and thus will detect ceramide synthase and SPT inhibitors regardless of their chemical structure. Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Riley, RT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Toxicol & Mycotoxin Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 20 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1056-9014 J9 NAT TOXINS JI Nat. Toxins PY 1999 VL 7 IS 6 BP 407 EP 414 DI 10.1002/1522-7189(199911/12)7:6<407::AID-NT84>3.0.CO;2-0 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 385RL UT WOS:000166017400027 PM 11122537 ER PT J AU Wells, K Moore, K Wall, R AF Wells, K Moore, K Wall, R TI Transgene vectors go retro SO NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT News Item ID LEUKEMIA-VIRUS; DNA C1 ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wells, K (reprint author), ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM bobwall@lpsi.barc.usda.gov NR 7 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1087-0156 J9 NAT BIOTECHNOL JI Nat. Biotechnol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 17 IS 1 BP 25 EP 26 DI 10.1038/5196 PG 2 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 156AP UT WOS:000077979500019 PM 9920263 ER PT S AU Masler, EP Kovaleva, ES Sardanelli, S AF Masler, EP Kovaleva, ES Sardanelli, S BE Sandman, CA Strand, FL Beckwith, B Chronwall, BM Flynn, FW Nachman, RJ TI Comparison of FaRP immunoreactivity in free-living nematodes and in the plant-parasitic nematode Heterodera glycines SO NEUROPEPTIDES: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Winter Neuropeptide Conference CY FEB 06-09, 1999 CL INT NEUROPEPTIDE SOC, BRECKENRIDGE, COLORADO SP Biomeasure Inc, Cephalon Inc, Int Neuropeptide Soc, Merck, NICHHD, Ortho Mcneil Pharmaceut, Summit Fdn HO INT NEUROPEPTIDE SOC ID FMRFAMIDE-LIKE PEPTIDES; CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; NERVOUS-SYSTEM; ASCARIS-SUUM; NEUROPEPTIDES; GENE; RESISTANCE; FUTURE; LOCALIZATION; EXPRESSION AB The family of FMRFamide-related peptides (FaRPs) is widely distributed among invertebrates, where the peptides serve as neuromodulators, Published reports indicate that numerous FaRP sequences exist in free-living and animal parasitic nematodes, Using a FMRFamide ELISA, FaRP immunoreactivity was detected in extracts of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, in both sexes and at all developmental stages. HPLC-ELISA results revealed a number of immunoreactive components in H. glycines preparations, and a comparison with extracts of the free-living nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and Panagrellus redivivus showed significant qualitative differences in FaRP immunoreactivity between the plant parasite and the two free-living nematodes, Total and specific immunoreactivities varied during H. glycines development, with the highest specific activity in juveniles and males, and the highest total activity in mature females. Total female immunoreactivity was located primarily within the mature eggs, A significant portion, however, was associated with the female body, perhaps with egg laying. C1 USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Plant Nematol Lab, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Masler, EP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, B-011A,R-165,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 53 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-224-X J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 897 BP 253 EP 263 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07896.x PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BP49Y UT WOS:000085327400023 PM 10676453 ER PT S AU Nachman, RJ Giard, W Lange, A Favrel, P AF Nachman, RJ Giard, W Lange, A Favrel, P BE Sandman, CA Strand, FL Beckwith, B Chronwall, BM Flynn, FW Nachman, RJ TI Stimulation of alpha-amylase release in the scallop Pecten maximus by the myosuppressins - Structure-activity relationships SO NEUROPEPTIDES: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR SE Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Winter Neuropeptide Conference CY FEB 06-09, 1999 CL INT NEUROPEPTIDE SOC, BRECKENRIDGE, CO SP Biomeasure Inc, Cephalon Inc, Int Neuropeptide Soc, Merck, NICHHD, Ortho Mcneil Pharmaceut, Summit Fdn HO INT NEUROPEPTIDE SOC ID BIOLOGICAL-ACTIVITY; NEUROPEPTIDE AB The insect myosuppressin LMS (pGlu-Asp-Val-Asp-His-Val-Phe-Leu-Arg-Phe-NH(2)) elicits potent stimulation of the release of the digestive enzyme alpha-amylase from cell suspensions of the stomach-digestive gland complex of the scallop Pecten maximus. The myosuppressins are members of the FMRFamide-like peptide superfamily, which immunocytochemical data confirm is present in the scallop. Structure-activity studies indicated that the two most critical residues for bioactivity are Arg(9) and Phe(10). Bioactivity of the peptide can be maintained if the basic, aromatic residue His(5) is replaced by another basic residue (Lys) and another aromatic residue (Trp), but not the aromatic Tyr, indicating a sensitivity to the introduction of a phenolic OH group, A restricted-conformation analogue containing a cyclopropyl-Ala residue in position 8 (Cpa-MS) demonstrates an ability to antagonize the amylase secretion activity of LMS at mu M concentrations. This result provides evidence that the myosuppressins adopt a tight turn in the C-terminal tetrapeptide active core region while binding to the scallop digestive gland receptor, Cpa-MS may provide a useful tool to neuroendocrinologists studying in vitro and in vivo digestive processes in mollusks and other invertebrates. C1 USDA, SPARC, VERU, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Univ Caen, IBBA, Lab Biol & Biotechnol Marines, F-14032 Caen, France. Univ Toronto, Erindale Coll, Dept Zool, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada. RP Nachman, RJ (reprint author), USDA, SPARC, VERU, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM nachman@acs.tamu.edu; nachman@acs.tamu.edu NR 14 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-225-8 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 897 BP 273 EP 281 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07898.x PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BP49Y UT WOS:000085327400025 PM 10676455 ER PT S AU Predel, R Eckert, M Holman, GM AF Predel, R Eckert, M Holman, GM BE Sandman, CA Strand, FL Beckwith, B Chronwall, BM Flynn, FW Nachman, RJ TI The unique neuropeptide pattern in abdominal perisympathetic organs of insects SO NEUROPEPTIDES: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Winter Neuropeptide Conference CY FEB 06-09, 1999 CL INT NEUROPEPTIDE SOC, BRECKENRIDGE, COLORADO SP Biomeasure Inc, Cephalon Inc, Int Neuropeptide Soc, Merck, NICHHD, Ortho Mcneil Pharmaceut, Summit Fdn HO INT NEUROPEPTIDE SOC ID AMERICAN COCKROACH; PERIPLANETA-AMERICANA; STRUCTURAL ELUCIDATION; RETROCEREBRAL COMPLEX; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CORPORA-CARDIACA; NEUROHORMONE-D; PEPTIDE AB We successfully isolated and identified the abundant neuropeptides of the abdominal perisympathetic organs of the American cockroach, including all myoactive compounds. Peptide sequence analysis and mass spectrometry of abundant substances that were not bioactive in different muscle assays yielded the following sequences: TDPLWQLPGAHLEQYLS-NH2 (Pea-YLS-amide), AFLTLTPGSHVDSYVEA-OH (Pea-VEAacid), and SDLTWTYQSPGDPTNSKN-OH (Pea-SKNacid). The given structures led to the conclusion of an unique neuropeptide pattern in abdominal perisympathetic organs. We confirmed this assumption with immunocytochemical studies, using antisera raised against different myotropic neuropeptides of the abdominal perisympathetic organs. Moreover, mass spectrometric methods, developed for the investigation of single neurohemal organs, confirmed the neuropeptide pattern in these organs. C1 Univ Jena, Inst Allgemeine Zool & Tierphysiol, D-07743 Jena, Germany. USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Predel, R (reprint author), Univ Jena, Inst Allgemeine Zool & Tierphysiol, D-07743 Jena, Germany. RI Predel, Reinhard/O-5243-2015 NR 17 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-224-X J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 897 BP 282 EP 290 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07899.x PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BP49Y UT WOS:000085327400026 PM 10676456 ER PT S AU Teal, PEA Meredith, JA Nachman, RJ AF Teal, PEA Meredith, JA Nachman, RJ BE Sandman, CA Strand, FL Beckwith, B Chronwall, BM Flynn, FW Nachman, RJ TI Development of amphiphylic mimics of insect neuropeptides for pest control SO NEUROPEPTIDES: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Winter Neuropeptide Conference CY FEB 06-09, 1999 CL INT NEUROPEPTIDE SOC, BRECKENRIDGE, COLORADO SP Biomeasure Inc, Cephalon Inc, Int Neuropeptide Soc, Merck, NICHHD, Ortho Mcneil Pharmaceut, Summit Fdn HO INT NEUROPEPTIDE SOC ID AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; PHEROMONOTROPIC ACTIVITY; TOPICAL APPLICATION; DIPLOPTERA-PUNCTATA; BOMBYX-MORI; PBAN; IDENTIFICATION; PENTAPEPTIDE; COCKROACH; INJECTION AB Insect neuropeptides regulate virtually all aspects of insect life and are excellent candidates far development of new methods for pest control. However, they do not penetrate insect cuticle and are degraded by enzymes both in the digestive system and hemolymph. We have designed mimics of model neuropeptides by attachment of various lipidic moieties to the amino terminus of the bioactive core of the neuropeptides. These mimics have amphiphylic characteristics that allowed them to penetrate the hydrophobic insect cuticle, The mimics also induced prolonged physiological responses (up to 20 hours) and sere resistant to peptidase attack. This knowledge has been used to develop a novel, species-specific approach to insect control. C1 USDA ARS, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, Vet Entomol Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Teal, PEA (reprint author), USDA ARS, CMAVE, 1700 SW 23 Dr,POB 14564, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-224-X J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 897 BP 348 EP 360 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07905.x PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BP49Y UT WOS:000085327400032 PM 10676462 ER PT S AU Nachman, RJ Moyna, G Williams, HJ Zabrocki, J Zadina, JE Coast, GM Vanden Broeck, J AF Nachman, RJ Moyna, G Williams, HJ Zabrocki, J Zadina, JE Coast, GM Vanden Broeck, J BE Sandman, CA Strand, FL Beckwith, B Chronwall, BM Flynn, FW Nachman, RJ TI Comparison of active conformations of the insectatachykinin/tachykinin and insect kinin/Tyr-W-MIF-1 neuropeptide family pairs SO NEUROPEPTIDES: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR SE Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Winter Neuropeptide Conference CY FEB 06-09, 1999 CL INT NEUROPEPTIDE SOC, BRECKENRIDGE, CO SP Biomeasure Inc, Cephalon Inc, Int Neuropeptide Soc, Merck, NICHHD, Ortho Mcneil Pharmaceut, Summit Fdn HO INT NEUROPEPTIDE SOC ID TACHYKININ-RELATED PEPTIDES; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME; RECEPTOR; EXPRESSION; COCKROACH; BRAIN; IDENTIFICATION; TYR-W-MIF-1; DROSOPHILA; MEMBERS AB A comparison of solution conformations of active, restricted-conformation analogues of two sequence-similar insect/vertebrate neuropeptide family pairs shed light on the potential existence of molecular evolutionary relationships. Analogues of the locustatachykins and the mammalian tachykinin substance P, containing a sterically hindered Aib-NMePhe/Tyr residue block, share similar low-energy turn conformations incorporating a cis peptide bond. Conversely, restricted conformation analogues of the insect kinins and the mammalian opiate peptide Tyr-W-MIF-1, with near identical C-terminal tetrapeptide sequences, adopt different conformations, The insect kinins adopt a cisPro 1-4 beta-turn, in which the Phe(1) is critical for bioactivity. Tyr-W-MIF-1 prefers a transPro 2-5 turn, and an additional N-terminal Phe severely inhibits mu-opiate receptor binding. Comparisons of the chemical/conformational requirements for receptor interaction are consistent with a distant evolutionary relationship between the insectatachykinins and tachykinins, but not between the insect kinins and Tyr-W-MIF-1. Therefore, analogues of the insect kinins with pest control potential can be readily designed to avoid mammalian interactions. C1 USDA, SPARC, VERU, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, College Stn, TX 77840 USA. Tech Univ Lodz, PL-90924 Lodz, Poland. VA Med Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70146 USA. Tulane Univ, Sch Med, New Orleans, LA 70146 USA. Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Dept Biol, London WC1E 7HX, England. Catholic Univ Louvain, Dept Biol, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. RP Nachman, RJ (reprint author), USDA, SPARC, VERU, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. EM nachman@acs.tamu.edu; nachman@acs.tamu.edu NR 32 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-225-8 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1999 VL 897 BP 388 EP 400 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07908.x PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BP49Y UT WOS:000085327400035 PM 10676465 ER PT J AU Kavanagh, K Stankey, G Boyle, J AF Kavanagh, K Stankey, G Boyle, J TI The integration of planted and natural forests in a regional landscape SO NEW FORESTS LA English DT Article DE Oregon; Douglas-fir; social forces ID ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT AB The 10,700 km(2) region of northwestern Oregon, USA, is dominated by mountainous forested landscapes fringed by agricultural lands and rapidly expanding urban areas. The Douglas-fir/western-hemlock trees, admixed with other species, in the mild, moist regional climate with rich soils are among the most highly productive of temperate forests. Timber harvest has been the dominant land use for much of this century. Many current forest stands are planted, and have the potentials to be managed and shaped for a variety of traditional and evolving forestry objectives. The ages, resilience and productivity of these forests and mosaics of land ownerships permit a variety of future scenarios of forested landscapes, constrained largely by capacities of social organizations to plan and execute management for desired future conditions. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Forestry Extens Fac, Astoria, OR 97103 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Kavanagh, K (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Forestry Extens Fac, Astoria, OR 97103 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-4286 J9 NEW FOREST JI New For. PY 1999 VL 18 IS 1 BP 97 EP 109 DI 10.1023/A:1006558125007 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 211YY UT WOS:000081190500009 ER PT J AU Wu, YV Tudor, KW Brown, PB Rosati, RR AF Wu, YV Tudor, KW Brown, PB Rosati, RR TI Substitution of plant proteins or meat and bone meal for fish meal in diets of Nile tilapia SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID OREOCHROMIS-NILOTICUS; HYBRID TILAPIA; SOYBEAN-MEAL; AUREUS DIETS; LIPID-LEVELS; GROWTH; PERFORMANCE; LYSINE AB Five experimental diets containing plant proteins and synthetic amino acids with and without fish meal or meat and bone meal were fed to Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus averaging 13 g for 84 din aquaria. Each experimental diet contained 20% corn gluten meal, 34-40% high-lysine corn, 29-36% soy grits, 0 or 6% fish meal or meat and bone meal, and supplemented with synthetic lysine, tryptophan, and threonine. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio for Nile tilapia fed the all plant protein diet, the fish meal diets with two levels of fat, the meat-and-bone-meal diets with two levels of fat, and the commercial diet containing fish meal and meat and bone meal. Thus, substitution of plant proteins or meat and bone meal for fish meal in Nile tilapia diets did not affect growth response. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Illinois State Univ, Dept Agr, Normal, IL 61970 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Agron & Resource Sci, Kingsville, TX 78363 USA. RP Wu, YV (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 32 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 61 IS 1 BP 58 EP 63 DI 10.1577/1548-8454(1999)061<0058:SOPPOM>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 234MP UT WOS:000082488700011 ER PT J AU Avery, ML Eiselman, DS Young, MK Humphrey, JS Decker, DG AF Avery, ML Eiselman, DS Young, MK Humphrey, JS Decker, DG TI Wading bird predation at tropical aquaculture facilities in central Florida SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID FISH; HERON AB In 1995 and 1996, fish loss due to bird predation was documented at 18 ponds at seven aquaculture facilities in central Florida. Losses in ponds from which birds were excluded with netting averaged 11.1%, whereas losses in unnetted ponds averaged 37.6%. Populations of wading birds varied among facilities, but the snowy egret Egretta thula, green-backed heron Butorides striatus, tricolored heron E. tricolor, and little blue heron E. caerulea were the principal depredating species. Field observations revealed feeding rates by little blue herons as high as 4 fish/min. Estimated monetary losses at unnetted study ponds averaged US$1,360/pond compared with average losses of $589 at netted ponds. Currently, exclusion is the only technique that is consistently reliable, and it appears that netting ponds to control bird depredations is economically feasible, particularly with high-value fish. C1 USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Florida Field Stn, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. RP Avery, ML (reprint author), USDA, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Florida Field Stn, 2820 E Univ Ave, Gainesville, FL 32641 USA. NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 61 IS 1 BP 64 EP 69 DI 10.1577/1548-8454(1999)061<0064:WBPATA>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 234MP UT WOS:000082488700012 ER PT B AU McConnell, TJ AF McConnell, TJ BE AguirreBravo, C Franco, CR TI Aerial sketch mapping surveys the past, present and future SO NORTH AMERICAN SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM: TOWARD A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR INVENTORYING AND MONITORING FOREST ECOSYSTEM RESOURCES SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT North American Science Symposium on Toward a Unified Framework for Inventorying and Monitoring Forest Ecosystem Resources CY NOV 01-06, 1998 CL GUADALAJARA, MEXICO SP USDA, Forest Serv, Inst Nacl Investigac Forestales & Agropecuarias, Natl Pk Serv, Univ Autonoma Guadalajara, Long Term Ecol Res, USDA, Gobierno Estado Jalisco, Canadian Forest Serv, Environm Canada, EMCO, Nat Resources Canada, US Dept Interior Geol Survey, SEMARNAP, SAGAR INIFAP AB Aerial sketch mapping has been used as a detection and monitoring tool, over large geographical areas, for over fifty years. Mexico, Canada and the United States share a common need, sketch mapper expertise. Aerial survey data is only as good as the sketch mapper. The leadership of the Forest Health Monitoring Program in the United States for standardization and support of aerial sketch mappers can serve as a model for improving the quality and quantity for aerial surveys in all three countries. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP McConnell, TJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, POB 7669,200 E Broadway, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 1999 IS 12 BP 59 EP 62 PG 4 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP77R UT WOS:000086142400012 ER PT B AU Reynolds, K Jensen, M Andreasen, J Goodman, I AF Reynolds, K Jensen, M Andreasen, J Goodman, I BE AguirreBravo, C Franco, CR TI Knowledge-based approach to watershed-scale TMDL assessment SO NORTH AMERICAN SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM: TOWARD A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR INVENTORYING AND MONITORING FOREST ECOSYSTEM RESOURCES SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT North American Science Symposium on Toward a Unified Framework for Inventorying and Monitoring Forest Ecosystem Resources CY NOV 01-06, 1998 CL GUADALAJARA, MEXICO SP USDA, Forest Serv, Inst Nacl Investigac Forestales & Agropecuarias, Natl Pk Serv, Univ Autonoma Guadalajara, Long Term Ecol Res, USDA, Gobierno Estado Jalisco, Canadian Forest Serv, Environm Canada, EMCO, Nat Resources Canada, US Dept Interior Geol Survey, SEMARNAP, SAGAR INIFAP ID FUZZY-LOGIC; PHYTOSOCIOLOGY AB The Ecosystem Management Decision Support (EMDS) system is an application framework for knowledge-based decision support of ecological landscape analysis at any geographic scale. The system integrates geographic information system and knowledge base system technologies to provide an analytical tool for environmental assessment and monitoring. The basic objective of EMDS is to improve the quality and completeness of environmental assessments and the efficiency with which they are performed. The USDA Forest Service and Environmental Protection Agency have cooperatively developed an EMDS knowledge base for assessment and monitoring of ecological states and processes in 6(th) code watersheds. The knowledge base evaluates watershed processes, patterns, general effects of human influence, and specific effects on salmon habitat. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Reynolds, K (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3200 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 1999 IS 12 BP 81 EP 86 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP77R UT WOS:000086142400016 ER PT B AU Scott, CT Klopfer, SD AF Scott, CT Klopfer, SD BE AguirreBravo, C Franco, CR TI Standard forest sampling designs and their analysis using TabGen SO NORTH AMERICAN SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM: TOWARD A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR INVENTORYING AND MONITORING FOREST ECOSYSTEM RESOURCES SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT North American Science Symposium on Toward a Unified Framework for Inventorying and Monitoring Forest Ecosystem Resources CY NOV 01-06, 1998 CL GUADALAJARA, MEXICO SP USDA, Forest Serv, Inst Nacl Investigac Forestales & Agropecuarias, Natl Pk Serv, Univ Autonoma Guadalajara, Long Term Ecol Res, USDA, Gobierno Estado Jalisco, Canadian Forest Serv, Environm Canada, EMCO, Nat Resources Canada, US Dept Interior Geol Survey, SEMARNAP, SAGAR INIFAP AB Three standard sampling designs have been used for forest monitoring through the years. Simple random sampling typically is applied for small areas. Stratified random sampling often is used in mid-scale assessments when the forest areas are delineated on maps. Double sampling for stratification generally is used only for extensive surveys when strata sizes must be estimated on aerial photographs. Remote sensing (satellite imagery) can be used for stratified random sampling at larger scales, potentially reducing sampling error. The program TabGen was written in Visual Basic 2.0 to analyze surveys using each of these designs. TabGen reads fries of survey data that have been expressed on a per-hectare basis. The user then selects the row and column categorical variables and the attribute of interest (continuous variable). Tables of means, totals, and areas are produced, including 95% sampling errors for each cell. Users can define multiple filters to control what data are included/excluded from each table. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Scott, CT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, 359 Main Rd, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 1999 IS 12 BP 87 EP 89 PG 3 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP77R UT WOS:000086142400017 ER PT B AU Abee, A AF Abee, A BE AguirreBravo, C Franco, CR TI Reducing barriers to assessing sustainability in the US SO NORTH AMERICAN SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM: TOWARD A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR INVENTORYING AND MONITORING FOREST ECOSYSTEM RESOURCES SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT North American Science Symposium on Toward a Unified Framework for Inventorying and Monitoring Forest Ecosystem Resources CY NOV 01-06, 1998 CL GUADALAJARA, MEXICO SP USDA, Forest Serv, Inst Nacl Investigac Forestales & Agropecuarias, Natl Pk Serv, Univ Autonoma Guadalajara, Long Term Ecol Res, USDA, Gobierno Estado Jalisco, Canadian Forest Serv, Environm Canada, EMCO, Nat Resources Canada, US Dept Interior Geol Survey, SEMARNAP, SAGAR INIFAP ID ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT AB Long-term sustainability must be a driving force for managers of natural resources. Although sustainable development has gained worldwide prominence, key difficulties in making progress towards that goal have been: the inability of resource managers to adequately communicate across ownerships; to integrate environmental, economic and social issues; and to make consistent measures of progress toward assessing sustainability. Coupled with these challenges, even with a framework for measuring national criteria and indicators, is the difficulty of reconfiguring the operational programs of diverse land management entities to integrate such a framework. The Criteria and Indicators (C&I) of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) internationally agreed to by the 12 countries of the Montreal Process, have provided a monitoring framework for assessing sustainable forest management nationally. The USDA Forest Service (FS) has adopted the C&I and is in the process of institutionalizing them within the agency. Key components of the FS strategy for institutionalizing the C&I include broad based support from a wide constituent base; support and advocacy of top management; an administrative team to facilitate plan implementation, and a specific action plan to implement Criteria and Indicators internally. This paper presents the context for the national measurement system and the need for and benefits of adopting the Montreal Process Criteria and Indicator framework for SFM. The FS approach to incorporating the C&I framework as a national tool to assess the outcomes of management activities is also presented. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Natl Forest Syst, Washington, DC 20090 USA. RP Abee, A (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Natl Forest Syst, POB 96090 Stop Code 1104,Washington Off Headquart, Washington, DC 20090 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 1999 IS 12 BP 166 EP 171 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP77R UT WOS:000086142400030 ER PT B AU Schreuder, HT Geissler, PH AF Schreuder, HT Geissler, PH BE AguirreBravo, C Franco, CR TI Plot designs for ecological monitoring of forest and range SO NORTH AMERICAN SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM: TOWARD A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR INVENTORYING AND MONITORING FOREST ECOSYSTEM RESOURCES SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT North American Science Symposium on Toward a Unified Framework for Inventorying and Monitoring Forest Ecosystem Resources CY NOV 01-06, 1998 CL GUADALAJARA, MEXICO SP USDA, Forest Serv, Inst Nacl Investigac Forestales & Agropecuarias, Natl Pk Serv, Univ Autonoma Guadalajara, Long Term Ecol Res, USDA, Gobierno Estado Jalisco, Canadian Forest Serv, Environm Canada, EMCO, Nat Resources Canada, US Dept Interior Geol Survey, SEMARNAP, SAGAR INIFAP ID ESTIMATING ANIMAL ABUNDANCE AB Given the need of governments today for extensive data on natural resources for use in national planning, the U.S. Forest Service has changed its policy from periodic inventory of the timber resources of the U.S.A. to annual inventories of its much broader ecological resources. Consequently, the design of the sample units used in assessment must be reconsidered. We propose a change, to be implemented gradually over time, from the standard circular primary unit to a long rectangular one. The advantages are: more useful data can be provided for both management and monitoring purposes; special interest surveys can be accommodated better; assessment is cost efficient because remote sensing can be used more extensively and, consequently, access to private land and effect of trampling are minimized. Because of the large number of variables to be measured for large-scale and management purposes, the fact that several are best measured on photos, and the fact that several variables require more than one visit in a season, the need for averaging one plot per day and additivity of estimates should he revisited. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Schreuder, HT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 1999 IS 12 BP 180 EP 185 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP77R UT WOS:000086142400032 ER PT B AU Moisen, GG Edwards, TC Frescino, TS AF Moisen, GG Edwards, TC Frescino, TS BE AguirreBravo, C Franco, CR TI Expanding applications, data, and models in a forest inventory of northern Utah, USA SO NORTH AMERICAN SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM: TOWARD A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR INVENTORYING AND MONITORING FOREST ECOSYSTEM RESOURCES SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT North American Science Symposium on Toward a Unified Framework for Inventorying and Monitoring Forest Ecosystem Resources CY NOV 01-06, 1998 CL GUADALAJARA, MEXICO SP USDA, Forest Serv, Inst Nacl Investigac Forestales & Agropecuarias, Natl Pk Serv, Univ Autonoma Guadalajara, Long Term Ecol Res, USDA, Gobierno Estado Jalisco, Canadian Forest Serv, Environm Canada, EMCO, Nat Resources Canada, US Dept Interior Geol Survey, SEMARNAP, SAGAR INIFAP ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES AB Forest inventories, like those conducted by the USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA)Program in the Interior West, U.S.A, are under increased pressure to provide better information and reduce casts. Here, we describe our ongoing efforts in the Interior Western of the United States to expand traditional forest inventory strategies to accommodate a wider variety of user-defined products, auxiliary data inputs, and statistical models. To the traditional product line of estimates of population totals, we add spatial depictions of the forest resources as well as exploratory data analyses. To the existing forest inventory ground and photo plots we add spatially explicit digital data sets including elevation, aspect, slope, geology, precipitation, AVHRR- and TM-based vegetation cover types, as well as UTM coordinates. To the current model of double sampling for stratification we add generalized Linear and additive models, classification and regression trees, and artificial neural networks. These expansions are illustrated through a synopsis of ongoing research studies in the northern Utah mountains. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ogden, UT 84401 USA. RP Moisen, GG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ogden, UT 84401 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 1999 IS 12 BP 212 EP 218 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP77R UT WOS:000086142400038 ER PT B AU Vose, JM Maass, JM AF Vose, JM Maass, JM BE AguirreBravo, C Franco, CR TI A comparative analysis of hydrologic responses of tropical deciduous and temperate deciduous watershed ecosystems to climatic change SO NORTH AMERICAN SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM: TOWARD A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR INVENTORYING AND MONITORING FOREST ECOSYSTEM RESOURCES SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT North American Science Symposium on Toward a Unified Framework for Inventorying and Monitoring Forest Ecosystem Resources CY NOV 01-06, 1998 CL GUADALAJARA, MEXICO SP USDA, Forest Serv, Inst Nacl Investigac Forestales & Agropecuarias, Natl Pk Serv, Univ Autonoma Guadalajara, Long Term Ecol Res, USDA, Gobierno Estado Jalisco, Canadian Forest Serv, Environm Canada, EMCO, Nat Resources Canada, US Dept Interior Geol Survey, SEMARNAP, SAGAR INIFAP ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; GROWTH; FOREST; MEXICO AB Long-term monitoring of ecological and hydrological processes is critical to understanding ecosystem function and responses to anthropogenic and natural disturbances. Much of the worlds knowledge of ecosystem responses to disturbance comes from long-term studies on gaged watersheds. However, there are relatively few long-term sites due to the large cost and commitment required to establish and maintain them. Knowledge gained from these sites is also important for predicting responses to future disturbances, such as climatic change, and these sites should be the focal point for the development and validation of predictive models. In this study, we apply a hydrologic model (PROSPER) using climate, vegetation, and soil parameters from watersheds in the mesic southeastern United States and in the dry tropical forests of western Mexico to assess the overall effects of climatic change (increased temperature and [CO2]) on watershed hydrology. We found that evapotranspiration GET) increased substantially in both ecosystem types, with increases ranging from 24 to 42%. These increases were directly attributable to changes in leaf energy balance and evaporative demand. Streamflow decreased more substantially, with virtually no streamflow under the greatest temperature increase scenario (+20%) at the site in western Mexico. Decreased stomatal conductance was not sufficient to offset the effects of increased temperature. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC USA. RP Vose, JM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 5 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 1999 IS 12 BP 292 EP 298 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP77R UT WOS:000086142400052 ER PT B AU Scott, CT Tyrrell, LE Smith, ML Funk, DT AF Scott, CT Tyrrell, LE Smith, ML Funk, DT BE AguirreBravo, C Franco, CR TI A monitoring system for Research Natural Areas in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States SO NORTH AMERICAN SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM: TOWARD A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR INVENTORYING AND MONITORING FOREST ECOSYSTEM RESOURCES SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT North American Science Symposium on Toward a Unified Framework for Inventorying and Monitoring Forest Ecosystem Resources CY NOV 01-06, 1998 CL GUADALAJARA, MEXICO SP USDA, Forest Serv, Inst Nacl Investigac Forestales & Agropecuarias, Natl Pk Serv, Univ Autonoma Guadalajara, Long Term Ecol Res, USDA, Gobierno Estado Jalisco, Canadian Forest Serv, Environm Canada, EMCO, Nat Resources Canada, US Dept Interior Geol Survey, SEMARNAP, SAGAR INIFAP AB Research Natural Areas (RNAs) are designated by the USDA Forest Service to protect ecosystems that are representative of the region or contain unique or distinctive flora or fauna. Because RNAs can serve as benchmark ecosystems, a long-term monitoring system was developed to assess a wide range of ecosystem attributes and processes. Monitoring within the study area is stratified by Ecological Landtypes (ELT), which are units that integrate soils, landform, and vegetation. Plots are located systematically within each ELT. Subplots within plots are used to assess live trees, snags, logs, and tip-up mounds, vegetative structure, understory vegetation, ground cover, and soils. Observations also are collected at the plot level, e.g., topographic characteristics, and at the ELT level, e.g., gap transects, wetlands, and surveys of presence of flora and fauna. Manuals were developed to guide planning, data collection, and analysis. This system was designed to be comprehensive and integrated and should have wide applicability for monitoring natural areas and lands managed for other objectives, as well as for ecosystem management research. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Scott, CT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Northeastern Res Stn,359 Main Rd, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 1999 IS 12 BP 315 EP 318 PG 4 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP77R UT WOS:000086142400055 ER PT B AU Czaplewski, RL AF Czaplewski, RL BE AguirreBravo, C Franco, CR TI Integration of strategic inventory and monitoring programs for the forest lands, wood lands, range lands and agricultural lands of the United States SO NORTH AMERICAN SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM: TOWARD A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR INVENTORYING AND MONITORING FOREST ECOSYSTEM RESOURCES SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT North American Science Symposium on Toward a Unified Framework for Inventorying and Monitoring Forest Ecosystem Resources CY NOV 01-06, 1998 CL GUADALAJARA, MEXICO SP USDA, Forest Serv, Inst Nacl Investigac Forestales & Agropecuarias, Natl Pk Serv, Univ Autonoma Guadalajara, Long Term Ecol Res, USDA, Gobierno Estado Jalisco, Canadian Forest Serv, Environm Canada, EMCO, Nat Resources Canada, US Dept Interior Geol Survey, SEMARNAP, SAGAR INIFAP AB The United States Department of Agriculture uses the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program to monitor the nation's forests and wood lands, and the National Resources Inventory (NRI) program to monitor the nation's agricultural and range lands. Although their measurement methods and sampling frames are very different, both programs are developing annual systems to better detect trends in land use and ecosystem health, evaluate effectiveness of public policies, guide sustainable development, and forecast alternative future conditions. Other federal programs use Landsat satellite data to map the nation's land cover, land use. and habitat diversity. I offer two proposals that could increase consistency and reduce cost among these federal monitoring programs. First, a national consortium would acquire Landsat data every two to five years for the entire USA, and rapidly detect abrupt changes in spectral reflectance associated with land clearing and major changes in land cover. This would provide spatial data to update existing maps of land cover and land use, and improve statistical monitoring. However, Landsat resolution is not sufficient to identify detailed categories of land use and forest cover; rather, higher-resolution sensors are necessary to significantly reduce the required amount of field data, Therefore, the second proposal is acquisition and interpretation of large-scale high-resolution aerial photography for hundreds of thousands of FIA and NRI sampling units. This ambitious enterprise might be feasible with collaboration between these two programs. They would integrate their separate photo-interpretation operations, and collocate 65-ha NRI sampling units with 1-ha FIA field plots. Each year, a 20% sub-sample of the collocated sampling units is photographed from low-elevation aircraft to detect rapid and obvious changes, while field data are gathered for a 10% subsample of field plots to detect slower and more subtle changes. Field data are paired with remotely sensed data, and empirical models statistically comet for measurement and classification errors in remotely sensed data. Implementation is a major enterprise that requires unprecedented partnerships among federal programs. I do not believe remote sensing will be an effective technological solution without such an enterprise. Most legislators and executive leaders are not aware of the magnitude of the logistical and institutional challenges. However, extensive coordination of remote sensing among existing federal programs could produce an efficient system to evaluate sustainability of the nation's forests and agricultural lands, and assess the health of the nation's ecosystems. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Czaplewski, RL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mtn Res Stn,240 W Prospect Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 1999 IS 12 BP 342 EP 348 PG 7 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP77R UT WOS:000086142400058 ER PT B AU Gillespie, AJR AF Gillespie, AJR BE AguirreBravo, C Franco, CR TI A strategic plan for forest inventory and monitoring in the United States SO NORTH AMERICAN SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM: TOWARD A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR INVENTORYING AND MONITORING FOREST ECOSYSTEM RESOURCES SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT North American Science Symposium on Toward a Unified Framework for Inventorying and Monitoring Forest Ecosystem Resources CY NOV 01-06, 1998 CL GUADALAJARA, MEXICO SP USDA, Forest Serv, Inst Nacl Investigac Forestales & Agropecuarias, Natl Pk Serv, Univ Autonoma Guadalajara, Long Term Ecol Res, USDA, Gobierno Estado Jalisco, Canadian Forest Serv, Environm Canada, EMCO, Nat Resources Canada, US Dept Interior Geol Survey, SEMARNAP, SAGAR INIFAP AB This paper describes how the U.S. Forest Service would implement an annual forest inventory system which would collect a wider array of data an 20 percent of all plots in every State every year, with reports for each State produced at 5-year intervals. This program would be responsible for conducting consistent, strategic level forest inventory on all forest lands of the United States, including National Forest lands. This paper is an abbreviated version of the complete Strategic Plan submitted to Congress. The complete plan is available on the internet at http://www.srsfia.usfs.msstate.edu/wo/library.htm. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Gillespie, AJR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, 201 14th St SW, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 1999 IS 12 BP 349 EP 358 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP77R UT WOS:000086142400059 ER PT B AU Jensen, ME Redmond, RL Hart, MM Goodman, IA Sobecki, TM AF Jensen, ME Redmond, RL Hart, MM Goodman, IA Sobecki, TM BE AguirreBravo, C Franco, CR TI Assessment of rangeland hearth and resource condition through ecological classification and predictive vegetation modeling SO NORTH AMERICAN SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM: TOWARD A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR INVENTORYING AND MONITORING FOREST ECOSYSTEM RESOURCES SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT North American Science Symposium on Toward a Unified Framework for Inventorying and Monitoring Forest Ecosystem Resources CY NOV 01-06, 1998 CL GUADALAJARA, MEXICO SP USDA, Forest Serv, Inst Nacl Investigac Forestales & Agropecuarias, Natl Pk Serv, Univ Autonoma Guadalajara, Long Term Ecol Res, USDA, Gobierno Estado Jalisco, Canadian Forest Serv, Environm Canada, EMCO, Nat Resources Canada, US Dept Interior Geol Survey, SEMARNAP, SAGAR INIFAP AB Ecological classifications of potential and existing vegetation patterns are of particular importance to assessments of ecosystem health for at least two reasons: I) they provide a useful framework for summarizing resource information from disparate sources, and 2) they can be mapped across large areas by using techniques that integrate remote sensing, geographic information systems, and ecological modeling. In this paper, we describe methods for mapping potential and existing vegetation in rangeland environments based on previous research conducted within a mixed grass prairie ecosystem of western North Dakota, U.S.A. We also illustrate how the intersection of these thematic layers can be used to derive indices of rangeland health and resource condition. Two examples are provided-total biomass production and year-long cattle forage production. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Ecol Applicat Serv Team, Missoula, MT USA. RP Jensen, ME (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Ecol Applicat Serv Team, Missoula, MT USA. NR 50 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 1999 IS 12 BP 381 EP 390 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP77R UT WOS:000086142400063 ER PT S AU Bechtold, WA Zarnoch, SJ AF Bechtold, WA Zarnoch, SJ BE AguirreBravo, C Franco, CR TI Field methods and data processing techniques associated with mapped inventory plots SO NORTH AMERICAN SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM: TOWARD A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR INVENTORYING AND MONITORING FOREST ECOSYSTEM RESOURCES SE USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT North American Science Symposium on Toward a Unified Framework for Inventorying and Monitoring Forest Ecosystem Resources CY NOV 01-06, 1998 CL GUADALAJARA, MEXICO SP USDA, Forest Serv, Inst Nacl Investigac Forestales & Agropecuarias, Natl Pk Serv, Univ Autonoma Guadalajara, Long Term Ecol Res, USDA, Gobierno Estado Jalisco, Canadian Forest Serv, Environm Canada, EMCO, Nat Resources Canada, US Dept Interior Geol Survey, SEMARNAP, SAGAR INIFAP AB The U.S. Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) and Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) programs utilize a fixed-area mapped-plot design as the national standard for extensive forest inventories. The mapped-plot design is explained, as well as the rationale for its selection as the national standard. Ratio-of-means estimators are presented as a method to process data from mapped inventory plots. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. RP US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn,200 Weaver Blvd, Asheville, NC 28802 USA. EM wbechtold/srs.fia@fs.fed.us; szarnoch/srs.fia@fs.fed.us NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA SN 1945-0672 J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P JI USDA For. Ser. Rocky Mt. Res. Stat. Proc. PY 1999 IS 12 BP 421 EP 424 PG 4 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP77R UT WOS:000086142400069 ER PT B AU Henshaw, DL Spycher, G AF Henshaw, DL Spycher, G BE AguirreBravo, C Franco, CR TI Evolution of ecological metadata structures at the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site SO NORTH AMERICAN SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM: TOWARD A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR INVENTORYING AND MONITORING FOREST ECOSYSTEM RESOURCES SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT North American Science Symposium on Toward a Unified Framework for Inventorying and Monitoring Forest Ecosystem Resources CY NOV 01-06, 1998 CL GUADALAJARA, MEXICO SP USDA, Forest Serv, Inst Nacl Investigac Forestales & Agropecuarias, Natl Pk Serv, Univ Autonoma Guadalajara, Long Term Ecol Res, USDA, Gobierno Estado Jalisco, Canadian Forest Serv, Environm Canada, EMCO, Nat Resources Canada, US Dept Interior Geol Survey, SEMARNAP, SAGAR INIFAP AB The success of any monitoring program depends on an information management system that supports the collection, quality control, archival and long-term accessibility of collected data and associated metadata. Intensive, research-driven site monitoring has been conducted on the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) site since the 1950's. The resulting, diverse ecological databases are managed through the Forest Science Data Bank (FSDB) which features a metadata system to facilitate data production through the use of generic and database-specific tools. Increasing informational needs necessitate a system that is easily searchable and allows the integration of diverse types of information. Towards this end, FSDB personnel are developing an information system based on a normalized metadata database. The system consists of a catalog of research products such as databases and publications, and related tables to permit searching for these products by personnel, keywords, locations, and species. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Henshaw, DL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 1999 IS 12 BP 445 EP 449 PG 5 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP77R UT WOS:000086142400074 ER PT B AU Graham, RT Jain, TB AF Graham, RT Jain, TB BE AguirreBravo, C Franco, CR TI An effective and efficient assessment process SO NORTH AMERICAN SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM: TOWARD A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR INVENTORYING AND MONITORING FOREST ECOSYSTEM RESOURCES SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT North American Science Symposium on Toward a Unified Framework for Inventorying and Monitoring Forest Ecosystem Resources CY NOV 01-06, 1998 CL GUADALAJARA, MEXICO SP USDA, Forest Serv, Inst Nacl Investigac Forestales & Agropecuarias, Natl Pk Serv, Univ Autonoma Guadalajara, Long Term Ecol Res, USDA, Gobierno Estado Jalisco, Canadian Forest Serv, Environm Canada, EMCO, Nat Resources Canada, US Dept Interior Geol Survey, SEMARNAP, SAGAR INIFAP AB Depending on the agency, discipline, or audience, assessments supply data and information to address relevant policy questions and to help make decisions, if properly executed, assessment processes can draw conclusions and make recommendations on how to manage natural resources. Assessments, especially large ones, can be easily influenced by internal and external forces. Completing a design prior to collecting data is the most efficient and logical way of conducting assessments. The most important step in the assessment process is to define the assessment problems or questions that address resource management issues. Questions that address well defined issues set goals for the remainder of the assessment process. Delineation of assessment and ecosystem boundaries should be based on the questions, agency needs, and the biophysical, economic, and social attributes of the areas of concern. Collecting data prior to developing an assessment design leads to inefficiencies and redundancies and wastes time, money, and people. Moreover, often the data collected does not provide the information for making inferences at the scale appropriate to address the questions. Foremost, the assessment process should be designed and driven by the issues. This approach ensures that data, data resolution, and data analysis are all tailored to addressing the right question using the right temporal and spatial scales. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Graham, RT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. NR 48 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 1999 IS 12 BP 481 EP 486 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP77R UT WOS:000086142400080 ER PT B AU Powell, DS AF Powell, DS BE AguirreBravo, C Franco, CR TI Challenges and opportunities for integrating inventory and monitoring into the work of a land management agency SO NORTH AMERICAN SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM: TOWARD A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR INVENTORYING AND MONITORING FOREST ECOSYSTEM RESOURCES SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT North American Science Symposium on Toward a Unified Framework for Inventorying and Monitoring Forest Ecosystem Resources CY NOV 01-06, 1998 CL GUADALAJARA, MEXICO SP USDA, Forest Serv, Inst Nacl Investigac Forestales & Agropecuarias, Natl Pk Serv, Univ Autonoma Guadalajara, Long Term Ecol Res, USDA, Gobierno Estado Jalisco, Canadian Forest Serv, Environm Canada, EMCO, Nat Resources Canada, US Dept Interior Geol Survey, SEMARNAP, SAGAR INIFAP AB Inventorying and monitoring the forest ecosystems of the United States are important missions of the U.S. Forest Service in order for it to know if it is meeting its management objectives, to determine the best adjustments to make to management, and to meet the public's needs for resource information. Despite the agency's long history and substantial investments in inventorying and monitoring, the Forest Service still faces many challenges and opportunities. New and increasing demands for information by both the agency and the public; agency culture, organization and procedures; and the need for perpetual, continuous forest ecosystem inventorying and monitoring contribute to these challenges. This paper explores these challenges and offers some approaches for dealing with them. The challenges are organized into eight categories: (1) information management, (2) indicator development and selection, (3) inventory and monitoring methods, (4) scale issues, (5) adaptive management, (6) science, research, and development, (7) organizational constraints, and (8) coordination with others. Each section contains a description and rationale for the category, a discussion of the major challenges to integration of inventorying and monitoring for the Forest Service, and some suggestions for overcoming these obstacles and barriers. The paper presents a Forest Service perspective. However, since these challenges are not unique to the Forest Service or to the United States, the paper has the potential for much broader application. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Powell, DS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 1999 IS 12 BP 505 EP 510 PG 6 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP77R UT WOS:000086142400084 ER PT B AU Aguirre-Bravo, C AF Aguirre-Bravo, C BE AguirreBravo, C Franco, CR TI North American Science Symposium - Toward a unified framework for inventorying and monitoring forest ecosystem resources - Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico - November 2-6, 1998 - Symposium conclusions and recommendations SO NORTH AMERICAN SCIENCE SYMPOSIUM: TOWARD A UNIFIED FRAMEWORK FOR INVENTORYING AND MONITORING FOREST ECOSYSTEM RESOURCES SE USDA FOREST SERVICE ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT North American Science Symposium on Toward a Unified Framework for Inventorying and Monitoring Forest Ecosystem Resources CY NOV 01-06, 1998 CL GUADALAJARA, MEXICO SP USDA, Forest Serv, Inst Nacl Investigac Forestales & Agropecuarias, Natl Pk Serv, Univ Autonoma Guadalajara, Long Term Ecol Res, USDA, Gobierno Estado Jalisco, Canadian Forest Serv, Environm Canada, EMCO, Nat Resources Canada, US Dept Interior Geol Survey, SEMARNAP, SAGAR INIFAP C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Aguirre-Bravo, C (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT AGR, FOREST SERV ROCKY MT FOREST & RANGE EXPTL STN PI FT COLLINS PA FT COLLINS, CO 80526 USA J9 US FOR SERV RMRS-P PY 1999 IS 12 BP 521 EP 529 PG 9 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Forestry SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA BP77R UT WOS:000086142400088 ER PT J AU Aubry, KB Amaranthus, MP Halpern, CB White, JD Woodard, BL Peterson, CE Lagoudakis, CA Horton, AJ AF Aubry, KB Amaranthus, MP Halpern, CB White, JD Woodard, BL Peterson, CE Lagoudakis, CA Horton, AJ TI Evaluating the effects of varying levels and patterns of green-tree retention: Experimental design of the DEMO study SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB In western Oregon and Washington, recent changes in federal forest management policy contained in the Northwest Forest Plan have led to new harvest prescriptions on millions of acres of public lands. For example, on upland sites. standards and guidelines now require that live (green) trees are retained in at least 15% of the area within each harvest unit and recommend that at least 70% of this retention is in patches of moderate to larger size (0.2-1.0 ha or more). These prescriptions for green-tree retention were based on the professional judgement and collective knowledge of many of the biologists who have studied the organisms and ecological processes that characterize these forests, but they have not been rigorously tested nor implemented on a broad geographic scale. Several prescriptions for green-tree retention are being evaluated experimentally by the Demonstration of Ecosystem Management Options (DEMO) study. In this paper, we briefly review recent changes in forest management policy and existing information gaps that led to the establishment of the DEMO study. We then provide an overview of the criteria for site selection, the experimental design and harvest prescriptions, the scope of scientific inquiry and the collaboration that has occurred between scientists and land managers. These discussions provide the context and experimental framework for the individual research papers that comprise the remainder of this volume. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Aubry, KB (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. NR 34 TC 86 Z9 86 U1 3 U2 10 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PY 1999 VL 73 SI SI BP 12 EP 26 PG 15 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 173KD UT WOS:000078979000003 ER PT J AU Lehmkuhl, JF West, SD Chambers, CL McComb, WC Manuwal, DA Aubry, KB Erickson, JL Gitzen, RA Leu, M AF Lehmkuhl, JF West, SD Chambers, CL McComb, WC Manuwal, DA Aubry, KB Erickson, JL Gitzen, RA Leu, M TI An experiment for assessing vertebrate response to varying levels and patterns of green-tree retention SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Review ID OLD-GROWTH FORESTS; OREGON COAST RANGE; DOUGLAS-FIR STANDS; WESTERN OREGON; BIRD COMMUNITIES; SMALL MAMMALS; HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; POPULATIONS; ABUNDANCE AB The emphasis of forest management in the Pacific Northwest has shifted recently from the production of timber resources to the maintenance or restoration of biological diversity and ecosystem functioning. New standards and guidelines for management emphasize the retention of forest structures (live trees, logs, and snags) to reduce logging impacts, to enrich reestablished stands with important structural features, and to enhance connectivity across forest landscapes. However, little is known about the effects on wildlife of varying the level and spatial distribution of retained structures in forests of western Oregon and Washington. Replicated and controlled experiments within the Demonstration of Ecosystem Management Options (DEMO) study are beginning to quantify the effects of varying the level and spatial aggregation of green-tree retention during forest harvest on a variety of ecosystem components (e.g., vertebrates, invertebrates, vegetation, fungi), as well as snow hydrology and social perceptions of these types of regeneration harvests. Eight replicate blocks of six experimental treatments have been established on the Umpqua National Forest in Oregon, and on the Gifford Pinchot National Forest and Capitol State Forest in Washington. The objectives of the wildlife studies are to quantify patterns of species richness, evenness, and relative abundance of birds, small mammals, bats, and amphibians before and after harvest to examine short-term treatment responses. Pre-treatment sampling has been completed on all sites, harvest treatments are in progress, and post-treatment sampling has begun. In this paper, we present an overview of our hypotheses and methods, and document the occurrence and relative abundance of species prior to harvest of the study blocks. Long-term studies of Vertebrate response, habitat associations, and trophic interactions are planned. Results will inform managers on the consequences of alternative forest management strategies. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Lehmkuhl, JF (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 102 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 6 U2 17 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PY 1999 VL 73 SI SI BP 45 EP 63 PG 19 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 173KD UT WOS:000078979000005 ER PT J AU Abbott, RS White, JD Woodard, BL AF Abbott, RS White, JD Woodard, BL TI The benefits and challenges of large-scale silvicultural experiments: Perspectives from forest managers on the demonstration of ecosystem management options (DEMO) study SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB The purpose of this paper is to share with other land managers and scientists some of the lessons learned in implementing the Demonstration of Ecosystem Management Options (DEMO) study, and to give our perspectives on the application of large-scale harvest experiments on public lands. We briefly discuss aspects of site selection; timber sale planning, administration, and postharvest activities; assistance in study installation; funding and timelines; and public involvement. We offer perspective on large-scale studies, including the importance of adaptive management, the value of a study plan, the necessity for collaboration in the process, and the benefits of public involvement. We have already learned a great deal about implementing large-scale experiments, gathered a wealth of information about the DEMO research sites, and experienced first-hand the challenges and rewards of collaboration among scientists and managers. Perhaps the most important lesson to emerge is that the rigidity required of scientific study may conflict with operational forest management. However, collaboration among participants can allow implementation of large-scale experiments that are both rigorous in design, and relevant in practice. Managers and scientists involved with the DEMO study would like data collection and analysis to continue in future decades. Knowledge of long-term responses, such as tree growth and forest structural development, will not be developed in the short run. We would also like to encourage new studies within the existing research sites, timely sharing of research results, and continued collaboration among scientists and managers. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Umpqua Natl Forest, Idleyld Pk, OR 97447 USA. RP Abbott, RS (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Umpqua Natl Forest, Diamond Lake Ranger Dist, Idleyld Pk, OR 97447 USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645910, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PY 1999 VL 73 SI SI BP 118 EP 125 PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 173KD UT WOS:000078979000010 ER PT S AU Heird, WC AF Heird, WC BE Ziegler, EE Lucas, A Moro, GE TI Early use of parenteral amino acids SO NUTRITION OF THE VERY LOW BIRTHWEIGHT INFANT SE Nestle Nutrition Institute Workshop Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 43rd Nestle Nutrition Workshop CY 1998 CL WARSAW, POLAND ID LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; CATCH-UP GROWTH; PRETERM INFANTS; PROTEIN-METABOLISM; PREMATURE-INFANTS; CONTROLLED TRIAL; NUTRITION; LIFE; 1ST; CHILDHOOD C1 Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Heird, WC (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0742-2806 BN 0-7817-2215-2 J9 NESTLE NUTR WORKS SE PY 1999 VL 43 BP 53 EP 68 PG 16 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA BU50U UT WOS:000176201000004 ER PT J AU Lichtenstein, AH AF Lichtenstein, AH TI Dietary fat: A history SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID AMERICAN-HEART-ASSOCIATION; PALEOLITHIC NUTRITION; PROFESSIONALS; PERSPECTIVE; STATEMENT; DISEASE; RISK AB Dietary fat intake and its effect on human health is a hotly debated issue and major point of interest in nutrition research and practice today. This review traces the history of dietary fat intake, the influence of human evolution on dietary fat intake, and the relationship between dietary fat and health. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Lichtenstein, AH (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 33 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 5 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 57 IS 1 BP 11 EP 14 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 166YL UT WOS:000078605600002 PM 10047700 ER PT J AU Must, A Lipman, RD AF Must, A Lipman, RD TI Childhood energy intake and cancer mortality in adulthood SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID FOLLOW-UP AB A retrospective mortality follow-up of a British survey of family diet and health (1937-1939) identified significant associations between childhood energy intake and mortality from cancer, particularly those cancers not thought to be associated with smoking. This is the first large-scale epidemiologic study to suggest that the observed reduction in tumor incidence in energy-restricted rodents has relevance for humans. C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Antioxidant Res Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Must, A (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 8 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 57 IS 1 BP 21 EP 24 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 166YL UT WOS:000078605600004 PM 10047702 ER PT J AU Hausman, DB Hausman, GJ Martin, RJ AF Hausman, DB Hausman, GJ Martin, RJ TI Endocrine regulation of fetal adipose tissue metabolism in the pig: Interaction of porcine growth hormone and thyroxine SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE thyroxine; growth hormone; lipolysis; lipogenesis; development ID STROMAL-VASCULAR CELLS; SERUM-FREE CULTURES; FACTOR-I IGF-1; INSULIN-LIKE; PREADIPOCYTE DEVELOPMENT; FATTY-ACID; DIFFERENTIATION; LIPOGENESIS; SECRETION; PROLACTIN AB Objective: This study tested the hypothesis that combined treatment of thyroxine (T-4) and growth hormone (GH) could normalize cellular and metabolic aspects of adipose tissue development of hypophysectomized fetal pigs. Research Methods and Procedures: On day 70 of gestation, pig fetuses were hypophysectomized by microcauterization or remained intact. Hypophysectomized fetuses remained untreated or were treated from day 90 to day 105 of gestation with T-4, GH, or a combination of both hormones. Results: Body weights were unaffected by hypophysectomy or hormone treatment. De novo lipogenesis in subcutaneous adipose tissue was increased 10-fold by hypophysectomy, consistent with our previous results. This increase was abolished by GH treatment in the hypophysectomized fetuses. In contrast, T-4 treatment of the hypophysectomized fetuses resulted in a 12-fold further increase in adipose tissue lipogenesis, an effect that was negated by concomitant administration of GH. Lipolytic response to isoproterenol was decreased by hypophysectomy, unaffected by GH treatment, and restored to intact values by T-4 or by T-4+GH treatment in the hypophysectomized fetuses. Discussion: In contrast to T-4, GH does not influence serum insulin-like growth factor-I or adipose tissue lipolysis, but decreases lipogenesis in the fetal pig. However, replacing both T-4 and GH normalized hypophysectomized fetuses to a greater extent than either GH or T-4 alone. Thus, any influence of thyroid hormones on stimulating adipose tissue lipogenesis in the developing fetal pig may be normally counterregulated by pituitary-derived growth hormone. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Food & Nutr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Hausman, DB (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Food & Nutr, 269 Dawson Hall, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM dhausman@arches.fcs.uga.edu FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD18447] NR 37 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI ROCHESTER PA C/O DR MICHAEL JENSEN, MAYO MEDICAL CENTER, MAYO CLIN 200 FIRST ST, SW, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 7 IS 1 BP 76 EP 82 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 174VK UT WOS:000079056600010 PM 10023733 ER PT J AU Gervais, JA Noon, BR Willson, MF AF Gervais, JA Noon, BR Willson, MF TI Avian selection of the color-dimorphic fruits of salmonberry, Rubus spectabilis: a field experiment SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID BIRD-DISPERSED SHRUB; FRUGIVOROUS BIRDS; AMERICAN ROBINS; CEDAR WAXWINGS; FLESHY FRUITS; REMOVAL RATES; CROP SIZE; PLANTS; GERMINATION; PREFERENCES AB Although the mutualism between frugivorous animals and the fruiting plants whose seeds ti;ep disperse has been noted for over a century, it remains unclear whether animal selection has had any part in the evolution of fruit characteristics. We conducted field experiments using the color-dimorphic fruits of salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis) to determine whether free-ranging birds choose fruits on the basis of color, and if so, whether these patterns indicated the potential for birds to exert evolutionarily significant selective pressure on this fruit trait. Birds consistently selected red over orange fruits in experimental displays in the field despite wide geographic variation in fruit-color frequencies, fruit-crop densities, and numbers and species composition of avian frugivores in Oregon and Alaska. This is the first field study demonstrating significant and consistent fruit-trait selection by birds at a scale relevant to coevolutionary processes. These results indicate that forces other than animal selective pressure are also shaping the occurrence of fruit color traits in bird-dispersed fruiting plants. C1 Humboldt State Univ, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. US Forest Serv, Redwood Sci Lab, USDA, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, USDA, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Gervais, JA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries, Oregon Cooperat Wildlife Res Unit, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 61 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 7 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD JAN PY 1999 VL 84 IS 1 BP 77 EP 86 DI 10.2307/3546868 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 168WM UT WOS:000078716200009 ER PT J AU Economos, CD Nelson, ME Singh, MAF Kehayias, JJ Dallal, GE Heymsfield, SB Wang, J Yasumura, S Ma, R Pierson, RN AF Economos, CD Nelson, ME Singh, MAF Kehayias, JJ Dallal, GE Heymsfield, SB Wang, J Yasumura, S Ma, R Pierson, RN TI Bone mineral measurements: A comparison of delayed gamma neutron activation, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and direct chemical analysis SO OSTEOPOROSIS INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE accuracy; bone mineral; calcium; DXA; neutron activation ID LEAN BODY-MASS; SOFT-TISSUE MEASUREMENTS; PHOTON-ABSORPTIOMETRY; LUMBAR SPINE; WHOLE-BODY; IN-VIVO; UNIVERSAL STANDARDIZATION; DENSITY MEASUREMENTS; ACCURACY; CALIBRATION AB A system in vitro consisting of a femur from a cadaver and soft-tissue equivalent material was used to test the agreement between several techniques for measuring bone mineral. Calcium values measured by delayed gamma neutron activation (DGNA) and bone mineral content (BMC) by Lunar, Hologic and Norland dual-energy X-ray absorptiometers (DXA) were compared with calcium and ash content determined by direct chemical analysis. To assess the effect of soft-tissue thickness on measurements of bone mineral, we had three phantom configurations ranging from 15.0 to 26.0 cm in thickness. achieved by using soft-tissue equivalent overlays. Chemical analysis of the femur gave calcium and ash content values of 61.83 g +/- 0.51 g and 154.120 +/- 0.004 g, respectively. Calcium measured by DGNA did not differ from the ashed amount of calcium at any of the phantom configurations. The BMC measured by DXA was significantly higher, by 3-5%, than the amount determined by chemical analysis for the Lunar densitometer and significantly lower, by 3-6%, for the Norland densitometer (p<0.001-0.024). but only 1% lower (not significant) for the Hologic densitometer. DXA instruments showed a decreasing trend in BMC as the thickness increased from 20.5 to 26.0 cm (p<0.05). However. within the entire thickness range (15.0-26.0 cm). the overall influence of thickness on BMC by DXA was very small. These findings offer insight into the differences in these currently available methods for bone mineral measurement and challenge the comparability of different methods. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. St Lukes Roosevelt Hosp, New York, NY 10025 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Economos, CD (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Exercise Physiol & Sarcopenia Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NIA NIH HHS [T32 AG00209]; NIDDK NIH HHS [P01-DK42618] NR 66 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG LONDON LTD PI GODALMING PA SWEETAPPLE HOUSE CATTESHALL ROAD, GODALMING GU7 3DJ, SURREY, ENGLAND SN 0937-941X J9 OSTEOPOROSIS INT JI Osteoporosis Int. PY 1999 VL 10 IS 3 BP 200 EP 206 DI 10.1007/s001980050216 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 244UU UT WOS:000083069800004 PM 10525711 ER PT J AU Genant, HK Cooper, C Poor, G Reid, I Ehrlich, G Kanis, J Nordin, BEC Barrett-Connor, E Black, D Bonjour, JP Dawson-Hughes, B Delmas, PD Dequeker, J Eis, SR Gennari, C Johnell, O Johnston, CC Lau, EMC Liberman, UA Lindsay, R Martin, TJ Masri, B Mautalen, CA Meunier, PJ Miller, PD Mithal, A Morii, H Papapoulos, S Woolf, A Yu, W Khaltaev, N AF Genant, HK Cooper, C Poor, G Reid, I Ehrlich, G Kanis, J Nordin, BEC Barrett-Connor, E Black, D Bonjour, JP Dawson-Hughes, B Delmas, PD Dequeker, J Eis, SR Gennari, C Johnell, O Johnston, CC Lau, EMC Liberman, UA Lindsay, R Martin, TJ Masri, B Mautalen, CA Meunier, PJ Miller, PD Mithal, A Morii, H Papapoulos, S Woolf, A Yu, W Khaltaev, N TI Interim report and recommendations of the World Health Organization task-force for osteoporosis SO OSTEOPOROSIS INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Radiol, Osteoporosis & Arthrit Res Grp, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Southampton, Southampton Gen Hosp, Southampton, Hants, England. Natl Inst Rheumatol, Budapest, Hungary. Univ Auckland, Auckland 1, New Zealand. Univ Penn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Ctr Metab Bone Dis, Sheffield, S Yorkshire, England. Inst Med & Vet Sci, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. Univ Calif San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Dept Internal Med, Geneva, Switzerland. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Hop Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France. Univ Hosp, Rheumatol Unit, ILAR, Pellenberg, Belgium. Ctr Diagnost & Pesquisa Osteoporse Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil. Univ Siena, Inst Clin Med, Nuovo Policlin Scotte, I-53100 Siena, Italy. Malmo Univ Hosp, Malmo, Sweden. Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Indianapolis, IN USA. Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Dept Community & Family Med, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Ravin Med Ctr, Petah Tiqwa, Israel. Helen Hayes Hosp, W Haverstraw, NY USA. St Vincents Inst Med Res, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. Jordan Osteoporosis Ctr, Amman, Jordan. Univ Buenos Aires, Hosp Clin, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Colorado Ctr Bone Res, Lakewood, CO USA. Inst Med Sci, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. Osaka City Univ, Dept Internal Med 2, Osaka 558, Japan. Leiden Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Endocrinol & Metab Dis, Leiden, Netherlands. Royal Cornwall Hosp, Rheumatol Unit, Truro, England. Peking Union Med Coll Hosp, Dept Radiol, Beijing, Peoples R China. WHO, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. RP Genant, HK (reprint author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Radiol, Osteoporosis & Arthrit Res Grp, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. NR 0 TC 366 Z9 394 U1 0 U2 12 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG LONDON LTD PI GODALMING PA SWEETAPPLE HOUSE CATTESHALL ROAD, GODALMING GU7 3DJ, SURREY, ENGLAND SN 0937-941X J9 OSTEOPOROSIS INT JI Osteoporosis Int. PY 1999 VL 10 IS 4 BP 259 EP 264 DI 10.1007/s001980050224 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 249NY UT WOS:000083340200001 PM 10692972 ER PT J AU Lips, P Chapuy, MC Dawson-Hughes, B Pols, HAP Holick, MF AF Lips, P Chapuy, MC Dawson-Hughes, B Pols, HAP Holick, MF TI An international comparison of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurements SO OSTEOPOROSIS INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE cross calibration of 25(OH)D assay; 25-hydroxyvitamin D assay; 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurement; interlaboratory comparison; vitamin D deficiency ID VITAMIN-D SUPPLEMENTATION; ELDERLY WOMEN; PREVENTION; FRACTURES; TRIAL AB Vitamin D status is usually assessed by measuring the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration. This mainly depends on sunshine exposure, nutrition and age. Interlaboratory variation may hamper comparison between results from different populations. This study reports cross-calibration of the 25(OH)D assays of five laboratories. In study 1, serum 25(OH)D was measured with three different assays in 104 serum samples from a large vitamin D supplementation study. The mean serum 25(OH)D level was 80% higher when measured by competitive protein binding (CPB) assay than by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), while radioimmunoassay (RIA) gave intermediate values. The highest correlation was observed between RIA and HPLC (r = 0.84, p<0.01). Of the serum 25(OH)D values in the lowest quartile by HPLC, 25% were: not recognized by CPB and 21% were not recognized by RIA as belonging to the lowest quartile. In study 2, the five laboratories analyzed serum 25(OH)D in eight serum samples covering the concentration range very low to high, with five different assays. The differences between the mean values for serum 25(OH)D between the laboratories with the highest and lowest values was 38%. The ranking order of individual samples according to the serum 25(OH)D value was very similar in all laboratories. The results show that 25(OH)D values from different laboratories can not be assumed to be comparable unless a careful cross-calibration has been performed. C1 Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Acad Ziekenhuis, Dept Endocrinol, NL-1007 MB Amsterdam, Netherlands. Hop Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France. Tufts Univ, Dept Agr, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Acad Ziekenhuis Dijkzigt, Dept Endocrinol, Rotterdam, Netherlands. Boston Univ, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Dept Agr, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Boston Univ, Vitamin D Skin & Bone Res Lab, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Lips, P (reprint author), Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Acad Ziekenhuis, Dept Endocrinol, POB 7057, NL-1007 MB Amsterdam, Netherlands. NR 15 TC 247 Z9 251 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG LONDON LTD PI GODALMING PA SWEETAPPLE HOUSE CATTESHALL ROAD, GODALMING GU7 3DJ, SURREY, ENGLAND SN 0937-941X J9 OSTEOPOROSIS INT JI Osteoporosis Int. PY 1999 VL 9 IS 5 BP 394 EP 397 DI 10.1007/s001980050162 PG 4 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 201GP UT WOS:000080587200002 PM 10550457 ER PT J AU Cao, GH Prior, RL AF Cao, GH Prior, RL TI Measurement of oxygen radical absorbance capacity in biological samples SO OXIDANTS AND ANTIOXIDANTS, PT A SE METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY LA English DT Review ID ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY; ABSORBENCY CAPACITY; ASSAY; PLASMA; FLUIDS C1 Univ Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Agr Res Serv, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Cao, GH (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. NR 13 TC 298 Z9 308 U1 0 U2 22 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0076-6879 J9 METHOD ENZYMOL JI Methods Enzymol. PY 1999 VL 299 BP 50 EP 62 PG 13 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA BM67P UT WOS:000079431900005 PM 9916196 ER PT J AU Handelman, GJ AF Handelman, GJ TI High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of cholesterol linoleate hydroperoxide in oxidized low density lipoproteins: Calibration by conjugated diene internal standard SO OXIDANTS AND ANTIOXIDANTS, PT B SE METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY LA English DT Review ID LIPID-PEROXIDATION; PLASMA; LDL C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Antioxidant Res Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Handelman, GJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Antioxidant Res Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0076-6879 J9 METHOD ENZYMOL JI Methods Enzymol. PY 1999 VL 300 BP 43 EP 50 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA BM67Q UT WOS:000079432700006 PM 9919507 ER PT J AU Landolt, PJ Antonelli, A AF Landolt, PJ Antonelli, A TI The paper wasp Polistes dominulus (Christ) (Hymenoptera : Vespidae) in the State of Washington SO PAN-PACIFIC ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article C1 ARS, USDA, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. RP Landolt, PJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU PACIFIC COAST ENTOMOL SOC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA CALIFORNIA ACAD OF SCIENCES GOLDEN GATE PARK, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94118 USA SN 0031-0603 J9 PAN-PAC ENTOMOL JI Pan-Pacific Entomol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 75 IS 1 BP 58 EP 59 PG 2 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 206PU UT WOS:000080888900011 ER PT J AU Graczyk, TK Fayer, R Conn, DB Lewis, EJ AF Graczyk, TK Fayer, R Conn, DB Lewis, EJ TI Evaluation of the recovery of waterborne Giardia cysts by freshwater clams and cyst detection in clam tissue SO PARASITOLOGY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FILTER DISSOLUTION METHOD; CORBICULA-FLUMINEA; CRYPTOSPORIDIUM; PREVALENCE; OOCYSTS; SAMPLES; BEAVER; MODEL AB The Asian freshwater clam, Corbicula fluminea, inhabits environments recognized to be contaminated with waterborne Giardia cysts. Sixty-four tissue samples of Giardia-free clams were spiked with various numbers of Giardia duodenalis cysts within the range of 50-700 cysts. Regression analysis showed that paired numbers of spiked (x) versus recovered (y) cysts regressed significantly (P < 0.01) according to the equation y = 42.57 + 1.81x- (+/- 64.3). The cyst detection threshold was 43 cysts/clam, the coefficient of determination was 77%, and the overall sensitivity of cyst detection was 42.9%. All 20 values of cyst numbers in clam tissue samples that were processed blind were located within the 95% prediction limits of the linear regression equation. The cyst retention rate of 160 clams kept in an aquarium with 38 1 of water spiked with 1.00 x 10(5) G. duodenalis cysts was approximately 1.3 x 10(3) cysts/clam. No waterborne cysts were detected by the membrane filtration method 90 min after spiking the aquarium water. G. duodenalis cysts were detected in clam tissue up to 3 weeks post-exposure. Filtration of water by clams substantially depleted the aquarium water of its particulate matter. The sampling program demonstrated that the population of 160 clams examined during the study could be accurately assessed for exposure to waterborne Giardia cysts by random sampling of 86 (54%) clams. The results indicate that C. fluminea clams can be used for biological monitoring of contamination with Giardia. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. USDA ARS, Livestock & Poultry Sci Inst, Immunity & Dis Prevent Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Berry Coll, Sch Math & Nat Sci, Mt Berry, GA 30149 USA. US Dept Commerce, NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. RP Graczyk, TK (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. OI Conn, David Bruce/0000-0003-0198-0234 NR 21 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0044-3255 J9 PARASITOL RES JI Parasitol. Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 85 IS 1 BP 30 EP 34 DI 10.1007/s004360050503 PG 5 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 144GP UT WOS:000077306200006 PM 9950225 ER PT S AU Beier, RC Young, CR Stanker, LH AF Beier, RC Young, CR Stanker, LH BE Chen, YR TI Detection of bacteria from a cecal anaerobic competitive exclusion culture with an immunoassay electrochemiluminescence sensor SO PATHOGEN DETECTION AND REMEDIATION FOR SAFE EATING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Pathogen Detection and Remediation for Safe Eating CY NOV 05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE electrochemiluminescence; Eubacteria; immunoassay; immunomagnetics; magnetic beads; S-typhimurium ID SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM COLONIZATION; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; RAPID DETECTION; LATEX AGGLUTINATION; BROILER-CHICKENS; DETECTION SYSTEM; DIETARY LACTOSE; DNA AB A competitive exclusion (CE) culture of chicken cecal anaerobes has been developed and used in this laboratory for control of Salmonella typhimurium in chickens. The CE culture consists of 29 different species of microorganisms, and is known as CF3. Detection of one of the CF3 bacteria, Eubacteria, and S. typhimurium were demonstrated using a commercial immunomagnetic (IM) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) sensor, the ORIGEN(R) Analyzer. Analysis was achieved using a sandwich immunoassay. Bacteria were captured on antibody-conjugated 280 micron sized magnetic beads followed by binding of reporter antibodies labeled with ruthenium (II) tris(dipyridyl) chelate (Ru(bpy)(3)(2+)). The magnetic beads were then trapped on an electrode in the reaction cell of the ORIGEN(R) Analyzer by a magnet, and the ECL was evoked from Ru(bpy)(3)(2+) on the tagged reporter antibodies by an electrical potential at the electrode. Preliminary IM-ECL assays with Eubacteria yielded a detection limit of 10(5) cfu/mL. Preliminary IM-ECL assays with S. typhimurium yielded a similar detection limit of 105 cfu/mL. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Beier, RC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 45 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3005-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3544 BP 10 EP 20 DI 10.1117/12.335773 PG 11 WC Food Science & Technology; Optics SC Food Science & Technology; Optics GA BM42Y UT WOS:000078691500002 ER PT S AU Young, CR Lee, A Stanker, LH AF Young, CR Lee, A Stanker, LH BE Chen, YR TI Detection of Campylobacter species using monoclonal antibodies SO PATHOGEN DETECTION AND REMEDIATION FOR SAFE EATING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Pathogen Detection and Remediation for Safe Eating CY NOV 05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE Campylobacter; monoclonal antibody; immunoassay; isotype; specificity; cross-reactivity ID BROILER CHICKS; JEJUNI; COLI; ANTIGENS; IDENTIFICATION; COLONIZATION; SPECIFICITY; FLAGELLIN; DIAGNOSIS; MUCOSAL AB A panel of species specific monoclonal antibodies were raised to Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter lari. The isotypes, and cross-reactivity profiles of each monoclonal antibody against an extensive panel of microorganisms, were determined. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Young, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3005-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3544 BP 21 EP 31 DI 10.1117/12.335779 PG 11 WC Food Science & Technology; Optics SC Food Science & Technology; Optics GA BM42Y UT WOS:000078691500003 ER PT S AU Tu, SI Uknalis, J Patterson, D Gehring, A AF Tu, SI Uknalis, J Patterson, D Gehring, A BE Chen, YR TI Detection of immunomagnetically captured 4 ',6-diamidino-2-phenyl-indole (DAPI)-labeled Escherichia coli O157 : H7 by fluorescent microscopic imaging SO PATHOGEN DETECTION AND REMEDIATION FOR SAFE EATING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Pathogen Detection and Remediation for Safe Eating CY NOV 05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE fluorescent imaging; Escherichia coli; food safety; bacterial detection; immunomagnetic beads; DAPI labeling ID EPIFLUORESCENT FILTER TECHNIQUE; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; ASSAY; ENUMERATION; BIOSENSOR; FOODS; WATER; DNA AB Live cells of E. coli O157:H7 were were captured by goat anti-E. coli O157 serum coated on the surface of polystyrene based immunomagnetic beads (IMB). The captured bacteria were labeled by 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), a nucleic acid stain, for observation by epifluorescent microscopy. The beads with captured bacteria were then concentrated by magnetic separators. The efficiency of this magnetic concentration step was less than that of using high speed centrifugation. The antibody-captured and IMB-immobilized bacteria were then applied on HF-treated, bovine serum albumin (BSA)-coated microscope slides mounted on an automated stage, and magnetically aligned before fluorescence distribution was measured by a cooled CCD attached to an inverted microscope. Since the beads were concentrated and linearly aligned along the edge of the magnetic field, image capture along the edge for a few field widths was sufficient to account for most of captured bacteria. We applied this approach to determine the bacterial counts in spiked beef hamburger patties. The results showed that after a 6-hour enrichment, sufficient number of the bacteria could be detected from the samples spiked with 1 CFU of E. coli O157:H7 per gram of the hamburger. C1 ARS, USDA, NAA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Tu, SI (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NAA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3005-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3544 BP 32 EP 40 DI 10.1117/12.335780 PG 9 WC Food Science & Technology; Optics SC Food Science & Technology; Optics GA BM42Y UT WOS:000078691500004 ER PT S AU Brewster, JD AF Brewster, JD BE Chen, YR TI Automated filtration capture immunoelectrochemical assay of bacteria SO PATHOGEN DETECTION AND REMEDIATION FOR SAFE EATING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Pathogen Detection and Remediation for Safe Eating CY NOV 05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE filtration; immunoelectrochemistry; bacteria; detection ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; IMMUNOMAGNETIC SEPARATION; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; FOODS; BIOSENSOR; CELLS AB An automated system for filtration capture and immunoelectrochemical detection of bactria in liquid samples is described. The detector incorporates a porous electrode in contact with the filter, rather than the solid electrode used previously, to allow sample and reagent solutions to be delivered in a flowing stream. This eliminated the need for manual assembly of the electrode and filter for each assay and allowed repetitive assays on a single filter/electrode. The electrochemical response of the novel gold,grid electrode under static and flow conditions was found to be consistent with theory for a planar electrode operating in laminar flow conditions. A computer-controlled fluid handling system was coupled to the detector for delivery of samples and reagents at controlled flow rates and times. The combination of flow detector and fluid handling system allows for automation of the previous assay protocol as well as providing new operating modes with enhanced background rejection and improved sensitivity. The use of these operating modes is demonstrated by a simple assay for Escherichia coli O157:H7 with virtually no background current. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19118 USA. RP Brewster, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19118 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3005-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3544 BP 72 EP 90 DI 10.1117/12.335767 PG 19 WC Food Science & Technology; Optics SC Food Science & Technology; Optics GA BM42Y UT WOS:000078691500008 ER PT S AU Medina, MB AF Medina, MB BE Chen, YR TI Biosensor studies of collagen and laminin binding with immobilized Escherichia coli O157 : H7 and inhibition with naturally occurring food additives SO PATHOGEN DETECTION AND REMEDIATION FOR SAFE EATING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Pathogen Detection and Remediation for Safe Eating CY NOV 05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE E-coli O157 : H7; SPR biosensor; collagen; laminin; adhesion; inhibition ID SURFACE-PLASMON RESONANCE; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; FIBRONECTIN BINDING; STRAINS; ADHESIN AB Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreaks were mostly due to consumption of undercooked contaminated beef which resulted in severe illness and several fatalities. Recalls of contaminated meat are costly for the meat industry. Our research attempts to understand the mechanisms of bacterial adhesion on animal carcass in order to eliminate or reduce pathogens in foods. We have reported the interactions of immobilized E. coli O157:H7 cells with extracellular matrix (ECM) components using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor (BIAcore). These studies showed that immobilized bacterial cells allowed the study of real-time binding interactions of bacterial surface with the ECM compounds, collagen I, laminin and fibronectin. Collagen I and laminin bound to the E. coli sensor surface with dissociation and association rates ranging from 10(6) to 10(9). Binding of collagen I and laminin mixture resulted in synergistic binding signals. An inhibition model was derived using collagen-laminin as the ligand which binds with E. coli sensor. A select group of naturally occurring food additives was evaluated by determining their effectivity in inhibiting the collagen-laminin binding to the bacterial sensor. Bound collagen-laminin was detached from the E. coli sensor surface with the aid of an organic acid. The biosensor results were verified with cell aggregation assays which were observed with optical and electron microscopes. These biosensor studies provided understanding of bacterial adhesion to connective tissue macromolecules. It also provided a model system for the rapid assessment of potential inhibitors that can be used in carcass treatment to inhibit or reduce bacterial contamination. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Medina, MB (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3005-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3544 BP 97 EP 104 DI 10.1117/12.335769 PG 8 WC Food Science & Technology; Optics SC Food Science & Technology; Optics GA BM42Y UT WOS:000078691500010 ER PT S AU Palumbo, SA Yu, LSL AF Palumbo, SA Yu, LSL BE Chen, YR TI The use of Aeromonas as a process indicator during swine carcass dressing and cutting SO PATHOGEN DETECTION AND REMEDIATION FOR SAFE EATING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Pathogen Detection and Remediation for Safe Eating CY NOV 05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE Aeromonas spp.; process indicator; swine carcass dressing AB Using starch ampicillin agar, qualitative and quantitative determinations of Aeromonas spp. were made at several sites during swine carcass dressing and cutting. Aeromonas spp. were observed at all sites surveyed. Levels increased during shackling and passage through the first and middle polisher/washers, and significantly decreased during the singeing steps. Passage through the final polisher/washer caused a small increase in levels in Aeromonas spp. and these levels then remained constant during the rest of the carcass dressing operation. Aeromonas spp. were also isolated from the room where the carcasses were cut into wholesale cuts and cuts for further processing. Presumptive Aeromonas spp. cultures isolated from the different sites were confirmed as belonging to the genus Aeromonas and then speciated using the biochemical scheme of Joseph and Carnahan; 81% of the cultures were identified at A. hydrophila. Since most isolates were A. hydrophila, determination of the origin of isolates from different sites in the processing plant must await utilizing molecular biotyping techniques on the cultures. These results indicate the Aeromonas spp. occurs extensively in the swine dressing environment and thus represents a possible public health hazard and potential spoilage concern. Changes in cleaning and sanitizing of equipment may be necessary during swine carcass dressing and cutting to guard against this pathogen. C1 ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Palumbo, SA (reprint author), ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3005-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3544 BP 105 EP 108 DI 10.1117/12.335778 PG 4 WC Food Science & Technology; Optics SC Food Science & Technology; Optics GA BM42Y UT WOS:000078691500011 ER PT S AU Chao, KL Chen, YR Early, H Park, B AF Chao, KL Chen, YR Early, H Park, B BE Chen, YR TI Color image classification systems for poultry viscera inspection SO PATHOGEN DETECTION AND REMEDIATION FOR SAFE EATING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Pathogen Detection and Remediation for Safe Eating CY NOV 05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE food safety inspection; fuzzy logic; machine vision; pattern recognition; real-time system ID CARCASSES AB A neuro-fuzzy based image classification system that utilizes color-imaging features of poultry viscera in the spectral and spatial domains was developed in this study. Poultry viscera of liver and heart were separated into four classes: normal, airsacculitis, cadaver, and septicemia. Color images for the classified poultry viscera were collected in the poultry process plant. These images in RGB color space were segmented and statistical analysis was performed for feature selection. The neuro-fuzzy system utilizes hybrid paradigms of fuzzy inference system and neural networks to enhance the robustness of the classification processes. The results showed that the accuracy for separation of normal from abnormal livers were 87.5 to 92.5% when two classes of validation data were used. For two-class classification of chicken hearts, the accuracies were 92.5 to 97.5%. When neuro-fuzzy models were employed to separate chicken livers into three classes (normal, airsacculitis, and cadaver), the accuracy was 88.3% for the training data and 83.3% for the validation data. Combining features of chicken liver and heart, a generalized neuro-fuzzy model was designed to classify poultry viscera into four classes (normal, airsacculitis, cadaver, and septicemia). The classification accuracy of 86.3% was achieved for the training data and 82.5% accuracy for the validation. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, NRI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Chao, KL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, NRI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3005-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3544 BP 110 EP 120 DI 10.1117/12.335770 PG 11 WC Food Science & Technology; Optics SC Food Science & Technology; Optics GA BM42Y UT WOS:000078691500012 ER PT S AU Lu, RF Chen, YR AF Lu, RF Chen, YR BE Chen, YR TI Hyperspectral imaging for safety inspection of food and agricultural products SO PATHOGEN DETECTION AND REMEDIATION FOR SAFE EATING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Pathogen Detection and Remediation for Safe Eating CY NOV 05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE hyperspectral imaging; imaging; spectroscopy; food; poultry; safety; quality; inspection ID MIXED WASTE; RANK ANALYSIS; SPECTROSCOPY; IDENTIFICATION; PLASTICS; NONPLASTICS AB Development of effective food inspection systems is critical in successful implementation of the hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) program Hyperspectral imaging or imaging spectroscopy, which combines techniques of imaging and spectroscopy to acquire spatial and spectral information simultaneously, has great potential in food quality and safety inspection. This paper reviewed the basic principle and features of hyperspectral imaging and its hardware and software implementation. The potential areas of application for hyperspectral imaging in food quality and safety inspection were identified and its limitations were discussed. A hyperspectral imaging system developed for research in food quality and safety inspection was described. Experiments were performed to acquire hyperspectral images from four classes of poultry carcasses: normal, cadaver, septicemia, and tumor. Noticeable differences in the spectra of the relative reflectance and its second difference in the wavelengths between 430 nm and 900 nm were observed between wholesome and unwholesome carcasses. Differences among the three classes of unwholesome carcasses were also observed from their respective spectra. These results showed that hyperspectral imaging can be an effective tool for safety inspection of poultry carcasses. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lu, RF (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 32 TC 27 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3005-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3544 BP 121 EP 133 DI 10.1117/12.335771 PG 13 WC Food Science & Technology; Optics SC Food Science & Technology; Optics GA BM42Y UT WOS:000078691500013 ER PT S AU Chen, YR Hruschka, WR Early, H AF Chen, YR Hruschka, WR Early, H BE Chen, YR TI On-line inspection of poultry carcasses using visible/near-infrared spectrophotometer SO PATHOGEN DETECTION AND REMEDIATION FOR SAFE EATING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Pathogen Detection and Remediation for Safe Eating CY NOV 05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE near-infrared spectroscopy; visible spectroscopy; neural-networks; principal component analysis; chicken carcasses; on-line classification; wholesomeness; diseases; defects ID SYSTEM AB The Instrumentation and Sensing Laboratory (ISL) has developed an industrial prototype diode-array visible/near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectrophotometer system for inspecting poultry for diseased and defective carcasses on-line. The ISL design is based on the principle that wholesome and diseased and defective birds have different chemical compositions of tissues and may have different skin color. This visible/near-infrared spectrophotometer system has been tested off-line at 60 and 90 birds per minute. On-line trials of the visible/near-infrared chicken carcass inspection system were conducted during an 8-day period in a slaughter plant in New Holland, Pennsylvania, where spectra (470-960 nm) of 1174 normal and 576 abnormal (diseased and/or defective) chicken carcasses were measured. The instrument measured the spectra of veterinarian-selected carcasses as they passed on a processing line at a speed of 70 birds per minute. Classification models using principal component analysis as a data pretreatment for input into neural networks were able to classify the carcasses from the spectral data with a success rate of 95%. Data from 3 days can predict the subsequent two days' chickens with high accuracy. This accuracy was consistent with the results obtained previously on off-line studies. Thus, the method shows promise for separation of diseased and defective carcasses from wholesome carcasses in a partially automated inspection system. Details of the models using various training regimens are discussed. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, NRI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Chen, YR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, NRI, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3005-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3544 BP 146 EP 155 DI 10.1117/12.335775 PG 10 WC Food Science & Technology; Optics SC Food Science & Technology; Optics GA BM42Y UT WOS:000078691500016 ER PT S AU Park, B Chao, YR Chao, KL AF Park, B Chao, YR Chao, KL BE Chen, YR TI Multispectral imaging for detecting contamination in poultry carcasses SO PATHOGEN DETECTION AND REMEDIATION FOR SAFE EATING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Pathogen Detection and Remediation for Safe Eating CY NOV 05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE classification; discriminate analysis; image processing; machine vision; pathogen; poultry inspection AB A multispectral imaging system with selected optical filters of 542 and 700-nm wavelength was shown feasible for detecting contaminated poultry carcasses with high accuracy. The analysis of textural features based on co-occurrence matrix (COM) was conducted to determine the performance of multispectral image analyses in discriminating unwholesome poultry carcasses from wholesome carcasses. The variance, sum average, sum variance, and sum entropy of COM were the most significant texture features (P < 0.0005) to identify unwholesome poultry carcasses. The feature values of angular second moment, variance, sum average, sum variance, and sum entropy did not vary with the distances and directions of COM for the spectral images. When a direction was equal to 0(o), the contrast was lower and the inverse difference moment and difference variance were higher (P < 0.01) than any other direction in the visible spectral images. The characteristics of variance and sum variance texture feature of spectral images varied with the wavelength of spectral images and unwholesomeness of poultry carcasses as well. The sum variance of wholesome was higher (P < 0.005) than unwholesome carcasses at the spectral image of 542-nm. The linear discriminant model was able to identify wholesome carcasses with classification accuracy of 83.9 percent and the unwholesome carcasses could be identified by quadratic model with 97.1 percent accuracy when textural features of spectral image at 700-nm wavelength were used as input data for models. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Park, B (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Instrumentat & Sensing Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3005-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3544 BP 156 EP 165 DI 10.1117/12.335776 PG 10 WC Food Science & Technology; Optics SC Food Science & Technology; Optics GA BM42Y UT WOS:000078691500017 ER PT J AU French, BW Elliott, NC AF French, BW Elliott, NC TI Temporal and spatial distribution of ground beetle (Coleoptera : Carabidae) assemblages in grasslands and adjacent wheat fields SO PEDOBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Insecta; predator; community structure; Triticum aestivum; agroecosystem; field margin ID CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE-ANALYSIS; POLYPHAGOUS PREDATORS; RHOPALOSIPHUM-PADI; PITFALL TRAPS; CEREAL FIELDS; ARTHROPODS; FARMLAND; DENSITIES; DISPERSAL; APHIDIDAE AB Ground beetles were captured during winter wheat growing season in 1993-1994 at four sites and in 1996-1997 at two sites using pitfall traps positioned in grasslands, wheat fields, and along grassland-wheat field edges. Of 69 species collected, six species accounted for 75.5 % of the total number of beetles captured. The numbers of these species captured varied among years, seasons, and habitats. Species composition was most strongly influenced by season, followed by year, and then habitat (wheat vs. grassland). Ground beetles that reproduce in spring were separated from those producing young in autumn along the first axis of a canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). With the effects of season and year removed, ground beetles were classified with respect to habitat preference along axes one and two of a partial CCA. Based on the ordination by partial CCA, ground beetles were classified as either habitat generalists, wheat specialists, grassland specialists, or boundary specialists. Landscape structure was an important component in determining the spatial distribution of ground beetles. C1 USDA, ARS, SPA, Plant Sci Res Lab, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP French, BW (reprint author), USDA, ARS, SPA, Plant Sci Res Lab, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. NR 47 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 8 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0031-4056 J9 PEDOBIOLOGIA JI Pedobiologia PD JAN PY 1999 VL 43 IS 1 BP 73 EP 84 PG 12 WC Ecology; Soil Science SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Agriculture GA 161YG UT WOS:000078316800009 ER PT S AU Kehayias, JJ Banuk-Waitekus, A Valtuena, S Sheahan, CA AF Kehayias, JJ Banuk-Waitekus, A Valtuena, S Sheahan, CA BE Doty, FP TI Medical applications of neutron inelastic scattering SO PENETRATING RADIATION SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Penetrating Radiation Systems and Applications CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE DE neutron inelastic scattering; body composition; bulk analysis; neutron activation; nutrition ID BODY-FAT; ACTIVATION; CARBON AB A sealed D-T, pulsed neutron generator is used for the in vivo measurement of body carbon and oxygen by neutron inelastic scattering. The generator is operated at 10 KHz at a neutron output of about 2x10(7) n/s/4 pi. Gamma ray spectra are collected with two B4Ge3O12 crystal detectors. The measurements are used to measure fat and lean content and distribution in the body, with minimal radiation exposure (0.08 mSv). When combined with other measurements (such as total body potassium), this whole body scanning device provides us with the "quality of lean mass", a measurable outcome of treatments designed to improve nutritional status and function. The method is used in studies of human nutrition and for assessing the efficacy of new anti-obesity and anti-cachexia pharmaceuticals. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Kehayias, JJ (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3255-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3769 BP 224 EP 231 DI 10.1117/12.363685 PG 8 WC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BN95H UT WOS:000083637700025 ER PT B AU Gillan, BC Bower, GL AF Gillan, BC Bower, GL BE Eldridge, D Freudenberger, D TI Fire, grass banks, teens and tadpoles: collaboration on the range SO PEOPLE AND RANGELANDS BUILDING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT VIth International Rangeland Congress CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA SP USDA ARS, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, US Dept Interior Bur Land Management, Australian Fed Consortium, Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Australian Fed Consortium Rural Ind Res & Dev Corp, Cooperative Res Ctr Sustainable Dev Trop Savannas, CSIRO Trop Agr, Dept For Int Dev, FAO, Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Australian Agcy Int Dev, Australian Rangeland Soc, UN Environm Program, Agr, WA, CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Grassland Soc SO Africa, NSW Agr, NSW Dept Land & Water Conservat, Soc Range Management, Int Conf Support Scheme, Townsville City Council & Townsville Enterprise, Univ NSW, Univ SO Queensland C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Dept Rangeland Management, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Gillan, BC (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Dept Rangeland Management, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU VI INT RANGELAND CONGRESS INC PI AITKENVALE PA PO BOX 764, AITKENVALE, QLD 4814, AUSTRALIA BN 0-9577394-0-0 PY 1999 BP 78 EP 79 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP58M UT WOS:000085573000023 ER PT B AU Herrick, JE Whitford, WG AF Herrick, JE Whitford, WG BE Eldridge, D Freudenberger, D TI Integrating soil processes into management: from microaggregates to macrocatchments SO PEOPLE AND RANGELANDS BUILDING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT VIth International Rangeland Congress CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA SP USDA ARS, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, US Dept Interior Bur Land Management, Australian Fed Consortium, Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Australian Fed Consortium Rural Ind Res & Dev Corp, Cooperative Res Ctr Sustainable Dev Trop Savannas, CSIRO Trop Agr, Dept For Int Dev, FAO, Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Australian Agcy Int Dev, Australian Rangeland Soc, UN Environm Program, Agr, WA, CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Grassland Soc SO Africa, NSW Agr, NSW Dept Land & Water Conservat, Soc Range Management, Int Conf Support Scheme, Townsville City Council & Townsville Enterprise, Univ NSW, Univ SO Queensland ID CHIHUAHUAN DESERT; LARREA-TRIDENTATA; CREOSOTEBUSH; VARIABILITY; GRASSLANDS; ECOSYSTEM; TERMITES; SYSTEMS; CRUSTS; PATCH C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Herrick, JE (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range,MSC 3JER,Box 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. EM jherrick@nmsu.edu; wawhitfo@nmsu.edu NR 42 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU VI INT RANGELAND CONGRESS INC PI AITKENVALE PA PO BOX 764, AITKENVALE, QLD 4814, AUSTRALIA BN 0-9577394-0-0 PY 1999 BP 91 EP 95 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP58M UT WOS:000085573000030 ER PT B AU De Soyza, AG Whitford, WG Van Zee, JW Herrick, JE Havstad, KM AF De Soyza, AG Whitford, WG Van Zee, JW Herrick, JE Havstad, KM BE Eldridge, D Freudenberger, D TI Boil surface indicators of desertification from the northern Chihuahuan Desert and the Great Basin SO PEOPLE AND RANGELANDS BUILDING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT VIth International Rangeland Congress CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA SP USDA ARS, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, US Dept Interior Bur Land Management, Australian Fed Consortium, Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Australian Fed Consortium Rural Ind Res & Dev Corp, Cooperative Res Ctr Sustainable Dev Trop Savannas, CSIRO Trop Agr, Dept For Int Dev, FAO, Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Australian Agcy Int Dev, Australian Rangeland Soc, UN Environm Program, Agr, WA, CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Grassland Soc SO Africa, NSW Agr, NSW Dept Land & Water Conservat, Soc Range Management, Int Conf Support Scheme, Townsville City Council & Townsville Enterprise, Univ NSW, Univ SO Queensland C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP De Soyza, AG (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range,MSC 3JER,Box 30003, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU VI INT RANGELAND CONGRESS INC PI AITKENVALE PA PO BOX 764, AITKENVALE, QLD 4814, AUSTRALIA BN 0-9577394-0-0 PY 1999 BP 137 EP 137 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP58M UT WOS:000085573000052 ER PT B AU Frank, AB Dugas, WA Karn, JF Mayeux, HS AF Frank, AB Dugas, WA Karn, JF Mayeux, HS BE Eldridge, D Freudenberger, D TI Carbon dioxide fluxes over grazed grasslands SO PEOPLE AND RANGELANDS BUILDING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT VIth International Rangeland Congress CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA SP USDA ARS, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, US Dept Interior Bur Land Management, Australian Fed Consortium, Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Australian Fed Consortium Rural Ind Res & Dev Corp, Cooperative Res Ctr Sustainable Dev Trop Savannas, CSIRO Trop Agr, Dept For Int Dev, FAO, Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Australian Agcy Int Dev, Australian Rangeland Soc, UN Environm Program, Agr, WA, CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Grassland Soc SO Africa, NSW Agr, NSW Dept Land & Water Conservat, Soc Range Management, Int Conf Support Scheme, Townsville City Council & Townsville Enterprise, Univ NSW, Univ SO Queensland ID CYCLE; CO2 C1 USDA ARS, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RP Frank, AB (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB 459, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU VI INT RANGELAND CONGRESS INC PI AITKENVALE PA PO BOX 764, AITKENVALE, QLD 4814, AUSTRALIA BN 0-9577394-0-0 PY 1999 BP 214 EP 215 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP58M UT WOS:000085573000084 ER PT B AU Schuman, GE Reeder, JD Morgan, JA LeCain, DR Hart, RH AF Schuman, GE Reeder, JD Morgan, JA LeCain, DR Hart, RH BE Eldridge, D Freudenberger, D TI Influence of grazing on the carbon and nitrogen balance of a mixed-grass prairie SO PEOPLE AND RANGELANDS BUILDING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT VIth International Rangeland Congress CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA SP USDA ARS, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, US Dept Interior Bur Land Management, Australian Fed Consortium, Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Australian Fed Consortium Rural Ind Res & Dev Corp, Cooperative Res Ctr Sustainable Dev Trop Savannas, CSIRO Trop Agr, Dept For Int Dev, FAO, Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Australian Agcy Int Dev, Australian Rangeland Soc, UN Environm Program, Agr, WA, CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Grassland Soc SO Africa, NSW Agr, NSW Dept Land & Water Conservat, Soc Range Management, Int Conf Support Scheme, Townsville City Council & Townsville Enterprise, Univ NSW, Univ SO Queensland ID SOILS; VEGETATION C1 USDA ARS, High Plains Grasslands Res Stn, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. RP Schuman, GE (reprint author), USDA ARS, High Plains Grasslands Res Stn, 8408 Hildreth Rd, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU VI INT RANGELAND CONGRESS INC PI AITKENVALE PA PO BOX 764, AITKENVALE, QLD 4814, AUSTRALIA BN 0-9577394-0-0 PY 1999 BP 230 EP 232 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP58M UT WOS:000085573000096 ER PT B AU Leinard, RE Wyman, SK Noggles, RS Volk, WP AF Leinard, RE Wyman, SK Noggles, RS Volk, WP BE Eldridge, D Freudenberger, D TI Classification of riparian plant communities using the ecological site concept SO PEOPLE AND RANGELANDS BUILDING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT VIth International Rangeland Congress CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA SP USDA ARS, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, US Dept Interior Bur Land Management, Australian Fed Consortium, Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Australian Fed Consortium Rural Ind Res & Dev Corp, Cooperative Res Ctr Sustainable Dev Trop Savannas, CSIRO Trop Agr, Dept For Int Dev, FAO, Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Australian Agcy Int Dev, Australian Rangeland Soc, UN Environm Program, Agr, WA, CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Grassland Soc SO Africa, NSW Agr, NSW Dept Land & Water Conservat, Soc Range Management, Int Conf Support Scheme, Townsville City Council & Townsville Enterprise, Univ NSW, Univ SO Queensland C1 USDA NRCS, Bozeman, MT 59718 USA. RP Leinard, RE (reprint author), USDA NRCS, 3710 Fallon St,B, Bozeman, MT 59718 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU VI INT RANGELAND CONGRESS INC PI AITKENVALE PA PO BOX 764, AITKENVALE, QLD 4814, AUSTRALIA BN 0-9577394-0-0 PY 1999 BP 249 EP 251 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP58M UT WOS:000085573000109 ER PT B AU Young, JA Blank, RR Clements, CD AF Young, JA Blank, RR Clements, CD BE Eldridge, D Freudenberger, D TI Nitrogen enrichment and immobilization influences on the dynamics of an annual grass community SO PEOPLE AND RANGELANDS BUILDING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT VIth International Rangeland Congress CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA SP USDA ARS, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, US Dept Interior Bur Land Management, Australian Fed Consortium, Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Australian Fed Consortium Rural Ind Res & Dev Corp, Cooperative Res Ctr Sustainable Dev Trop Savannas, CSIRO Trop Agr, Dept For Int Dev, FAO, Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Australian Agcy Int Dev, Australian Rangeland Soc, UN Environm Program, Agr, WA, CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Grassland Soc SO Africa, NSW Agr, NSW Dept Land & Water Conservat, Soc Range Management, Int Conf Support Scheme, Townsville City Council & Townsville Enterprise, Univ NSW, Univ SO Queensland ID INDIAN RICEGRASS; ENVIRONMENT C1 USDA ARS, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Young, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, 920 Valley Rd, Reno, NV 89512 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU VI INT RANGELAND CONGRESS INC PI AITKENVALE PA PO BOX 764, AITKENVALE, QLD 4814, AUSTRALIA BN 0-9577394-0-0 PY 1999 BP 279 EP 281 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP58M UT WOS:000085573000128 ER PT B AU Norman, A Eilers, J Stuth, J Tolleson, D AF Norman, A Eilers, J Stuth, J Tolleson, D BE Eldridge, D Freudenberger, D TI Enhancing conservation management via nutritional profiling of livestock on grazing lands: the NRCS National Evaluation of Forage Quality and Animal Well-Being program SO PEOPLE AND RANGELANDS BUILDING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT VIth International Rangeland Congress CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA SP USDA ARS, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, US Dept Interior Bur Land Management, Australian Fed Consortium, Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Australian Fed Consortium Rural Ind Res & Dev Corp, Cooperative Res Ctr Sustainable Dev Trop Savannas, CSIRO Trop Agr, Dept For Int Dev, FAO, Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Australian Agcy Int Dev, Australian Rangeland Soc, UN Environm Program, Agr, WA, CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Grassland Soc SO Africa, NSW Agr, NSW Dept Land & Water Conservat, Soc Range Management, Int Conf Support Scheme, Townsville City Council & Townsville Enterprise, Univ NSW, Univ SO Queensland C1 USDA, NRCS Grazing Lands Technol Inst, Ft Worth, TX 76115 USA. RP Norman, A (reprint author), USDA, NRCS Grazing Lands Technol Inst, 501 W Felix St,POB 6567, Ft Worth, TX 76115 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU VI INT RANGELAND CONGRESS INC PI AITKENVALE PA PO BOX 764, AITKENVALE, QLD 4814, AUSTRALIA BN 0-9577394-0-0 PY 1999 BP 378 EP 379 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP58M UT WOS:000085573000179 ER PT B AU Monsen, SB Shaw, NL AF Monsen, SB Shaw, NL BE Eldridge, D Freudenberger, D TI Re-establishing cool-season grasses on the sagebrush steppe, USA SO PEOPLE AND RANGELANDS BUILDING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT VIth International Rangeland Congress CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA SP USDA ARS, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, US Dept Interior Bur Land Management, Australian Fed Consortium, Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Australian Fed Consortium Rural Ind Res & Dev Corp, Cooperative Res Ctr Sustainable Dev Trop Savannas, CSIRO Trop Agr, Dept For Int Dev, FAO, Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Australian Agcy Int Dev, Australian Rangeland Soc, UN Environm Program, Agr, WA, CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Grassland Soc SO Africa, NSW Agr, NSW Dept Land & Water Conservat, Soc Range Management, Int Conf Support Scheme, Townsville City Council & Townsville Enterprise, Univ NSW, Univ SO Queensland C1 USDA FS, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Provo, UT 84606 USA. RP Monsen, SB (reprint author), USDA FS, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Provo, UT 84606 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU VI INT RANGELAND CONGRESS INC PI AITKENVALE PA PO BOX 764, AITKENVALE, QLD 4814, AUSTRALIA BN 0-9577394-0-0 PY 1999 BP 583 EP 584 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP58M UT WOS:000085573000275 ER PT B AU Shaw, NL Saab, VA Monsen, SB Rich, TD AF Shaw, NL Saab, VA Monsen, SB Rich, TD BE Eldridge, D Freudenberger, D TI Bromus tectorum expansion and biodiversity loss on the Snake River Plain, southern Idaho, USA SO PEOPLE AND RANGELANDS BUILDING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT VIth International Rangeland Congress CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA SP USDA ARS, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, US Dept Interior Bur Land Management, Australian Fed Consortium, Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Australian Fed Consortium Rural Ind Res & Dev Corp, Cooperative Res Ctr Sustainable Dev Trop Savannas, CSIRO Trop Agr, Dept For Int Dev, FAO, Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Australian Agcy Int Dev, Australian Rangeland Soc, UN Environm Program, Agr, WA, CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Grassland Soc SO Africa, NSW Agr, NSW Dept Land & Water Conservat, Soc Range Management, Int Conf Support Scheme, Townsville City Council & Townsville Enterprise, Univ NSW, Univ SO Queensland C1 USDA FS, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP Shaw, NL (reprint author), USDA FS, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU VI INT RANGELAND CONGRESS INC PI AITKENVALE PA PO BOX 764, AITKENVALE, QLD 4814, AUSTRALIA BN 0-9577394-0-0 PY 1999 BP 586 EP 588 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP58M UT WOS:000085573000277 ER PT B AU Hayes, DC Gillam, BC AF Hayes, DC Gillam, BC BE Eldridge, D Freudenberger, D TI Public policy to prevent spread of noxious weeds by modifying human behaviour SO PEOPLE AND RANGELANDS BUILDING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT VIth International Rangeland Congress CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA SP USDA ARS, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, US Dept Interior Bur Land Management, Australian Fed Consortium, Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Australian Fed Consortium Rural Ind Res & Dev Corp, Cooperative Res Ctr Sustainable Dev Trop Savannas, CSIRO Trop Agr, Dept For Int Dev, FAO, Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Australian Agcy Int Dev, Australian Rangeland Soc, UN Environm Program, Agr, WA, CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Grassland Soc SO Africa, NSW Agr, NSW Dept Land & Water Conservat, Soc Range Management, Int Conf Support Scheme, Townsville City Council & Townsville Enterprise, Univ NSW, Univ SO Queensland C1 USDA Forest Serv, Dept Rangeland Management, Washington, DC 20090 USA. RP Hayes, DC (reprint author), USDA Forest Serv, Dept Rangeland Management, POB 96090,A3-S, Washington, DC 20090 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU VI INT RANGELAND CONGRESS INC PI AITKENVALE PA PO BOX 764, AITKENVALE, QLD 4814, AUSTRALIA BN 0-9577394-0-0 PY 1999 BP 597 EP 598 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP58M UT WOS:000085573000284 ER PT B AU Havstad, KM Peters, DPC AF Havstad, KM Peters, DPC BE Eldridge, D Freudenberger, D TI People and rangeland biodiversity - North America SO PEOPLE AND RANGELANDS BUILDING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT VIth International Rangeland Congress CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA SP USDA ARS, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, US Dept Interior Bur Land Management, Australian Fed Consortium, Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Australian Fed Consortium Rural Ind Res & Dev Corp, Cooperative Res Ctr Sustainable Dev Trop Savannas, CSIRO Trop Agr, Dept For Int Dev, FAO, Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Australian Agcy Int Dev, Australian Rangeland Soc, UN Environm Program, Agr, WA, CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Grassland Soc SO Africa, NSW Agr, NSW Dept Land & Water Conservat, Soc Range Management, Int Conf Support Scheme, Townsville City Council & Townsville Enterprise, Univ NSW, Univ SO Queensland ID DIVERSITY; DISTURBANCE; CONSEQUENCES; LANDSCAPES; FUTURE; FIRE C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Havstad, KM (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range,POB 30003,MSC 3JER, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 44 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU VI INT RANGELAND CONGRESS INC PI AITKENVALE PA PO BOX 764, AITKENVALE, QLD 4814, AUSTRALIA BN 0-9577394-0-0 PY 1999 BP 634 EP 638 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP58M UT WOS:000085573000297 ER PT B AU Hart, RH AF Hart, RH BE Eldridge, D Freudenberger, D TI Cattle grazing intensity and plant biodiversity on shortgrass steppe after 55 years SO PEOPLE AND RANGELANDS BUILDING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT VIth International Rangeland Congress CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA SP USDA ARS, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, US Dept Interior Bur Land Management, Australian Fed Consortium, Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Australian Fed Consortium Rural Ind Res & Dev Corp, Cooperative Res Ctr Sustainable Dev Trop Savannas, CSIRO Trop Agr, Dept For Int Dev, FAO, Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Australian Agcy Int Dev, Australian Rangeland Soc, UN Environm Program, Agr, WA, CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Grassland Soc SO Africa, NSW Agr, NSW Dept Land & Water Conservat, Soc Range Management, Int Conf Support Scheme, Townsville City Council & Townsville Enterprise, Univ NSW, Univ SO Queensland C1 USDA ARS, High Plains Grasslands Res Stn, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. RP Hart, RH (reprint author), USDA ARS, High Plains Grasslands Res Stn, 8408 Hildreth Rd, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU VI INT RANGELAND CONGRESS INC PI AITKENVALE PA PO BOX 764, AITKENVALE, QLD 4814, AUSTRALIA BN 0-9577394-0-0 PY 1999 BP 646 EP 647 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP58M UT WOS:000085573000299 ER PT B AU Weltz, MA Kidwell, MR Fox, HD Yakowitz, D AF Weltz, MA Kidwell, MR Fox, HD Yakowitz, D BE Eldridge, D Freudenberger, D TI Assessing scale issues an semi-arid watersheds with a multi-attribute decision support system SO PEOPLE AND RANGELANDS BUILDING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT VIth International Rangeland Congress CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA SP USDA ARS, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, US Dept Interior Bur Land Management, Australian Fed Consortium, Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Australian Fed Consortium Rural Ind Res & Dev Corp, Cooperative Res Ctr Sustainable Dev Trop Savannas, CSIRO Trop Agr, Dept For Int Dev, FAO, Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Australian Agcy Int Dev, Australian Rangeland Soc, UN Environm Program, Agr, WA, CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Grassland Soc SO Africa, NSW Agr, NSW Dept Land & Water Conservat, Soc Range Management, Int Conf Support Scheme, Townsville City Council & Townsville Enterprise, Univ NSW, Univ SO Queensland C1 USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RP Weltz, MA (reprint author), USDA ARS, SW Watershed Res Ctr, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU VI INT RANGELAND CONGRESS INC PI AITKENVALE PA PO BOX 764, AITKENVALE, QLD 4814, AUSTRALIA BN 0-9577394-0-0 PY 1999 BP 694 EP 695 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP58M UT WOS:000085573000326 ER PT B AU Clary, WP AF Clary, WP BE Eldridge, D Freudenberger, D TI Riparian-stream habitat responses to late spring cattle grazing SO PEOPLE AND RANGELANDS BUILDING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT VIth International Rangeland Congress CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA SP USDA ARS, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, US Dept Interior Bur Land Management, Australian Fed Consortium, Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Australian Fed Consortium Rural Ind Res & Dev Corp, Cooperative Res Ctr Sustainable Dev Trop Savannas, CSIRO Trop Agr, Dept For Int Dev, FAO, Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Australian Agcy Int Dev, Australian Rangeland Soc, UN Environm Program, Agr, WA, CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Grassland Soc SO Africa, NSW Agr, NSW Dept Land & Water Conservat, Soc Range Management, Int Conf Support Scheme, Townsville City Council & Townsville Enterprise, Univ NSW, Univ SO Queensland C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP Clary, WP (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 316 E Myrtle St, Boise, ID 83702 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU VI INT RANGELAND CONGRESS INC PI AITKENVALE PA PO BOX 764, AITKENVALE, QLD 4814, AUSTRALIA BN 0-9577394-0-0 PY 1999 BP 695 EP 697 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP58M UT WOS:000085573000327 ER PT B AU Sauerhaft, BC Thurow, T Berliner, P AF Sauerhaft, BC Thurow, T Berliner, P BE Eldridge, D Freudenberger, D TI Spacing and green manure effects on biomass yield in an aridland water catchment agroforestry system SO PEOPLE AND RANGELANDS BUILDING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT VIth International Rangeland Congress CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA SP USDA ARS, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, US Dept Interior Bur Land Management, Australian Fed Consortium, Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Australian Fed Consortium Rural Ind Res & Dev Corp, Cooperative Res Ctr Sustainable Dev Trop Savannas, CSIRO Trop Agr, Dept For Int Dev, FAO, Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Australian Agcy Int Dev, Australian Rangeland Soc, UN Environm Program, Agr, WA, CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Grassland Soc SO Africa, NSW Agr, NSW Dept Land & Water Conservat, Soc Range Management, Int Conf Support Scheme, Townsville City Council & Townsville Enterprise, Univ NSW, Univ SO Queensland C1 USDA, Natl Resources Conservat Serv, Liberty, NY 12754 USA. RP Sauerhaft, BC (reprint author), USDA, Natl Resources Conservat Serv, 69 Ferndale Loomis Rd, Liberty, NY 12754 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU VI INT RANGELAND CONGRESS INC PI AITKENVALE PA PO BOX 764, AITKENVALE, QLD 4814, AUSTRALIA BN 0-9577394-0-0 PY 1999 BP 697 EP 698 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP58M UT WOS:000085573000328 ER PT B AU Shaver, PL Spaeth, K Pellant, M Mendenhall, A AF Shaver, PL Spaeth, K Pellant, M Mendenhall, A BE Eldridge, D Freudenberger, D TI National and regional level rangeland assessment SO PEOPLE AND RANGELANDS BUILDING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT VIth International Rangeland Congress CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA SP USDA ARS, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, US Dept Interior Bur Land Management, Australian Fed Consortium, Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Australian Fed Consortium Rural Ind Res & Dev Corp, Cooperative Res Ctr Sustainable Dev Trop Savannas, CSIRO Trop Agr, Dept For Int Dev, FAO, Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Australian Agcy Int Dev, Australian Rangeland Soc, UN Environm Program, Agr, WA, CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Grassland Soc SO Africa, NSW Agr, NSW Dept Land & Water Conservat, Soc Range Management, Int Conf Support Scheme, Townsville City Council & Townsville Enterprise, Univ NSW, Univ SO Queensland ID PATTERNS C1 Oregon State Univ, USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Grazing Lands Technol Inst, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Shaver, PL (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Grazing Lands Technol Inst, Rm 202,Strand Ag Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 27 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU VI INT RANGELAND CONGRESS INC PI AITKENVALE PA PO BOX 764, AITKENVALE, QLD 4814, AUSTRALIA BN 0-9577394-0-0 PY 1999 BP 736 EP 740 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP58M UT WOS:000085573000344 ER PT B AU Johnson, DA Gilmanov, TA Saliendra, NZ Walker, JW AF Johnson, DA Gilmanov, TA Saliendra, NZ Walker, JW BE Eldridge, D Freudenberger, D TI Carbon dioxide fluxes on control and burned sites on sagebrush-steppe rangeland in the western USA SO PEOPLE AND RANGELANDS BUILDING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT VIth International Rangeland Congress CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA SP USDA ARS, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, US Dept Interior Bur Land Management, Australian Fed Consortium, Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Australian Fed Consortium Rural Ind Res & Dev Corp, Cooperative Res Ctr Sustainable Dev Trop Savannas, CSIRO Trop Agr, Dept For Int Dev, FAO, Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Australian Agcy Int Dev, Australian Rangeland Soc, UN Environm Program, Agr, WA, CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Grassland Soc SO Africa, NSW Agr, NSW Dept Land & Water Conservat, Soc Range Management, Int Conf Support Scheme, Townsville City Council & Townsville Enterprise, Univ NSW, Univ SO Queensland C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Johnson, DA (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU VI INT RANGELAND CONGRESS INC PI AITKENVALE PA PO BOX 764, AITKENVALE, QLD 4814, AUSTRALIA BN 0-9577394-0-0 PY 1999 BP 746 EP 747 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP58M UT WOS:000085573000349 ER PT B AU Tugel, AJ AF Tugel, AJ BE Eldridge, D Freudenberger, D TI Soil Quality Institute initiatives and rangeland assessments SO PEOPLE AND RANGELANDS BUILDING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT VIth International Rangeland Congress CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA SP USDA ARS, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, US Dept Interior Bur Land Management, Australian Fed Consortium, Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Australian Fed Consortium Rural Ind Res & Dev Corp, Cooperative Res Ctr Sustainable Dev Trop Savannas, CSIRO Trop Agr, Dept For Int Dev, FAO, Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Australian Agcy Int Dev, Australian Rangeland Soc, UN Environm Program, Agr, WA, CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Grassland Soc SO Africa, NSW Agr, NSW Dept Land & Water Conservat, Soc Range Management, Int Conf Support Scheme, Townsville City Council & Townsville Enterprise, Univ NSW, Univ SO Queensland C1 New Mexico State Univ, USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Soil Qual Inst, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Tugel, AJ (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, Soil Qual Inst, Box 30003,Dept 3Q, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. EM atugel@nmsu.edu NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU VI INT RANGELAND CONGRESS INC PI AITKENVALE PA PO BOX 764, AITKENVALE, QLD 4814, AUSTRALIA BN 0-9577394-0-0 PY 1999 BP 758 EP 760 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP58M UT WOS:000085573000357 ER PT B AU Spaeth, KE Pellant, M Shaver, P AF Spaeth, KE Pellant, M Shaver, P BE Eldridge, D Freudenberger, D TI Natural resource inventory on BLM lands in Colorado: an analysis of rangeland health SO PEOPLE AND RANGELANDS BUILDING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT VIth International Rangeland Congress CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA SP USDA ARS, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, US Dept Interior Bur Land Management, Australian Fed Consortium, Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Australian Fed Consortium Rural Ind Res & Dev Corp, Cooperative Res Ctr Sustainable Dev Trop Savannas, CSIRO Trop Agr, Dept For Int Dev, FAO, Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Australian Agcy Int Dev, Australian Rangeland Soc, UN Environm Program, Agr, WA, CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Grassland Soc SO Africa, NSW Agr, NSW Dept Land & Water Conservat, Soc Range Management, Int Conf Support Scheme, Townsville City Council & Townsville Enterprise, Univ NSW, Univ SO Queensland C1 USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Spaeth, KE (reprint author), USDA, Nat Resources Conservat Serv, NW Watershed Res Ctr, 800 Pk Blvd,Plaza 4,Suite 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU VI INT RANGELAND CONGRESS INC PI AITKENVALE PA PO BOX 764, AITKENVALE, QLD 4814, AUSTRALIA BN 0-9577394-0-0 PY 1999 BP 801 EP 802 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP58M UT WOS:000085573000383 ER PT B AU Pierson, FB Spaeth, KE Carlson, DH AF Pierson, FB Spaeth, KE Carlson, DH BE Eldridge, D Freudenberger, D TI SPUR 2000: decision support system for assessing and managing rangelands SO PEOPLE AND RANGELANDS BUILDING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT VIth International Rangeland Congress CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA SP USDA ARS, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, US Dept Interior Bur Land Management, Australian Fed Consortium, Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Australian Fed Consortium Rural Ind Res & Dev Corp, Cooperative Res Ctr Sustainable Dev Trop Savannas, CSIRO Trop Agr, Dept For Int Dev, FAO, Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Australian Agcy Int Dev, Australian Rangeland Soc, UN Environm Program, Agr, WA, CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Grassland Soc SO Africa, NSW Agr, NSW Dept Land & Water Conservat, Soc Range Management, Int Conf Support Scheme, Townsville City Council & Townsville Enterprise, Univ NSW, Univ SO Queensland ID INFILTRATION; RAIN C1 USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Pierson, FB (reprint author), USDA ARS, NW Watershed Res Ctr, 800 Pk Blvd,Plaza 4,Suite 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU VI INT RANGELAND CONGRESS INC PI AITKENVALE PA PO BOX 764, AITKENVALE, QLD 4814, AUSTRALIA BN 0-9577394-0-0 PY 1999 BP 840 EP 841 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP58M UT WOS:000085573000397 ER PT B AU Derner, JD Briske, DD AF Derner, JD Briske, DD BE Eldridge, D Freudenberger, D TI Do caespitose and rhizomatous grass growth farms constitute unique functional groups? SO PEOPLE AND RANGELANDS BUILDING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT VIth International Rangeland Congress CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA SP USDA ARS, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, US Dept Interior Bur Land Management, Australian Fed Consortium, Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Australian Fed Consortium Rural Ind Res & Dev Corp, Cooperative Res Ctr Sustainable Dev Trop Savannas, CSIRO Trop Agr, Dept For Int Dev, FAO, Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Australian Agcy Int Dev, Australian Rangeland Soc, UN Environm Program, Agr, WA, CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Grassland Soc SO Africa, NSW Agr, NSW Dept Land & Water Conservat, Soc Range Management, Int Conf Support Scheme, Townsville City Council & Townsville Enterprise, Univ NSW, Univ SO Queensland ID SOIL C1 USDA ARS, SPA, Grassland Soil & Water Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Derner, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, SPA, Grassland Soil & Water Lab, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU VI INT RANGELAND CONGRESS INC PI AITKENVALE PA PO BOX 764, AITKENVALE, QLD 4814, AUSTRALIA BN 0-9577394-0-0 PY 1999 BP 927 EP 928 PG 2 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP58M UT WOS:000085573000435 ER PT B AU Hendrickson, JR Derdahl, JD Wienhold, BJ AF Hendrickson, JR Derdahl, JD Wienhold, BJ BE Eldridge, D Freudenberger, D TI Comparison of decomposition rates between native and improved grasses in the Northern Great Plains SO PEOPLE AND RANGELANDS BUILDING THE FUTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT VIth International Rangeland Congress CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL TOWNSVILLE, AUSTRALIA SP USDA ARS, USDA Forest Serv, USDA Nat Resources Conservat Serv, US Dept Interior Bur Land Management, Australian Fed Consortium, Agr Fisheries & Forestry, Australian Fed Consortium Rural Ind Res & Dev Corp, Cooperative Res Ctr Sustainable Dev Trop Savannas, CSIRO Trop Agr, Dept For Int Dev, FAO, Queensland Dept Primary Ind, Australian Agcy Int Dev, Australian Rangeland Soc, UN Environm Program, Agr, WA, CSIRO Wildlife & Ecol, Grassland Soc SO Africa, NSW Agr, NSW Dept Land & Water Conservat, Soc Range Management, Int Conf Support Scheme, Townsville City Council & Townsville Enterprise, Univ NSW, Univ SO Queensland ID NITROGEN C1 USDA ARS, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. RP Hendrickson, JR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU VI INT RANGELAND CONGRESS INC PI AITKENVALE PA PO BOX 764, AITKENVALE, QLD 4814, AUSTRALIA BN 0-9577394-0-0 PY 1999 BP 930 EP 932 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP58M UT WOS:000085573000437 ER PT J AU Holman, GM Nachman, RJ Coast, GM AF Holman, GM Nachman, RJ Coast, GM TI Isolation, characterization and biological activity of a diuretic myokinin neuropeptide from the housefly, Musca domestica SO PEPTIDES LA English DT Article DE insect kinin; leucokinin; ELISA; HPLC purification; peptide synthesis; Malpighian tubule fluid secretion; hindgut; myotropic activity; CRF-related diuretic peptide ID CULEKININ DEPOLARIZING PEPTIDE; ISOLATED MALPIGHIAN TUBULES; LEUCOKININ-LIKE PEPTIDE; LEUCOPHAEA-MADERAE; ACHETA-DOMESTICUS; ION-TRANSPORT; FAMILY; IDENTIFICATION; MOSQUITO; MEMBERS AB A competitive ELISA employing a polyclonal antiserum raised against leucokinin-I was used to isolate and purify a myokinin (muscakinin) from 1.05 kg of adult houseflies (Musca domestica). Following solid-phase purification, seven HPLC column steps were used to purify 4.8 nmol of leucokinin-immunoreactive material. Sequence analysis and mass spectrometry were consistent with the structure Asn-Thr-Val-Val-Leu-Gly Lys-Lys Gln-Arg-Phe-His-Ser-Trp-Gly NH(2). This peptide was synthesized and co-eluted with the natural peptide on three different HPLC columns. The activities of natural and synthetic muscakinin were identical, with both producing a 4-5 fold increase in fluid secretion by housefly Malpighian tubules at nanomolar concentrations. The presence of a pair of basic residues (Lys-Lys) suggested muscakinin might be processed further, with the peptide pGlu-Arg-Phe-His-Ser-Trp-Gly NH(2) being produced by conversion of an N-terminal glutamine to pyroglutamic acid. However, this analog was 1000-fold less active than the intact peptide, comparable to the activity of AK-V which shares the same C-terminal pentapeptide sequence. The diuretic activity of muscakinin is more than double that of a previously identified CRF-related diuretic peptide (Musca-DP) from the housefly, and the two peptides act synergistically in stimulating fluid secretion. Muscakinin also increased the frequency and amplitude of contractions by housefly hindgut which might further contribute to the excretory process. (C) 1999 by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Dept Biol, London WC1E 7HX, England. USDA ARS, Food Anim Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Coast, GM (reprint author), Univ London Birkbeck Coll, Dept Biol, Malet St, London WC1E 7HX, England. EM g.coast@biol.bbk.ac.uk NR 36 TC 69 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0196-9781 J9 PEPTIDES JI Peptides PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1016/S0196-9781(98)00150-8 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 174HG UT WOS:000079028200001 PM 10098618 ER PT J AU Nachman, RJ Garside, CS Tobe, SS AF Nachman, RJ Garside, CS Tobe, SS TI Hemolymph and tissue-bound peptidase-resistant analogs of the insect allatostatins SO PEPTIDES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th Winter Neuropeptide Conference CY FEB 06-10, 1998 CL BRECKENRIDGE, COLORADO DE cockroach; JH synthesis; development; beta turn; insect control ID COCKROACH DIPLOPTERA-PUNCTATA; JUVENILE-HORMONE BIOSYNTHESIS; CORPORA-ALLATA; DIURETIC ACTIVITY; IDENTIFICATION; SEQUENCE; PROTEIN; BINDING; FAMILY AB While neuropeptides of the allatostatin family inhibit in vitro production of juvenile hormone, which modulates aspects of development and reproduction in the cockroach, Diploptera punctata, they are susceptible to inactivation by peptidases in the hemolymph, gut, and bound to internal tissues. Patterns of peptidase cleavage were investigated in two allatostatin analogs in which sterically bulky components were incorporated into the active core region to block peptidase attack. The results were used to design and synthesize the first pseudopeptide analog of an insect neuropeptide resistant to degradation by both hemolymph and tissue-bound peptidases. This pseudotetrapeptide allatostatin mimetic analog represents a valuable tool to neuroendocrinologists studying mechanisms by which the natural peptides operate and the physiological consequences of challenging an insect with an allatostatin that is not readily degraded via peptidase enzymes. Disruption of critical physiological processes modulated by neuropeptides such as the allatostatins via peptidase-resistant mimetic analogs could form the basis for novel pest insect management strategies in the future. (C) 1999 by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, Vet Entomol Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Zool, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada. RP Nachman, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, Vet Entomol Res Unit, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 18 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0196-9781 J9 PEPTIDES JI Peptides PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 23 EP 29 DI 10.1016/S0196-9781(98)00149-1 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 174HG UT WOS:000079028200003 PM 10098620 ER PT J AU Teal, PEA Meredith, JA Nachman, RJ AF Teal, PEA Meredith, JA Nachman, RJ TI Comparison of rates of penetration through insect cuticle of amphiphylic analogs of insect pyrokinin neuropeptides SO PEPTIDES LA English DT Article DE insect cuticle; neuropeptide; PBAN; pheromone ID BIOSYNTHESIS-ACTIVATING NEUROPEPTIDE; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; PHEROMONE-BIOSYNTHESIS; ACTIVE CONFORMATION; BOMBYX-MORI; SUBESOPHAGEAL GANGLION; TOPICAL APPLICATION; PBAN; FAMILY; SILKWORM AB Rates of penetration through the cuticle of amphiphylic analogs, synthesized by addition of 6-phenylhexanoic acid or 9-fluoreneacetic acid or 1-pyrenebutyric acid to the amino terminus of the pentapeptide Phe-Thr-Pro-Arg-Leu-amide, were assessed by quantitative analysis using reversed phase liquid chromatography. The analogs effectively penetrated the cuticle of both the adult American cockroach and tobacco budworm moth. However, the amounts of analogs that penetrated the cuticle of the cockroach were significantly lower and the rates of penetration were slower than for moth cuticle. Penetration of the analogs through the cuticle was dependent upon the size of the lipidic attachment to the pentapeptide. The 6-phenylhexanoic acid analog penetrated most rapidly followed by the 9-fluoreneacetic acid analog and the 1-pyrenebutyric acid analog penetrated slowest. All of the analogs exhibited an initial rapid period of penetration lasting 2-3 h followed by the establishment of a steady slow release state which lasted between 9-24 h and was dependent upon both the size and surface area of the aromatic lipidic portion of the analog and species of insect to which the analog was applied. The results confirmed the hypothesis that the insect cuticle could be employed as a slow release device for delivery of analogs of insect neuropeptides. (C) 1999 by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, Vet Entomol Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Teal, PEA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. EM peat@nervm.nerdc.ufl.edu NR 20 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0196-9781 J9 PEPTIDES JI Peptides PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 63 EP 70 DI 10.1016/S0196-9781(98)00154-5 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 174HG UT WOS:000079028200008 PM 10098625 ER PT J AU De Prado, JL De Prado, RA Shimabukuro, RH AF De Prado, JL De Prado, RA Shimabukuro, RH TI The effect of diclofop on membrane potential, ethylene induction, and herbicide phytotoxicity in resistant and susceptible biotypes of grasses SO PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RYEGRASS LOLIUM-RIGIDUM; OXIDATIVE BURST; LIPID-PEROXIDATION; DISEASE RESISTANCE; CROSS-RESISTANCE; HIGHER-PLANTS; WILD OAT; METHYL; SENESCENCE; CELLS AB Diclofop-methyl (DM) and haloxyfop-ethoxyethyl (HE) are effective inducers of ethylene in susceptible species. Ethylene is a collateral product resulting from oxidative stress due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitors, free radical scavengers, and 2,4-D reverse the phytotoxicity of HE and DM, respectively, by interrupting the formation or action of ROS as indicated by the inhibition of ethylene induced by HE and DM. DM caused irreversible damage to apical meristems in susceptible biotypes of Lolium rigidum, Alopecurus myosuroides, and Lolium multiflorum at 10 mM DM within 22-24 h after treatment (HAT). Damage to apical meristems was indicated by the extent of new shoot regrowth from excised stems of the monocots. The apical meristems of all resistant biotypes of the three species were relatively unaffected. DM increased ethylene evolution within 22-24 HAT in susceptible biotypes of L. rigidum, A. myosuroides, and L. multiflorum (177, 224, and 155% of control, at 5, 10, and 15 mM DM, respectively). Little or no increase in ethylene formation above their controls was induced by DM in any of the resistant biotypes. The membrane potentials (E-m) of susceptible L. rigidum and L. multiflorum were depolarized by 10 mu M diclofop whereas depolarization of susceptible A. myosuroides required 25 mu M diclofop. Repolarization of E-m did not occur in all susceptible biotypes upon removal of diclofop. The E-m of all resistant biotypes was unaffected at 10 mu M diclofop but, except for L.. rigidum (R1), depolarization of E-m occurred at 25 mu M diclofop. However, in contrast to the susceptible biotypes, repolarization of E-m occurred in the resistant biotypes upon removal of exogenous diclofop. The correlation among injury to apical meristem tissues, ethylene induction, and response of E-m to diclofop was consistent with the resistance or susceptibility of the biotypes to DM. Oxidative stress resulting in the formation of ROS is the most likely lethal mechanism of action of DM. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Univ Cordoba, Dept Quim Agricola & Edafol, ETSIAM, Cordoba, Spain. USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP De Prado, JL (reprint author), Univ Cordoba, Dept Quim Agricola & Edafol, ETSIAM, Apdo 3048, Cordoba, Spain. NR 53 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0048-3575 J9 PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYS JI Pest. Biochem. Physiol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 63 IS 1 BP 1 EP 14 DI 10.1006/pest.1998.2385 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 171EM UT WOS:000078849600001 ER PT J AU Plaisance, KL Gronwald, JW AF Plaisance, KL Gronwald, JW TI Enhanced catalytic constant for glutathione S-transferase (atrazine) activity in an atrazine-resistant Abutilon theophrasti biotype SO PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BI-BI MECHANISM; MAIZE ZEA-MAYS; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; CONFERS RESISTANCE; MOLECULAR-CLONING; SENSITIVE METHOD; CONCANAVALIN-A; TUMOR-CELLS; RAT-LIVER; PURIFICATION AB Glutathione S-transferases (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) were purified from leaves of atrazine-resistant and -susceptible velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.) biotypes using a protocol involving DEAE anionexchange, S-hexylglutathione affinity, and Superose 12 gel-filtration chromatography. This protocol resulted in greater than 500-fold purification of GST activity with atrazine [GST (atrazine) activity] from both biotypes. There were no differences in the amount of dimeric GST (55,000 M-r) from resistant and susceptible biotypes. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified GST dimers from both biotypes indicated the presence of three GST subunits with M-r of 27,000, 26,000, and 25,000. GST subunits in both resistant and susceptible biotypes were glycosylated as revealed by probing Western blots with concanavalin A-biotin/avidin-alkaline phosphatase. Native isoelectric focusing of the purified GSTs indicated three major isoforms in both biotypes with pi values of 4.1, 4.3, and 4.4. For both resistant and susceptible biotypes, analysis of initial-velocity GST(atrazine) activity of the purified GST fraction indicated a sequential, random, rapid-equilibrium, Bi Bi kinetic mechanism. Kinetic analysis of GST(atrazine) activity from resistant and susceptible biotypes indicated no significant difference in K-m values for GSH and atrazine. However, the catalytic constant (k(cat)) was approximately threefold greater for GST(atrazine) activity from the resistant biotype compared to the susceptible biotype. Inhibition constants (K-i values) for the glutathione-atrazine conjugate were approximately 1.5-fold higher for GST(atrazine) activity from the resistant biotype compared to the susceptible biotype. Accelerated atrazine detoxification via glutathione conjugation in the resistant biotype is primarily due to enhanced k(cat) for GST(atrazine) activity. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Gronwald, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, 411 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 62 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0048-3575 J9 PESTIC BIOCHEM PHYS JI Pest. Biochem. Physiol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 63 IS 1 BP 34 EP 49 DI 10.1006/pest.1998.2387 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology; Physiology GA 171EM UT WOS:000078849600004 ER PT J AU Rosenthal, JP Beck, D Bhat, A Biswas, J Brady, L Bridbord, K Collins, S Cragg, G Edwards, J Fairfield, A Gottlieb, M Gschwind, LA Hallock, Y Hawks, R Hegyeli, R Johnson, G Keusch, GT Lyons, EE Miller, R Rodman, J Roskoski, J Siegel-Causey, D AF Rosenthal, JP Beck, D Bhat, A Biswas, J Brady, L Bridbord, K Collins, S Cragg, G Edwards, J Fairfield, A Gottlieb, M Gschwind, LA Hallock, Y Hawks, R Hegyeli, R Johnson, G Keusch, GT Lyons, EE Miller, R Rodman, J Roskoski, J Siegel-Causey, D TI Combining high risk science with ambitious social and economic goals SO PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE drug discovery; economic development; biodiversity conservation; natural products; research; training; patents; traditional knowledge ID DRUG; AGREEMENTS; DISCOVERY; LEADS; HITS AB Great strides have been made during the past decade in understanding the interelatedness of human health, economic welfare and environmental quality. Among these is the certainty that improvements in health may be impeded or reversed by poverty and destruction of the natural resources that diverse biological species provide. The International Cooperative Biodiversity Groups (ICBG) represent an experimental effort supported by three agencies of the U.S. Government to integrate research in natural products drug discovery with efforts to build the scientific and economic capacity of developing countries as well as enhance the skills and incentives needed to conserve biological diversity. These groups are unique, public-private collaborations that have been carrying out interdisciplinary research and development projects for up to seven years in 12 countries in Latin America, Africa and Asia. In addition to research on species in 230 plant families and 25 arthropod orders, over 1400 individuals have received technical training, and potential therapies for several parasitic diseases, tuberculosis and crop diseases are in development. The ICBGs have also developed novel research and intellectual property agreements and have become important testing grounds in national and global discussions regarding access, informed consent and benefit-sharing associated with generic resources. C1 NIH, Fogarty Int Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Foreign Agr Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NIDA, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Sci Fdn, Biosci Directorate, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Rosenthal, JP (reprint author), NIH, Fogarty Int Ctr, 31 Ctr Dr, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 52 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU SWETS ZEITLINGER PUBLISHERS PI LISSE PA P O BOX 825, 2160 SZ LISSE, NETHERLANDS SN 1388-0209 J9 PHARM BIOL JI Pharm. Biol. PY 1999 VL 37 SU S BP 6 EP 21 DI 10.1076/1388-0209(200010)37:SUP;1-W;FT006 PG 16 WC Plant Sciences; Medical Laboratory Technology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Medical Laboratory Technology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 375MC UT WOS:000165402200002 ER PT B AU Sharpley, AN AF Sharpley, AN BE Reddy, KR OConnor, GA Schelske, CL TI Global issues of phosphorus in terrestrial ecosystems SO PHOSPHORUS BIOGEOCHEMISTRY IN SUBTROPICAL ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Review CT Symposium on Phosphorus Biogeochemistry in Subtropical Ecosystems CY JUL 14-16, 1997 CL CLEARWATER, FL SP Univ Florida, St Johns River Water Management Dist, S FL Water Management Dist ID EXTRACTABLE SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; LONG-TERM; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; DIETARY PHOSPHORUS; LAND APPLICATION; POULTRY MANURE; SURFACE WATERS; SEWAGE SLUDGES; SOYBEAN-MEAL; FESCUE PLOTS AB Several surveys of surface water quality in the 1980s and 1990s identified freshwater eutrophication as one of the main causes of concern in waters with impaired quality. As point source inputs of P have been greatly reduced in the last 20 years with detergent reformulations and improved wastewater treatment, agricultural runoff is now the major source of P in many eutrophic waters. Not only has the relative contribution of agricultural runoff to surface water inputs of P increased, but the potential for P loss in runoff has also increased in many areas of intensive crop and livestock production, where there has been a general increase in soil P. This has raised several issues of agricultural P management: consideration of regional P imbalances between system inputs and outputs, establishment of environmental threshold soil P levels, and targeting critical areas of P export from watersheds. With the specialization of farming since World War II, system components have consolidated in spatially distinct regions. For example most feed used in confined livestock operations in eastern States was imported from the Corn Belt. For several developed countries, only 30% of fertilizer and feed was output in plant and livestock produce, resulting in an average 22 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) surplus. Thus, P flows have changed from localized recycling to a one-way movement of P from areas of feed production to accumulate as manures in areas of livestock production. This often results in a buildup of soil P above levels required for crops, prompting concern of unacceptable P losses in areas vulnerable to runoff and erosion. C1 USDA, ARSI, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Sharpley, AN (reprint author), USDA, ARSI, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 120 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 13 PU CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI BOCA RATON PA 6000 BROKEN SOUND PARKWAY NW, STE 300, BOCA RATON, FL 33487-2742 USA BN 1-56670-331-X PY 1999 BP 15 EP 46 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA BN05D UT WOS:000080499000002 ER PT B AU Raboy, V AF Raboy, V BE Lynch, JP Deikman, J TI The genetics of seed storage phosphorus pathways SO PHOSPHORUS IN PLANT BIOLOGY: REGULATORY ROLES IN MOLECULAR, CELLULAR, ORGANISMIC, AND ECOSYSTEM PROCESSES SE CURRENT TOPICS IN PLANT PHYSIOLOGY : AN AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Annual Penn State Symposium in Plant Physiology CY MAY 28-30, 1998 CL UNIVERSITY PK, PA SP Pennsylvania State Univ, Intercoll Grad Program Plant Physiol, USDA Natl Res Initiative, Natl Sci Fdn, Int Union Biochem & Molec Biol, Potash & Phosphate Inst & Fdn Agronom Res, Pioneer Hi-Bred Int Inc, Amer Soc Plant Physiologists, Monsanto Co ID PHYTIC ACID; PURIFICATION; HEXAKISPHOSPHATE; METABOLISM C1 USDA ARS, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. RP Raboy, V (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB 307, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA BN 0-943088-38-0 J9 CUR TOP PL PY 1999 VL 19 BP 192 EP 203 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA BN49P UT WOS:000082033800016 ER PT J AU Bunce, JA Ziska, LH AF Bunce, JA Ziska, LH TI Impact of measurement irradiance on acclimation of photosynthesis to elevated CO2 concentration in several plant species SO PHOTOSYNTHETICA LA English DT Article DE acclimation; CO2-enrichment; photon flux density; quantum yield ID CARBON-DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION; LONG-TERM ELEVATION; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; TEMPERATURE; ENRICHMENT; GROWTH; LEAVES; WHEAT; FIELD AB Controlled environment chamber and glasshouse studies were conducted on six herbaceous annual species grown at 350 (AC) and 700 (EC) mu mol(CO2) mol(-1) to determine whether growth at EC resulted in acclimation of the apparent quantum yield of photosynthesis (QY) measured at limiting photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), or in acclimation of net photosynthetic rate (P-N) measured at saturating PPFD. It was also determined whether acclimation in P-N at limiting PPFD was correlated with acclimation of carboxylation efficiency or ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration rate measured at saturating PPFD. Growth at EC reduced both the QY and P-N at limiting PPFD in three of the six species. The occurrence of photosynthetic acclimation measured at a rate limiting PPFD was independent of whether photosynthetic acclimation was apparent at saturating measurement PPFD. At saturating measurement PPFD, acclimation to EC in the apparent carboxylation efficiency and RuBP regeneration capacity also occurred independently. Thus at least three components of the photosynthetic system may adjust independently when leaves are grown at EC. Estimates of photosynthetic acclimation at both high and low PPFD are necessary to accurately predict photosynthesis at the whole plant or canopy level as [CO2] increases. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bunce, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Climate Stress Lab, 10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 29 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 9 PU INST EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY, ACAD SCI CZECH REPUBLIC PI PRAGUE 6 PA NA KARLOVCE 1A, PRAGUE 6 CS-160 00, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 0300-3604 J9 PHOTOSYNTHETICA JI Photosynthetica PY 1999 VL 37 IS 4 BP 509 EP 517 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 322BR UT WOS:000087490800002 ER PT J AU Penuelas, J Estiarte, M Kimball, BA AF Penuelas, J Estiarte, M Kimball, BA TI Flavonoid responses in wheat grown at elevated CO2: green versus senescent leaves SO PHOTOSYNTHETICA LA English DT Article DE carbon based secondary compounds (CBSC); isoorientin; leaf age; litter; phenolics; tricin; Triticum aestivum ID NITROGEN RELEASE; TROPICAL LEGUMES; ENRICHMENT; LITTER; DECOMPOSITION; METABOLISM; PLANTS AB We compared flavonoids in green, mature, and senescing flag leaves of wheat grown under ambient (AC - 370 mu mol mol(-1)) and elevated (EC - 550 mu mol mol(-1)) concentrations of CO2 in a FACE (Free Air CO2 Enrichment) system. The concentrations of flag leaf flavonoids (e.g., isoorientin and tricin) decreased to one third in mature leaves, and the majoritary isoorientin almost disappeared in senescing leaves. Flavonoid concentrations increased in green well-developed flag leaves under EC (46 % isoorientin and 55 % tricin),whereas the differences disappeared in mature and senescing flag leaves. Predictions of changes in litter phenolic concentrations and their effects on decomposition rates under EC based on changes in green leaves need to be revised. C1 Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Fac Ciencias, Ctr Ecol Res & Forestry Applicat, Bellaterra 08193, Spain. USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Penuelas, J (reprint author), Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Fac Ciencias, Ctr Ecol Res & Forestry Applicat, Bellaterra 08193, Spain. RI Penuelas, Josep/D-9704-2011; Estiarte, Marc/G-2001-2016 OI Penuelas, Josep/0000-0002-7215-0150; Estiarte, Marc/0000-0003-1176-8480 NR 23 TC 9 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 5 PU INST EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY, ACAD SCI CZECH REPUBLIC PI PRAGUE 6 PA NA KARLOVCE 1A, PRAGUE 6 CS-160 00, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 0300-3604 J9 PHOTOSYNTHETICA JI Photosynthetica PY 1999 VL 37 IS 4 BP 615 EP 619 DI 10.1023/A:1007131827115 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 322BR UT WOS:000087490800013 ER PT J AU Ziska, LH Sicher, RC Bunce, JA AF Ziska, LH Sicher, RC Bunce, JA TI The impact of elevated carbon dioxide on the growth and gas exchange of three C-4 species differing in CO2 leak rates SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID BUNDLE-SHEATH CELLS; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; RESPONSES; LEAVES; ENRICHMENT; PLANTS; CARBOXYLASE; IRRADIANCE; NITROGEN AB Recent work has suggested that the photosynthetic rate of certain C-4 species can be stimulated by increasing CO2 concentration, [CO2], even under optimal water and nutrients.To determine the basis for the observed photosynthetic stimulation, we tested the hypothesis that the CO2 leak rate from the bundle sheath would be directly related to any observed stimulation in single leaf photosynthesis at double the current [CO2]. Three C-4 species that differed in the reported degree of bundle sheath leakiness to CO2, Flaveria trinervia. Panicum miliaceum, and Panicum maximum, were grown for 31-38 days after sowing at a [CO2] of 350 mu l l(-1) (ambient) or 700 mu l l(-1) (elevated). Assimilation as a function of increasing [CO2] at high photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD, 1 600 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) indicated that leaf photosynthesis was not saturated under current ambient [CO2] for any of the three C-4 species. Assimilation as a function of increasing PPFD also indicated that the response of leaf photosynthesis to elevated [CO2] was light dependent for all three C-4 species, The stimulation of leaf photosynthesis at elevated [CO2] was not associated with previously published values of CO2 leak rates from the bundle sheath, changes in the ratio of activities of PEP-carboxylase to RuBP carboxylase/oxgenase, or any improvement in day time leaf water potential for the species tested in this experiment. In spite of the simulation of leaf photosynthesis, a significant increase in growth at elevated [CO2] was only observed for one species, F. trinervia. Results from this study indicate that leaf photosynthetic rates of certain C-4 species can respond directly to increased [CO2] under optimal growth conditions, but that the stimulation of whole plant growth at elevated carbon dioxide cannot be predicted solely on the response of individual leaves. C1 USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ziska, LH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Bldg 046A,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 43 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 7 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 105 IS 1 BP 74 EP 80 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.105112.x PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 178TK UT WOS:000079282400011 ER PT J AU Acuna, R Bassuner, R Beilinson, V Cortina, H Cadena-Gomez, G Montes, V Nielsen, NC AF Acuna, R Bassuner, R Beilinson, V Cortina, H Cadena-Gomez, G Montes, V Nielsen, NC TI Coffee seeds contain 11S storage proteins SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID DEVELOPING PEA COTYLEDONS; GENE-EXPRESSION; EMBRYOGENESIS; CLEAVAGE; LEGUMIN; FAMILY; RAPD AB A legumin-like seed protein was purified from the endosperm of coffee (Coffea avabica L. cv. Colombia). In contrast to legumes, n here efficient storage globulin extraction requires buffered saline solutions well above the acidic pK(1) of the globulins, coffee legumin is readily extracted with acidic aqueous buffers. The coffee legumin migrates like other 11S storage globulins in sucrose gradients. Subunits of coffee legumin have an apparent molecular mass of about 55 kDa after one-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the absence of a reducing agent, In the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol, two polypeptides appear that have apparent molecular masses of 33 and 24 kDa. Two full-length cDNAs were generated from mRNA of developing seeds that were more than 98% homologous. They had open reading frames of 1458 and 1467 bp. Each encoded legumin precursors of 486 and 489 amino acids, respectively (M-r = 54136 and 54818). Examination of a 5' promoter region from a coffee legumin gene revealed a putative legumin-box. Genomic DNA from C. arabica was digested with six different restriction endonucleases, After separation of the fragments by electrophoresis, single discrete fragments on DIVA blots hybridized strongly to a cDNA probe for the acidic chain. Other fragments that hybridized weakly with this probe were visible after hybridization at very low stringency, DNA from other species and commercially important cultivars that comprise the genus Coffea produced similar results. Immunocytochemical studies revealed that some legumin was detected in the cytoplasm in mature coffee seeds, but that the majority of it was in large storage vacuoles that accounted for most of the cell volume. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Biochem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Nacl Bogota, Dept Quim, Bogota, Colombia. Ctr Nacl Invest Cafe, Caldas, Colombia. RP Nielsen, NC (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 31 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 105 IS 1 BP 122 EP 131 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.105119.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 178TK UT WOS:000079282400018 ER PT J AU Minocha, R Smith, DR Reeves, C Steele, KD Minocha, SC AF Minocha, R Smith, DR Reeves, C Steele, KD Minocha, SC TI Polyamine levels during the development of zygotic and somatic embryos of Pinus radiata SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID SPRUCE PICEA-ABIES; GLAUCA MOENCH VOSS; NORWAY SPRUCE; PLANT EMBRYOGENESIS; GENE-EXPRESSION; ARABINOGALACTAN PROTEINS; INTERIOR SPRUCE; CULTURES; BIOSYNTHESIS; GERMINATION AB Changes in the cellular content of three polyamines (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) mere compared at different stages of development in zygotic and somatic embryos of Pinus radiata D. Don. During embryo development, both the zygotic and the somatic embryos showed a steady increase in spermidine content, with either a small decrease or no significant change in putrescine. This led to a several-fold increase in spermidine/putrescine ratios during development of both types of embryos. Cell cultures of plant-forming and non-plant-forming lines derived from the same clone and growing on proliferation (maintenance) medium differed significantly in their polyamine levels. Mature, cotyledonary stage somatic embryos capable of germination and formation of plants could be distinguished by their higher spermidine/putrescine ratios from abnormal cotyledonary stage somatic embryos which were incapable of forming plants. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Durham, NH 03824 USA. MetaGenet, Rotorua, New Zealand. Forest Res, Rotorua, New Zealand. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Plant Biol, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Minocha, R (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, POB 640,271 Mast Rd, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM rminocha@hopper.unh.edu NR 51 TC 64 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 2 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0031-9317 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 105 IS 1 BP 155 EP 164 DI 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.105123.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 178TK UT WOS:000079282400022 ER PT J AU Spribille, T AF Spribille, T TI Forest vegetation in the northern Salish Mountains of northwestern Montana (USA) SO PHYTOCOENOLOGIA LA English DT Review DE cryptogams; fire; forest structure; phytosociology; phytogeography; Pacific Northwest; syntaxonomy; vegetation classification ID AMERICA; ROCKIES; FIRES AB Forest vegetation in a portion of the northern Salish Mountains in northwestern Montana (U.S.A.) was investigated using the phytosociological method. Seven associations, one subassociation and seven variants were recognized, of which all but two associations are described here for the first time. Most of the forests have multi-storeyed stand structures, the result of past mixed-lethal fire regimes. Only one association (Vaccinio oreophili-Pinetum latifoliae) possesses a distinctly even-aged stand structure resulting from stand-replacing fire. Overall species richness is lowest in forest communities with a stand-replacing fire regime or which are dominated by Xerophyllum tenax, whereas the highest species richness is achieved in Picea engelmannii x glauca swamp forest on calcareous soils. The forest flora is phytogeographically divided between circumpolar, North American and northwestern North American floristic elements, with the majority of bryophytes and lichens circumpolar. Among the vascular plants, the North American element is more prevalent in the lower elevation communities, while the northwestern North American element increases in montane forest communities. Phytosociological classification of forests resulted in a considerably different classification than the habitat typology which has been in use in the region for many years and it provides a circumscription of forest vegetation patterns which more closely reflects floristic composition as well as stand structures and fire regimes. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Kootenai Natl Forest, Fortine, MT 59918 USA. RP Spribille, T (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Kootenai Natl Forest, Fortine Ranger Dist,POB 116, Fortine, MT 59918 USA. RI Spribille, Toby/D-9945-2011 NR 108 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 7 PU GEBRUDER BORNTRAEGER PI STUTTGART PA JOHANNESSTR 3A, D-70176 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0340-269X J9 PHYTOCOENOLOGIA JI Phytocoenologia PY 1999 VL 29 IS 4 BP 503 EP 577 PG 75 WC Plant Sciences; Ecology SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 273UW UT WOS:000084727100004 ER PT J AU Chourey, PS AF Chourey, PS TI Sucrose metabolizing genes are critical for growth and development of maize seed SO PHYTON-ANNALES REI BOTANICAE LA English DT Article DE cell wall invertase; sucrose synthase; endosperm ID ENDOSPERM DEVELOPMENT; INVERTASE; PLANTS; EXPRESSION; SYNTHASE; PEDICEL; LOCUS; SIZE AB Seed development is intimately dependent upon the metabolic utilization of sucrose. Our long-term studies have shown that two seed mutants in maize, miniature1 (mn1) and shrunken1 (sh1), are caused by mutations in seed-specific genes of sucrose metabolism. A deficiency of the Mn1-encoded cell wall invertase (CWI) enzyme leads to a drastic reduction in seed size identified as the mn1 seed mutation. We suggest that CWI plays a critical role in providing hexose sugars for mitotic divisions in the early stages of endosperm development. The CWI also controls endosperm sink strength and developmental stability of the maternal cells in pedicel. The sh1 seed is characterized by a collapsed crown of the mutant endosperm. The causal basis for the sh1 phenotype is a loss of the Sh1-encoded endosperm-specific sucrose synthase-l (SSI) which cleaves sucrose to yield precursors for both cellulose and starch biosynthesis. Our recent studies show that the SS1 enzyme plays a predominant role of providing the substrate for cellulose biosynthesis; whereas, the second enzyme, SS2, appears to yield precursors for starch biosynthesis in a developing endosperm. C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Agron & Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Chourey, PS (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Dept Agron & Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 6 PU FERDINAND BERGER SOEHNE PI HORN PA WIENER STRASSE 21-23, A-3580 HORN, AUSTRIA SN 0079-2047 J9 PHYTON-ANN REI BOT A JI Phyton-Ann. REI Bot. PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 7 EP 11 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 277KK UT WOS:000084932600001 ER PT J AU Smith, KT Cufar, K Levanic, T AF Smith, KT Cufar, K Levanic, T TI Temporal stability and dendroclimatology in silver fir and red spruce SO PHYTON-ANNALES REI BOTANICAE LA English DT Article DE dendrochronology; climate change ID GROWTH AB Dendroclimatology uses precisely dated tree-ring series and climate measurements to reconstruct climate for periods prior to instrumented records. Dendroclimatology requires a predictable, relationship between growth and climate. Tree-ring series from silver fir in Slovenia and red spruce in the northeastern US were calibrated to monthly climate variables for two periods, corresponding approximately to the first and second halves of the 20th Century. Bootstrapped response function analysis indicated that growth during the two periods was associated with markedly different variables of monthly mean temperature and monthly total precipitation. These findings suggest caution in dendroclimatic reconstruction and are interpretable as indications that the relationship of tree growth to climate may have changed during the 20th Century. C1 US Forest Serv, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Smith, KT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, POB 640, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 9 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 4 PU FERDINAND BERGER SOEHNE PI HORN PA WIENER STRASSE 21-23, A-3580 HORN, AUSTRIA SN 0079-2047 J9 PHYTON-ANN REI BOT A JI Phyton-Ann. REI Bot. PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 117 EP 122 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 277KK UT WOS:000084932600022 ER PT J AU Porat, R Lers, A Dori, S Cohen, L Weiss, B Daus, A Wilson, CL Droby, S AF Porat, R Lers, A Dori, S Cohen, L Weiss, B Daus, A Wilson, CL Droby, S TI Induction of chitinase and beta-1,3-endoglucanase proteins by UV irradiation and wounding in grapefruit peel tissue SO PHYTOPARASITICA LA English DT Article DE chitinase; beta-1,3-endoglucanase; grapefruit; Penicillium digitatum; resistance; UV; wounding ID PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEINS; POSTHARVEST DISEASES; INDUCED RESISTANCE; PENICILLIUM-DIGITATUM; TRANSGENIC TOBACCO; PLANT CHITINASES; FRUIT; SCOPARONE AB UV irradiation enhanced the resistance of grapefruit against the development of green mold decay caused by Penicillium digitatum, the main postharvest pathogen of citrus fruit, and significantly inhibited the fungus' growth at the fruit wound sites. Immunoblotting analysis using specific citrus chitinase and beta-1,3-endoglucanase antibodies, showed that UV irradiation, wounding of the fruit, or a combination of these two treatments, induced the accumulation of a 25 kD chitinase protein in the fruit's peel tissue. On the other hand, UV irradiation or wounding of the fruit alone was unable to induce the accumulation of 39 and 43 kD beta-1,3-endoglucanase proteins, but the combination of the two treatments increased these protein levels. It is suggested that both chitinase and beta-1,3-endoglucanase may play a role in the UV-induced resistance of grapefruit against P. digitatum. C1 Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Postharvest Sci Fresh Produce, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Postharvest Sci Fresh Produce, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. EM samird@netvision.net.il NR 18 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0334-2123 EI 1876-7184 J9 PHYTOPARASITICA JI Phytoparasitica PY 1999 VL 27 IS 3 BP 233 EP 238 DI 10.1007/BF02981463 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 225WH UT WOS:000081988600008 ER PT J AU Pusey, PL AF Pusey, PL TI Effect of nectar on microbial antagonists evaluated for use in control of fire blight of pome fruits SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ERWINIA-AMYLOVORA INFECTION; PSEUDOMONAS-FLUORESCENS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; PEAR BLOSSOMS; HAWTHORN BLOSSOM; STIGMA; APPLE; OXYTETRACYCLINE; STREPTOMYCIN; ANTIBIOTICS AB Under warm, dry conditions, Erwinia amylovora can become established in relatively high populations on apple (Malus domestica) or pear (Pyrus communis) flower stigmas, and subsequent wet conditions facilitate its movement to the flower hypanthium where infection generally is initiated through the nectarthodes. Research on biological control of fire blight has focused mainly on the flower stigma, and knowledge is lacking regarding the effect of nectar on microbial antagonists in the flower hypanthium. The biocontrol agents Pseudomonas fluorescens strain A506 and Pantoea agglomerans strain C9-1 were cultured in a basal liquid medium with various concentrations (0 to 50% total sugar) of sucrose or synthetic nectar (sucrose/glucose/fructose, 2:1:1). Strain A506 showed less growth and lower survival than strain C9-1 at high sugar levels, and A506 was less effective than C9-1 as a preemptive antagonist of E. amylovora in high-sugar media. Both antagonist strains were less tolerant to high sugar levels than E. amylovora (strain Ea153). The same bacteria were cultured in a medium with 25% total sugar consisting of various proportions of sucrose, glucose, and fructose, and growth response correlated strongly with solute potential. When 28 microbial strains were cultured in synthetic nectar (25% total sugar) and ranked based on growth, strains clustered according to taxonomic group. Yeasts were most osmotolerant, followed by strains of E. amylovora, Pantoea agglomerans, Bacillus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. Further studies done in planta are necessary to determine whether osmotolerance of antagonists is advantageous in the biological control of fire blight. C1 USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Pusey, PL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 40 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JAN PY 1999 VL 89 IS 1 BP 39 EP 46 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.1.39 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 154AQ UT WOS:000077866200003 PM 18944801 ER PT J AU Otrosina, WJ Bannwart, D Roncadori, RW AF Otrosina, WJ Bannwart, D Roncadori, RW TI Root-infecting fungi associated with a decline of longleaf pine in the southeastern United States SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE decline; Heterobasidion annosum; Leptographium procerum; Leptographium terebrantis; longleaf pine; symptoms ID DENDROCTONUS; PATHOGENICITY AB A 35-year-old longleaf pine stand exhibited trees in various stages of decline. A study was conducted to determine root-infecting fungi and other abnormalities associated with varying degrees of crown symptoms. A four-class crown symptom rating system was devised according to ascending symptom severity. Leptographium procerum and L. terebrantis were significantly associated with increasing crown symptom severity. Heterobasidion annosum was also isolated in higher frequency as crown symptoms increased. Also, evidence of insects on roots increased as did amount of resinosis observed. Edaphic and silvicultural factors may interact with these pathogens and insects to pose a pathological limitation on longer-term management objectives. Further research is needed to determine relationships among various edaphic, silvicultural, and biological factors associated with the decline syndrome on this site. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Otrosina, WJ (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, 320 Green St, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM otrosina@negia.net NR 17 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 1999 VL 217 IS 1-2 BP 145 EP 150 DI 10.1023/A:1004645115446 PG 6 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 270JR UT WOS:000084532600013 ER PT J AU BassiriRad, H Prior, SA Norby, RJ Rogers, HH AF BassiriRad, H Prior, SA Norby, RJ Rogers, HH TI A field method of determining NH4+ and NO3- uptake kinetics in intact roots: Effects of CO2 enrichment on trees and crop species SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE CO2 enrichment; field method; intact roots; NH4+; NO3-; trees; uptake kinetics ID SPRUCE PICEA-ABIES; ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; NITRATE UPTAKE; LOBLOLLY-PINE; MINERAL-NUTRITION; TRANSPORT ANALOG; NUTRIENT-UPTAKE; PONDEROSA PINE; ION ABSORPTION; GROWTH-RATE AB Models describing plant and ecosystem N cycles require an accurate assessment of root physiological uptake capacity for NH4+ and NO3- under field conditions. Traditionally, rates of ion uptake in field-grown plants are determined by using excised root segments incubated for a short period in an assay solution containing N either as a radioactive or stable isotope tracer (e.g., (ClO3)-Cl-36 as a NH4+ analogue, (CH3NH3)-C-14 as an NO3- analogue or (NH4+)-N-15 and (NO3-)-N-15). Although reliable, this method has several drawbacks. For example, in addition to radioactive safety issues, purchase and analysis of radioactive and stable isotopes is relatively expensive and can be a major limitation. More importantly, because excision effectively interrupts exchange of compounds between root and shoot (e.g., carbohydrate supply to root and N transport to shoot), the assay must be conducted quickly to avoid such complications. Here we present a novel field method for simultaneous measurements of NH4+ and NO3- uptake kinetics in intact root systems. The application of this method is demonstrated using two tree species; red maple (Acer rubrum) and sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and two crop species soybean (Glycine max) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Plants were grown in open-top chambers at either ambient or elevated levels of atmospheric CO2 at two separate US national sites involved in CO2 research. Absolute values of net uptake rates and the kinetic parameters determined by our method were found to be in agreement with the literature reports. Roots of the crop species exhibited a greater uptake capacity for both N forms relative to tree species. Elevated CO2 did not significantly affect kinetics of N uptake in species tested except in red maple where it increased root uptake capacity, V-max, for NH4+. The application, reliability, advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed in detail. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Biol Sci, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36831 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP BassiriRad, H (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Biol Sci, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. RI Norby, Richard/C-1773-2012 OI Norby, Richard/0000-0002-0238-9828 NR 54 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 20 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 1999 VL 217 IS 1-2 BP 195 EP 204 DI 10.1023/A:1004685317998 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 270JR UT WOS:000084532600018 ER PT J AU Wang, D Shannon, MC AF Wang, D Shannon, MC TI Emergence and seedling growth of soybean cultivars and maturity groups under salinity SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE calcium chloride; furrow irrigation; Glycine max (L.) Merr; salt; sodium chloride ID SALT TOLERANCE; GERMINATION; SOILS; CROP; L. AB Soybean is an important agricultural crop and has, among its genotypes, a relatively wide variation in salt tolerance. As measured by vegetative growth and yield, however, the achievement or failure of a high emergence ratio and seedling establishment in saline soils can have significant economic implications in areas where soil salinity is a potential problem for soybean. This study was conducted to determine the effects of salinity, variety and maturation rate on soybean emergence and seedling growth. Included in the study were the variety 'Manokin'; four near-isogenic sibling lines of the variety 'Lee' belonging to maturity groups IV, V, VI and VII; and the variety 'Essex' and two of its near-isogenic related lines representing maturity groups V, VI and VII, respectively. Field plots were salinized with sodium chloride and calcium chloride salts prior to planting. The soybeans were irrigated with furrow irrigation which redistributed the salts towards the tail ends of the field plots. Elevated soil salinity near the tail ends of the field significantly reduced soybean emergence rate, shoot height and root length. No significant reduction was found for emergence or seedling growth of variety 'Manokin' when the electrical conductivity of soil solution extract (ECe) was less than 3 dS m(-1). Soybean emergence and seedling growth was significantly reduced when soil ECe reached about 11 dS m(-1). Maturity groups V and VII of variety 'Lee' or V and VI of 'Essex' appeared to be more sensitive to salinity stress than other maturity groups. Salt tolerance of different genotypes and maturity groups should be considered, among other limiting factors, in minimizing salinity effects on soybean growth. C1 ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Wang, D (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. NR 21 TC 27 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 1999 VL 214 IS 1-2 BP 117 EP 124 DI 10.1023/A:1004719420806 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 268FY UT WOS:000084404700012 ER PT J AU Skinner, RH Hanson, JD Benjamin, JG AF Skinner, RH Hanson, JD Benjamin, JG TI Nitrogen uptake and partitioning under alternate- and every-furrow irrigation SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article ID ZEA-MAYS-L; WHEAT CULTIVARS; EAR DEVELOPMENT; MAIZE HYBRIDS; REMOBILIZATION; ROOTS; GROWTH; CORN; TRANSLOCATION; ACCUMULATION AB Alternate-furrow irrigation, combined with fertilizer placement in the non-irrigated furrow, has the potential to reduce fertilizer leaching in irrigated corn (Zea mays L.). The potential also exists, however, for reduced N uptake under alternate-furrow irrigation. This study examined the effects of fertilizer placement and irrigation treatment on N uptake, root --> shoot --> root circulation, and partitioning between reproductive and vegetative tissues. Rainfall was above average in both years of the study, especially during May and June, so that root growth beneath the non-irrigated furrow was equal to root production beneath the irrigated furrow. Under those conditions, soil NO3 concentration in the fertilized furrow during late-vegetative and reproductive growth was greater in the alternate-furrow compared with the every-furrow treatment, resulting in increased fertilizer N uptake during reproductive growth and increased N partitioning to reproductive tissues under alternate-furrow irrigation. About 80% of the fertilizer N found in roots had first been translocated to the shoot and then returned via the phloem to the root system. Nitrogen cycling from root to shoot to root was not affected by irrigation treatment. Alternate-furrow irrigation successfully increased N uptake and reduced the potential for NO3 leaching when environmental conditions allowed adequate root development in the non-irrigated furrow, and when the growing season was long enough to allow the crop to reach physiological maturity. C1 ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Skinner, RH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Pasture Syst & Watershed Management Res Lab, Bldg 3702 Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 31 TC 20 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 1999 VL 210 IS 1 BP 11 EP 20 DI 10.1023/A:1004695301778 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 235FU UT WOS:000082531300002 ER PT J AU He, ZL Baligar, VC Martens, DC Ritchey, KD Elrashidi, M AF He, ZL Baligar, VC Martens, DC Ritchey, KD Elrashidi, M TI Effect of byproduct, nitrogen fertilizer, and zeolite on phosphate rock dissolution and extractable phosphorus in acid soil SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE by products; interactions; phosphorus availability; nitrogen fertilizers; phosphate rock dissolution; acid soil ID LIMING MATERIALS; CELLULOSE; KINETICS; MODEL AB Coal combustion by products (BP) and phosphate rock (PR) have been widely used as cost-effective amendments for acid soils. Information is needed on the proper combination of BP with chemical fertilizers or other organic and inorganic amendments to improve the productivity of acid soils. Chemical analysis and soil incubation studies were carried out to examine the effect of BP, N fertilizers, and zeolite on dissolution of PR and on the status of extractable P in acid soil. Several kinetic models were compared for describing PR dissolution in acid soils that received different amounts of BP, different forms of N fertilizer, and zeolite. PR dissolution in acid soil measured by 0.5 M NaOH extraction was best described by a Langmuir kinetic model (r(2)=0.988**)(,) followed by an Elovich (r(2)=0.950**), a two-constant rate (r(2)=0.947**), a parabolic diffusion (r(2)=0.905**), and a first-order reaction equation (r(2)=0.637*). A second-order reaction equation was the poorest among various models tested (r(2)=0.484). Addition of BP, N fertilizers, and zeolite to the PR-amended soil did not affect the good fitness of PR dissolution to these kinetic equations. Increasing BP addition decreased initial and average dissolution rate and potential maximum dissolution of PR during the incubation period of 132 days as calculated from the Elovich and Langmuir kinetic models. In general, NH4NO3 and (NH4)(2)SO4 increased the initial rate and decreased slightly the average PR dissolution rate due to a rapid but short-term acidifying effect. On the other hand, urea and zeolite decreased the initial rate of PR dissolution due to higher pH and increased the average PR dissolution rate because of long and persistent acidification by urea and slow but continued removal of Ca by zeolite. The effect of N fertilizers and zeolite on the potential maximum dissolution of PR was related to amounts of BP added. Extractable P in the PR-amended soils as determined by 0.5 M NaHCO3 was closely correlated with P released by PR dissolution. The ratio of increased NaHCO3-extractable P due to PR application divided by the total amount of P released from PR dissolution measured by NaOH extraction might reflect relative availability of P from PR dissolution. This ratio was increased by addition of BP, urea, and zeolite but decreased by NH4NO3 and (NH4)(2)SO4. C1 ARS, USDA, ASWCRL, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. RP He, ZL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, ASWCRL, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RI He, Zhenli/R-1494-2016 OI He, Zhenli/0000-0001-7761-2070 NR 20 TC 9 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 1999 VL 208 IS 2 BP 199 EP 207 DI 10.1023/A:1004545115290 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 204VA UT WOS:000080784200005 ER PT J AU Welch, RM Hart, JJ Norvell, WA Sullivan, LA Kochian, LV AF Welch, RM Hart, JJ Norvell, WA Sullivan, LA Kochian, LV TI Effects of nutrient solution zinc activity on net uptake, translocation, and root export of cadmium and zinc by separated sections of intact durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L-var durum) seedling roots SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE cadmium; durum wheat; root uptake; split root; translocation; zinc ID L CV HERTA; UNITED-STATES; PLANTS; GROWTH; SOIL; PHYTOCHELATINS; CULTURES; TISSUE; METALS; CROPS AB Cd accumulation in durum wheat presents a potential health risk to consumers. In an effort to understand the physiological mechanisms involved with Cd accumulation, this study examined the effects of Zn on Cd root uptake and phloem translocation in a split- root system. Durum wheat seedlings were grown in chelate-buffered nutrient solution with intact root systems divided into two sections. Each root section grew in a separate 1 l pot, one of which contained 0.2 mu M CdSO4. In addition, each two-pot system contained ZnSO4 in the following combinations (in mu m) (for -cd root system: +cd root system): 1:1, 1:10, 10:1,10:10, 1:19, and 19:1. Harvested plant material was analyzed for Cd and Zn. In addition, rates of Cd and Zn net uptake, translocation to the shoot, and root export (translocation from one root segment to the other) between days 8 and 22 were calculated. Results show that Zn was not translocated from one root section to its connected root section. Uptake rates of Cd increased as solution Zn concentrations increased. Cd translocation from one root section to the other decreased significantly when the Zn concentration in either pot was greater than 1 mu M. These results show the potential of Zn to inhibit movement of Cd via the phloem, and suggests that providing adequate Zn levels may limit phloem loading of Cd into wheat grain. Increasing the rhizosphere activity of Zn2+ in Cd-containing soils may therefore result in reduced Cd accumulation in grain even while net Cd uptake is slightly enhanced. C1 ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, USDA, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Soil Crop & Atmospher Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Emory Univ, Goizueta Business Sch, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Welch, RM (reprint author), ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, USDA, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. OI Kochian, Leon/0000-0003-3416-089X NR 36 TC 47 Z9 62 U1 3 U2 11 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 1999 VL 208 IS 2 BP 243 EP 250 DI 10.1023/A:1004598228978 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 204VA UT WOS:000080784200010 ER PT J AU Juzwik, J Gust, KM Allmaras, RR AF Juzwik, J Gust, KM Allmaras, RR TI Influence of cultural practices on edaphic factors related to root disease in Pinus nursery seedlings SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE compaction; cone penetrometer; Fusarium spp.; incorporated biomass; soil organic matter; tillage ID INCORPORATED CROP RESIDUE; SOIL STRENGTH; COMPACTION; TILLAGE; GROWTH; AERATION AB Conifer seedlings grown in bare-root nurseries are frequently damaged and destroyed by soil-borne pathogenic fungi that cause root rot. Relationships between nursery cultural practices, soil characteristics, and populations of potential pathogens in the soil were examined in three bare-root tree nurseries in the Midwestern USA. Soil-borne populations of Fusarium spp. and Pythium spp. were enumerated as a function of soil depth in the upper 42 cm; red and white pine seedling root systems were assessed visually for signs of root rot. Soil organic carbon and resistance to cone penetration (as a function of depth) were augmented by saturated hydraulic conductivity (K(sat)), water retention characteristic, texture and pH at selected depths. Cone index (CI) provided accurate `fingerprints' of cultural practices in each nursery. A tillage pan due to rotary tillage was detected by CI in the Minnesota and Wisconsin nurseries, but no such tillage pan was indicated in the Michigan nursery, which did not use rotary tillage. Curves of CI also indicated differing maximum depth of tillage disturbance between nurseries; maximum rooting depth based on 3 MPa CI were different among nurseries. Vertical distribution of soil-borne Fusarium spp. reflected the vertical incorporation pattern associated with the type of tillage implement used to incorporate cover crop residue prior to Pinus seedling establishment. Peak numbers of Fusarium spp., from 250 to 950 colony-forming units (cfu g(-1) dry soil) were recorded between 12 - 24 cm depth in two nurseries using a moldboard plow for incorporation while steadily decreasing populations, from 1800 to 250 cfu g(-1) dry soil, were found from 0 to 15 cm in the third nursery using a disc. Vertical distribution of the Fusarium spp. also correlated with organic carbon levels, which suggested that cover-crop incorporation and conifer rooting had determined the location of soil-borne Fusarium spp. propagules. K(sat) suggest that tillage pans caused by rotary tillage may impede drainage during nearly daily irrigation enough to cause physiological stress to the seedlings and predispose them to disease. Low levels of mortality (from < 1% to 5%) were observed in two-year-old Pinus seedlings while disease severity varied by nursery and seedling species. Tillage should be used to control depth placement of biomass residue and pathogenic fungal propagules, and adjusted to prevent tillage pans within the seedling root zone. More studies are needed to determine the impact of these cultural controls on the need and application depth of fumigation for pathogen control. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ARS, USDA, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Juzwik, J (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, 1992 Folwell Ave, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM juzwi001@maroon.tc.umn.edu NR 42 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 1999 VL 207 IS 2 BP 195 EP 208 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 195FD UT WOS:000080239200007 ER PT J AU Ibekwe, AM Kennedy, AC AF Ibekwe, AM Kennedy, AC TI Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles as a tool to investigate community structure of two agricultural sails SO PLANT AND SOIL LA English DT Article DE community structure; fatty acid methyl esters; rhizosphere; soil quality ID SOIL MICROBIAL COMMUNITY; BIOMASS; INCUBATION; INDICATORS AB Soil microbiological parameters may be the earliest predictors of soil quality changes. Recently, molecular techniques such as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles have been used to characterize soil microbial communities. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) from whole soil may be derived from live cells, dead cells, humic materials, as well as plant and root exudates. Our objective was to verify differences in FAME profiles from two agricultural soils with different plants. Soil samples were collected from Ritzville and Palouse silt loams for fatty acid analysis. Soil samples from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica L.) and downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) rhizospheres were also collected for fatty acid analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the two soils explained 42% of the variance on PC1, which accounted for Palouse soil. Ritzville soil accounted for 19% of the variance on PC2. Factor analysis showed that rhizosphere microbial communities from various plant species may differ depending on the plant species. Presence of Gram-positive bacteria as identified by a15:0, i15:0, a17:0 and i17:0 peaks were similar between rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils. Gram-negative bacteria characterized by short chain hydroxy acids (10:03OH and 12:03OH) as well as cyclopropane acids (cy17:0) were higher in rhizosphere soil than nonrhizosphere. This indicates a possible shift in the bacterial community to more Gram-negative bacteria and fewer Gram-positive bacteria in the rhizospheres of the plants species studied. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Ibekwe, AM (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. EM ibekwe@mail.wsu.edu NR 24 TC 51 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 16 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0032-079X J9 PLANT SOIL JI Plant Soil PY 1999 VL 206 IS 2 BP 151 EP 161 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 194FX UT WOS:000080182400003 ER PT B AU Helgeson, JP Haberlach, GT AF Helgeson, JP Haberlach, GT BE Altman, A Ziv, M Izhar, S TI Somatic hybrids of Solanum tuberosum and related species SO PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY AND IN VITRO BIOLOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY SE CURRENT PLANT SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IXth International Congress of the International-Association-of-Plant-Tissue-Culture-and-Biotechnology CY JUN 14-19, 1998 CL JERUSALEM, ISRAEL SP Int Assoc Plant Tissue Culture & Biotechnol, UNESCO, FAO, Int Atom Energy Agcy ID PROTOPLAST ELECTROFUSION; SEXUAL PROGENY; RFLP ANALYSIS; POTATO; BREVIDENS; HYBRIDIZATION; RESISTANCE; REGENERATION; FUSION; RECOMBINATION C1 Univ Wisconsin, Agr Res Serv, USDA, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Helgeson, JP (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Agr Res Serv, USDA, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 38 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-5826-0 J9 CURR PLANT SCI BIOT PY 1999 VL 36 BP 151 EP 154 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA BP69B UT WOS:000085867900035 ER PT B AU Herman, EM Chrispeels, MJ Larkins, B Galili, G AF Herman, EM Chrispeels, MJ Larkins, B Galili, G BE Altman, A Ziv, M Izhar, S TI Degradation of posttranslationally unstable proteins in transgenic plants utilizes multiple pathways to the vacuole SO PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY AND IN VITRO BIOLOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY SE CURRENT PLANT SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IXth International Congress of the International-Association-of-Plant-Tissue-Culture-and-Biotechnology CY JUN 14-19, 1998 CL JERUSALEM, ISRAEL SP Int Assoc Plant Tissue Culture & Biotechnol, UNESCO, FAO, Int Atom Energy Agcy ID MAIZE ENDOSPERM; TOBACCO SEEDS; BODIES; ZEIN; ACCUMULATION; DEPOSITION; PHASEOLIN; RETENTION; SIGNAL; WHEAT AB Numerous examples of posttranslationally unstable foreign proteins have been identified in transgenic plants. Newly synthesized proteins exit the endoplasmic reticulum, either by progression through the endomembrane system or by assembly into ER-derived protein bodies, then converge in the seed protein storage vacuole (PSV) for degradation. The destabilized seed storage protein HiMet-phaseolin, produced by disrupting the primary sequence with an insertion, is posttranslationally unstable. Adding the ER-retention sequences K/HDEL indicates that the HiMet-phaseolin is stable in the ER/Golgi, but is degraded on progression to the PSV. Maize prolamin (zeins) proteins are assembled into protein bodies that are secreted into, and are transiently stable in the cytoplasm. Protein bodies assembled in seed cells are then sequestered in the PSV by apparently selective autophagy and degraded. The sequestration of materials observed within the PSV indicates that there are multiple mechanisms of sequestration that result in proteins resident in the cytoplasm, apoplast and endomembrane system transferred to the PSV for degradation. The functional role of the PSV in degrading cellular materials from cellular and extracellular locations has important implications for producing high levels of foreign proteins in plant cells. C1 USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Herman, EM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-5826-0 J9 CURR PLANT SCI BIOT PY 1999 VL 36 BP 401 EP 406 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA BP69B UT WOS:000085867900090 ER PT B AU Mehta, R Handa, A Mattoo, A AF Mehta, R Handa, A Mattoo, A BE Altman, A Ziv, M Izhar, S TI Ethylene, polyamines and fruit ripening SO PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY AND IN VITRO BIOLOGY IN THE 21ST CENTURY SE CURRENT PLANT SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IXth International Congress of the International-Association-of-Plant-Tissue-Culture-and-Biotechnology CY JUN 14-19, 1998 CL JERUSALEM, ISRAEL SP Int Assoc Plant Tissue Culture & Biotechnol, UNESCO, FAO, Int Atom Energy Agcy ID BIOSYNTHESIS; ACID C1 USDA, Vegetable Lab, Agr Res Ctr W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Mehta, R (reprint author), USDA, Vegetable Lab, Agr Res Ctr W, Bldg 010A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-5826-0 J9 CURR PLANT SCI BIOT PY 1999 VL 36 BP 591 EP 595 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA BP69B UT WOS:000085867900133 ER PT S AU Hammond, J AF Hammond, J BE Hammond, J McGarvey, P Yusibov, V TI Overview: The many uses and applications of transgenic plants SO PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY-BK: NEW PRODUCTS AND APPLICATIONS SE Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology LA English DT Review ID PATHOGEN-DERIVED RESISTANCE; CONFERS ENHANCED RESISTANCE; GENE-EXPRESSION; TOBACCO PLANTS; SEED PROTEINS; VIRAL VECTOR; MOSAIC-VIRUS; INSECT PESTS; FOOD QUALITY; RNA C1 ARS, USDA, US Natl Arboretum, Floral & Nursery Plant Res Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hammond, J (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Natl Arboretum, Floral & Nursery Plant Res Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 95 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0070-217X BN 3-540-65104-7 J9 CURR TOP MICROBIOL JI Curr.Top.Microbiol.Immunol. PY 1999 VL 240 BP 1 EP 19 PG 19 WC Immunology; Microbiology SC Immunology; Microbiology GA BN77W UT WOS:000082902900001 PM 10394713 ER PT J AU Li, S Hartman, GL Widholm, JM AF Li, S Hartman, GL Widholm, JM TI Viability staining of soybean suspension-cultured cells and a seedling stem cutting assay to evaluate phytotoxicity of Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines culture filtrates SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE soybean; suspension culture; viability staining; stem cutting assay; phytotoxicity ID SUDDEN-DEATH-SYNDROME; FLUORESCEIN DIACETATE; CAUSAL AGENT; PURIFICATION; TOXIN; PROTOPLASTS; SEVERITY; ROOTS; WHEAT AB The phytotoxicity of culture filtrates of Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines, the fungus causing sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean (Glycine max), was tested with a viability stain of soybean suspension-cultured cells and a stem cutting assay of soybean seedlings. Suspension-cultured cells from a SDS-susceptible soybean cultivar were exposed to cell-free culture filtrates of F. solani f. sp. glycines or other F. solani isolates for 2, 4, 6, and 8 days and then stained with 0.1% phenosafranin. The percentage of dead soybean suspension-cultured cells was greater (P < 0.001) with filtrates prepared from F. solani f. sp. glycines than from other F. solani isolates, and dead cells increased over time and with higher concentrations of culture filtrate. Cuttings of soybean seedlings with their stems immersed in culture filtrates of F. solani f. sp. glycines isolates developed SDS-like foliar symptoms, but not when immersed in filtrates of other isolates. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.94, P < 0.001) between soybean foliar symptom severity and percentage of stained soybean suspension-cultured cells. Both methods were used to determine the phytotoxicity of fungal culture filtrates. C1 ARS, USDA, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Hartman, GL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. EM ghartman@uiuc.edu NR 32 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD JAN PY 1999 VL 18 IS 5 BP 375 EP 380 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 161EF UT WOS:000078275300004 ER PT J AU Sandhu, JS Osadjan, MD Krasnyanski, SF Domier, LL Korban, SS Buetow, DE AF Sandhu, JS Osadjan, MD Krasnyanski, SF Domier, LL Korban, SS Buetow, DE TI Enhanced expression of the human respiratory syncytial virus-F gene in apple leaf protoplasts SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE RSV-F expression; apple protoplasts; ELISA; immunoblotting ID TRANSGENIC PLANTS; PROTEIN; TOBACCO; PATTERNS; SEQUENCE AB Expression of the human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) fusion protein (F) gene under the control of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA) in polyethylene glycol-transfected apple leaf protoplasts. In particular, we examined whether RSV-F gene expression could be enhanced by addition of a viral leader and a plant enhancer to the chimeric gene construct. Insertion of the 5'-untranslated leader from alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) RNA 4 between the CaMV 35S promoter and the RSV-F gene increased viral expression by 5.5-fold compared to the construct without the leader. The addition of a transcriptional enhancer from the pea plastocyanin gene (PetE) upstream of the CaMV 35S promoter to a construct containing the AMV leader further increased RSV-F gene expression by 1.4-fold. Immunoblot assays showed that the RSV-F expressed in transfected apple protoplasts reacted with RSV-F monoclonal antibodies and was of the expected molecular mass of 68 kDa. These results demonstrated that the RSV-F recombinant protein was expressed in an antigenic form in plant cells. Furthermore. protein expression was enhanced by modifying the transfection vector using both a leader and an enhancer linked to a promoter. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Mol & Integrat Physiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. ARS, USDA, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Buetow, DE (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Mol & Integrat Physiol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 20 TC 10 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD JAN PY 1999 VL 18 IS 5 BP 394 EP 397 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 161EF UT WOS:000078275300007 ER PT J AU Tsai, CJ Saunders, JW AF Tsai, CJ Saunders, JW TI Evaluation of sole nitrogen sources for shoot and leaf disc cultures of sugarbeet SO PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE LA English DT Article DE Beta vulgaris; callus; clone REL-1; N-6-benzyladenine; organogenesis; urea ID CELL-LINE; NITRATE ASSIMILATION; TISSUE-CULTURE; BEET; GROWTH; INVITRO; CALLUS; MORPHOGENESIS; REGENERATION; INDUCTION AB Use of single nitrogen sources in nutrient media is essential to ascertaining the relative role and regulation of nitrogen assimilatory steps, and may help identify and understand highly productive media for micropropagation and adventitious shoot formation. Eight endogenous nitrogen-containing ions or compounds in sugarbeet (nitrate, ammonium, glutamine, glutamate, urea, proline, glycine betaine and choline) were examined for ability to serve as sole nitrogen source for shoot or leaf disc culture of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) model clone REL-1. The most productive concentrations of nitrate, ammonium, urea, and glutamine as sole nitrogen sources were moderately supportive of shoot multiplication (64, 70, 81 and 71%, respectively) and fresh weight increase (65, 41, 54 and 41%, respectively) compared to shoot culture growth with the Murashige-Skoog nitrogen mix of 40 mM nitrate and 20 mM ammonium. Glutamate and proline were at best poorly supportive, and glycine betaine and choline were non-supportive. Callus initiation from leaf discs was supported only by nitrate, ammonium, urea, glutamine and proline (50, 100, 100, 100 and 80%, respectively, at the best concentrations, of that on Murashige-Skoog medium). Subsequent shoot regeneration from the intact disc callus in those cultures only occurred on media with nitrate, urea, glutamine, or proline (12, 3, 28 and 3% as many shoots, respectively, as on Murashige-Skoog medium). Overall, the Murashige-Skoog nitrogen mix was superior or equal to any single nitrogen source. However, single nitrogen source media with nitrate, ammonium, urea, glutamine or proline should have significant utility for shoot or leaf disc cultures of mutants with impaired nitrogen assimilation, in comparative physiology studies, or in dual cultures with pathogens of limited ability to use any of these forms of nitrogen. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Sugarbeet & Bean Res Unit, USDA ARS, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Saunders, JW (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Sugarbeet & Bean Res Unit, USDA ARS, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6857 J9 PLANT CELL TISS ORG JI Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. PY 1999 VL 59 IS 1 BP 47 EP 56 DI 10.1023/A:1006344514809 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 316RL UT WOS:000087181800007 ER PT J AU Bradshaw, MF AF Bradshaw, MF TI Obituary of Dr. Kenneth Eskins SO PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Bradshaw, MF (reprint author), USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6857 J9 PLANT CELL TISS ORG JI Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. PY 1999 VL 57 IS 1 BP 1 EP 1 DI 10.1023/A:1006241825112 PG 1 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 248QA UT WOS:000083285800001 ER PT J AU Sumner, DR Minton, NA Brenneman, TB Burton, GW Johnson, AW AF Sumner, DR Minton, NA Brenneman, TB Burton, GW Johnson, AW TI Root diseases and nematodes in bahiagrass-vegetable rotations SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE yellow nutsedge ID MELOIDOGYNE-ARENARIA; COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS; CONSERVATION TILLAGE; RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI; CROPPING SYSTEMS; CYST NEMATODES; MANAGEMENT; PEANUT; COTTON; CROPS AB A double-crop of cucumber-snap bean was grown continuously for 4 years and compared with rotations of 1, 2, or 3 years of bahiagrass followed by vegetables. No nematicides or soil fungicides were applied. Root and hypocotyl disease severity in snap bean from Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 and Pythium spp. was decreased after 2 years of bahiagrass compared with 1 year of bahiagrass and 1 year of vegetables or continuous vegetables. Root galling caused by Meloidogyne incognita was less following 2 or 3 years, but not 1 year, of bahiagrass than following continuous vegetables. The beneficial effect of the rotation with bahiagrass lasted only 1 year. Then root injury from soilborne pathogenic fungi and root-knot nematodes was similar to that in continuous vegetables. Plant populations and yield of vegetables were greater following 3 years of bahiagrass than following 1 year of bahiagrass and 3 years of vegetables or continuous vegetables. Two years of bahiagrass followed by 1 or 2 years of vegetables did not increase yield of vegetables consistently. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. ARS, USDA, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Sumner, DR (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 32 TC 8 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 83 IS 1 BP 55 EP 59 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.1.55 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 151FG UT WOS:000077709600010 ER PT J AU Antolic, S Salopek, B Kojic-Prodic, B Magnus, V Cohen, JD AF Antolic, S Salopek, B Kojic-Prodic, B Magnus, V Cohen, JD TI Structural characterization and auxin properties of dichlorinated indole-3-acetic acids SO PLANT GROWTH REGULATION LA English DT Article DE auxin; Avena sativa straight growth test; biological activity; dichlorinated indole-3-acetic acid; structural characterization ID INDOL-3-YLACETIC ACID; DERIVATIVES; GROWTH; ETHYLENE; SITE AB The dichlorinated indole-3-acetic acids: 4,5-Cl-2-IAA, 4,6-Cl-2-IAA, 4,7-Cl-2-IAA, 5,6-Cl-2-IAA, 5,7-Cl-2-IAA and 6,7-Cl-2-IAA were synthesized and characterized by X-ray structure analysis to unambiguously identify the substances for bioassays required to establish structure activity relationships of auxins and their analogues. Straight-growth tests were performed on Avena sativa coleoptiles to correlate their auxin activity with molecular properties which could reveal information on the topology of the auxin binding site. Structure/activity correlations revealed that the 5,6-Cl-2-IAA molecule, by virtue of its size and shape, fits particularly well into the active site cavity of the receptor protein. The main contact of the substrate or inhibitor in the receptor active site via the carboxylic group determines their orientation in the active site cavity. As a consequence, the 5,6-substituted sites protrude into the widest part of the active site whereas the 7-, 4-, and 5-substituted sites are oriented towards the narrowest part of the active site. These topological parameters are in agreement with the high auxin activity of 5,6-Cl-2-IAA and the low activity of 4,7-Cl-2-IAA. C1 ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Rudjer Boskovic Inst, Lab Chem & Biocrystallog, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia. RP Kojic-Prodic, B (reprint author), Rudjer Boskovic Inst, Lab Chem & Biocrystallog, Bijenicka Cesta 54,POB 1016, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia. OI Cohen, Jerry/0000-0003-2816-8676 NR 39 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6903 J9 PLANT GROWTH REGUL JI Plant Growth Regul. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 27 IS 1 BP 21 EP 31 DI 10.1023/A:1006031527789 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 172TL UT WOS:000078940700004 ER PT J AU Ilic, N Ostin, A Cohen, JD AF Ilic, N Ostin, A Cohen, JD TI Differential inhibition of indole-3-acetic acid and tryptophan biosynthesis by indole analogues. I. Tryptophan dependent IAA biosynthesis SO PLANT GROWTH REGULATION LA English DT Article DE auxin biosynthesis; auxin inhibitors; indole analogues; Zea mays ID ZEA-MAYS; PATHWAYS; CULTURES AB Maize liquid endosperm extracts contain the enzymes necessary for all of the steps of the plant IAA biosynthetic pathway from tryptophan, and provide a means to assay the pathway in vitro. We have analyzed the reactions in the presence of a series of indole and indole-like analogues in order to evaluate the potential of these compounds to act as inhibitors of IAA biosynthesis. Such inhibitors will be useful to investigate the tryptophan to IAA pathway, to determine the precursors and intermediates involved, and to select for mutants in this process. A number of such compounds were tested using in vitro enzyme assays for both the tryptophan dependent IAA biosynthesis pathway and for tryptophan synthase beta activity. Some compounds showed strong inhibition of IAA biosynthesis while having only a slight effect on the reaction rate of tryptophan synthase beta. These results: (1) show that IAA biosynthesis can be selectively inhibited relative to tryptophan biosynthesis; (2) suggest potential ways to screen for IAA biosynthetic pathway mutations in plants; and (3) provide additional tools for studies of IAA biosynthesis in plants. C1 ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Genet & Plant Physiol, S-90183 Umea, Sweden. Univ Maryland, Dept Plant Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Cohen, JD (reprint author), ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Cohen, Jerry/0000-0003-2816-8676 NR 10 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6903 J9 PLANT GROWTH REGUL JI Plant Growth Regul. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 27 IS 1 BP 57 EP 62 DI 10.1023/A:1006103902155 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 172TL UT WOS:000078940700008 ER PT J AU Ostin, A Ilic, N Cohen, JD AF Ostin, A Ilic, N Cohen, JD TI An in vitro system from maize seedlings for tryptophan-independent indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ZEA-MAYS; AUXIN METABOLISM; ORANGE PERICARP; IN-VITRO; EXTRACTS; PATHWAYS; INDOLE; PLANTS AB The enzymatic synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) from indole by an in vitro preparation from maize (Zea mays L.) that does not use tryptophan (Trp) as an intermediate is described. Light-grown seedlings of normal maize and the maize mutant orange pericarp were shown to contain the necessary enzymes to convert [C-14]indole to IAA. The reaction was not inhibited by unlabeled Trp and neither [C-14]Trp nor [C-14]serine substituted for [C-14]indole in this in vitro system. The reaction had a pH optimum greater than 8.0, required a reducing environment, and had an oxidation potential near that of ascorbate. The results obtained with this in vitro enzyme preparation provide strong, additional evidence for the presence of a Trp-independent IAA biosynthesis pathway in plants. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Dept Forest Genet & Plant Physiol, S-90183 Umea, Sweden. Univ Maryland, Dept Plant Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM jdcohen@wam.umd.edu OI Cohen, Jerry/0000-0003-2816-8676 NR 25 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 EI 1532-2548 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 119 IS 1 BP 173 EP 178 DI 10.1104/pp.119.1.173 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 157EX UT WOS:000078048300020 ER PT J AU Serraj, R Vadez, V Denison, RF Sinclair, TR AF Serraj, R Vadez, V Denison, RF Sinclair, TR TI Involvement of ureides in nitrogen fixation inhibition in soybean SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NODULE OXYGEN PERMEABILITY; LEGUME NODULES; FEEDBACK MECHANISM; REDUCTION ACTIVITY; DROUGHT STRESS; O-2 DIFFUSION; WATER-DEFICIT; GAS-EXCHANGE; NITRATE; LEGHEMOGLOBIN AB The sensitivity of N-2 fixation to drought stress in soybean (Glycine max Merr.) has been shown to be associated with high ureide accumulation in the shoots, which has led to the hypothesis that N-2 fixation during drought is decreased by a feedback mechanism. The ureide feedback hypothesis was tested directly by measuring the effect of 10 mM ureide applied by stem infusion or in the nutrient solution of hydroponically grown plants on acetylene reduction activity (ARA). An almost complete inhibition of ARA was observed within 4 to 7 d after treatment, accompanied by an increase in ureide concentration in the shoot but not in the nodules. The inhibition of ARA resulting from ureide treatments was dependent on the concentration of applied ureide. Urea also inhibited ARA but asparagine resulted in the greatest inhibition of nodule activity. Because ureides did not accumulate in the nodule upon ureide treatment, it was concluded that they were not directly inhibitory to the nodules but that their influence mediated through a derivative compound, with asparagine being a potential candidate. Ureide treatment resulted in a continual decrease in nodule permeability to O-2 simultaneous with the inhibition of nitrogenase activity during a 5-d treatment period, although it was not clear whether the latter phenomenon was a consequence or a cause of the decrease in the nodule permeability to O-2. C1 Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, USDA ARS, Argon Physiol Lab, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agron & Range Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Sinclair, TR (reprint author), Univ Florida, Inst Food & Agr Sci, USDA ARS, Argon Physiol Lab, POB 110965, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RI Vadez, Vincent/C-5310-2014 OI Vadez, Vincent/0000-0003-2014-0281 NR 30 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 119 IS 1 BP 289 EP 296 DI 10.1104/pp.119.1.289 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 157EX UT WOS:000078048300033 ER PT J AU Tepedino, VJ Sipes, SD Griswold, TL AF Tepedino, VJ Sipes, SD Griswold, TL TI The reproductive biology and effective pollinators of the endangered beardtongue Penstemon penlandii (Scrophulariaceae) SO PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Scrophulariaceae; Penstemon; Osmia; Bombus; pollination; breeding system; bees; pollinator effectiveness; rare plant; conservation; reproduction ID INBREEDING DEPRESSION; ASTRAGALUS FABACEAE; HYMENOPTERA; ABUNDANCE; ECOLOGY; APOIDEA; TRAITS; BEES AB Penland's beardtongue, a rare endemic plant of the Colorado Plateau, displays a mixed breeding system. Plants are partially self-compatible but set more fruits when cross-pollinated than when self-pollinated. Fruit production is significantly increased by pollinators. However, in two years of study there was no indication that fruit set was being limited by inadequate pollinator visitation. Pollinator effectiveness was judged by correlating bee behavior at the flowers with analysis of the pollen carried on bee bodies. The most important pollinators were native megachilid bees, particularly in the genus Osmia. The bees that pollinate Penland's beardtongue ale essential to its reproduction and must be preserved along with this rare plant. C1 Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Tepedino, VJ (reprint author), Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Bee Biol & Systemat Lab, Dept Biol, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 54 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 12 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0378-2697 EI 1615-6110 J9 PLANT SYST EVOL JI Plant Syst. Evol. PY 1999 VL 219 IS 1-2 BP 39 EP 54 DI 10.1007/BF01090298 PG 16 WC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology SC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology GA 272XG UT WOS:000084675800003 ER PT J AU Messinger, W Hummer, K Liston, A AF Messinger, W Hummer, K Liston, A TI Ribes (Grossulariaceae) phylogeny as indicated by restriction-site polymorphisms of PCR-amplified chloroplast DNA SO PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Grossulariaceae Ribes; currants; gooseberries; molecular phylogeny; chloroplast DNA; restriction site polymorphisms; polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ID SAXIFRAGACEAE SENSU-LATO; GENUS ASTRAGALUS FABACEAE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCES; GENES RPOC1; RBCL; CLASSIFICATION; PLANTS AB We surveyed exemplars from all 12 infrageneric taxa of Ribes (Grossulariaceae) for restriction site variation in two cpDNA regions, from rbcL to accD and from rpoC1 to rpoC2, in order to develop an explicit phylogenetic hypothesis and to assess the validity of infrageneric classifications. Maximum parsimony analysis resolves sect. Ribes (red currants), sect. Berisia (European alpine currants), sect. Symphocalyx (golden currents), sect. Grossularia plus sect. Grossularioides (true gooseberries and spiny currants), and Hesperia, Lobbia, and probably sect. Robsonia (west North American gooseberries) as well-supported monophyletic groups. The clade of sections Grossularioides and Grossularia is unexpected, and suggests that subgenus Grossularia is not monophyletic. Alternatively, sect. Grossularioides may have acquired its cpDNA via hybridization and introgression. Sections Coreosma (black currants) and Heritiera (dwarf currants) are apparently non monophyletic. Relationships among the well-supported lineages and the other sampled taxa remain unresolved. Maximum likelihood analysis is consistent with the parsimony results. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Messinger, W (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 75 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 11 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0378-2697 J9 PLANT SYST EVOL JI Plant Syst. Evol. PY 1999 VL 217 IS 3-4 BP 185 EP 195 DI 10.1007/BF00984364 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology SC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology GA 212VE UT WOS:000081237700002 ER PT J AU Miller, JT Spooner, DM AF Miller, JT Spooner, DM TI Collapse of species boundaries in the wild potato Solanum brevicaule complex (Solanaceae, S. sect. Petota): molecular data SO PLANT SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Solanaceae sect. Petota; Solanum brevicaule; domestication; hybridization; potatoes; systematics ID AMPLIFIED POLYMORPHIC DNA; RESTRICTION SITE VARIATION; RAPD MARKERS; GENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; DATA SETS; PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS; SERIES RELATIONSHIPS; BRASSICA-OLERACEA; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; ANDEAN POTATOES AB The Solanum brevicaule complex is a group of morphologically very similar wild and cultivated potato taxa (Solanum sect. Petota). This study uses single to low-copy nuclear RFLPs and RAPDs to investigate their species boundaries and relationships. Cladistic analyses of both data sets are largely concordant with each other and with a recently published phenetic analyses of the same accessions using morphology. All three data sets separate members of the complex into populations from Peru and immediately adjacent northwestern Bolivia, including most cultivated species accessions, and populations from northwestern Bolivia to Argentina. The molecular results suggest that the complex is paraphyletic as currently circumscribed. Many species of the S. brevicaule complex should be relegated to synonymy. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Hort, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Miller, JT (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA ARS, Dept Hort, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Miller, Joe/D-2729-2009; Miller, Joe/M-2693-2016 OI Miller, Joe/0000-0002-5788-9010 NR 76 TC 50 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0378-2697 J9 PLANT SYST EVOL JI Plant Syst. Evol. PY 1999 VL 214 IS 1-4 BP 103 EP 130 DI 10.1007/BF00985734 PG 28 WC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology SC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology GA 156EE UT WOS:000077987800007 ER PT J AU Hanneman, RE AF Hanneman, RE TI The reproductive biology of the potato and its implication for breeding SO POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT XIVth Triennial Conference of the European-Association-for-Potato-Research CY MAY 02-07, 1999 CL SORRENTO, ITALY SP European Assoc Potato Res DE 2n gametes; synaptic mutants; stylar barriers; Endosperm Balance Number; EBN; interspecific hybridization; introgression; imprinting; Solanum spp ID ENDOSPERM BALANCE NUMBER; SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM-L; INTERSPECIFIC CROSS-INCOMPATIBILITY; INTIMATE PARTNER RELATIONSHIPS; 2N POLLEN FORMATION; DOUBLE FERTILIZATION; SYNAPTIC MUTANT; DIPLOID POTATO; ACAULE BITT; UNILATERAL INCOMPATIBILITY AB Haploidy, 2n gametes, synaptic mutants, stylar barriers, endosperm barriers, Endosperm Balance Number (EBN) and its relationship to 2n gametes, stylar barriers and disomic genetics are a part of the reproductive biology of potato. Also all are tools for isolation and preservation of a species identity. Haploidy and 2n gametes allow for interploidy gene transfer. Parallel spindles and synaptic mutants permit the transfer of entire parental genomes intact and are powerful tools in potato breeding. Stylar barriers provide a mechanism for interspecific isolation via unilateral incompatibility. Incongruity has also been invoked. Endosperm barriers have been discussed in terms of EBN which requires a 2 maternal:1 paternal ratio in the endosperm for successful seed development. Genetic models suggesting three unlinked genes in a threshold-like system and a two gene system have been proposed. A relationship may exist between EBN and stylar barriers. The use and manipulation of 2n gametes, stylar barriers and EBN have been used effectively in germplasm transfer from species to cultivated potato. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Hanneman, RE (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 212 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU EUROPEAN ASSN POTATO RES PI WAGENINGEN PA POSTBUS 20, 6700 WAGENINGEN, NETHERLANDS SN 0014-3065 J9 POTATO RES JI Potato Res. PY 1999 VL 42 SU S BP 283 EP 312 DI 10.1007/BF02357859 PG 30 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 340KR UT WOS:000088532100006 ER PT J AU Swayne, DE AF Swayne, DE TI Disease diagnosis and control in the laboratory SO POULTRY AND AVIAN BIOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Article DE disease diagnosis; disease prevention ID TURKEY POULTS; ENTERIC VIRUSES; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; MECHANISMS AB In experimental studies with birds, diagnosis and control of disease is an essential laboratory support function that has great value to all investigators within the research unit. Diagnostic support is best accomplished through appropriate constellation and proper utilization of manpower, physical facilities, equipment and financial resources. Control of disease is essential for the generation of reliable and useful experimental data, and for the interpretation and application of such information in field or natural situations. The simplified approach of disease control as the determination of an etiologic agent and the institution of a treatment plan is an outdated approach to laboratory animal medicine, especially for avian species. Prevention of disease, not treatment of disease, is the most appropriate approach to disease control and is paramount for the generation of reliable and viable scientific data. C1 Ohio State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Swayne, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 39 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS PI NORTHWOOD PA PO BOX 81,, NORTHWOOD, MIDDX, ENGLAND HA6 3DN SN 1357-048X J9 POULT AVIAN BIOL REV JI Poult. Avian Biol. Rev. PY 1999 VL 10 IS 2 BP 65 EP 77 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 210XD UT WOS:000081129200003 ER PT J AU Barnhart, ET Sarlin, LL Caldwell, DJ Byrd, JA Corrier, DE Hargis, BM AF Barnhart, ET Sarlin, LL Caldwell, DJ Byrd, JA Corrier, DE Hargis, BM TI Evaluation of potential disinfectants for preslaughter broiler crop decontamination SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Salmonella; crop; citric acid; d-Limonene ID SALMONELLA; CHICKENS AB The broiler crop has recently been implicated as a major source of Salmonella contamination at commercial processing. Furthermore, feed withdrawal has been positively correlated with increased Salmonella incidence in the crop, probably due to coprophagy. In the present study, a rapid screening assay was developed to evaluate several potential disinfectants in the presence of large quantities of organic matter, simulating the crop environment. An apparent synergistic combination of d-Limonene (DL) and citric acid (CA) was observed when evaluating the potential to eliminate Salmonella in the presence of organic material. A method of encapsulation of DL and CA was developed for voluntary consumption by broilers during feed withdrawal. During an 8-h feed withdrawal individual 8-wk-old broilers voluntarily consumed an average of 21.5 capsules (total of 3.44 g material). When eight capsules were force-administered to Salmonella-challenged 8-wk-old broilers during an abbreviated 4 h feed withdrawal, Salmonella was not recovered using selective enrichment. To evaluate the effect of voluntary capsule consumption, 8-wk-old broilers were challenged with 1x10(8) cfu of Salmonella 5 d prior to an 8 h feed withdrawal. When these broilers were allowed unlimited continuous access to capsules containing DL/CA during an 8 h feed withdrawal, 24.8 capsules per broiler were ingested without affecting Salmonella recovery from crops. When access to capsules containing DL/CA was Limited to the final 45 min of an 8 h feed withdrawal in a similar experiment, an average of 22.2 capsules were consumed by each broiler, resulting in a significant decrease in the number of Salmonella-positive crops. Although a number of practical questions and considerations remain, these data suggest that appropriate disinfectants could be administered during preslaughter feed withdrawal for the purpose of reducing foodborne pathogens in crops. C1 Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Poultry Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Food & Feed Safety Res Unit, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Hargis, BM (reprint author), Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Poultry Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM bhargis@cvm.tamu.edu NR 11 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 78 IS 1 BP 32 EP 37 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 158PZ UT WOS:000078125500005 PM 10023743 ER PT J AU Huff, GR Huff, WE Balog, JM Rath, NC AF Huff, GR Huff, WE Balog, JM Rath, NC TI Sex differences in the resistance of turkeys to Escherichia coli challenge after immunosuppression with dexamethasone SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sex; stress; turkey; Escherichia coli; dexamethasone ID EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; GREEN LIVER DISCOLORATION; BROILER-CHICKENS; GONADAL-STEROIDS; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; BRUGIA-PAHANGI; SUSCEPTIBILITY; STRESS; OSTEOMYELITIS; GLUCOCORTICOIDS AB Five-week-old male and female commercial turkeys were immunosuppressed with two levels of dexamethasone (DEX) and challenged by airsac inoculation with 100 cfu of Escherichia coli. Mortality and airsacculitis (AS) scores were significantly higher in challenged birds treated with DEX and marginally higher in males than in females. Male mortalities had significantly higher AS scores than females. Recovery of E. coli from blood and tissues was significantly higher in challenged birds treated with DEX, marginally higher in males (P = 0.09), and significantly higher in male mortalities than in female mortalities. The low level of DEX seemed to have a protective effect against bacterial challenge in males, whereas the high level of DEX had a more adverse effect in males than in females. Body weights 2 wk postchallenge were significantly decreased by both DEX and E. coli, challenge. Relative liver and heart weights were increased by both DEX and E, coli, challenge, whereas bursal:spleen ratios were decreased by both treatments. Total leukocyte counts and relative heterophil counts from blood samples taken 24 h postinfection were significantly higher in DEX-treated birds and in unchallenged DEX-treated females than in males. The DEX treatment resulted in significantly higher heterophil:lymphocyte ratios, but there was no difference between sexes. Males had significantly lower serum levels of uric acid, total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase than did females. Dexamethasone treatment also resulted in lower levels of total protein, albumin, and aspartate amino transferase. These data suggest that male turkeys may be more susceptible to colisepticemia than female turkeys, especially when under severe stress. C1 Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Poultry Sci Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. RP Huff, GR (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Poultry Sci Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 50 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 78 IS 1 BP 38 EP 44 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 158PZ UT WOS:000078125500006 PM 10023744 ER PT J AU Corrier, DE Byrd, JA Hargis, BM Hume, ME Bailey, RH Stanker, LH AF Corrier, DE Byrd, JA Hargis, BM Hume, ME Bailey, RH Stanker, LH TI Presence of Salmonella in the crop and ceca of broiler chickens before and after preslaughter feed withdrawal SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Salmonella; crop; ceca; feed withdrawal; broiler ID COMPETITIVE-EXCLUSION; TRACT; CARCASSES; POULTRY; WATER AB Recent studies have suggested that crop agar. The incidence of Salmonella in crop contents contents may serve as an important source of Salmonella carcass contamination within processing plants. During the present study, we evaluated the effect of preslaughter feed withdrawal on the presence of Salmonella in the crops of broilers from nine commercial broiler flocks reared in individual growout houses. Crops were collected aseptically from 40 randomly selected broilers in each flock before feed removal and at the end of the feed withdrawal period, immediately before capture and transport to the processing plant. Similarly, the ceca were collected before and after feed withdrawal in six of the nine broiler flocks. The presence of Salmonella in the crops and ceca was determined by enrichment culture in tetrathionate broth followed by culture on brilliant green increased significantly (P < 0.05) in five of the nine flocks during feed withdrawal. The total number of Salmonella contaminated crops from all nine flocks increased significantly (P < 0.005) from 7/360 (1.9%) before feed removal to 36/359 (10.0%) at the end of feed withdrawal. The increased incidence of Salmonella in the crop contents was associated with an increased tendency of the broilers to consume contaminated rearing house litter during feed withdrawal. The incidence of Salmonella in the ceca increased nonsignificantly from 14/240 (5.8%) before feed removal to 19/240 (7.9%) at the end of feed withdrawal. The results indicate that the incidence of Salmonella crop contamination may increase as much as fivefold during preslaughter feed withdrawal and represent a critical preharvest control point in reducing Salmonella entry into the processing plant. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Vet Pathobiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas Agr Expt Stn, Dept Poultry Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Corrier, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 18 TC 78 Z9 80 U1 2 U2 6 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 78 IS 1 BP 45 EP 49 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 158PZ UT WOS:000078125500007 PM 10023745 ER PT J AU Gast, RK Mitchell, BW Holt, PS AF Gast, RK Mitchell, BW Holt, PS TI Application of negative air ionization for reducing experimental airborne transmission of Salmonella enteritidis to chicks SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Salmonella enteritidis; chicken; dust; negative air ionization ID HORIZONTAL TRANSMISSION; POULTRY UNITS; INFECTION; FLOCKS; HENS AB Electrostatic space chargers were used to downstream ends of the cabinets. When chicks impart a negative charge to airborne dust particles and thereby cause them to be attracted to grounded surfaces. To determine whether negative air ionization could affect the airborne transmission of Salmonella enteritidis, chicks were housed in four controlled-environment isolation cabinets in which airflow was directed across an unoccupied central area from one ("upstream") group of birds to another ("downstream") group. Negative air ionizers were installed in two of these cabinets. In three replicate trials, groups of chicks were placed in the upstream ends of the transmission cabinets and orally inoculated with S. enteritidis at 1 wk of age. On the following day, 1-d-old chicks were placed in the were sampled at 3 and 8 d postinoculation, S. enteritidis was found on the surface of 89.6% of the downstream chicks from cabinets without negative air ionizers, but on only 39.6% of the downstream chicks in the presence of the ionizers. Similarly, S. enteritidis was recovered from the ceca of 53.1% of sampled downstream chicks in cabinets without ionizers, but from only 1.0% of the ceca of chicks in cabinets in which ionizers were installed. The presence of the ionizers was also associated with reduced levels of circulating airborne dust particles. Reducing airborne dust levels may thus offer an opportunity to Limit the spread of S. enteritidis infections throughout poultry flocks. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Gast, RK (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. EM rkgast@arches.uga.edu NR 23 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 78 IS 1 BP 57 EP 61 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 158PZ UT WOS:000078125500009 PM 10023747 ER PT J AU Cason, JA Whittemore, AD Shackelford, AD AF Cason, JA Whittemore, AD Shackelford, AD TI Aerobic bacteria and solids in a three-tank, two-pass, counterflow scalder SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE scalding; aerobic bacteria; solids; carcass rinses; broiler ID BROILER CARCASSES; WATER AB Scald water and whole carcass rinse samples were collected on 9 different d in a commercial broiler processing plant operating adjacent lines that processed birds from the same flock simultaneously. A conventional, single-tank, two-pass scalder was installed on one line and the other Line had a three-tank, two-pass, counterflow scalder in which water mixed across the two Lines of carcasses within each tank. Water samples from the turn around point in each tank were analyzed for aerobic bacteria and suspended solids. At the same time that water samples were taken, six carcasses were removed from the processing Line immediately after feather removal and rinsed in 100 mt of phosphate-buffered saline; recovered rinse solution was analyzed for aerobic bacteria using a most probable number procedure. Estimated numbers of aerobic bacteria were significantly reduced in the third tank of the counterflow scalder compared to the second tank, or compared to the single tank of the conventional scalder. Despite the differences in aerobic bacteria between scald tanks, numbers of aerobic bacteria in carcass rinses were not affected by scalder design. Organic and total solids were significantly reduced in the third. tank of the counterflow scalder compared to the first and second tanks, and in the third tank of the counterflow scalder compared to the conventional scalder. Solids in the third (final) tank of the counterflow scalder were reduced by about 70% compared to the conventional scalder. C1 USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Cason, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Poultry Proc & Meat Qual Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 78 IS 1 BP 144 EP 147 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 158PZ UT WOS:000078125500024 PM 10023762 ER EF