FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Mizutani, C Inagaki, H Bertoniere, NR AF Mizutani, C Inagaki, H Bertoniere, NR TI Water absorbancy of never-dried cotton fibers SO CELLULOSE LA English DT Article DE never-dried cotton; water absorbency; bound water content; cellulose content; fiber structure AB Although never-dried cotton (NDC) fiber has been known to exhibit extremely high water absorbency, the reason for this has not yet been elucidated. In this study, changes in water absorbency, bound water content as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), cellulose content and fiber cross-section observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for NDC fibers at several stages of development (27-57 days post-anthesis (DPA)) were investigated. It was found that the bound water content (27 g/100 g) of NDC fibers at 50 DPA is much smaller than that (40-73 g/100 g) for fibers at 27-43 DPA. Cellulose synthesis takes place within the cotton boll, a closed water-containing system. Our results are rationalized by assuming that these water molecules are preventing the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the cellulose molecules as they are being formed. Other explanations for our experimental findings are: (i) the coexistence of precursors of cellulose and components, such as beta-(1,3)-glucans, that are very hydrophilic, and (ii) the presence in each NDC fiber of a prominent lumen that acts as a capillary system for water. C1 Mukogawa Womens Univ, Fac Human Life & Environm Sci, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 6638558, Japan. USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0969-0239 J9 CELLULOSE JI Cellulose PD JUN PY 1999 VL 6 IS 2 BP 167 EP 176 DI 10.1023/A:1009223516957 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood; Materials Science, Textiles; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 213PM UT WOS:000081282500006 ER PT J AU Aldrich, JR Oliver, JE Taghizadeh, T Ferreira, JTB Liewehr, D AF Aldrich, J. R. Oliver, J. E. Taghizadeh, T. Ferreira, J. T. B. Liewehr, D. TI Pheromones and colonization: reassessment of the milkweed bug migration model (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae: Lygaeinae) SO CHEMOECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE insect-plant interactions; parasitoid host-finding; mating strategy; Oncopeltus AB Research on insect migration has justifiably emphasized females - the so-called "oogenesis-flight syndrome" - since it is the females that place the eggs into new habitats. The large and small milkweed bugs, Oncopeltus fasciatus and Lygaeus kalmii, respectively, have featured prominently in studies of insect migration and sequestration of host plant toxins for chemical defense. Here we report that males of these species, and males of another well-studied lygaeine (Neacoryphus bicrucis), produce pheromones in glands usually considered to serve only a defensive role in Heteroptera (the metathoracic scent glands), and that these pheromones are exploited by a tachinid parasitoid as a host-finding kairomone. The pheromones are mixtures of C(6) and C(8) saturated and unsaturated esters reminiscent of lepidopteran pheromones, and the key compound of the O. fasciatus pheromone has now been correctly identified as (E)-2,7-octadienyl acetate. It is proposed that the concept of the oogenesis-flight syndrome for these kinds of insects should accommodate the role of males in the migration process. The hypothesis is presented that male-produced pheromones play a significant role in guiding colonization of new habitats in many heteropteran species. In addition, data are presented suggesting that there is a trade-off between the amount of pheromone produced by colonizing males and the host breadth of the species. C1 [Aldrich, J. R.; Oliver, J. E.] ARS, USDA, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. [Taghizadeh, T.; Ferreira, J. T. B.] Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Lab Sintese Prod Nat, BR-13565905 Sao Paulo, Brazil. [Liewehr, D.] ARS, USDA, Biometrial Consulting Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Aldrich, JR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Insect Chem Ecol Lab, B-007,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM jaldrich@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 49 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 4 U2 14 PU SPRINGER BASEL AG PI BASEL PA PICASSOPLATZ 4, BASEL, 4052, SWITZERLAND SN 0937-7409 J9 CHEMOECOLOGY JI Chemoecology PD JUN PY 1999 VL 9 IS 2 BP 63 EP 71 DI 10.1007/s000490050035 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA V19QQ UT WOS:000208087300003 ER PT J AU Moore, MT Huggett, DB Huddleston, GM Rodgers, JH Cooper, CM AF Moore, MT Huggett, DB Huddleston, GM Rodgers, JH Cooper, CM TI Herbicide effects on Typha latifolia (Linneaus) germination and root and shoot development SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID DETERMINING EFFLUENT TOXICITY; PESTICIDES; ELONGATION; ATRAZINE; DUCKWEED; GROWTH; WATER; LIGHT; TESTS AB Aqueous 7-d germination and growth experiments were performed to compare responses of T. latifolia to exposures of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamine-s-triazine) and paraquat dichloride (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride). T, latifolia seed germination was < 50% in concentrations greater than or equal to 1.0 mg/L of paraquat dichloride. No observed effect concentration (NOEC) and lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) for paraquat and root growth were 0.001 and 0.01 mg/L, respectively, while NOEC and LOEC for paraquat and shoot growth were 0.01 and 0.1 mg/L, respectively following 7-d exposures. Greater than 72% of seeds germinated in each concentration up to 30 mg/L atrazine. After 7-d exposure, NOEC and LOEC for atrazine and root growth were 0.1 and 1.0 mg/L, while atrazine and shoot growth NOEC and LOEC values were 15 and 30 mg/L, respectively. This research provides data concerning relative sensitivity of T. latifolia seedlings to the herbicides atrazine and paraquat, as well as the potential use of T. latifolia as a representative plant test species. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Mississippi, Dept Biol, University, MS 38677 USA. Clemson Univ, Inst Wildlife & Environm Toxicol, Pendleton, SC 29670 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Sedimentat Lab, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Moore, MT (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Dept Biol, University, MS 38677 USA. NR 32 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JUN PY 1999 VL 38 IS 15 BP 3637 EP 3647 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00561-X PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 196DZ UT WOS:000080294900014 ER PT J AU Warden, BA Beecher, GR Clevidence, BA Balentine, DA AF Warden, BA Beecher, GR Clevidence, BA Balentine, DA TI Studies of the bioavailability of the prominent catechins in black tea. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Florida Int Univ, Miami, FL 33199 USA. USDA, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Lipton, Englewood Cliffs, NJ USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 45 IS 6 SU S BP A168 EP A168 PN 2 PG 1 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 202XB UT WOS:000080676500711 ER PT J AU Gagne, SE Larson, MG Pimstone, SN Schaefer, EJ Kastelein, JJP Wilson, PWF Ordovas, JM Hayden, MR AF Gagne, SE Larson, MG Pimstone, SN Schaefer, EJ Kastelein, JJP Wilson, PWF Ordovas, JM Hayden, MR TI A common truncation variant of lipoprotein lipase (Ser447X) confers protection against coronary heart disease: the Framingham Offspring Study SO CLINICAL GENETICS LA English DT Article DE coronary heart disease; gene; lipoprotein lipase; polymorphisms ID HDL CHOLESTEROL LEVELS; ARTERY DISEASE; MUTATION; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; SUBSTITUTION; ASN291SER; GENE AB Genetic variation at the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) locus has been shown to influence plasma lipids and to modulate risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Recently, we found that the most frequent variant at this locus, involving a C-terminal truncation of two amino acids (Ser447X). was associated with both higher LPL. activity and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in patients with CHD. However, the impact of this S447X variant on lipids and CHD in the general population was hitherto unknown. We, therefore, analyzed a total of 1114 men and 1144 women randomly ascertained from the Framingham Offspring Study (FOS) for the presence of this LPL variant. Carrier frequency of the S447X allele was 17%, and in men carrier status was associated with higher total cholesterol (Delta = 6.2 mg/dl, p = 0.03), higher HDL-C (Delta = 2.3 mg/dl. p = 0.01), and lower triglyceride (TG) levels (Delta = - 19.4 mg/dl, p = 0.02). Moreover, in men, the S447X allele conferred significant protection against CHD (odds ratio. 0.43. p = 0.04). These effects on lipids and CHD were not seen in women. Our study represents the first report on the impact of this mutation on CHD in men from the general population. and we conclude, therefore, that the S447X variant may confer significant protection against high TG levels, low HDL-C. and premature CHD in these subjects. C1 Univ British Columbia, Ctr Mol Med & Therapeut, Dept Med Genet, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada. Boston Univ, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA USA. NHLBI, Framingham Heart Study, Boston, MA USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Lipid Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Acad Med Ctr, Dept Vasc Med, Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Hayden, MR (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Ctr Mol Med & Therapeut, Dept Med Genet, 980 W 28th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada. RI Hayden, Michael/D-8581-2011; OI Hayden, Michael/0000-0001-5159-1419; Ordovas, Jose/0000-0002-7581-5680 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 54776] NR 19 TC 93 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 3 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0009-9163 J9 CLIN GENET JI Clin. Genet. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 55 IS 6 BP 450 EP 454 DI 10.1034/j.1399-0004.1999.550609.x PG 5 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 221CK UT WOS:000081706300011 PM 10450862 ER PT J AU Nelson, DR Fatland, CL Buckner, JS Freeman, TP AF Nelson, DR Fatland, CL Buckner, JS Freeman, TP TI External lipids of adults of the giant whitefly, Aleurodicus dugesii SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hydrocarbons; wax esters; aldehydes; alcohols; acetate esters; SEM; filaments; hibiscus ID TRIALEURODES-VAPORARIORUM; BEMISIA-TABACI; SCALE INSECTS; WAX PARTICLES; SURFACE WAX; LARVA AB The external lipids of male and female adults of the giant whitefly, Aleurodicus dugesii, were found in three forms; as cuticular lipids, as waxy particles, and only: on the females, as waxy filaments. Collectively, the external lipids consisted of long-chain aldehydes, long-chain alcohols and wax esters. Cuticular lipids consisted mainly of a ax esters. The major wax esters were C44 (tetracosanyl icosanoate and docosanyl docosanoate) and C46 (mainly triacontanyl hexadecanoate and tetracosanyl docosanoate). Hydrocarbons, largely n-alkanes, were minor components of the cuticular surface lipids. Both sexes produced waxy particles soon after eclosion by breaking off extruding strands (or ribbons) from anterior wax plates an their abdomens, three pair on males and two pair on females. These particles coated the adults and their surroundings. The waxy particles produced by the anterior wax plates of the adults were a mixture of aldehydes and alcohols, predominantly C30. The: wax esters were not part of the waxy particles despite being the major lipid class on the cuticular surface. In addition, the adult female has two pair of posterior abdominal wax plates which produce waxy filaments that are broken off during oviposition and form spiral trails on the leaf. These trails appear to function to camouflage the eggs which are laid horizontally in the waxy trail. The lipid obtained From the waxy filaments from the posterior abdominal wax plates of the female was largely wax esters. The predominant wax ester was C46 (mainly triacontanyl hexadecanoate). (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, State Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Electron Microscope Facil, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Nelson, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, State Univ Stn, 1605 Albrecht Blvd, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 15 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0305-0491 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 123 IS 2 BP 137 EP 145 DI 10.1016/S0305-0491(99)00054-1 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA 209AH UT WOS:000081024500002 ER PT J AU Herbeck, LA Larsen, DR AF Herbeck, LA Larsen, DR TI Plethodontid salamander response to silvicultural practices in Missouri Ozark forests SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID APPALACHIAN SALAMANDERS; AMPHIBIAN POPULATIONS; GENUS PLETHODON; GROWTH FORESTS; ECOLOGY; ABUNDANCE; DYNAMICS; STANDS AB There is little information on the effects of tree harvest on salamander populations in the midwestern United States. We present data on plethodontid salamander densities in replicated stands of three forest age classes in the southeastern Ozarks of Missouri. Forest age classes consisted of regeneration-cut sites <5 years old second-growth sires 70-80 years old, and old-growth sites >120 years old Salamander abundance on 21, 144-m(2) plots tons determined by area- and time-constrained searches. We also compared age-class habitat characteristics, including detuned woody debris, canopy cover, ground area cover; herbaceous vegetation, and woody vegetation. Salamander density was lowest in newly regenerated forests and highest in forests >120 years old. Comparisons of recently regenerated forests with mature forests >70 years old indicated that terrestrial salamanders were reduced to very low numbers when mature forests had been intensively harvested. This reduction may result from a decrease in microhabitat availability. Forest age-class comparisons further indicated that salamander abundance slowly increased over time after forests had regenerated Management decisions that take into account plethodontid salamander abundance and their response to forest structural diversity are important components in sustaining ecosystem integrity while maximizing economic yield. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Sch Nat Resources, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Herbeck, LA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Res Stn, 202 Anheuser Busch Nat Resource Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 58 TC 70 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 11 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 13 IS 3 BP 623 EP 632 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98097.x PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 203RJ UT WOS:000080720400019 ER PT J AU Nowak, AS Stankiewicz, PR Ritter, MA AF Nowak, AS Stankiewicz, PR Ritter, MA TI Bending tests of bridge deck planks SO CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE flat-wise use factor; modulus of rupture; edge-wise use; flat-wise use; timber AB This paper presents results of timber plank tests, for planks used in highway bridge decks. Tests were carried out to determine the flat-wise use factor, which is represented by the ratio of modulus of rupture (MOR) for flat-wise loading to MOR for edge-wise loading. Four sizes were tested. The tests confirmed that MOR for flat-wise loading is considerably larger than for edge-wise loading for the larger planks tested and that hat-wise use factor increases for larger plank width. The flat-wise use factor in the current bridge design code is overly conservative for typical plank sizes. New flat-wise use factors are recommended for the design of wood plank decks for highway bridges. The recommended values vary from 1.10 to 1.6. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Adapt Corp, Redwood City, CA 94061 USA. US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-0618 J9 CONSTR BUILD MATER JI Constr. Build. Mater. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 13 IS 4 BP 221 EP 228 DI 10.1016/S0950-0618(99)00012-4 PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA 229WV UT WOS:000082219500006 ER PT J AU Mandrell, RE Wachtel, MR AF Mandrell, RE Wachtel, MR TI Novel detection techniques for human pathogens that contaminate poultry SO CURRENT OPINION IN BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review ID POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; FLIGHT MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI; IMMUNOMAGNETIC SEPARATION; SENSITIVE DETECTION; ANTI-SALMONELLA; CHICKEN MEAT; MICROORGANISMS; BIOSENSOR; SAMPLES AB Poultry products are presumed to be a major contributor to human foodborne illness due to their high frequency of contamination with pathogens Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp, This has stimulated the development of more sensitive and rapid methods for identifying pathogens present in poultry. These new methods include immunomagnetic separation of pathogen, PCR amplification of pathogen-specific sequences, pathogen-specific DNA and RNA probes, and identification of pathogen-specific ions by mass spectrometry. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Food Safety & Hlth Unit, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Mandrell, RE (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Food Safety & Hlth Unit, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 32 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0958-1669 J9 CURR OPIN BIOTECH JI Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 10 IS 3 BP 273 EP 278 DI 10.1016/S0958-1669(99)80048-2 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 200LJ UT WOS:000080541500012 PM 10361075 ER PT J AU Bush, DR AF Bush, DR TI Sugar transporters in plant biology SO CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID PLASMA-MEMBRANE VESICLES; PROTON-SUCROSE SYMPORT; VICIA-FABA; H+-COTRANSPORTER; HEXOSE CARRIER; AMINO-ACID; EXPRESSION; CHLORELLA; GENES; LOCALIZATION AB Sugar transporters are key players in many fundamental processes in plant growth and development. Recent results have identified several new transporters that contribute to a wide array of physiological activities, and detailed molecular analysis has provided exciting insights into the structure and regulation of these essential membrane proteins. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Bush, DR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 190 ERML,1201 W Gregory, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 32 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 6 U2 13 PU CURRENT BIOLOGY LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 1369-5266 J9 CURR OPIN PLANT BIOL JI Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 2 IS 3 BP 187 EP 191 DI 10.1016/S1369-5266(99)80034-X PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 206AF UT WOS:000080853300003 PM 10375567 ER PT J AU Huang, C Wells, LK Norton, LD AF Huang, C Wells, LK Norton, LD TI Sediment transport capacity and erosion processes: Model concepts and reality SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE soil erosion; sediment transport; erosion model ID SOIL-EROSION; WATER EROSION; SURFACE AB Sediment transport capacity, T-c, defined as the maximum amount of sediment that a flow can carry, is the basic concept in determining detachment and deposition processes in current process-based erosion models. Although defined conceptually and used extensively in modelling erosion, T-c was rarely measured. Recently, a series of laboratory studies designed to quantify effects of surface hydrologic conditions on erosion processes produced data sets feasible to evaluate the concept of T-c. A dual-box system, consisting of a 1.8 m long sediment feeder box and a 5 m long test box, was used. Depending on the relative magnitudes of sediment delivery from feeder and test boxes, five scenarios are proposed ranging from deposition-dominated to transport-dominated sediment regimes. Results showed that at 5 per cent slope under seepage or 10 per cent slope under drainage conditions, the runoff from the feeder box caused additional sediment transport in the test box, indicating a transport-dominated sediment regime. At 5 pet cent slope under drainage conditions, deposition occurred at low rainfall intensities. Increases in slope steepness, rainfall intensity and soil erodibility shifted the dominant erosion process from deposition to transport. Erosion process concepts from the Meyer-Wischmeier, Foster-Meyer and Rose models were compared with the experimental data, and the Rose model was found to best describe processes occurring during rain. A process-based erosion model needs to have components that can represent surface conditions and physical processes and their dynamic interactions. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Huang, C (reprint author), Purdue Univ, USDA ARS, Natl Soil Eros Res Lab, 1196 Soil Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 21 TC 43 Z9 54 U1 4 U2 10 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 24 IS 6 BP 503 EP 516 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199906)24:6<503::AID-ESP972>3.3.CO;2-K PG 14 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 209HD UT WOS:000081041400002 ER PT J AU Morgan, RPC Qinton, JN Smith, RE Govers, G Poesen, JWA Auerswald, K Chisci, G Torri, D Styczen, ME AF Morgan, RPC Qinton, JN Smith, RE Govers, G Poesen, JWA Auerswald, K Chisci, G Torri, D Styczen, ME TI The European soil erosion model (EUROSEM): A dynamic approach for predicting sediment transport from fields and small catchments - Reply SO EARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS LA English DT Article DE soil erosion; modelling; raindrop detachment; rain flow AB It is considered that EUROSEM is already able, in principle, to replicate all the combinations of detachment and transport considered by Kinnell's discussion, with suitable parameter values. Some effects will only be reproducible when EUROSEM contains a more explicit representation of particle sizes. A minor error in the manuscript is acknowledged. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Cranfield Univ, Sch Agr Food & Environm, Bedford MK45 4DT, England. Colorado State Univ, AERC, USDA ARS, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Catholic Univ Louvain, Lab Expt Geomorfol, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. Natl Fund Sci Res, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. Tech Univ Munich, Inst Bodenkunde, D-85350 Freising, Germany. Univ Florence, Dipartimento Agron & Prod Erbacee, I-50144 Florence, Italy. CNR, Ctr Studio Genesi Classificaz & Cartog Suolo, I-50144 Florence, Italy. Danish Hydraul Inst, DK-2970 Horsholm, Denmark. RP Qinton, JN (reprint author), Cranfield Univ, Sch Agr Food & Environm, Bedford MK45 4DT, England. RI Govers, Gerard/A-8298-2008; Styczen, Merete/E-6219-2015; Auerswald, Karl/C-5186-2008 OI Govers, Gerard/0000-0001-9884-4778; Styczen, Merete/0000-0003-0420-2577; Auerswald, Karl/0000-0001-5275-4320 NR 3 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 10 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0197-9337 J9 EARTH SURF PROC LAND JI Earth Surf. Process. Landf. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 24 IS 6 BP 567 EP 568 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199906)24:6<567::AID-ESP990>3.3.CO;2-6 PG 2 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 209HD UT WOS:000081041400008 ER PT J AU Marino, BDV Mahato, TR Druitt, JW Leight, L Lin, GH Russell, RM Tubiello, FN AF Marino, BDV Mahato, TR Druitt, JW Leight, L Lin, GH Russell, RM Tubiello, FN TI The agricultural biome of Biosphere 2: Structure, composition and function SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE agricultural mesocosm; elevated CO2; closed system research; Biosphere 2; sustainable agriculture ID LIFE-SUPPORT; PLANT-GROWTH; CO2; WHEAT; CELSS; PRODUCTIVITY; PERFORMANCE; ENVIRONMENT; SYSTEMS; SOILS AB The agricultural mesocosm of Biosphere 2, known as the Intensive Agricultural Biome (IAB), provided food for the inhabitants of the facility during two periods of material closure between 1991 and 1994 (Mission I, September 26, 1991 to September 26, 1993, eight-person crew; Mission II, March 6, 1994 to September 17, 1994, seven-person crew). The design and operation of the mesocosm and preliminary results for food production of the IAB are described for both periods. The overall rate of crop production for the 0.22 ha area (soil depth of 1 m; soil and atmospheric volumes of approximately 2000 m(3) and 38000 m(3), respectively) sustained both crews. Overall production rates in Biosphere 2 exceeded those characteristic of fertile agricultural land in the most efficient agrarian communities, despite comparatively lower light levels, lack of insect pollinators and unusually dense insect pests. Crop yields were markedly higher for Mission II than for Mission I due, in part, to experience and improvements based on the first closure. The health of the Biospherians is briefly discussed in the context of a low-calorie (1800-2200 kcal day(-1) per person for Mission I and 2200-2400 kcal day(-1) for Mission II), nutrient-dense diet characteristic of the Biosphere 2 food paradigm. sigh productivity and biodiversity were due to many factors including high resolution climate control, hyper-intensive agricultural practices, selection and planting of food crops adapted to humid, tropical and sub-tropical conditions, nutrient recycling, intensive pest management, and the superambient levels of atmospheric CO2 (concentrations up to 4500 ppmv were reported during the 1991 to 1994 occupations). Radiation use efficiency (RUE) for wheat for both periods and a post-Mission II planting were comparable to RUEs observed in other experimental elevated CO2 settings such as Controlled Ecological Life Support-Systems (CELSS) and Free Air CO2 Enrichment studies (FACE) even though yields were comparatively lower due to low light levels. Integrated management of pests, soil conditions and agricultural practices were key factors in the sustainability of the IAB resulting in minimization of plant loss due to insect herbivory, nematode infestation and reduction in the quality of IAB soils. The use of soils rather than hydroponic systems for the IAB had significant consequences for CO2, N2O and O-2 concentrations in the Biosphere 2 atmosphere and rendered primary regeneration technologies ineffective over the periods of closure. The initial high organic carbon content of the IAB soils prescribed by the designers proved to be the largest single source of CO2 and the largest sink for O-2. The choice of a soil-based compared to a hydroponic-based agricultural system contributed to the accumulation of N2O to levels as high as 300 times current ambient levels (approximately 310 ppbv). The IAB of Biosphere 2 has the potential; with system improvement, to be a high-yielding, self-sustaining agricultural mesocosm suited for a variety of research endeavors. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Biosphere 2 Ctr Inc, Oracle, AZ 85623 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Marino, BDV (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RI Lin, GH/G-4593-2010; Lin, Guanghui/I-6850-2013 OI Lin, Guanghui/0000-0001-6108-3215 NR 63 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 32 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-8574 J9 ECOL ENG JI Ecol. Eng. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 13 IS 1-4 BP 199 EP 234 DI 10.1016/S0925-8574(98)00100-1 PG 36 WC Ecology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Engineering GA 217CK UT WOS:000081482100014 ER PT J AU Goldstein, MI Lacher, TE Woodbridge, B Bechard, MJ Canavelli, SB Zaccagnini, ME Cobb, GP Scollon, EJ Tribolet, R Hopper, MJ AF Goldstein, MI Lacher, TE Woodbridge, B Bechard, MJ Canavelli, SB Zaccagnini, ME Cobb, GP Scollon, EJ Tribolet, R Hopper, MJ TI Monocrotophos-induced mass mortality of Swainson's hawks in Argentina, 1995-96 SO ECOTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Swainson's hawks; mortality; monocrotophos; agriculture; Argentina ID BRAIN CHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY; CARBAMATE-INHIBITED BRAIN; REACTIVATION TECHNIQUES; BIRDS; ORGANOPHOSPHATES; INSECTICIDE; DIAGNOSIS; TEXAS; FATE AB Swainson's hawks (Buteo swainsoni) were observed in the grasslands (pampas) of Argentina during the austral summer of 1995-96. Widespread agrochemical use to control insects had a profound effect on flocks of hawks foraging on grasshoppers and caterpillars throughout the pampas. We describe 19 mortality incidents and an estimated 5,095 dead hawks. Forensic analysis indicated that the organophosphate insecticide monocrotophos was responsible for the deaths at six separate sites, accounting for over 4,000 of the mortalities. Brain cholinesterase was lethally inhibited (> 95%) and monocrotophos residues (n = 31/45, mean = 0.20 ppm, range 0.05-1.08 ppm) were found in the contents of the gastrointestinal tract. No other insecticide residues were found. Sample analyses, combined with interviews with farmers, indicated that monocrotophos was responsible for deaths at 17 of 19 mortality incidents. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Klamath Natl Forest, Yreka, CA 96097 USA. Boise State Univ, Dept Biol, Boise, ID 83725 USA. Inst Nacl Tecnol Agropecuaria, Parana, Entre Rios, Argentina. Texas Tech Univ, Inst Environm & Human Hlth, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Novartis Crop Protect AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. RP Goldstein, MI (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, 210 Nagle Hall, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. OI Hooper, Michael/0000-0002-4161-8961 NR 46 TC 56 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0963-9292 J9 ECOTOXICOLOGY JI Ecotoxicology PD JUN PY 1999 VL 8 IS 3 BP 201 EP 214 DI 10.1023/A:1026496331396 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 235PJ UT WOS:000082551000005 ER PT J AU Pamjav, H Triga, D Buzas, Z Vellai, T Lucskai, A Adams, B Reid, AP Burnell, A Griffin, C Glazer, I Klein, MG Fodor, A AF Pamjav, H Triga, D Buzas, Z Vellai, T Lucskai, A Adams, B Reid, AP Burnell, A Griffin, C Glazer, I Klein, MG Fodor, A TI Novel application of PhastSystem polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis using restriction fragment length polymorphism - internal transcribed spacer patterns of individuals for molecular identification of entomopathogenic nematodes SO ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Article DE molecular diagnostics; identification; entomopathogenic; nematode; Heterorhabditis Steinemema ID N-SP RHABDITIDA; GENUS HETERORHABDITIS NEMATODA; RFLP ANALYSIS; STEINERNEMATIDAE; BIOLOGY; BACTERIOPHORA; PHOTORHABDUS; XENORHABDUS; TAXONOMY; LUMINESCENS AB A relatively rapid and economic way of identifying and assigning nematodes to taxons, which had already been determined either by comparative sequence analysis of nuclei ar rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region or by other methods of molecular or conventional taxonomy, is provided. Molecular identification of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) can be upgraded by basing it on PhastSystem polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified DNA derived from single nematodes of Steinernema or Heterorhabditis spp. Although analysis from single worms has previously been made on agarose gel, the resolution on PhastSystem PAGE gel is much higher. The DNA sequences selected for analysis were those constituting the internal transcribed spacer region between the 18S and 26S rDNA genes within the rRNA operon. RFLP analysis was carried out by gel electrophoresis on the PhastSystem (Pharmacia) as detailed elsewhere (Triga ef al., Electrophoresis 1999, 20, 1272-1277. The downscaling from conventional agarose to PhastSystem gels resulted in pattern of DNA fragments differing from those obtained with agarose gel electrophoresis under conventional conditions by increasing the number of detected fragments. The approach supported previous species identifications and was able to identify several unclassified isolates, such as those from Hungary and Ireland, and provides a method for identification of previously unclassified strains. We confirmed that Heterorhabditis "Irish Type", represented by two strains of different geographical origin, comprise a species different from H. megidis. We also confirmed that strain IS5 belongs to the species H. indicus rather than to H. bacteriophora, as had been suggested previously. C1 Agr Biotechnol Ctr, H-2101 Godollo, Hungary. Eotvos Lorand Univ, Dept Genet, Budapest, Hungary. Pannon Univ Agr Sci, Georgikon Agr Fac, Inst Plant Protect, Keszthely, Hungary. Univ Nebraska, Dept Plant Pathol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. CAB Int, Int Inst Parasitol, St Albans, Herts, England. Natl Univ Ireland, Dept Biol, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Nematol, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. USDA ARS, Wooster, OH USA. RP Buzas, Z (reprint author), Agr Biotechnol Ctr, POB 411, H-2101 Godollo, Hungary. EM buzas@hubi.abc.hu RI Adams, Byron/C-3808-2009 OI Adams, Byron/0000-0002-7815-3352 NR 51 TC 7 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0173-0835 J9 ELECTROPHORESIS JI Electrophoresis PD JUN PY 1999 VL 20 IS 6 BP 1266 EP 1273 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1522-2683(19990101)20:6<1266::AID-ELPS1266>3.0.CO;2-4 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 202LQ UT WOS:000080654100018 PM 10380767 ER PT J AU Lookhart, GL Bean, SR Jones, BL AF Lookhart, GL Bean, SR Jones, BL TI Separation and characterization of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) hordeins by free zone capillary electrophoresis SO ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Article DE capillary electrophoresis; proteins; hordeins; barley ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ZWITTERIONIC SURFACTANTS; WHEAT; PROTEINS; IDENTIFICATION; BUFFERS AB Extraction conditions, separation conditions, and capillary rinsing protocols were optimized for the separation or barley hordeins py tree zone capillary electrophoresis. stable hordein extracts were obtained with a single 5 min extraction after the albumins and globulins were removed. Hordeins had to be reduced for optimal resolution. Optimum separation conditions for hordein separations were 100 mM phosphate-glycine buffer containing 20% acetonitrile and 0.05% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. The addition of zwitterionic sulfobetaine detergents containing hydrocarbon tails of eight and ten carbons slightly improved the resolution of the separations, but not enough to warrant their use on a routine basis. The migration positions of the hordein subclasses were determined by two- dimensional reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography x free zone capillary electrophoresis mapping. The hordein subclasses formed clusters similar to those of wheat gliadins. Separation-to-separation repeatability was good, with migration time relative standard deviations < 1% for a 15-run period. For routine discrimination of cultivars, a 2 min post-separation rinse with 500 mM acetic acid was necessary to prevent protein build-up on the capillary walls. An example of successfully differentiating barley cultivars using this technique is shown. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Kansas State Agr Expt Stn, Dept Grain Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705 USA. USDA ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Lookhart, GL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. OI Bean, Scott/0000-0001-8678-8094 NR 22 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0173-0835 J9 ELECTROPHORESIS JI Electrophoresis PD JUN PY 1999 VL 20 IS 7 BP 1605 EP 1612 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1522-2683(19990601)20:7<1605::AID-ELPS1605>3.0.CO;2-J PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 210PB UT WOS:000081112900036 PM 10424486 ER PT J AU Upton, Z Webb, H Hale, K Yandell, CA McMurtry, JP Francis, GL Ballard, FJ AF Upton, Z Webb, H Hale, K Yandell, CA McMurtry, JP Francis, GL Ballard, FJ TI Identification of vitronectin as a novel insulin-like growth factor-II binding protein SO ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IGF-II; SOMATOMEDIN-B; FACTOR (IGF)-II; RECEPTORS; CHICKEN; CLEARANCE AB We have previously reported the presence of a 70 kDa insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II-specific binding protein in chicken serum using Western ligand blotting approaches. In order to ascertain the identity of this 70 kDa IGF-II binding species, the protein has been purified from chicken serum using a combination of ion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. Interestingly, amino acid sequencing of the purified protein revealed that it has the same N-terminal sequence as chicken vitronectin (VN). The protein has the ability to specifically bind IGF-II and not IGF-I as determined by ligand blotting, cross-linking and competitive binding assay approaches In addition, the protein binds I-125-des(1-6)-IGF-II, suggesting that the interaction with IGF-II is different to those with other characterized IGF-binding proteins. Importantly, we have ascertained that both human and bovine VN also specifically bind IGF-II. These results are particularly relevant in the light of the recent report that the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, a protein that also binds VN, has been shown to associate with the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate/IGF-II receptor and suggest a possible role for IGF-II in cell adhesion and invasion. C1 Cooperat Res Ctr Tissue Growth & Repair, Adelaide BC, SA 5000, Australia. CSIRO, Adelaide BC, SA 5000, Australia. Agr Res Serv, Growth Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Upton, Z (reprint author), Cooperat Res Ctr Tissue Growth & Repair, POB 10065, Adelaide BC, SA 5000, Australia. EM zee.upton@flinders.edu.au RI Upton, Zee/I-9777-2012 NR 20 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0013-7227 EI 1945-7170 J9 ENDOCRINOLOGY JI Endocrinology PD JUN PY 1999 VL 140 IS 6 BP 2928 EP 2931 DI 10.1210/en.140.6.2928 PG 4 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 198JB UT WOS:000080419400061 PM 10342887 ER PT J AU Hardegree, SP Van Vactor, SS AF Hardegree, SP Van Vactor, SS TI Predicting germination response of four cool-season range grasses to field-variable temperature regimes SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE germination rate; predictive model; seed germination ID BROMUS-TECTORUM L; S-AND-H; SEED-GERMINATION; CONSTANT TEMPERATURES; SORGHUM-HALEPENSE; ALTERNATING TEMPERATURE; GRAIN LEGUMES; EMERGENCE; MODEL; TIME AB Germination of non-dormant seeds under variable-temperature conditions can be predicted from constant-temperature germination data if it is assumed that instantaneous germination rate is independent of thermal history. Thermal-response models of this type have not been validated under simulated field-variable temperature conditions that vary in diurnal pattern, diurnal range and longer-term trends in mean-daily temperature. The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate germination response of thickspike wheatgrass (Elymus lanceolatus), bluebunch wheatgrass (Pscudoroegneria spicata), Sandberg bluegrass (Poa sandbergii) and bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus elymoides) under both constant and field-variable temperature regimes in the laboratory. It was hypothesized that the thermal history assumption was valid and that constant-temperature data could be used to accurately estimate field-variable temperature response. Seeds were germinated at seven constant temperatures between 5 and 35 degrees C, and under 18 variable-temperature regimes simulating six planting dates at three field sites. Predictions of germination time under variable-temperature conditions were accurate to within a fraction of 1 day up to a cumulative germination percentage of 70% for thickspike wheatgrass, 60% for bluebunch wheatgrass, 55% for Sandberg bluegrass and 70% for bottlebrush squirreltail. It was concluded that. for the variable-temperature regimes tested in this experiment, the thermal-history assumption was valid for earlier-germinating subpopulations. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, NW Watershed Res Ctr, Boise, ID 83712 USA. RP Hardegree, SP (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NW Watershed Res Ctr, 800 Pk Blvd,Plaza 4,Suite 105, Boise, ID 83712 USA. NR 29 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 41 IS 3 BP 209 EP 217 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(99)00004-0 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 206GX UT WOS:000080869900002 ER PT J AU Fiscus, EL Philbeck, R Britt, AB Booker, FL AF Fiscus, EL Philbeck, R Britt, AB Booker, FL TI Growth of Arabidopsis flavonoid mutants under solar radiation and UV filters SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE Arabidopsis; flavonoid mutants; radiation; spectral balance; UV-B ID ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; B RADIATION; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; SENSITIVITY; IRRADIATION; INJURY; DAMAGE; LEAVES AB Growth of the chalcone isomerase defective tt-5 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana and its Landsberg erecta progenitor were compared under a variety of full spectrum solar radiation conditions to determine if the tt-5 mutant could serve as an adequate subject for studies of the mechanisms of damage by UV-B radiation. An experiment was conducted in the fall of 1995 under open field filter frames using cellulose diacetate and Mylar filters to transmit and exclude natural UV-B irradiation, respectively. Even though growth under these conditions was slow and erratic owing to lack of temperature control, growth suppression as indicated by rosette diameter and harvest fresh weights provided a sensitive indicator of W-B stress. This experience led to development of temperature-controlled Teflon-covered field chambers that admit up to 88% of the total daily PAR and about 85% of ambient UV-B, omit predators, and provide a generally stable environment for quantitative plant growth studies. The chambers were designed to facilitate the addition of optical filters and/or shade cloth and to accommodate control of the gaseous environment for pollutant and climate change studies and to provide clean air for other experiments. Three additional experiments were conducted in these chambers. Measurements of rosette diameter, weights of various aboveground plant parts, and plant height were evaluated as potential methods of comparing growth sensitivities of the tt-5 mutant to W-B radiation. The weight of the reproductive parts (flowers and siliques) as a fraction of the total (e.g. harvest index) was consistently and negatively affected by solar UV-B, as was simple plant height. However, in no case, even in the virtual absence of UV-B, was growth of tt-5 comparable to that of Ler. We conclude that the disruption of secondary metabolism in tt-5 has growth implications far beyond the lack of UV-B protection, making it unsuitable as a surrogate for high UV-B experimentation. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Plant Biol Sect, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Fiscus, EL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 3908 Inwood Rd, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. NR 19 TC 21 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 41 IS 3 BP 231 EP 245 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(99)00011-8 PG 15 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 206GX UT WOS:000080869900004 ER PT J AU Gesch, RW Heilman, JL AF Gesch, RW Heilman, JL TI Responses of photosynthesis and phosphorylation of the light-harvesting complex of photosystem II to chilling temperature in ecologically divergent cultivars of rice SO ENVIRONMENTAL AND EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article DE photosynthesis; chilling; PSII; phosphorylation; LHCII; rice ID CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; ORYZA-SATIVA; PROTEIN-PHOSPHORYLATION; ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; THYLAKOID PROTEINS; EXCITATION-ENERGY; BARLEY LEAVES; PHOTOINHIBITION; DEPHOSPHORYLATION; WHEAT AB Rice (Oryza sativa L.), which is susceptible to chilling damage, is cultivated in diverse environments ranging from tropical to temperate regions. In the present study photosynthetic responses to long-term chilling were evaluated for five rice cultivars differing in their ecological origins. Furthermore, the hypothesis was tested that when chilled over several days, rice adapted to temperate climates may maintain a greater capacity for phosphorylation of the light-harvesting protein complex of PSII (LHCII) than rice bred for tropical environments. Seedlings were grown at 28/22 degrees C day/night temperature and PPFD of 550 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) until the third leaf was fully expanded, at which time they were transferred to 10/8 degrees C day/night temperature under the same light intensity for 6 d, followed by recovery at 18/15 degrees C and 25/21 degrees C, for 1 and 2 d, respectively. Leaf photosynthesis decreased by 40-89% within 3 d after transfer to 10/8 degrees C for the cultivars studied, with significant differences developing within 2 d. Photochemical efficiency of PSII, measured by F-V/F-M. followed a similar trend. After rewarming plants, photosynthesis and photochemistry fully recovered in two temperate Japonica cultivars studied, while only partial recovery was observed for Indica and tropical Japonica cultivars. Long-term chilling led to only a slight reduction in the capacity for LHCII phosphorylation in a temperate Japonica rice, while it was inhibited by 45% in a tropical Japonica type. The results indicate that the responses of CO2 assimilation rate and photochemical efficiency significantly vary among ecologically divergent cultivars of rice to chilling, as does their rate of recovery from chilling. Additionally, maintenance and/or development of resistance to the loss in capacity for the phosphorylation of LHCII, and other thylakoid proteins associated with PSII, may help to prevent photodamage. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Gesch, RW (reprint author), Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 38 TC 8 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0098-8472 J9 ENVIRON EXP BOT JI Environ. Exp. Bot. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 41 IS 3 BP 257 EP 266 DI 10.1016/S0098-8472(99)00008-8 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences SC Plant Sciences; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 206GX UT WOS:000080869900006 ER PT J AU Johnston, CE AF Johnston, CE TI The relationship of spawning mode to conservation of North American minnows (Cyprinidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Conservation-Biology CY JUN 07, 1997 CL VICTORIA, CANADA SP Soc Conservat Biol DE imperilment; fishes; reproduction; parental care; lift history ID FRESH-WATER FISHES; THREATENED FISHES; NEST ASSOCIATION; BEHAVIOR; BIODIVERSITY; SHINER; WORLD; FAUNA AB Approximately 20% of North American minnows are considered imperiled. The factors responsible for imperilment in this group are complex, but the relationship of spawning mode to conservation of North American minnows has not been explored. I provide a summary of the spawning modes of imperiled North American minnows, discuss patterns between these modes and conservation status, and predict the spawning modes for several poorly-known imperiled species. Of the 46 species of North American minnows that are imperiled, spawning modes are known for only 13 species. All spawning modes are represented in the imperiled group of minnows except mound-building and egg-clustering, and with the exception of crevice-spawners and pit-ridge-builders, the percentage of imperiled minnows in each category of spawning mode is roughly proportional to the percentage of minnows in that category overall. Species with complex spawning modes, such as mound-building, pit-building and egg-clustering, are among the most common fishes in North American streams. This pattern suggests that there is a relationship between parental care and success (lack of imperilment) in minnows. Spawning mode is an important consideration in the formulation of recovery plans and proactive conservation efforts. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Johnston, CE (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Fisheries & Allied Aquacultures, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 65 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD JUN PY 1999 VL 55 IS 1-2 BP 21 EP 30 DI 10.1023/A:1007576502479 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 217MQ UT WOS:000081503900003 ER PT J AU Fisher, JR Kemp, WP Pierson, FB AF Fisher, JR Kemp, WP Pierson, FB TI Postdiapause development and prediction of hatch of Ageneotettix deorum (Orthoptera : Acrididae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ageneotettix deorum; grasshoppers; postdiapause development; hatch prediction; models; rangeland ID RANGELAND GRASSHOPPERS; AULOCARA-ELLIOTTI; SOIL TEMPERATURES; MODEL; SIMULATION; PHENOLOGY; DIAPAUSE; POPULATIONS; STEPPE; TIME AB Phenological predictions of life stages of rangeland grasshoppers can be improved with models that predict egg hatch. We investigated the postdiapause development and hatch of the grasshopper Ageneotettix deorum (Scudder) in the grasslands of southwest Montana during a 3-yr period. Postdiapause embryonic development rates were estimated Ly exposing eggs to 12 different constant temperature regimes from 9 to 42 degrees C. We used the population model design system to generate a development rate function and to predict hatch at one site in southwestern Montana for 3 yr and at another site in southwestern Montana for 2 yr. When estimated hatch was compared with field occurrence of Ist instars, the 50% occurrence dates were very similar; within 2.0 +/- 1.8 d for all 5 comparisons. The results of our investigations should enhance the ability of decision support systems for grasshopper management to provide forecasts to land managers and pest advisors. C1 ARS, Pacific W Area, Hort Crops Res Lab, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Fisher, JR (reprint author), ARS, Pacific W Area, Hort Crops Res Lab, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 38 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 3 BP 347 EP 352 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 208YM UT WOS:000081020100001 ER PT J AU Inbar, M Doostdar, H Mayer, RT AF Inbar, M Doostdar, H Mayer, RT TI Effects of sessile whitefly nymphs (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) on leaf-chewing larvae (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Trichoplusia ni; Bemisia argentifolii; induced response; interspecific competition; omnivory ID INSECTS; PLANT; COMPETITION; DEFENSE AB The wide distribution, polyphagy, and the often severe effects of whiteflies, Bemisia spp., on their host plants cause a great potential for interspecific interactions between whiteflies and other insect herbivores. Feeding of the silverleaf whitefly, B. argentlfolii Bellows & Perring, on collards, Brassica sp., induced high levels of pathogenesis-related proteins (e.g., chitinase, beta-1,3-glucanase, peroxidase, and lysozyme) that are considered to play defensive roles against phytopathogens and insect pests. Total protein contents, however, were comparable with those of control plants. Development of cabbage looper lanae, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), was 20.8% slower on whitefly-infested leaves than on control leaves; relative growth rate was reduced by 18% (P << 0.01). Final larval weight and survival were not affected by whiteflies. When feeding on whitefly-infested leaves, larvae were found more frequently on the adaxial side of the leaf, which is whitefly-free. The data suggest that early-instar cabbage looper larvae are negatively affected by whitefly infestations, but older instars become omnivores, consuming plant material as well as immature whiteflies. In the field, only 4% of the loopers survived to pupation on whitefly-infested plants, but 18% survived on the whitefly-free plants. The data emphasized the importance of the looper's larval stage in interspecific interaction and stressed the potentially significant effect of whiteflies on other herbivores in agroecosystems. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP Inbar, M (reprint author), Univ Haifa, Dept Biol, IL-36006 Tivon, Israel. NR 18 TC 30 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 3 BP 353 EP 357 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 208YM UT WOS:000081020100002 ER PT J AU Meagher, RL Mitchell, ER AF Meagher, RL Mitchell, ER TI Nontarget hymenoptera collected in pheromone- and synthetic floral volatile-baited traps SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bombus; Apis; Larra; Cerceris; nontarget insects ID FALL ARMYWORM LEPIDOPTERA; CABBAGE-LOOPER MOTHS; SEX-PHEROMONE; BUMBLEBEES HYMENOPTERA; NESTING-BEHAVIOR; SWEET CORN; NOCTUIDAE; SPHECIDAE; IDENTIFICATION; TACHYTES AB Monitoring traps baited with lepidopteran sex pheromones and synthetic floral volatiles were used to collect adult Hymenoptera in fields of cotton and corn. Species from Apoidea, Pompiloidea Scolioidea, Sphecoidea, and Vespoidea were collected, including the genera Ammophila, Apis, Bombus, Cerceris, Larra, Melissodes, Myzinum, and Tachytes, More Bombus spp. were collected from traps baited with Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) sex pheromone than those baited with phenylacetaldehyde, whereas more Sphecoidea were collected in phenylacetaldehyde-baited traps. Trap design was also an important factor in capture of various species. More Sphecoidea and Tiphioidea were collected in fabric cone-shaped traps than plastic funnel traps. Efforts should be made to develop traps and lures that consistently capture the target pest but do not attract or easily capture aculeate Hymenoptera to preserve beneficial populations. C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Meagher, RL (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 34 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 10 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 3 BP 367 EP 371 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 208YM UT WOS:000081020100004 ER PT J AU Bentz, JA Townsend, AM AF Bentz, JA Townsend, AM TI Feeding injury, oviposition, and nymphal survivorship of the potato leafhopper on red maple and Freeman maple clones SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE potato leafhopper; red maple; Freeman maple; oviposition; nymphal survivorship; feeding injury ID CICADELLIDAE; HOMOPTERA; TRICHOMES AB Feeding injury, oviposition, and nymphal survivorship of the potato leafhopper, Emponsca fabae (Harris), were measured among 5 red maple, Acer rubrum L., clones and 2 Freeman maple, A. X freemanii E. Murray, cultivars. Symptoms of feeding injury among the 5 red maple clones varied in severity among trees in the field. Red maple clone 56026 was the most susceptible, and red maple clones 57775 and 55410 were the most tolerant. The Freeman cultivars were most tolerant to feeding, with 'Jeffersred' showing no sign of insect injury. Oviposition was significantly higher on the susceptible clone 56026, but significantly lower on Jeffersred than on the other clones. Fewer nymphs became adults when reared on 'Indian Summer' than when reared on the other clones. Although the data showed that red maple is more susceptible to feeding injury by the potato leafhopper than Freeman maple, no clear-cut relationship exists between susceptibility to feeding injury and host acceptability for oviposition or host suitability for nymphal development. The differences among the maple clones tested in this study suggest that red maple and Freeman maple may have different mechanisms of resistance against the potato leafhopper. C1 ARS, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, US Natl Arboretum, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bentz, JA (reprint author), ARS, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, US Natl Arboretum, USDA, Bldg 010A,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 15 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 3 BP 456 EP 460 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 208YM UT WOS:000081020100015 ER PT J AU Cronin, JT Turchin, P Hayes, JL Steiner, CA AF Cronin, JT Turchin, P Hayes, JL Steiner, CA TI Area-wide efficacy of a localized forest pest management practice SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Dendroctonus frontalis; bark beetles; dispersal; mark-recapture experiment; pest management strategies; spatial dynamics ID SOUTHERN PINE-BEETLE; DENDROCTONUS-FRONTALIS; MARK-RECAPTURE; BARK BEETLES; SCOLYTIDAE INFESTATIONS; GYPSY-MOTH; COLEOPTERA; DISPERSAL; INHIBITOR; PHEROMONE AB Few experimental studies have examined the movement of forest pest populations, particularly in response to management tactics that disrupt the growth of pest infestations. We quantified the interinfestation patterns of dispersal of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), by monitoring the fates of fluorescently marked beetles after emergence from small natural infestations. Dispersal patterns from 3 untreated infestations were compared with those from 6 infestations treated with the widely used disruption suppression tactic, cut-and-leave (infested trees are felled and left in the forest). Among untreated infestations, 10 +/- 4% (+/-1 SE) of the marked beetles were successful in colonizing experimentally created infestations located 100-500 m away. The highest proportion of marked beetles was recaptured at the nearest experimental infestations (at 100 m) and recaptures declined precipitously with distance from the source. Dispersal by beetles emerging from disrupted infestations showed a similar pattern to untreated infestations with respect to distance, but a much greater fr action of the beetles were recaptured at each distance. Overall, colonization success for treated infestations was 37 +/- 6%, almost a 4-fold increase over untreated infestations. This suggests that by altering the dispersal patterns of beetles, the cut-and-leave suppression tactic map favor increased densities of flying beetles, and possibly more infested timber, in the surrounding region. Effective control of mobile pests may be enhanced by expanding our spatial scope and seeking to maximize the area-wide, not just the local, efficacy of management tactics. C1 US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, USDA, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. RP Cronin, JT (reprint author), Univ N Dakota, Dept Biol, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 49 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 3 BP 496 EP 504 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 208YM UT WOS:000081020100020 ER PT J AU Perez-Mendoza, J Baker, JE Arthur, FH Flinn, PW AF Perez-Mendoza, J Baker, JE Arthur, FH Flinn, PW TI Effects of protect-it on efficacy of Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae) parasitizing rice weevils (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) in wheat SO ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE inert dust; diatomaceous earth; parasitoid; biological control; stored products ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; PROBIT ANALYSIS AB The parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) was: very sensitive to direct contact with Protect-It, an inert dust formulation containing 90% diatomaceous earth and 10% silica aerogel. LT(50)s at room temperature and humidity were 49 min (95% CL = 48-51) and 72 min (95% CL = 69-74) for males and females, respectively, in petri dishes containing 7.5 mg dust per square centimeter. Under the same conditions, adults of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a host of A. calandrae, were much less sensitive. Mortality of S. oryzae after a 24-h contact period was 50% for females and 62% for males. When tested in no-choice laboratory bioassays at 27 degrees C, label rates of Protect-It (200 and 400 ppm) dusted onto hard red winter wheat, Triticum aestivum, L. (13.9% moisture content) that was infested with immature rice weevils reduced the longevity of parent A. calandrae females and significantly reduced parasitization of the weevils at 3 tested humidities, 43, 60, and 75% RH. Parasitoid progeny production was also significantly reduced. At 75% RH, 92.8 +/- 2.9 parasitoid progeny were produced in untreated wheat compared with 12.6 +/- 2.6 progeny in the treated wheat. Sex ratio of parasitoid progeny was not significantly affected by the dust treatments at any relative humidity. In two-choice tests in divided petri dish arenas, single A. calandrae females showed a strong avoidance of Protect-It-treated wheat and a significant preference for parasitizing weevils in untreated wheat. How ever, significantly more parasitoid progeny were produced in dishes in which one-half contained Protect-It-treated wheat and the other half contained untreated wheat compared with dishes in which both halves of the divided dishes held untreated wheat. Reasons for the Protect-It-stimulated oviposition response by A. calandrae are not known, but may be related to stress induced by the dust. In separate tests, there was no significant difference in emergence of weevils from treated or untreated a heat, regardless of the weevil age at time of dusting, or the relative humidity at which the dusted wheat was maintained. Our studies provide evidence that any natural control of pest insects exerted by local populations of parasitoids, or enhanced biological control by augmentative releases of parasitoids, would be adversely affected. by the use of Protect-It or other diatomaceous earth products on stored grain. C1 ARS, USDA, Grain Mkt Prod & Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Baker, JE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grain Mkt Prod & Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RI Flinn, Paul/B-9104-2013 NR 26 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0046-225X J9 ENVIRON ENTOMOL JI Environ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 3 BP 529 EP 534 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 208YM UT WOS:000081020100025 ER PT J AU Rylander, R Etzel, R AF Rylander, R Etzel, R TI Introduction and summary: Workshop on children's health and indoor mold exposure SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Editorial Material DE asthma; inflammation; molds; prevention; sampling ID SKIN-TEST REACTIVITY; RESPIRATORY HEALTH; HOME DAMPNESS; POPULATION AB To evaluate the health consequences for children of indoor exposure to molds, an international workshop was organized with 15 scientists from eight countries. The participants agreed that exposure to molds may constitute a health threat to children resulting in respiratory symptoms in both the upper and lower airways, an increased incidence of infections, and skin symptoms. Allergy, either to molds or to other indoor agents, also presents a health risk. At very high exposure levels to specific molds, nose bleeding, hemoptysis, and pulmonary hemorrhage have been documented. Pediatricians and allergists need to obtain information about mold and dampness in the home environment when examining children with chronic respiratory symptoms, recurrent infections, or persistent fatigue and headache. Measurement techniques are available to determine exposure. Most important, the source of dampness must be eliminated and the indoor environment must be thoroughly cleaned of molds. Key words: asthma, inflammation, molds, prevention, sampling. C1 Univ Gothenburg, Dept Environm Med, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. USDA, Food Safety & Inspect Serv, Div Epidemiol & Risk Assessment, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Rylander, R (reprint author), Univ Gothenburg, Dept Environm Med, Box 414, S-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. NR 16 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 107 SU 3 BP 465 EP 468 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 206JJ UT WOS:000080874400010 PM 10346995 ER PT J AU Schreuder, HT Czaplewski, R Bailey, RG AF Schreuder, HT Czaplewski, R Bailey, RG TI Combining mapped and statistical data in forest ecological inventory and monitoring - Supplementing an existing system SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE grid approach; mapping; monitoring; National Forests; purposive sampling; random sampling; statistical inventory ID ECOREGIONS MAP; CLASSIFICATION; ACCURACY; ERROR AB A forest ecological inventory and monitoring system combining information derived from maps and samples is proposed based on ecosystem regions (Bailey, 1994). The system extends the design of the USDA Forest Service Region 6 Inventory and Monitoring System (R6IMS) in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The key uses of the information are briefly discussed and expected results are illustrated with examples. The system is flexible, allowing regions based on ecological considerations to be modified. Sampling intensities that are affordable are likely to be insufficient to provide meaningful estimates for key parameters relating to rare and endangered species, watersheds, and other ecological units. Methods are proposed for collecting additional information in follow-up surveys and combining it with relevant information obtained in R6IMS. Near-continuous information on weather and possible pollution variables recorded by instruments at sampling sites is needed to develop meaningful models to understand what is happening in the ecoregions. R6IMS and the proposed additions constitute a dynamic system which will be modified further as data are analyzed. C1 US Forest Serv, Dept Agr, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. RP Schreuder, HT (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Dept Agr, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 3825 E Mulberry, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 56 IS 3 BP 269 EP 291 DI 10.1023/A:1005984426987 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 203LU UT WOS:000080709800004 ER PT J AU Schreuder, HT Williams, MS Reich, RM AF Schreuder, HT Williams, MS Reich, RM TI Estimating the number of tree species in a forest community using survey data SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article ID SAMPLE COVERAGE AB Using some large samples as actual populations we study a series of promising estimators for number of species in a population. We recommend a nonparametric estimator, CM2f = c(s) + fc(1)/(2c(2)) where c(s) is the number of species observed, c(1) and c(2) are the numbers of species occurring once and twice respectively on the sample plots, and f is the finite population correction for sampling, from such data as collected by Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) of the US Forest Service. For FIA samples, there are estimated to be 0, 4, 3, 1 and 6 rare tree species not sampled in Minnesota, Missouri, Pennsylvania, New, York, and Ohio respectively. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Schreuder, HT (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, 240 W Prospect Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 9 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 56 IS 3 BP 293 EP 303 DI 10.1023/A:1005988402245 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 203LU UT WOS:000080709800005 ER PT J AU Horan, RD Shortle, JS AF Horan, RD Shortle, JS TI Optimal management of multiple renewable resource stocks: An application to Minke whales SO ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE bioeconomics; multiple stocks; humane values; Minke whales; Monte Carlo analysis; uncertainty ID ATLANTIC; MODEL AB Most bioeconomic models of efficient renewable resource management are constructed for a single harvesting ground. A bioeconomic model is developed in this paper to study the optimal management of renewable resources that are found in spatially distinct harvesting grounds. The model is applied to Minke whale management. Important inter-regional substitution effects are shown to exist. In addition, comparison with previous studies shows that multiple stock management is necessary for efficient management. Finally, the current Minke whale moratorium is shown to be inefficient unless significant nonmarket values exist. C1 ERS, RED, USDA, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Agr Econ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Horan, RD (reprint author), ERS, RED, USDA, Room 4015,1800 M St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. EM rhoran@econ.ag.gov NR 37 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 3 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-6460 J9 ENVIRON RESOUR ECON JI Environ. Resour. Econ. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 13 IS 4 BP 435 EP 458 DI 10.1023/A:1008261710951 PG 24 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 201YC UT WOS:000080624000004 ER PT J AU Laszlo, JA AF Laszlo, JA TI Solubility and dye-binding properties of quaternized and peroxidase-polymerized kraft lignin SO ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cationic lignin; peroxidase; wastewater treatment ID WASTEWATERS; COPOLYMERS AB The ability of cationic Kraft lignin to function as a flocculant for decolorization of textile wastewaters was examined. Kraft lignin was quaternized with high efficiency in alkaline solution with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl-trimethylamonium chloride. The product formed was separated into two fractions arbitrarily based on their aqueous solubility at pH 7. The pH 7-soluble fraction was soluble over the pH 2 to 13 range. The pH 7-insoluble fraction was soluble at low (< pH 4) and high pH (> pH 12). Treatment of the pH 7-soluble quaternized lignin fraction with soybean peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide under nitrogen produced a soluble, high molecular weight polymer, as determined by ultrafiltration analysis. Peroxidase treatment of the pH 7-insoluble fraction at pH 3 produced a material not completely soluble at any pH, probably by modifying the lignin structure but not necessarily by increasing its molecular weight. All quaternized lignin fractions were demonstrated to bind Orange II and hydrolyzed Reactive Red 180, but only peroxidase-polymerized lignin produced rapidly settling flocs. Peroxidase-treated, quaternized Kraft lignin can be used in place of synthetic cationic polymers for decolorization of textile wastewaters. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Laszlo, JA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 8 PU SELPER LTD, PUBLICATIONS DIV PI LONDON PA 79 RUSTHALL AVENUE, LONDON, ENGLAND W4 1BN SN 0959-3330 J9 ENVIRON TECHNOL JI Environ. Technol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 20 IS 6 BP 607 EP 615 DI 10.1080/09593332008616855 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 219NV UT WOS:000081614100006 ER PT J AU Cox, EF Allen, JA AF Cox, EF Allen, JA TI Stand structure and productivity of the introduced Rhizophora mangle in Hawaii SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID MANGROVE FOREST; LITTER PRODUCTION; AVICENNIA-MARINA; BELIZEAN MANGAL; HERBIVORY; PATTERNS; GROWTH; FLORIDA; PREDATION; DYNAMICS AB Since its introduction in the early part of this century, Rhizophora mangle L. has spread extensively through most of the main islands of the Hawaiian Archipelago. We investigated the structural properties and estimated productivity of a R. mangle population at Nuupia Ponds Wildlife Management Area (NPWMA), on windward Oahu, where the mangroves were being controlled due to their propensity to overgrow archaeological sites and the habitat of endangered Hawaiian waterbirds. Mangroves within NPWMA were very dense (> 24,000 trees ha(-1)) and most were relatively small (only 3.3% of the bees were greater than or equal to 10 cm DBH). Mean basal area, aboveground biomass, and number of seedlings were all high, at 37.2 m(2) ha(-1), 279 t (dry wt) ha(-1), and 121 m(-2), respectively. The seedling density may be particularly unusual and appears to be due to extremely high rates of propagule production coupled with low rates of propagule predation. Stand productivity was estimated by stem growth (allometry), litterfall, and a light attenuation approach to determining net canopy photosynthetic production. All three methods yielded estimates that are higher than previously reported for R. mangle and comparable with estimates of highly productive Rhizophora spp.-dominated stands in Australia and Asia. The high density, biomass, and productivity of this stand relative to stands within the species' native range may be due to a combination of favorable site conditions, lack of competition from other woody plants, and very low rates of herbivory and propagule predation. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. RP Allen, JA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, 1151 Punchbowl St,Rm 323, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. RI Allen, James/K-9141-2013 OI Allen, James/0000-0001-6459-5734 NR 59 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 17 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD JUN PY 1999 VL 22 IS 2A BP 276 EP 284 DI 10.2307/1352983 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 236BN UT WOS:000082578500010 ER PT J AU Torelli, N Shortle, WC Cufar, K Ferlin, F Smith, KT AF Torelli, N Shortle, WC Cufar, K Ferlin, F Smith, KT TI Detecting changes in tree health and productivity of silver fir in Slovenia SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF FOREST PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CAMBIAL ELECTRICAL-RESISTANCE; BALSAM FIR; BUDWORM AB Cambial electrical resistance (CER) was used as an objective measure of vitality of silver fir (Abies alba) in the forests of Slovenia. Trees were rated during the growing season by CER and a subjective crown status index (CSI). Both CER and CSI were inversely correlated to annual ring width increment. Using both CER and CSI, fir were assigned to vitality and vigour categories. Inferences made from these categories and radial growth trends indicated that ring growth decreased prior to the development of canopy symptoms. This decrease in ring growth would have been detected as an increase in CER. This pattern of decline is consistent with the decline of trees due to chronic below-ground stress. Variation in CER was due both to the vascular cambium and to the thickness of the nonconducting phloem. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Ljubljana, Dept Wood Sci & Technol, Biotech Fac, Ljubljana 1111, Slovenia. Slovenian Forestry Inst, Ljubljana, Slovenia. RP Shortle, WC (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, POB 640, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0300-1237 J9 EUR J FOREST PATHOL JI Eur. J. Forest Pathol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 29 IS 3 BP 189 EP 197 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 205NG UT WOS:000080827000002 ER PT J AU Mersie, W Seybold, C Tsegaye, T AF Mersie, W Seybold, C Tsegaye, T TI Movement, adsorption and mineralization of atrazine in two soils with and without switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) roots SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID C-14 ATRAZINE; DESORPTION; WATER; DEGRADATION; FIELD; DEISOPROPYLATRAZINE; HERBICIDES; TRANSPORT AB A study was conducted to determine the influence of switchgrass roots on the mobility, adsorption-desorption and mineralization of atrazine in Cullen clay loam and Emporia loamy sand soils. Bromide and atrazine distribution profiles in the leachates indicated greater preferential movement in columns with roots than in columns without roots. Larger concentrations of atrazine were detected at lower depths of Emporia soil with switchgrass roots than without. Adsorption of atrazine was greater in Cullen than in Emporia soil and conformed to Freundlich isotherms. In both Cullen and Emporia soils, adsorption and desorption were not different between soil with or without switchgrass roots. After 84 days of incubation, less than 6% of the applied atrazine was mineralized in the Cullen soil and 2% in Emporia soil. Mineralization was greater in the Cullen soil than in the Emporia soil at 42, 56, 70 and 84 days of sampling. The presence of switchgrass roots did not affect the mineralization of atrazine in Emporia soil. The presence of switchgrass roots caused preferential movement of atrazine, but did not affect its adsorption and mineralization in either soil type. C1 Virginia State Univ, Agr Res Stn, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. Oregon State Univ, NRCS, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Alabama A&M Univ, Normal, AL 35762 USA. RP Mersie, W (reprint author), Virginia State Univ, Agr Res Stn, POB 9061, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. NR 26 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1351-0754 J9 EUR J SOIL SCI JI Eur. J. Soil Sci. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 50 IS 2 BP 343 EP 349 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2389.1999.00229.x PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 207PE UT WOS:000080944600014 ER PT J AU Schares, G Dubremetz, JF Dubey, JP Barwald, A Loyens, A Conraths, FJ AF Schares, G Dubremetz, JF Dubey, JP Barwald, A Loyens, A Conraths, FJ TI Neospora caninum: Identification of 19-, 38-, and 40-kDa surface antigens and a 33-kDa dense granule antigen using monoclonal antibodies SO EXPERIMENTAL PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Neospora caninum; Toxoplasma gondii; protozoa; parasitic; Apicomplexa; membrane antigen; Nc-p43; Nc-p36; SAG1; NcDG1; bradyzoite; tachyzoite; dense granule; parasitophorous vacuole ID TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; IMMUNOELECTRON MICROSCOPY; DOGS; PROTEIN; TACHYZOITES; CELLS; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; LOCALIZATION; APICOMPLEXA; BRADYZOITES AB Neospora caninum, a coccidian parasite closely related to Toxoplasma gondii, can infect a broad host range and is regarded as an important cause of bovine abortion worldwide. In the present study, four antigens of N. caninum were partially characterized using monoclonal antibodies. Immunofluorescence of viable tachyzoites as well as the immunoprecipitation of antigens extracted from tachyzoites previously labeled by surface biotinylation revealed that three of these antigens with apparent molecular weights of 40, 38, and 19 kDa are located in the outer surface membrane of this parasite stage. Further evidence for the surface localization of the 38-kDa antigen was obtained by immunoelectron microscopy. In addition to the surface molecules, an antigen located in dense granules and in the tubular network of the parasitophorous vacuole was detected by another monoclonal antibody. When tachyzoite antigens separated under nonreducing conditions were probed on Western blots, this antibody reacted mainly with a 33-kDa antigen. Immunohistochemical analysis of infected tissue sections indicated that the 33-kDa dense granule antigen is present in both tachyzoites and bradyzoites, while the 38-kDa surface antigen from tachyzoites seems to be absent in bradyzoites. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Bundesforschungsanstalt Viruskrankheiten Tiere, Inst Epidemiol Diagnost, D-16868 Wusterhausen, Germany. Inst Pasteur, Inst Biol Lille, INSERM, U42, F-59019 Lille, France. USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Schares, G (reprint author), Bundesforschungsanstalt Viruskrankheiten Tiere, Inst Epidemiol Diagnost, Seestr 55, D-16868 Wusterhausen, Germany. OI Conraths, Franz/0000-0002-7400-9409 NR 44 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0014-4894 J9 EXP PARASITOL JI Exp. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 92 IS 2 BP 109 EP 119 DI 10.1006/expr.1999.4403 PG 11 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 204KD UT WOS:000080762700003 PM 10366536 ER PT J AU Sivinski, J Marshall, S Petersson, E AF Sivinski, J Marshall, S Petersson, E TI Kleptoparasitism and phoresy in the Diptera SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Sphaeroceridae; Milichiidae; Chloropidae; mating system; mate choice ID CHEMICAL ATTRACTION; FLIES DIPTERA; SPIDERS; CHLOROPIDAE; ARANEAE; INSECTS; FLY AB Spiders, dung-feeding scarabs, social, and prey-storing insects provide predictable and concentrated sources of food for a variety of thief flies (kleptoparasites) and their larvae. Whenever waiting in the vicinity of the "host" for an opportunity to exploit its resources is more energy efficient and less dangerous than foraging among hosts, a number of intimate relationships between the fly and host may evolve. In extreme cases, flies may become long-term phoretic associates that travel with hosts even while the latter is in flight. The behaviors and ecologies of kleptoparasitic Diptera are reviewed with special attention paid to the adaptations of Sphaeroceridae phoretic upon Scarabaeidae. The mating systems of kleptoparasitic flies are influenced by the type of resource that is stolen; flies associated with predators are mostly female, while those found on scarabs are of both sexes. These differences are discussed in terms of mate location, sperm competition, and mate choice. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Univ Guelph, Dept Environm Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Uppsala Univ, Dept Zool, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden. RP Sivinski, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 78 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 15 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 82 IS 2 BP 179 EP 197 DI 10.2307/3496570 PG 19 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 217AB UT WOS:000081475700003 ER PT J AU Isenhour, DJ Davis, FM AF Isenhour, DJ Davis, FM TI Dedication of 1998 Armyworm Symposium to Dr. Billy Ray Wiseman: Plant resistance expert SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Biographical-Item DE fall armyworm; host plant resistance AB Dr. Billy Ray Wiseman of et al, the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Insect Biology & Population Management Research Laboratory at Tifton, GA has authored or co-authored over 300 refereed scientific papers, book chapters, review papers and/or bibliographies dealing primarily with plant resistance to insect pests, especially lepidopterans attacking corn and sorghum. He and his co-workers have released over 80 germplasm lines of corn and sorghum resistant to the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), corn earworm, Helicoverpa tea (Boddie), and sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola (Coquillett), during his 31 years of federal service. Additionally, his field and laboratory techniques are widely used by researchers around the world. C1 DeKalb Genet Corp, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. USDA ARS, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Isenhour, DJ (reprint author), DeKalb Genet Corp, 3100 Sycamore Rd, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 82 IS 2 BP 198 EP 209 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 217AB UT WOS:000081475700004 ER PT J AU Carpenter, JE Wiseman, BR AF Carpenter, JE Wiseman, BR TI Comparisons of laboratory and feral strains of Spodoptera frugiperda and Helicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) in laboratory and field bioassays SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE plant resistance; maize; corn silks; meridic diets ID FALL ARMYWORM LEPIDOPTERA; CORN-EARWORM; RESISTANCE; VIRUS AB The effects of resistant corn entries and resistant silk-diets on the growth and development of fall armyworm and corn earworm from a laboratory and a 3/4 wild colony were compared in laboratory and field studies. For both species, there were significant interactions between insect strain and diet treatments. Compared to the laboratory strains, the 3/4 wild strains produced lighter larvae and required longer developmental times when reared on diets with and without resistant silks. Larval growth of both insect strains was significantly retarded by the addition of resistant silks to the diets. In field studies, the 3/4 wild strains generally performed better than the laboratory strains. For both insect species, interactions between insect strains and corn lines were observed. Strain differences for all measured parameters were greater for the corn earworm than for the fall armyworm. Results from these studies indicate that research on plant resistance for the fall armyworm and the corn earworm would better predict the relative levels of resistance among different corn lines and among different silk diets if 3/4 wild colonies were established annually, and if insects from these 3/4 wild colonies were used in conducting laboratory and field bioassays. C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Carpenter, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 82 IS 2 BP 237 EP 247 DI 10.2307/3496575 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 217AB UT WOS:000081475700008 ER PT J AU Davis, FM Williams, WP Chang, YM Baker, GT Hedin, PA AF Davis, FM Williams, WP Chang, YM Baker, GT Hedin, PA TI Differential growth of fall armyworm larvae (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) reared on three phenotypic regions of whorl leaves from a resistant and a susceptible maize hybrid SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Spodoptera frugiperda; Zea mays L.; plant resistance ID CORN; REGISTRATION; SURVIVAL AB Two laboratory bioassays were conducted to determine the effect of feeding selected whorl leaf regions of a resistant and a susceptible maize, Zea mays L., hybrid on fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) growth. In one bioassay, larvae were fed fresh excised whorl leaf tissue and in the other, they were fed reconstituted diets containing ground lyophilized leaf tissue from three phenotypic leaf regions of both hybrids. Results of the two bioassays were similar. Differences in larval weights were found for those larvae fed tissue from leaf regions within and across hybrids. The largest differences among treatments were found within the resistant hybrid, thus showing that regions of the same whorl leaf differ in suitability of food source for larval growth. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Entomol & Plant Pathol, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Davis, FM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 14 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 82 IS 2 BP 248 EP 254 DI 10.2307/3496576 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 217AB UT WOS:000081475700009 ER PT J AU Lopez-Edwards, M Hernandez-Mendoza, JL Pescador-Rubio, A Molina-Ochoa, J Lezama-Gutierrez, R Hamm, JJ Wiseman, BR AF Lopez-Edwards, M Hernandez-Mendoza, JL Pescador-Rubio, A Molina-Ochoa, J Lezama-Gutierrez, R Hamm, JJ Wiseman, BR TI Biological differences between five populations of fall armyworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) collected from corn in Mexico SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Spodoptera frugiperda; reproductive compatibility; control; Mexican populations ID STRAINS AB Biological characterizations of five fall armyworm populations, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (FAW) collected from corn, Zea mays L., in Mexico, were reared and evaluated under laboratory conditions. The period from larvae to pupal stage, pupal weights, and survival rates were determined. The reproductive compatibility of adults, and the neonatal susceptibility to Endosulfan, Carbofuran and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) were also evaluated. Populations from Aguascalientes, Colima, Nuevo Leon, Sinaloa, and Yucatan were reared on corn at 25 degrees C. The Colima population reared on corn leaves required the least number of days to reach the pupal stage (13.04 D). Significant differences between the pupal weights of the different populations were found, ranging from 0.215 to 0.156 g. Survival rates varied from 80 to 45%, the Colima and Sinaloa populations had the highest survival. The Aguascalientes, Nuevo Leon and Yucatan populations were reproductively compatible as they produced progeny when paired. However, no progeny were obtained when the Colima and Sinaloa populations were paired with any other populations. The Aguascalientes, Nuevo Leon and Sinaloa populations tested for susceptibility to B. thuringiensis resulted in LC50 values, from 0.001 to 0.045 mg/ml). The Aguascalientes and Yucatan populations showed similar susceptibility to Carbofuran and Endosulfan insecticide with an LC50 ranging from 0.033 to 0.188 mg/ml, and 0.023 to 0.054 mg/ml, respectively. The Nuevo Leon population was the least susceptible. Results suggest that two corn FAW strains may have developed reproductive isolation due to geographic isolation. One strain formed by the Yucatan, Aguascalientes and Nuevo Leon populations, which are distributed along the Coastal Gulf and the geographic center of Mexico, and the other corn strain is formed by the Colima and Sinaloa populations found along the Mexican Pacific Coast, as the two strains produce no progeny when paired. C1 Univ Colima, Ctr Univ Invest & Desarrollo Agropecuario, Tecoman 28100, Colima, Mexico. Univ Colima, Fac Ciencias Biol & Agropecuarias, Tecoman 28100, Colima, Mexico. USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Lopez-Edwards, M (reprint author), Univ Colima, Ctr Univ Invest & Desarrollo Agropecuario, Apartado Postal 36, Tecoman 28100, Colima, Mexico. NR 22 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 3 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 82 IS 2 BP 254 EP 262 DI 10.2307/3496577 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 217AB UT WOS:000081475700010 ER PT J AU Molina-Ochoa, J Lezama-Gutierrez, R Hamm, JJ Wiseman, BR Lopez-Edwards, M AF Molina-Ochoa, J Lezama-Gutierrez, R Hamm, JJ Wiseman, BR Lopez-Edwards, M TI Integrated control of fall armyworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) using resistant plants and entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida : Steinernematidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Spodoptera frugiperda; host plant resistance; Steinernema carpocapsae; S-riobravis; compatibility ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; CORN-EARWORM; HELICOVERPA-ZEA; RIOBRAVIS; LARVAE; CARPOCAPSAE; MAYSIN; SILKS; MANAGEMENT; MORTALITY AB Laboratory experiments were conducted at Tifton, GA to determine the compatibility of plant resistance with antibiosis and entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) All strain and S. riobravis (Cabanillas, Raulston & Poinar) for controlling prepupae of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Treatments consisted of 2 nematode species as factor A, 5 diets (the regular pinto bean diet (RPBD) and RPBT) diluted at the rate of 3 mi diet/2 mi water (DPBD) with added Celufil (controls), DPBD + 2.5 g of Zapalote Chico silks (ZC), DPBD + 5.0 g of ZC and DPBD + 7.5 g of ZC, as factor B, and 4 nematode concentrations (0, 2, 6 and 18 nematodes/ml) as factor C. There was a significant interaction between diets and nematode concentration. There was no significant difference in mortality of prepupae on different diets when treated with 0 or with 18 nematodes. However, when treated with 2 nematodes the mortality was significantly higher for prepupae produced on the diets containing resistant silks than for prepupae produced on RPBD or DPBD. When treated with 6 nematodes the mortality was significantly higher for prepupae produced on any of the diets containing resistant silks and the DPBD than for those produced on RPBD. Thus the effects of the resistant silks was masked by the highest concentration of nematodes, whereas, the lower levels of nematodes interacted with the resistant silks to enhance FAW mortality. This study showed that the combination of entomopathogenic nematodes and resistant corn silks could enhance the mortality of PAW prepupae and, therefore, could be useful for integrated management of this insect pest. C1 Univ Colima, Fac Ciencias Biol & Agropecuarias, Tecoman 28100, Colima, Mexico. USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Ctr Univ Invest & Desarrollo Agropecuario, Tecoman 28100, Colima, Mexico. RP Molina-Ochoa, J (reprint author), Univ Colima, Fac Ciencias Biol & Agropecuarias, Apartado Postal 36, Tecoman 28100, Colima, Mexico. NR 37 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 82 IS 2 BP 263 EP 271 DI 10.2307/3496578 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 217AB UT WOS:000081475700011 ER PT J AU Williams, WP Davis, FM Overman, JL Buckley, PM AF Williams, WP Davis, FM Overman, JL Buckley, PM TI Enhancing inherent fall armyworm (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae) resistance of corn with Bacillus thuringiensis genes SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE host plant resistance; insect resistance; maize; transgenic hybrids; transformation ID INSECTICIDAL PROTEIN; BORER AB Fall armyworm, Spocloptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is a serious pest of corn, Zea mays L., in the southern United States. Larvae feed extensively on leaves and other parts of the plant. Germplasm exhibiting a moderate level of resistance to leaf feeding damage has been identified and released. This germplasm has been used in breeding programs for developing corn hybrids with resistance to fall armyworm and other Lepidoptera. In recent years, much effort has also been devoted to developing corn hybrids with genes from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) that encode insecticidal proteins. Some of these hybrids have exhibited moderate resistance to fall armyworm damage. In this investigation hybrids with both native genetic resistance and genes from Bt encoding insecticidal proteins were evaluated for resistance to fall armyworm in field tests and laboratory bioassays. Hybrids with both types of resistance sustained less fall armyworm damage than hybrids that had only native genetic resistance or genes from Bt encoding insecticidal proteins alone. Larvae that fed on hybrids with both types of resistance were significantly smaller after feeding on plants in the field or on lyophilized whorl leaf tissue in a laboratory bioassay for 10 d than larvae fed on susceptible hybrids or hybrids with only one type of resistance. Both traditional host plant resistance and transformation of corn with genes from Br provide hybrids with moderate levels of resistance, but when used together, they are complementary. Deployment of hybrids with both types of resistance should reduce losses to fall armyworm and also reduce the rate of buildups of resistance to Bt in fall armyworm populations. C1 USDA ARS, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. DEKALB Genet Corp, Union, TN 38261 USA. RP Williams, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 82 IS 2 BP 271 EP 277 DI 10.2307/3496579 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 217AB UT WOS:000081475700012 ER PT J AU Wiseman, BR AF Wiseman, BR TI Cumulative effects of antibiosis on five biological parameters of the fall armyworm SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE plant resistance; maize; corn silks; meridic diets ID PLANT-RESISTANCE; NOCTUIDAE LARVAE; CORN SILKS; LEPIDOPTERA; MECHANISMS AB Results of a laboratory study showed that even low levels of resistant maize, Zea mays L., silks reduced fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) growth, extended the life cycle, and reduced fecundity in four of five generations. An intermediate level of resistance reduced growth, extended the life cycle by an average of about 4 d and significantly reduced fecundity in each of the five generations. A high level of resistant silks reduced growth significantly, extended the life cycle on an average of about 10 d per generation and reduced fecundity by almost 50% over that for the laboratory control in generations four and five. Though the estimated fecundity was not greatly reduced in all generations, there were no apparent adjustments to the stress of various levels of resistance after five generations. Thus, fall armyworm fed on various levels of resistant silk-diets did not appear to adjust to the resistance in any of the five parameters measured after five generations. C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Wiseman, BR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 82 IS 2 BP 277 EP 283 DI 10.2307/3496580 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 217AB UT WOS:000081475700013 ER PT J AU Lapointe, SL Shapiro, JP AF Lapointe, SL Shapiro, JP TI Effect of soil moisture on development of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE development; soil moisture; pupation; citrus root weevil ID ROOT; RESISTANCE AB We conducted trials to determine conditions of soil moisture required to optimize production of adults of Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) in a laboratory colony. Larvae of D. abbreviatus were reared on a commercially available artificial diet and then placed in soil with water content ranging from 20 to 80%. Optimal moisture content of soil for pupation was determined to be 60 +/- 10% by weight. When 68-d-old larvae were transferred from artificial diet to soil with these moisture levels and constant temperature (25 degrees C), mean (+/- SEM) development time of D. abbreviatus from neonate to pupa was 126 +/- 2.3 d (n = 47). For all pupae, the time required for pupation did nut vary with soil moisture. When 68-d-old larvae were taken from diet and placed in soil, the proportion that pupated varied with moisture content. Low (20-40%) and high (80%) moisture content resulted in increased mortality, and fewest larvae pupated within the low range. The mean +/- SEM number of days to pupation of 68-d-old larvae was 58.2 +/- 2.3 (n = 47). Older (180 d) larvae reared on diet pupated over a greater range of moisture treatments (30-70%) and were adversely affected only by the highest (80%) and lowest (20%) treatments. Mean +/- SEM time to pupation (38.4 +/- 1.9 d, n = 54) did not vary for 180-d-old larvae kept at 30-70% moisture content. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP Lapointe, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, 2120 Camden Rd, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. NR 12 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 4 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 82 IS 2 BP 291 EP 299 DI 10.2307/3496582 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 217AB UT WOS:000081475700015 ER PT J AU Hanna, WW Richardson, MD Wiseman, BR Bacon, CW AF Hanna, WW Richardson, MD Wiseman, BR Bacon, CW TI Midge resistance and hydrocyanic acid content of Sorghum bicolor SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article C1 USDA ARS, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Hanna, WW (reprint author), USDA ARS, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 82 IS 2 BP 354 EP 356 DI 10.2307/3496589 PG 3 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 217AB UT WOS:000081475700022 ER PT J AU Landolt, PJ Reed, HC Heath, RR AF Landolt, PJ Reed, HC Heath, RR TI An alarm pheromone from heads of worker Vespula squamosa (Hymenoptera : Vespidae). SO FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article C1 Oral Roberts Univ, Dept Biol, Tulsa, OK 74171 USA. USDA ARS, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Landolt, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, 6230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 10 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 3 PU FLORIDA ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI LUTZ PA 16125 E LAKE BURRELL DR, LUTZ, FL 33548 USA SN 0015-4040 J9 FLA ENTOMOL JI Fla. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 82 IS 2 BP 356 EP 359 DI 10.2307/3496590 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 217AB UT WOS:000081475700023 ER PT J AU Muldoon, MT Font, IA Beier, RC Holtzapple, CK Young, CR Stanker, LH AF Muldoon, MT Font, IA Beier, RC Holtzapple, CK Young, CR Stanker, LH TI Development of a cross-reactive monoclonal antibody to sulfonamide antibiotics: Evidence for structural conformation-selective hapten recognition SO FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE antibiotics; ELISA; hapten recognition; molecular modeling; monoclonal antibody; protein conjugate; sulfanitran; sulfapyridine; sulfathiazole; sulfonamides ID SULFAMETHAZINE RESIDUES AB A unique anti-sulfonamide antibody-secreting hybridoma that cross-reacts with several sulfonamides was isolated This was possible by using a N-sulfanilyl-4-aminobenzoic acid hapten-protein conjugate as the immunogen. Most of the antibodies that were detected in immunized mice did not recognize the free drug. However by screening a large number of antibody-secreting hybridomas, cell lines were isolated that produced antibodies which recognized the free drug. The sensitivities of one such monoclonal antibody (MAb), referred to as Sulfa-1, for sulfanitran, sulfapyridine and sulfathiazole (expressed as IC50 values), were 1.41, 22.8, and 322 ng ml(-1), respectively. Molecular modeling studies showed that the calculated minimum energy conformation of the hapten used as immunogen was different than those of the cross-reactive drugs. It was postulated that the MAb was derived from a cell line responsive to a form of the immunogen in which the structural conformation of the hapten was different than the molecular modeling calculated minimum energy conformation of the hapten. This was supported by further molecular modeling studies, including the use of potential energy-conformational maps, and competitive ELISA experiments conducted at two different temperatures. The immunogen appeared to be in a structural conformation achieved at an energy of + 0.193 kcal mol(-1) with an energy barrier of 3.13 kcal above the minimum energy conformation; an energy easily found within the body temperature of the immunized mouse. Design of haptens for the purpose of generating cross-reactive antibodies should not just consider the two-dimensional structure, but also the three-dimensional conformation as well as the various structural combinations that can be easily attained within the body temperature of the immunized animal. C1 ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, USDA, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Beier, RC (reprint author), ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, USDA, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 18 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 5 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0954-0105 J9 FOOD AGR IMMUNOL JI Food Agric. Immunol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 11 IS 2 BP 117 EP 134 PG 18 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Immunology; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Immunology; Toxicology GA 222PE UT WOS:000081793300001 ER PT J AU Eggleston, G AF Eggleston, G TI Improved quantitative ion chromatography of industrial sugars: removal of interfering amino acids SO FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB The effect of interfering amino acids on the accurate quantitation of sugars in sugar industry samples, using ion chromatography with integrated pulsed amperometric detection (IC-IPAD), was investigated. Industrial sugar samples included beet syrup, juice and molasses samples. Using sugar and amino acid standard mixtures, and industrial sugar samples, proline was found to co-elute with fructose and serine with sucrose, and both co-elutions were "additive", which caused both fructose and sucrose to be overestimated. Conversely, the co-elution of arginine with myo-inositol, and glutamine with glucose had a marked "suppressive" effect on sugar quantitation and both myo-inositol and glucose were underestimated. Various methods were investigated for their efficiency to remove interfering amino acids, but not remove sugars: prefiltering of dilute samples through cation exchange syringe filters proved the most efficient method. Using sugar and amino acid standard mixtures, within experimental error, the cation exchange filter restored the mean concentrations of myo-inositol, glucose and sucrose to expected values, and standard deviations for all sugars were reduced markedly. Removal of interfering amino acids in a beet juice from a sweet water tank caused increases in mean concentrations for myo-inositol (+4.2%) and particularly for glucose (+62.5%), and a decrease for fructose (-7.3%). (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Eggleston, G (reprint author), USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-8146 J9 FOOD CHEM JI Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 65 IS 4 BP 483 EP 491 DI 10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00220-9 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 184EV UT WOS:000079598200011 ER PT J AU Siragusa, GR Cutter, CN Willett, JL AF Siragusa, GR Cutter, CN Willett, JL TI Incorporation of bacteriocin in plastic retains activity and inhibits surface growth of bacteria on meat SO FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; BROCHOTHRIX-THERMOSPHACTA; ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY; ORGANIC-ACIDS; NISIN; EFFICACY; TISSUE AB The bacteriocin, nisin, was incorporated into a polyethylene based plastic film and retained activity against the indicator bacteria Lactobacillus helveticus and Brochothrix thermosphacta. Beef carcass surface tissue sections (BCT) topically inoculated with the psychrotrophic spoilage bacterium B. thermosphacta were vacuum-packaged both with and without wrapping with the nisin impregnated plastic and held at 4 degrees C. An initial reduction of 2 log(10) cycles of B. thermosphacta was observed with nisin-impregnated wrapped BCT within the first 2 days of storage. After 20 days of refrigerated storage B. thermosphacta populations from nisin impregnated plastic wrapped samples were significantly less than (P < 0.05) control vacuum-packaged samples; log(10)5.8 vs 7.2 cfu cm(-2) respectively Temperature abuse was simulated by shifting inoculated packs from 4 degrees C (after 2 days) to 12 degrees C. Again, by 20 days, the B, thermosphacta populations of treated samples wrapped with nisin impregnated plastic were significantly less than (P < 0.05) control vacuum-packaged samples. log(10)3.6 vs 6.3 cfu cm(-2) respectively. This work highlights the potential for incorporating antimicrobial peptides with a wider and different range of inhibitory activity directly into plastics of different properties for use in controlling food spoilage as well as preservation to enhance product microbial safety (C) 1999 US Government. C1 USDA, ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Siragusa, GR (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 17 TC 128 Z9 136 U1 0 U2 25 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0740-0020 J9 FOOD MICROBIOL JI Food Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 16 IS 3 BP 229 EP 235 DI 10.1006/fmic.1998.0239 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 209ZF UT WOS:000081079500004 ER PT J AU Duffy, G Whiting, RC Sheridan, JJ AF Duffy, G Whiting, RC Sheridan, JJ TI The effect of a competitive microflora, pH and temperature on the growth kinetics of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 SO FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; SODIUM-CHLORIDE; PEDIOCOCCUS-ACIDILACTICI; YERSINIA-ENTEROCOLITICA; SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; SURVIVAL; INHIBITION; MEAT; INACTIVATION AB Growth curves were generated for Escherichia coli O157:H7 in brain-heart infusion broth incubated at 37 or 15 degrees C in the presence of individual and combinations of competing microflora. Broths were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 (log(10)3.00 cfu ml(-1)) and competitors (log(10)4.00 cfu ml(-1)) and the initial pH of the broth was either neutral (7.0) or adjusted to 5.8 and then sequentially reduced to 4.8 over 10 h to simulate fermentation conditions Growth curves were also generated for the competitors in these cultures, including Pseudomonas fragi, Hafnia alvei, Pediococcus acidilactici (pepperoni starter culture) and Brochothrix thermosphacta. Gompertz equations were fitted to the data and growth kinetics including lag phase duration, exponential growth rates and maximum population densities (MPD) calculated, in pure culture, the growth parameters for E. coli O157:H7 in neutral pH broths were significantly different from those recorded in simulated fermentation broths (P < 0.05). The presence of competitors in the broth also had a significant effect on the growth kinetics of the pathogen. H. alvei significantly inhibited the growth (lag phase, growth rate and MPD) of E. coli O157:H7 at 37 degrees C, neutral pH and outgrew the pathogen under these conditions. in neutral pH cultures, two other competitors, B. thermosphacta and P, acidilactici also inhibited the lag phase of the pathogen but had no effect on the of her growth parameters. in simulated fermentation broths, the growth rate of E. coli O157:H7 was consistently slower and the MPD lower in the presence of a competitive microflora than when grown individually, At 15 degrees C, only one competitor, P. fragi significantly inhibited the lag phase of the pathogen. The implications of these findings for food safety are discussed. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 TEAGASC, Natl Food Ctr, Dublin 15, Ireland. USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Agr Res Serv, Wyndmoor, PA 19039 USA. RP Duffy, G (reprint author), TEAGASC, Natl Food Ctr, Dublin 15, Ireland. NR 30 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0740-0020 J9 FOOD MICROBIOL JI Food Microbiol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 16 IS 3 BP 299 EP 307 DI 10.1006/fmic.1998.0242 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 209ZF UT WOS:000081079500011 ER PT J AU Johnson, J Marcotte, M AF Johnson, J Marcotte, M TI Irradiation control of insect pests of dried fruits and walnuts SO FOOD TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GAMMA-IRRADIATION C1 ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, USDA, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. Marcotte Consulting Inc, Ottawa, ON K2C 3M9, Canada. RP Johnson, J (reprint author), ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, USDA, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 31 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0015-6639 J9 FOOD TECHNOL-CHICAGO JI Food Technol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 53 IS 6 BP 46 EP + PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 207UW UT WOS:000080955000009 ER PT J AU Hammett, AL McCrary, JK Bauer, GP AF Hammett, AL McCrary, JK Bauer, GP TI Forest products in Nicaragua SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RIO SAN-JUAN C1 Virginia Tech, Coll Forestry & Wildlife Resouces, Int Programs, Blacksburg, VA USA. Cent Amer Univ, Fac Sci & Technol Environm, Managua, Nicaragua. US Forest Serv, Int Cooperat Unit, Int Inst Trop Agr, USDA, Rio Piedras, PR USA. RP Hammett, AL (reprint author), Virginia Tech, Coll Forestry & Wildlife Resouces, Int Programs, Blacksburg, VA USA. NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 49 IS 6 BP 12 EP 20 PG 9 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 210XH UT WOS:000081129600007 ER PT J AU Hansen, BG West, CD AF Hansen, BG West, CD TI Information on the "origin" of US wood products exports: A review SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The increasing globalization of the U.S. economy and the growing importance of the export market has resulted in a call for information by state utilization specialists, resource managers, and others to help them assess the impact of the export market on their respective domestic economies, forest resources, and wood products industries. This paper presents the results of a review of published nationwide data sources that purport to have information on the state-of-origin of wood products exports. Both the availability and adequacy of the data were examined. Ultimately, five source documents were found to which all published export data could be traced: the Annual Survey of Manufactures, the Census of Manufactures, the Shipper's Export Declaration, Ship Manifests, and the Canadian Customs Coding Form. All information on the state-of-origin of U.S. wood products exports emanating from these documents was found to be inadequate and deficient in one or more ways. Consequently, if states are to have a true assessment of the impact of export trade on their domestic situation, either existing data collection efforts must be greatly improved, new efforts must be initiated, or individual, specifically targeted, studies must be conducted. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Sta, Forestry Sci Lab, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. RP Hansen, BG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Sta, Forestry Sci Lab, 241 Mercer Springs Rd, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 49 IS 6 BP 23 EP 27 PG 5 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 210XH UT WOS:000081129600008 ER PT J AU Stark, NM AF Stark, NM TI Wood fiber derived from scrap pallets used in polypropylene composites SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Wood pallets and shipping crates represent a large source of raw material available for use in value-added composites. To determine the feasibility of using wood fibers derived from pallets in wood-plastic composites, this study compared the mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP) composites combined with either wood flour or wood fiber. Wood flour is the most common wood-derived filler used in the plastics industry. Moving from a particulate filler like wood flour to a reinforcing fiber results in property enhancements. In this study, the use of fiber derived from wood pallets and shipping crates as a filler for PP resulted in tensile and flexural strength improvements compared with wood-flour-filled PP. The addition of stearic acid to these composites to increase dispersion of the wood filler in the PP did not improve properties; however, the addition of maleated PP to improve the interfacial adhesion between the two phases resulted in strength improvements. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Stark, NM (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 6 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 49 IS 6 BP 39 EP 46 PG 8 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 210XH UT WOS:000081129600011 ER PT J AU Silva, AA Love, CS Morrell, JJ DeGroot, RC AF Silva, AA Love, CS Morrell, JJ DeGroot, RC TI Biocide protection of field-drilled bolt holes in red oak, yellow-poplar, loblolly pine, and Douglas-fir SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Field-drilling of holes in treated wood products sharply reduces the effectiveness of the original wood treatment, but most fabricators dislike the oily nature of the chemicals available for treating this damage. The ability of selected alternative water- and oilborne preservatives to protect simulated bolt holes was explored in a laboratory trial using Douglas-fir heartwood, red oak, yellow-poplar, and loblolly pine. The test methodology produced poor results with water-based chemicals because of the severe leaching treatment used, but was a reasonable predictor of the field performance of oil-based materials. Copper-8-quinolinolate (Cu-8) appeared to be the best oilborne material evaluated, whereas boron provided protection when leaching was not severe. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Prod, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Silva, AA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Prod, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 49 IS 6 BP 61 EP 66 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 210XH UT WOS:000081129600014 ER PT J AU Rammer, DR AF Rammer, DR TI Parallel-to-grain dowel-bearing strength of two Guatemalan hardwoods SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Current philosophy of lateral connection design strength is based on the yield theory that relates connection performance to fastener bending strength and wood dowel-bearing strength. This study investigated the parallel-to-grain dowel-bearing strength of two nail sizes and three bolt sizes in two high-density Guatemalan hardwood species: Danto (Brosimum alscastrum) and Ramon (Vatairea lundellii). The objective was to determine the bearing strength of higher specific gravity (SG) wood to augment the database for determining bolt- and nail-bearing strength SG relationships. Results indicate that bolt-bearing stiffness is influenced by the diameter of the bolt, but bolt-bearing strength is not influenced by the diameter of the bolt. For nails, both the bearing stiffness and strength are significantly influenced by the diameter of the nail. Comparison of the dowel-bearing strength of a similar-sized nail and bolt indicate a statistically significant difference. Finally, existing U.S. and European expressions relating dowel-bearing strength to SG and dowel diameter fail to predict mean values or trends in these high-density wood species. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Rammer, DR (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 49 IS 6 BP 77 EP 87 PG 11 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 210XH UT WOS:000081129600017 ER PT J AU Proctor, RH Desjardins, AE Plattner, RD Hohn, TM AF Proctor, RH Desjardins, AE Plattner, RD Hohn, TM TI A polyketide synthase gene required for biosynthesis of fumonisin mycotoxins in Gibberella fujikuroi slating population A SO FUNGAL GENETICS AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gibberella fujikuroi; Fusarium moniliforme; polyketide synthase; toxin; mycotoxin biosynthesis ID FATTY-ACID SYNTHASE; F SP-LYCOPERSICI; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; MATING POPULATIONS; STRAINS; IDENTIFICATION; PULICARIS; CULTURES; CLONING; CLUSTER AB Fumonisins are toxins associated with several mycotoxicoses and are produced by the maize pathogen Gibberella fujikuroi mating population A (MP-A), Biochemical analyses indicate that fumonisins are a product of either polyketide or fatty acid biosynthesis. To isolate a putative polyketide synthase (PKS) gene involved in fumonisin biosynthesis, we employed PCR with degenerate PKS primers and a cDNA template prepared from a fumonisin-producing culture of G. fujikuroi. Sequence analysis of the single PCR product and its flanking DNA revealed a gene (FUM5) with a 7.8-kb coding region. The predicted FUM5 translation product was highly similar to bacterial and fungal Type I PKSs, Transformation of a cosmid clone carrying FUM5 into G. fujikuroi enhanced production in three strains and restored wild-type production in a fumonisin nonproducing mutant. Disruption of FUM5 reduced fumonisin production by over 99% in G. fujikuroi MP-A. Together, these results indicate that FUM5 is a PKS gene required for fumonisin biosynthesis. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Proctor, RH (reprint author), Novartis Seeds, Seeds Biotechnol Res Unit, 3054 Cornwallis Rd, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 46 TC 199 Z9 215 U1 3 U2 26 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1087-1845 J9 FUNGAL GENET BIOL JI Fungal Genet. Biol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 27 IS 1 BP 100 EP 112 DI 10.1006/fgbi.1999.1141 PG 13 WC Genetics & Heredity; Mycology SC Genetics & Heredity; Mycology GA 223RM UT WOS:000081854100009 PM 10413619 ER PT J AU Scanes, CG Proudman, JA Radecki, SV AF Scanes, CG Proudman, JA Radecki, SV TI Influence of continuous growth hormone or insulin-like growth factor I administration in adult female chickens SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FACTOR-BINDING-PROTEINS; GROWING DOMESTIC-FOWL; IGF-I; MESSENGER-RNA; BODY-COMPOSITION; SOMATOMEDIN-C; BROILER-CHICKENS; LACTATING COWS; PITUITARY; PLASMA AB A series of studies was conducted to determine whether growth hormone (GH) exerts effects on adult female chickens. Recombinant chicken GH (rcGH) was administered continuously via osmotic minipumps. No consistent effects of rcGH treatment were observed on reproductive indices. Hens receiving rcGH treatment for 10 days exhibited hepatomegaly and showed a tendency (P < 0.1) for increased spleen and thymus weights. Moreover, there were increases in the circulating concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-binding proteins (IGF-BPs) (22-kDa IGF-BP after 2, 5, and 10 days; 28-kDa IGF-BP after 5 and 10 days; and 36-kDa IGF-BP after 10 days) with rcGH treatment. To determine whether the changes in IGF-BPs were due directly to GH or indirectly via IGF-I, the effects of the continuous administration of rcGH or recombinant human IGF-I (rhIGF-I) were compared. While rcGH again elevated the circulating levels of 28- and 36-kDa IGF-BPs, no such effect was observed with rhIGF-I treatment. However, both treatments exerted similar effects in depressing pituitary GH mRNA levels and elevating plasma concentrations of IGF-I. It is concluded that GH directly elevates circulating concentrations of IGF-I and IGF-BPs, bur the negative feedback effect on GH synthesis is mediated via IGF-I. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Anim Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Scanes, CG (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Coll Agr, 138 Curtiss Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 38 TC 10 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 114 IS 3 BP 315 EP 323 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 202CW UT WOS:000080635400001 PM 10336819 ER PT J AU Staub, JE Serquen, FC Horejsi, T Chen, JF AF Staub, JE Serquen, FC Horejsi, T Chen, JF TI Genetic diversity in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.): IV. An evaluation of Chinese germplasm SO GENETIC RESOURCES AND CROP EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE isozymes; principal component analysis; cluster analysis; cucumber; Cucurbit; Cucumis sativus; plant germplasm; principal component analysis ID LINKAGE RELATIONSHIPS; LOCI; INHERITANCE; ISOZYME AB Genetic variation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus) accessions from China was assessed by examining variation at 21 polymorphic isozyme loci. One hundred and forty-six Chinese accessions acquired by the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) before 1994 were compared to 67 recently collected Chinese accessions. Of the 67, 39 were collected during a 1994 U.S.-China expedition and 28 were donated in 1996. Isozymic profiles of all of these Chinese accessions were also compared with 853 previously examined NPGS cucumber accessions. Principal component analysis of allele frequencies identified two distinct groups of Chinese accessions: one containing accessions collected in 1994 (Group 1) and the other containing accessions received by NPGS in 1996 (Group 2) (P<0.01). Variation at Gpi, Gr, Mdh-2, Mpi-2, Pep-gl and Pep-la was important in the detection of this difference. Isozymic variation in U.S. NPGS accessions of Chinese origin acquired before 1994 differed significantly (P<0.01) from those collected during 1994 and those received in 1996. Eleven loci (Fdp-1, Gpi, Gr, Idh, Mpi-2, Pep-gl, Pep-la, Pep-pap, Per, Pgm and Pgd-1), were important in the detection of this difference. When Chinese accessions taken collectively (i.e., those acquired before 1994, and those during 1994 and 1996) were compared with an array of 853 C. s. var. sativus accessions examined previously, relationships between accessions grouped by country or subcontinent differed from those found in the previous work. Accessions from China and India were distinct from each other and from all other groupings and the C. s. var. hardwickii (feral form of C. s. var. sativus) accessions examined. Thus, Chinese and Indian accessions represent the most diverse genetic variation present in the NPGS cucumber collection. Further collection in India and China would be strategically important for increasing genetic diversity of the U.S. NPGS cucumber collection. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Unit, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Staub, JE (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Vegetable Crops Unit, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 32 TC 27 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-9864 J9 GENET RESOUR CROP EV JI Genet. Resour. Crop Evol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 46 IS 3 BP 297 EP 310 DI 10.1023/A:1008663225896 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 209UE UT WOS:000081066600013 ER PT J AU Moody, DE Pomp, D Nielsen, MK Van Vleck, LD AF Moody, DE Pomp, D Nielsen, MK Van Vleck, LD TI Identification of quantitative trait loci influencing traits related to energy balance in selection and inbred lines of mice SO GENETICS LA English DT Article ID RESTING METABOLIC-RATE; UNCOUPLING PROTEIN; DIVERGENT SELECTION; GENETIC DISSECTION; 15 GENERATIONS; FEED-INTAKE; BODY-MASS; HEAT-LOSS; OBESITY; MOUSE AB Energy balance is a complex trait with relevance to the study of human obesity and maintenance energy requirements of livestock. The objective of this study was to identify, using unique mouse models, quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing traits that contribute to variation in energy balance. Two F-2 resource populations were created from lines of mice differing in heat loss measured by direct calorimetry as an indicator of energy expenditure. The HE F-2 resource population originated from a cross between a noninbred line selected for high heat loss and an inbred line with low heat loss. Evidence for significant QTL influencing heat loss was found on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, and 7. Significant QTL influencing body weight and percentage gonadal fat, brown fat, liver, and heart were also identified. The LH F-2 resource population originated from noninbred lines of mice that had undergone divergent selection for heat loss. Chromosomes 1 and 3 were evaluated. The QTL for heat loss identified on chromosome 1 in the HE population was confirmed in the LH population, although the effect was smaller. The presence of a QTL influencing 6-wk weight was also confirmed. Suggestive evidence for additional QTL influencing heat loss, percentage subcutaneous fat, and percentage heart was found for chromosome 1. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, USDA, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Pomp, D (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Anim Sci, A218 Anim Sci Bldg, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 39 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 2 PU GENETICS PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 USA SN 0016-6731 J9 GENETICS JI Genetics PD JUN PY 1999 VL 152 IS 2 BP 699 EP 711 PG 13 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 203VT UT WOS:000080729400020 PM 10353911 ER PT J AU Liu, SG Reiners, WA Keller, M Schimel, DS AF Liu, SG Reiners, WA Keller, M Schimel, DS TI Model simulation of changes in N(2)O and NO emissions with conversion of tropical rain forests to pastures in the Costa Rican Atlantic Zone SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID NITROUS-OXIDE; GRASSLAND PRODUCTION; NITRIC-OXIDE; SOILS; DEFORESTATION; MANAGEMENT; WORLDWIDE; DYNAMICS; LOWLANDS; ECOLOGY AB Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) and nitric oxide (NO) are among the trace gases of concern because of their importance in global climate and atmospheric chemistry. Modeling techniques are needed for simulating the spatial and temporal dynamics of N(2)O and NO emissions from soils into the atmosphere. In this study, we modified the ecosystem model CENTURY to simulate changes in N(2)O and NO soil emissions through the process of converting tropical moist forests to pastures in the Atlantic Lowlands of Costa Rica. Measurements of water-filled pore space (WFPS) and fluxes of N(2)O and NO from a chronosequence of pastures were used for calibration and testing of the model. It was found that the N(2)O + NO - WFPS and N(2)O:NO - WFPS relationships as developed from primary forests could be generalized to the chronosequence of pastures and other land use systems in the region. Modeled net increases (compared to primary forests) in total N(2)O and NO production after conversion from forest to pasture were 514 kg N ha(-1) during the first 15 years under normal field conditions. The nitrogen loss in the form of N(2)O and NO during the first 15 years could range from 401 to 548 kg N ha(-1), depending on the amounts of forest residue remaining on pasture sites. N(2)O-N accounted for 90% of the gas fluxes, while NO-N accounted for 10%. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the impacts of forest-pasture conversion on N(2)O and NO emissions from soil into the atmosphere were complex, depending on the initial conditions of the forest-derived pastures, management practices, soil physical and chemical conditions and their changes over time, N availability, and climate. It is therefore important to incorporate the spatial and temporal heterogeneities of those controlling factors in estimating regional and global N(2)O and NO emissions from soils into the atmosphere. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Bot, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. US Forest Serv, Inst Trop Forestry, USDA, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Liu, SG (reprint author), Raytheon Syst Co, Dept Sci, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD 57198 USA. EM Sliu@edcmail.cr.usgs.gov RI Keller, Michael/A-8976-2012 OI Keller, Michael/0000-0002-0253-3359 NR 37 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD JUN PY 1999 VL 13 IS 2 BP 663 EP 677 DI 10.1029/1999GB900002 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 213GQ UT WOS:000081264700024 ER PT J AU Wechsung, G Wechsung, F Wall, GW Adamsen, FJ Kimball, BA Pinter, PJ Lamorte, RL Garcia, RL Kartschall, T AF Wechsung, G Wechsung, F Wall, GW Adamsen, FJ Kimball, BA Pinter, PJ Lamorte, RL Garcia, RL Kartschall, T TI The effects of free-air CO2 enrichment and soil water availability on spatial and seasonal patterns of wheat root growth SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CO2; FACE; climate change; root growth; Triticum aestivum L.; water stress ID ELEVATED ATMOSPHERIC CO2; CARBON-DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; LOLIUM-PERENNE; COTTON; NITROGEN; BIOMASS; FACE; DECOMPOSITION; RESPONSES; PRODUCTIVITY AB Spring wheat [Triticum aestivum (L). cv. Yecora Rojo] was grown from December 1992 to May 1993 under two atmospheric CO2 concentrations, 550 mu mol mol(-1) for high-CO2 plots, and 370 mu mol mol(-1) for control plots, using a Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) apparatus. In addition to the two levels of atmospheric CO2, there were ample and limiting levels of water supply through a subsurface trip irrigation system in a strip, split-plot design. In order to examine the temporal and spatial root distribution, root cores were extracted at six growth stages during the season at in-row and inter-row positions using a soil core device (86 mm ID, 1.0 m length). Such information would help determine whether and to what extent root morphology is changed by alteration of two important factors, atmospheric CO2 and soil water, in this agricultural ecosystem. Wheat root growth increased under elevated CO2 conditions during all observed developmental stages. A maximum of 37% increase in total root dry mass in the FACE vs. Control plots was observed during the period of stem elongation. Greater root growth rates were calculated due to CO2 enhancement until anthesis. During the early vegetative growth, root dry mass of the inter-row space was significantly higher for FACE than for Control treatments suggesting that elevated CO2 promoted the production of first-order lateral roots per main axis. Then, during the reproductive period of growth, more branching of lateral roots in the FACE treatment occurred due to water stress. Significant higher root dry mass was measured in the inter-row space of the FACE plots where soil water supply was limiting. These sequential responses in root growth and morphology to elevated CO2 and reduced soil water supports the hypothesis that plants grown in a high-CO2 environment may better compensate soil-water-stress conditions. C1 Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany. Humboldt Univ, Dept Soil Sci, D-10115 Berlin, Germany. USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. LI COR Inc, Lincoln, NE 68504 USA. RP Wechsung, G (reprint author), Potsdam Inst Climate Impact Res, POB 601203, D-14412 Potsdam, Germany. EM wechsung@iwq-server.uswcl.ars.ag.gov NR 49 TC 41 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 24 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 5 IS 5 BP 519 EP 529 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00243.x PG 11 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 202CP UT WOS:000080634800003 ER PT J AU Schrope, MK Chanton, JP Allen, LH Baker, JT AF Schrope, MK Chanton, JP Allen, LH Baker, JT TI Effect of CO2 enrichment and elevated temperature on methane emissions from rice, Oryza sativa SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; methane; porosity; rice; temperature; wetlands ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; ATMOSPHERIC METHANE; METHYL-FLUORIDE; SEASONAL-VARIATION; STABLE ISOTOPES; GROWTH-RATE; EXCHANGE; METHANOGENESIS; OXIDATION; BACTERIA AB Methane emissions from rice grown within Temperature Gradient Greenhouse Tunnels under doubled CO2 concentrations were 10-45 times less than emissions from control plants grown under ambient CO2. For two cultivars of rice (cvs. Lemont and IR-72), methane emissions increased with a temperature increase of 2 degrees, from outdoor ambient temperatures to the first cell of the ambient CO2 tunnel (ambient temperature + 2 degrees C). Within both tunnels and for both cultivars methane emissions decreased with further temperature increases (from 2 degrees to 5 degrees C above ambient). Carbon dioxide enrichment stimulated both above- and below-ground production. Our original hypothesis was that increased CO2 would stimulate plant productivity and therefore stimulate methane emission, since direct linkages between these parameters have been observed. We hypothesize that CO2 enrichment led to the attenuation of methane production due to increased delivery of oxygen to the rhizosphere because of increased root biomass and porosity. The increased root biomass due to elevated CO2 may have more effectively aerated the soil, suppressing methane production. However, this study may be unique because the low organic content (<1%) of the sandy soils in which the rice was grown created very little oxygen demand. C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Univ Florida, USDA ARS, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Chanton, JP (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. NR 57 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 5 U2 21 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOB CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 5 IS 5 BP 587 EP 599 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00252.x PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 202CP UT WOS:000080634800008 ER PT J AU Ben Slima, M Morawski, RZ Kraszewski, AW Barwicz, A AF Ben Slima, M Morawski, RZ Kraszewski, AW Barwicz, A TI Calibration of a microwave system for measuring grain moisture content SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article AB This paper relates to a microwave system for grain moisture content determination which is based on simultaneous measurements of two parameters: attenuation and phase shift, of the electromagnetic wave transmitted through the layer of material. The calibration of such a system consists of identifying a function modeling the relationship between these parameters and the measured moisture content, Laking into account an influence quantity-temperature T. Two algorithms for calibration are proposed and studied. The results of calibration show that the moisture of hard red winter wheat can be determined with uncertainty less than 0.5% moisture, at the 95% confidence level, in the moisture range of 10% to 19% at grain temperatures between -1 degrees C and 42 degrees C, independent of the grain bulk density. C1 Univ Quebec, Dept Ingn, Trois Rivieres, PQ G9A 5H7, Canada. Warsaw Univ Technol, Fac Elect & Informat Technol, Inst Radioelect, PL-00665 Warsaw, Poland. ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Ben Slima, M (reprint author), Univ Quebec, Dept Ingn, Trois Rivieres, PQ G9A 5H7, Canada. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 48 IS 3 BP 778 EP 783 DI 10.1109/19.772221 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 213XT UT WOS:000081299100020 ER PT J AU Harry-O'Kuru, RE Carriere, CJ Wing, RE AF Harry-O'Kuru, RE Carriere, CJ Wing, RE TI Rheology of modified Lesquerella gum SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE Lesquerella fendleri; O-carboxymethyl; O-carboxyethyl; O-(2-hydroxypropyl) triethylammonium-; chloro O-(2-hydroxyethyl) trimethylammonium-; polysaccharide; rheology ID DESS-MARTIN PERIODINANE; DIMETHYL-SULFOXIDE; FENDLERI SEED; OXIDATION; ALCOHOLS; MEAL AB Lesquerella fendleri is a promising new oil-seed crop with potential for commercialization in the next few years. Its oil contains hydroxy fatty acids that have many potentially important industrial applications. In addition to the oil, L. fendleri seed contains seed-surface polysaccharides (SSP) or gum. The oil-extracted seedmeal containing the SSP may have applications in adhesives or suspending agents. For the purpose of improving the physico-chemical properties of the SSP, acetate, amine, carboxylate, and quaternary ammonium pendant groups have been added to the gum. The rheological behavior of this gum and its derivatives were compared to three widely used commercial gums, guar, tragacanth and xanthan. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Harry-O'Kuru, RE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 10 IS 1 BP 11 EP 20 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(98)00036-3 PG 10 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 205JP UT WOS:000080817800002 ER PT J AU Morrison, WH Akin, DE Archibald, DD Dodd, RB Raymer, PL AF Morrison, WH Akin, DE Archibald, DD Dodd, RB Raymer, PL TI Chemical and instrumental characterization of maturing kenaf core and bast SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE kenaf; bast; retting; maturity; mass spectrometry ID RUMINAL BACTERIA; NONWOVEN MATS; FIBER; POLYSACCHARIDES; MICROSPECTROPHOTOMETRY; MICROSCOPY; LIGNIN AB A limiting factor in the production of bast fiber from kenaf is retting, the process by which the fiber is freed from the non-fibrous tissue. An objective of this study was to evaluate the variation in cell wall chemistry with maturity for different cultivars, particularly in relation to lignin and retting. Two cultivars of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), Tainung-1 (T-l) and Everglades-41 (E41), were harvested at 96 and 151 days post planting DPP, and the top and bottom 15 cm of the stems were excised for analysis. The hand-separated core and bast portions were analyzed for guaiacyl and syringyl groups (indicative of lignin), and arabinose, xylose, mannose, galactose, glucose, and uronic acids. Cell walls from bast were examined for aromatics by ultraviolet (UV) absorption micro spectrophotometry. Bottom core contained significantly higher amounts of aromatics. Results suggested that the top bast tissue was not completely lignified by the early harvest. Cellulose deposition, as indicated by the glucose content at 96 DPP, also was not fully complete until the later harvest. UV absorption microspectrophotometry demonstrated that, while the entire bast fiber cell walls were all lignified, the middle lamelIa had higher absorbance indicative of more aromatic compounds. The lambda(max) at 274-276 nm was consistent with a predominance of syringyl lignin. In a second study, three cultivars of kenaf, Tainung-2 (T-2), E41, and SF459, were harvested at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 DPP. The center 15 cm of the stems was excised for analysis. All three cultivars were similar to each other in components within a maturity period. East and core fractions were relatively high in lignin even at 30 DPP, and both secondary layers and middle lamellea contained lignin. The core had more lignin than fiber at maturity. Plants increased in lignin to ca 60 DPP and did not increase thereafter, while carbohydrates continued to vary with maturity. Glucose concentrations became stable at about 90 DPP and xylose concentrations remained constant at 60 DPP. East fibers had unusually high syringyl:guaiacyl ratios (6.3-9.4). Principal component analysis (PCA) of the mass spectral data of the bast indicated that 30 DPP samples were distinctly different from those harvested at 60-120 DPP, with the 180 DPP sample different from all others. In enzymatic retting studies of Everglades-41 bast from younger plants, i.e. 30-60 DPP were more easily retted than other harvests and mechanical disruption improved retting of more mature bast. Enzymatic retting resulted in separation of fiber bundles, rather than ultimate fibers. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30614 USA. Clemson Univ, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Clemson, SC 29633 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Griffin, GA 30223 USA. RP Morrison, WH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30614 USA. NR 29 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 10 IS 1 BP 21 EP 34 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(99)00002-3 PG 14 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 205JP UT WOS:000080817800003 ER PT J AU Holser, RA Abbott, TP AF Holser, RA Abbott, TP TI Extraction of simmondsins from defatted jojoba meal using aqueous ethanol SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE simmondsin; extraction; jojoba; coproduct ID FOOD-INTAKE; RATS; DETOXIFICATION AB The development of a new crop may be enhanced by the recovery of secondary metabolites that have new applications. Simmondsin compounds were extracted from commercially defatted jojoba meal in laboratory experiments with solutions of 80-100% aqueous ethanol. Batch extractions performed with 80% ethanol at a 1:10 meal to solvent ratio and at 25 degrees C for 30 min exhibited increased selectivities for simmondsin and simmondsin ferulate as compared to similar extractions performed with deionized water. The extraction of simmondsin compounds from defatted jojoba meal with aqueous ethanol is feasible and offers the advantages of a solvent with low toxicity and low volatility. Aqueous ethanol is compatible with equipment currently used in the vegetable oils industry and would require only modest changes in operating conditions and plant layout to be implemented on a large scale. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Holser, RA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 29 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 10 IS 1 BP 41 EP 46 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(99)00008-4 PG 6 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 205JP UT WOS:000080817800005 ER PT J AU Sessa, DJ Wing, RE AF Sessa, DJ Wing, RE TI Metal chelation of corn protein products citric acid derivatives generated via reactive extrusion SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE corn gluten meal; distillers' dried grains; citric acid; reactive extrusion; heavy metal binding; biodegradation ID ION-EXCHANGE PROPERTIES; CITRATE AB Citric acid (CA) was thermochemically reacted with corn coproducts from the ethanol industry, i.e. corn gluten meal (CGM), produced from corn wet milling, and distillers' dried grains (DDG), produced from corn dry milling, to generate value-added, acid-insoluble reaction products with enhanced metal-binding properties. Heated CA produced an anhydride that reacted with the nucleophilic hydroxyl groups of starch and fiber as well as the hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, and amino groups of protein to produce ester or acyl derivatives. Short-term reactive extrusion of 1:I w/w ratios of each corn product with CA by two passages at 20 rpm of each blend through a Brabender Plasti-Corder PL 2000, 1.9 cm single screw, 30:1 (L:D) fitted with a 1:I screw and no die, through zone temperatures of 140, 200, and 196 degrees C yielded reaction products that possessed similar degrees of carboxylation as a lengthy, 24 h oven-baking procedure at 120 degrees C previously reported. Metal ion binding of the extruded derivatives increased with increasing pH from 3.0-5.0 where the solubility of the metal ions was unaffected by pH. At a pH of 4.5, where the charged ligand acts as an electron pair donor and at a metal ion concentration of 200 mg/l, the equilibrium binding efficiency for CGM/CA derivative under this set of conditions was: 0.54, 0.33, 0.85, 1.00, 0.59, 0.28, 0.30, 0.72, and 0.45 mmol/g for Cd2+, Co2+, CU2+, Fe2+, Pb2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Agi, and Zn2+, respectively; whereas, for the DDG/CA derivative the metal binding was: 0.78, 0.66, 1.04, 1.08, 0.64, 0.51, 0.60, 1.02, and 0.73 mmol/g, respectively. The ability of citrate derivative to chelate metals varied with each derivative. Based on a comparison of metal binding data to heated CGM and DDG controls with no CA, the pendant carboxyl groups contributed by the CA moiety gave significantly higher metal ion binding. Comparison of metal binding ability for both the CGM/CA and DDG/CA derivatives with a sulfonic acid, styrene type analytical grade cation exchange resin, AG50W-X8, showed that CGM/CA possessed 13-44% of the capacity to bind metals, whereas DDG/CA possessed 23-47%. The corn-based derivatives produced in this study were biodepradable and could be produced at a considerably lower cost compared with petroleum-based resins. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Sessa, DJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 11 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 10 IS 1 BP 55 EP 63 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(99)00010-2 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 205JP UT WOS:000080817800007 ER PT J AU Abbott, TP Holser, RA Plattner, BJ Plattner, RD Purcell, HC AF Abbott, TP Holser, RA Plattner, BJ Plattner, RD Purcell, HC TI Pilot-scale isolation of simmondsin and related jojoba constituents SO INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS LA English DT Article DE Simmondsia chinensis (link) Schneider; simmondsin; jojoba; extract ID MEAL; FEED AB Simmondsin and several related compounds are present in jojoba meal at about 13% concentration. Industrial scale processes have been developed to extract the meal with water to yield a simmondsin concentrate that contains 43% simmondsin and analogues. This research was undertaken to develop a practical process to purify further the active constituents. Acetone, acetonitrile, chloroform, ethanol, isopropanol, methanol, and water, alone and in various combinations and at various solvent:solids ratios were tested. Extraction with absolute ethanol followed by 80:20 ethanol-water increased the concentration of simmondsins from 42 to 75% in the ethanol extract, recovered the remaining simmondsins in the second extract and left a sugar and protein residue low in residual simmondsins. Subsequent preparative chromatography gave fractions greater than 95% purity. From the preparative HPLC, 77% of the recovered fractions was of pharmaceutical grade and 20% was acceptable for further refinement or recycling into the feed solution. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Purcell Jojoba Int LLC, Avila Beach, CA 93424 USA. RP Abbott, TP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 16 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0926-6690 J9 IND CROP PROD JI Ind. Crop. Prod. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 10 IS 1 BP 65 EP 72 DI 10.1016/S0926-6690(99)00011-4 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering; Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 205JP UT WOS:000080817800008 ER PT J AU Garner, KJ Hiremath, S Lehtoma, K Valaitis, AP AF Garner, KJ Hiremath, S Lehtoma, K Valaitis, AP TI Cloning and complete sequence characterization of two gypsy moth aminopeptidase-N cDNAs, including the receptor for Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac toxin SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gypsy moth; aminopeptidase-N; cDNA sequence; expression; Bacillus thuringiensis receptor ID BRUSH-BORDER MEMBRANE; AMINO-ACID SEQUENCE; DELTA-ENDOTOXIN; MANDUCA-SEXTA; BOMBYX-MORI; GLYCOSYLATION PATHWAY; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; MOLECULAR-CLONING; CRYIA(C) TOXIN; INSECT CELLS AB The complete cDNAs corresponding to two distinct gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar) larval gut aminopeptidases, APN1 and lambda APN2, were cloned and sequenced. The 3.4 kilobasepair cDNA of APN1 which encodes a 1017 amino acid prepro-protein corresponds to the previously-identified gypsy moth APN (APN-1) that specifically binds the Cry1Ac delta-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis. Analysis of the primary structure of APN1 revealed a cluster of five potential N-linked glycosylation sites near the N-terminus and a C-terminal sequence characteristic of a putative glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) anchor signal sequence. The cDNA of APN1 encodes the N-terminal peptide sequence and nine internal sequences obtained from the purified brush border membrane vesicle Cry1Ac receptor by protein sequencing. The lambda APN2 cDNA encodes a shorter protein with 51% similarity to APN1 that also appears to have a GPI anchor signal sequence. Expression of the APN1 cDNA in a baculovirus vector was confirmed by immunoblotting. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Valaitis, AP (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, 359 Main Rd, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. NR 37 TC 36 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 29 IS 6 BP 527 EP 535 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(99)00027-2 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 212WT UT WOS:000081241200004 PM 10406091 ER PT J AU Mugridge, NB Morrison, DA Johnson, AM Luton, K Dubey, JP Votypka, J Tenter, AM AF Mugridge, NB Morrison, DA Johnson, AM Luton, K Dubey, JP Votypka, J Tenter, AM TI Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Frenkelia: a review of its history and new knowledge gained from comparison of large subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequences SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference of the Australian-Society-for-Parasitology CY SEP 27-OCT 01, 1998 CL LA TROBE UNIV, MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA SP Australian Soc Parasitol HO LA TROBE UNIV DE sarcocystidae; Sarcocystis; Frenkelia; ribosomal DNA; large subunit ribosomal RNA; phylogeny; sequence alignment ID EQUINE PROTOZOAL MYELOENCEPHALITIS; SARCOCYSTIS-FALCATULA; LIFE-CYCLE; COCCIDIA; APICOMPLEXA; ALIGNMENT; TREES; CLETHRIONOMYOBUTEONIS; SPOROCYSTS; EVOLUTION AB The different genera currently classified into the family Sarcocystidae include parasites which are of significant medical, veterinary and economic importance. The genus Sarcocystis is the largest within the family Sarcocystidae and consists of species which infect a broad range of animals including mammals, birds and reptiles. Frenkelia, another genus within this family, consists of parasites that use rodents as intermediate hosts and birds of prey as definitive hosts. Both genera follow an almost identical pattern of life cycle, and their life cycle stages are morphologically very similar. However, the relationship between the two genera remains unresolved because previous analyses of phenotypic characters and of small subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequences have questioned the validity of the genus Frenkelia or the monophyly of the genus Sarcocystis if Frenkelia was recognised as a valid genus. We therefore subjected the large subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequences of representative taxa in these genera to phylogenetic analyses to ascertain a definitive relationship between the two genera. The full length large subunit ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequences obtained were aligned using Clustal W and Dedicated Comparative Sequence Editor secondary structure alignments. The Dedicated Comparative Sequence Editor alignment was then split into two data sets, one including helical regions, and one including non-helical regions, in order to determine the more informative sites. Subsequently, all four alignment data sets were subjected to different tree-building algorithms. All of the analyses produced trees supporting the paraphyly of the genus Sarcocystis if Frenkelia was recognised as a valid genus and, thus, call for a revision of the current definition of these genera. However, an alternative, more parsimonious and more appropriate solution to the Sarcocystis/Frenkelia controversy is to synonymise the genus Frenkelia with the genus Sarcocystis. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of the Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Tierarztlichen Hsch Hannover, Inst Parasitol, D-30559 Hannover, Germany. Univ Technol Sydney, Mol Parasitol Unit, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia. USDA ARS, LPSI, PBEL, Beltsville, MD USA. Charles Univ, Dept Parasitol, Prague, Czech Republic. Tierarztlichen Hsch Hannover, Inst Parasitol, D-30559 Hannover, Germany. RP Tenter, AM (reprint author), Tierarztlichen Hsch Hannover, Inst Parasitol, Bunteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany. RI Votypka, Jan/C-5313-2012 OI Votypka, Jan/0000-0002-0552-9363 NR 78 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0020-7519 J9 INT J PARASITOL JI Int. J. Parasit. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 29 IS 6 BP 957 EP 972 DI 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00062-4 PG 16 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 227YB UT WOS:000082106600018 PM 10480733 ER PT J AU Akdogan, H AF Akdogan, H TI High moisture food extrusion SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE extrusion; liquefaction; protein texturization; rheology; saccharification ID TWIN-SCREW EXTRUSION; RICE STARCH; ENZYMATIC CONVERSION; OPERATING-CONDITIONS; CEREAL FLOURS; WET EXTRUSION; WHEAT-STARCH; COOKING; TEXTURIZATION; EXTRUDER AB Extrusion at higher moisture contents (> 40%), also known as wet extrusion, is relatively less investigated compared to low and intermediate moisture extrusion. Literature on high moisture food extrusion has been reviewed. Wet extrusion applications utilise twin screw extruders due to their efficient conveying capabilities. Extruders can be used as bioreactors for starch hydrolysis using thermally stable enzymes. This process is usually followed by saccharification inside or outside an extruder to produce a high DE (dextrose equivalent) syrup. Starch-based high moisture extrusion research also reports a few modelling studies. The rheological properties, torque and energy requirements of high moisture extrusion systems are different from those of low and intermediate systems. Other research reviewed includes the extrusion of low-cost plant and animal proteins to manufacture nutritious food products that imitate the texture, flavour, and mouthfeel of meat. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Akdogan, H (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 54 TC 46 Z9 66 U1 5 U2 39 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-5423 J9 INT J FOOD SCI TECH JI Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 34 IS 3 BP 195 EP 207 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2621.1999.00256.x PG 13 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 205MH UT WOS:000080824800001 ER PT J AU Van Loan, MD Sutherland, B Lowe, NM Turnlund, JR King, JC AF Van Loan, MD Sutherland, B Lowe, NM Turnlund, JR King, JC TI The effects of zinc depletion on peak force and total work of knee and shoulder extensor and flexor muscles SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORT NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE zinc deficiency; peak force; total work; strength; endurance ID MINERALS; TISSUE; URINE; MEN AB In this study we tested the effect of zinc (Zn) on muscle function in humans. After receiving 12 mg Zn/day for 17 days, 8 male subjects received 0.3 mg Zn/day for either 33 or 41 days. Subjects were divided into two groups for repletion. Group A subjects received overnight infusions of 66 mg Zn on Days 1 and 10 and then were fed 12 mg Zn/day for another 16 days. Group B subjects were fed 12 mg Zn/day for 3 weeks. Peak force and total work capacity of the knee and shoulder extensor and flexor muscle groups were assessed using an isokinetic dynamometer at baseline, at two points during depletion, and at repletion. Plasma Zn declined significantly during depletion and remained below baseline levels after repletion. The peak force of the muscle groups tested was not affected by acute Zn depletion; however, total work capacity for the knee extensor muscles and shoulder extensor and flexor muscles declined significantly. The data suggest that acute Zn depletion alters the total work capacity of skeletal muscle. C1 USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Nutr Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Liverpool, Dept Med, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England. RP Van Loan, MD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 29997, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. RI Lowe, Nicola/B-5472-2013 OI Lowe, Nicola/0000-0002-6934-2768 NR 18 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 6 PU HUMAN KINETICS PUBL INC PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1607 N MARKET ST, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820-2200 USA SN 1050-1606 J9 INT J SPORT NUTR JI Int. J. Sport Nutr. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 9 IS 2 BP 125 EP 135 PG 11 WC Nutrition & Dietetics; Sport Sciences SC Nutrition & Dietetics; Sport Sciences GA 203JQ UT WOS:000080704900001 PM 10362450 ER PT J AU Brown, MS McDonald, GM Friedman, M AF Brown, MS McDonald, GM Friedman, M TI Sampling leaves of young potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants for glycoalkaloid analysis SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE glycoalkaloid; leaf sampling; potato; alpha-solanine; alpha-chaconine; freeze-drying; breeding ID PHOTOSYNTHESIS; FRESH AB Earlier attempts to measure potato (Solanum tuberosum) leaf glycoalkaloids indicated variability among similar plants, suggesting that a single small sampling of a young plant might not be a reliable measure of composition. It was also suggested that freeze-dried leaf samples might be less variable than fresh ones. In the present work, variability was minimized by comparing single leaves from the same stem position of each plant. Comparisons involving other leaves indicated that the glycoalkaloid content was not constant with respect to either time or position on the stem. In addition, the possible influence of differences in growing conditions at different times suggests that repeated plantings should include a known variety as a control to which other plants are compared. Variability was reduced by calculating glycoalkaloid concentrations on a dry weight rather than fresh weight basis. The method of drying the samples, however, had no influence on the variability of data. These considerations should be generally applicable to the sampling of replicate leaves of any plant for analysis of any components. C1 ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Friedman, M (reprint author), ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. OI Friedman, Mendel/0000-0003-2582-7517 NR 11 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 47 IS 6 BP 2331 EP 2334 DI 10.1021/jf981124m PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 206ZL UT WOS:000080910800027 PM 10794631 ER PT J AU Poling, SM Plattner, RD AF Poling, SM Plattner, RD TI Rapid purification of fumonisins and their hydrolysis products with solid-phase extraction columns SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fumonisins; Fusarium moniliforme; corn; hydrolysis; isolation ID HUMAN ESOPHAGEAL CANCER; CORN-BASED FOODS; FUSARIUM-MONILIFORME; B-1; MYCOTOXINS; IDENTIFICATION; PROLIFERATUM; STABILITY; TOXICITY; STRAINS AB Fumonisins B-3 and B-4 (FB3 and FB4) were recovered from the 50:50 acetonitrile/water extract of corn cultures of a strain of Fusarium moniliforme that does not make FB1 or FB2 by stirring the extract with IRA-68, a weak anion-exchange resin. The fumonisins were desorbed with 5% acetic acid in the same solvent. After dilution with water, the desorbed fumonisins were separated into FB3 (FB3 and FA(3)) and FB4 (FB4, FC4, and FA(4)) fractions with a tC(18) solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge. The FB3 fraction was then separated into FB3 and FA(3) by using an NH2 SPE cartridge and eluting with 5% acetic acid and increasing amounts of acetonitrile in water. Finally, FB1 and FA(3) were hydrolyzed with calcium hydroxide. After recovery from the reaction mixture using a tC(18) cartridge, the hydrolyzed and partially hydrolyzed analogues were separated and the unreacted fumonisins recovered by using an NH2 cartridge, initially in the normal-phase mode with increasing amounts of water in acetonitrile and then in the reversed-phase mode after the addition of 5% acetic acid to the solvent and eluting in the reverse order. C1 ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Poling, SM (reprint author), ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 26 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 47 IS 6 BP 2344 EP 2349 DI 10.1021/jf981109h PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 206ZL UT WOS:000080910800030 PM 10794634 ER PT J AU Pattee, HE Giesbrecht, FG Isleib, TG AF Pattee, HE Giesbrecht, FG Isleib, TG TI Sensory attribute variation in low-temperature-stored roasted peanut paste SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE flavor intensity; flavor-fade; sensory interactions; stability; staling ID FLAVOR; ACID AB Length of sample storage can become significant in sensory studies due to panel fatigue limitations and samples needed for a reasonable expectation of finding significant differences. In roasted peanut sensory studies samples are stored between -10 and -23 degrees C to prevent or retard changes. Studies of up to 13 months' duration have examined stability and slow-rate sensory changes. Sweet taste was relatively stable, whereas bitter and tongue burn attributes increased slightly. Stale taste increased, suggesting lipid oxidation was taking place even at -23 degrees C. Painty attribute did not increase until stale was >3. An increase in fruity attribute was unexpected. With increases in fruity and stale attributes a decrease in roasted peanut was expected. However, storage at -23 degrees C seems to stabilize the roasted peanut lability when compared to storage at -10 degrees C. Fruity and stale interactions with roasted peanut and lability of roasted peanut were shown to be three separate and identifiable effects on roasted peanut. C1 N Carolina State Univ, USDA, ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, N Carolina Agr Res Serv, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Pattee, HE (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, USDA, ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 47 IS 6 BP 2415 EP 2420 DI 10.1021/jf981063s PG 6 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 206ZL UT WOS:000080910800041 PM 10794645 ER PT J AU Bartelt, RJ Wicklow, DT AF Bartelt, RJ Wicklow, DT TI Volatiles from Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenb. and their attractiveness to nitidulid beetles SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Fusarium verticillioides; F-moniliforme; Coleoptera; Nitidulidae; Carpophilus humeralis; solid-phase microextraction; SPME; attraction; bioassay; volatile compounds ID CARPOPHILUS-HEMIPTERUS; STRAINS; MAIZE; CORN AB It is known that sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) can vector the fungus Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenb. (= F. moniliforme Sheldon), which causes an important ear-rot disease in corn and also produces fumonisin mycotoxins. The volatiles produced by this fungus were studied to establish whether they could attract sap beetles. Such an association would suggest more than just an incidental role in transmission of the fungus by the beetles. F. verticillioides consistently produces a blend of five alcohols (ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 2-methyl-1-butanol), acetaldehyde, and ethyl acetate. Ethanol is the most abundant alcohol. The fungus also produces four phenolic compounds (the most abundant of which is ethylguaiacol), a series of presently unidentified sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, and an unidentified compound that is probably a 10-carbon ketone. Solid-phase microextraction was the key technique used in volatile analysis. The volatile profiles change over time and differ somewhat among fungal strains: The alcohols, aldehyde, and ester always appeared first and were present far each strain. Production of the phenolics lagged by several days; and in some strains these compounds were barely detectable. Volatile production eventually diminished in all strains. All strains were attractive to the sap beetle, Carpophilus humeralis (F.), in wind-tunnel bioassays. Attraction was correlated primarily to the presence of the alcohols, acetaldehyde, and ethyl acetate, rather than to the phenolics. To verify that the identified culture volatiles were responsible for beetle attraction, cultures were quantitatively simulated with synthetic chemicals, and the cultures and corresponding synthetic mixtures were then compared by bioassay. The comparisons were favorable. Volatile emission patterns from cultures were fairly robust with respect to inoculum level or incubation temperature, but some manipulation was possible. For example, after freeze-drying and rehydrating (a rapid simulation of winter/spring conditions), F, verticillioides produced ethyl acetate and other esters at-unusually high levels:The fungus produced attractive volatiles following ear inoculation of milk-stage field corn as well as on sterile, mature kernels in the laboratory. C1 ARS, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Bartelt, RJ (reprint author), ARS, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 23 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 47 IS 6 BP 2447 EP 2454 DI 10.1021/jf9901340 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 206ZL UT WOS:000080910800045 PM 10794649 ER PT J AU Blackburn, HD Pittroff, W AF Blackburn, HD Pittroff, W TI Biologically based coefficients for partitioning lamb and wool production costs SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE lambs; wool; simulation; sheep; profitability AB Global competition for selling lamb and wool requires sheep producers to effectively prioritize wool and lamb production. Both products are produced simultaneously, and this makes it difficult to differentially assess costs and net returns. This study addressed this issue by developing coefficients for use in financial analysis of lamb and wool profitability across and within five regions of the United States (Eastern, Midwestern, Intermountain West, Great Basin, and Texas). A procedure was developed using a sheep simulation model to partition the amount of nutrients used for lamb and wool production and then using the partitioning information to determine the proportion of costs to be assessed to lamb and wool production. Blackface breed types, when managed without nutritional limitations, had lamb and wool coefficients of .90 and .10, respectively. Wool breeds with unlimited and limited nutrition had lamb coefficients between .80 and .20 and .60 and .40, respectively. In-depth analysis of the Great Basin system indicated that wool and its improvement may contribute as much, if not more, under certain pricing conditions, as increased prolificacy to enterprise profitability. With low lamb prices ($1.32/kg) and moderate wool prices, the partial net returns for a Merino x Rambouillet were higher than the tested prolific breed type ($13.85 vs $11.27/ewe, respectively). This ranking was reversed under high ($2.31/kg) lamb prices ($47.90 vs $55.22, respectively). The derived method provides a basis for analyzing, comparing, and making management and breeding objective decisions. C1 USDA ARS, US Sheep Expt Stn, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. RP Blackburn, HD (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Sheep Expt Stn, Dubois, ID 83423 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 77 IS 6 BP 1353 EP 1363 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XQ UT WOS:000084445300007 PM 10375212 ER PT J AU Keele, JW Shackelford, SD Kappes, SM Koohmaraie, M Stone, RT AF Keele, JW Shackelford, SD Kappes, SM Koohmaraie, M Stone, RT TI A region on bovine chromosome 15 influences beef longissimus tenderness in steers SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE quantitative traits; loci; tenderness; shear strength; cattle; gene mapping ID GENOTYPE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; CATTLE-CYCLE-III; BIOLOGICAL TYPES; BOS-TAURUS; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; VIRUS-INFECTION; LINKAGE MAP; BREED; ANGUS AB A genome scan was conducted using 196 microsatellite DNA markers spanning 29 autosomal bovine chromosomes and Warner-Bratzler shear force collected at d 2 and 14 postmortem on steaks fi om the longissimus muscle of 294 progeny from one Brahman x Hereford bull mated to Bos taurus cows to identify QTL for beef tenderness. One QTL was identified and located 28 cM (95% confidence interval is 17 to 40 cM) from the most centromeric marker on BTA15. The QTL interacted significantly with slaughter group. The difference in sheer force of steaks aged 14 d postmortem between progeny with the Brahman paternally inherited allele vs those with Hereford was 1.19 phenotypic standard deviations (explained 26% of phenotypic variance) for one slaughter group and was not significant for three other slaughter groups. Apparently, unknown environmental factors present for three of the four slaughter groups were capable of masking the effect of this QTL. The sensitivity of the QTL effect to environmental factors may complicate utilization of markers for genetic improvement. Future research to elucidate the cause of the QTL x slaughter group interaction may lead to improved strategies for controlling variation in meat tenderness via marker-assisted selection, postmortem processing, or live animal management. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Keele, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 36 TC 44 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 77 IS 6 BP 1364 EP 1371 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XQ UT WOS:000084445300008 PM 10375213 ER PT J AU Stone, RT Keele, JW Shackelford, SD Kappes, SM Koohmaraie, M AF Stone, RT Keele, JW Shackelford, SD Kappes, SM Koohmaraie, M TI A primary screen of the bovine genome for quantitative trait loci affecting carcass and growth traits SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE quantitative traits; carcasses; cattle ID GENETIC-LINKAGE MAP; BIOLOGICAL TYPES; CYCLE-IV; BEEF-CATTLE; PALATABILITY; INTERVAL; MICE; HG AB A primary genomic screen for quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting carcass and growth traits was performed by genotyping 238 microsatellite markers on 185 out of 300 total progeny from a Bos indicus x Bos taurus sire mated to Bos taurus cows. The following traits were analyzed for QTL effects: birth weight (BWT), weaning weight (WW), yearling weight (YW), hot carcass weight (HCW), dressing percentage (DP), fat thickness (FT), marbling score (MAR), longissimus muscle area (LMA), rib bone (RibB), rib fat (RibF), and rib muscle (RibM), and the predicted whole carcass traits, retail product yield (RPYD), fat trim yield (FATYD), bone yield (BOYD), retail product weight (RPWT), fat weight (FATWT), and bone weight (BOWT). Data were analyzed by generating an F-statistic profile computed at 1-cM: intervals for each chromosome by the regression of phenotype on the conditional probability of receiving the Brahman allele from the sire. There was compelling evidence for a QTL allele of Brahman origin affecting an increase in RibB and a decrease in DP on chromosome 5 (BTA5). Putative QTL at or just below the threshold for genome-wide significance were as follows: an increase in RPYD and component traits on BTA2 and BTA13, an increase in LMA on BTA14, and an increase in BWT on BTA1. Results provided represent a portion of our efforts to identify and characterize QTL affecting carcass and growth traits. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Stone, RT (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 19 TC 97 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 77 IS 6 BP 1379 EP 1384 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XQ UT WOS:000084445300010 PM 10375215 ER PT J AU Rohrer, GA Ford, JJ Wise, TH Vallet, JL Christenson, RK AF Rohrer, GA Ford, JJ Wise, TH Vallet, JL Christenson, RK TI Identification of quantitative trait loci affecting female reproductive trails in a multigeneration Meishan-White composite swine population SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE reproduction; pigs; quantitative traits; puberty; ovulation rate; uterus ID AFFECTING CARCASS COMPOSITION; ESTROGEN-RECEPTOR LOCUS; SHEEP CHROMOSOME-6; UTERINE CAPACITY; PORCINE GENOME; OVULATION RATE; LITTER SIZE; GENE; PIG; MAPS AB A multigeneration crossbred Meishan-White composite resource population was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for age at first estrus (AP) and the components of litter size: ovulation rate (OR; number of ova released in an estrous period) and uterine capacity (UC). The population was established by reciprocally mating Meishan (ME) and White composite (WC) pigs. Resultant Fl females were mated to either ME or WC boars to produce backcross progeny (BC) of either 3/4 WC 1/4 ME or 1/4 WC 3/4 ME. To produce the next generation(F-3), 3/4 WC 1/4 ME animals were mated to 1/4 WC 3/4 ME animals yielding half-blood (1/2 WC 1/2 ME) progeny. A final generation (F-4) was produced by inter se mating F-3 animals. Measurements for AP and OR were recorded on 101 BC, 389 F-3, and 110 F-4 gilts, and UC data were from 101 BC and 110 F-4 first parity litters. A genomic scan was conducted with markers (n = 157) spaced similar to 20 cM apart. All parental, F-1, BC, and F-4 animals but only 84 F-3 animals were genotyped and included in this study. The QTL analysis fitted a QTL at 1-cM intent als throughout the genome, and QTL effects were tested using approximate genome-wide significance levels. For OR, a significant (E[false positive] < .05) QTL was detected on chromosome 8, suggestive (E[false positive] < 1.0) QTL were detected on chromosomes 3 and 10, and two additional regions were detected that may possess a QTL (E[false positive] < 2.0) on chromosomes 9 and 15. Two regions possessed suggestive evidence for QTL affecting AP on chromosomes 1 and 10, and one suggestive region on. chromosome 8 was identified for UC. Further analyses of other populations of swine are necessary to determine the extent of allelic variation at the identified QTL. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Rohrer, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 32 TC 138 Z9 147 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 77 IS 6 BP 1385 EP 1391 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XQ UT WOS:000084445300011 PM 10375216 ER PT J AU Harper, LA Denmead, OT Freney, JR Byers, FM AF Harper, LA Denmead, OT Freney, JR Byers, FM TI Direct measurements of methane emissions from grazing and feedlot cattle SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE micrometeorology; feed conversion efficiency; models; global greenhouse gases; pastures; feedlots ID VOSTOK ICE CORE; LOSSES AB Methane (CH(4)) emissions from animals represent a significant contribution to anthropogenically produced radiatively active trace gases. Global and national CH(4) budgets currently use predictive models based on emission data from laboratory experiments to estimate the magnitude of the animal source. This paper presents a method for measuring CH(4) from animals under undisturbed field conditions and examines the performance of common models used to simulate field conditions. A micrometeorological mass difference technique was developed to measure CH(4) production by cattle in pasture and feedlot conditions. Measurements were made continuously under field conditions, semiautomatically for several days, and the technique was virtually nonintrusive. The method permits a relatively large number of cattle to be sampled. Limitations include light winds (less than approximately 2 m/s), rapid wind direction changes, and high-precision CH(4) gas concentration measurement. Methane production showed a marked periodicity, with greater emissions during periods of rumination as opposed to grazing. When the cattle were grazed on pasture, they produced .23 kg CH(4).animal(-1)d(-1), which corresponded to the conversion of 7.7 to 8.4% of gross energy into CH(4). When the same cattle were fed a highly digestible, high-grain diet, they produced .07 kg CH(4).animal(-1).d(-1), corresponding to a conversion of only 1.9 to 2.2% of the feed energy to CH(4). These measurements clearly document higher CH(4) production (about four times) for cattle receiving low-quality, high-fiber diets than for cattle fed high-grain diets. The mass difference method provides a useful tool for "undisturbed" measurements on the influence of feedstuffs and nutritional management practices on CH(4) production from animals and for developing improved management practice for enhanced environmental quality. C1 USDA ARS, So Piedmont Conservat Res Unit, JPCSNRCC, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. CSIRO, Land & Water Div, FC Pye Lab, Ctr Environm Mech, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. CSIRO, Div Plant Ind, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Anim Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Harper, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Piedmont Conservat Res Unit, JPCSNRCC, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. EM lharper@arches.uga.edu RI Freney, John/E-9462-2011; Denmead, Owen/A-7087-2009; OI Freney, John/0000-0001-7545-6529 NR 26 TC 78 Z9 86 U1 4 U2 25 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI CHAMPAIGN PA 2441 VILLAGE GREEN PLACE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61822 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 77 IS 6 BP 1392 EP 1401 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XQ UT WOS:000084445300012 PM 10375217 ER PT J AU Seman, DH Stuedemann, JA Hill, NS AF Seman, DH Stuedemann, JA Hill, NS TI Behavior of steers grazing monocultures and binary mixtures of alfalfa and tall fescue SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bovidae; grazing; time series; alfalfa; Festuca arundinacea ID INGESTIVE BEHAVIOR; SPECTRAL-ANALYSIS; DIET PREFERENCE; HERBAGE INTAKE; SHEEP; CATTLE; PATTERNS; MANAGEMENT; RYEGRASS; CLOVER AB Spectral analysis was used to relate dietary quality and herbage species to the behavior of grazing steers. Four .3-ha paddocks were established with either 'AU-Triumph' tall fescue (F; Festuca arundinacea Schreb.),'Apollo' alfalfa (A; Medicago sativa L.), 1/3 fescue and 2/3 alfalfa (2/3A), or 2/3 fescue and 1/3 alfalfa (1/3A). Each paddock was stocked with 10 to 16 steers and defoliated in 5 d. Three steers on each paddock carried vibracorders to monitor grazing time. Daily forage samples were taken in 10-cm layers and weighed. Esophageal extrusa were collected from fistulated steers to measure diet quality. Daily grazing time did not differ (P = .37) among treatments; however, steers grazing mixtures grazed numerically longer (1.4 h/d) than steers on monocultures. Spectral analysis revealed that steers grazing A and 2/3A had many daily meals of short duration, but steers grazing 1/3A and F consumed three meals daily at 8-h intervals. Throughout the 4.67-d grazing period, quality of the diet linearly declined in crude protein and herbage digestibility, Linearly increased in neutral detergent fiber and cellulose, and exhibited quadratic changes in lignin and ash. For most quality values,the tall fescue monoculture differed from the others (P < .05). Steers selected diets with similar quality for the A, 2/3A, and 1/3A treatments. This study illustrates how differences in forage diets alter grazing behavior of steers. C1 USDA ARS, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resource Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Seman, DH (reprint author), USDA ARS, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resource Conservat Ctr, 1420 Expt Stn Rd, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. NR 31 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 77 IS 6 BP 1402 EP 1411 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XQ UT WOS:000084445300013 PM 10375218 ER PT J AU Doumit, ME Koohmaraie, M AF Doumit, ME Koohmaraie, M TI Immunoblot analysis of calpastatin degradation: Evidence for cleavage by calpain in postmortem muscle SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE calpains; calpastatin; degradation; tenderness ID SKELETAL-MUSCLE; DEPENDENT PROTEASES; CALCIUM-CHLORIDE; OVINE CARCASSES; TENDERIZATION; INHIBITOR; MEAT; PROTEOLYSIS; PROTEINS; INFUSION AB A negative correlation exists between calpastatin activity and meat tenderness. Therefore, it is important to determine the mechanism of calpastatin inactivation in postmortem skeletal muscle. Western immunoblot analysis was performed to determine the protease(s) responsible for degradation of muscle calpastatin during postmortem storage. To accomplish this, purified calpastatin was digested with different proteases in vitro, and their pattern of calpastatin degradation was compared with that of calpastatin degradation in postmortem muscle. Polyclonal antibodies raised in mice against recombinant, bovine skeletal muscle calpastatin were used to monitor calpastatin degradation. Lamb longissimus was stored at 4 degrees C and sampled at 0, 6, 12, 24, 72, 168, and 336 h postmortem Postmortem storage produced a discrete pattern of calpastatin degradation products that included immunoreactive bands at approximately 100, 80, 65, 54, 32, and 29 kDa. Undegraded calpastatin (130 kDa) was barely detectable after 72 h of postmortem storage at 4 degrees C, and no immunoreactive calpastatin was observed by 336 h postmortem. For in vitro proteolysis, lamb longissimus calpastatin (0 h postmortem) was purified using Affi-Gel Blue chromatography. Calpastatin was digested with m-calpain, mu-calpain, cathepsin B, proteasome, trypsin, or chymotrypsin. Each of these enzymes degraded calpastatin. Immunoreactive fragments resulting from digestion of calpastatin with m- and mu-calpain were similar to each other and closely resembled those observed during postmortem aging of lamb longissimus at 4 degrees C. Digestion of calpastatin with mu-calpain reduced calpastatin activity. Degradation of calpastatin by other proteases resulted in unique patterns of immunoreactive fragments, distinct from that observed in longissimus. Thus, m- and(or) mu-calpain seem to be responsible for calpastatin degradation during postmortem storage of meat. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Koohmaraie, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 32 TC 57 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 77 IS 6 BP 1467 EP 1473 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XQ UT WOS:000084445300018 PM 10375223 ER PT J AU Shackelford, SD Wheeler, TL Koohmaraie, M AF Shackelford, SD Wheeler, TL Koohmaraie, M TI Tenderness classification of beef: II. Design and analysis of a system to measure beef longissimus shear force under commercial processing conditions SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef; classification; tenderness ID MUSCLES; COOKING; CATTLE; TRAITS AB The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of a system for classifying beef for tenderness based on a rapid, simple method of measuring cooked longissimus shear force. Longissimus steaks (2.54 cm thick) were trimmed free of s.c. fat and bone and rapidly cooked using a belt grill. A l-cm-thick, 5-cm-long slice was removed from the cooked longissimus parallel with the muscle fibers for measurement of shear force. Slices were sheared with a flat, blunt-end blade using an electronic testing machine. The entire process was completed in less than 10 min. Therefore, in commercial application, this process could be completed during the 10- to 15-min period that carcasses are normally held to allow the ribeye to bloom for quality grading, In Exp. I, the repeatability of slice shear force (SSF), as determined by evaluation of duplicate samples from 204 A-maturity carcasses, was .89. In Exp. 2, A-maturity carcasses (n = 483) were classified into three groups based on SSF (< 23, 23 to 40, and > 40 kg) at 3 d postmortem that differed (P < .001) in mean trained sensory panel tenderness ratings (7.3 +/- .04, 6.4 +/- .06, and 4.4 +/- .20) and the percentages (100, 91, and 28%) of samples rated "Slightly Tender" or higher at 14 d postmortem. Therefore, this tenderness classification system could be used to accurately segregate beef carcasses into expected tenderness groups. Further research is needed to test the feasibility and accuracy of this system under a variety of commercial processing conditions. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Shackelford, SD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 NR 22 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 77 IS 6 BP 1474 EP 1481 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XQ UT WOS:000084445300019 PM 10375224 ER PT J AU Geesink, GH Koohmaraie, M AF Geesink, GH Koohmaraie, M TI Postmortem proteolysis and calpain/calpastatin activity in callipyge and normal lamb biceps femoris during extended postmortem storage SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE calpain; calpastatin; callipyge; postmortem changes; proteolysis ID MUSCLE ALPHA-ACTININ; LONGISSIMUS MUSCLE; Z-DISK; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; NEUTRAL PROTEASE; OVINE CARCASSES; BOVINE; TITIN; TENDERIZATION; DEGRADATION AB The present experiment was conducted to determine whether calpastatin inhibits only the rate, or both the rate and extent, of calpain-induced postmortem proteolysis. Biceps femoris from normal (n = 6) and callipyge (n = 6) lamb was stored for 56 d at 4 degrees C. Calpastatin activity was higher (P <.05) in the callipyge muscle at 0 and 14 d postmortem, but not at 56 d postmortem. The activity of mu-calpain did not differ between normal and callipyge biceps femoris at 0 and 56 d postmortem(P >.05), but was higher at 14 d postmortem in the callipyge muscle (P <0.05). The activity of m-calpain was higher in the callipyge muscle (P <0.05). Western blot analyses of titin, nebulin, dystrophin, myosin heavy chain, vinculin, alpha-actinin, desmin, and troponin-T indicated that postmortem proteolysis was less extensive in callipyge than in normal biceps femoris at all postmortem times. The results of this experiment indicate that calpastatin inhibits both the rate and extent of postmortem proteolysis. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Koohmaraie, M (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RI Koohmaraie, Mohammad/A-2108-2013 FU NICHD NIH HHS [N01-HD7-3263] NR 58 TC 87 Z9 92 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 77 IS 6 BP 1490 EP 1501 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XQ UT WOS:000084445300021 PM 10375226 ER PT J AU Mandebvu, P West, JW Hill, GM Gates, RN Hatfield, RD Mullinix, BG Parks, AH Caudle, AB AF Mandebvu, P West, JW Hill, GM Gates, RN Hatfield, RD Mullinix, BG Parks, AH Caudle, AB TI Comparison of Tifton 85 and Coastal bermudagrasses for yield, nutrient traits, intake, and digestion by growing beef steers SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE age; Cynodon dactylon cultivars; digestion; intake; maturity ID CATTLE CONSUMING BERMUDAGRASS; NEUTRAL DETERGENT FIBER; LIVE WEIGHT-GAIN; FEED-INTAKE; DIETARY FIBER; FORAGE SOURCE; AND(OR) CORN; MILK-YIELD; DAIRY-COWS; HAY AB A study was undertaken to compare Tifton 85 (T85) and Coastal (CBG) bermudagrasses for effects of cultivar and age at harvest on yields of DM and digestible DM, in vitro digestion, nutrient content, cell wall composition, in situ digestion kinetics, and feed intake and digestion by growing beef steers. In Exp. 1, T85 and CBG forages staged for growth in May or July of 1993 were harvested at 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 wk from subplots. Tifton 85 bermudagrass had 7.1% greater DM yield, 18.2% higher (P < .05) digestible DM yield, and 7.1% greater IVDMD than CBG, and, after 5 wk of forage growth, IVDMD of both T85 and CBG decreased with increased age at harvest (P < .05). In Exp. 2, T85 and CBG forages staged for growth in July 1997 were harvested at 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 wk from subplots. Even though T85 had higher concentrations of NDF and ADF than CBG, T85 had 34.1% higher DM yield, 47.9% higher digestible DM, 55.0% higher digestible NDF, 91.7% higher digestible ADF, greater IVDMD, in vitro NDF and ADF disappearances, and higher in situ DM and NDF digestion (P < .05). Coastal bermudagrass had higher concentrations of lignin and lower concentrations of total neutral sugars, arabinose, glucose, and xylose than T85 (P < .05). In vitro digestibilities of DM, NDF, and ADF were lower and concentrations of ADF and lignin were greater for 7- vs 6-wk harvests of both T85 and CBG ( P < .05). In Exp. 3, T85 and CBG forages staged for growth in July 1997 were harvested as hay at 3, 5, and 7 wk from .8-ha pastures and fed to 36 individually penned growing beef steers (initial BW = 244 kg) to quantify ad libitum intake without supplementation. Tifton 85 bermudagrass had lower concentrations of lignin and ether-linked ferulic acid and greater concentrations of NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, and cellulose than CBG (P < .05). Steers fed T85 had higher (P < .05) digestion of DM, OM, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, and cellulose than steers fed CBG. Digestion of NDF, ADF, hemicellulose, and cellulose decreased (P < .05) with increased age at harvest for both cultivars. In conclusion, T85 produced more DM and had more digestible nutrients in vitro, in situ, and in vivo than CBG, and 3 and 5 wk of growth would be recommended ages to harvest either cultivar. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Anim & Dairy Sci, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. US Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. USDA ARS, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Stat Serv, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Comp Serv, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP WH Miner Agr Res Inst, POB 90, Chazy, NY 12921 USA. EM mandep@westelcom.com NR 31 TC 58 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI CHAMPAIGN PA PO BOX 7410, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61826-7410 USA SN 0021-8812 EI 1525-3163 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 77 IS 6 BP 1572 EP 1586 PG 15 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XQ UT WOS:000084445300030 PM 10375235 ER PT J AU Liang, SL Strahler, AH Walthall, C AF Liang, SL Strahler, AH Walthall, C TI Retrieval of land surface albedo from satellite observations: A simulation study SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DISCRETE-ORDINATE-METHOD; SIMPLE BIOSPHERE MODEL; BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; NEURAL NETWORKS; CLIMATE; BUDGET; MULTIANGLE; ATMOSPHERE AB Land surface albedo is a critical parameter affecting the earth's climate and is required by global and regional climatic modeling and surface energy balance monitoring. Surface albedo retrieved from satellite observations at one atmospheric condition may not be suitable for application to other-atmospheric conditions. In this paper the authors separate the apparent surface albedo from the inherent surface albedo, which is independent of atmospheric conditions, based on extensive radiative transfer simulations under a variety of atmospheric conditions. The results show that spectral inherent albedos are different from spectral apparent albedos in many cases. Total shortwave apparent albedos under both clear and cloudy conditions are-also significantly different from their inherent total shortwave albedos. The conversion coefficients of the surface inherent narrowband albedos derived. from the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and the MISR (Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer) instruments to the surface broadband inherent albedo are reported. A new approach of predicting broadband surface inherent albedos from MODIS or MISR top of atmosphere (TOA) narrowband albedos using a neural network is proposed. The simulations show that surface total shortwave and near-infrared inherent albedos can be predicted accurately from TOA narrowband albedos without atmospheric information,, whereas visible inherent albedo cannot. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, Lab Global Remote Sensing Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Geog, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Boston Univ, Ctr Remote Sensing, Boston, MA 02215 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Liang, SL (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, Lab Global Remote Sensing Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI liang, shunlin/C-2809-2015 NR 43 TC 109 Z9 124 U1 2 U2 28 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 38 IS 6 BP 712 EP 725 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<0712:ROLSAF>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 208TB UT WOS:000081006800005 ER PT J AU Cao, GH Shukitt-Hale, B Bickford, PC Joseph, JA McEwen, J Prior, RL AF Cao, GH Shukitt-Hale, B Bickford, PC Joseph, JA McEwen, J Prior, RL TI Hyperoxia-induced changes in antioxidant capacity and the effect of dietary antioxidants SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE oxygen radical absorbance capacity; alpha-tocopherol; spinach; blueberry ID PULMONARY OXYGEN-TOXICITY; RADICAL ABSORBENCY CAPACITY; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; RAT LUNG; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; CANCER PREVENTION; VITAMIN-E; VEGETABLES; FLAVONOIDS; FRUITS AB We investigated, by measuring oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), whether hyperoxia causes alterations in antioxidant status and whether these alterations could be modulated by dietary antioxidants. Rats were fed for 8 wk a Control diet or a control diet supplemented with vitamin E (500 IU/kg) or with aqueous extracts (ORAC: 1.36 mmol Trolox equivalents/kg) from blueberries dr spinach and then were exposed to air or >99% O-2 for 48 h. Although the constituents of the extracts were ndt extensively characterized, HPLC indicated that blueberry extract was particularly rich in anthocyanins, and the spinach extract did not contain any anthocyanins. The ORAC was determined in samples without proteins [serum treated with perchloric acid (PCA); ORAC(PCA)] and with proteins (ORAC(tot)). Hyperoxia induced a decrease in serum protein concentration, an increase in serum ORAC(PCA), decreases in lung ORAC(PCA) and ORAC(tot), and an equilibration of proteins and ORAC(PCA) between serum and pleural effusion. These alterations suggested a redistribution of antioxidants between tissues and an increase in capillary permeability during hyperoxia. Only the blueberry extract was effective in alleviating the hyperoxia-induced redistribution of antioxidants between tissues. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA ARS, HNRCA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Denver, CO 80262 USA. RP Prior, RL (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA ARS, HNRCA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Bickford, Paula/J-5970-2012 OI Bickford, Paula/0000-0001-9657-7725 NR 43 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 8750-7587 J9 J APPL PHYSIOL JI J. Appl. Physiol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 86 IS 6 BP 1817 EP 1822 PG 6 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA 204TV UT WOS:000080781400015 PM 10368343 ER PT J AU Poole, GH Lyon, CE Buhr, RJ Young, LL Alley, A Hess, JB Bilgili, SF Northcutt, JK AF Poole, GH Lyon, CE Buhr, RJ Young, LL Alley, A Hess, JB Bilgili, SF Northcutt, JK TI Evacuation of age, gender, strain, and diet on the cooked yield and smear values of broiler breast fillets SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE age; Allo-Kramer shear; cooked yield; diet; Pectoralis; strain; tenderness; Warner-Bratzler shear ID MEAT; TENDERNESS AB Poultry processors are concerned that small changes made in the procedures used to grow broilers will affect the quality of the meat, such as the texture. This survey attempted to determine how much the texture was affected by small changes in the diet fed to the bird, the strain of the bird when it is processed, and the gender of the bird. The cooked fillets were tested for texture using two different devices. No effects on texture were detected due to diets, strains, or gender used in this study. All meat samples regardless of age, gender, diet, strain, or texture-assessing device would be considered tender. This data indicates that minor changes in diet, strain, and age that could happen in industry would have minimal effects on the ultimate meat quality of the fillets. C1 USDA ARS, PPMQ, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Auburn Univ, Auburn Univ Expt Stn, Dept Poultry Sci, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Poultry Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Lyon, CE (reprint author), USDA ARS, PPMQ, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 17 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU APPLIED POULTRY SCIENCE INC PI ATHENS PA PO BOX 80286, ATHENS, GA 30608 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 8 IS 2 BP 170 EP 176 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 228YA UT WOS:000082164100005 ER PT J AU Cosby, DE Harrison, MA Toledo, RT Craven, SE AF Cosby, DE Harrison, MA Toledo, RT Craven, SE TI Vacuum or modified atmosphere packaging and EDTA-nisin treatment to increase poultry product shelf life SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE chelating agents; modified atmosphere packaging; nisin; poultry products; vacuum packaging ID SALMONELLA; PATHOGENS; CHELATORS; MEAT AB These experiments sought to increase the shelf life of poultry by treatment with a disodium ethylenediametetra-acetate (EDTA) and nisin (NIS) combination and storage under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) or vacuum packaging (VP). Chicken drummettes were soaked with various combination of EDTA and NIS for 30 min at 15 degrees C and stored at 4 degrees C. Part treated with EDTA-NIS stored under VP had significantly lower (P less than or equal to.01) total aerobic plate counts than untreated controls stored under aerobic conditions. EDTA-NIS increased shelf life by a minimum of 4 days when packaged in aerobic conditions and a maximum of 9 days when vacuum packed. A second experiment evaluated the VP and EDTA-NIS combinations in more detail. Parts treated with EDTA-NIS stored under VP had significantly different (P less than or equal to.01) aerobic counts from parts treated with EDTA-NIS stored under aerobic conditions or untreated control parts. EDTA-NIS treatment increased shelf life 4 to 7 days in the second experiment. The results indicate that a combination of EDTA-NIS treatment and vacuum packaging has the potential to significantly increase the shelf life of raw processed poultry. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Food Proc Res & Dev Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Poultry Microbiol Res Unit, Richard B Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP Cosby, DE (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Food Proc Res & Dev Lab, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 7 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU APPLIED POULTRY SCIENCE INC PI ATHENS PA PO BOX 80286, ATHENS, GA 30608 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 8 IS 2 BP 185 EP 190 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 228YA UT WOS:000082164100007 ER PT J AU Donoghue, AM Bakst, MR Drummond, P Haqque, S Smith, EJ Donoghue, DJ AF Donoghue, AM Bakst, MR Drummond, P Haqque, S Smith, EJ Donoghue, DJ TI Paternity efficiency in turkeys differs extensively after heterospermic insemination SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POULTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE DNA fingerprinting; fertility; paternity; semen evaluation; sire selection; sperm ID SEMEN DONOR SELECTION; SPERM MOTILITY; FERTILITY; MALES; SUCCESS; HEN AB All commercial turkey hens in the U.S. are bred by artificial insemination (AI). Since semen samples are pooled from 10 or more males (heterospermic inseminations), paternity of the progeny is rarely known. Whereas it is known that sperm competition exists, the degree to which any male's sperm fertilizes ova relative to other male's remains unknown. In this work, we determined individual male fecundity relative to that of other males in the study and attempted to establish a relationship between male fecundity and semen characteristics in turkeys. Fingerprinting of genomic DNA from parents and offspring was used to determine parentage efficiency. This work demonstrated that relatively few toms sired a high percentage of the progeny. Of the 26 toms contributing to the pooled ejaculates, six (23%) sired more than 60% of the 145 poults. Conversely, 14 toms (54%) sired three or fewer poults. We found that the semen parameters evaluated, some of which are used routinely by the turkey industry, were not good at predicting paternity. Under the conditions of this study, the majority of the progeny were derived from semen from one or two toms after heterospermic inseminations. C1 USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Tuskegee Univ, Sch Agr & Home Econ, Tuskegee, AL 36088 USA. US FDA, Ctr Vet Med, Laurel, MD 20708 USA. RP Donoghue, AM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Bldg 200,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 31 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU APPLIED POULTRY SCIENCE INC PI ATHENS PA PO BOX 80286, ATHENS, GA 30608 USA SN 1056-6171 J9 J APPL POULTRY RES JI J. Appl. Poult. Res. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 8 IS 2 BP 214 EP 221 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 228YA UT WOS:000082164100011 ER PT J AU Mitchell, AJ Goodwin, AE AF Mitchell, AJ Goodwin, AE TI Evidence that enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC) was present in Arkansas by the late 1960s: New insights into the epidemiology of ESC SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID ICTALURUS-PUNCTATUS RAFINESQUE; EDWARDSIELLA-ICTALURI; CHANNEL CATFISH AB Enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC), a disease of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, was first reported in 1979 based on isolates obtained from 1976 through 1978. Channel catfish that had been preserved in 1970, labeled "nutritional cranial spot," and stored at the Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center were tested with Gram stains, histology, and immunohistochemistry to demonstrate that the specimens were actually infected by Edwardsiella ictaluri (the causative agent of ESC). A reexamination of catfish dis:ase case records has indicated that ESC might have been present in Arkansas in 1969. Investigation of these old records and specimens has led to insights on the discovery and epidemiology of the disease. C1 ARS, USDA, Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. Univ Arkansas, Aquaculture Fisheries Ctr, Pine Bluff, AR 71611 USA. RP Mitchell, AJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Stuttgart Natl Aquaculture Res Ctr, POB 860, Stuttgart, AR 72160 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD JUN PY 1999 VL 11 IS 2 BP 175 EP 178 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(1999)011<0175:ETESOC>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 316TP UT WOS:000087184400012 ER PT J AU Stewart, P Cullen, D AF Stewart, P Cullen, D TI Organization and differential regulation of a cluster of lignin peroxidase genes of Phanerochaete chrysosporium SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; MANGANESE PEROXIDASE; ENCODING GENE; EXPRESSION; TRANSCRIPTION; ME446; SOIL; PCR; REDUNDANCY; ALIGNMENT AB The lignin peroxidases of Phanerochaete chrysosporium are encoded by a minimum of 10 closely related genes. Physical and genetic mapping of a cluster of eight lip genes revealed six genes occurring in pairs and transcriptionally convergent, suggesting that portions of the lip family arose by gene duplication events. The completed sequence of lipG and lipJ, together with previously published sequences, allowed phylogenetic and intron/exon classifications, indicating two main branches within the lip family. Competitive reverse transcription-PCR was used to assess lip transcript levels in both carbon- and nitrogen-limited media. Transcript patterns showed differential regulation of lip genes in response to medium composition. No apparent torrelation was observed between genomic organization and transcript levels. Both constitutive and upregulated transcripts, structurally unrelated to peroxidases, were identified within the lip cluster. C1 USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bacteriol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. EM dcullen@facstaff.wisc.edu NR 52 TC 38 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0021-9193 EI 1098-5530 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 181 IS 11 BP 3427 EP 3432 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 201NQ UT WOS:000080602000014 PM 10348854 ER PT J AU Zakharova, N Paster, BJ Wesley, I Dewhirst, FE Berg, DE Severinov, KV AF Zakharova, N Paster, BJ Wesley, I Dewhirst, FE Berg, DE Severinov, KV TI Fused and overlapping rpoB and rpoC genes in helicobacters, campylobacters, and related bacteria SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMPLETE GENOME; PYLORI AB The genes coding for the beta (rpoB) and beta' (rpoC) subunits of RNA polymerase are fused in the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori but separate in other taxonomic groups. To better understand how the unique fused structure evolved, we determined DNA sequences at and around the rpoB-rpoC junction in 10 gastric and nongastric species of Helicobacter acid in members of the related genera Wolinella, Arcobacter, Sulfurospirillum, and Campylobacter. We found the fusion to be specific to Helicobacter and Wolinella genera; rpoB and rpoC overlap in the other genera. The fusion may have arisen by a frameshift mutation at the site of rpoB and rpoC overlap. Loss of good Shine-Dalgarno sequences might then have fixed the fusion in the Helicobacteraceae, even if fusion itself did not confer a selective advantage. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Waksman Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Genet, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Forsyth Dent Ctr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Microbiol, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. Washington Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, St Louis, MO 63110 USA. RP Severinov, KV (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Waksman Inst, 190 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RI Severinov, Konstantin/C-8545-2016 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI38166]; NIDCR NIH HHS [R01 DE011443, R01 DE010374]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK48029]; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM 59295, R01 GM059295] NR 8 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 181 IS 12 BP 3857 EP 3859 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 205YR UT WOS:000080849100036 PM 10368167 ER PT J AU Binder, BF Robbins, JC Wilson, RL Abel, CA Hinz, PN AF Binder, BF Robbins, JC Wilson, RL Abel, CA Hinz, PN TI Effects of Peruvian maize extracts on growth, development, and fecundity of the European corn borer SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE European corn borer; Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner); growth; development; fecundity; oviposition; behavior; eggs; DIMBOA; water extract; plant extract; maize; Peruvian maize; maize accessions; host plant resistance ID OSTRINIA-NUBILALIS LEPIDOPTERA; OVIPOSITION BEHAVIOR; PYRALIDAE; RESISTANCE AB Twelve Peruvian maize, Zen mays, accessions were selected because of their relatively high level of field resistance to first-generation European corn borer (ECB), Ostrinia,nubilalis, larval leaf-feeding. Water extracts of freeze-dried, powdered, leaf tissue were incorporated into a standard ECB diet, fed to larvae, and the effects on larval growth, development, and fecundity were measured. Larval and pupal weights were monitored as were the time elapsed in the larval, pupal, and adult stages. Adult fecundity and egg fertility were recorded. The experiment was a randomized block design (larvae and pupae) or a completely randomized design (adults) and analyzed with ANOVA (alpha = 0.05). Pairwise comparisons were made between groups of insects grown on diets containing extracts from the Peruvian lines, a standard diet, or diets containing extracts of a known susceptible inbred, and a known resistant inbred line. Survival was analyzed with a chi-squared test (alpha = 0.05). Two Peruvian accessions significantly reduced female larval and pupal weights, extended pupal acid adult development time, and decreased survival of pupae and adults. Water extracts also had a pronounced impact on males; two accessions significantly reduced pupal weight and extended the time required to pupate, and one reduced male survival to adults. The results indicate that water-soluble factors from resistant Peruvian accessions inhibit the growth, developmental time, and survival of ECB. These resistance factors could be useful in the development of maize germplasm with insect-resistant traits. C1 Iowa State Univ, Insectary, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit,Genet Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, N Cent Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Stat, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Binder, BF (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Insectary, USDA ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit,Genet Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RI Marion-Poll, Frederic/D-8882-2011 OI Marion-Poll, Frederic/0000-0001-6824-0180 NR 28 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 9 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 25 IS 6 BP 1281 EP 1294 DI 10.1023/A:1020918607690 PG 14 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 210YR UT WOS:000081133600006 ER PT J AU Everitt, JH Alaniz, MA Escobar, DE Lonard, RI Judd, FW Davis, MR AF Everitt, JH Alaniz, MA Escobar, DE Lonard, RI Judd, FW Davis, MR TI Reflectance characteristics and film image relations among important plant species on South Padre Island, Texas SO JOURNAL OF COASTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE color infrared aerial photography; reflectance; remote sensing; South Padre Island; Texas Gulf Coast ID SOIL AB Radiometric ground reflectance measurements were made on eight important plant species and two associated soil surface conditions on South Padre Island, Texas on three dates (July, September, and November). Plant species studied included beach croton (Croton punctatus), beach morningglory (Ipomoea imperati), camphorweed (Heterotheca subaxillaris), partridge pea (Chamaecrista fasciculata), railroad vine (Ipomoea pes-capre), sea purslane (Sesuvium portulacastrum), seacoast bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), and seaoats (Uniola paniculata). Reflectance measurements were made at the visible green (0.52-0.60 mu m), visible red (0.63-0.69 mu m), and near-infrared (0.76-0.90 mu m) wavelengths. Reflectance values differed significantly (p = 0.05) among the plant species and soil surfaces at all three wavelengths and on all dates. Differences in reflectance among the plant species were attributed to variable foliage coloration, phenology, and vegetative density. Spectral differences between soil surfaces were attributed to their contrasting surface conditions (wet, dry). Color-infrared (CIR) aerial photographs obtained of study sites on three dates showed that many plant species could be differentiated. More plant species could be distinguished on the September photographs than on the other dates. Spectral measurements of several species were related to their image tonal responses on the CIR aerial photography. However, growth form, geometric shape, and textural image response of species were also important in their discrimination on aerial photos. C1 USDA ARS, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Res Unit, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Univ Texas Pan Amer, Edinburg, TX 78539 USA. RP Everitt, JH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Integrated Farming & Nat Resources Res Unit, 2413 E Highway 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 26 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU COASTAL EDUCATION & RESEARCH FOUNDATION PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0749-0208 J9 J COASTAL RES JI J. Coast. Res. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 15 IS 3 BP 789 EP 795 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 215CU UT WOS:000081365000017 ER PT J AU Lefcourt, AM Erez, B Varner, MA Barfield, R Tasch, U AF Lefcourt, AM Erez, B Varner, MA Barfield, R Tasch, U TI A noninvasive radiotelemetry system to monitor heart rate for assessing stress responses of bovines SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE heart rate; stress; radiotelemetry; bovine ID COWS; CORTISOL; CATTLE; SHEEP AB A noninvasive radiotelemetry system was developed to monitor heart rates of cows and to view and analyze data. The system was validated by comparing heart rate data of two restrained heifers collected simultaneously using telemetric and direct electrocardiogram measurements and by acquiring data over 72 h from two dry cows housed in an experimental handling facility consisting of a free-stall pen, a holding pen, a pass-through stall, and a second holding pen. Telemetric and direct measurements in response to pharmacological elevation of heart rates were essentially identical. For cows in the experimental facility, peristimulus-time histograms indexed to standing or lying showed that average heart rates for cows increased 4.0 +/- 1.4 beats/min after cows stood and decreased 4.8 +/- 1.0 beats/min after cows lay. Similarly, the average heart rate for the cow naive to the facility increased from 60 to 86 beats/min and remained elevated for 6.3 min when heart rate was indexed to maximal heart rate within +/-3 min of entry into the pass-through stall. Heart rate for the naive cow increased consistently from around 60 to over 160 beats/min during repeated agonistic encounters between animals. Heart rate for the other cow was not affected by the encounters. These results show clearly that heart rate can be used to monitor animal anxiety. C1 USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Agr Res Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Cent Maryland Res & Educ Ctr, Ellicott City, MD 21042 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Anim Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Lefcourt, AM (reprint author), USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Agr Res Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 16 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 82 IS 6 BP 1179 EP 1187 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 205EV UT WOS:000080809100015 PM 10386304 ER PT J AU Gengler, N Wiggans, GR Wright, JR AF Gengler, N Wiggans, GR Wright, JR TI Animal model genetic evaluation of type traits for five dairy cattle breeds SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE linear type; final score; genetic evaluation; animal model C1 Natl Fund Sci Res, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. Gembloux Agr Univ, Anim Sci Unit, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium. USDA ARS, Anim Improvement Programs Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gengler, N (reprint author), Natl Fund Sci Res, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium. NR 0 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 82 IS 6 BP 1350 EP 1350 PG 1 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 205EV UT WOS:000080809100033 PM 10386322 ER PT J AU Katsoyannos, BI Heath, RR Papadopoulos, NT Epsky, ND Hendrichs, J AF Katsoyannos, BI Heath, RR Papadopoulos, NT Epsky, ND Hendrichs, J TI Field evaluation of Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera : Tephritidae) female selective attractants for use in monitoring programs SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ceratitis capitata; trapping; synthetic attractant ID CERATITIS-CAPITATA DIPTERA; SYNTHETIC ATTRACTANT; FLIES DIPTERA; DRY TRAP; CAPTURE; GREECE AB Field trials were conducted on the island of Chios, Greece, to compare captures of the Mediterranean fruit ny, Ceratitis capitata (wiedemann), in several types of traps baited with female-targeted lures. Female-targeted trapping systems included food-based synthetic attractants of ammonium acetate and putrescine alone (2 component lure) and in combination with trimethylamine (3 component lure) tested in plastic McPhail-type traps. Additionally, Frutect traps baited with proprietary liquid protein bait and McPhail-type traps baited with an aqueous solution of NuLure and borax, which is the standard female-targeted trapping system for C. capitata in Greece, were tested. More females, as indicated by relative trap efficiency, were captured in traps baited with the 3 component lure than in traps baited with other female-targeted lures and the, captured more females than the NuLure/borax-baited traps. Traps baited with the 3 component synthetic lure were more C capitata specific than the other female-targeted trapping systems and captured fewer nontarget insects than the 2 component lures and liquid protein-baited traps. Jackson traps baited with male specific trimedlure captured more males than were captured in traps baited with the female attractants. However, the total capture of C. capitata was significantly less in trimedlure traps than in plastic McPhail-type traps baited with the 3 component synthetic lure. The demonstration of a potent synthetic attractant for female C. capitata may provide a new improved system for detection, survey and possibly suppression by mass trapping of C. capitata. The female selectivity of the synthetic attractant observed will be of considerable value when used with C. capitata single-sex release of males and will further increase efficacy of the sterile insect technique for C. capitata by removal of the feral females without removal of sterile males. C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Univ Thessaloniki, Dept Agr, Lab Appl Zool & Parasitol, GR-54006 Salonika, Greece. Int Atom Energy Agcy, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. RP Heath, RR (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, POB 14565, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RI Papadopoulos, Nikos/B-9156-2011 OI Papadopoulos, Nikos/0000-0003-2480-8189 NR 33 TC 36 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 7 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 92 IS 3 BP 583 EP 589 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 210YX UT WOS:000081134100014 ER PT J AU Katsoyannos, BI Papadopoulos, NT Kouloussis, NA Heath, R Hendrichs, J AF Katsoyannos, BI Papadopoulos, NT Kouloussis, NA Heath, R Hendrichs, J TI Method of assessing the fertility of wild Ceratitis capitata (Diptera : Tephritidae) females for use in sterile insect technique programs SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ceratitis capitata; fertility assessment; sterile insect technique ID MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLIES; SYNTHETIC ATTRACTANT; COLOR PROPERTIES; OVIPOSITION; FIELD; FLY AB Experiments aimed at developing a method of assessing the degree of egg sterility introduced into Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) populations after application of the sterile insect technique programs (SIT) were carried out on the island of Chios, Greece. A 1st attempt to obtain C capitata eggs in the field using artificial oviposition spheres baited with female attractants was unsuccessful. In subsequent experiments, wild C, capitata females were captured live with the use of slightly modified plastic International Pheromones' McPhail traps baited with water and 3 dispensers of the female targeted food-based attractants ammonium acetate, 1,4 diaminobutane (putrescine), and trimethylamine. When caged individually for 15 d with pears, spheres, or hollow ceresin wax domes as oviposition substrates, 90, 65, and 30% of these females, respectively, oviposited an average of 91.4, 110.9, and 75.3 eggs whose hatchability was 67.9, 64.4, and. 74.2%. The potentials and shortcomings of this method in measuring sterility trends introduced into wild populations of C. capitata or other insects after SIT application are discussed. C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. Int Atom Energy Agcy, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. RP Katsoyannos, BI (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RI Papadopoulos, Nikos/B-9156-2011; OI Papadopoulos, Nikos/0000-0003-2480-8189; Kouloussis, Nikos/0000-0003-1802-4193 NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 92 IS 3 BP 590 EP 597 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 210YX UT WOS:000081134100015 ER PT J AU Preisler, HK Robertson, JL Hoover, K McCutchen, BF AF Preisler, HK Robertson, JL Hoover, K McCutchen, BF TI Statistical methods to assessing responses over time in bioassays with mixtures SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE interaction; mode of action; mortality over time; pyrethroids; baculoviruses; semiparametric models ID WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM; JOINT ACTION; LEPIDOPTERA; INSECTICIDES; PYRETHROIDS AB Analysis of bioassays data from experiments with mixtures require use of special statistical techniques, especially when responses are recorded over time. Often, response curves from bioassays with mixtures do not fit a probit or legit curve. In addition, observations recorded over time are not independent. As a result, standard statistical packages for probit or legit analysis are not applicable. In these bioassays, the shape of the response curve depends on the type of interactions between mixture components. Here we present models that describe response (e.g., mortality) curves over time when mixtures are applied to insects. The shapes of the response curves depend on the modes of both action and interaction between the mixture compounds. We describe a procedure to assess whether the assumed modes of interaction (e.g., independent action or similar action additive models) are appropriate. We demonstrate use of the statistical methods with data obtained when a baculovirus and a synthetic organic insecticide were mixed. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, PSW Res Stn, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Optimum, Petaluma, CA 94952 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Entomol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. DuPont Ag Prod, Stine Haskell Res Ctr, Newark, DE 19714 USA. RP Preisler, HK (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, PSW Res Stn, 800 Buchanan St,West Annex, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 92 IS 3 BP 598 EP 603 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 210YX UT WOS:000081134100016 ER PT J AU Valles, SM Brenner, RJ AF Valles, SM Brenner, RJ TI Variation in hydramethylnon susceptibility among insecticide-resistant German cockroaches (Blattodea : Blattellidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Blattella germanica; insecticide tolerance; hydramethylnon; consumption bioassay ID FIELD PERFORMANCE; DICTYOPTERA; BAIT AB A consumption bioassay was used to evaluate hydramethylnon tolerance among 14 insecticide-resistant and 1 insecticide-susceptible strain of the German cockroach, Blattella ger manica (L). The feeding bioassay provided the ability to assess physiological changes in hydramethylnon tolerance while simultaneously evaluating German cockroach avoidance behavior toward Siege gel bait. Cockroach strains, which had been shown previously to be resistant to pyrethroid, carbamate, and organophosphate insecticides, were bioassayed in 2 groups. The 1st group was bioassayed by the dose-response method and the 2nd group was assayed with a single diagnostic dose. None of the strains evaluated by the dose-response consumption bioassay method were more tolerant of hydramethylnon than the Orlando laboratory strain. Although the dose-response data did not indicate physiological resistance among these strains, behavioral resistance (avoidance) war implicated in the Union 511 and Malo strains. In a 2nd group of insecticide-resistant strains, physiological as well as behavioral resistance to hydramethylnon was implicated when cockroaches were challenged with a diagnostic dose of hydramethylnon in Siege bait matrix. At the Orlando LD99 (3.5 mu g of hydramethylnon per cockroach), only 80 and 75% of the NASJAX and HydSel adult males consumed the bait, respectively. These data indicate that avoidance behavior may be developing in these strains. Furthermore, physiological resistance was indicated only in the str ain selected with hydramethylnon (HydSel) because only 89% was killed at the LD99 Orlando dose. C1 ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Valles, SM (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, 1600 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 92 IS 3 BP 617 EP 623 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 210YX UT WOS:000081134100019 ER PT J AU Klepzig, KD Schlyter, F AF Klepzig, KD Schlyter, F TI Laboratory evaluation of plant-derived antifeedants against the pine weevil Hylobius abietis (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE H-abietis; coumarin; carvone; verbenone; limonin; 4-allylanisole ID CONIFER SEEDLINGS; BEETLE COLEOPTERA; PALES WEEVIL; L COL; CHRYSOMELIDAE; DETERRENCE; BARK AB We assayed 12 plant-derived and 1 insect-produced allelochemicals-verbenone, borneol, bornyl acetate, carvone, cucurbitacin, myrcene, limonin, 4-allyanisole, alpha- pinene, beta-pinene, limonene, and coumarin-for inhibition of feeding by the pine weevil Hylobius abietis L. Scots pine twigs were treated with these compounds dissolved in ethyl acetate solvent, and adult weevils were fed for 48 h on the twigs in both choice and no-choice assays. Coumarin, carvone, verbenone, and limonin were consistently inhibitory to feeding by both male and female H. abietis. Borneol and 4-allyanisole also demonstrated some activity as an antifeedant compound against H. abietis. The remainder of the compounds did not consistently inhibit weevil feeding. Sex of weevils or temperature in cold storage (10 or 5 degrees C) did not consistently affect amount of bark feeding. A 48-h feeding period gave more distinct effects for active compounds than did a 24-h test. C1 Swedish Agr Univ, Dept Plant Protect Sci, S-23053 Alnarp, Sweden. RP Klepzig, KD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, 2500 Shreveport Highway, Pineville, LA 71360 USA. NR 26 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 92 IS 3 BP 644 EP 650 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 210YX UT WOS:000081134100023 ER PT J AU Jang, EB Nagata, JT Chan, HT Laidlaw, WG AF Jang, EB Nagata, JT Chan, HT Laidlaw, WG TI Thermal death kinetics in eggs and larvae of Bactrocera latifrons (Diptera : Tephritidae) and comparative thermotolerance to three other tephritid fruit fly species in Hawaii SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tephritidae; Bactrocera; Ceratitis; heat tolerance; quarantine ID HOT-WATER IMMERSION; MORTALITY RELATIONSHIPS; 3RD INSTARS; HEAT TOLERANCE; TEMPERATURE; MOTH; LEPIDOPTERA; TRYONI; PAPAYA; COLD AB Eggs, 1st, and 3rd instars of Bactrocera latifrons (Hendel) were subjected to hot water immersion to determine its thermal death kinetics. All stages exhibited nonlogarithmic death (survivorship) curves that were characterized by an initial lag in mortality followed by increasing death rates with time at a prescribed temperature. Increasing temperatures reduced the time necessary to kill 90 or 99% of the insects for a given developmental stage. Arrhenius plots of the death rate function (k) showed a reduced slope for 3rd instars compared with eggs or Ist instars. Based on calculation of estimated lethality times needed for 90 or 99% mortality, eggs were more resistant to heat than Ist instars at lower temperatures but were more susceptible at higher temperatures. Comparison of thermal death kinetics of B. latifrons with other tephritid fruit flies present in Hawaii revealed this species to be more resistant to heat than either Mediterranean fruit fly, C. capitata, oriental fruit fly, B. dorsalis or melon ny, B, cucurbitae using our assay conditions. These results are discussed in relation to the use of he;lt treatments for disinfestation of tephritid fruit flies from agricultural commodities and the need for an international database to facilitate comparisons among these and other economically important tephritids, which could become pests in areas where they do not currently exist. C1 ARS, Trop Fruit Vegetable & Ornamental Crop Res Lab, USDA, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. RP Jang, EB (reprint author), ARS, Trop Fruit Vegetable & Ornamental Crop Res Lab, USDA, POB 4459, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. NR 37 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 10 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 92 IS 3 BP 684 EP 690 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 210YX UT WOS:000081134100028 ER PT J AU Rice, WC Cogburn, RR AF Rice, WC Cogburn, RR TI Activity of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Deuteromycota : Hyphomycetes) against three Coleopteran pests of stored grain SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE rice weevil; lesser grain borer; red flour beetle; Beauveria bassiana; rice; entomopathogenic fungus ID CHLORPYRIFOS-METHYL; RESISTANCE AB A Beauveria bassiana isolate from the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel (Coleoptera: Curculionidae),was evaluated as a conidial powder against 3 coleopteran pests of stored grain: the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae); the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae); and the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Bioactivity of B. bassiana isolate 22292A was assessed on 3 types of food substrates (red flour beetle media. medium grain brown rice, and long grain rough rice) at 27 degrees C and 60% RH. Adult mortality was 80-100% at the higher dosage levels for all insects tested on all media types at 21 d after treatment. Emergence of adult progeny on brown and rough rice was reduced by 83-99% at the 2 highest dosage level. The abrasive nature of rice hulls on the rough rice may contribute to the accelerated mortality seen on this medium. C1 Louisiana State Univ, USDA ARS, Rice Stn, Crowley, LA 70527 USA. RP Rice, WC (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, USDA ARS, Rice Stn, POB 1429, Crowley, LA 70527 USA. NR 15 TC 44 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 92 IS 3 BP 691 EP 694 PG 4 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 210YX UT WOS:000081134100029 ER PT J AU Arthur, FH AF Arthur, FH TI Effect of temperature on residual toxicity of cyfluthrin wettable powder SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tribolium castaneum; cyfluthrin; pyrethroids; treated surfaces; insecticides ID CABBAGE-LOOPER LEPIDOPTERA; 3 PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES; FLOUR BEETLE COLEOPTERA; VIRESCENS F LEPIDOPTERA; BOLLWORM LEPIDOPTERA; CIS-PERMETHRIN; NOCTUIDAE; TENEBRIONIDAE; CONCRETE; EFFICACY AB Red flour beetles, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst),were exposed for 0.5, 1, and 2 h at 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees C on concrete treated with 100 mg/m(2) 20% (AI) cyfluthrin wettable powder (WP) at biweekly intervals for 8 wk. Knockdown typically averaged 80-100% at all exposure intervals and temperatures until week 8, with no significant differences among temperatures. Although the overall F-test indicated a significant difference in survival among the 3 exposure intervals, the only significant difference detected was at week 4. After week 0, beetles exposed at 25, 30, and 35 degrees C began to recover from knockdown, and by week 6 survival was at least 90%, with 1 exception. Survival of beetles exposed at 20 degrees C was 0.0 and 7.5% for weeks 0 and 2, and <30% for weeks 4, 6, and 8. Beetles were able to tolerate exposure to cyfluthrin WP at successively lower temperatures as residues aged on the concrete. C1 ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Arthur, FH (reprint author), ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 20 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 92 IS 3 BP 695 EP 699 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 210YX UT WOS:000081134100030 ER PT J AU Knutson, RJ Hibbard, BE Barry, BD Smith, VA Darrah, LL AF Knutson, RJ Hibbard, BE Barry, BD Smith, VA Darrah, LL TI Comparison of screening techniques for western corn rootworm (Coleoptera : Chrysomelidae) host-plant resistance SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Diabrotica virgifera virgifera; host plant resistance; adult emergence; root damage ID DIABROTICA-VIRGIFERA-VIRGIFERA; ARTIFICIAL INFESTATIONS; ADULT EMERGENCE AB The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, is one of the most economically important insect pests of corn, Zea mays L. Many different techniques have been developed for western corn rootworm host-plant resistance screening, but little has been done to compare the reliability and repeatability of these techniques. Seventeen maize cultivars were evaluated for field adult emergence, vertical pulling resistance, and field/greenhouse root feeding damage to determine the optimal method or combination of methods to more quickly reach the goal of corn rootworm resistance in corn. A rootworm host-search behavior bioassay was also conducted. Rank correlation of root damage field performance among the 17 cultivars was found between locations in both 1996 and 1997. Greenhouse root damage experiments generally did not correlate to each other or to field locations. There was no correlation in percentage reduction of pulling force in infested versus noninfested rows between 1997 paired-row pulling trials to other experiments. There was no correlation of field root damage performance in 1996 or 1997 to the 3 bioassay parameters tested: area searched, distance traveled, or number of path crossovers. It appears that the rootworm host-search behavior bioassay will not be useful in differentiating hosts within a species, and greenhouse damage ratings are questionable when comparing germplasm with limited resistance. Field damage ratings should be the primary test before resistance claims are made. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Entomol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, USDA ARS, Plant Genet Res Unit, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Agron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Knutson, RJ (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Entomol, 1-87 Agr Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 92 IS 3 BP 714 EP 722 PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 210YX UT WOS:000081134100033 ER PT J AU Guo, BZ Widstrom, NW Wiseman, BR Snook, ME Lynch, RE Plaisted, D AF Guo, BZ Widstrom, NW Wiseman, BR Snook, ME Lynch, RE Plaisted, D TI Comparison of silk maysin, antibiosis to corn earworm larvae (Lepidoptera : Noctuidae), and silk browning in crosses of dent x sweet corn SO JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE corn earworm; antibiosis; maysin; sweet corn; maize ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; ZEA-MAYS; METABOLIC PATHWAYS; HELICOVERPA-ZEA; MAIZE SILKS; GROWTH; IDENTIFICATION; FLAVONOIDS AB Sweet corn is one of the highest ranking vegetal,le crops in the United States in terms of both market value and total acreage, it also rank; among the top vegetable crops in terms of pesticide usage. Ear damage caused by insects is the most significant concern to producers. An estimated 25-40 insecticide applications may be made in a single season to control ear-feeding insects. Plant resistance is an alternative strategy to alleviate environmental concern when pesticides are used. In this study we investigated the feasibility of transferring antibiosis to corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), from dent corn with high silk maysin to sweet corn. Relationships among silk maysin concentration, antibiosis to corn earworm, and sill; browning in their F-2 segregating populations were determined. Lyophilized high maysin silks bioassays produced low larval weights, thus providing evidence that damage to sweet corn by corn earworm could be reduced by increasing silk maysin concentration. Simple correlation coefficients indicated a highly significant negative association between silk maysin concentrations and 8-d corn earworm larval weights (r approximate to -0.80, P < 0.0001). Silk browning was also closely associated with silk maysin concentrations and antibiosis. Diets containing mid-dark silks reduced larval weights by 68% compared with larval weights (588 mg) on the bran diet control. Maysin analyses and dry-silk bioassays also revealed that if maysin is present in F-2 plants from su eet corn kernels, it is always in a higher concentration than in plants from dent kernels. These results suggest that sweet corn parents in these populations may have a recessive gene, which may be closely linked to sh2 locus enhancing/regulating maysin synthesis when crossed to a maysin producing dent parent. C1 ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, USDA, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Guo, BZ (reprint author), ARS, Insect Biol & Populat Management Res Lab, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, USDA, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 43 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 4 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-0493 J9 J ECON ENTOMOL JI J. Econ. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 92 IS 3 BP 746 EP 753 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 210YX UT WOS:000081134100037 ER PT J AU Pemberton, RW AF Pemberton, RW TI Insects and other arthropods used as drugs in Korean traditional medicine SO JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE arthropod; drug; insect; Korea; medicine ID CHINA AB Insects and other arthropods appear in pharmacopoeias of Korean traditional medicine, but little was known about their use in modern South Korea. Interviews were conducted with 20 traditional medicine doctors at clinics in South Korea's Kyeong Dong Shijang in Seoul-one of the world's largest traditional drug markets-to learn about current patterns of usage. Seventeen products are prescribed and the use of arthropod drugs is stable or increasing. Centipedes (Scolopendra spp.) used primarily to treat arthritis and the silk moth fungus (Beauveria bassiana, which infects silk moth larvae) used mostly to treat stroke, are the most frequently prescribed and medically important arthropod drugs. Most of the arthropod drugs were traditionally collected or reared on the Korean Peninsula, but now they are imported, mainly from China, Folk logic appears to be the basis for some arthropod drug uses (i.e. centipedes, which have many legs, are used for leg problems). But many of the arthropods have venom and other defensive chemicals which are biologically active. The South Korean use of arthropods as drugs (as well as for food and enjoyment) is due, in part, to more positive attitudes ton-ards these animals compared to many cultures, Arthropods appear to be an unexplored and unexploited source of drugs for modern medicine. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, ARS, Aquat Plant Management Lab, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. RP Pemberton, RW (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Aquat Plant Management Lab, 3205 Coll Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. NR 33 TC 66 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-8741 J9 J ETHNOPHARMACOL JI J. Ethnopharmacol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 65 IS 3 BP 207 EP 216 DI 10.1016/S0378-8741(98)00209-8 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Integrative & Complementary Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Integrative & Complementary Medicine GA 207HJ UT WOS:000080931100003 PM 10404418 ER PT J AU Dreyer, I Horeau, C Lemaillet, G Zimmermann, S Bush, DR Rodriguez-Navarro, A Schachtman, DP Spalding, EP Sentenac, H Gaber, RF AF Dreyer, I Horeau, C Lemaillet, G Zimmermann, S Bush, DR Rodriguez-Navarro, A Schachtman, DP Spalding, EP Sentenac, H Gaber, RF TI Identification and characterization of plant transporters using heterologous expression systems SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Workshop on Plant Membrane Biology CY AUG 09-14, 1998 CL UNIV CAMBRIDGE, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND HO UNIV CAMBRIDGE DE membrane transporters; transport processes; heterologous expression systems; transport proteins; cloning strategies ID RECTIFYING POTASSIUM CHANNEL; MEMBRANE H+-ATPASE; AMINO-ACID TRANSPORTERS; AFFINITY K+ TRANSPORTER; PLASMA-MEMBRANE; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; FUNCTIONAL EXPRESSION; XENOPUS-OOCYTES; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; MOLECULAR-CLONING AB In recent years major progress has been achieved in the understanding of transport processes in higher plants. The boom in the field of molecular plant physiology led to the identification and characterization of membrane transporters with transport activities for potassium, calcium, sugars, nitrate, ammonium, sulphate, phosphate, amino acids, peptides, and metal ions. Such progress was hardly feasible without heterologous expression of the isolated transport proteins. This review summarizes the different approaches in characterizing plant membrane transporters using heterologous expression systems. By presenting concrete examples, it outlines different cloning strategies, displays the methods used for (i) expression of transport proteins and detection of their function, (ii) biochemical analyses, (iii) explorations of the structure-function relationship through mutational analysis, and concludes with a discussion about the physiological relevance of the analyses in heterologous expression systems. C1 Univ Montpellier 2, Agro M, INRA, CNRS,URA 2133, F-34060 Montpellier 1, France. Max Planck Inst Mol Pflanzenphysiol, D-14476 Golm Potsdam, Germany. Univ Illinois, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Biol & Photosynth, Res Unit, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Escuela Tecn Super Ingenieros Agron, Dept Biotecnol, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. Univ Adelaide, Dept Bot, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Bot, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Program Mol & Cellular Biol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Biochem Mol Biol & Cell Biol, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Dreyer, I (reprint author), Univ Montpellier 2, Agro M, INRA, CNRS,URA 2133, Pl Viala, F-34060 Montpellier 1, France. RI Spalding, Edgar/A-9034-2008; Dreyer, Ingo/N-4747-2014; OI Spalding, Edgar/0000-0002-6890-4765; Schachtman, Daniel/0000-0003-1807-4369 NR 148 TC 51 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 15 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0957 J9 J EXP BOT JI J. Exp. Bot. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 50 SI SI BP 1073 EP 1087 DI 10.1093/jexbot/50.suppl_1.1073 PG 15 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 214BG UT WOS:000081307300016 ER PT J AU Kilgo, JC Miller, KV Smith, WP AF Kilgo, JC Miller, KV Smith, WP TI Effects of group-selection timber harvest in bottomland hardwoods on fall migrant birds SO JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ABUNDANCE; MIGRATION; GAPS AB Due to projected demands for hardwood timber, development of silvicultural practices that provide for adequate regeneration in southeastern bottomland hardwoods without causing undue harm to wildlife resources is critical. Group-selection silviculture involves harvesting a small group of trees, which creates a canopy gap (usually <2 ha in size). Our objectives were to determine the extent of use of group-selection harvest gaps by fall migrant birds, to compare experimentally use of three sizes of gaps (10-m, 20-m, and 40-m radius), and to compare use of locations within gaps (center, edge, and adjacent forest). We captured 210 birds of 36 species in 1692 mist-net. hours. Total captures were greater in 40-m radius gaps than in 20- and 10-m radius gaps and were greater in gap centers than at gap edges and adjacent forest. Forest interior/interior-edge Neotropical migrants and interior-edge short-distance migrants were captured most often in the centers of the largest gaps. We captured no interior-edge short-distance migrants or field-edge birds of any migratory group in the adjacent forest. A threshold gap size determining use by migrant birds may exist between 20 and 40 m in radius. Though reasons for greater capture success in gaps are unclear, forest interior Neotropical and short-distance migrants apparently shifted their habitat preferences during fall to include forest gap habitat. C1 Univ Georgia, Daniel B Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Kilgo, JC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Savannah River Inst, POB 700, New Ellenton, SC 29809 USA. NR 19 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 5 PU ASSOC FIELD ORNITHOLOGISTS PI STATESBORO PA GEORGIA SOUTHERN UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, STATESBORO, GA 30460-8042 USA SN 0273-8570 J9 J FIELD ORNITHOL JI J. Field Ornithol. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 70 IS 3 BP 404 EP 413 PG 10 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 244UX UT WOS:000083070100012 ER PT J AU Bolton, LF Frank, JF AF Bolton, LF Frank, JF TI Defining the growth/no-growth interface for Listeria monocytogenes in Mexican-style cheese based on salt, pH, and moisture content SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID SURVIVAL AB The objective of this study was to define combinations of pH, salt, and moisture that produce growth, stasis, or inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes in Mexican-style cheese. A soft, directly acidified, rennet-coagulated, fresh cheese similar to Mexican-style cheese was produced. The cheese was subsequently altered in composition as required by the experimental protocol. A factorial design with four moisture contents (42, 50, 55, and 60%), four salt concentrations (2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0% wt/wt), six pH levels (5.0, 5.25, 5.50, 5.75, 6.0, and 6.5), and three replications was used. Observations of growth, stasis, or death were obtained for each combination after 21 and 42 days of incubation at 10 degrees C. Binary logistic regression was used to develop an equation to determine the probability of growth or no growth for any combination within the range of the data set. In addition, ordinal logistic regression was used to calculate proportional odds ratios for growth, stasis, and death for each treatment combination. Ordinal logistic regression was also used to develop equations to determine the probability of growth, stasis, and death for formulations within the range of the data set. Models were validated with independently produced data. Of 60 samples formulated to have a 5% probability of Listeria growth (pH, 5.0 to 6.0; brine concentration, 8.17 to 16.00%), none supported growth. Of 30 samples formulated to have 50% probability of growth using the binary model (pH, 5.50 to 6.50; brine concentration, 3.23 to 12.50%), 20 supported growth. Of 30 samples formulated to have a 50% probability of growth according to the ordinal model (pH, 5.50 to 6.50; brine concentration, 3.37 to 10.90%), 16 supported growth. These data indicate that the logistic regression models presented accurately predict the behavior of L. monocytogenes in Mexican-style cheese. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Ctr Food Safety & Qual Enhancement, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Athens, GA USA. RP Frank, JF (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Food Sci & Technol, Ctr Food Safety & Qual Enhancement, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 13 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 62 IS 6 BP 601 EP 609 PG 9 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 203ZE UT WOS:000080737700006 PM 10382647 ER PT J AU Dorner, JW Cole, RJ Wicklow, DT AF Dorner, JW Cole, RJ Wicklow, DT TI Aflatoxin reduction in corn through field application of competitive fungi SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID ASPERGILLUS-FLAVUS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PREHARVEST AFLATOXIN; PARASITICUS; INOCULUM; PEANUTS; POPULATIONS; TAMARII; MAIZE AB Soil in corn plots was inoculated with nonaflatoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus during crop years 1994 to 1997 to determine the effect of application of the nontoxigenic strains on preharvest aflatoxin contamination of corn. Corn plots in a separate part of the field were not inoculated and served as controls. Inoculation resulted in significant increases in the total A. flavus/parasiticus soil population in treated plots, and that population was dominated by the applied strain of A. parasiticus (NRRL 21369). In the years when weather conditions favored aflatoxin contamination (1996 and 1997), corn was predominately colonized by A. flavus as opposed to A. parasiticus. In 1996, colonization by wild-type A. flavus was significantly reduced in treated plots compared with control plots, but total A. flavus/parasiticus colonization was not different between the two groups. A change to a more aggressive strain of A. flavus (NRRL 21882) as part of the biocontrol inoculum in 1997 resulted in a significantly (P < 0.001) higher colonization of corn by the applied strain. Weather conditions did not favor aflatoxin contamination in 1994 and 1995. In 1996, the aflatoxin concentration in corn from treated plots averaged 24.0 ppb, a reduction of 87% compared with the aflatoxin in control plots that averaged 188.4 ppb. In 1997, aflatoxin was reduced by 66% in treated corn (29.8 ppb) compared with control corn (87.5 ppb). Together, the data indicated that although the applied strain of A. parasiticus dominated in the soil, the nonaflatoxigenic strains of A. flavus were more responsible for the observed reductions in aflatoxin contamination. Inclusion of a nonaflatoxigenic strain of A. parasiticus in a biological control formulation for aflatoxin contamination may not be as important for airborne crops, such as corn, as for soilborne crops, such as peanuts. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Peanut Res Lab, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Dorner, JW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Peanut Res Lab, 1011 Forrester Dr SE, Dawson, GA 31742 USA. NR 24 TC 79 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 62 IS 6 BP 650 EP 656 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 203ZE UT WOS:000080737700014 PM 10382655 ER PT J AU Richards, GP AF Richards, GP TI Limitations of molecular biological techniques for assessing the virological safety of foods SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Review ID HEPATITIS-A VIRUS; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; ROUND-STRUCTURED VIRUS; HUMAN ENTERIC VIRUSES; MOUNTAIN AGENT GASTROENTERITIS; VIRION CONCENTRATION METHOD; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-PCR; NORWALK VIRUS; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; UNITED-STATES AB Enteric viruses, including hepatitis A, Norwalk, and Snow Mountain viruses, Hawaii agent, and rotaviruses have been associated with outbreaks of foodborne illness. Classical culturing procedures are available for poliovirus; however, hepatitis A, Norwalk, and many of the other viruses and agents cannot be propagated in cell culture, therefore, molecular biological tools have emerged as a possible means to detect enteric viruses in foods and environmental samples. There are limitations however in the application of polymerase chain reaction and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction that restrict their usefulness for measuring the virological safety of foods. The most serious limitation is that molecular techniques fair to discriminate between viable and inactivated viruses even though inactivated viruses pose no threat to the consumer and may be present at levels substantially higher than the virulent forms. Other disadvantages include a lack of assay sensitivity and specificity, high assay costs, and a level of technical expertise not available in most food-testing laboratories. Overall, scientific advances in the development of molecular biological tools have outpaced the demonstration of their validity in assessing the virological safety of foods. C1 Delaware State Univ, USDA, Microbiol Food Safety Res Unit, Dover, DE 19901 USA. RP Richards, GP (reprint author), Delaware State Univ, USDA, Microbiol Food Safety Res Unit, WW Baker Bldg, Dover, DE 19901 USA. NR 95 TC 92 Z9 94 U1 1 U2 9 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 62 IS 6 BP 691 EP 697 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 203ZE UT WOS:000080737700023 PM 10382664 ER PT J AU Spencer, DF Ksander, GG AF Spencer, DF Ksander, GG TI Phenolic acids and nutrient content for aquatic macrophytes from Fall River, California SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT; ANTHONOMUS-GRANDIS; DIETARY NITROGEN; BOLL-WEEVIL; GROWTH; PLANTS; HERBIVORES; ALLOCATION; BIOMASS AB We compared seasonal changes in tissue C, tissue N, C:N ratio, and total phenolic acids for five species of submersed plants from Fall River, California. Mean tissue C differed among the five species and was between 35 and 40%, except for Ranunculus aquatilis, which was 26%. Mean tissue N differed among species; Ranunculus aquatilis had the lowest mean value (2.71%) and Zannichellia palustris had the highest (3.74%). Mean C:N ratio was between 9.7 and 12.7. Among the five species examined, mean phenolic acid content was greatest for Myriophyllum sibiricum and it was nearly seven times that for the species with the lowest phenolic acid content, Elodea canadensis. Regression analysis indicated positive relationships between phenolic acid content and tissue C for two species, Callitriche hermaphroditica and Ranunculus aquatilis. Regression equations relating phenolic acid content to tissue N were not statistically significant. For Elodea canadensis, the equation describing phenolic acid content as a function of the C:N ratio had a negative slope, while the equation for Callitriche hermaphroditica, had a significant positive slope. Knowledge of the relationships between plant nutrient content and phenolic acids may lead to better understanding of aquatic plant/herbivore/microbe interactions and might result in improvements in the timing of applications of biological control agents in aquatic plant management. C1 ARS, USDA, Exot & Invas Weed Res Unit, Weed Sci Program, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Spencer, DF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Exot & Invas Weed Res Unit, Weed Sci Program, Robbins Hall,1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 28 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 9 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 14 IS 2 BP 197 EP 209 DI 10.1080/02705060.1999.9663671 PG 13 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 200VL UT WOS:000080560700007 ER PT J AU Genito, D Kerans, BL AF Genito, D Kerans, BL TI Effects of a diverse prey assemblage on stonefly feeding SO JOURNAL OF FRESHWATER ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PREDACIOUS AQUATIC INSECTS; FOOD-HABITS; SELECTIVE PREDATION; MOUNTAIN STREAM; PLECOPTERA; RIVER; SIZE; VULNERABILITY; PREFERENCE; MECHANISMS AB We examined seasonal and diel variation in the diet and prey selection (Chesson's alpha) of field-collected predatory stoneflies (Acroneuria abnormis). In the laboratory, we investigated how stoneflies feed on two morphologically and behaviorally distinct prey types (Baetis sp. and Hydropsyche sp.) commonly found in the diet of A. abnormis. One A. abnormis was presented with either: (1) 20 Baetis sp., (2) 20 Hydropsyche sp. added 30 hours prior to stonefly addition, thus having time to construct retreats, or (3) 20 Hydropsyche sp. added just prior to stonefly addition, thus having no time to construct retreats. Stonefly behavior was videotaped at night during 30 minute trials in circular, plexiglass streams illuminated by infrared light. Numbers of prey encounters, attacks, and captures were recorded, and handling time was determined. Field-collected A. abnormis primarily consumed Baetidae, Heptageniidae, Hydropsychidae, and Chironomidae in spring, and Isonychiidae, Hydropsychidae, and Philopotamidae in fall. In spring, baetids (alpha=0.20) and chironomids (alpha=0.21), and in fall, isonychiids (alpha=0.32) and hydropsychids (alpha=0.29), were consumed preferentially. In spring, the number of baetids per stonefly gut was greatest at 2400. In fall, the number of isonychiids per stonefly gut was greatest at 0300. In the laboratory, A. abnormis encountered and consumed Hydropsyche sp. only when caddisflies were not given time to make retreats. We detected no statistically significant differences in the number of encounters per 30 minutes, attacks per encounter, captures per attack, and number of prey consumed between the Baetis sp. and Hydropsyche sp. (no retreats) treatments. Handling time for Hydropsyche sp. was much greater (212 +/- 60 seconds, mean +/- SE) than for Baetis sp., which was so short that it could not be measured. Our results show that prey abundance was important in prey selection by A. abnormis in the field, and that retreat-making by Hydropsyche sp. in the laboratory reduced their vulnerability to foraging A. abnormis. C1 Indiana Univ Penn, Dept Biol, Indiana, PA 15705 USA. RP Genito, D (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Curtin Rd, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 7 PU OIKOS PUBL INC PI LA CROSSE PA PO BOX 2558, LA CROSSE, WI 54601 USA SN 0270-5060 J9 J FRESHWATER ECOL JI J. Freshw. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 14 IS 2 BP 219 EP 231 DI 10.1080/02705060.1999.9663673 PG 13 WC Ecology; Limnology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 200VL UT WOS:000080560700009 ER PT J AU Tobin, ME Sugihara, RT Pochop, PA Linnell, MA AF Tobin, ME Sugihara, RT Pochop, PA Linnell, MA TI Nightly and seasonal movements of Boiga irregularis on Guam SO JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BROWN TREE SNAKE; COLUBRIDAE; SERPENTES; ECOLOGY; ACCURACY; WILDLIFE; BITES AB Brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis, BTS), inadvertently introduced to the island of Guam shortly after World War II, have had catastrophic effects on the native fauna of this U.S. territory. We used radio-telemetry to monitor daytime refugia and nightly movements of 60 BTS (30 during each of two seasonal periods) to determine the extent of nightly, weekly, and monthly movements. Eighty-three percent of subadult daytime sightings were in trees, compared to only 49% of adult daytime sightings. Most measures of movement did not vary with seasonal period, sex, or age class. BTS moved an average of 64 m (Range: 9-259 m) between successive daily refugia. Mean total cumulative distance traveled between successive locations from one afternoon to the next was 238 m during January-March and 182 m during May-July. However, over the course of each seasonal period (60-70 d), most snakes concentrated their activity within core areas. During each of the two seasonal periods, snakes were located a mean distance of only 78 m and 93 m, respectively, from their original release points 30-50 d after release. Sixty to 70 d after release, snakes were a mean distance of 92 m and 68 m, respectively, from their original release points. Snakes frequently crossed dirt roads that separated forested areas at the study site. They also utilized grassy and brushy clearings, but less than would be predicted by the occurrence of such clearings in the study area. These results suggest that under the conditions of this study, BTS would be slow to reinvade areas where snakes have been removed by trapping or other means. C1 USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Hilo, HI 96721 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. USDA, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Wildlife Serv, Olympia, WA 98502 USA. RP Tobin, ME (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 Laporte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 61 TC 13 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC STUDY AMPHIBIANS REPTILES PI ST LOUIS PA C/O ROBERT D ALDRIDGE, ST LOUIS UNIV, DEPT BIOLOGY, 3507 LACLEDE, ST LOUIS, MO 63103 USA SN 0022-1511 J9 J HERPETOL JI J. Herpetol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 33 IS 2 BP 281 EP 291 DI 10.2307/1565725 PG 11 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 208EC UT WOS:000080976500014 ER PT J AU Bakke, PD Basdekas, PO Dawdy, DR Klingeman, PC AF Bakke, PD Basdekas, PO Dawdy, DR Klingeman, PC TI Calibrated Parker-Klingeman model for gravel transport SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID BED STREAMS; BEDLOAD AB The Parker-Klingeman (P-K) model is a state-of-the-art approach to prediction of gravel transport in river channels. This technical note describes the P-K model in simple terms and presents a practical method for local calibration of model constants by procedures that minimize variance and bias. Using site calibration rather than modeling constants from the literature extends the range of applicability of the P-K model in terms of stream slopes and substrate sizes. Model prediction capability becomes less contingent on having stream characteristics that match the streams used in model development. C1 US Forest Serv, Klamath Falls, OR 97601 USA. Consulting Hydro, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Bakke, PD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, 2819 Dahlia St, Klamath Falls, OR 97601 USA. NR 7 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD JUN PY 1999 VL 125 IS 6 BP 657 EP 660 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1999)125:6(657) PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 198VF UT WOS:000080444400014 ER PT J AU Ruan, H Illangasekare, TH AF Ruan, H Illangasekare, TH TI Estimation of relative hydraulic conductivity of sandy soils based on a sheet flow model SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE vadose zone modeling; infiltration in sandy soils; water retention curves; relative hydraulic conductivity AB The sophistication of numerical methods that are available to solve the governing equation of unsaturated flow in soils (Richards' equation) far exceeds the ability to accurately estimate parametric functions of the equation. One of these parametric functions that defines the relationship between the capillary pressure and saturation (retention function) is usually obtained by fitting one of a number of available models to measured laboratory or field data. A second relationship, the hydraulic conductivity-saturation function can also be obtained by fitting to measured data. More often, the measured data of hydraulic conductivity is not available and a model of hydraulic conductivity-saturation function is obtained by using measured capillary pressure-saturation data. Such a hydraulic conductivity model that is widely used in soil physics applications was developed by Mualem (Mualem, Y,, 1976 Water. Resour, Res. 12 (3), 513-522), An empirical parameter in this model was obtained by fitting to retention data from non-sandy, agricultural field soils. This model also conceptualizes unsaturated flow to occur in pipes that assume no air-water interfaces. In most aquifer contamination problems sandy soils are encountered and the unsaturated flow in these soils is dominated by air-water interfaces. In a laboratory sand column experiment we have demonstrated that the Mualem's model under-predicts the hydraulic conductivity of sandy soils. A new model of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity that is specifically applicable for sandy soils is developed. This model approximates the sand grains by uniform spheres, and uses a flow geometry that allows for the incorporation of an air-water interface at the pore-scale. The model was then applied to predict the capillary pressure head in a laboratory sand column under conditions of vertical infiltration. The proposed model matched the observations much better compared to Mualem's model. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V, All rights reserved. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Div Environm Sci & Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. USDA ARS, NPA, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Illangasekare, TH (reprint author), Colorado Sch Mines, Div Environm Sci & Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 219 IS 1-2 BP 83 EP 93 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00047-5 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 203YQ UT WOS:000080736100008 ER PT J AU Dien, BS Iten, LB Bothast, RJ AF Dien, BS Iten, LB Bothast, RJ TI Conversion of corn fiber to ethanol by recombinant E-coli strain FBR3 SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE alcohol; biofuel; pentoses; corn fiber; ethanologenic; Escherichia coli ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; LACTATE-DEHYDROGENASE; FERMENTATION; SUGARS; ACID; XYLOSE; KO11 AB We have developed a novel ethanologenic Escherichia coli strain FBR3 that is an efficient biocatalyst for converting mixed sugar streams (eg, arabinose, glucose, and xylose) into ethanol, In this report, the strain was tested for conversion of corn fiber hydrolysates into ethanol. Corn fiber hydrolysates with total sugar concentrations of 7.5% (w/v) were prepared by reacting corn fiber with dilute sulfuric acid at 145 degrees C, Initial fermentations of the hydrolysate by strain FBR3 had lag times of approximately 30 h judged by ethanol production, Further experiments indicated that the acetate present in the hydrolysate could not solely account for the long lag, The lag phase was greatly reduced by growing the pre-seed and seed cultures on corn fiber hydrolysate. Ethanol yields for the optimized fermentations were 90% of theoretical, Maximum ethanol concentrations were 2.80% w/v, and the fermentations were completed in approximately 50 h. The optimal pH for the fermentation was 6.5, Below this pH, sugar consumption was incomplete and above it, excess base addition was required throughout the fermentation. Two alternative neutralization methods (overliming and overliming with sulfite addition) have been reported for improving the fermentability of lignocellulosic hydrolysates. These methods further reduced the lag phase of the fermentation, albeit by a minor amount. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Dien, BS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. OI Dien, Bruce/0000-0003-3863-6664 NR 25 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 22 IS 6 BP 575 EP 581 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.2900628 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 225MG UT WOS:000081964900002 ER PT J AU Saha, BC Bothast, RJ AF Saha, BC Bothast, RJ TI Production of xylitol by Candida peltata SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE xylitol production; xylose fermentation; mixed sugars utilization; Candida peltata ID D-XYLOSE; PICHIA-GUILLIERMONDII; METABOLISM; INDUCTION; STIPITIS; SUGARS; YEASTS AB The ability of Candida peltata NRRL Y-6888 to ferment xylose to xylitol was evaluated under different fermentation conditions such as pH, temperature, aeration, substrate concentration and in the presence of glucose, arabinose, ethanol, methanol and organic acids. Maximum xylitol yield of 0.56 g g(-1) xylose was obtained when the yeast was cultivated at pH 6.0, 28 degrees C and 200 rpm on 50 g L-1 xylose, The yeast produced ethanol (0.41 g g(-1) in 40 h) from glucose (50 g L-1) and arabitol (0.55 g g(-1) in 87 h) from arabinose (50 g L-1). It preferentially utilized glucose > xylose > arabinose from mixed substrates, Glucose (10 g L-1), ethanol (7.5 g L-1 ) and acetate (5 g L-1) inhibited xylitol production by 61, 84 and 68%, respectively. Arabinose (10 g L-1) had no inhibitory effect on xylitol production. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Saha, BC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Fermentat Biochem Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 23 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1367-5435 J9 J IND MICROBIOL BIOT JI J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 22 IS 6 BP 633 EP 636 DI 10.1038/sj.jim.2900674 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 225MG UT WOS:000081964900010 ER PT J AU Mazenko, RS Rieders, F Brewster, JD AF Mazenko, RS Rieders, F Brewster, JD TI Filtration capture immunoassay for bacteria: optimization and potential for urinalysis SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE filtration; immunoelectrochemistry; E-coli O157 : H7; bacteria; detection ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SALMONELLA; ASSAY AB A novel assay utilizing immune-labeling, filtration, and electrochemistry for the rapid detection of bacteria has been optimized for the detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Bacteria were specifically labeled with alkaline phosphatase conjugated polyclonal antibodies and captured on a polycarbonate track-etched membrane filter (0.2 mu m pore size). The filter was then placed directly against a glassy carbon electrode, incubated with enzyme substrate, and the product detected by square wave voltammetry. The high speed and capture efficiency of membrane filtration and inherent sensitivity of electrochemical detection produced a 25-min assay with a detection limit of 5 X 10(3) E. coli O157:H7 per ml using a filtration volume of 100 mu l (i.e. 500 cells filtered). The labeling, filtration, and electrochemical steps were optimized, and the assay performance using electrochemical and colorimetric detection methods was compared. The assay was used to detect E. coli O157:H7 that was spiked into filter-sterilized urine at clinically relevant concentrations. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Thomas Jefferson Univ, Coll Grad Studies, Dept Pharmacol, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19118 USA. RP Brewster, JD (reprint author), Thomas Jefferson Univ, Coll Grad Studies, Dept Pharmacol, 1040 Locust St, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. NR 11 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD JUN PY 1999 VL 36 IS 3 BP 157 EP 165 DI 10.1016/S0167-7012(99)00027-5 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 202JV UT WOS:000080649600002 PM 10379802 ER PT J AU Surzycki, SA Belknap, WR AF Surzycki, SA Belknap, WR TI Characterization of repetitive DNA elements in Arabidopsis SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE miniature inverted-repeat transposable element retrotransposon; recombination plant ID INVERTED-REPEAT ELEMENTS; NONAUTONOMOUS TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS; ILLEGITIMATE RECOMBINATION; T-DNA; CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; THALIANA CHROMOSOME-4; LTR-RETROTRANSPOSONS; GENOME; PLANTS; GENES AB We have applied computational methods to the available database and identified several families of repetitive DNA elements in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. While some of the elements have features expected of either miniature inverted-repeat transposable elements (MITEs) or retrotransposons, the most abundant class of repetitive elements, the AthE1 family, is structurally related to neither. The AthE1 family members are defined by conserved 5' and 3' sequences, but these terminal sequences do not represent either inverted or direct repeats. AthE1 family members with greater than 98% identity are easily identified on different Arabidopsis chromosomes. Similar to nonautonomous DNA-based transposon families, the AthE1 family contains members in which the conserved terminal domains flank unrelated sequences. The primary utility of characterizing repetitive sequences is in defining, at least in part, the evolutionary architecture of specific Arabidopsis(lsis loci. The repetitive elements described here make up approximately 1% of the available Arabidopsis thaliana genomic sequence. C1 USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Belknap, WR (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RI Belknap, William/B-4500-2009 NR 38 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0022-2844 J9 J MOL EVOL JI J. Mol. Evol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 48 IS 6 BP 684 EP 691 DI 10.1007/PL00006512 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 195GC UT WOS:000080241400007 PM 10229572 ER PT J AU Shen, XY Krasnoff, SB Lu, SW Dunbar, CD O'Neal, J Turgeon, BG Yoder, OC Gibson, DM Hamann, MT AF Shen, XY Krasnoff, SB Lu, SW Dunbar, CD O'Neal, J Turgeon, BG Yoder, OC Gibson, DM Hamann, MT TI Characterization of 6-epi-3-anhydroophiobolin B from Cochliobolus heterostrophus SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID OPHIOBOLIN-A; SESTERTERPENOIDS; METABOLITES; SORGHICOLA AB The new sesterterpenoid 6-epi-3-anhydroophiobolin B (1) and six known ophiobolins were isolated from the extracts of the fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus race O. The structure of 6-epi-3-anhydroophiobolin B was deduced from analysis of spectral data and the structural characterization of dehydration and dimerization products. Ophiobolin A (2) showed potent activity in cytotoxicity assays and marginal activity in antimalarial assays. C1 Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharmacognosy, Nat Ctr Dev Nat Prod, University, MS 38677 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. ARS, USDA, Plant Protect Res Inst, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Hamann, MT (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Sch Pharm, Dept Pharmacognosy, Nat Ctr Dev Nat Prod, University, MS 38677 USA. RI Yoder, Olen/D-1168-2009 OI Yoder, Olen/0000-0003-1177-9876 NR 9 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 62 IS 6 BP 895 EP 897 DI 10.1021/np980462e PG 3 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 211BM UT WOS:000081140100022 PM 10395513 ER PT J AU Nitao, JK Meyer, SLF Chitwood, DJ AF Nitao, JK Meyer, SLF Chitwood, DJ TI In-vitro assays of Meloidogyne incognita and Heterodera glycines for detection of nematode-antagonistic fungal compounds SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bioassay technique; biological control; culture broth; egg hatch; fungus; Fusarium equiseti; Heterodera glycines; in-vitro assay; Meloidogyne incognita; microbial secondary metabolites; nematicide; nematode ID PLANT-PARASITIC NEMATODES; EGGS AB In-vitro methods were developed to test fungi for production of metabolites affecting nematode egg hatch and mobility of second-stage juveniles. Separate assays were developed for two nematodes: root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). For egg hatch to be successfully assayed, eggs must first be surface-disinfested to avoid the confounding effects of incidental microbial growth facilitated by the fungal culture medium. Sodium hypochlorite was more effective than chlorhexidine diacetate or formaldehyde solutions at surface-disinfesting soybean cyst nematode eggs from greenhouse cultures. Subsequent rinsing with sodium thiosulfate to remove residual chlorine from disinfested eggs did not improve either soybean cyst nematode hatch or juvenile mobility. Soybean cyst nematode hatch in all culture media was lower than in water. Sodium hypochlorite was also used to surface-disinfest root-knot nematode eggs. In contrast to soybean cyst nematode hatch, root-knot nematode hatch was higher in potato dextrose broth medium than in water. Broth of the Fungus Fusarium equiseti inhibited root-knot nematode egg hatch and was investigated in more detail. Broth extract and its chemical fractions not only inhibited egg hatch but also immobilized second-stage juveniles that did hatch, confirming that the fungus secretes nematode-antagonistic metabolites. C1 USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Nitao, JK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, Bldg 011A,Rm 165B,BARC W,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 29 TC 36 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 31 IS 2 BP 172 EP 183 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 233TW UT WOS:000082444200008 PM 19270887 ER PT J AU Johnson, AW Sumner, DR Windham, GL Williams, WP AF Johnson, AW Sumner, DR Windham, GL Williams, WP TI Effects of a resistant corn hybrid and fenamiphos on Meloidogyne incognita in a corn-squash rotation SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE corn; crop rotation; Cucurbita pepo; fenamiphos; maize; management; Meloidogyne incognita; nematicide; nematode; Pythium; resistance; Rhizoctonia solani; root-knot nematode; squash; stalk rot; Zea mays ID PLANT-PARASITIC NEMATODES; COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS; RHIZOCTONIA-SOLANI; SOILBORNE FUNGI; VEGETABLE CROPS; ROOT DISEASES; MANAGEMENT; FALLOW; YIELD; SOIL AB The efficacy of a double-cross corn (Zea mays) hybrid (Old Raccoon selection X T216) X (Tebeau selection X hip 307) resistant to Meloidogyne incognita as a rotational crop, and fenamiphos treatment for management of root-knot nematode (hf. incognita race 1) in squash (Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo) was evaluated in field tests during 1996 and 1997. Numbers of incognita in the soil and root-gall indices were lower on the resistant hybrid than on a commercial cultivar DeKalb DK-683. Treatment means across both corn entries had lower root-gall indices following fenamiphos treatment. In soil collected 2 September 199$, there were more colony-forming units (cfu) per gram of oven-dried soil of Pythium spp. from plots planted to DK-683 treated with fenamiphos than in untreated plots (88 vs. 59 cfu). Some corn plots had individual plants with 10% to 15% of the crown and brace roots decayed, but no differences due to fenamiphos treatment Lodging of stalks was 40% to 50% more in the double-cross hybrid than in DK-683. Yield Ras greater from DR-683 than the double-cross hybrid. Based on cultivar means across fenamiphos treatments and fenamiphos treatment means across cultivars, root-gall indices and yield of squash were significantly lower following the double cross hybrid than DK-683 and in fenamiphos-treated plots than in untreated plots of squash. Yield of squash was not affected by at-planting treatment with fenamiphos on the preceding crops of corn. Nematode resistance must be transferred into the elite materials of commercial seed companies to reach its full potential as a nematode management strategy. C1 USDA ARS, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Coastal Plain Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Johnson, AW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 30 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 31 IS 2 BP 184 EP 190 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 233TW UT WOS:000082444200009 PM 19270888 ER PT J AU Johnson, AW Minton, NA Brenneman, TB Burton, GW Culbreath, AK Gascho, GJ Baker, SH AF Johnson, AW Minton, NA Brenneman, TB Burton, GW Culbreath, AK Gascho, GJ Baker, SH TI Bahiagrass, corn, cotton rotations, and pesticides for managing nematodes, diseases, and insects on peanut SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Arachis hypogaea; bahiagrass; corn; cotton; Criconemella ornata; crop rotation; Frankliniella spp.; fungicide; Gossypium hirsutum; management; Meloidogyne arenaria; monocrop; nematicide; nematode; Paspalum notatum; peanut; population dynamics; Rhizoctonia solani; ring nematode; root-knot nematode; Sclerotium rolfsii; thrips; Zea mays ID MELOIDOGYNE-ARENARIA; SCLEROTIUM-ROLFSII; MANAGEMENT; NEMATICIDES; CROP AB Florunner peanut was grown after 1 and 2 years of Tifton 9 bahiagrass, corn, cotton, and continuous peanut as whole-plots. Pesticide treatments aldicarb (3.4 kg a.i./ha), flutolanil (1.7 kg a.i./ha), aldicarb + flutolanil, and untreated (control) were sub-plots. Numbers of meloidogyne arenaria second-stage juveniles in the soil and root-gall indices of peanut at harvest were consistently lower in plots treated with aldicarb and aldicarb + flutolanil than in flutolanil-treated and untreated plots. Percentages of peanut leaflets damaged by thrips and leafhoppers were consistently greater in flutolanil-treated and untreated plots than in plots treated with aldicarb or aldicarb + flutolanil but not affected by cropping sequences. Incidence of southern stem rot was moderate to high for all chemical treatments except those that included flutolanil. Stem rot loci were low in peanut following 2 years of bahiagrass, intermediate following 2 years of corn or cotton, and highest in continuous peanut. Rhizoctonia limb rot was more severe in the peanut monoculture than in peanut following 2 years of bahiagrass, corn, or cotton. Flutolanil alone or combined with aldicarb suppressed limb rot compared with aldicarb-treated and untreated plots. Peanut pod yields were 4,186 kg/ha from aldicarb + flutolanil-treated plots, 3,627 kg/ha from aldicarb-treated plots, 3,426 kg/ha from flutolanil-treated plots, and 3,056 kg/ha from untreated plots. Yields of peanut following 2 years of bahiagrass, corn, and cotton were 29% to 33% higher than yield of monocultured peanut. C1 USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Johnson, AW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Coastal Plain Stn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 44 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 4 U2 4 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 31 IS 2 BP 191 EP 200 PG 10 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 233TW UT WOS:000082444200010 PM 19270889 ER PT J AU Masler, EP Kovaleva, ES Sardanelli, S AF Masler, EP Kovaleva, ES Sardanelli, S TI FMRFamide-like immunoactivity in Heterodera glycines (Nemata : Tylenchida) SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Caenorhabditis elegans; ELISA; FaRP; female aging; FMRFamide; Heterodera glycines; juvenile development; nematode; Panagrellus redivivus; peptide; RP-HPLC; soybean cyst nematode ID CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS; NERVOUS-SYSTEM; ASCARIS-SUUM; NEUROPEPTIDES; PEPTIDES; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; LOCALIZATION; DISCOVERY AB Material antigenically related to the neuromodulatory peptide FMRFamide was detected and examined in preparations of the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines, and in the free-living nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and Panagrellus redivivus. FMRFamide-related peptides were quantified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Specific activities were remarkably similar among all of the vermiform members of the three species. FMRFamide-related peptide immunoactivity was present in both sexes and all stages of H. glycines examined. The highest specific activity was present in second-stage juveniles and in males, and the lowest in white and yellow females. Total FMRFamide-related peptide level per individual was highest in brown females, with 90% of the activity associated with the eggs. Peptide levels in these eggs and in second-stage juveniles were comparable and increased in adults, especially in females. Chromatographic analysis of FMRFamide-related peptide preparations from H. glycines juveniles, C. elegans, and P. redivivus revealed distinct qualitative differences between the infective plant parasite and the free-living nematodes. C1 USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Plant Nematol Lab, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Masler, EP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nematol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI LAKELAND PA 3012 SKYVIEW DRIVE, LAKELAND, FL 33801-7072 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 31 IS 2 BP 224 EP 231 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 233TW UT WOS:000082444200014 PM 19270893 ER PT J AU Marin, DH Kaplan, DT Opperman, CH AF Marin, DH Kaplan, DT Opperman, CH TI Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA differs with burrowing nematode collection site, but not with host range SO JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE banana; biogeography; citrus; genetic diversity; molecular biology; Musa; nematode; Radopholus; RAPD ID RADOPHOLUS-SIMILIS POPULATIONS; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; PCR ANALYSIS; RAPD-PCR; DIVERSITY; WORLD; PATHOGENICITY; CITROPHILUS; CULTURE; GENOMES AB The genetic variability of 12 burrowing nematode (Radopholus sp.) isolates from Central America, the Caribbean, and Florida, and one isolate from Ivory Coast were compared with RAPD analysis. A high degree of genetic similarity (>0.82) was determined for isolates from the Western Hemisphere. Genome similarity was greatest among isolates collected within a country. Among isolates collected in Central America and the Caribbean, burrowing nematodes from Belize and Guatemala were genetically more distant. However, the genome of the isolate from Ivory Coast was most dissimilar (>0.30). These results suggest that African and American burrowing-nematode isolates may have had different origins or that they have been geographically isolated for a sufficient amount of time to have accumulated genetic changes detectable by RAPD analysis. No relationship was found between the genomic similarity and extent of reproduction or damage to banana or citrus roots, Morphometric analysis involving eight of the isolates indicated that they were morphologically identical and values for morphometric parameters were well within the range preciously published for banana and citrus-parasitic burrowing nematodes. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. USDA ARS, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP Marin, DH (reprint author), Del Monte Costa Rica, POB 4084-1000, San Jose, Costa Rica. EM rescar@sol.racsa.co.cr; warthog@pop-in.ncsu.edu NR 40 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC NEMATOLOGISTS PI MARCELINE PA PO BOX 311, MARCELINE, MO 64658 USA SN 0022-300X J9 J NEMATOL JI J. Nematol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 31 IS 2 BP 232 EP 239 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 233TW UT WOS:000082444200015 PM 19270894 ER PT J AU Smith, D Shang, F Nowell, TR Asmundsson, G Perrone, G Dallal, G Scott, L Kelliher, M Gindelsky, B Taylor, A AF Smith, D Shang, F Nowell, TR Asmundsson, G Perrone, G Dallal, G Scott, L Kelliher, M Gindelsky, B Taylor, A TI Decreasing ascorbate intake does not affect the levels of glutathione, tocopherol or retinol in the ascorbate-requiring osteogenic disorder Shionogi rats SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE ascorbate; vitamin E; vitamin A; glutathione; cholesterol; glycation; ODS rats ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; VITAMIN-C; CALORIE RESTRICTION; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; EMORY MICE; ACID; LENS; PLASMA; REGENERATION; NUTRITION AB Levels of glutathione in liver and kidney, and other nutrients in plasma were evaluated in male and female ascorbate-requiring osteogenic disorder Shionogi (ODS) rats fed semipurified diets in which the concentrations of ascorbate were gradually decreased from 1965 to 180 mg/kg. Plasma ascorbate levels in CDS rats were unaffected when ascorbate levels in the diet were decreased from 1965 to 768 mg/kg. However, plasma ascorbate levels decreased progressively when levels of ascorbate in the diet were decreased from 527 to 180 mg/kg. Plasma ascorbate levels decreased up to 77% when the dietary ascorbate concentration decreased from 1965 to 180 mg/kg. Ascorbate levels in liver and kidney fell as much as 60-70% when the dietary ascorbate levels were reduced from 1965 to 180 mg/kg. However, the glutathione levels in these tissues were not affected. Plasma retinol and Vitamin E levels were not affected by decreasing dietary ascorbate intake. Total cholesterol levels increased significantly in female rats as dietary ascorbate intake declined. Levels of glycated hemoglobin decreased significantly when dietary ascorbate levels decreased from 1965 to 527 mg/kg. This study suggests that levels of vitamin E, retinol and glutathione are not affected by decreased dietary intake of ascorbate under nonscorbutic conditions, whereas elevated ascorbate intake is associated with a decrease in levels of plasma cholesterol in female CDS rats. However, excessive intake of ascorbate may be associated with elevated glycation of hemoglobin. To achieve the maximal health benefit of ascorbate supplementation, further studies are necessary to define optimal ascorbate intakes. C1 Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Shang, F (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Jean Mayer USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 34 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 129 IS 6 BP 1229 EP 1232 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 201XL UT WOS:000080622200023 PM 10356092 ER PT J AU Liddell, S Jenkins, MC Dubey, JP AF Liddell, S Jenkins, MC Dubey, JP TI Vertical transmission of Neospora caninum in BALC/c mice determined by polymerase chain reaction detection SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; TOXOPLASMA-GONDII; DAIRY-CATTLE; INFECTION; DIAGNOSIS; DOGS; PCR; HYBRIDIZATION; ABORTION; TISSUES AB Vertical transmission of Neospora caninum was evaluated in BALB/c mice using an N. caninum-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay as a means of detecting parasite transmission to offspring. BALB/c mice were infected with the NC-1 isolate of N. caninum during pregnancy (days 8-15 gestation). Transmission of parasite; detected by PCR, was determined in 2- to 23-day-old offspring. When dams were infected on days 13-15 of gestation, transfer of parasites was detected in only a proportion of the litter. Infection between days 8 and 12 of gestation resulted in a high frequency of parasite transmission; every offspring from all litters was infected. The tissue locations of parasites in pups of different ages were determined. In young pups (2- to 4-days-old), the predominant sites of infection were the lungs and the brain. In older pups (7- and 23-days-old) the predominant site of infection was the brain. This study shows that PCR may be useful for evaluation of candidate vaccines against horizontal N. caninum infection, vertical transmission, or both. C1 USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Liddell, S (reprint author), USDA ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI liddell, susan/C-2653-2012 NR 21 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 85 IS 3 BP 550 EP 555 DI 10.2307/3285794 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 209EB UT WOS:000081034300028 PM 10386452 ER PT J AU Appleyard, GD Zarlenga, D Pozio, E Gajadhar, AA AF Appleyard, GD Zarlenga, D Pozio, E Gajadhar, AA TI Differentiation of Trichinella genotypes by polymerase chain reaction using sequence-specific primers SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENUS TRICHINELLA; ALLOZYME ANALYSIS; IDENTIFICATION; SPIRALIS; DNA AB A method was developed to identify species and genotypes within the genus Trichinella using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and specific primers. Enzymatic amplification of 2 partially conserved and repetitive genomic DNA sequences that have been shown to be variable in length within the different Trichinella genotypes form the basis of this test. Within these regions of the genome, 4 sets of primers were evaluated from which 2 were chosen for their ability to differentiate among the genotypes under stringent primer annealing conditions while maintaining high yields of amplification product. Differences in the size of PCR products from multiple isolates of each genotype indicate sufficient variation to identify 7 of the 8 parasite groups within this genus. One primer set can differentiate among some genotypes working from a single larva. Identification of Trichinella genotypes will assist in distinguishing between sylvatic and synanthropic life cycles. Such information will be critical in tracing sources of trichinellosis by easily and unambiguously identifying likely host reservoirs and will provide valuable information for instituting methods of control. C1 Canadian Food Inspect Agcy, Ctr Anim Parasitol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2R3, Canada. Ist Super Sanita, I-00161 Rome, Italy. USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Gajadhar, AA (reprint author), Canadian Food Inspect Agcy, Ctr Anim Parasitol, 116 Vet Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2R3, Canada. NR 14 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 85 IS 3 BP 556 EP 559 DI 10.2307/3285795 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 209EB UT WOS:000081034300029 PM 10386453 ER PT J AU Ashen, JB Cohen, JD Goff, LJ AF Ashen, JB Cohen, JD Goff, LJ TI GC-SIM-MS detection and quantification of free indole-3-acetic acid in bacterial galls on the marine alga Prionitis lanceolata (Rhodophyta) SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bacterial galls; gas chromatography-selective ion-monitoring mass spectrometry; indole-3-acetic acid; Prionitis lanceolata; red algal hormones ID CONJUGATED INDOLEACETIC-ACID; AGROBACTERIUM-TUMEFACIENS; T-DNA; AUXIN; PLANTS; IDENTIFICATION; BIOSYNTHESIS; TOBACCO; IAA; SEAWATER AB Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a plant hormone necessary for terrestrial plant growth and development, was detected and quantified in the marine red alga Prionitis lanceolata Harvey (Halymeniaceae, Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) using gas chromatogaphy-selective ion-monitoring mass spectrometry (GC-SIM-MS), This allowed comparison of free IAA levels between the algal thallus and eubacterially induced galls on this alga characterized by abnormal algal growth and cell division and extensive, intercellular microbial proliferation, The levels of free IAA in the P, lanceolata thallus averaged 2.5 (+/-1.1) ng.g(-1) fresh wt. Free IAA levels in galls were more variable, ranging from ca, 4 to 39 (8.3 +/- 10.9) ng.g(-1) fresh wt, but were significantly higher overall (P = 0.0022), The identity of the IAA in this marine florideophycean alga was confirmed by full scan GC-MS analysis of both galls and thalli. The levels of free IAA in P, lanceolata were two to three orders of magnitude higher than those observed previously in the Rhodophyta, The origin of elevated IAA levels in P, lanceolata galls is unknown because it is possible that this compound is produced by either the gall-inducing bacterial symbiont or the host alga. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Agr Res Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Ashen, JB (reprint author), NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 239-20, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. OI Cohen, Jerry/0000-0003-2816-8676 NR 39 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 11 PU PHYCOLOGICAL SOC AMER INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 35 IS 3 BP 493 EP 500 DI 10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3530493.x PG 8 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 212RD UT WOS:000081229300008 ER PT J AU Wang, SY AF Wang, SY TI Methyl jasmonate reduces water stress in strawberry SO JOURNAL OF PLANT GROWTH REGULATION LA English DT Article DE Fragaria vesca; methyl jasmonate; membrane lipids; oxygen scavenging enzymes; water stress ID SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; SENSITIVE METHOD; ACID; BIOSYNTHESIS; SEEDLINGS; PLANTS AB The effect of methyl jasmonate (MJ) on changes of oxygen-scavenging enzyme activities and membrane lipid composition was studied in strawberry leaves under water stress. Under water stress, MJ treatment reduced the increase of peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7; POD) activity, maintained higher catalase (EC 1.11.1.6; CAT) and superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1; SOD) activities, and ascorbic acid content. In addition, MJ treatment reduced transpiration and membrane-lipid peroxidation as expressed by malondialdehyde (MDA) content, lessened the reduction of membrane lipids, glycolipids [monogalactosyl diglyceride (MGDG), digalactosyl diglyceride (DGDG)], and phospholipids [phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and phosphatidylinositol (PI)]. In water-deficit conditions, MJ treatment also alleviated the decline in the degree of fatty acid unsaturation and the ratio of linolenic (18:3) to linoleic acid (18:2). These results indicate that MJ treatment appears to alter the metabolism of strawberry plants rendering the tissue better able to withstand water stress. C1 ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wang, SY (reprint author), ARS, Fruit Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 42 TC 50 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7595 J9 J PLANT GROWTH REGUL JI J. Plant Growth Regul. PD SUM PY 1999 VL 18 IS 3 BP 127 EP 134 DI 10.1007/PL00007060 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 263KD UT WOS:000084123100005 ER PT J AU McCloskey, JT Dewey, SR AF McCloskey, JT Dewey, SR TI Improving the success of a mounted Great Horned Owl lure for trapping Northern Goswawks SO JOURNAL OF RAPTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Great Horned Owl; Bubo virginianus; Northern Goshawk; Accipiter gentilis; trapping ID DHO-GAZA; RAPTORS C1 Forest Serv, USDA, Ashley Natl Forest, Vernal Ranger Dist, Vernal, UT 84078 USA. RP McCloskey, JT (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Caesar Kleberg Wildlife Res Inst, Campus Box 218, Kingsville, TX 78363 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU RAPTOR RESEARCH FOUNDATION INC PI HASTINGS PA 14377 117TH STREET SOUTH, HASTINGS, MN 55033 USA SN 0892-1016 J9 J RAPTOR RES JI J. Raptor Res. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 33 IS 2 BP 168 EP 169 PG 2 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 210BB UT WOS:000081084300015 ER PT J AU Smith, JC Makdani, D Hegar, A Rao, D Douglass, LW AF Smith, JC Makdani, D Hegar, A Rao, D Douglass, LW TI Vitamin A and zinc supplementation of preschool children SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE vitamin A supplementation; zinc supplementation; double-blind design; preschool children; covariance analysis; growth; weight gain; hemoglobin ID A SUPPLEMENTATION; RESPIRATORY-INFECTIONS; MALNOURISHED CHILDREN; PERSISTENT DIARRHEA; YOUNG-CHILDREN; LINEAR GROWTH; FIELD TRIAL; DEFICIENCY; PLASMA; INDIA AB Objective: To determine whether supplementation of vitamin A and/or zinc (Zn) improved serum levels of these nutrients and/or height and weight gains in preschool children, 22 to 66 months, living in Belize, Central America. Methods: Subjects received either Zn, vitamin A, Zn and vitamin A or a placebo, (70 mg Zn and/or 3030 RE vitamin A, once per week) for 6 months in a 2 x 2 factorial design. Forty-three children, from a population of 104 prescreened, completed the study; they were selected, prior to treatment, for low/marginal serum concentrations of these micronutrients. Results: Serum Zn levels were greater (16%, p < 0.001) for those who received Zn. In contrast, after vitamin A treatment there were no differences in serum vitamin A among groups. Although increases in height (+4.4 cm, p < 0.001) and weight (+0.79 kg, p < 0.001), compared with baseline values, were numerically greatest for children who received both supplements, only the vitamin A supplementation effect was significant, resulting in increased height (+1.4 cm, p < 0.002) and greater weight gain (+0.15 kg, p < 0.03) compared to those receiving no vitamin A. Vitamin A supplementation alone significantly increased (p < 0.001) hemoglobin concentration. Conclusion: The results suggest that the preschool children in this study, prescreened for low/marginal serum concentrations from a larger population prior to treatment, were enduring inadequate vitamin A and, to a lesser degree, Zn nutriture. Height and weight gain were significantly increased in the subjects who received a single weekly supplement 3030 RE of vitamin A. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, PL, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Lincoln Univ, Jefferson City, MO USA. Belize Vis Ctr, Belize City, Belize. Univ Maryland, Biometr Consulting Serv, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Smith, JC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, PL, Bldg 307,Room 323,BARC E,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 54 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER COLL NUTRITION PI NEW YORK PA C/O HOSP. JOINT DIS. 301 E. 17TH ST., NEW YORK, NY 10003 USA SN 0731-5724 J9 J AM COLL NUTR JI J. Am. Coll. Nutr. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 18 IS 3 BP 213 EP 222 PG 10 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 200VP UT WOS:000080561000002 PM 10376776 ER PT J AU Cot, J Manich, AM Marsal, A Fort, M Celma, PJ Carrio, R Choque, R Cabeza, LF AF Cot, J Manich, AM Marsal, A Fort, M Celma, PJ Carrio, R Choque, R Cabeza, LF TI Processing of collagenic residues. Isolation of gelatin by the action of peroxochromates SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID HYDROLYSIS PRODUCTS; PROTEIN PRODUCTS; LEATHER WASTE AB The experience of our research group with topics related to the dechroming process, based on the oxidation of the chromium(III) to chromium(VI) by peroxides in alkaline conditions, allowed us to know in-depth the reaction mechanisms. The formation In situ of some peroxochromates (containing up to 2,5 groups peroxo for each atom of chromium), unstable and with a great oxidizing potential, is fundamental in the process of gelatin isolation. It has been demonstrated that the chromium-containing collagenic wastes that had been previously dechromed by this method produce a gelatin with better yield, quality and in a much shorter treatment, compared with conventional methods described in the literature. The residual chrome content in the gelatin can be eliminated using tangencial ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis techniques. Furthermore, the chromium (VI) is recovered by ion-exchange resins and can be re-used in tanneries. Finally, physico-chemical characteristics of the isolated gelatins were evaluated. C1 Consejo Super Invest Cient, Ctr Invest & Desarrollo, Ecotechnol Dept, Barcelona 08034, Spain. Inst Quim Sarria, Dept Engn, Ecotechnol Div, Barcelona 08017, Spain. USDA, ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Cot, J (reprint author), Consejo Super Invest Cient, Ctr Invest & Desarrollo, Ecotechnol Dept, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain. RI Cabeza, Luisa F./B-4587-2013 OI Cabeza, Luisa F./0000-0001-5086-872X NR 12 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 94 IS 4 BP 115 EP 127 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 201AP UT WOS:000080572700001 ER PT J AU Liu, CK Mcclintick, MD AF Liu, CK Mcclintick, MD TI Tearing behavior of chrome-tanned leather SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ENERGY AB Tearing tests were performed along with tensile tests on chrome-tanned leather to clarify the difference between the tearing and tensile behaviors and their fracture mechanisms. For the tearing tests, a unique zigzag fracture pattern was observed due to the fluctuations in the tearing force, whereas the tensile tests demonstrated a uniform fracture pattern. Observations also showed that strain rate does not significantly affect tearing strength, but slightly affects tensile strength. Both strengths increase with increasing moisture content until certain levels, beyond which they start to decrease with increasing moisture content. A drastic difference between these two strengths is demonstrated in their response to sampling angle change. Tearing strength showed little variation with the change of sampling angle, whereas the tensile strength was maximum when sampled parallel to the backbone, then steadily decreased when sampling angle deviated from the backbone Line. Statistical analysis showed that the tensile strength did not correlate well to tearing strength, whereas a good correlation was observed between fracture energy and tearing strength. C1 USDA, ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Liu, CK (reprint author), USDA, ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 18 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER LEATHER CHEMISTS ASSN PI CINCINNATI PA ROOM 5 CAMPUS STATION-14 TANNER RES LAB, CINCINNATI, OH 45221 USA SN 0002-9726 J9 J AM LEATHER CHEM AS JI J. Am. Leather Chem. Assoc. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 94 IS 4 BP 129 EP 145 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Textiles SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 201AP UT WOS:000080572700003 ER PT J AU Kuo, TM Lanser, AC Kaneshiro, T Hou, CT AF Kuo, TM Lanser, AC Kaneshiro, T Hou, CT TI Conversion of oleic acid to 10-ketostearic acid by Sphingobacterium sp strain O22 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE bioconversion; enrichment culture; 10-ketostearic acid; oleic acid; Sphingobacterium thalpophilum ID BIOCONVERSION; OXIDATION; ESTERS AB The conversion of oleic acid by a bacterium, tentatively identified as Sphingobacterium thalpophilum strain O22, was investigated. The microorganism was isolated as a stable culture from compost that was enriched with soybean oil outdoors and subsequently with oleic acid in the laboratory: Strain O22 converted oleic acid to products identified as 10-ketostearic acid (95% of the total conversion product) and 10-hydroxystearic acid (5%). This is in contrast to S. thalpophilum strain B-14797, which produces solely 10-hydroxystearic acid. Maximal conversion was reached in about 36 h after the addition of oleic acid to the fermentation broth. The yield of 10-ketostearic acid was approximately 75% from 0.26 g of oleic acid in 30 mL fermentation broth at 28 degrees C and 200 rpm for 48 h. This is the first report on the major production of 10-ketostearic acid by a microorganism in the genus Sphingobacterium. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Oil Chem Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Kuo, TM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Oil Chem Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 6 BP 709 EP 712 DI 10.1007/s11746-999-0163-7 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 209PA UT WOS:000081055900008 ER PT J AU Snyder, JM King, JW Taylor, SL Neese, AL AF Snyder, JM King, JW Taylor, SL Neese, AL TI Concentration of phytosterols for analysis by supercritical fluid extraction SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE canola; carbon dioxide; chromatography; corn bran; corn fiber; cottonseed; extraction; margarine; phytosterol; rice bran; soybean; supercritical fluid ID RICE BRAN OIL; CARBON-DIOXIDE; CHROMATOGRAPHY; CHOLESTEROL; CORN AB Fractionation of sterols from plant lipid mixtures was accomplished using a multistep supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) procedure. Samples of seed oils, margarine, corn germ oil, and corn fiber oil were extracted to yield enriched phytosterol fractions. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) was utilized to separate and determine the concentration of the plant sterols in the extracts from the various samples. The sterol concentration in the original samples varied from 2.2 mg/g in soybean oil to 13.2 mg/g in oil extracted from corn fiber. After the SFE-based fractionation of the samples, the sterol concentration was increased to 64.4 mg/g in the extract from soybean oil and 166.2 mg/g in the extract from corn fiber oil. Oil extracted from corn bran, which measured 8.6 mg/g in the original oil, increased to 322.2 mg/g using the fractionation process. The benign conditions utilized by SFE and SFC proved to be effective for the analyses of these compounds without inducing degradation of the analytes. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Food Qual & Safety Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Snyder, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Food Qual & Safety Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 18 TC 23 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 6 BP 717 EP 721 DI 10.1007/s11746-999-0165-5 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 209PA UT WOS:000081055900010 ER PT J AU Frykman, HB Isbell, TA AF Frykman, HB Isbell, TA TI Decolorization of meadowfoam estolides using sodium borohydride SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE bleaching; decolorization; estolides; hydrogenation; hydrogen peroxide; meadowfoam; platinum; sodium borohydride AB Estolides are condensed oligomers of fatty acids made by introducing an ester linkage at sites of unsaturation. Estolides made from meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba) oil fatty acids have positive effects in personal care formulations and a patent has been applied for. However, estolides prepared by acid catalysis had a color of 12 (Gardner scale) and industrial cooperators desired lower color to increase marketability of meadowfoam estolides. Hydrogen peroxide and hydrogenation did not lower the color of estolide but 1% w/w sodium borohydride at 80 degrees C for 12 h reduced color to 7 on the Gardner scale which was acceptable to the industrial partners for further development. Sodium borohydride decolorization gives a product with good color at a reasonable cost. The sodium borohydride does not have to be used in concentrations higher than 1% w/w and the product loss, which can be several percent with a clay based process, is negligible using sodium borohydride. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, New Crops Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Frykman, HB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, New Crops Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 6 BP 765 EP 767 DI 10.1007/s11746-999-0173-5 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 209PA UT WOS:000081055900018 ER PT J AU Ringer, RK Miller, LR Saylor, WW AF Ringer, RK Miller, LR Saylor, WW TI Minor-use animal drug program - A national agricultural program to approve animal drugs for minor species and uses SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article C1 USDA, Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Univ Delaware, Coll Agr & Nat Resources, Newark, DE 19717 USA. Michigan State Univ, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Miller, LR (reprint author), USDA, Cooperat State Res Educ & Extens Serv, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 1 PY 1999 VL 214 IS 11 BP 1636 EP 1637 PG 2 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 200EV UT WOS:000080527400011 PM 10363094 ER PT J AU Henry, TJ AF Henry, TJ TI Reevaluation of the plant bug genus Icodema, with descriptions of two new genera to accommodate five Nearctic species (Heteroptera : Miridae : Phylinae) SO JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Heteroptera; Miridae; Phylinae; Icodema; Americodema; Occidentodema; new genera; new species; hosts; distribution AB Study of Icodema nigrolineatum (Knight) has shown that it:and four other related Nearctic species are not congeneric with Palearctic I. infuscatum (Fieber), the type of the genus. As a result, the new genus Americodema is established to accommodate A. nigrolineatum (Knight), new Combination, and A. knighti (Kerzhner and Schuh), new combination, and the new genus Occidentodema is erected for the three new species O. clypealis, O. mcfarlandi, and O. polhemusi from the western United States and Mexico. Generic relationships are discussed, host plants and distributions are reviewed, and diagnostic information and a key to species are provided to facilitate recognition. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, Plant Sci Inst,USDA, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Henry, TJ (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, Plant Sci Inst,USDA, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 38 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC INC PI NEW YORK PA C/O AMER MUSEUM NAT HIST 79TH & CENTRAL PARK WEST, NEW YORK, NY 10024 USA SN 0028-7199 J9 J NEW YORK ENTOMOL S JI J. N.Y. Entomol. Soc. PD SUM-FAL PY 1999 VL 107 IS 2-3 BP 181 EP 203 PG 23 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 290UD UT WOS:000085695500011 ER PT J AU Waldbieser, GC Wolters, WR AF Waldbieser, GC Wolters, WR TI Application of polymorphic microsatellite loci in a channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus breeding program SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID PARENTAGE; MARKERS; EXCLUSION AB In order to monitor spawning success in earthen ponds, individual channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus broodfish were identified prior to stocking by genotype analysis with polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers. Individual spawns were collected and reared in a hatchery, and eight sac-fry per spawn were sampled for genotype analysis. Mendelian inheritance of microsatellite alleles was used to identify parents of each spawn. The probability of detecting a falsely matched offspring and spawning pair was >99%. Average spawning success was 44% (17-80%). Multiple spawning by males was found in seven of the eight ponds sampled. In these ponds, 47% of the males fertilized 2-6 egg masses over 1-8 wk, although most were 2-3 wk apart. Four different spawns were identified as two full-sib families and were probably due to interrupted spawning. Parent/offspring genotype analysis will be useful for production of half-sib families for estimation of genetic components of variation, estimation of effective breeding population, and selection of broodstock for multiple reproductive traits under natural spawning conditions. C1 USDA ARS, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Waldbieser, GC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, POB 38, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 12 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 30 IS 2 BP 256 EP 262 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1999.tb00873.x PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 203VR UT WOS:000080729300014 ER PT J AU Silverstein, JT Bosworth, BG Wolters, WR AF Silverstein, JT Bosworth, BG Wolters, WR TI Evaluation of dual injection of LHRHa and the dopamine receptor antagonist pimozide in cage spawning of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus SO JOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CLARIAS-GARIEPINUS; AFRICAN CATFISH; HORMONE ANALOG; HETEROPNEUSTES-FOSSILIS; ASIAN CATFISH; OVULATION; COMBINATION; INDUCTION; FISH AB Control of reproduction in cultured fishes has been improved by the use of gonadotropin releasing hormones (GnRH's) and, in many fishes, the use of dopamine (DA) receptor antagonists. However, little successful use of these treatments has been reported for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. This study was conducted to investigate the potential of treatment with a gonadotropin hormone releasing hormone (GnRH) and a dopamine (DA) receptor antagonist to improve cage spawning success in channel catfish. Two and 3-yr-old catfish were selected from ponds. All males were injected with des-Gly(10), [D-Ala(6)]-Leuteinizing hormone releasing hormone ethylamide (LHRHa, 50 mu g/kg body weight). Females were randomly assigned to the various injection treatments, control (vehicle injected, C), LHRHa only (L), DA receptor antagonist (pimozide) only (P), and LHRHa and pimozide (LP). After injections, one male and one female were paired and placed into 1 m wide X 1.5 m long X 1.2 m deep spawning cages with a metal spawning can. Spawning cans were checked from 1 to 10 d after injection and successful spawning events were recorded. Five trials were conducted between 13 May and 5 June 1998. The LP treatment yielded significantly more spawns than any other treatment (LP, N = 24, 83% > L, N = 25, 44% > C, N = 23, 43 % > P, N = 11, 36%). The greatest promotion of spawning with LP treatment was in the first two induction trials. In the subsequent three trials, differences between treatments were not significant, although LP treated females tended to spawn more frequently. Percent hatch (60.5 +/- 3.4%) did not differ between treatments. Treatment of females with LHRHa + pimozide is a potentially useful method for increasing spawning success, particularly early in the spawning season. C1 USDA ARS, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Silverstein, JT (reprint author), USDA ARS, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Thad Cochran Natl Warmwater Aquaculture Ctr, POB 38, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NR 17 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY PI BATON ROUGE PA LOUISIANA STATE UNIV, 143 J M PARKER COLISEUM, BATON ROUGE, LA 70803 USA SN 0893-8849 J9 J WORLD AQUACULT SOC JI J. World Aquacult. Soc. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 30 IS 2 BP 263 EP 268 DI 10.1111/j.1749-7345.1999.tb00874.x PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 203VR UT WOS:000080729300015 ER PT J AU Elliott, NC Kieckhefer, RW Lee, JH French, BW AF Elliott, NC Kieckhefer, RW Lee, JH French, BW TI Influence of within-field and landscape factors on aphid predator populations in wheat SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Coccinellidae; Aphididae; wheat; spatial scale; species diversity; numerical response ID EASTERN SOUTH-DAKOTA; COCCINELLIDAE COLEOPTERA; GREENBUGS HOMOPTERA; ALFALFA FIELDS; SORGHUM; EXTENT; MAIZE AB The influence of prey density, within-field vegetation, and the composition and patchiness of the surrounding landscape on the abundance of insect predators of cereal aphids was studied in wheat fields in eastern South Dakota, USA. Cereal aphids, aphid predators, and within-field vegetation were sampled in 104 fields over a three year period (1988-1990). The composition and patchiness of the landscape surrounding each field were determined from high altitude aerial photographs. Five landscape variables, aggregated at three spatial scales ranging from 2.6 km(2) to 581 km(2), were measured from aerial photographs. Regression models incorporating within-field and landscape variables accounted for 27-49% of the variance in aphid predator abundance in wheat fields. Aphid predator species richness and species diversity were also related to within-field and landscape variables. Some predators were strongly influenced by variability in the composition and patchiness of the landscape surrounding a field at a particular spatial scale while others responded to variability at all scales. Overall, predator abundance, species richness, and species diversity increased with increasing vegetational diversity in wheat fields and with increasing amounts of non-cultivated lands and increasing patchiness in the surrounding landscape. C1 ARS, USDA, Plant Sci Res Lab, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Elliott, NC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Plant Sci Res Lab, 1301 N Western St, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. NR 48 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 28 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 14 IS 3 BP 239 EP 252 DI 10.1023/A:1008002528345 PG 14 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 209HB UT WOS:000081041200002 ER PT J AU Keane, RE Morgan, P White, JD AF Keane, RE Morgan, P White, JD TI Temporal patterns of ecosystem processes on simulated landscapes in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA SO LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE simulation modeling; landscape pattern; Fire-BGC; fire modeling; forest succession modeling ID AGE-CLASS DISTRIBUTION; CLIMATE CHANGE; NORTHWESTERN MINNESOTA; SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY; REGIONAL APPLICATIONS; GENERAL-MODEL; FIRE REGIMES; FOREST; VEGETATION; DISTURBANCE AB The mechanistic, spatially-explicit fire succession model, Fire-BGC (a Fire BioGeoChemical succession model) was used to investigate long-term trends in landscape pattern under historical and future fire regimes and present and future climate regimes for two 46 000 ha landscapes in Glacier National Park, Montana, USA. Fire-BGC has two spatial and temporal resolutions in the simulation architecture where ecological processes that act at a landscape level, such as fire, are simulated annually from information contained in spatial data layers, while stand-level processes such as photosynthesis, transpiration, and decomposition are simulated both daily and annually. Fire is spread across the landscape using the FARSITE fire growth model and subsequent fire effects are simulated at the stand-level. Fire-BGC was used to simulate changes in landscape pattern over 250 years under four scenarios: (1) complete fire exclusion under current climate, (2) historical wildfire occurrence and current climate, (3) complete fire exclusion under a possible future climate, (4) future wildfire occurrence and future climate. Simulated maps of dominant tree species, aboveground standing crop, leaf area index, and net primary productivity (NPP) were contrasted across scenarios using the metrics of patch density, edge density, evenness, contagion, and interspersion. Simulation results indicate that fire influences landscape pattern metrics more that climate alone by creating more diverse, fragmented, and disconnected landscapes. Fires were more frequent, larger, and more intense under a future climate regime. Landscape metrics showed different trends for the process-based NPP map when compared to the cover type map. It may be important to augment landscape analyses with process-based layers as well as structural and compositional layers. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Intermt Fire Sci Lab, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Keane, RE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Intermt Fire Sci Lab, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 87 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 18 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-2973 J9 LANDSCAPE ECOL JI Landsc. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 14 IS 3 BP 311 EP 329 DI 10.1023/A:1008011916649 PG 19 WC Ecology; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 209HB UT WOS:000081041200008 ER PT J AU Wall, RJ AF Wall, RJ TI Biotechnology for the production of modified and innovative animal products: transgenic livestock bioreactors SO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT VIIIth Congress of the World-Association-for-Animal-Production CY JUN 28-JUL 04, 1998 CL SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA SP World Assoc Anim Prod, European Assoc Anim Prod, Minist Agr & Forestry, Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Agr, Natl Livestock Cooperat Federat, Rural Dev Adm, Seoul, Korea DE biotechnology; mammary gland; bioactive proteins; animal diseases ID HIGH-LEVEL EXPRESSION; WHEY ACIDIC PROTEIN; BOVINE ALPHA-LACTALBUMIN; TISSUE-PLASMINOGEN-ACTIVATOR; BETA-CASEIN PROMOTER; MOUSE MAMMARY-GLAND; GROWTH-HORMONE; FACTOR-IX; HUMAN ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN; MILK PROTEIN AB The ability to modify mammary gland function through genetic engineering provides an opportunity to investigate mechanism of breast cancer, enhance the nutritional quality of milk and synthesize compounds designed as medicine. It is argued that mammary glands are an ideal site for producing complex bioactive proteins that can be harvested and purified in a cost effective manner. The objective of the emerging 'gene pharming' industry is to produce pharmaceuticals for treating human diseases. Consequently, during the past decade, approximately a dozen companies many of them new ventures, have focused their attention on capturing an estimated 3 billion USD annual market for transgenic bioreactor-produced pharmaceuticals. Several products produced in this way are currently in various phases of human clinical trials. The potential profitability of 'gene pharming' looks very promising. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wall, RJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 81 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-6226 J9 LIVEST PROD SCI JI Livest. Prod. Sci. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 59 IS 2-3 BP 243 EP 255 DI 10.1016/S0301-6226(99)00030-5 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 205UQ UT WOS:000080839300013 ER PT J AU Carlson, SA Bolton, LF Briggs, CE Hurd, HS Sharma, VK Fedorka-Cray, PJ Jones, BD AF Carlson, SA Bolton, LF Briggs, CE Hurd, HS Sharma, VK Fedorka-Cray, PJ Jones, BD TI Detection of multiresistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104 using multiplex and fluorogenic PCR SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR PROBES LA English DT Article DE PCR; Salmonella typhimurium DT104; multiplex; antibiotic resistance ID ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE GENES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; INTEGRONS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PSEUDOMONAS; PATHOGEN; STRAINS; DT-104; CATTLE AB Salmonella infections continue to cause gastrointestinal and systemic disease throughout the world. Salmonella typhimurium DT104 further poses a major hearth concern due to its acquisition of resistance to multiple antibiotics. The rapid detection of multiresistant S. typhimurium DT104 would facilitate strategies aimed at controlling this pathogen. We developed a specific and sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay that amplifies a segment of DNA that is conserved in multiresistant S. typhimurium DT104. To provide further specificity for this PCR-based diagnostic test, we amplified two other gene fragments that are present in S. typhimurium DT104. A multiplex PCR containing primers for targeted sequences resulted in the amplification of predicted size fragments from S. typhimurium DT104 exhibiting the ACSSuT (ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulphamethoxazole and tetracycline) or ASSuT resistance phenotypes. A minor modification of the multiplex PCR enabled the detection of other related multiresistant Salmonella such as S. typhimurium U302. To augment the detection process, we also designed a fluorogenic PCR assay that can detect the DNA of multiresistant S. typhimurium DT104 in the presence of excess contaminating bacterial DNA. These results provide a method by which multiresistant S. typhimurium DT104, or potentially the next emerging multiresistant Salmonella, can be accurately detected in only 3-4 h. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Enter Dis & Food Safety Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. ARS, USDA, Microbial Food Safety Res Unit, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Dept Microbiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. RP Carlson, SA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Enter Dis & Food Safety Res Unit, POB 70,2300 Dayton Rd, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 32 TC 76 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 11 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0890-8508 J9 MOL CELL PROBE JI Mol. Cell. Probes PD JUN PY 1999 VL 13 IS 3 BP 213 EP 222 DI 10.1006/mcpr.1999.0240 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology GA 210RG UT WOS:000081118000008 PM 10369747 ER PT J AU Labate, JA Biermann, CH Eanes, WF AF Labate, JA Biermann, CH Eanes, WF TI Nucleotide variation at the runt locus in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE polymorphism; population genetics; runt; molecular evolution; Drosophila melanogaster; Drosophila simulans ID BACKGROUND SELECTION MODEL; DNA-SEQUENCE VARIATION; POPULATION-GENETICS; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; TRANSFORMER GENE; POLYMORPHISM; RECOMBINATION; DIVERGENCE; REGION AB Intra- and interspecific nucleotide variation for the major developmental gene runt in Drosophila was studied in D. melanogaster and D. simulans. The 1.5- kb protein-coding region and the 0.4-kb intron of the runt gene were sequenced for 11 alleles in each species. The D. melanogaster alleles originated from east Africa. Estimated parameters of intraspecific variation in D. melanogaster (exons: theta = 0.018, pi = 0.018; intron: theta = 0.014, pi = 0.014) and D. simulans (exons: theta = 0.007, pi = 0.005; intron: theta = 0.008, pi = 0.005) were below average for other X-linked genes, while divergence between species (exons: D = 0.094; intron: D = 0.069) fell within the normal range for both silent and replacement changes. This estimate for runt, along with published values for three other genes in regions of normal recombination, show east African D. melanogaster to be roughly twice as polymorphic as D. simulans. The majority of nucleotide variation, silent and replacement, in both species was found to be selectively neutral using various statistical tests (HKA, McDonald-Kreitman, Tajima, and Fu and Li tests). Monte Carlo simulations of the coalescent process significantly rejected a Wright-Fisher model with respect to an amino acid polymorphism and the distribution of polymorphic sites among the D. simulans lines. This indicated an old lineage and may reflect ancestral population substructuring in D. simulans. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Labate, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ames, IA 50011 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM-45247] NR 48 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EVOLUTION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0737-4038 J9 MOL BIOL EVOL JI Mol. Biol. Evol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 16 IS 6 BP 724 EP 731 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 203ZL UT WOS:000080738400002 PM 10368951 ER PT J AU Trepp, GB Temple, SJ Bucciarelli, B Shi, LF Vance, CP AF Trepp, GB Temple, SJ Bucciarelli, B Shi, LF Vance, CP TI Expression map for genes involved in nitrogen and carbon metabolism in alfalfa root nodules SO MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article DE amino acids; nitrogenase; oxygen; organic acids; Sinorhizobium meliloti ID GLUTAMINE-SYNTHETASE GENES; RHIZOBIUM-MELILOTI; PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE; SUCROSE SYNTHASE; SOYBEAN NODULES; DOWN-REGULATION; MESSENGER-RNA; CO2 FIXATION; LEGHEMOGLOBIN; SENESCENCE AB During root nodule development several key genes involved in nitrogen fixation and assimilation exhibit enhanced levels of expression. However, little is known about the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of these transcripts. In a systematic study the transcripts for 13 of the essential enzymes involved in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) root nodule nitrogen and carbon metabolism were localized by in situ hybridization, A serial section approach allowed the construction of a map that reflects the relative distribution of these transcripts. In 33-day-old root nodules, the expression of nifH, NADH-dependent glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT; EC 1.4.1.14) and a cytosolic isoform of glutamine synthetase (GS13; GS; EC 6.3.1.2) were localized predominantly in a 5- to 15-cell-wide region in the distal part of the nitrogen-fixing zone. This zone was also the region of high expression for leghemoglobin, a second cytosolic glutamine synthetase isoform (GS100), aspartate aminotransferase-2 (AAT-2; EC 2.6.1.1), asparagine synthetase (AS; 6.3.5.4), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC; EC 4.1.1.31), and sucrose synthase (SuSy; EC 2.4.1.13). This suggests that, in 33-day-old alfalfa root nodules, nitrogen fixation is restricted to this 5- to 15-cell-wide area. The continued significant expression of the GS100 subclass of GS and AS in the proximal part of the nitrogen-fixing zone implicates these gene products in nitrogen remobilization. A low constitutive expression of NADH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (NADH-GDH; EC 1.4.1.2) was observed throughout the nodule, The transcript distribution map will be used as a navigational tool to assist in developing strategies for the genetic engineering of alfalfa root nodules for enhanced nitrogen assimilation. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ETH Zurich, Inst Pflanzenwissensch, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. RP Vance, CP (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, 411 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 65 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0894-0282 J9 MOL PLANT MICROBE IN JI Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 12 IS 6 BP 526 EP 535 DI 10.1094/MPMI.1999.12.6.526 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 197UF UT WOS:000080383500006 ER PT J AU Walker, JF Miller, OK Lei, T Semones, S Nilsen, E Clinton, BD AF Walker, JF Miller, OK Lei, T Semones, S Nilsen, E Clinton, BD TI Suppression of ectomycorrhizae on canopy tree seedlings in Rhododendron maximum L-(Ericaceae) thickets in the southern Appalachians SO MYCORRHIZA LA English DT Article DE eastern Hemlock; ectomycorrhiza; mycorrhizal; colonization; Northern red oak; Cenococcum geophilum ID MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; PINE STANDS; GROWTH; SPRUCE; OAK; COLONIZATION; LITTER; SOILS; FERN; FR AB Thickets of Rhododendron maximum(Ericaceae) (Rm) in the southern Appalachians severely limit regeneration of hardwood and coniferous seedlings. Experimental blocks were established in and out of Rm thickets in a mature, mixed hardwood/conifer forest in Macon County, N.C. Litter and organic layer substrates were removed, composited and redistributed among plots within the blocks (except for control plots). Seedlings of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) and eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) were planted in the plots and harvested at the end of the first and second growing seasons. Litter manipulation had no effect on total mycorrhizal colonization, but the distribution of Cenococcum geophilum mycorrhizae was altered. After the first year, percent mycorrhizal colonization of hemlocks not in Rm thickets (62%) was at least three times higher than in Rm thickets (19%), and the ramification index (no. of mycorrhizae cm(-1)) had increased by more than a factor of four (2.83 versus 0.61). In addition, colonization of 1-year-old hemlocks by C. geophilum was significantly higher within blocks with (10.4%) than without (4.6%) Rm. Differences in mycorrhizal colonization, ramification indices and colonization by C. geophilum were absent or less pronounced on 2-year-old hemlocks and 1- and 2-year-old oak seedlings. The biomasses of first year oak roots and shoots and second year shoots were 50% less in Rm thickets. Biomasses of first year hemlock roots and second year shoots were also reduced. Mycorrhizal parameters were correlated with some growth parameters only for hemlock seedlings, but did not explain most of the variation observed. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC USA. RP Walker, JF (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Biol, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 36 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0940-6360 J9 MYCORRHIZA JI Mycorrhiza PD JUN PY 1999 VL 9 IS 1 BP 49 EP 56 DI 10.1007/s005720050262 PG 8 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 212YA UT WOS:000081244200006 ER PT J AU Pederson, GA Brink, GE Caradus, JR AF Pederson, GA Brink, GE Caradus, JR TI Growth of United States versus New Zealand white clover cultivars in diverse grasses in Mississippi, USA SO NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE white clover; Trifolium repens; bermudagrass; tall fescue; plant spread; dry matter yield; genetic variation; cultivars; Cynodon dactylon; Festuca arundinacea ID TRIFOLIUM-REPENS L; GERMPLASM; YIELD; TALL; BERMUDAGRASS; ASSOCIATIONS; REGISTRATION; PERFORMANCE; VARIETIES; MIXTURES AB The use of plant material outside the country of development is common, but whether such material is superior to existing types of the same species is questionable. Seven United States and eight New Zealand white clover (Trifolium repens) cultivars, germplasms, or breeding populations were evaluated for plant spread and dry matter yield for two years at Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA, when grown in monoculture or with grasses having differing seasonal growth patterns, viz tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon). Plant material originating in the United States had 49-53% greater plant spread and 79-222% greater clover dry matter yield in monoculture or in association with either grass than the New Zealand material. Osceola, SRVR, and Brown Loam Syn#2 white clover had greater plant spread than all New Zealand material at 9 of 11 sampling dates. White clover spread and yield under monoculture showed a closer correlation with growth in association with common bermudagrass thin with tall fescue. White clover should be selected in the climate and with the grass association in which it is to be utilised. C1 USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Waste Mgt & Forage Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. AgRes, Palmerston North, New Zealand. RP Pederson, GA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Waste Mgt & Forage Res Unit, POB 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 32 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU SIR PUBLISHING PI WELLINGTON PA PO BOX 399, WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND SN 0028-8233 J9 NEW ZEAL J AGR RES JI N. Z. J. Agric. Res. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 42 IS 2 BP 115 EP 123 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 253ZB UT WOS:000083586100001 ER PT J AU Pozio, E Kapel, CMO Gamble, HR AF Pozio, E Kapel, CMO Gamble, HR TI Specificity and sensitivity of random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis for the identification of single larvae of Trichinella after experimental infection of pigs SO PARASITOLOGY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID RAPD; REPRODUCIBILITY; LABORATORIES; TRICHINOSIS; SPIRALIS; BRITOVI AB Single muscle larvae (ML) of Trichinella belonging to 5 species and 2 genotypes collected from 126 experimentally infected pigs and preserved in 75% ethyl alcohol at room temperature were identified by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of this assay. A double-blind protocol was used to ensure that the interpretation of electrophoretic patterns after RAPD amplification was not influenced by an expected result. RAPD analysis of one larva from each sample showed a sensitivity of 100% when only samples with undamaged DNA were considered, and the specificity resulted in an 88% match with the species or genotype that had been used to infect pigs, whereas the identification reached 100% specificity when an additional one to four ML were examined. C1 Ist Super Sanita, Parasitol Lab, I-00161 Rome, Italy. Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Danish Ctr Expt Parasitol, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark. USDA ARS, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Pozio, E (reprint author), Ist Super Sanita, Parasitol Lab, Viale Regina Elena 299, I-00161 Rome, Italy. RI Kapel, Christian/G-9168-2014 OI Kapel, Christian/0000-0002-9539-457X NR 12 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0044-3255 J9 PARASITOL RES JI Parasitol. Res. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 85 IS 6 BP 504 EP 506 DI 10.1007/s004360050586 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 192ZV UT WOS:000080110400015 PM 10344547 ER PT J AU Grant, RH Heisler, GM AF Grant, RH Heisler, GM TI The adaptation of UV forecasts to typical human environments: The UV shade index. SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Agron, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, NE Forest Expt Stn, US Forest Serv, USDA, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 USA SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 69 SI SI BP 56S EP 56S PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 220KB UT WOS:000081663200167 ER PT J AU Gitz, DC Liu, L Sullivan, JH Britz, SJ AF Gitz, DC Liu, L Sullivan, JH Britz, SJ TI Ambient UV-B affects stomatal density and water-use-efficiency in soybean. SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 USA SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 69 SI SI BP 80S EP 81S PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 220KB UT WOS:000081663200242 ER PT J AU Bunce, LA AF Bunce, LA TI Leaf and root control of stomatal closure during drying in soybean SO PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM LA English DT Article ID VAPOR-PRESSURE DEFICITS; SOIL-WATER CONTENT; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTANCE; ABSCISIC-ACID; GAS-EXCHANGE; TRANSPIRATION; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; SEEDLINGS; SUNFLOWER; RESPONSES AB The stomatal conductance of an illuminated 2.5 cm(2) area of an intact soybean leaflet was the same whether the rest of the shoot was in light or darkness. This was true throughout soil drying cycles, Water potential of tissue immediately outside the illuminated area consistently decreased about 0.3 MPa upon illumination of the shoot. This erroneously suggested that stomatal conductance during soil drying did not respond to diurnal reductions in leaf water potential, but was controlled by root or soil water status. Tests showed that the water potential of tissue in the illuminated area did not change in the steady-state upon illumination of the rest of the shoot, Water potentials of shaded sections of leaves were not different from predawn water potentials, and were higher than leaf xylem pressure potentials as determined with a pressure chamber, These steep local gradients of leaf water potential suggest that there if minimal interchange of water among xylem elements leading from roots to different sections of leaves, The relationship between stomatal conductance and leaf water potential was the same whether leaf water potential was reduced by soil drying, application of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to the root system, lowering root temperature, or leaf excision, In the root cooling experiment, there was no soil drying, and with leaf excision, there was no root drying. The similarity of stomatal responses to leaf water potential in all cases strongly suggests control of conductance by a signal produced by local leaf water potential rather than root or soil water states in these experiments. C1 ARS, Climate Stress Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Bunce, LA (reprint author), ARS, Climate Stress Lab, USDA, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, W Bldg 046A,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM jbunce@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 19 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0031-9317 EI 1399-3054 J9 PHYSIOL PLANTARUM JI Physiol. Plant. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 106 IS 2 BP 190 EP 195 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 222PV UT WOS:000081794700007 ER PT J AU Griesbach, RJ Stehmann, JR Meyer, F AF Griesbach, RJ Stehmann, JR Meyer, F TI Anthocyanins in the "red" flowers of Petunia exserta SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cyanidin glycosides; pelargonidin; Petunia exserta; solanaceae ID HYBRIDA; COLOR; SOLANACEAE; INTERRELATIONSHIPS; PH AB The percentage of individual anthocyanins in Petunia exserta flowers was 79% cyanidin-3-glucoside, 8% cyanidin-3-rutinoside, 7% pelargonidin-3-glucoside and 6% pelargonidin-3-rutinoside. The flower petal pH was 5.4. Petunia exserta should be very useful in breeding because its genetic background is different from the existing red-flowered garden petunias. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, BARC W, US Natl Arboretum, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Griesbach, RJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, BARC W, US Natl Arboretum, Bldg 010A, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Stehmann, Joao/C-2611-2009 OI Stehmann, Joao/0000-0002-9504-5441 NR 27 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD JUN PY 1999 VL 51 IS 4 BP 525 EP 528 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(99)00026-6 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 208KR UT WOS:000080990500006 ER PT J AU Tapsoba, H Wilson, JP AF Tapsoba, H Wilson, JP TI Increasing complexity of resistance in host populations through intermating to manage rust of pearl millet SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WHEAT CULTIVAR MIXTURES; BARLEY COMPOSITE CROSS; SUBSTRIATA VAR INDICA; DISEASE RESISTANCE; GRAIN-YIELD; EVOLUTION; BLOTCH AB Pearl millet inbreds Tift 23DB, Tift 85DB, PS748BC, and Tift 89D(2) were used to develop three categories of host mixtures (physical mixtures, random-mated populations, and mixtures of two-way and three-way crosses) representing different levels of complexity of resistance through increased heterogeneity within populations and through stacking of resistance genes within the heterogeneous populations. The potential of these mixtures to reduce rust epidemics was evaluated in the held. Area under the disease progress curves (AUDPCs) of all physical mixtures were less than the mean of the components in 1995 and were less than the mean of the components for five of the six mixtures in 1997. In 1996, AUDPCs of the physical mixtures were consistently greater than the mean of their components. AUDPCs of the random-mated mixtures and the mixtures of crosses were consistently less than the mean of the components in 1996 and 1997, with reductions ranging from 12 to 71%. Dry matter yield (DMY) of physical mixtures relative to the mean DMY of the components was inconsistent, ranging from 18% less to 50% more than the mean of the components. The random-mated populations and the mixtures of crosses yielded 18 to 40% more DMY than the mean yield of the pure stands of their components. C1 Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, USDA ARS, Forage & Turf Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Plant Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Wilson, JP (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, USDA ARS, Forage & Turf Res Unit, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 31 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUN PY 1999 VL 89 IS 6 BP 450 EP 455 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.6.450 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 198XF UT WOS:000080449000002 PM 18944715 ER PT J AU Raaijmakers, JM Bonsall, RE Weller, DM AF Raaijmakers, JM Bonsall, RE Weller, DM TI Effect of population density of Pseudomonas fluorescens on production of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol in the rhizosphere of wheat SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANTIBIOTIC BIOSYNTHESIS; SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; GENE-EXPRESSION; TAKE-ALL; ACID; SUPPRESSION; BIOCONTROL; ACCUMULATION; BACTERIA AB The role of antibiotics in biological control of soilborne pathogens, and more generally in microbial antagonism in natural disease-suppressive soils, often has been questioned because of the indirect nature of the supporting evidence. In this study, a protocol for high pressure liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry is described that allowed specific identification and quantitation of the antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (Phl) produced by naturally occurring fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. on roots of wheat grown in a soil suppressive to take-all of wheat. These results provide, for the first time, biochemical support for the conclusion of previous work that Phl-producing fluorescent Pseudomonas spp, are key components of the natural biological control that operates in take-all-suppressive soils in Washington State. This study also demonstrates that the total amount of Phl produced on roots of wheat by P. fluorescens strain Q2-87, at densities ranging from approximately 10(5) to 10(7) CFU/g of root, is proportional to its rhizosphere population density and that Phl production per population unit is a constant (0.62 ng/10(5) CFU). Thus, Phl production in the rhizosphere of wheat is strongly related to the ability of the introduced strain to colonize the roots. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Bonsall, RE (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Raaijmakers, Jos/D-1574-2014 OI Raaijmakers, Jos/0000-0003-1608-6614 NR 40 TC 120 Z9 138 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUN PY 1999 VL 89 IS 6 BP 470 EP 475 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.6.470 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 198XF UT WOS:000080449000005 PM 18944718 ER PT J AU Hughes, G Gottwald, TR AF Hughes, G Gottwald, TR TI Survey methods for assessment of citrus tristeza virus incidence when Toxoptera citricida is the predominant vector SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE brown citrus aphid; group testing; hierarchical sampling; polymerase chain reaction ID 2 SPATIAL PROCESSES; DISEASE INCIDENCE; AGGREGATED PATTERNS; LINEAR-MODELS; SAMPLE; APHID; CORN AB Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) incidence may be assessed by sampling groups of citrus trees, recording the groups as CTV positive (one or more infected trees) or CTV negative (no infected trees), and then calculating disease incidence at the scale of the individual tree by means of a formula involving incidence at the group scale and the number of trees per group. This procedure works well when the CTV status of a tree can be regarded as independent of the CTV status of other trees in the same group. This is the case when the main vector species is Aphis gossypii and the groups comprise four adjacent trees, because the spatial pattern of CTV incidence at the within-group scale can be regarded as random. However, when the main vector species is Toxoptera citricida, this simple procedure is not appropriate, because the spatial pattern of CTV incidence at the within-group scale cannot be regarded as random. Using field data and computer simulation, an alternative procedure for assessment of CTV incidence when the main vector species is T. citricida was devised and tested. In the alternative procedure, the sampling scheme is operationally identical to that used when the main vector species is A. gossypii, but the calculation of CTV incidence at the scale of the individual tree is based on incidence at the group scale and an effective sample size. The analysis of CTV-incidence data collected from a number of citrus blocks in reasonable geographical and temporal proximity and the use of CTV-detection methods more sensitive than the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay used here are also discussed. C1 Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland. ARS, USDA, Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP Hughes, G (reprint author), Univ Edinburgh, Inst Ecol & Resource Management, W Mains Rd, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, Midlothian, Scotland. NR 35 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD JUN PY 1999 VL 89 IS 6 BP 487 EP 494 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.6.487 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 198XF UT WOS:000080449000008 PM 18944721 ER PT J AU Sherman, TD Pettigrew, WT Vaughn, KC AF Sherman, TD Pettigrew, WT Vaughn, KC TI Structural and immunological characterization of the Cuscuta pentagona L-chloroplast SO PLANT AND CELL PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chloroplasts; Cuscuta pentagona; dodder; immunological characterization; parasitic plants; ultrastructure ID INDUCED HAUSTORIA FORMATION; PLASTID GENOME; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; PARASITIC PLANTS; PHOTOSYSTEM-II; GENUS CUSCUTA; REFLEXA; LOCALIZATION; PROTEINS; SEQUENCE AB Structural and immunochemical studies were used to determine the photosynthetic potential of the dodder (Cuscuta pentagona) chloroplast. Ultrastructural studies revealed that thylakoid membranes of pre-parasitic phase Cuscuta pentagona are almost all organized into long, overlapping grana stacks of mainly two to five thylakoids with little space between adjacent stacks. Immunoblots reveal chloroplast proteins associated with PSI and II, as well as cytochrome f and plastocyanin. Stromal extracts contained immmunologically-detectable RuBisCO and phosphoribulokinase. Cytochemical localizations of the oxidizing side of PSI showed product localization on the lumen side of the thylakoid. Immunocytochemical localizations of RuBisCO reveal exclusive labeling in the stroma, whereas antibodies to the PSII proteins, light-harvesting Chl a/b complex and the oxygen-evolving complex of PSII, are concentrated over the thylakoids. A limited capacity for CO2 fixation was found in seedlings by monitoring CO2 exchange rates in the presence and absence of atrazine. These data indicate that the chloroplast from this species of dodder contains a number of the proteins required for a successful fixation of CO2 and the proteins in the thylakoids are organized much like other higher plants, with the exception of the large percentage of the thylakoids organized into grana. C1 Univ S Alabama, Dept Biol Sci, Mobile, AL 36688 USA. USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Prod Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. USDA ARS, So Weed Sci Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Sherman, TD (reprint author), Univ S Alabama, Dept Biol Sci, Mobile, AL 36688 USA. NR 40 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 6 PU JAPANESE SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI KYOTO PA SHIMOTACHIURI OGAWA HIGASHI KAMIKYOKU, KYOTO, 602, JAPAN SN 0032-0781 J9 PLANT CELL PHYSIOL JI Plant Cell Physiol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 40 IS 6 BP 592 EP 603 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA 207KW UT WOS:000080936900005 ER PT J AU Ori, N Juarez, MT Jackson, D Yamaguchi, J Banowetz, GM Hake, S AF Ori, N Juarez, MT Jackson, D Yamaguchi, J Banowetz, GM Hake, S TI Leaf senescence is delayed in tobacco plants expressing the maize homeobox gene knotted1 under the control of a senescence-activated promoter SO PLANT CELL LA English DT Article ID TRANSGENIC TOBACCO; ECTOPIC EXPRESSION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; HORMONE LEVELS; CYTOKININ; ARABIDOPSIS; MERISTEM; MORPHOLOGY; PATTERNS; LEAVES AB Leaf senescence is an active process involving remobilization of nutrients from senescing leaves to other parts of the plant, Whereas senescence is accompanied by a decline in leaf cytokinin content, supplemental cytokinin delays senescence. Plants that overexpress isopentenyl transferase (ipt), a cytokinin-producing gene, or knotted1 (kn1), a homeobox gene, have many phenotypes in common. Many of these phenotypes are characteristic of altered cytokinin physiology, The effect of kn1 on leaf senescence was tested by driving its expression using the promoter of the senescence-associated gene SAG12, SAG:kn1 tobacco plants showed a marked delay in leaf senescence but otherwise developed normally. The delay in senescence was revealed by an increase in chlorophyll content in SAG:kn1 leaves relative to leaves of the control plants and by a decrease in the number of dead leaves. Senescence was also delayed in detached leaves of SAG:kn1 plants. Delayed senescence was accompanied by increased leaf cytokinin content in older leaves expressing kn1. These experiments extend the current understanding of kn1 function and suggest that in addition to mediating meristem maintenance, kn1 is capable of regulating the onset of senescence in leaves. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Cold Spring Harbor Lab, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. USDA ARS, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Hake, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 49 TC 118 Z9 141 U1 2 U2 25 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 1040-4651 J9 PLANT CELL JI Plant Cell PD JUN PY 1999 VL 11 IS 6 BP 1073 EP 1080 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA 215AG UT WOS:000081359300008 PM 10368178 ER PT J AU Scavetta, RD Herron, SR Hotchkiss, AT Kita, N Keen, NT Benen, JAE Kester, HCM Visser, J Jurnak, F AF Scavetta, RD Herron, SR Hotchkiss, AT Kita, N Keen, NT Benen, JAE Kester, HCM Visser, J Jurnak, F TI Structure of a plant cell wall fragment complexed to pectate lyase C SO PLANT CELL LA English DT Article ID ANION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY; CATALYZED PROTON ABSTRACTION; ELECTRON-DENSITY MAPS; X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; ERWINIA-CHRYSANTHEMI; ASPERGILLUS-NIGER; OLIGOGALACTURONIC ACIDS; 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE; CARBON ACIDS; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURES AB The three-dimensional structure of a complex between the pectate lyase C (PelC) R218K mutant and a plant cell wall fragment has been determined by x-ray diffraction techniques to a resolution of 2.2 Angstrom and refined to a crystallographic R factor of 18.6%, The oligosaccharide substrate, alpha-D-GalpA-([1-->4]-alpha-D-GalpA)(3)-(1-->4)-D-GalpA, is composed of five galacturonopyranose units (D-GalpA) linked by alpha-(1-->4) glycosidic bonds, PelC is secreted by the plant pathogen Erwinia chrysanthemi and degrades the pectate component of plant cell walls in soft rot diseases. The substrate has been trapped in crystals by using the inactive R218K mutant. Four of the five saccharide units of the substrate are well ordered and represent an atomic view of the pectate component in plant cell walls. The conformation of the pectate fragment is a mix of 2(1) and 3(1) right-handed helices, The substrate binds in a cleft, interacting primarily with positively charged groups: either lysine or arginine amino acids on PelC or the four Ca2+ ions found in the complex. The observed protein-oligosaccharide interactions provide a functional explanation for many of the invariant and conserved amino acids in the pectate lyase family of proteins. Because the R218K PelC-galacturonopentaose complex represents an Intermediate in the reaction pathway, the structure also reveals important details regarding the enzymatic mechanism. Notably, the results suggest that an arginine, which is invariant in the pectate lyase superfamily, is the amino acid that initiates proton abstraction during the beta elimination cleavage of polygalacturonic acid. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Plant Pathol, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Agr Univ Wageningen, Dept Mol Genet Ind Microorganisms, NL-6703 HA Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Jurnak, F (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Physiol & Biophys, 346-D Med Sci 1, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. NR 52 TC 103 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 1040-4651 J9 PLANT CELL JI Plant Cell PD JUN PY 1999 VL 11 IS 6 BP 1081 EP 1092 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Cell Biology GA 215AG UT WOS:000081359300009 PM 10368179 ER PT J AU Drake, BG Azcon-Bieto, J Berry, J Bunce, J Dijkstra, P Farrar, J Gifford, RM Gonzalez-Meler, MA Koch, G Lambers, H Siedow, J Wullschleger, S AF Drake, BG Azcon-Bieto, J Berry, J Bunce, J Dijkstra, P Farrar, J Gifford, RM Gonzalez-Meler, MA Koch, G Lambers, H Siedow, J Wullschleger, S TI Does elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration inhibit mitochondrial respiration in green plants? SO PLANT CELL AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Smithsonian Environmental Research Center Workshop CY JAN 08-09, 1998 CL EDGEWATER, MARYLAND DE acclimation to rising CO2; dark respiration; global carbon cycle; rising CO2 ID CARBON-DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION; DARK RESPIRATION; MAINTENANCE RESPIRATION; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; CONSTRUCTION COSTS; LEAF RESPIRATION; LOLIUM-PERENNE; WHEAT LEAVES; GAS-EXCHANGE; GROWTH AB There is abundant evidence that a reduction in mitochondrial respiration of plants occurs when atmospheric CO2 (C-a) is increased. Recent reviews suggest that doubling the present C-a will reduce the respiration rate [per unit dry weight (DW)] by 15 to 18%. The effect has two components: an immediate, reversible effect observed in leaves, stems, and roots of plants as well as soil microbes, and an irreversible effect which occurs as a consequence of growth in elevated C-a and appears to be specific to C-3 species. The direct effect has been correlated with inhibition of certain respiratory enzymes, namely cytochrome-c-oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase, and the indirect or acclimation effect may be related to changes in tissue composition. Although no satisfactory mechanisms to explain these effects have been demonstrated, plausible mechanisms have been proposed and await experimental testing. These are carbamylation of proteins and direct inhibition of enzymes of respiration. A reduction of foliar respiration of 15% by doubling present ambient C-a would represent 3 Gt of carbon per annum in the global carbon budget. C1 Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. Univ Barcelona, Fac Biol, Dept Biol Vegetal, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Plant Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. ARS, USDA, Climate Stress Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Coll N Wales, Sch Biol Sci, Bangor LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, Wales. CSIRO, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Duke Univ, Dept Bot, Dev Cell & Mol Biol Grp, Durham, NC 27708 USA. No Arizona Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Univ Utrecht, Dept Plant Ecol & Evolut Biol, NL-3584 CA Utrecht, Netherlands. Duke Univ, Durham, NC USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Environm Sci, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Drake, BG (reprint author), Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, POB 28, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. RI Berry, Joseph/B-8211-2009; Wullschleger, Stan/B-8297-2012; Lambers, Hans/A-1544-2008; OI Berry, Joseph/0000-0002-5849-6438; Wullschleger, Stan/0000-0002-9869-0446; Lambers, Hans/0000-0002-4118-2272; Gonzalez-Meler, Miquel/0000-0001-5388-7969 NR 65 TC 104 Z9 114 U1 1 U2 20 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7791 J9 PLANT CELL ENVIRON JI Plant Cell Environ. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 22 IS 6 BP 649 EP 657 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1999.00438.x PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 217VW UT WOS:000081520500007 ER PT J AU Kamo, K Blowers, A AF Kamo, K Blowers, A TI Tissue specificity and expression level of gusA under rolD, mannopine synthase and translation elongation factor 1 subunit alpha promoters in transgenic Gladiolus plants SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE bulb crops; floral monocots; transformation; EF-1 alpha ID FACTOR EF-1-ALPHA; MAS ELEMENTS; ACTIVATION; GENES; CIS AB Transgenic plants of Gladiolus cv. Jenny Lee were developed that contain the bargusA fusion gene under either the mannopine synthase 2 (mas2), translation elongation factor 1 subunit alpha (EF-1 alpha), rolD, or the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S (CaMV 35S) promoters. The relative level of gusA expression in leaves of five to ten independently transformed, in-vitro-grown plants representing each promoter was similar for transgenic plants containing the rolD and CaMV 35S promoter and 2.0-fold and 3.3-fold higher than the level for the mas2 and EF-1 alpha promoters , respectively. The maximum level of gusA specific activity by leaves was 135-173 nmol 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU)/h per milligram protein for plants containing either CaMV 35S or rolD as compared to only 27-38 nmol 4-MU/h per milligram protein for plants with either mas2 or EF-1 alpha. Histochemical staining confirmed the relatively high level of gusA expression throughout the length of the older, 6-cm-long leaves of plants that contained bargusA under rolD, whereas gusA expression was infrequently observed throughout the older leaves of plants containing either the mas2 or EF-1 alpha promoters. In contrast to the older leaves, staining showed that strong gusA expression was frequently observed throughout young leaves of plants with either the mas2, EF-1 alpha, or rolD promoters. Roots of plants with the rolD and EF-1 alpha promoters showed strong gusA expression specifically in 93% and 68%, respectively, of the root tips. Roots of the plants with the mas2 promoter showed strong gusA expression throughout the entire length of the root. C1 USDA, Natl Arboretum, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Sanford Sci Inc, Waterloo, NY 13165 USA. RP Kamo, K (reprint author), USDA, Natl Arboretum, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, B-010 A Room 238 BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Kamo, Kathryn/0000-0001-6862-2410 NR 18 TC 17 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD JUN PY 1999 VL 18 IS 10 BP 809 EP 815 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 210AN UT WOS:000081083100003 ER PT J AU Snyder, GW Ingersoll, JC Smigocki, AC Owens, LD AF Snyder, GW Ingersoll, JC Smigocki, AC Owens, LD TI Introduction of pathogen defense genes and a cytokinin biosynthesis gene into sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) by Agrobacterium or particle bombardment SO PLANT CELL REPORTS LA English DT Article DE sugarbeet; transformation; disease resistance; insect resistance; particle bombardment ID PLANTS; BEET; TRANSFORMATION; RESISTANCE; PROTEINS; TUMEFACIENS; EXPRESSION; TOBACCO; POTATO; CELLS AB Two different methods for sugarbeet (Bera vulgaris L.) transformation were developed, one using Agrobacterium with excised cotyledons, the other, particle bombardment of embryogenic hypocotyl callus. Transformation efficiencies averaged 0.7% for the Agrobacterium method (number of transgenic plants obtained per treated cotyledon) and about 8% for the bombardment method (number of transgenic plants obtained per plate of embryogenic callus treated). Transgenic sugarbeet plants were produced carrying genes encoding either pathogen-defense-related proteins or the reporter enzyme beta-glucuronidase (GUS) under transcriptional control of stress- or wound-inducible promoters. In addition, two plants were regenerated carrying a gene associated with enhanced insect resistance, the cytokinin biosynthesis gene, fused to a patatin gene promoter from potato. Expression of the GUS gene (gusA) under the control of the tobacco osmotin promoter was wound inducible with detectable activity at 8 h and maximal activity at 72 h post-wounding. C1 USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Owens, LD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Mol Plant Pathol Lab, Bldg 006, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 29 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0721-7714 J9 PLANT CELL REP JI Plant Cell Reports PD JUN PY 1999 VL 18 IS 10 BP 829 EP 834 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 210AN UT WOS:000081083100006 ER PT J AU Everitt, JE Escobar, DE Appel, DN Riggs, WG Davis, MR AF Everitt, JE Escobar, DE Appel, DN Riggs, WG Davis, MR TI Using airborne digital imagery for detecting oak wilt disease SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article AB Color-infrared (CIR) digital imagery was evaluated as a remote sensing tool for detecting oak wilt disease in live oak (Quercus fusiformis). Aerial CIR digital imagery and CIR photography were obtained concurrently of a live oak forested area in south-central Texas affected by oak wilt. Dead, diseased, and healthy live oak trees could generally be delineated as well in the digital imagery as in the CIR photography. Light reflectance measurements obtained in the held showed that dead, diseased, and healthy trees had different visible and near-infrared reflectance values. C1 ARS, USDA, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Plant Pathol & Microbiol, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas Agr Extens Serv, Jourdanton, TX 78026 USA. RP Everitt, JE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 23 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 83 IS 6 BP 502 EP 505 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.6.502 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 198PQ UT WOS:000080433500002 ER PT J AU Block, CC Hill, JH McGee, DC AF Block, CC Hill, JH McGee, DC TI Relationship between late-season severity of Stewart's bacterial wilt and seed infection in maize SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Erwinia stewartii; seed pathology; Stewart's disease ID ERWINIA-STEWARTII; SWEET CORN; RESISTANT; TRANSMISSION; FIELD AB The relationship between the amount of foliar disease on maize plants and seed contamination by the causal bacterium, Pantoea stewartii, was studied by comparing disease severity on adult plants with results from laboratory seed tests. Seventy-seven naturally infected maize lines (25 in 1990 and 52 in 1992) were selected and assigned to one of six disease severity classes based on the percentage of ear leaf tissue killed by Stewart's wilt: trace to 2%, 6 to 14%, 25 to 34%, 35 to 49%, 50 to 74%, and 75 to 100%. Ears were harvested from 10 to 20 plants representative of the disease class for each maize line, and seeds were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of bulk-seed samples. Seed infection percentages were estimated from the bulk-test results by using statistical equations for group testing. The accuracy of the bulk-seed method for estimating seed infection was validated by comparison with 300-kernel single-seed tests. Infected seed was detected only from seed of plants with greater than or equal to 25% disease severity; however, 45 of 63 such seed lots had no infection. Three seed lots had >5% infected seeds, all from plants with >50% disease severity. The results suggest a possible threshold level between 15 and 25% disease severity for Stewart's wilt on leaves before bacteria are detected in seed. This study describes a relatively simple method for estimating the incidence of infected seeds in a seed lot and contributes additional evidence to indicate that the chance of spreading P. stewartii from U.S.-produced maize seeds is low. C1 Iowa State Univ, ARS, USDA, N Cent Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Seed Sci Ctr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Block, CC (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, ARS, USDA, N Cent Reg Plant Introduct Stn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 21 TC 16 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 83 IS 6 BP 527 EP 530 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.6.527 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 198PQ UT WOS:000080433500007 ER PT J AU Windham, GL Williams, WP Davis, FM AF Windham, GL Williams, WP Davis, FM TI Effects of the southwestern corn borer on Aspergillus flavus kernel infection and aflatoxin accumulation in maize hybrids SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE Bt-toxin; corn; Diatraea grandiosella; mycotoxin; resistance; Zea mays ID PREHARVEST CORN; UNITED-STATES; EAR ROT; CONTAMINATION; RESISTANCE; DAMAGE; LEPIDOPTERA; REGISTRATION; INOCULATION; GENOTYPES AB Field studies were conducted in 1995 to 1997 to determine the effect of the southwestern corn borer (SWCB) on Aspergillus flavus kernel infection and aflatoxin accumulation in maize hybrids. In 1995, when A. flavus conidia were applied to silks in a spray and SWCB neonate larvae in maize cob grits were placed in the leaf axil at the top ear of commercial hybrids, aflatoxin contamination and A. flavus kernel infection were highest in plants treated with both the fungus and the insect. In 1996, using the same inoculation and infestation techniques, aflatoxin levels and kernel infection were much lower than in 1995 and SWCB had no effect on aflatoxin contamination or kernel infection. In another study in 1996, the effect of SWCB on aflatoxin contamination and A. flavus kernel infection in hybrids resistant and susceptible to A. flavus was determined. The inoculation-infestation technique involved applying maize cob grits containing A. flavus conidia and SWCB larvae to silks. When SWCB was combined with A. flavus, aflatoxin levels and kernel infection were dramatically higher than in hybrids inoculated with A. flavus alone, regardless of whether the hybrids were resistant or susceptible to A. flavus. In 1997, die interaction of A. flavus and SWCB was determined on hybrids resistant and susceptible to A. flavus and on a commercial hybrid with and without the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin. Maize cob grits were used to inoculate A. flavus and infest SWCB on the silks 7 or 21 days after midsilk (50% of the plants in a row had silks emerged). All four hybrids had the highest levels of Aspergillus spp. kernel infection and aflatoxin contamination when A. flavus and SWCB were applied at 21 days after midsilk. These studies indicate that SWCB can substantially increase aflatoxin levels when combined with A. flavus. However, inoculation and infestation techniques, placement of the fungus and the insect, and timing of inoculation and infestation are all critical in demonstrating a synergistic relationship between A. flavus and SWCB on aflatoxin contamination of maize. C1 ARS, USDA, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Windham, GL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Corn Host Plant Resistance Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 36 TC 38 Z9 42 U1 4 U2 9 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 83 IS 6 BP 535 EP 540 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.6.535 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 198PQ UT WOS:000080433500009 ER PT J AU Kaftan, D Meszaros, T Whitmarsh, J Nedbal, L AF Kaftan, D Meszaros, T Whitmarsh, J Nedbal, L TI Characterization of photosystem II activity and heterogeneity during the cell cycle of the green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN-PHOSPHORYLATION; THYLAKOID MEMBRANES; PRIMARY ACCEPTORS; REACTION CENTERS; LIFE-CYCLE; CHLOROPLASTS; LIGHT; PHOTOINHIBITION; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; REDUCTION AB The photosynthetic activity of the green alga Scenedesmus quadricauda was investigated during synchronous growth in light/dark cycles. The rate of O-2 evolution increased 2-fold during the first 3 to 4 h of the light period, remained high for the next 3 to 4 h, and then declined during the last half of the light period. During cell division, which occurred at the beginning of the dark period, the ability of the cells to evolve O-2 was at a minimum. To determine ii photosystem II (PSII) controls the photosynthetic capacity of the cells during the cell cycle we measured PSII activity and heterogeneity. Measurements of electron-transport activity revealed two populations of PSII, active centers that contribute to carbon reduction and inactive centers that do not. Measurements of PSII antenna sizes also revealed two populations, PSIIalpha and PSIIbeta, which differ from one another by their antenna size. During the early light period the photosynthetic capacity of the cells doubled, the O-2-evolving capacity of PSII was nearly constant, the proportion of PSIIbeta centers decreased to nearly zero, and the proportion of inactive PSII centers remained constant. During the period of minimum photosynthetic activity 30% of the PSII centers were insensitive to the inhibitor 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea, which may be related to reorganization of the thylakoid membrane. We conclude from these results that PSII does not limit the photosynthetic activity of the cells during the first half of the light period. However, the decline in photosynthetic activity observed during the last half of the light period can be accounted for by limited PSII activity. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Inst Microbiol, NRC Photosynth & Global Climate Change, CZ-37981 Trebon, Czech Republic. S Bohemian Univ, CZ-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. ARS, Photosynth Res Unit, USDA, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Whitmarsh, J (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Plant Biol, 289 Morrill Hall,505 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 49 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 120 IS 2 BP 433 EP 441 DI 10.1104/pp.120.2.433 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 207KR UT WOS:000080936500010 ER PT J AU Mooney, BP Miernyk, JA Randall, DD AF Mooney, BP Miernyk, JA Randall, DD TI Cloning and characterization of the dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase subunit of the plastid pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (E2) from arabidopsis SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; MULTIENZYME COMPLEXES; PROTEIN; MITOCHONDRIAL; DOMAIN; CYANOBACTERIA; EXPRESSION; THALIANA AB An Arabidopsis cDNA encoding the dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase subunit of the plastid pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (E2) was isolated from a lambda PRL2 library. The cDNA is 1709 bp in length, with a continuous open reading frame of 1440 bp encoding a protein of 480 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 50,079 D. Southern analysis suggests that a single gene encodes plastid E2. The amino acid sequence has characteristic features of an acetyltransferase, namely, distinct lipoyl, subunit-binding, and catalytic domains, although it is unusual in having only a single lipoyl domain. The in vitro synthesized plastid E2 precursor protein has a relative molecular weight of 67,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Upon incubation of the precursor with pea (Pisum sativum) chloroplasts, it was imported and processed to a mature-sized relative molecular weight of 60,000. The imported protein was located in the chloroplast stroma, associated with the endogenous pyruvate dehydrogenase. Catalytically active recombinant plastid E2 was purified as a glutathione S-transferase fusion protein. Analysis of plastid E2 mRNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction showed highest expression in flowers, followed by leaves, siliques, and roots. The results of immunoblot analysis indicate that protein expression was similar in roots and flowers, less similar in leaves, and even less similar in siliques. This is the first report, to our knowledge, describing a plastid E2. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Biochem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. ARS, Mycotoxin Res Unit, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Randall, DD (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Biochem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 32 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 120 IS 2 BP 443 EP 451 DI 10.1104/pp.120.2.443 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 207KR UT WOS:000080936500011 PM 10364395 ER PT J AU Pfeffer, PE Douds, DD Becard, G Shachar-Hill, Y AF Pfeffer, PE Douds, DD Becard, G Shachar-Hill, Y TI Carbon uptake and the metabolism and transport of lipids in an arbuscular mycorrhiza SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID C-13 NMR; HYPHAL GROWTH; HOST ROOTS; FUNGI; TREHALOSE; PLANTS; QUANTIFICATION; RESONANCE; EXCHANGE; NITROGEN AB Both the plant and the fungus benefit nutritionally in the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis: The host plant enjoys enhanced mineral uptake and the fungus receives fixed carbon. In this exchange the uptake, metabolism, and translocation of carbon by the fungal partner are poorly understood. We therefore analyzed the fate of isotopically labeled substrates in an arbuscular mycorrhiza (in vitro cultures of Ri T-DNA-transformed carrot [Daucus carota] roots colonized by Glomus intraradices) using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Labeling patterns observed in lipids and carbohydrates after substrates were supplied to the mycorrhizal roots or the extraradical mycelium indicated that: (a) (13)C-labeled glucose and fructose (but not mannitol or succinate) are effectively taken up by the fungus within the root and are metabolized to yield labeled carbohydrates and lipids; (b) the extraradical mycelium does not use exogenous sugars for catabolism, storage, or transfer to the host; (c) the fungus converts sugars taken up in the root compartment into lipids that are then translocated to the extraradical mycelium (there being little or no lipid synthesis in the external mycelium); and (d) hexose in fungal tissue undergoes substantially higher fluxes through an oxidative pentose phosphate pathway than does hexose in the host plant. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Univ Toulouse 3, Ctr Biol Physiol Vegetale, F-31062 Toulouse, France. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Las Cruces, NM 88001 USA. RP Pfeffer, PE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM ppfeffer@arserrc.gov; yairhill@nmsu.edu RI Shachar-Hill, Yair/B-6165-2013 OI Shachar-Hill, Yair/0000-0001-8793-5084 NR 46 TC 163 Z9 180 U1 7 U2 49 PU AMER SOC PLANT BIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 120 IS 2 BP 587 EP 598 DI 10.1104/pp.120.2.587 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 207KR UT WOS:000080936500027 ER PT J AU Vigo, TL Sachinvala, N AF Vigo, TL Sachinvala, N TI Deoxycelluloses and related structures SO POLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Article DE deoxycelluloses; cellulosenes; anhydrocelluloses; halodeoxycelluloses; depolymerization; biological applications; chemical applications; physical applications ID METHANESULFONYL CHLORIDE; HOMOGENEOUS CONDITIONS; CELLULOSE; TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE; IMMOBILIZATION; CHLORINATION; BROMINATION; DERIVATIVES; THIOLS AB The syntheses of various deoxycelluloses and related structures (cellulosenes and anhydrocelluloses) from the mid-1920s to the present are critically reviewed. General synthetic strategies to prepare deoxycelluloses include nucleophilic displacement of good leaving groups. Distinctions are made between reaction of cellulosics under homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions. Recent advances in the preparation of halodeoxycelluloses have led to high degree of substitution fluorodeoxycelluloses and bromodeoxycelluloses. Applications for the deoxcycelluloses are numerous and characterized by biological, chemical or physical end uses. C1 ARS, USDA, SRRC, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Vigo, TL (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SRRC, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 86 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1042-7147 J9 POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL JI Polym. Adv. Technol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 10 IS 6 BP 311 EP 320 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1581(199906)10:6<311::AID-PAT880>3.3.CO;2-7 PG 10 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 214UP UT WOS:000081346200002 ER PT J AU Hallman, GJ AF Hallman, GJ TI Ionizing radiation quarantine treatments against tephritid fruit flies SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE irradiation; disinfestation; Mediterranean fruit fly; Oriental fruit fly; mango; citrus ID GAMMA-IRRADIATION; FLORIDA GRAPEFRUIT; DIPTERA; QUALITY AB Fruit flies of the family Tephritidae are considered the most important insect pest risk carried by exported fruits worldwide. Fruits suspected of harboring fruit fly eggs and larvae must be treated to control virtually 100% of any tephritids present. Irradiation is unique among quarantine treatments in that it is the only treatment used which does not cause acute mortality; instead, insects are prevented from maturing or are sterilized. Tephritids have been the most studied group of quarantined pests as far as irradiation; minimum absorbed doses confirmed with large-scale testing to provide control to the probit 9 level (99.9968%) have ranged from 50 to 250 Gy. Considerable work has been done with the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratatis capitata (Wiedemann), one of the most important quarantined pests worldwide, and doses suggested to provide quarantine security have varied widely. The fact that insects are still alive for some time after irradiation has been one of the major obstacles to its use. Irradiation may be the most widely applicable quarantine treatment from the standpoint of fruit quality. However, some important fruits shipped across quarantine barriers (mangoes, Mangifera indica L., and citrus) may suffer from doses as low as 150 Gy when applied on a commercial scale where much of the fruit load may receive > 300 Gy. Fortunately, some of the important tephritids attacking these fruits? such as Anastrepha spp., can be controlled with lower doses. Mainland USA has begun to use irradiation as a quarantine treatment for some fruits imported from Hawaii since April 1995 and remains the only country using irradiation as a quarantine treatment, although on a very limited basis. Irradiation offers some additional risk abatement advantages over other quarantine treatments. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Hallman, GJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 2301 S Int Blvd, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. EM hallman@pop.tamu.edu NR 53 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 16 IS 2 BP 93 EP 106 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(99)00012-5 PG 14 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 217VN UT WOS:000081519800001 ER PT J AU Ju, ZG Bramlage, WJ AF Ju, ZG Bramlage, WJ TI Phenolics and lipid-soluble antioxidants in fruit cuticle of apples and their antioxidant activities in model systems SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE phenolics; antioxidants; cuticle; superficial scald; apples ID SUPERFICIAL SCALD; STORED APPLES; FUNCTIONAL DISORDER; ALPHA-FARNESENE; OXIDATION; WINES; PEEL; SUSCEPTIBILITY; INHIBITION; GRAPES AB Phenolics were extracted from fruit cuticles of 'Delicious', 'Golden Delicious', 'Empire' and 'Cortland' apples, using either cuticular wax scraped from fruit peel or enzyme-isolated cuticles. The concentrations of free phenolics in fruit cuticle ranged from 8 to 45 mu g g(-1) and bound phenolics ranged from 50 to 110 mu g g(-1) in these cultivars. Free cuticular phenolic concentrations in the four cultivars were in the order:'Golden Delicious' > 'Delicious' > 'Empire' > 'Cortland'. In a linoleate emulsion (oil-in-water) system, diphenylamine (DPA, lipophilic) displayed higher antioxidant activity than methanol-extracted cuticular phenolics (hydrophilic). Antioxidant activity of quercetin (flavonoids) was higher than that of gallic acids (phenolic acids). Antioxidant activity of free phenolics in fruit cuticle was equivalent to that of quercetin while bound phenolics, when released by chemical methods, displayed activity similar to that of gallic acid. In an alpha-farnesene-hexane (bulk oil) system, however, antioxidant activities of methanol-extracted cuticular phenolics were higher than that of DPA. Lipid-soluble antioxidants (LSAs) from cuticle displayed higher activity in the linoleate emulsion system than in alpha-farnesene-hexane system. Only about 10-15% of the total LSA activity in fruit peel was detected in isolated fruit cuticle. Among the four cultivars, LSA activity in epidermal and hypodermal cells was similar in 'Golden Delicious','Empire' and 'Cortland' apples, while 'Delicious' had lower activity. There was no clear correlation between LSA activity and scald resistance among the four cultivars. However, the total antioxidant activities (activity of free phenolics in cuticle plus activity of LSAs in fruit peel) of the four cultivars were in the order:'Golden Delicious' > 'Empire' > 'Delicious' > 'Cortland', which was similar to their scald resistance potentials. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Ju, ZG (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Tree Fruit Res Lab, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. NR 44 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 EI 1873-2356 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 16 IS 2 BP 107 EP 118 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(99)00006-X PG 12 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 217VN UT WOS:000081519800002 ER PT J AU Ikediala, JN Tang, J Neven, LG Drake, SR AF Ikediala, JN Tang, J Neven, LG Drake, SR TI Quarantine treatment of cherries using 915 MHz microwaves: temperature mapping, codling moth mortality and fruit quality SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE quarantine; codling moth; cherries; heat treatment; microwave; quality ID METHYL-BROMIDE; HEAT-TREATMENTS; INSECT CONTROL; LEPIDOPTERA; TORTRICIDAE; STORAGE; APPLES; PESTS AB Sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) were treated by 915 MHz microwaves in a pilot-scale multimode microwave system with an auxiliary hot air heater to determine heating characteristics and the effect of treatments on insect mortality and fruit quality. Quality parameters of the microwave-treated 'Bing' cherries were compared with control fruit and those subjected to methyl bromide fumigation. When heating cherries to average pit temperatures of 45, 50 and 55 degrees C, the cherry pits heated faster than the surface, and larger cherries heated more quickly than smaller ones. Cherry temperature increased linearly with time with heating rates dependent on the microwave power, sample weight, cherry size and radial location inside the cherry. With a 2 min holding and 5 min hydrocooling protocol after microwave treatments, adjusted percentage 3rd instar codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) mortality ranged from 5 to 62% and 39 to 98% without and with 1-2 days cold storage, respectively. A higher mortality rate was obtained for insects in 'Bing' than 'Rainier' fruit. Firmness, percentage soluble solids content, titratable acidity, fruit weight, and objective fruit colour of microwave-treated 'Bing' fruit were comparable with these properties of control fruit and to those of cherries fumigated with methyl bromide. Stem greenness colour was reduced after the microwave and dry hot air combined treatments. Microwave energy may provide an alternative non-chemical quarantine treatment against codling moth in export cherries, but further study is needed to optimize the treatment protocol for insect control and fruit quality. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Washington State Univ, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. ARS, USDA, Fruit & Vegetable Insect Res Lab, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. ARS, USDA, Tree Fruit Qual Lab, Wenatchee, WA 98801 USA. RP Tang, J (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Dept Biol Syst Engn, 213 LJ Smith Hall, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RI Tang, Juming/A-4027-2009 OI Tang, Juming/0000-0001-9449-1004 NR 32 TC 51 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 16 IS 2 BP 127 EP 137 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(99)00018-6 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 217VN UT WOS:000081519800004 ER PT J AU McDonald, RE McCollum, TG Baldwin, EA AF McDonald, RE McCollum, TG Baldwin, EA TI Temperature of water heat treatments influences tomato fruit quality following low-temperature storage SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chilling injury; Lycopersicon esculentum; flavor volatiles; lipids; electrolyte leakage; ethylene; respiration ID MATURE-GREEN TOMATOES; ELECTROLYTE LEAKAGE; CHILLING INJURY; SUBSEQUENT; VOLATILES; TOLERANCE; PERICARP AB Mature-green tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Sunbeam) were treated in water for 1 h at 27 (ambient), 39, 42, 45, or 48 degrees C, and then either ripened at 20 degrees C (nonchilled) or stored at 2 degrees C (chilled) for 14 days before ripening at 20 degrees C. Treatment at 42 degrees C reduced decay by 60%, whereas the other water temperatures were less effective. Heat treatment had no effect on time required to ripen the fruit, with 11 days required for nonchilled and 27 days required for chilled fruit (including storage time). Ripe, nonchilled tomatoes had higher respiration rates and evolved more ethylene than did chilled fruit. The 48 degrees C treatment increased respiration and ethylene evolution compared with the other treatment temperatures. Red color development was enhanced by heat treatment, and inhibited by chilling. At red ripe, fruit were firmer as a result of storage at the chilling temperature, while heat treatment had no effect on firmness. With the exception of the 45 degrees C treatment, chilled as well as nonchilled fruit previously treated at 39, 42, or 45 degrees C were preferred in terms of taste and texture in informal taste tests over fruit treated at 27 or 48 degrees C. Storage at 2 degrees C led to an increase in electrolyte leakage, particularly in the 48 degrees C treated fruit. Of the 15 flavor volatiles analyzed, the levels of five were decreased and two were increased with increasing temperature of heat treatment. Storage at the chilling temperature reduced the levels of five flavor volatiles. Heat treatments decreased sterols in the steryl ester fraction, several sterols in the free sterol, steryl glycoside, and acylated steryl glycoside fractions. Prestorage heat treatments, with the possible exception of the 48 degrees C temperature, can reduce decay with only minimal adverse effects on tomato fruit quality. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. ARS, USDA, Citrus & Subtrop Prod Res Lab, Winter Haven, FL 33883 USA. RP McDonald, RE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Hort Res Lab, 2120 Camden Rd, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. NR 26 TC 59 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 16 IS 2 BP 147 EP 155 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(99)00008-3 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 217VN UT WOS:000081519800006 ER PT J AU Christensen, VL Donaldson, WE Nestor, KE McMurtry, JP AF Christensen, VL Donaldson, WE Nestor, KE McMurtry, JP TI Effect of genetics and maternal dietary iodide supplementation on turkey embryonic growth SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE growth; embryo; genetic lines; thyroid ID INCREASED EGG-PRODUCTION; BODY-WEIGHT; THYROID-HORMONES; JAPANESE-QUAIL; BREEDER HENS; HATCHABILITY; METABOLISM; SELECTION AB Embryonic growth of a turkey lines selected for 16-wk BW (F) or 180-d egg production (E) was measured and compared to randombred controls (RBC2 or RBC1). Egg weight at setting relative to poult weight at hatching indicated increased growth in F as well as E embryos compared to randombred controls. Eggs from F weighed 10 g more than those of RBC2 (P less than or equal to 0.0001) but the poults at hatching were only 8 g heavier (P less than or equal to 0.0001). Water vapor loss during incubation indicated that only 0.9% of the difference could be accounted for by water vapor loss. Selection for increased 16-wk BW resulted in decreased embryo growth rates relative to hatchling mass (P less than or equal to 0.0001) beginning at Day 16 of incubation compared to that of RBC2. Eggs from E weighed 15 g less than RBC1 (P less than or equal to 0.0001) but produced poults weighing only 7 g less (P less than or equal to 0.0001). Incubation water vapor loss was depressed in E compared to RBC1 (P less than or equal to 0.0001) but accounted for only 1.4% of the difference between hatchling weights. Selection for egg production increased embryo growth rates (relative to hatchling mass) measured at 4-d intervals compared to those of the RBC1 line (P less than or equal to 0.05). Iodide supplementation of the maternal diet depressed (P less than or equal to 0.05) glycogen in F embryos but interacted with line to generally increase glycogen in E embryos. Increased glycogen was related to increased growth rates in E but not F line embryos. It may be concluded that iodide supplementation of the material diet and genetics are determinants of embryonic growth in turkeys. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Poultry Sci, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Nonruminant Anim Nutr Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Christensen, VL (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Box 7608, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 22 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 78 IS 6 BP 883 EP 889 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 198XA UT WOS:000080448500013 PM 10438134 ER PT J AU Christensen, VL Donaldson, WE Nestor, KE McMurtry, JP AF Christensen, VL Donaldson, WE Nestor, KE McMurtry, JP TI Effect of genetics and maternal dietary iodide supplementation on glycogen content of organs within embryonic turkeys SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE growth; embryo; genetic lines; thyroid ID BODY-WEIGHT; GROWTH; SELECTION; MUSCLE AB In prior studies it was shown that the growth of turkey embryos was dependent upon maternal dietary iodide as well as genetic selection. The current study posed the question of which organ systems respond to these variables. Embryos from lines selected for 16-wk BW grew at the same rate as unselected embryos from the randombred population serving as the initial source of the selected line until approximately 21 d of incubation (selected = F; randombred control = RBC2). Line differences in growth of F embryos could be accounted for increased liver and heart growth at the expense of muscle growth. Muscle growth increased in the growth-selected line Frier to pipping. Muscle growth was affected less when darns were selected for egg production (selected = E; randombred control = RBC1). Muscle growth was slowed in E line embryos compared to that of RBC1, and liver and heart growth were slowed at internal and external pipping stages in E embryos compared to RBC1. Early muscle growth was augmented when F dams were fed supplemental iodide. A similar response was observed in E line embryos but occurred at a later stage of development. Measurements indicated decreased tissue glycogen in liver, heart, and muscle of selected lines may be one possible mechanism by which growth or organ function may come in conflict. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Poultry Sci, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Nonruminant Anim Nutr Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Christensen, VL (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Box 7608, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 78 IS 6 BP 890 EP 898 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 198XA UT WOS:000080448500014 PM 10438135 ER PT J AU Johnson, WT Thomas, AC AF Johnson, WT Thomas, AC TI Copper deprivation potentiates oxidative stress in HL-60 cell mitochondria SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CYTOCHROME-C-OXIDASE; SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; DEFICIENT MICE; RAT; PHOSPHORYLATION; NUCLEOTIDE; RADICALS; PROTEINS; IRON AB Cytochrome-c oxidase is the copper-dependent terminal respiratory complex (complex IV) of the mitochondrial electron transport chain whose activity in a variety of tissues is lowered by copper deficiency. Because inhibition of respiratory complexes increases the production of reactive oxygen species by mitochondria, it is possible that copper deficiency increases oxidative stress in mitochondria as a consequence of suppressed cytochrome-c oxidase activity. In this study, the activities of respiratory complex I + III, assayed as NADH:cytochrome-c reductase, complex II + III, assayed as succinate:cytochrome-c reductase, complex IV, assayed as cytochrome-c oxidase, and fumarase were measured in mitochondria from HL-60 cells that were grown for seven passages in serum-free medium that was either unsupplemented or supplemented with 50 nM CuSO4. Fumarase activity was not affected by copper supplementation, but the complex I + III:fumarase and complex IV:fumarase ratios were reduced 30% and 50%, respectively, in mitochondria from cells grown in the absence of supplemental copper. This indicates that copper deprivation suppressed the electron transfer activity of copper-independent complex I + III as well as copper-dependent complex IV. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) content was also increased 49% overall in the cells grown in the absence of supplemental copper. Furthermore, protein carbonyl groups, indicative of oxidative modification, were present in 100-kDa and 90-kDa proteins of mitochondria from copper-deprived cells. These findings indicate that in cells grown under conditions of copper deprivation that suppress cytochrome-c oxidase activity, oxidative stress in mitochondria is increased sufficiently to induce MnSOD, potentiate protein oxidation, and possibly cause the oxidative inactivation of complex I. C1 Univ N Dakota, Sch Med & Hlth Sci, ARS,USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. Univ N Dakota, Sch Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Johnson, WT (reprint author), Univ N Dakota, Sch Med & Hlth Sci, ARS,USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 9034, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 29 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0037-9727 J9 P SOC EXP BIOL MED JI Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 221 IS 2 BP 147 EP 152 DI 10.1046/j.1525-1373.1999.d01-68.x PG 6 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Research & Experimental Medicine GA 198PW UT WOS:000080434000010 PM 10352126 ER PT J AU Parrotta, JA Knowles, OH AF Parrotta, JA Knowles, OH TI Restoration of tropical moist forests on bauxite-mined lands in the Brazilian Amazon SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ANT RECOLONIZATION; WESTERN-AUSTRALIA; SUCCESSION; RECOVERY; PASTURES; SITE AB We evaluated forest structure and composition in 9- to 13-year-old stands established on a bauxite-mined site at Trombetas (Para), Brazil, using four different reforestation techniques following initial site preparation and topsoil replacement. These techniques included reliance on natural forest regeneration, mixed commercial species plantings of mostly exotic timber trees, direct seeding with mostly native early successional tree species, and mixed native species plantings of more than 70 tree species (the current operational restoration treatment at this site). Replicated fixed-radius plots in each treatment and in undisturbed primary forest were used to quantify the canopy and understory structure and the abundance and diversity of all vascular plant species. Treatment comparisons considered regeneration density, species richness and diversity for all floristic categories, and, for trees and shrubs, the relative contribution of initial planting; and subsequent regeneration from soil seed banks and seed inputs from nearby primary forests. With the possible exception of the stands of mixed commercial species, which were superior to all others in terms of tree basal-area development but relatively poor in species richness, all treatments were structurally and: floristically diverse, with a high probability of long-term restoration success. Of these, the mixed native species plantings appeared to be at least risk of ar rested succession due to the dominance of a broader range of tree species of different successional stages or expected life spans. In all treatments, several locally important families of primary forest trees (Annonaceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Lauraceae, Palmae and Sapotaceae) were markedly underrepresented due to a combination of poor survival of initial plantings and limitations on seed dispersal from the surrounding primary forest. C1 US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Parrotta, JA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, POB 25000, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. NR 20 TC 94 Z9 111 U1 9 U2 44 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 7 IS 2 BP 103 EP 116 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100X.1999.72001.x PG 14 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 209DZ UT WOS:000081034100001 ER PT J AU Ahl, AS AF Ahl, AS TI Invited editorial: Risk assessment challenges at USDA SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USDA, Off Risk Assessment & Cost Benefit Anal, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Ahl, AS (reprint author), USDA, Off Risk Assessment & Cost Benefit Anal, 1400 Independence Ave SW,Room 5248 S,Mail Stop 38, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0272-4332 J9 RISK ANAL JI Risk Anal. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 19 IS 3 BP 323 EP 326 DI 10.1023/A:1007041507994 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 231JA UT WOS:000082303800001 ER PT J AU Johnston, SA Hanneman, RE AF Johnston, SA Hanneman, RE TI The nature of the genetic control of Endosperm Balance Number based on aneuploid analysis of Datura SO SEXUAL PLANT REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE crossing barriers; endosperm; speciation; karyotyping ID INTERSPECIFIC CROSSES; POLAR-NUCLEI; MAIZE; SOLANACEAE; EBN AB The genetic control of Endosperm Balance Number (EBN), a mechanism of effective ploidy that controls seed development, was studied using aneuploidy. The Endosperm Balance Number hypothesis proposes that each species has an effective ploidy (EBN) in the endosperm and that it is the effective ploidies, rather than the numerical (actual) ploidies, that must be in a 2:1 maternal to paternal ratio for normal endosperm development. Experiments were conducted in Datura stramonium L. (2n=4x=48) to determine if more than one chromosome but less, than the whole genome could change the EBN of the female. Triploids were crossed with tetraploids to produce aneuploids. Most plump seeds gave rise to 2n=4x=48 chromosome plants. Six plants had between 38 and 47 chromosomes. Karyotyping of these plants supported the conclusion that only two chromosomes (1.2 and 19.20), when extra, were necessary to change the EBN of the central cell. C1 Univ Wisconsin, USDA, Agr Res Serv, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Dallas, TX 75235 USA. Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dept Biochem, Dallas, TX 75235 USA. RP Hanneman, RE (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, USDA, Agr Res Serv, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0934-0882 J9 SEX PLANT REPROD JI Sex. Plant Reprod. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 12 IS 2 BP 71 EP 75 DI 10.1007/s004970050174 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences; Reproductive Biology SC Plant Sciences; Reproductive Biology GA 214AL UT WOS:000081305400002 ER PT J AU Chu, CC Henneberry, TJ AF Chu, CC Henneberry, TJ TI Bemisia argentifolii: Action thresholds, upland cotton yields and cotton lint stickiness in the Imperial Valley, California SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID TABACI HOMOPTERA; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; SAMPLING PLANS; ALEYRODIDAE AB Studies were conducted in 1995 and 1996 in the Imperial Valley, California, to determine the effect of Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring on upland cotton yields and honeydew lint contamination. Insecticide applications were initiated on upland cotton for B. argentifolii control at four and 15 adults per leaf-turn. Results showed that initiating chemical control at four adults per leaf-turn produced higher lint yields and less lint stickiness compared to initiating chemical control at lj adults per leaf-turn. Higher yields and lower lint stickiness occurred at both treatment levels compared to untreated cotton. Initiating treatments at 15 adults per leaf-turn required two and three applications and initiating control at four adults per leaf-turn required five and six applications during 1995 and 1996, respectively. Economic returns based on insecticide costs and lint yield were highest when plots were treated at four adults per leaf-turn. Cotton lint stickiness was not considered in the analyses and discounts for sticky cotton could significantly reduce net monetary returns. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, PWA, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Chu, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, PWA, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 24 IS 2 BP 79 EP 86 PG 8 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 224HW UT WOS:000081892800001 ER PT J AU Vail, PV Hoffmann, DF Tebbets, JS AF Vail, PV Hoffmann, DF Tebbets, JS TI Influence of fluorescent brighteners on the field activity of the celery looper nucleopolyhedrovirus SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; GYPSY-MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; FALL ARMYWORM LEPIDOPTERA; OPTICAL BRIGHTENERS; NOCTUIDAE; LYMANTRIIDAE; INFECTIVITY; ENHANCEMENT; HELIOTHIS AB A range of application volumes were tested in the field to produce Calcofluor white M2R residue concentrations on cotton leaves comparable to those found in earlier tests to be optimal for virus enhancement (i.e., greater than or equal to 30 mu g/cm(2)) as well as UV protection (i.e., greater than or equal to 2 mu g/cm(2)). Spectrophotometry of leaf washes on the day of application showed that the range of resultant residues fell short of that required for enhancement, but did include the level required for UV protection. However, subsequent washes to measure the field persistence of M2R alone showed that the concentration of M2R residues dropped off rapidly so that it was completely ineffectual by 3 days post-application. This was confirmed in bioassays of leaf samples when the addition of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AfMNPV) isolated from the celery looper, Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby), to the M2R tank mix resulted in mortality nor significantly different from that caused by application of the virus alone. A similar fluorescent brightener, Blankophor BBH, was also found not to have a significant effect on the field performance of AfMNPV, even when combined with a flour/sucrose formulation. Also, a comparison of the field activity of in vivo- and in vitro-propagated AfMNPV preparations revealed no significant difference between the two. C1 USDA, Commod Protect & Quarantine Insect Res Unit, Hort Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Vail, PV (reprint author), USDA, Commod Protect & Quarantine Insect Res Unit, Hort Crops Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 24 IS 2 BP 87 EP 98 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 224HW UT WOS:000081892800002 ER PT J AU Beerwinkle, KR Coppedge, JR Hoffmann, C AF Beerwinkle, KR Coppedge, JR Hoffmann, C TI A new mechanical method for sampling selected beneficial and pest insects on corn - The corn kiss SO SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST LA English DT Article AB A portable pneumatic insect collection device for aiding the sampling of resident insect populations on corn (Zea mays L.) plants was constructed by adding a modified outlet nozzle, a net support frame, and an insect collection net to a conventional engine-driven leaf blower. Insects on the leaf surfaces of individual plants being sampled with the device, designated the Corn KISS for Keep-It-Simple-Sampler, are dislodged by high speed air streams that carry them into the collection net. Field experiments indicated the efficacy of the Corn KISS for detecting the presence of corn rootworm adults on corn plants was approximately equal to that of a conventional visual plant inspection method and superior to that of a Berlese funnel detection method. Efficacies of the Corn KISS and Berlese funnel methods were not significantly different for detecting Scymnus spp, and other adult coccinelids, immature hemipters and chrysopids, and spiders; but the Berlese funnel method was significantly more effective than the Corn KISS for detecting both adult and immature Orius spp., immature coccinellids, and adult hemipters. In general, the effectiveness of the Corn KISS was equal or superior to the Berlese funnel method for field sampling of relatively large arthropods commonly found exposed on leaf surfaces; whereas, the Berlese funnel method was the more effective method for sampling smaller species that are usually found hidden in silks, leaf sheaths, and other protected areas on corn plants. C1 USDA ARS, So Crops Res Lab, SPA, Areawide Pest Management Res, College Stn, TX 77840 USA. RP Beerwinkle, KR (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Crops Res Lab, SPA, Areawide Pest Management Res, College Stn, TX 77840 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOC PI DALLAS PA 17360 COIT RD, DALLAS, TX 75252-6599 USA SN 0147-1724 J9 SOUTHWEST ENTOMOL JI Southw. Entomol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 24 IS 2 BP 107 EP 113 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 224HW UT WOS:000081892800004 ER PT J AU Imam, SH Mao, LJ Chen, L Greene, RV AF Imam, SH Mao, LJ Chen, L Greene, RV TI Wood adhesive from crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) and partially gelatinized starch: Preparation and properties SO STARCH-STARKE LA English DT Article ID PLYWOOD AB An environmentally friendly wood adhesive was developed by crosslinking cornstarch and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH) with hexamethoxy-methylmelamine (Cymel 323). Citric acid was used as a catalyst and latex (UCar 443) was added to improve moisture resistance. The adhesive was evaluated for its utility in plywood manufacture. It exhibited excellent mechanical properties comparable to many of the commercially available urea-formaldehyde plywood adhesives used for interior applications. The viscosity of the adhesive at 27 % (w/v) was 7000 mPas, allowing easy application to wood surfaces by brush. The minimum concentration of crosslinking agent needed to achieve good mechanical properties in plywood was 15% (w/w proportion of total solids). Optimum curing temperature and curing time were 175 degrees C and 15min, respectively. Addition of latex to the adhesive formulation - improved both moisture resistance and physical properties of plywood - test samples. Samples prepared with an optimal adhesive formulation, when completely immersed in water for 2h or exposed at 93 % or 50 % relative humidity (RH) for 30 days, exhibited 190% failure in the veneer as opposed to < 10 % failure in the adhesive joints. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Planet Polymer Technol Inc, San Diego, CA 92131 USA. Owens Corning Sci & Technol Ctr, Granville, OH 43023 USA. RP Imam, SH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biopolymer Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 15 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 25 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0038-9056 J9 STARCH-STARKE JI Starch-Starke PD JUN PY 1999 VL 51 IS 6 BP 225 EP 229 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1521-379X(199906)51:6<225::AID-STAR225>3.0.CO;2-F PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 293RL UT WOS:000085866800006 ER PT J AU Laferriere, LT Helgeson, JP Allen, C AF Laferriere, LT Helgeson, JP Allen, C TI Fertile Solanum tuberosum plus S-commersonii somatic hybrids as sources of resistance to bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE EBN (endosperm balance number); somatic hybrids; potato; brown rot; Pseudomonas solanacearum ID PSEUDOMONAS-SOLANACEARUM; POTATO; BALANCE AB The wild potato relative Solanum commersonii is reported to carry resistance to bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum. To overcome sexual incompatibilites due to differences in ploidy and endosperm balance numbers, somatic hybrids were made that combine the S. tuberosum and S. commersonii genomes. The resulting somatic hybrid plants are vigorous, but their disease resistance level and their fertility was unknown. We therefore tested the S. commersonii and S. tuberosum source material cv Superior, potato cv Atlantic and six somatic hybrid lines for resistance to a virulent strain of R. solanacearum (race 3, biovar 2) at 28 degrees C. As expected, S. commersonii was significantly more wilt-resistant than the cultivated potatoes. In five of the six somatic hybrid lines, disease resistance levels were similar to that of the resistant S. commersonii parent. The resistance level of the sixth somatic hybrid was intermediate, significantly different from both S. commersonii and S. tuberosum. In controlled crosses, the somatic hybrids in this study proved both to be male- and female-fertile and were self-compatible. More importantly, the somatic hybrids can be crossed with S. tuberosum to produce viable seeds. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA, Agr Res Serv, Madison, WI 53707 USA. RP Allen, C (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM cza@plantpath.wisc.edu NR 33 TC 36 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 98 IS 8 BP 1272 EP 1278 DI 10.1007/s001220051193 PG 7 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 210VE UT WOS:000081124700011 ER PT J AU Collins, AM Donoghue, AM AF Collins, AM Donoghue, AM TI Viability assessment of honey bee, Apis mellifera sperm using dual fluorescent staining SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE semen; viability; nuclear stain; spermatozoa; instrumental insemination ID PROPIDIUM IODIDE; LIQUID-NITROGEN; FLOW-CYTOMETRY; SEMEN QUALITY; SPERMATOZOA; INSEMINATION; INTEGRITY; SURVIVAL; SYBR-14 AB Since the development of instrumental insemination of honey bee (Apis mellifera) queens in the 1930s, there has been interest in the evaluation and in vitro storage of semen. Several fluorescent stains, when used in combination, have been effectively used to assess sperm viability in mammalian and avian species. Our objectives were to test two combinations of living:dead fluorescent stains, SYBR-14 with propidium iodide (PI), or Calcein-AM with PI, and validate the use of these probes with honey bee sperm. SYBR-14 is a nuclear stain producing green fluorescence of the DNA in living sperm, Calcein-AM is a membrane-permeant esterase substrate staining entire sperm green, and PI is a traditional dead cell stain giving a contrasting red color. Both living stains fluoresced bee sperm, but the SYBR-14:PI produced a clearer distinction between the living and dead sperm. A graduated series of known living:dead sperm proportions was used to validate the accuracy of the stains for determining sperm viability in honey bees. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 ARS, USDA, Bee Res Lab, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. ARS, USDA, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Collins, AM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Bee Res Lab, BARC E, Bldg 476, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 40 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD JUN PY 1999 VL 51 IS 8 BP 1513 EP 1523 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(99)00094-1 PG 11 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 221ZK UT WOS:000081757600009 PM 10729078 ER PT J AU Greene-McDowelle, DM Ingber, B Wright, MS Zeringue, HJ Bhatnagar, D Cleveland, TE AF Greene-McDowelle, DM Ingber, B Wright, MS Zeringue, HJ Bhatnagar, D Cleveland, TE TI The effects of selected cotton-leaf volatiles on growth, development and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus parasiticus SO TOXICON LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus parasiticus; cotton-leaf; volatiles; aerial hyphae ID FLAVUS; BIOSYNTHESIS; MYCOTOXINS AB The fungi Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus produce the hepatocarcinogenic, secondary metabolites, aflatoxins, in cottonseed, corn, peanuts and treenuts. Results have shown that aflatoxigenic strains of A. flavus and A. parasiticus grown in the presence of specific cotton-leaf volatiles exhibit alterations in aflatoxin production accompanied by variations in growth of the fungi. In this study, two alcohols (3-methyl-1-butanol (3-MB) and nonanol) and two terpenes (camphene and limonene) were chosen as representative cotton-leaf volatiles based on the effects they had on fungal growth and/ or aflatoxin production in previous investigations. The morphological effects of volatile exposure were examined in correlation with fungal growth and aflatoxin production. 3-MB-treated samples exhibited a decrease in fungal radial growth which was directly proportional to the volatile dosage. Additionally, 3-MB treatment resulted in loss of mycelial pigmentation and a decrease in sporulation. Limonene and camphene-treated samples yielded negligible differences in radial growth and morphology when compared to unexposed controls. In addition to radial growth inhibition, samples grown in the presence of nonanol demonstrated uniquely aerial hyphae. In comparison to an unexposed control, aflatoxin production increased in cultures exposed to 3-MB but decreased when exposed to the other three volatiles studied. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. RP Wright, MS (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. EM mswright@nola.srrc.usda.gov NR 18 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0041-0101 J9 TOXICON JI Toxicon PD JUN PY 1999 VL 37 IS 6 BP 883 EP 893 DI 10.1016/S0041-0101(98)00209-8 PG 11 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 188UF UT WOS:000079866300004 PM 10340828 ER PT J AU Moore, DJ Nowak, RS Tausch, RJ AF Moore, DJ Nowak, RS Tausch, RJ TI Gas exchange and carbon isotope discrimination of Juniperus osteosperma and Juniperus occidentalis across environmental gradients in the Great Basin of western North America SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon isotope composition; daily carbon gain; daily water use; leaf nitrogen; mesophyll conductance; plant water potential; stomatal conductance; Utah juniper; western juniper ID WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; NEW-MEXICO; MESOPHYLL CONDUCTANCE; RAINFALL GRADIENT; CLIMATE-CHANGE; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; LEAVES; PINE; LEAF; TREE AB We determined how ecophysiological characteristics of two juniper species, Juniperus occidentalis Hook. (western juniper) and Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little (Utah juniper), changed along altitudinal and regional environmental gradients in the Great Basin of western North America. We obtained diurnal measurements of leaf gas exchange and xylem water potential (Psi) from plants at a low and a high altitude site within each of six mountain ranges during fall 1994, spring, summer, and fall 1995, and summer 1996, We also determined carbon isotope composition (delta(13)C) of leaf cellulose produced during the 1995 growing season. Overall, leaf gas exchange, Psi and delta(13)C did not differ significantly between species. Differences in daily (A(d)) and season-long (A(s)) carbon assimilation among mountain ranges suggested two groupings-a group of northern ranges and a group of southern ranges. Each group contained one mountain range with J. occidentalis and two with J. osteosperma. Differences in carbon assimilation based on this grouping were associated with two findings: (1) conductance of CO2 from substomatal cavities to the site of carboxylation (g(m)) for junipers in the northern ranges averaged almost twice that of junipers in the southern ranges; and (2) physiological shifts occurred such that A(d) of junipers in the northern ranges was influenced more by Psi(pd), whereas A(d) of junipers in the southern ranges was influenced more by leaf temperature. Mean delta(13)C over all trees at a site was significantly correlated with annual precipitation. Significant differences in A(d) occurred between altitudes, but these differences were associated with differences in the timing of optimum leaf temperature for photosynthesis rather than with physiological acclimation to temperature, irradiance, or Psi. Most gas exchange parameters (e,g., assimilation, transpiration, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency) varied seasonally, and the seasonal differences were strongly influenced by water stress. C1 Univ Nevada, Reno, NV 89557 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Moore, DJ (reprint author), Univ Nevada, MS 370, Reno, NV 89557 USA. NR 43 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 9 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 19 IS 7 BP 421 EP 433 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 197KX UT WOS:000080364900002 ER PT J AU Becker, P Tyree, MT Tsuda, M AF Becker, P Tyree, MT Tsuda, M TI Hydraulic conductances of angiosperms versus conifers: similar transport sufficiency at the whole-plant level SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE gymnosperms; hydraulic conductivity; leaf venation; slow seedling hypothesis; tropical heath forest ID PINUS-SYLVESTRIS L; WATER RELATIONS; XYLEM EMBOLISM; WOODY-PLANTS; TREES; TRANSPIRATION; ARCHITECTURE; RESISTANCE; DROUGHT; FOREST AB Bond's "slow seedling" hypothesis proposes that, because of slow growth rates caused by an inefficient transport system and low leaf photosynthetic capacity, gymnosperm seedlings are weak competitors with angiosperms in productive habitats. We measured component (shoot, leaf, and root) and whole-plant hydraulic conductances of sapling-sized tropical plants growing on nitrogen-poor white sand in Borneo. After accounting for size effects, there were no significant differences in conductances between evergreen angiosperms (nine species) and conifers (three species). Plant successional status or transpiration rate seemed more important than soil fertility in determining hydraulic conductance-colonizers had significantly higher whole-plant conductance than late-succession species. Contrary to prediction, leaf hydraulic conductance (normalized by projected leaf area) was unrelated to complexity of venation in conifers and angiosperms, but was highly correlated with whole-plant conductance. Analyses of published data showed that leafless branches of temperate deciduous angiosperms had higher leaf-area normalized hydraulic conductivity than conifers, but there was no significant difference in adult, whole-plant conductance between these taxa. Thus, at the branch level, conifers with narrow tracheids have less efficient transport than angiosperms with wider vessels, but variations in other resistance components and hydraulic architecture (e.g., sapwood/leaf area ratio) ultimately equalize the sufficiency of water transport to leaves of conifers and angiosperms. Although failing to support one of the proposed mechanisms, our findings did not refute the "slow seedling" hypothesis per se. C1 Univ Brunei Darussalam, Dept Biol, BE-1410 Gadong, Brunei. US Forest Serv, USDA, Aiken Forestry Sci Lab, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. Okayama Univ, Fac Agr, Okayama 700, Japan. RP Becker, P (reprint author), Univ Brunei Darussalam, Dept Biol, BE-1410 Gadong, Brunei. NR 53 TC 95 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 24 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 19 IS 7 BP 445 EP 452 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 197KX UT WOS:000080364900004 ER PT J AU Clinton, BD Vose, JM AF Clinton, BD Vose, JM TI Fine root respiration in mature eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) in situ: the importance of CO2 in controlled environments SO TREE PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE atmospheric carbon dioxide; carbon dioxide inhibition; rhizosphere microclimate; soil carbon dioxide; soil temperature ID SOIL CARBON-DIOXIDE; TEMPERATURE; FOREST; SEEDLINGS; EXCHANGE; CLIMATE; WORLD AB We measured seasonal fine root respiration rate in situ while controlling chamber temperature and [CO2]. Atmospheric [CO2] ([CO2](a)) and measured soil [CO2] ([CO2](s)) were alternately delivered to a cuvette containing intact fine roots of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.). Respiration rates were consistently higher in [CO2](a) than in [CO2](s) and were almost three times higher during midsummer. Respiration rates were immediately reversed after returning to the alternate [CO2] (i.e., [CO2](a) --> [CO2](s) --> [CO2](a), and vice versa) suggesting a direct effect of elevated [CO2] on apparent respiration. Soil-[CO2]-based respiration rates decreased with increasing [CO2] on a dry mass and tissue [N] basis. We conclude that estimates of soil CO2 flux and soil carbon budgets may be improved by more completely accounting for the rhizosphere microclimate (i.e., soil temperature and [CO2](s)) during measurement of fine root respiration. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, Otto, NC 28763 USA. RP Clinton, BD (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Coweeta Hydrol Lab, 3160 Coweeta Lab Rd, Otto, NC 28763 USA. NR 27 TC 31 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 7 PU HERON PUBLISHING PI VICTORIA PA 202, 3994 SHELBOURNE ST, VICTORIA, BC V8N 3E2, CANADA SN 0829-318X J9 TREE PHYSIOL JI Tree Physiol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 19 IS 7 BP 475 EP 479 PG 5 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 197KX UT WOS:000080364900008 ER PT J AU Wagstaff, DJ Lellinger, DB Wiersema, JH AF Wagstaff, DJ Lellinger, DB Wiersema, JH TI Retrospective searching for poisonous plant vouchers SO VETERINARY AND HUMAN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Review AB Few published reports of plant poisoning, whether experimental or accidental, document vouchers. This can be rectified by retrospective location of vouchers through determination of a collaborating-botanist or herbarium of deposit. An absolute voucher is referenced in the toxicology-report. For a probable voucher the report does not identify an herbarium specimen, but the report and the specimen label or sheet agree on plant name; collector's name, collection date and place. A possible voucher is perhaps from the exposure lot, but was collected by the collaborating botanist at a somewhat earlier or later date than the exposure date. On the other hand, a supporting specimen was collected by the collaborating botanist but is not from the exposure lot. Vouchers and supporting specimens for some species of Asclepias tested for toxicity by CD Marsh and coworkers were found in the US National Herbarium at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC. C1 US Natl Herbarium, Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20560 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Wagstaff, DJ (reprint author), 177 S 200 E, Orem, UT 84058 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPARATIVE TOXICOLOGY LAB PI MANHATTAN PA KANSAS STATE UNIV, MANHATTAN, KS 66506-5606 USA SN 0145-6296 J9 VET HUM TOXICOL JI Vet. Human Toxicol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 41 IS 3 BP 158 EP 161 PG 4 WC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences SC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences GA 197QA UT WOS:000080375300009 PM 10349707 ER PT J AU Wagstaff, DJ Wiersema, JH Lellinger, DB AF Wagstaff, DJ Wiersema, JH Lellinger, DB TI Poisonous plant vouchers SO VETERINARY AND HUMAN TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Every published report of plant poisoning, whether experimental or accidental, should document plant identification. The essential elements are: complete botanical Latin name including species, specific epithet and author(s); name:of the collaborating botanist who identified the plant; and herbarium and collection number of a voucher specimen from the exposure lot. Additional information to aid identification might include plant photographs; drawings, and descriptions. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. US Nalt Herbarium, Smithsonian Inst, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Wagstaff, DJ (reprint author), 177 S 200 E, Orem, UT 84058 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPARATIVE TOXICOLOGY LAB PI MANHATTAN PA KANSAS STATE UNIV, MANHATTAN, KS 66506-5606 USA SN 0145-6296 J9 VET HUM TOXICOL JI Vet. Human Toxicol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 41 IS 3 BP 162 EP 164 PG 3 WC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences SC Toxicology; Veterinary Sciences GA 197QA UT WOS:000080375300010 PM 10349708 ER PT J AU Wesley, RD AF Wesley, RD TI The S gene of canine coronavirus, strain UCD-1, is more closely related to the S gene of transmissible gastroenteritis virus than to that of feline infectious peritonitis virus SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE coronavirus; UCD-1; RT-PCR ID NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; CELL-LINE; ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIP; GENOMIC RNA; 3' END; PORCINE; PROTEIN; TGEV; EXPRESSION; PEPLOMER AB To gain insight into the genetic relationships among six canine coronavirus (CCV) strains, the variable region of the spike (S) protein gene was sequenced. The CCV strains were: two ATCC reference strains, the Insavc-1 vaccine strain, the National Veterinary Services Laboratories (Ames, IA) challenge strain, and two California field isolates (UCD-1 and UCD-2) from the 1970s. All six strains, downstream of the nucleocapsid (N) protein gene, had sufficient size for an ORF 7b, and thus, none were transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV)-like since TGEV lacks ORF 7b. By sequence analysis of the variable domain at the 5' end of the S gene, five of the six CCV strains had a high degree of identity with feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV). However, one CCV field isolate (UCD-1) was different and had a high degree of identity with the 5' end of the TGEV S gene. This suggests that RNA recombination occurred at this site between antigenically related coronaviruses. The low passage field isolates, UCD-1 and UCD-2, varied in their initial infectivity for swine testicular cells suggesting that sequence differences in the variable domain of the S gene may account for biological variation among CCVs. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Virol Swine Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Wesley, RD (reprint author), ARS, Virol Swine Res Unit, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, USDA, POB 70,2300 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 25 TC 32 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 61 IS 2 BP 145 EP 152 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(99)00032-5 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA 223XJ UT WOS:000081866600005 PM 10475084 ER PT J AU Hallett, RA Bowden, WB Smith, CT AF Hallett, RA Bowden, WB Smith, CT TI Nitrogen dynamics in forest soils after municipal sludge additions SO WATER AIR AND SOIL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE forest; municipal sludge; nitrogen; soil ID SEWAGE-SLUDGE; WASTE-WATER; LAND APPLICATION; FERTILIZATION; RESPONSES; TRANSFORMATIONS; MINERALIZATION; NITRIFICATION; IRRIGATION; MICHIGAN AB Nitrogen dynamics were assessed for a forested site in southern New Hampshire during the first and second growing seasons after surface application of an aerobically-digested, limed, liquid municipal sludge. Sludge was applied in June 1989, at 3.3, 6.9, and 14.5 M ha(-1) (or 199, 396, and 740 kg TKN ha(-1)). Elevated net N mineralization (in situ buried bags) occurred in the organic and upper mineral soil horizons during the first two months after sludge application, but was similar to control levels thereafter. Net N mineralization was negligible at 30 and 60 cm soil depths. Foliar N concentration increased with sludge loading rates. Concentrations of NH4+ and NO3- in soil leachate were low, except in early fall when microbial activity was still high and plant demand was low. In trenched subplots where vegetative uptake was eliminated, NO3- concentrations in soil leachate (60 cm) rose to between 15 and 35 mg N L-1 in the first year and remained high in the second year. Other studies reported higher magnitudes of NO3- leaching from treated plots. These studies and the findings reported here shown the characteristics of the sludge being applied to land are at least as important as the physical and chemical characteristics of the site to which they are to be applied. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Canterbury Agr & Sci Ctr, Lincoln, New Zealand. New Zealand Forest Res Inst, Rotorua, New Zealand. RP Hallett, RA (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RI Bowden, William/J-9219-2014 NR 48 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0049-6979 J9 WATER AIR SOIL POLL JI Water Air Soil Pollut. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 112 IS 3-4 BP 259 EP 278 DI 10.1023/A:1005086413282 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 203TA UT WOS:000080721900005 ER PT J AU Famiglietti, JS Devereaux, JA Laymon, CA Tsegaye, T Houser, PR Jackson, TJ Graham, ST Rodell, M van Oevelen, PJ AF Famiglietti, JS Devereaux, JA Laymon, CA Tsegaye, T Houser, PR Jackson, TJ Graham, ST Rodell, M van Oevelen, PJ TI Ground-based investigation of soil moisture variability within remote sensing footprints during the Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID WATER CONTENT; TOPOGRAPHIC CONTROL; SURFACE HYDROLOGY; LAND; CATCHMENT AB Surface soil moisture content is highly variable in both space and time. While remote sensing provides an effective methodology for mapping surface moisture content over large areas, it averages within-pixel variability thereby masking the underlying heterogeneity observed at the land surface. This variability must be better understood in order to rigorously evaluate sensor performance and to enhance the utility of the larger-scale remotely sensed averages by quantifying the underlying variability that remote sensing cannot record explicitly. In support of the Southern Great Plains 1997 (SGP97) Hydrology Experiment (a surface soil moisture mapping mission conducted between June 18 and July 17, 1997, in central Oklahoma) an investigation was conducted to characterize soil moisture variability within remote sensing footprints (approximately 0.64 km(2)) with more certainty than would be afforded with conventional gravimetric moisture content sampling. Nearly every day during the experiment period, portable impedance probes were used to intensively monitor volumetric moisture content in the 0- to 6-cm surface soil layer at six footprint-sized fields scattered over the SGP97 study area. A minimum of 49 daily moisture content measurements were made on most fields. Higher-resolution grid and transect data were also collected periodically. In total, more than 11,000 impedance probe measurements of volumetric moisture content were made at the six sites by over 35 SGP97 participants. The wide spatial distribution of the sites, combined with the intensive, near-daily monitoring, provided a unique opportunity (relative to previous smaller-scale and shorter-duration soil moisture studies) to characterize variations in surface moisture content over a range of wetness conditions. In this paper the range and temporal dynamics of the variability in moisture content within each of the six fields are described, as are general relationships between the Variability and footprint-mean moisture content. Results indicate that distinct differences in mean moisture content between the six sites are consistent with variations in soil type, vegetation cover, and rainfall gradients. Within fields the standard deviation, coefficient of variation, skewness, and kurtosis increased with decreasing moisture content; the distribution of surface moisture content evolved from negatively skewed/nonnormal under very wet conditions; to normal in the midrange of mean moisture content, to positively skewed/nonnormal under dry conditions; and agricultural practices of row tilling and terracing were shown to exert a major control on observed moisture content variations. Results presented here can be utilized to better evaluate sensor performance, to extrapolate estimates of subgrid-scale variations in moisture content across the entire SGP97 region, and in the parameterization of soil moisture dynamics in hydrological and land surface models. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Data Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. USDA, Hydrol Lab, Agr Res Serv, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Inst Global Change Res & Edu, Global Hydrol & Climate Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Normal, AL 35762 USA. Wageningen Univ Agr, Dept Water Resources, NL-6700 EK Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Famiglietti, JS (reprint author), Univ Texas, Dept Geol Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RI Rodell, Matthew/E-4946-2012; Houser, Paul/J-9515-2013 OI Rodell, Matthew/0000-0003-0106-7437; Houser, Paul/0000-0002-2991-0441 NR 26 TC 253 Z9 263 U1 2 U2 44 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 35 IS 6 BP 1839 EP 1851 DI 10.1029/1999WR900047 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 198ZC UT WOS:000080453800014 ER PT J AU Unger, PW Miller, SD Jones, OR AF Unger, PW Miller, SD Jones, OR TI Weed seeds in long-term dryland tillage and cropping system plots SO WEED RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE weed seed; dryland; cropping system; no-tillage; mulch tillage; wheat; sorghum ID SEEDBANK; SOIL; POPULATIONS; MANAGEMENT; SUCCESSION; ROTATION AB Successful crop production depends on effective weed control. Weed seedbanks were determined after 12 years of dryland cropping with winter wheat and grain sorghum under different tillage methods (no- and stubble mulch) and cropping sequences; Seeds of 12 species were detected. Amaranthus retroflexus was most abundant, but seed numbers were similar under all conditions. Portulaca oleracea, Panicum capillare, Setaria viridis and Sorghum halepense seed numbers differed because of some factors, with those for P. oleracea being greatest. For others, seed numbers were low (less than or equal to 0.11 kg(-1) soil), except for Digitaria sanguinalis with 7.8 kg(-1) soil and Bromus japonicus with 1.3 kg(-1) soil. Most seeds were near the surface with both tillage methods, with enough present under most conditions to cause a problem if proper control measures were not used, especially with continuous cropping. When a weed problem occurs under conditions as in this study, the results indicate that it could be reduced by growing winter and summer crops in rotation, which permits controlling weeds with tillage and/or herbicides when a crop is not growing. Other possibilities for controlling weeds under conditions as in this study are to alternate between dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous crops, which would permit use of a wider range of herbicides, and to use selective in-crop herbicides. C1 USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. Univ Wyoming, Plant Soil & Insect Sci Dept, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Unger, PW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 19 TC 16 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0043-1737 J9 WEED RES JI Weed Res. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 213 EP 223 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences GA 214FA UT WOS:000081316900005 ER PT J AU Burhans, DE Thompson, FR AF Burhans, DE Thompson, FR TI Habitat patch size and nesting success of Yellow-breasted Chats SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SITE SELECTION; COWBIRD PARASITISM; MAYFIELD METHOD; PREDATION; WARBLERS; SPARROWS; FOREST; RATES; SCALE AB We measured vegetation at shrub patches used for nesting by Yellow-breasted Chats (Icteria virens) to evaluate the importance of nesting habitat patch features on nest predation, cowbird parasitism, and nest sire selection. Logistic regression models indicated that nests in small patches (average diameter <5.5 m) that were parasitized by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) experienced higher predation than unparasitized nests in large patches. Nests in large patches were more likely to become parasitized by cowbirds, as were nests with more large stems (>10 cm dbh) nearby. Parches used by chats for nesting had larger average diameters than unused patches and tended to contain more small steins. Chats appeared to prefer large patches and experienced lower nest predation there. Although they might experience higher blued parasitism frequencies in large patches, losses to parasitism were balanced by higher nesting success because the mean number of chat young that fledged did not differ between nests in small versus large patches. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Burhans, DE (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, N Cent Res Stn, 202 Nat Resources Bldg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NR 36 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 15 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 111 IS 2 BP 210 EP 215 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 197PB UT WOS:000080372700006 ER PT J AU Degraaf, RM Maier, TJ Fuller, TK AF Degraaf, RM Maier, TJ Fuller, TK TI Predation of small eggs in artificial nests: Effects of nest position, edge, and potential predator abundance in extensive forest SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID WHITE-FOOTED MICE; QUAIL EGGS; REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS; DOMINATED LANDSCAPE; SMALL MAMMALS; GROUND NESTS; HABITAT; FRAGMENTATION; RATES; DEPREDATION AB After photographic observations in the field and laboratory tests indicated that small rodents might be significant predators on small eggs, we conducted a field study in central Massachusetts to compare predation of House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) eggs in artificial nests near to (5-15 m) and far from (100-120 m) forest edges and between ground and shrub nests. As in earlier studies in managed northeastern forest landscapes that used larger quail eggs, predation rates on small eggs in nests at the forest edge did not differ (P > 0.05) from those in the forest interior for either ground nests (edge = 0.80 vs interior = 0.90) or shrub nests (edge = 0.38 vs interior = 0.28) after 12 days of exposure. However predation rates on eggs in ground nests were significantly higher (P < 0.001) than in shrub nests at both the edge and interior. There were no significant (P > 0.05) differences in the frequency of capture of the 6 most common small mammal species between forest edge and interior. Logistic regression analyses indicated a highly significant (P < 0.001) nest placement effect but very little location or small mammal effect. Predation of small eggs by small-mouthed ground predators such as white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) has nor been documented as a major factor in egg predation studies, but use of appropriately-sized eggs and quantification of predator species presence and abundance seems essential to future studies. C1 Univ Massachusetts, USDA, US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Forestry & Wildlife Management, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Grad Program Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Degraaf, RM (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, USDA, US Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NR 50 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 7 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 111 IS 2 BP 236 EP 242 PG 7 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 197PB UT WOS:000080372700009 ER PT J AU Purcell, KL Verner, J AF Purcell, KL Verner, J TI Nest predators of open and cavity nesting birds in oak woodlands SO WILSON BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ARTIFICIAL NESTS; FOREST FRAGMENTATION; SUCCESS; CAMERA; DEPREDATION; EVOLUTION; WILDLIFE; DENSITY; HABITAT; EGGS AB Camera setups revealed at least three species of rodents and seven species of birds as potential predators at artificial open nests. Surprisingly, among avian predators identified at open nests, one third were Bullock's Orioles (Icterus bullockii). Two rodent species and three bird species were potential predators at artificial cavity nests. This high predator diversity was consistent with previous studies, although the number of avian predators at open nests was higher than expected. C1 USDA, US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, Fresno, CA 93710 USA. RP Purcell, KL (reprint author), USDA, US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, 2081 E Sierra Ave, Fresno, CA 93710 USA. RI Purcell, Kathryn/S-2592-2016 NR 44 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILSON ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI ANN ARBOR PA MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIV MICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109 USA SN 0043-5643 J9 WILSON BULL JI Wilson Bull. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 111 IS 2 BP 251 EP 256 PG 6 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 197PB UT WOS:000080372700011 ER PT J AU Sato, ML Garcia-Blasquez, C van Berkum, P AF Sato, ML Garcia-Blasquez, C van Berkum, P TI Verification of strain identity in Brazilian soybean inoculants by using the polymerase chain reaction SO WORLD JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SP-NOV; BRADYRHIZOBIUM-ELKANII; RHIZOBIUM; PRIMERS; IDENTIFICATION; MELILOTI; GENUS; PCR AB The standards for meeting inoculant quality in Brazil include a requirement of strain verification as well as the necessity for a minimal number of viable bacterial cells. This requirement stimulated us to develop a rapid and simple PCR-based method to distinguish the four Brazilian strains of Bradyrhizobium, SEMIA 587, SEMIA 5019 (29W), SEMIA 5079 (CPAC-15) and SEMIA 5080 (CPAC-7), recommended for the inoculation of soybean. PCR reactions using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR primer CRL-7 together with a modified buffer resulted in four different fingerprint patterns, which permitted the Brazilian soybean strains to be distinguished from each other. The fingerprint patterns obtained were reproducible irrespective of the source of templates. Comparisons with fingerprint patterns obtained with soybean bradyrhizobia from the USDA Culture Collection led to the conclusion that two of the Brazilian inoculant strains (SEMIA 587 and SEMIA 5019) were characteristic for B. elkanii, while the other two (SEMIA 5079 and SEMIA 5080) were more typical of B. japonicum. Also, we obtained evidence that the RAPD analysis with primer CRL-7 may be useful for distinguishing variants of the same strain. C1 ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. MIRCEN Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Ind & Comercio Inoculantes & Prod Agropecuarios L, Pinhais, Parana, Brazil. RP van Berkum, P (reprint author), ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, USDA, HH-4,Bldg 010,BARC W,10300 Baltimore Blvd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. OI Garcia Blasquez, Cayo/0000-0003-0210-3831 NR 24 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0959-3993 J9 WORLD J MICROB BIOT JI World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD JUN PY 1999 VL 15 IS 3 BP 387 EP 391 DI 10.1023/A:1008927700945 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 237VF UT WOS:000082676300016 ER PT J AU Tarara, JM Ham, JM AF Tarara, JM Ham, JM TI Measuring sensible heat flux in plastic mulch culture with aerodynamic conductance sensors SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE plastic mulch; energy balance; sensible heat; aerodynamic conductance ID SOIL SURFACE; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; PLANT CANOPIES; FIELD; TEMPERATURE; TURBULENCE; PROBE; FLOW AB Black plastic mulch is commonly used in horticultural systems, but it may complicate the sparse crop energy balance by contributing to within-row advection, A steady state, heated foil technique was used to approximate the aerodynamic conductances to heat transport (g(h)) of bare soil and black plastic mulch for 33 days. The test site was a field of 0.7 m wide raised beds covered with black plastic mulch and separated by 0.8 m wide strips of bare soil, with no crop present. From numerous point estimates of g(h) and measurements of the temperature difference between the surface and the air, the sensible heat flux (H) was calculated independently for bare soil and plastic mulch. Conductance values ranged from 8 to 23 mm s(-1) and no difference occurred between the mean g(h) for mulch (17.0 mm s(-1)) and that for bare soil (17.8 mm s(-1)). The H estimated from conductance data was strongly Linearly related, in a 1 : 1 ratio, to the H determined by independently solving the energy balance of plastic mulch. The conductance sensor method was used subsequently to estimate H from bare soil (H-soil). Sensible heat from plastic mulch (H-mulch) is the major source of H in the field because it is primarily a function of the net radiation of the plastic. Whereas H-mulch was always negative, with daily maxima consistently approaching -400 W m(-2), H-soil varied between -200 and +50 W m(-2) according to surface wetness. Latent heat fluxes from the bare soil were <100 W m(-2) when the surface was dry, and up to -400 W m(-2) when the surface was wet. Managing the surface wetness of bare soil in a mulched field will not affect the energy balance of the mulch surface per se, but may reduce within-row advection, which is potentially detrimental to seedlings and transplants in plastic mulch systems. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Tarara, JM (reprint author), USDA ARS, 24106 N Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. NR 33 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD MAY 31 PY 1999 VL 95 IS 1 BP 1 EP 13 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00021-0 PG 13 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 203PE UT WOS:000080715400001 ER PT J AU Grant, RF Wall, GW Kimball, BA Frumau, KFA Pinter, PJ Hunsaker, DJ Lamorte, RL AF Grant, RF Wall, GW Kimball, BA Frumau, KFA Pinter, PJ Hunsaker, DJ Lamorte, RL TI Crop water relations under different CO2 and irrigation: testing of ecosys with the free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CARBON-DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT; SIMULATION-MODEL; ENERGY-BALANCE; USE EFFICIENCY; ROOT-GROWTH; EXPERIMENTAL-VERIFICATION; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; SOIL-TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; GAS-EXCHANGE AB Increases in crop growth under elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (C-A) have frequently been observed to be greater under water-limited versus non-limited conditions. Crop simulation models used in climate change studies should be capable of reproducing such changes in growth response to C-A with changes in environmental conditions. We propose that changes with soil water status in crop growth response to C-A can be simulated if stomatal resistance is considered to vary directly with air-leaf C-A gradient, inversely with leaf carboxylation rate, and exponentially with leaf turgor. Resistance simulated in this way increases with C-A relatively less, and CO2 fixation increases with C-A relatively more, under water-limited versus non-limited conditions. As part of the ecosystem model ecosys, this simulation technique caused changes in leaf conductance and CO2 fixation, and in canopy water potential, temperature and energy balance in a modelling experiment that were consistent with changes measured under 355 versus 550 mu mol mol(-1) C-A and low versus high irrigation in a free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment on wheat. Changes with C-A in simulated crop water relations allowed the model to reproduce under 550 mu mol mol(-1) C-A and low versus high irrigation a measured increase of 20 versus 10% in seasonal wheat biomass, and a measured decrease of 2 versus 5% in seasonal evapotranspiration, The basic nature of the processes simulated in this model is intended to enable its use under a wide range of soil, management and climate conditions. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Renewable Resources, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada. USDA ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. Free Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth Sci, NL-1081 BT Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Grant, RF (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Dept Renewable Resources, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada. OI Grant, Robert/0000-0002-8890-6231 NR 52 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD MAY 31 PY 1999 VL 95 IS 1 BP 27 EP 51 DI 10.1016/S0168-1923(99)00017-9 PG 25 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 203PE UT WOS:000080715400003 ER PT J AU Jacobs, NJ Kruszyna, HG Hier, JSL Dayan, FE Duke, SO Pont, F Montforts, FP AF Jacobs, NJ Kruszyna, HG Hier, JSL Dayan, FE Duke, SO Pont, F Montforts, FP TI Glutathione-dependent oxidative modification of protoporphyrin and other dicarboxylic porphyrins by mammalian and plant peroxidases SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID HORSERADISH-PEROXIDASE; PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY; VARIEGATE PORPHYRIA; ENZYMATIC DEFECT; DEUTEROPORPHYRIN; CHLORINS AB Protoporphyrin, an intermediate in heme and chlorophyll biosynthesis, can accumulate in human and plant tissues under certain pathological conditions and is a photosensitizer used in cancer phototherapy. We previously showed that protoporphyrin and the related non-natural dicarboxylic porphyrin deuteroporphyrin are rapidly oxidized by horseradish peroxidase in the presence of some thiols, especially glutathione. This study reports that bovine lactoperoxidase, but not leucocyte myeloperoxidase, can also catalyze this reaction and that Tween and ascorbic acid are inhibitors. Exogenous hydrogen peroxide is not required and cannot replace glutathione. Deuteroporphyrin was oxidized to a unique green chlorin product with two oxygen functions added directly to the characteristic reduced pyrrole ring of the chlorin. Spectroscopic and chromatographic results suggest that protoporphyrin was oxidized not to a green chlorin, but to a much more polar red porphyrin modified by oxidative addition to the two vinyl side chains. Two related nonnatural dicarboxylic porphyrins, with ethyl or hydroxyethyl instead of vinyl side chains, are not substrates or products for this enzymatic conversion. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Dartmouth Coll, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. ARS, USDA, Nat Prod Utilizat Res Unit, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Bremen, Inst Organ Chem, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. RP Jacobs, NJ (reprint author), Dartmouth Coll, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RI Dayan, Franck/A-7592-2009 OI Dayan, Franck/0000-0001-6964-2499 NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD MAY 27 PY 1999 VL 259 IS 1 BP 195 EP 200 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0749 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 201KG UT WOS:000080593500034 PM 10334939 ER PT J AU Kapich, A Hofrichter, M Vares, T Hatakka, A AF Kapich, A Hofrichter, M Vares, T Hatakka, A TI Coupling of manganese peroxidase-mediated lipid peroxidation with destruction of nonphenolic lignin model compounds and C-14-labeled lignins SO BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID BASIDIOMYCETE PHANEROCHAETE-CHRYSOSPORIUM; FUNGUS PHLEBIA-RADIATA; FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION; WHITE-ROT FUNGI; CERIPORIOPSIS-SUBVERMISPORA; ENZYMATIC COMBUSTION; MODIFYING ENZYMES; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; DEGRADATION; OXIDATION AB Linoleic acid, the predominant unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) in the lipids of wood-rotting fungi, was oxidized by manganese peroxidase (MnP) from the white-rot fungus Phlebia radiata through a peroxidation mechanism. The peroxidation was markedly stimulated by hydrogen peroxide. UFAs that are substrates for lipid peroxidation and surfactants that emulsify water-insoluble components were essential for the MnP-catalyzed destruction of a nonphenolic beta-O-4-linked lignin model compound (LMC). Moreover, both components stimulated the MnP-catalyzed mineralization of C-14-labeled synthetic lignin and C-14-labeled wheat straw. A high level of destruction was obtained in reaction systems with Tween 80 acting both as surfactant and source of UFAs. The presence of the linoleic acid in reaction systems with MnP and Tween 80 additionally enhanced rate and level of LMC destruction and lignin mineralization. The results indicate that lipid peroxidation may play an important role in lignin biodegradation by wood-rotting basidiomycetes and support the hypothesis of coupling between the processes. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Belarussian Acad Sci, Inst Microbiol, Minsk, Byelarus. Univ Jena, Inst Microbiol, D-6900 Jena, Germany. Univ Helsinki, Res Serv, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Univ Helsinki, Dept Appl Chem & Microbiol, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. RP Kapich, A (reprint author), USDA, Inst Microbial & Biochem Technol, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. OI Hatakka, Annele/0000-0001-7056-3931 NR 39 TC 63 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0006-291X J9 BIOCHEM BIOPH RES CO JI Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. PD MAY 27 PY 1999 VL 259 IS 1 BP 212 EP 219 DI 10.1006/bbrc.1999.0742 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 201KG UT WOS:000080593500037 PM 10334942 ER PT J AU Sun, JL Massman, W AF Sun, JL Massman, W TI Ozone transport during the California Ozone Deposition Experiment SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SURFACE HEAT-FLUX; SENSIBLE HEAT; SCALAR ROUGHNESS; VEGETATION DENSITY; NITROGEN-DIOXIDE; SKIN TEMPERATURE; DRY DEPOSITION; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; CANOPY SCALE; FOREST AB The high correlation between the canopy stomatal uptake and ozone deposition velocity is found to be strongly dominated by their diurnal variations. By averaging observed variables over the daytime periods to remove the correlations simply due to their individual diurnal variations,.we found that the ozone deposition velocity is highly correlated with the buoyancy flux during the daytime. As canopy stomata are closed at night, the ozone deposition velocity is found to be related to the friction velocity. Interpretation of the derivation of the ozone deposition velocity, expressed in terms of the traditional three resistances, is reanalyzed to explain the role of the turbulence strength in the ozone deposition velocity. We find that the resistance r(e) is the dominant resistance for the ozone deposition, not only due to the ozone uptake through biophysical processes, but also due to its role in the turbulent ozone transport. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000,3450 Mitchell Lane, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM jsun@ucav.edu RI Sun, Jielun/H-6576-2015 OI Sun, Jielun/0000-0003-3271-7914 NR 68 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD MAY 27 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D10 BP 11939 EP 11948 DI 10.1029/1999JD900099 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 200XX UT WOS:000080566500006 ER PT J AU Bostom, AG Silbershatz, H Rosenberg, IH Selhub, J D'Agostino, RB Wolf, PA Jacques, PF Wilson, PWF AF Bostom, AG Silbershatz, H Rosenberg, IH Selhub, J D'Agostino, RB Wolf, PA Jacques, PF Wilson, PWF TI Nonfasting plasma total homocysteine levels and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in elderly Framingham men and women SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; VASCULAR-DISEASE; NATURAL-HISTORY; RISK FACTOR; HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA; HOMOCYSTINURIA AB Background: Elevated fasting total homocysteine (tHcy) levels were recently shown to confer an independent risk for all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality among selected Norwegian patients with confirmed coronary heart disease. We examined whether elevated fasting plasma tHcy levels were predictive of all-cause and CVD mortality in a large, population-based sample of elderly US women and men. Methods: Nonfasting plasma tHcy levels were determined in 1933 elderly participants (mean age, 70 +/- 7 years; 58.9% women) from the original Framingham Study cohort, examined between 1979 and 1982, with follow-up through 1992. Unadjusted and adjusted (ie, for age, sex, diabetes, smoking, systolic blood pressure, total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and creatinine) relative risk estimates (with 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) for total and CVD mortality were generated by proportional hazards modeling, with tHcy levels (quartiles) as the independent variable. Results: There were 653 total deaths and 244 CVD deaths during a median follow-up of 10.0 years. Proportional hazards modeling revealed that tHcy levels of 14.26 mu mol/L or greater (the upper quartile), vs less than 14.26 mu mol/L (the lower three quartiles), were associated with relative risk estimates of 2.18 (95% CI, 1.86-2.56) and 2.17 (95% CI, 1.68-2.82) for all-cause and CVD mortality, respectively. The relative risk estimates after adjustment for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, and total and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels attenuated these associations, but they remained significant: 1.54 (95% CI, 1.31-1.82) for all-cause mortality; 1.52 (95%;, CI, 1.16-1.98) for CVD mortality. Conclusion: Elevated nonfasting plasma tHcy levels are independently associated with increased rates of all-cause and CVD mortality in the elderly. C1 Mem Hosp Rhode Isl, Div Gen Internal Med, Pawtucket, RI 02860 USA. Tufts Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA USA. Boston Univ, Dept Math, Boston, MA 02215 USA. NHLBI, Framingham Study, Framingham, MA USA. RP Bostom, AG (reprint author), Mem Hosp Rhode Isl, Div Gen Internal Med, 111 Brewster St, Pawtucket, RI 02860 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HC-38038, R01-HL-40423-05]; NINDS NIH HHS [2-RO1-NS-17950-12] NR 22 TC 221 Z9 235 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD MAY 24 PY 1999 VL 159 IS 10 BP 1077 EP 1080 DI 10.1001/archinte.159.10.1077 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 196GL UT WOS:000080300600007 PM 10335684 ER PT J AU Weinstock, IA Cowan, JJ Barbuzzi, EMG Zeng, HD Hill, CL AF Weinstock, IA Cowan, JJ Barbuzzi, EMG Zeng, HD Hill, CL TI Equilibria between alpha and beta isomers of Keggin heteropolytungstates SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; MULTIPLE ORGANIC GROUPS; TWO-DIMENSIONAL W-183; SOLVENT SOLUBLE FORMS; METAL-OXIDE ANALOGS; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; TRISUBSTITUTED HETEROPOLYTUNGSTATES; DISUBSTITUTED TUNGSTOSILICATES; POLYOXOMETALATE DERIVATIVES; VIBRATIONAL INVESTIGATIONS AB Conventional wisdom maintains that beta isomers of fully oxidized Keggin heteropolytungstates, [(Xn+W12O40)-O-VI]((8-n))(-) (X main-group or transition-metal cation), are unstable with respect to alpha structures such that isomeric rearrangements all occur in the direction beta --> alpha. Contrary to this view, equilibria between alpha and beta forms of the Keggin anion [(AlW12O40)-W-III](5-) (alpha- and beta-1) have now been observed. Moreover, a trend in kinetic and thermodynamic stabilities of beta isomers in the order X = AI(III) > Si(IV) > P(V) has been established, and the difference in energy between alpha and beta isomers (alpha and beta-1) has been quantified for the first rime. Mild acid condensation of WO42-, followed by addition of Al(III), gave [Al(AlOH2)W11O39](6-) (2)-three beta-isomer derivatives, beta(1) (C-s symmetry), beta(2) (C-1), and beta(3) (C-s), With the a derivative (C-s) a minor product-in nearly quantitative yield by Al-27 NMR spectroscopy. Acidification of the reaction mixture to pH 0 and refluxing cleanly converted 2 to H-5[(AlW12O40)-W-III] (1)-mostly beta-1 (yellow, C-3v), With alpha-1 (white, T-d) a minor product. Samples of each isomer were isolated by fractional crystallization and characterized by Al-27 and W-183 NMR, IR, and UV-vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The Al-O bond length in the T-d AlO4 group at the center of alpha-1 (hydrated potassium salt of alpha-1; final R-1 = 3.42%) establishes a trend in X-O bond lengths in the [Xn+O4]((8-n))- groups of alpha-Keggin anions of 1.74(1), 1.64(2), and 1.53(1) Angstrom, respectively, for X = Al(III), Si(IV), and P(V). Equilibria between isomers of 1 were observed by heating separate 0.1 M aqueous solutions of either pure alpha or beta anions under identical conditions. The progress of the reaction was measured, and the relative concentrations of the alpha and beta isomers present at equilibrium were determined by Al-27 NMR spectroscopy, First-order rate constants for approach to equilibrium of alpha- and beta-1 at 473 K were k(1)(alpha-beta) = 7.68 x 10(-7) s(-1) and k(-1)(beta-->alpha) 6.97 x 10(-6) s-(1). The equilibrium ratio of alpha- to beta-1 (k(1)/k(-1)) was K-eq(473 K, 0.1 M1) = 0.11 +/- 0.01 From Delta G = -RT In K-eq, alpha-1 is more stable than beta-1 by 2.1 +/- 0.5 kcal mol(-1). Controlled hydrolysis of alpha-1 gave the monolacunary derivative alpha-Na-9[AlW11O39] (alpha-3; C-s); hydrolysis of beta-1 gave beta(2)-3 (C-1) as the major product. Thermal equilibration of the lacunary Keggin heteropolytungstates could also be achieved: Independently heated solutions of either alpha-3 or beta(2)-3 (0.13 M of either isomer in D2O at 333 K; natural pH values of ca. 7) both gave solutions containing alpha-3 (60%) and a single beta-3 isomer of C-s symmetry (40%). Using K-eq = 1.5, the two isomers differ in energy by 0.3 kcal mol(-1). C1 Emory Univ, Dept Chem, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Weinstock, IA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 82 TC 104 Z9 105 U1 5 U2 33 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD MAY 19 PY 1999 VL 121 IS 19 BP 4608 EP 4617 DI 10.1021/ja982908j PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 198MP UT WOS:000080428200008 ER PT J AU Alaimo, MH Wickham, ED Farrell, HM AF Alaimo, MH Wickham, ED Farrell, HM TI Effect of self-association of alpha(s1)-casein and its cleavage fractions alpha(s1)-casein(136-196) and alpha(s1)-casein(1-197), on aromatic circular dichroic spectra: comparison with predicted models SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR ENZYMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE casein; association; cyanogen bromide cleavage; circular dichroism; analytical ultracentrifugation; peptide interaction ID CASEIN MICELLES; WORKING MODEL; FLUORESCENCE; STABILITY; PROTEIN AB The self-association of native alpha(s1)-casein is driven by a sum of interactions which are both electrostatic and hydrophobic in nature. The dichroism of aromatic side chains was used to derive regio-specific evidence in relation to potential sites of alpha(s1)-casein polymerization. Near-ultraviolet circular dichroism (CD) revealed that both tyrosine and tryptophan side chains play a role in alpha(s1)-casein associations. Spectral evidence shows these side chains to be in an increasingly nonaqueous environment as both ionic strength and protein concentration lead to increases in the degree of self-association of the protein from dimer to higher oligomers. Near-UV CD investigation of the carboxypeptidase A treated peptide, alpha(s1)-casein(1-197), indicated that the C-terminal residue (Trp199) may be superficial to these interactions, and that the region surrounding Trp164 is more directly involved in an aggregation site. Similar results for the cyanogen bromide cleavage peptide alpha(s1)-casein(136-196) indicated the presence of strongly hydrophobic interactions. Association constants for the peptides of interest were determined by analytical ultracentrifugation, and also were approximated from changes in the near-UV CD curves with protein concentration. Sedimentation equilibrium experiments suggest the peptide to be dimeric at low ionic strength; like the parent protein, the peptide further polymerizes at elevated (0.224 M) ionic strength. The initial site of dimerization is suggested to be the tyrosine-rich area near Pro147, while the hydrophobic region around Pro168, containing Trp164, may be more significant in the formation of higher-order aggregates. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Farrell, HM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 29 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4838 J9 BBA-PROTEIN STRUCT M JI Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Protein Struct. Molec. Enzym. PD MAY 18 PY 1999 VL 1431 IS 2 BP 395 EP 409 DI 10.1016/S0167-4838(99)00062-X PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 203CR UT WOS:000080690500012 PM 10350615 ER PT J AU Alaimo, MH Farrell, HM Germann, MW AF Alaimo, MH Farrell, HM Germann, MW TI Conformational analysis of the hydrophobic peptide alpha(s1)-casein(136-196) SO BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR ENZYMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE casein; conformation; cyanogen bromide cleavage; nuclear magnetic resomance; circular dichroism; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; peptide conformation; molten globule ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; BOVINE CASEIN MICELLES; SECONDARY STRUCTURE; KAPPA-CASEIN; CIRCULAR-DICHROISM; WORKING MODEL; SPECTROSCOPY; PROTEINS; H-1-NMR; TEMPERATURE AB Hydrophobic interactions are important in the self-association of milk proteins, including alpha(s1)-casein. The extent to which casein interaction sites are influenced by local secondary structure is not widely known. Both primary amino acid sequence and local secondary structure are shown to affect the self-association of the hydrophobic peptide alpha(s1)-casein(136-196). The peptide is aggregated at low concentrations (7 mu M and above), as determined by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements at pH 6.0 in phosphate buffer. Increase in temperature is shown to induce side chain mobility (melting) as indicated by both (1)H NMR and near-UV circular dichroism (CD) measurements. As determined by far-UV CD, there is also a loss in the global amount of extended structure with increasing temperature, while beta-turn structures and some aromatic dichroism are conserved at temperatures as high as 70 degrees C. Similar retention of structure occurs at pH 2 and in 6 M guanidine HCl. The observed stability of beta-turns and some side chains in alpha(s1)-casein(136-196) supports previous assumptions that hydrophobic, proline-based turns are important interaction sites in the self-association of alpha(s1)-casein, and possibly in the formation of the calcium transport complexes, the casein micelles. It may be speculated that these areas of the peptide represent a 'molten globule-like', heat stable, core structure for alpha(s1)-casein. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Thomas Jefferson Univ, Kimmel Canc Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. RP Farrell, HM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM hfarrell@arserrc.gov RI German, Markus/L-1531-2013 NR 34 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4838 J9 BBA-PROTEIN STRUCT M JI Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Protein Struct. Molec. Enzym. PD MAY 18 PY 1999 VL 1431 IS 2 BP 410 EP 420 DI 10.1016/S0167-4838(99)00061-8 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 203CR UT WOS:000080690500013 PM 10350616 ER PT J AU Wang, S Panter, KE Holyoak, GR Molyneux, RJ Liu, G Evans, RC Bunch, TD AF Wang, S Panter, KE Holyoak, GR Molyneux, RJ Liu, G Evans, RC Bunch, TD TI Development and viability of bovine preplacentation embryos treated with swainsonine in vitro SO ANIMAL REPRODUCTION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE in vitro fertilization; locoweed; swainsonine ID PREIMPLANTATION EMBRYOS; ASTRAGALUS-LENTIGINOSUS; NK CYTOTOXICITY; BONE-MARROW; CULTURE; PROLIFERATION; INVITRO; BLASTOCYSTS; MACROPHAGES; MODULATION AB This study investigated the effects of swainsonine (a locoweed toxin) on bovine preplacentation embryo development using in vitro procedures. We examined and confirmed the viability and developmental potential of swainsonine-treated embryos by transfer to synchronized recipient heifers. Oocytes (n = 6338) were aspirated from ovaries collected from the abattoir and subjected to in vitro maturation (IVM), in vitro fertilization (IVF) and in vitro culture (IVC). Swainsonine was added to IVM, IVF, IVC media spatially and IVM/IVF/IVC continuously, at 0 ng/ml (TRT1, control), 200 ng/ml (TRT2), 400 ng/ml (TRT3), and 800 ng/ml (TRT4). Embryo development was evaluated with respect to oocyte cleavage rate and the rates of morula and blastocyst formation. There was no difference (P > 0.05) among treatments. The average number of nuclei per blastocyst at Day 7.5 of culture (Day 0 = IVF) was 85.9 +/- 4.3 (n = 47) and 89.3 +/- 4.4 (n = 44) for swainsonine-treated embryos (800 ng/ml) and control embryos, respectively. Pregnancy rate as determined by ultrasonography on day 35 to 40 post embryo transfer was 43.8% and 38.3% for swainsonine-treated (800 ng/ml) and control embryos, respectively. Nine (9.4%) healthy calves were delivered from heifers receiving swainsonine-exposed and nine (9.6%) from control embryos. Mo difference: (P > 0.05) was detected in number of calves developing from TRT and control embryos. We conclude that swainsonine does not have an adverse effect on the development and viability of preplacentation bovine embryos. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Anim Dairy & Vet Sci, Logan, UT 84322 USA. ARS, USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. ARS, USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NE Agr Univ, Dept Biotechnol, Harbin 150030, Peoples R China. RP Wang, S (reprint author), Utah State Univ, Dept Anim Dairy & Vet Sci, 9400 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322 USA. NR 40 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4320 J9 ANIM REPROD SCI JI Anim. Reprod. Sci. PD MAY 17 PY 1999 VL 56 IS 1 BP 19 EP 29 DI 10.1016/S0378-4320(99)00029-9 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Reproductive Biology SC Agriculture; Reproductive Biology GA 205CN UT WOS:000080803900003 PM 10401699 ER PT J AU Saunders, SC Chen, JQ Drummer, TD Crow, TR AF Saunders, SC Chen, JQ Drummer, TD Crow, TR TI Modeling temperature gradients across edges over time in a managed landscape SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE edge effects; microclimate; fragmentation; temperature; area of edge influence (AEI); depth of edge influence (DEI) ID DOUGLAS-FIR FORESTS; ECOLOGICAL BOUNDARIES; VEGETATION RESPONSES; FRAGMENTATION; PATTERN; BIRDS; NORTH AB Landscape management requires an understanding of the distribution of habitat patches in space and time. Regions of edge influence can form dominant components of both managed and naturally patchy ecosystems. However, the boundaries of these regions are spatially and temporally dynamic. Further, areas of edge influence can be defined by either biotic (e.g. overstory cover) vs. abiotic (e.g. microclimate) characteristics, or structural (e.g. vegetation height) vs. functional (e.g. decomposition rates) features. Edges defined by different characteristics are not always concordant; the degree of spatial concurrence varies with time. Thus, edge effects are difficult to generalize or quantify across a landscape. We examined temperature at eight times of the day across the edge between a clearing and a 50-year-old pine stand. We used simple, nonlinear equations to model and predict temperature gradients across this edge over time. The depth of edge influence (DEI) on temperature varied from 0 to 40 m, depending on the patch type and time of day. Two equations were required to model adequately (r(2)>0.50) patterns of temperature at all eight times of die day. Model fit was best at night (r(2)=0.97) and lowest in the afternoon (r(2)=0.50). Parameters for the models could be predicted from local, reference weather conditions. However, these linear relationships varied among parameters and with time of day (0.29 less than or equal to r(2)less than or equal to 0.99). Model validation was weak, with mean absolute percent error >10% for all day-time combinations. The models tended to underestimate DEI for both patch types, though edge depth was more accurately predicted in the closed-canopy stand than in the clearing. The difference between observed and predicted edge effects was highest at midday in the clearing and during the morning under closed canopy. The models predicted the location of peak temperature and the slope of temperature change (i.e. pattern of temperature variation) across the edge and the range of temperature better than actual values. We suggest that this approach may, therefore, be useful for characterizing edge dynamics if a wider range of local weather conditions could be monitored during initial data collection. The empirical evidence for temporal changes in position and intensity of abiotic edge effects emphasized the need to quantify these dynamics across time and space for sound planning at the landscape scale. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Math & Stat, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Saunders, SC (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Sch Forestry & Wood Prod, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RI Chen, Jiquan/D-1955-2009 NR 39 TC 45 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD MAY 17 PY 1999 VL 117 IS 1-3 BP 17 EP 31 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00468-X PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 180MR UT WOS:000079390200002 ER PT J AU Cole, TG Ewel, KC Devoe, NN AF Cole, TG Ewel, KC Devoe, NN TI Structure of mangrove trees and forests in Micronesia SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE regression equations; volume equations; Federated States of Micronesia; Republic of Palau; Sonneratia alba; Bruguiera gymnorrhiza; Rhizophora apiculata; Xylocarpus granatum; Rhizophora mucronata; Lumnitzera littorea ID PRODUCTIVITY AB Volume equations were constructed for five species of mangrove trees on volcanic high islands of Micronesia in the north Pacific Ocean, where islands that span a distance of more than 3000 km from east to west are characterized by a gradient of rainfall from 3080 to 5250 mm/year and a range of typhoon frequency from less than one per century to several per decade. We also calculated mean annual increments for a subset of the trees. The inclusion of very large trees in the data set makes these volume equations unique, For the five most common species, separate volume equations were calculated for each of the two easternmost islands (Kosrae and Pohnpei), the remaining islands ('Western Islands', including Chuuk, Yap, and Palau), and all the islands together (Micronesia). Tree structure differed significantly among the three island groupings and for two species, between Kosrae and Pohnpei, which are only 560 km apart. Mean annual diameter increments for Sonneratia alba and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza indicated significantly faster growth on Kosrae (0.96 and 0.44 cm/year, respectively) than on Pohnpei (0.33 and 0.26 cm/year, respectively). Frequency distributions of diameter size classes on these two islands demonstrated a more even distribution of sizes and more large trees on Kosrae (e.g., up to 3.2 m in diameter for S. alba). Differences in diameter distributions may be attributed to a typhoon that devastated Pohnpei, but not Kosrae, in 1905, but differences in growth rates cannot yet be explained. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. Univ Canterbury, Sch Forestry, Christchurch 1, New Zealand. RP Cole, TG (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Inst Pacific Isl Forestry, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, 1151 Punchbowl St,Room 323, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. NR 45 TC 21 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD MAY 17 PY 1999 VL 117 IS 1-3 BP 95 EP 109 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00474-5 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 180MR UT WOS:000079390200008 ER PT J AU Ganey, JL AF Ganey, JL TI Snag density and composition of snag populations on two National Forests in northern Arizona SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE snags; standing dead trees; ponderosa pine; mixed-conifer; Arizona; cavities; cavity-nesting birds ID CAVITY-NESTING BIRDS; PONDEROSA PINE; OREGON AB Snags (standing dead trees) provide important habitat for forest wildlife, as well as a source of coarse woody debris important in forest succession. Because of their importance, some land-management agencies have standards for snag retention on lands under their jurisdiction (e.g. U.S. Forest Service, British Columbia Ministry of Forestry). Despite these guidelines, however, little information is typically available on snag numbers or dynamics on these lands. As part of a long-term effort to monitor snag dynamics, snag populations were sampled on 114 1-ha plots randomly located across six Ranger Districts on two National Forests in northern Arizona. Sixty plots were located in ponderosa pine forest, with the remainder in mixed-conifer forest. Small snags and snags in later decay classes numerically dominated snag populations. Because large snags are most useful to forest wildlife, this suggests a need to retain large trees as future snags. Only 6.7 and 16.7% of plots in ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forest, respectively, met or exceeded current U.S. Forest Service standards for retention of large snags (defined as snags greater than or equal to 46 cm in diameter at breast height and 9 m in height) in this geographic region. Even plots with no evidence of timber or fuelwood harvest seldom met targets for retention of large snags, however. Only 30 and 32% of unlogged plots met or exceeded standards in ponderosa pine and mixed-conifer forest, respectively. This suggests that current standards for snag retention may be unrealistic, and that those standards may need to be reconsidered. Snag guidelines should be based on an understanding of both, snag dynamics and the requirements of snag-dependent wildlife species. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Ganey, JL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 2500 S Pine Knoll, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. EM Joe.Ganey@nau.edu NR 30 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD MAY 17 PY 1999 VL 117 IS 1-3 BP 169 EP 178 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00476-9 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 180MR UT WOS:000079390200012 ER PT J AU Abou-El-Enin, OH Fadel, JG Mackill, DJ AF Abou-El-Enin, OH Fadel, JG Mackill, DJ TI Differences in chemical composition and fibre digestion of rice straw with, and without, anhydrous ammonia from 53 rice varieties SO ANIMAL FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE rice; straw; ammonia treatment; in sacco digestion ID FIBER; DIGESTIBILITY; SHEEP AB The chemical composition and fibre digestion of straw from 53 rice varieties with, and without, ammonia treatment were determined. Four varieties were classified as tropical japonica, 41 as temperate japonica, six as indica, and two as intermediate. The results show a wide range of chemical composition among straws. Neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) ranged from 56.6% for Basmati-370 to 68.6% for M-204 with a mean value of 62.7%. Acid-detergent fibre ranged from 33.6% for Basmati-370 to 43.2% for Italica Livorno with an average of 37.7%. Lignin averaged about 4% and nitrogen ranged from 0.44% for M-201 to 0.86% for Basmati-370. The mean ash content was 18.6% with a fairly constant contribution of 72% silica. Treating the rice straw with anhydrous ammonia increased the nitrogen content (p < 0.0001) on the average by 0.53% and increased the NDF digestion on an average by 24% (p < 0.0001). Composition differences did not reflect the parentage of the varieties and cannot be used directly in breeding programs. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, USDA ARS, Dept Agron & Range Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Fadel, JG (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Anim Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Mackill, David/C-6368-2014 OI Mackill, David/0000-0003-4224-6781 NR 21 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-8401 J9 ANIM FEED SCI TECH JI Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. PD MAY 15 PY 1999 VL 79 IS 1-2 BP 129 EP 136 DI 10.1016/S0377-8401(98)00271-5 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 191CL UT WOS:000080003600011 ER PT J AU Brockmeier, SL AF Brockmeier, SL TI Early colonization of the rat upper respiratory tract by temperature modulated Bordetella bronchiseptica SO FEMS MICROBIOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE Bordetella bronchiseptica; bacterial colonization; Bvg; temperature modulation ID NASAL EPITHELIAL-CELLS; PASTEURELLA-MULTOCIDA; BUFFERED SALINE; ADHERENCE; VIRULENCE; HEMAGGLUTININ; NUTRIENTS; SURVIVAL AB The ability of nonmodulated Bvg(+) phase cultures, temperature modulated Bvg(-) phase cultures, and a Bvg(-) phase-locked mutant of Bordetella bronchiseptica to colonize the rat upper respiratory tract was investigated. Initially, greater numbers of the temperature modulated Bvg- phase bacteria adhered to the nasal cavity of the rats. The temperature modulated Bvg(-) phase bacteria appeared to be quickly cleared to levels lower than the Bvg(+) phase bacteria by 4 h after inoculation and stayed lower until 48 h after inoculation when colonization levels were equal to the Bvg(+) phase bacteria. The level of colonization with the Bvg(-) phase-locked mutant of B. bronchiseptica was lower than both the nonmodulated Bvg(+) phase and temperature modulated Bvg(-) phase cultures and declined over time during the experiment. These findings suggest that there may be increased adherence from an environmental phase to ensure bacteria survive initial clearance mechanisms until the switch to the Bvg(+) phase occurs. (C) 1999 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Avian & Swine Resp Dis Res Unit, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Brockmeier, SL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Avian & Swine Resp Dis Res Unit, POB 70, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1097 J9 FEMS MICROBIOL LETT JI FEMS Microbiol. Lett. PD MAY 15 PY 1999 VL 174 IS 2 BP 225 EP 229 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 195BV UT WOS:000080230000003 PM 10339812 ER PT J AU Biondi, F Perkins, DL Cayan, DR Hughes, MK AF Biondi, F Perkins, DL Cayan, DR Hughes, MK TI July temperature during the second millennium reconstructed from Idaho tree rings SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SUMMER TEMPERATURE; PATTERNS; CHRONOLOGY; CALIFORNIA; PINE AB An 858-year proxy record of July temperature for east-central Idaho shows multi-decadal periods of extreme cooling centered around AD 1300, 1340, 1460, and after AD 1600. These cold intervals are interrupted by prolonged warm spells in the early 1400s, late 1500s, and in the 1930s. The spatial signature of the paleoclimate record is centered on the north-central Rockies and central Great Plains, and expands over North America following a wave-like pattern. Neither instrumental nor proxy data in Idaho northeast valleys show unusual warming during the twentieth century. Climate episodes over the last three centuries are in broad agreement with the Greenland borehole temperature history. Low-frequency patterns are consistent with other northern hemisphere tree-ring records for the late Holocene, and provide a chronology of warm and cold intervals during the Little Ice Age. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Geosci Res Div, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Div Climate Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Logan, UT 84321 USA. RP Biondi, F (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Geosci Res Div, Mailcode 0215, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RI Hughes, Malcolm/F-3350-2014; Biondi, Franco/G-2536-2010 OI Hughes, Malcolm/0000-0003-1062-3167; Biondi, Franco/0000-0003-0651-104X NR 36 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD MAY 15 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 10 BP 1445 EP 1448 DI 10.1029/1999GL900272 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 197PR UT WOS:000080374500026 ER PT J AU Feng, Y Finley, JW Davis, CD Becker, WK Fretland, AJ Hein, DW AF Feng, Y Finley, JW Davis, CD Becker, WK Fretland, AJ Hein, DW TI Dietary selenium reduces the formation of aberrant crypts in rats administered 3,2 '-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE selenium; 3,2 '-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl; aromatic amines; colorectal cancer; aberrant crypt foci ID POTENTIAL CHEMOPREVENTIVE PROPERTIES; SYNTHETIC ORGANOSELENIUM COMPOUND; K-RAS MUTATIONS; CANCER CHEMOPREVENTION; MAMMARY CARCINOGENESIS; PRENEOPLASTIC LESIONS; HETEROCYCLIC AMINES; COLON-CANCER; DNA ADDUCTS; ACETYLATOR GENOTYPE AB Human epidemiologic studies suggest that low seleniun status is associated with increased cancer risk and that selenium supplementation is associated with reduction in the incidence of several cancers, including colorectal cancer. Aroma and heterocyclic amine carcinogens are thought to be important in the etiology of human colorectal cancer, but no information is available on the effects of selenium on aromatic amine-induced colon cancer. In order to investigate this effect, aberrant crypt foci (ACF), the putative preneoplastic lesions of colon cancer in humans and rodents, were used as a biomarker to test the hypothesis that selenium supplementation can reduce aromatic amine-induced colon carcinogenesis. Male weanling F344 inbred rats were fed a basal torula yeast selenium-deficient diet supplemented with 0, 0.1, or 2.0 mg selenium/kg diet as selenite, selenate, or selenomethionine (SeMet). Animals were fed the diets for 4 weeks and then administered 1 sc injection/week for 2 weeks of 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl (DMABP; 100 mg/kg) or vehicle peanut oh). At 12 weeks, the rats were euthanized and the colon and rectum were removed, opened longitudinally, and fixed in 70% ethanol. Glutathione peroxidase activities in erythrocytes and liver cytosol and selenium concentrations in the colon/rectum and kidney increased significantly (p < 0.05) and in a dose-dependent manner with each of the three selenium diets. No ACF were identified in vehicle-treated rats; In DMABP-treated rats, ACF frequencies decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in groups supplemented with 0.1 or 2.0 mg selenium/kg diet as selenite and selenate but not SeMet. There were no significant differences in ACF and aberrant crypts between rats fed 0.1 vs 2.0 mg selenium/kg diet. These results suggest that dietary selenium, depending on chemical form, can reduce aromatic amine-induced colon carcinogenesis. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Univ N Dakota, Sch Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Surg, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. Univ N Dakota, Sch Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Toxicol, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. RP Feng, Y (reprint author), Univ N Dakota, Sch Med & Hlth Sci, Dept Surg, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RI Hein, David/A-9707-2008 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-34627] NR 66 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD MAY 15 PY 1999 VL 157 IS 1 BP 36 EP 42 DI 10.1006/taap.1999.8623 PG 7 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 201DQ UT WOS:000080580100005 PM 10329505 ER PT J AU Jenkins, MC O'Brien, C Trout, J Guidry, A Fayer, R AF Jenkins, MC O'Brien, C Trout, J Guidry, A Fayer, R TI Hyperimmune bovine colostrum specific for recombinant Cryptosporidium parvum antigen confers partial protection against cryptosporidiosis in immunosuppressed adult mice SO VACCINE LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; PLASMID DNA; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; NEONATAL MICE; SCID MICE; SPOROZOITES; DIARRHEA; GENE AB Preparturient cows were immunized three times over a six-week period with recombinant plasmid DNA encoding the Cryptosporidium parvum CP15/60 antigen by injecting the DNA in the mammary gland. Serum was collected at each immunization and first colostrum was collected after parturition; all were assayed for Cryptosporidium-specific antibodies (Ab). A serological response to C. parvum sporozoite and oocyst antigen was detected in cows immunized with pCP15/60 plasmid DNA. Colostrum from these cows, unlike colostrum from normal controls, contained Ab specific for C. parvum sporozoites and oocysts as indicated by immunofluorescence Ab (IFA) staining. Colostrum was also tested for conferring passive immunity against C. parvum infection by oral administration to immunosuppressed adult inbred mice. Immune colostrum and control colostrum were administered to separate groups of dexamethasone (DEX)-treated adult C57BL/6NCr mice beginning 12 h before and at 12 h intervals for 3 days after oral C. parvum oocyst infection. Cryptosporidium development was assayed in ilea of immune- and control-colostrum-treated mice 96 h postinfection by semiquantitative PCR. Mice receiving immune colostrum showed partial protection (about 50% reduction) against intestinal C. parvum development compared to mice receiving control colostrum. This protection was evident at a challenge dose of 10(3) C. parvum oocysts per mouse; no differences were noted in parasite development between groups receiving immune or control colostrum and infected with 10(4) oocysts. This study showed that serum and colostrum Ab response to C. parvum can be elicited in preparturient cows by direct injection of recombinant pCP15/60 plasmid DNA and that passive protection against cryptosporidiosis can be obtained by treating immunosuppressed mice with immune colostrum before and after C. parvum infection. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Jenkins, MC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 42 TC 38 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD MAY 14 PY 1999 VL 17 IS 19 BP 2453 EP 2460 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(98)00369-7 PG 8 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 205BF UT WOS:000080800900016 PM 10392628 ER PT J AU Jacques, PF Selhub, J Bostom, AG Wilson, PWF Rosenberg, IH AF Jacques, PF Selhub, J Bostom, AG Wilson, PWF Rosenberg, IH TI The effect of folic acid fortification on plasma folate and total homocysteine concentrations SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; SERUM TOTAL HOMOCYSTEINE; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; VASCULAR-DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; MICROBIOLOGICAL ASSAY; LACTOBACILLUS-CASEI; SUPPLEMENTATION; PREVENTION AB Background In 1996, the Food and Drug Administration issued a regulation requiring all enriched grain products to be fortified with folic acid to reduce the risk of neural-tube defects in newborns. Fortification (140 mu g per 100 g) began in 1996, and the process was essentially complete by mid-1997. Methods To assess the effect of folic acid fortification on folate status, we measured plasma folate and total homocysteine concentrations (a sensitive marker of folate status) using blood samples from the fifth examination (January 1991 to December 1994) of the Framingham Offspring Study cohort for baseline values and the sixth examination (January 1995 to August 1998) for follow-up values. We divided the cohort into two groups on the basis of the date of their follow-up examination: the study group consisted of 350 subjects who were seen after fortification (September 1997 to March 1998), and the control group consisted of 756 subjects who were seen before fortification (January 1995 to September 1996). Results Among the subjects in the study group who did not use vitamin supplements, the mean folate concentrations increased from 4.6 to 10.0 ng per milliliter (11 to 23 nmol per liter) (P<0.001) from the baseline visit to the follow-up visit, and the prevalence of low folate concentrations (<3 ng per milliliter [7 nmol per liter]) decreased from 22.0 to 1.7 percent (P< 0.001). The mean total homocysteine concentration decreased from 10.1 to 9.4 mu mol per liter during this period (P<0.001), and the prevalence of high homocysteine concentrations (>13 mu mol per liter) decreased from 18.7 to 9.8 percent (P<0.001). In the control group, there were no statistically significant changes in concentrations of folate or homocysteine. Conclusions The fortification of enriched grain products with folic acid was associated with a substantial improvement in folate status in a population of middle-aged and older adults. (N Engl J Med 1999;340:1449-54.) (C) 1999, Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Mem Hosp Rhode Isl, Div Gen Internal Med, Providence, RI USA. NHLBI, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA USA. RP Rosenberg, IH (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HC-38038] NR 42 TC 745 Z9 762 U1 1 U2 22 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD MAY 13 PY 1999 VL 340 IS 19 BP 1449 EP 1454 DI 10.1056/NEJM199905133401901 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 194MT UT WOS:000080198700001 PM 10320382 ER PT J AU Bostom, AG Selhub, J AF Bostom, AG Selhub, J TI Homocysteine and arteriosclerosis - Subclinical and clinical disease associations SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Editorial Material DE editorials; arteriosclerosis; homocysteine; risk factors ID CAROTID-ARTERY STENOSIS; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS; PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; VASCULAR-DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; ATHEROSCLEROSIS RISK; ASYMPTOMATIC ADULTS C1 Mem Hosp Rhode Isl, Div Gen Internal Med, Providence, RI USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Vitamin Bioavailabil Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Bostom, AG (reprint author), Mem Hosp, 111 Brewster St, Pawtucket, RI 02860 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01-HL-56908-01A1] NR 44 TC 44 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD MAY 11 PY 1999 VL 99 IS 18 BP 2361 EP 2363 PG 3 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 193NR UT WOS:000080143300002 PM 10318653 ER PT J AU Evans, JD Wheeler, DE AF Evans, JD Wheeler, DE TI Differential gene expression between developing queens and workers in the honey bee, Apis mellifera SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID JUVENILE-HORMONE; MANDUCA-SEXTA; CASTE; PROTEINS; HEMOLYMPH; TRANSCRIPTION; POLYMORPHISM; HYMENOPTERA; EVOLUTION; FAMILY AB Many insects show polyphenisms, or alternative morphologies, which are based on differential gene expression rather than genetic polymorphism. Queens and workers are alternative forms of the adult female honey bee and represent one of the best known examples of insect polyphenism. Hormonal regulation of caste determination in honey bees has been studied in detail, but little is known about the proximate molecular mechanisms underlying this process, or any other such polyphenism. we report the success of a molecular-genetic approach for studying queen- and worker-specific gene expression in the development of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). Numerous genes appear to be differentially expressed between the two castes. Seven differentially expressed loci described here belong to at least five distinctly different evolutionary and functional groups. Two are particularly promising as potential regulators of caste differentiation, One is homologous to a widespread class of proteins that bind lipids and other hydrophobic ligands, including retinoic acid. The second locus shows sequence similarity to a DNA-binding domain in the Ets family of transcription factors. The remaining loci appear to be involved with downstream changes inherent to queen- or worker-specific developmental pathways. Caste determination in honey bees is typically thought of as primarily queen determination; our results make it clear that the process involves specific activation of genes in workers as well as in queens. C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Entomol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Evans, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Bee Res Lab, Bldg 476 BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Evans, Jay/C-8408-2012 OI Evans, Jay/0000-0002-0036-4651 FU NIAID NIH HHS [T32 AI007475, 5T32-AI-07475] NR 43 TC 180 Z9 206 U1 1 U2 41 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAY 11 PY 1999 VL 96 IS 10 BP 5575 EP 5580 DI 10.1073/pnas.96.10.5575 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 195JG UT WOS:000080246500048 PM 10318926 ER PT J AU Halliday, KJ Hudson, M Ni, M Qin, MM Quail, PH AF Halliday, KJ Hudson, M Ni, M Qin, MM Quail, PH TI poc1: An Arabidopsis mutant perturbed in phytochrome signaling because of a T DNA insertion in the promoter of PIF3, a gene encoding a phytochrome-interacting bHLH protein SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE photoreceptor; signal transduction ID TRANSDUCTION; LIGHT; RED; EXPRESSION; SEQUENCES; FAMILY; PHOTORESPONSES; PHOTORECEPTOR; ELONGATION; PERCEPTION AB The phytochrome family of informational photoreceptors has a central role in regulating light-responsive gene expression, but the mechanism of intracellular signal transduction has remained elusive. In a genetic screen for T DNA-tagged Arabidopsis mutants affected in early signaling intermediates, we identified pod (photocurrent 1), which exhibits enhanced responsiveness to red light. This phenotype is absent in a phyB (phytochrome B) null mutant background, indicating that the poc1 mutation enhances phyB signal transduction, The T DNA insertion in pod was found to be located in the promoter region of PIF3, a gene encoding a basic helix-loop-helix protein. The mutant phenotype seems to result from insertion-induced overexpression of this gene in red-light-grown seedlings, consistent with PIF3 functioning as a positively acting signaling intermediate. These findings, combined with data from a separate yeast two-hybrid screen that identified PIF3 as a phytochrome-interacting factor necessary for normal signaling, provide evidence that phytochrome signal transduction may include a direct pathway to photoresponsive nuclear genes via physical interaction of the photoreceptor molecules with the potential transcriptional regulator PIF3. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Microbiol & Plant Pathol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Quail, PH (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Microbiol & Plant Pathol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Hudson, Matthew/A-4438-2008 OI Hudson, Matthew/0000-0002-4737-0936 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM047475, GM47475] NR 23 TC 65 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAY 11 PY 1999 VL 96 IS 10 BP 5832 EP 5837 DI 10.1073/pnas.96.10.5832 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 195JG UT WOS:000080246500092 PM 10318970 ER PT J AU Ponizovsky, AA Chudinova, SM Pachepsky, YA AF Ponizovsky, AA Chudinova, SM Pachepsky, YA TI Performance of TDR calibration models as affected by soil texture SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGY LA English DT Article DE time domain reflectometry; soil moisture; soil texture ID TIME-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY; WATER-CONTENT; MOISTURE; AREA AB Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is widely used to measure the soil water contents. The effect of soil composition on TDR calibration has to be quantified to diminish the need in re-calibration of TDR. Our objectives were: (a) to evaluate the ability of published models to fit TDR calibration data for the soils of different texture, and (b) to explore using a piecewise-constant distribution to approximate the continuous dependence of the dielectric constant on the position of water within soil pore space. We calibrated TDR in sand-kaolin mixtures, dernovo-podzolic soil, gray forest soil, and leached chernozem. Distinct changes in slopes of the calibration curves were observed for the fine-textured samples in the range of volumetric water contents from 0.13 to 0.27. The ratio of the lack-of-fit mean square error and the mean square pure error was used as a statistic for the error comparison to conclude whether a model provided a satisfactory fit of data. Published models that did not have parameters to adjust fitted well data for coarse-textured mixtures and soils but failed to fit data for fine textured mixtures and soils. The piecewise-constant distribution model with three adjustable parameters fitted well all data. Parameters of this model were related to clay content in the samples. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Soil Sci & Photosynthesis, Pushchino 142292, Moscow Region, Russia. USDA ARS, Remote Sensing Modelling Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Duke Univ Phytotron, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RP Ponizovsky, AA (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Soil Sci & Photosynthesis, Pushchino 142292, Moscow Region, Russia. OI Pachepsky, Yakov/0000-0003-0232-6090 NR 29 TC 44 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1694 J9 J HYDROL JI J. Hydrol. PD MAY 10 PY 1999 VL 218 IS 1-2 BP 35 EP 43 DI 10.1016/S0022-1694(99)00017-7 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Engineering; Geology; Water Resources GA 198DZ UT WOS:000080408600003 ER PT J AU White, JL Harvey, BC AF White, JL Harvey, BC TI Habitat separation of prickly sculpin, Cottus asper, and coastrange sculpin, Cottus aleuticus, in the mainstem Smith River, northwestern California SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID STREAM FISHES; SEGREGATION; SIZE AB Sympatric coastrange sculpin, Comes aleuticus and prickly sculpin, C. asper, occupied distinct habitats in the mainstem smith River, northwestern California. For example, 90% of coastrange sculpin (n = 294) used habitat with water velocity > 5 cm . s(-1), whereas 89% of prickly sculpin (n = 981) used habitat with water velocity less than or equal to 5 cm . s(-1). Sixty-five percent of coastrange sculpin were found at depths < 1 m, whereas 37% of prickly sculpin occupied depths > 7 m. The strong spatial separation of coastrange and prickly sculpin in the mainstem Smith River contrasts with the overlap in their nse of habitat in the nearby Eel River. Differences between the rivers in habitat availability, intensity of piscivory, and density of sculpins may con tribute to this contrast. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Redwood Sci Lab, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. RP Harvey, BC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Redwood Sci Lab, 1700 Bayview Dr, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. NR 12 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS HERPETOLOGISTS PI CHARLESTON PA UNIV CHARLESTON, GRICE MARINE LABORATORY, 205 FORT JOHNSON RD, CHARLESTON, SC 29412 USA SN 0045-8511 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD MAY 7 PY 1999 IS 2 BP 371 EP 375 PG 5 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 196DE UT WOS:000080293100013 ER PT J AU Vande Weghe, JG Ow, DW AF Vande Weghe, JG Ow, DW TI A fission yeast gene for mitochondrial sulfide oxidation SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID PURPLE PHOTOTROPHIC BACTERIUM; SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES-POMBE; QUINONE REDUCTASE; FLAVOCYTOCHROME-C; RHODOBACTER-CAPSULATUS; CYTOCHROME REDUCTION; TOLERANCE; DEHYDROGENASE; DETOXIFICATION; PURIFICATION AB A cadmium-hypersensitive mutant of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe was found to accumulate abnormally high levels of sulfide. The gene required for normal regulation of sulfide levels, hmt2(+), was cloned by complementation of the cadmium-hypersensitive phenotype of the mutant. Cell fractionation and immunocytochemistry indicated that HMT2 protein is localized to mitochondria, Sequence analysis revealed homology between HMT2 and sulfide dehydrogenases from photosynthetic bacteria. HMT2 protein, produced in and purified from Escherichia coli, was soluble, bound FAD, and catalyzed the reduction of quinone (coenzyme Q(2)) by sulfide. HMT2 activity was also detected in isolated fission yeast mitochondria. We propose that HMT2 functions as a sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase. Homologous enzymes may be widespread in higher organisms, as sulfide-oxidizing activities have been described previously in animal mitochondria, and genes of unknown function, but with similarity to hmt2(+), are present in the genomes of flies, worms, rats, mice, and humans. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Plant & Microbial Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Ow, DW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Plant Gene Express, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 36 TC 56 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD MAY 7 PY 1999 VL 274 IS 19 BP 13250 EP 13257 DI 10.1074/jbc.274.19.13250 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 194NL UT WOS:000080200400046 PM 10224084 ER PT J AU McElwain, KV Estienne, MJ Barb, CR AF McElwain, KV Estienne, MJ Barb, CR TI Effect of cysteamine hydrochloride on secretion of growth hormone in male swine SO LIFE SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE growth hormone; cysteamine hydrochloride; boars ID SOMATOSTATIN; DOPAMINE; INSULIN; SHEEP AB The objective of this study was to determine the effect of cysteamine hydrochloride (CSH) on growth hormone (GH) secretion in male swine. Twelve Poland China x Yorkshire boars, weighing 103.4 +/- 3.0 kg and fitted with indwelling jugular vein catheters, were individually penned in an environmentally controlled room. Boars received i.v. injections of either 0, 25, 50, or 75 mg CSH/kg body weight (BW) at h 0 (n = 3/treatment). Blood samples were collected every 15 min from h 0 to h 4. Serum concentrations of GH were determined by radioimmunoassay. There was an effect of treatment (P < .05) on mean GH concentrations. Mean GH concentrations (ng/ml) were 1.97 +/- .46, 2.24 +/- .59,.91 +/- .06, and .62 +/- .08 for boars receiving 0, 25, 50, and 75 mg CSH/ kg BW, respectively. The dose of CSH-mean GH response had a linear (P < .01) component. Cysteamine hydrochloride at the 75 mg/kg BW dose decreased mean GH concentrations (P < .05) compared to the 0 and 25 mg/kg BW groups. The frequency and amplitude of GH pulses were similar (P > .1) among treatments. Overall, GH pulse amplitude was 2.35 +/- .58 ng/ml and GH pulse frequency was .75 +/- .07 pulses/h. Results from this experiment indicate that CSH suppresses circulating GH concentrations in a dose dependent fashion in boars. C1 Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, Dept Agr, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. USDA ARS, Anim Physiol Unit, Athens, GA 30606 USA. RP Estienne, MJ (reprint author), Univ Maryland Eastern Shore, Dept Agr, Princess Anne, MD 21853 USA. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0024-3205 J9 LIFE SCI JI Life Sci. PD MAY 7 PY 1999 VL 64 IS 24 BP 2233 EP 2238 DI 10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00183-6 PG 6 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 196TE UT WOS:000080323000007 PM 10374913 ER PT J AU Hsu, CY Creech, RG Jenkins, JN Ma, DP AF Hsu, CY Creech, RG Jenkins, JN Ma, DP TI Analysis of promoter activity of cotton lipid transfer protein gene LTP6 in transgenic tobacco plants SO PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Agrobacterium-mediated transformation; beta-glucuronidase; histochemical GUS assay; fluorometric GUS assay; polymerase chain reaction; trichomes ID EXPRESSION; DNA; ARABIDOPSIS; FIBER; BACTERIAL; PATHOGENS; PATTERNS; BINDING; INVITRO; CLONING AB A cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) genomic clone (1.7-kb DNA insert) harboring the lipid transfer gene Ltp6 specifically expressed in fiber cells had been previously isolated and characterized. By using PCR amplification, the 447 bp Ltp6 promoter and a series of 5' deletions of the promoter were generated and cloned into a pBI101 plasmid upstream of the GUS (beta-glucuronidase) reporter gene. These constructs were introduced into Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404, and leaf disks of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) were transformed with A. tumefaciens LBA4404 carrying various promoter-GUS pBI101 plasmids, Histochemical analyses of the transgenic tobacco seedlings indicated that the Ltp6 promoter (from nt - 447 to - 1, undeleted) directed GUS expression only in trichomes (hair cells). Fluorometric GUS assays showed that the promoter activity of the undeleted Ltp6 promoter was at least 1000 times weaker than that of the 35S promoter of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV). Sequential deletions of the promoter gradually decreased the expression level of the GUS gene. No GUS activity was observed when the 5' deletion of the Ltp6 promoter reached to nt - 86, which removed the putative CAAT and TATA promoter elements. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Mississippi State Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. USDA ARS, Crop Sci Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Ma, DP (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Box 9650, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 27 TC 30 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0168-9452 J9 PLANT SCI JI Plant Sci. PD MAY 7 PY 1999 VL 143 IS 1 BP 63 EP 70 DI 10.1016/S0168-9452(99)00026-6 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 205CK UT WOS:000080803600008 ER PT J AU Huang, F Buschman, LL Higgins, RA McGaughey, WH AF Huang, F Buschman, LL Higgins, RA McGaughey, WH TI Inheritance of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxin (Dipel ES) in the European corn borer SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DIAMONDBACK MOTH LEPIDOPTERA; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS; PLUTELLA-XYLOSTELLA; INSECT RESISTANCE; DELTA-ENDOTOXIN; NOCTUIDAE; SELECTION; STABILITY; KURSTAKI AB Resistance in the European com borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner), to a commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)Berliner toxin, Dipel ES, appears to be inherited as an incompletely dominant autosomal gene. This contrasts with the inheritance of resistance to St in other insects, where it has usually been characterized as a recessive trait. The proposed high-dose/refuge strategy for resistance management in St maize depends on resistance being recessive or partially recessive, if field resistance turns out to be similar to this Laboratory resistance, the usefulness of the high-dose/refuge strategy for resistance management in Bt maize may be diminished. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. ARS, USDA, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Higgins, RA (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 22 TC 128 Z9 157 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD MAY 7 PY 1999 VL 284 IS 5416 BP 965 EP 967 DI 10.1126/science.284.5416.965 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 194MU UT WOS:000080198800046 ER PT J AU Chu, CC Cohen, AC Natwick, ET Simmons, GS Henneberry, TJ AF Chu, CC Cohen, AC Natwick, ET Simmons, GS Henneberry, TJ TI Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera : Aleyrodidae) biotype B colonisation and leaf morphology relationships in upland cotton cultivars SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Australian cultivars; Deltapine cultivars; leaf thickness; okra-leaf; vascular bundles ID SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; GENNADIUS HEMIPTERA; SAMPLING PLANS; HOMOPTERA; RESISTANCE; ARGENTIFOLII; POPULATIONS; WHITEFLIES AB Cultivars of upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., are widely grown throughout the world for fibre production. They are also good reproductive hosts for Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B. We studied the relationships between cotton leaf morphology and whitefly population densities in eight United States Deltapine and six Australian cotton cultivars and breeding lines at Holtville, California, in 1996. Results showed that okra-leaf cultivars and lines were colonised with fewer whitefly adults, eggs and nymphs compared to normal-leaf cultivars. The distance from underleaf surfaces of cotton leaves to the centres of nearest minor vascular bundles was negatively correlated with whitefly adult, egg and nymphal densities on leaves for all genotypes with the exception of the Australian breeding line 89013-114. Our results suggest that okra-leaf and distance from underleaf surfaces to the centre of nearest minor vascular bundles of cotton leaves are genetic traits that have potential for breeding whitefly-resistant upland cotton cultivars. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. USDA ARS, Biol Control Rearing Res Unit, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Univ Calif Cooperat Extens, Holtville, CA 92250 USA. USDA, APHIS, PPQ, WR, Brawley, CA 92227 USA. RP Chu, CC (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 32 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE ASIA PI CARLTON PA 54 UNIVERSITY ST, P O BOX 378, CARLTON, VICTORIA 3053, AUSTRALIA SN 1326-6756 J9 AUST J ENTOMOL JI Aust. J. Entomol. PD MAY 4 PY 1999 VL 38 BP 127 EP 131 DI 10.1046/j.1440-6055.1999.00091.x PN 2 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 195JZ UT WOS:000080248500013 ER PT J AU Crawford, J Wilkinson, B Vosnesensky, A Smith, G Garcia, M Stone, H Perdue, ML AF Crawford, J Wilkinson, B Vosnesensky, A Smith, G Garcia, M Stone, H Perdue, ML TI Baculovirus-derived hemagglutinin vaccines protect against lethal influenza infections by avian H5 and H7 subtypes SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE avian influenza; hemagglutinin; baculovirus-origin subunit vaccine ID A VIRUSES; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; GENE; CONJUNCTIVITIS; IMMUNIZATION; ANTIBODIES; EMERGENCE; CHICKENS; SEQUENCE; ANTIGENS AB Baculoviruses were engineered to express hemagglutinin (HA) genes of recent avian influenza (AI) isolates of the H5 and H7 subtypes, The proteins were expressed as either intact (H7) or slightly truncated versions (H5). In both cases purified H4 proteins from insect cell cultures retained hemagglutination activity and formed rosettes in solution, indicating proper folding. Although immunogenic in this form, these proteins were more effective when administered subcutaneously in a water-in-oil emulsion. One or two-day-old specific pathogen free (SPF) White Rock chickens, free of maternal AI antibodies, responded with variable serum Hi titers. but in some cases the titers were comparable to those achieved using whole virus preparations. Vaccination of three-week-old chickens with 1.0 mu g of protein per bird generated a more consistent serum antibody response with an average geometric mean titer (GMT) of 121 (H5) and 293 (H7) at 21 days postvaccination. When challenged with highly pathogenic strains of the corresponding AI subtypes, the vaccinated birds were completely protected against lethal infection and in some cases exhibited reduced or no cloacal shedding at 3 days postinfection. Vaccine protocols employing these recombinant HA proteins will not elicit an immune response against internal AI proteins and thus will not interfere with epidemiological surveys of natural influenza infections in the field. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Protein Sci Corp, Meriden, CT 06450 USA. RP Perdue, ML (reprint author), Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Surg, Ctr AIDS Res, Durham, NC 27710 USA. NR 47 TC 98 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD MAY 4 PY 1999 VL 17 IS 18 BP 2265 EP 2274 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(98)00494-0 PG 10 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 193QA UT WOS:000080146500007 PM 10403594 ER PT J AU Kustas, WP Norman, JM AF Kustas, WP Norman, JM TI Reply to comments about the basic equations of dual-source vegetation-atmosphere transfer models SO AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE soil-vegetation models; surface energy balance; radiation divergence; turbulent transport; sparse vegetative canopies ID HEAT-FLUX; SURFACE; CROPS AB The note by Lhomme and Chehbouni [Lhomme, J.-P., Chehbouni, A., 1999. Comments about the basic equations of dual-source vegetation-atmosphere transfer models, Agric. For. Meteorol., in press] discusses the apparent contradictions in the basic conservation equations of dual-source vegetation models. They claim these inconsistencies appeared in several papers which includes the dual-source formulation of Norman et al. [Norman, J.M., Kustas, W.P., Humes, K.S.. 1995. Agric. For. Meteorol, 77, 263-293], This note clarifies the assumptions leading to our formulations which will show that there are no inconsistencies in our model (hereafter referred as N95), Moreover, we propose modifications to the commonly used Beer's law approach for estimating net radiation divergence and a simple method to account for clumped vegetation that attempts to accommodate typical heterogeneity associated with sparse vegetation in an alternative way to the 'patch' approach. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, W Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Kustas, WP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Hydrol Lab Bldg 007, W Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 12 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1923 J9 AGR FOREST METEOROL JI Agric. For. Meteorol. PD MAY 3 PY 1999 VL 94 IS 3-4 BP 275 EP 278 PG 4 WC Agronomy; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Agriculture; Forestry; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 194RD UT WOS:000080206600010 ER PT J AU Cavero, J Plant, RE Shennan, C Friedman, DB Williams, JR Kiniry, JR Benson, VW AF Cavero, J Plant, RE Shennan, C Friedman, DB Williams, JR Kiniry, JR Benson, VW TI Modeling nitrogen cycling in tomato-safflower and tomato-wheat rotations SO AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE nitrogen modeling; EPIC; N leaching; crop rotations modeling; safflower modeling ID CARTHAMUS-TINCTORIUS; PROCESSING TOMATOES; MANAGEMENT-SYSTEMS; FURROW IRRIGATION; SIMULATION-MODELS; CROP PRODUCTION; EPIC MODEL; WATER-USE; SOIL; YIELD AB The use of crop models to simulate the nitrogen (N) cycle in crop rotations is of major interest because of the complexity of processes that simultaneously interact. We studied the performance of the Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) model in simulating the N cycle in two different rotations under irrigation: tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)-safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and tomato-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Processing tomatoes were grown on raised beds and furrow irrigated in 1994 in the Sacramento Valley of California, USA. Safflower and wheat were grown in 1995 and 1994-95, respectively, after the previous tomato crop. A data set from safflower grown on different plots in 1994 was used to calibrate the model for this crop. The model accurately predicted the yield, biomass and N uptake of the crops in the rotation. Soil inorganic N was also accurately simulated in the two rotations. The model predicted important amounts of N leached during the winter period of 1994-95 due to the heavy rainfall. The model was used to explore the influence of rotation type (tomato-safflower or tomato-wheat) and irrigation type (fixed amounts and dates or flexible automatic irrigation). Simulation results of the two rotations during 10 years (1986-95) predicted average losses by leaching higher than 200 kg N ha(-1) for each rotation period, irrespective of the rotation type. Losses were more important during the fall-winter and increased as rainfall increased above a threshold rainfall of 300 mm. The flexible automatic irrigation resulted in lower N leached during the tomato crop season. Simulation results indicated that a fallow period during the fall-winter following processing tomatoes should be avoided because of the high risk of N leaching losses. The introduction in the rotation of a deep-rooted crop, such as safflower, grown with low irrigation, drastically reduced the risk of N leaching during the following fall-winter period, without substantial yield reductions. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CSIC, Estac Expt Aula Dei, Dept Genet & Prod Vegetal, E-50080 Zaragoza, Spain. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agron & Range Sci, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Vegetable Crops, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Texas Agr Expt Stn, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. USDA, NRCS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Cavero, J (reprint author), CSIC, Estac Expt Aula Dei, Dept Genet & Prod Vegetal, Apdo 202, E-50080 Zaragoza, Spain. EM jcavero@eead.csic.es RI Shennan, Carol/I-1694-2013; Cavero, Jose/D-8350-2011; OI Shennan, Carol/0000-0001-6401-5007; Cavero, Jose/0000-0003-2656-3242 NR 56 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-521X J9 AGR SYST JI Agric. Syst. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 60 IS 2 BP 123 EP 135 DI 10.1016/S0308-521X(99)00023-2 PG 13 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 201NG UT WOS:000080601200005 ER PT J AU Bovey, RW Dahlberg, JA Senseman, SA Miller, FR Madera-Torres, P AF Bovey, RW Dahlberg, JA Senseman, SA Miller, FR Madera-Torres, P TI Desiccation and germination of grain sorghum as affected by glufosinate SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID EFFICACY; AMMONIUM AB Preharvest desiccants are needed to reduce moisture content of grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] for earlier harvest to preserve seed quality and quantity, Objectives of this study were (i) to examine the desiccant activity of glufosinate [2-amino-4-(hydroxy-methylphosphinyl)butanoic acid] applied at several rates to grain sorghum at different seed moisture levels in contrasting environments and (ii) to determine the effect of glufosinate on germination and seedling growth of the treated crop. The soil at College Station (east-central Texas), was a Ships clay (very-fine, mixed, active, thermic, Chromic Hapludert); at Mayaguez, PR, a Coto clay (very-fine, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic Typic Hapludox). Glufosinate was evaluated because of its contact herbicidal properties and limited systemic activity. In both Texas and Puerto Rico, glufosinate was applied at 0, 0.56, 1.1, or 2.2 kg ha(-1) to grain sorghum, Leaves and seed were sampled at 0, 1, 2, and 3 wk after treatment (WAT) for grain and leaf moisture. Seed was collected at 2 and 3 WAT for germination and growth studies. Glufosinate at all three treatment rates dried seed of the grain sorghum hybrid ATx638/Tx2783 in Texas from >350 g kg(-1) grain moisture at application to a storable moisture of <120 g kg(-1) at 2 WAT, at which time untreated grain moisture was 150 g kg(-1). Glufosinate rate did not affect grain moisture except at the high glufosinate rate at 1 WAT. Leaf moisture reduction was glufosinate rate-dependent, but all treatments significantly reduced leaf moisture content at 1 WAT. Germination and seedling growth were not affected by glufosinate treatment. Grain desiccation rate under a tropical environment (Puerto Rico) was slightly slower than in Texas, but leaf moisture reduction was rapid and reached <300 g kg(-1) by 1 WAT from initial leaf moisture contents of 500 or 770 g kg(-1). Germination was not adversely affected by glufosinate. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecol & Management, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Trop Agr Res Stn, Mayaguez, PR 00681 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Bovey, RW (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Rangeland Ecol & Management, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RI Senseman, Scott/E-7714-2011 NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 91 IS 3 BP 373 EP 376 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 228HD UT WOS:000082130300004 ER PT J AU Hoffman, ML Buhler, DD Owen, MDK AF Hoffman, ML Buhler, DD Owen, MDK TI Weed population and crop yield response to recommendations from a weed control decision aid SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CORN ZEA-MAYS; BIOECONOMIC MODEL; FIELD-EVALUATION; MANAGEMENT; PROGRAM; SYSTEM; SOIL AB Selecting among the diverse options available to manage weeds requires varied knowledge, This study field-tested the performance of a decision aid model that integrates biological and economic factors to make weed control recommendations. The model was parameterized using data from the literature and subjected to sensitivity analysis. Tactics generated from the resulting model were compared with standard-herbicide weed control in continuous corn (Zea mays L.) having a long-term history of various tillage and herbicide application regimes. The model recommended preemergent and postemergent weed control based on weed seed and weed seedling densities, respectively. Using standard-herbicide weed control resulted in fewer weed seeds in the soil each year compared with model-based weed control. Variation among model-based weed control treatments applied to plots with different management histories was eliminated over the course of the study as weed populations shifted in response to weed control practices, The result was a 98% relative abundance of foxtail (Setaria spp.) seedlings after 3 yr of model-based treatments, compared with 70% in standard-herbicide treatments. In 1994, the model reduced herbicide use and weed control treatment costs, but often reduced corn yields and net economic returns. In 1995. model-based treatments maintained or increased corn yields and net returns. In 1996, however, model-based treatments consistently reduced corn yields and net returns. Variability in control treatment effectiveness and weed-crop interaction greatly affected the performance of the model. The use of decision-aid models in weed management is still a developing technology. Interactions of the weed seed bank, weed emergence, treatment effectiveness, weed-crop interference, and environmental conditions are very complex, The model could become a valuable tool for producers if consistency of weed control were improved by better understanding and modeling of threshold levels and accounting for weed seed production and by adding data on weed emergence, seed production, yield loss, and control efficacy. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Hoffman, ML (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 91 IS 3 BP 386 EP 392 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 228HD UT WOS:000082130300006 ER PT J AU Ma, LW Peterson, GA Ahuja, LR Sherrod, L Shaffer, MJ Rojas, KW AF Ma, LW Peterson, GA Ahuja, LR Sherrod, L Shaffer, MJ Rojas, KW TI Decomposition of surface crop residues in long-term studies of dryland agroecosystems SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WHEAT STRAW DECOMPOSITION; NITROGEN; FIELD; PLACEMENT; MODEL; PREDICTION; MANAGEMENT; CARBON; SOIL AB Decomposition of surface crop residues is important for agricultural management, especially under conservation tillage. The objective of this study was to test several models for describing crop residue decomposition under three eastern Colorado dryland agroecosystems at Sterling, Stratton, and Walsh with a yearly mean air temperature of 9.7, 10.4, and 12.0 degrees C, respectively. At each site, a soil toposequence common to its geographic region was chosen to include a summit, a sideslope, and a toeslope position, and several crop rotations were practiced under no-till conditions. Grab samples were taken at planting and before harvesting for surface residue measurement since 1985, Simulation results showed that the Douglas-Rickman model described surface crop residue decomposition better than the Gregory model during a 13-year period, based on a normalized objective function (NOF). Our fitted decomposition rate coefficients using the Douglas-Rickman model matched those originally published. The Douglas-Rickman model, which uses a first-order decay with respect to degree-days, was further evaluated against two other first-order decay models: one using a first-order decay equation with respect to decomposition-days and the other assuming a first order decay with respect to time (d), Although the three approaches performed equally well in terms of NOF values (P = 0.354), fitted decomposition rate coefficients were significantly different (P < 0.012) among the three experiment sites when models based on decomposition-days or on time (in days) were used. Therefore, the Douglas-Rickman model may be more applicable for describing long-term crop residue decomposition because of its consistency in model parameters among experimental sites and simplicity in modeling approach. C1 USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, USDA, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Ahuja, LR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Great Plains Syst Res Unit, POB E, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RI Peterson, Gary/B-8119-2013 NR 28 TC 26 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 91 IS 3 BP 401 EP 409 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 228HD UT WOS:000082130300008 ER PT J AU Valencia, E Williams, MJ Chase, CC Sollenberger, LE Hammond, AC Kalmbacher, RS Kunkle, WE AF Valencia, E Williams, MJ Chase, CC Sollenberger, LE Hammond, AC Kalmbacher, RS Kunkle, WE TI Management effects on herbage yield and botanical composition of rhizoma peanut-mixed grass associations SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PASTURES AB Broadleaf weeds invade rhizoma peanut (Arachis glabrata Benth,) (RP) stands as they age, possibly because of decline in associated grasses, particularly bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge), Our objective was to assess the effect of spring N fertilization and summer stocking rate (1.5 vs. 2.5 animals ha(-1); Exp, 1) or spring N fertilization and presence or absence (no grazing until July) of spring grazing (Exp, 2) on the herbage yield and botanical composition of mixed RP-grass swards. In both experiments, pastures were fertilized with either no N (N-0) or 35 kg ha(-1) of N (N-35) in March or early April for 3 yr. Sward herbage mass (Mg ha(-1)) and botanical composition were assessed in spring (April), summer (July), and fall (October) of 1995 and 1996 and spring of 1997. In Exp, 1, stocking rate did not affect herbage mass or botanical composition, but N fertilization did. By spring 1997, there was an eight percentage unit increase in grass contribution (0.30 Mg ha(-1) increase in dry matter) and a trend for greater decline in RP (five percentage units, but no change in RP dry matter) for N-35 vs. N-0. Other forbs, Mexican tea (Chenopodium ambrosoides L.), and cogongrass [Imperata cylindrica (L.) Rausch.] were not affected by N rate. Similar changes in herbage mass and RP percentage were noted for Exp, 2, but there was a stocking rate x N fertilization interaction for grasses because the percentage increase in grass was greatest when N was applied and grazing deferred in the spring. Forb content of the sward was not affected by N fertilization or spring grazing. Our results show that grass yield and content of RP-grass swards ran be manipulated by N fertilization and deferral of spring grazing, but for the limited time period studied (3 yr), increased grass presence was not sufficient to inhibit encroachment of weedy forbs. C1 USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Anim Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, IFAS, Range Cattle REC, Ona, FL 33865 USA. RP Williams, MJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Subtrop Agr Res Stn, Brooksville, FL 34601 USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 91 IS 3 BP 431 EP 438 PG 8 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 228HD UT WOS:000082130300012 ER PT J AU Turner, KE Belesky, DP Fedders, JM AF Turner, KE Belesky, DP Fedders, JM TI Chicory effects on lamb weight gain and rate of in vitro organic matter and fiber disappearance SO AGRONOMY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID GRASSLANDS PUNA CHICORY; CELL-WALL COMPONENTS; CICHORIUM-INTYBUS L; HEIGHT; GROWTH; PRODUCTIVITY; MANAGEMENT; NITROGEN AB In modern forage systems, there is increased emphasis on use of nontraditional forages to supply nutrients to livestock, Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the utility and nutritive value of chicory (Cichorium intybus L,; CHIC) as a component of hill-land pastures in Appalachia. In 1995, lamb (Ovis aries) gain was 56.1 kg ha(-1) on orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.; OG), while those grazing OG + CHIC lost 24.2 kg ha(-1) during the 44-d midsummer grazing period (P < 0.05). In 1996, while weight gains were not different (P > 0.10), total lamb production per hectare was 14% less on OG + CHIC (258 kg ha(-1)) than on OG only (300 kg ha(-1)) for the 79-d grazing period. In 1997, total weight gained for the season was not different (P > 0.10); lambs grazed OG or OG + CHIC for 110 d and production was 362 and 351 kg ha(-1), respectively. Laboratory mixtures of 40:60 or 60:40 OG:CHIC had higher (P < 0.05) in vitro organic matter disappearance (IVOMD), compared with 100% OG or 100% CHIC. There was a synergism in mixtures with orchardgrass that increased IVOMD relative to pure samples. Another laboratory experiment suggested that as total N increased in chicory herbage, rate of in vitro neutral-detergent fiber (NDF) disappearance decreased. More information on the influence of soil type and management on chicory growth in pure stands and mixtures with other plant species is needed to optimize productivity of systems that include chicory. C1 USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RP Turner, KE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Appalachian Farming Syst Res Ctr, 1224 Airport Rd, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 35 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0002-1962 J9 AGRON J JI Agron. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 91 IS 3 BP 445 EP 450 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 228HD UT WOS:000082130300014 ER PT J AU Elzen, PJ Baxter, JR Spivak, M Wilson, WT AF Elzen, PJ Baxter, JR Spivak, M Wilson, WT TI Amitraz resistance in varroa: New discovery in North America SO AMERICAN BEE JOURNAL LA English DT Article C1 ARS, USDA, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Elzen, PJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Kika de la Garza Subtrop Agr Res Ctr, 2413 E Hwy 83, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. NR 0 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 4 PU DADANT & SONS INC PI HAMILTON PA AMER BEE JOURNAL, HAMILTON, IL 62341 USA SN 0002-7626 J9 AM BEE J JI Am. Bee J. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 139 IS 5 BP 362 EP 362 PG 1 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 192DW UT WOS:000080063900010 ER PT J AU Variyam, JN Blaylock, J Lin, BH Ralston, K Smallwood, D AF Variyam, JN Blaylock, J Lin, BH Ralston, K Smallwood, D TI Mother's nutrition knowledge and children's dietary intakes SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE household production model; latent variable; nutrient intakes; nutrition education ID HEALTH; DETERMINANTS; INFORMATION; EDUCATION; HEIGHT; FAT AB This article uses U.S. food consumption data to examine the effect of maternal nutrition knowledge on the dietary intakes of children between two and seventeen years of age. Results show that maternal knowledge influences children's diets and that such influence decreases as children grow older. Nutrition knowledge acts as a pathway through which maternal education influences children's diets. This finding supports the hypothesis that education affects health-related choices by raising the allocative efficiency of health input use. The results suggest that nutrition education may be more effective if targeted both toward mothers with young children and directly toward school-age children. C1 Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Variyam, JN (reprint author), Econ Res Serv, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 32 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 415 SOUTH DUFF AVE, STE C, AMES, IA 50010-6600 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 81 IS 2 BP 373 EP 384 DI 10.2307/1244588 PG 12 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 201XR UT WOS:000080623000009 ER PT J AU Gopinath, M Pick, D Vasavada, U AF Gopinath, M Pick, D Vasavada, U TI The economics of foreign direct investment and trade with an application to the US food processing industry SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE export; foreign affiliate sales; foreign direct investment; multinational corporation ID EXCHANGE-RATES; EXPORTS AB This article investigates the determinants of foreign direct investment and its relationship to trade in the U.S. food industry. A multinational corporation maximizes profits by choosing between production at home, which is, exported, and production in a host country. This introduces the possibility that foreign affiliate sales can substitute and/or complement exports. The empirical framework consists of a four-equations system with foreign affiliate sales, exports, affiliate employment, and FDI as endogenous variables. The results confirm small substitution between foreign sales and exports, and that the host country's protection policies affect the decision to invest abroad. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Econ Res Serv, Markets & Trad Econ Div, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Econ Res Serv, Nat Resources & Environm Div, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Gopinath, M (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Agr & Resource Econ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 38 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI AMES PA 415 SOUTH DUFF AVE, STE C, AMES, IA 50010-6600 USA SN 0002-9092 J9 AM J AGR ECON JI Am. J. Agr. Econ. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 81 IS 2 BP 442 EP 452 DI 10.2307/1244593 PG 11 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 201XR UT WOS:000080623000014 ER PT J AU Rehfeldt, GE AF Rehfeldt, GE TI Systematics and genetic structure of Ponderosae taxa (Pinaceae) inhabiting the mountain islands of the Southwest SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY LA English DT Article DE ecological genetics; genecology; genetic variation; microevolution; Ponderosae ID MARGINAL POPULATIONS; PINUS-PONDEROSA; FOREST FRAGMENTATION; LODGEPOLE PINE; ACER-SACCHARUM; MATING SYSTEM; DIVERSITY; DIFFERENTIATION; VARIABILITY; EVOLUTION AB The systematics and genetic structure of taxa representing the Ponderosae subsection of genus Pinus were assessed for disjunct, isolated, and peripheral populations occupying the mountain islands of the Southwest. Wind-pollinated progenies of 290 trees were compared in common gardens according to ten variables reflecting allometric, needle, and phenologic characteristics of 2-yr-old trees. The tests also included populations of similar taxa from the Rocky Mountains to the north and the Sierra Madre to the south. Principal component and canonical discriminant analyses demonstrated that the taxa segregated into three distinct groups, one of which contained two subgroups. These groupings collectively accounted for all of the many and confusing taxonomic descriptions that exist for the Ponderosae of the southwest United States and northern Mexico. The results suggested that intertaxa hybrids or hybrid derivatives may have been segregating within the propenies of only three of the parental trees. Hybridization, therefore, appears to be infrequent and inconsequential to the interrelationships among taxa and to contemporary genetic structures of taxa. Univariate analyses showed that the three distinct groups displayed different genetic structures despite similarities in their geographic distributions. While genetic variation within populations of all groups was abundant, a group labeled 'quinquefoliata" displayed little variation among populations; one labeled "engelmannii" had abundant interpopulation variation that was largely randomly distributed across the landscape; and in a group containing the subgroups called "scopulorum" and "taxon X," abundant interpopulation variability was arranged systematically along moderately steep dines. These disparate genetic structures showed no apparent effects of the isolated, disjunct, and peripheral conditions under which populations of these taxa exist. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Rehfeldt, GE (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 1221 South Main, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. NR 54 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 6 PU BOTANICAL SOC AMER INC PI COLUMBUS PA OHIO STATE UNIV-DEPT BOTANY 1735 NEIL AVE, COLUMBUS, OH 43210 USA SN 0002-9122 J9 AM J BOT JI Am. J. Bot. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 86 IS 5 BP 741 EP 752 DI 10.2307/2656584 PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 198FG UT WOS:000080411600016 PM 10330078 ER PT J AU Vinken, AG Bathalon, GP Sawaya, AL Dallal, GE Tucker, KL Roberts, SB AF Vinken, AG Bathalon, GP Sawaya, AL Dallal, GE Tucker, KL Roberts, SB TI Equations for predicting the energy requirements of healthy adults aged 18-81 y SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE energy requirements; energy expenditure; isotopes; body composition; exercise; regression equations; doubly labeled water method; recommended dietary allowances; adults ID DOUBLY-LABELED WATER; EXPENDITURE; MEN; WOMEN; YOUNG; HUMANS; CYCLE; DLW AB Background: Recent studies have questioned the accuracy of using the current recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) to predict usual energy requirements in adults. Objective: We developed equations to predict adult energy requirements from simple anthropometric and laboratory measures by using the doubly labeled water method to determine each subject's total energy expenditure (TEE), which is equal to usual energy requirements in weight-stable individuals. Design: This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 93 healthy, free-living adults [44 men and 49 women; body mass index range (in kg/m(2)): 18.4-31.8] aged 18-81 y. Body fat and fat-free mass were measured by underwater weighing, physical activity was estimated by using activity monitors, and resting energy expenditure was determined by indirect calorimetry. Information on anthropometric variables and reported strenuous activity was also collected. Results: Three regression equations were developed and verified for accuracy by using bootstrap analysis and doubly labeled water data published by other research groups. The first equation used information on only age, weight, height, and sex and had an SEE for prediction of TEE of 1.80 MJ/d. The second and third equations used different combinations of basic and laboratory data and had SEEs of 1.55 and 1.65 MJ/d, respectively. With use of the same analytic approaches, the RDAs for energy were shown to significantly underestimate usual energy needs by approximate to 10%; the extent of underestimation was significantly greater for subjects with high TEEs than for subjects with low TEEs. Conclusion: Regression equations based on doubly labeled water measurements of TEE appear to be more accurate than the current RDAs for predicting energy requirements in healthy, nonobese adults living in affluent countries. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Energy Metab Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Roberts, SB (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr, Energy Metab Lab, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; Sawaya, Ana/D-3845-2014; OI Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X FU NIA NIH HHS [AG12829]; NIDDK NIH HHS [2P30DK46200, DK46124] NR 27 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 69 IS 5 BP 920 EP 926 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 189CB UT WOS:000079885600015 PM 10232631 ER PT J AU Hunt, JR Roughead, ZK AF Hunt, JR Roughead, ZK TI Nonheme-iron absorption, fecal ferritin excretion, and blood indexes of iron status in women consuming controlled lactoovovegetarian diets for 8 wk SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE nonheme-iron absorption; bioavailability; iron status; serum ferritin; fecal ferritin; gastrointestinal adaptation; lactoovovegetarian diets; meat; phytic acid; hormonal contraceptives; women ID ASCORBIC-ACID SUPPLEMENTATION; WHOLE DIET; ZINC STATUS; IDIOPATHIC HEMOCHROMATOSIS; CALCIUM SUPPLEMENTATION; PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; NUTRITIONAL-STATUS; OMNIVOROUS DIETS; SERUM FERRITIN; STORES AB Background: The characteristics of vegetarian diets suggest that these diets would have lower dietary iron bioavailability than nonvegetarian diets, but there is no evidence of iron deficiency in vegetarians. Objective: We evaluated the responsiveness of serum and fecal ferritin to differences in iron absorption from controlled lactoovovegetarian and nonvegetarian diets. Design: Twenty-one women aged 20-42 y with serum ferritin concentrations from 6 to 149 mu g/L consumed lactoovovegetarian and nonvegetarian weighed diets for 8 wk each (crossover design). The diets differed substantially in meat and phytic acid contents. Nonheme-iron absorption was measured from the whole diets after 4 wk by using extrinsic Fe-59 and whole-body counting. Ferritin in extracts of fecal composites and in serum was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay the last 2 wk of each diet. Results: Nonheme-iron absorption was less from the lactoovovegetarian diet than from the nonvegetarian diet (1.1% compared with 3.8%; P < 0.01; n = 10). Diet did not affect hemoglobin, transferrin saturation, erythrocyte protoporphyrin, or serum ferritin. Substantially less fecal ferritin was excreted with the lactoovovegetarian diet than with the nonvegetarian diet (1.1% compared with 6.0 mu g/d, respectively; P < 0.01; n = 21). Conclusions: This research indicates 1) 70% lower nonhemeiron absorption from a lactoovovegetarian diet than from a nonvegetarian diet; 2) an associated decrease in fecal ferritin excretion, suggesting partial physiologic adaptation to increase the efficiency of iron absorption; and 3) an insensitivity of blood iron indexes, including serum ferritin, to substantial differences in dietary iron absorption for 8 wk. C1 ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Hunt, JR (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, POB 9034, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 62 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 69 IS 5 BP 944 EP 952 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 189CB UT WOS:000079885600019 PM 10232635 ER PT J AU Bermudez, OI Becker, EK Tucker, KL AF Bermudez, OI Becker, EK Tucker, KL TI Development of sex-specific equations for estimating stature of frail elderly Hispanics living in the northeastern United States SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE anthropometry; knee height; stature; elderly; Hispanics; Puerto Ricans; northeastern United States; HHANES; Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NHANES III; Mexicans; Massachusetts Hispanic Elders Study ID KNEE HEIGHT; BODY-COMPOSITION; POPULATION; ADULTS; BLACK; INDEX; AGE; DISTRIBUTIONS; PREDICTION; WEIGHT AB Background: The accurate measurement of stature is nor possible in many frail elderly persons because of problems affecting their ability to stand straight. In such cases, knee height may be used to estimate stature, Objective: This study was designed to explore the applicability of published regression equations to estimate stature of Puerto Rican and other Hispanic elderly persons living in the northeastern United States and to formulate ethnicity-specific equations for these persons. Design: The study subjects (60-92 y of age) included 569 Hispanics and a comparison group of 153 non-Hispanic whites. Equations to estimate stature of Hispanics and Puerto Ricans living in the northeastern United States were developed with regression models in a randomly selected subgroup of the Hispanics. These equations were tested with the remaining Hispanic subgroup, Results: The published equations significantly overestimated stature of our Hispanic subjects. Equations developed for Massachusetts Hispanics and Puerto Ricans provided estimates of stature that did not differ significantly from measured stature. We found further that equations for non-Hispanic whites published in 1985 predicted statures of our relatively low-income, non-Hispanic white subjects better than did newer 1998 equations developed from a national sample. Conclusions: The stature of elderly Hispanics from the northeastern United States can be estimated by using equations derived from the same population. These, or similar equations, should be used to estimate stature of frail elderly persons for whom standing height cannot be taken accurately. Socioeconomic status as well as ethnicity may affect results when knee height equations are used. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Dietary Assessment Res Program, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Bermudez, OI (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Dietary Assessment Res Program, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RI Tucker, Katherine/A-4545-2010; OI Tucker, Katherine/0000-0001-7640-662X FU NIA NIH HHS [AG10425-05] NR 24 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 69 IS 5 BP 992 EP 998 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 189CB UT WOS:000079885600025 PM 10232641 ER PT J AU Schoene, NW Guidry, CA AF Schoene, NW Guidry, CA TI Genistein inhibits reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation during activation of rat platelets in whole blood SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 ARS, Nutrient Requirements & Funct Lab, Beltsville Human Nutr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 69 IS 5 BP 1019 EP 1019 PG 1 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 189CB UT WOS:000079885600031 ER PT J AU Shangraw, RE Jahoor, F AF Shangraw, RE Jahoor, F TI Effect of liver disease and transplantation on urea synthesis in humans: relationship to acid-base status SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cirrhosis; acid-base metabolism; base excess; metabolic alkalosis; ammonia ID NITROGEN-METABOLISM; CIRRHOTIC SUBJECTS; TRACER METHOD; PROTEIN; PH; KINETICS; HOMEOSTASIS; DEPENDENCE; INFUSION; AMMONIA AB It has been suggested that hepatic urea synthesis, which consumes HCO3-, plays an important role in acid-base homeostasis. This study measured urea synthesis rate (R-a urea) directly to assess its role in determining the acid-base status in patients with end-stage cirrhosis and after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Cirrhotic patients were studied before surgery (n = 7) and on the second postoperative day(n = 11), using a 5-h primed-constant infusion of[N-15(2)]urea. Six healthy volunteers served as controls. R-a urea was 5.05 +/- 0.40 (SE) and 3.11 +/- 0.51 mu mol.kg(-1).min(-1), respectively, in controls and patients with cirrhosis (P < 0.05). Arterial base excess was 0.6 +/- 0.3 meq/l in controls and -1.1 +/- 1.3 meq/l in cirrhotic patients (not different). After OLT, R-a urea was 15.05 +/- 1.73 mu mol.kg(-1).min(-1), which accompanied an arterial base excess of 7.0 +/- 0.3 meq/l (P < 0.001). We conclude that impaired R-a urea in cirrhotic patients does not produce metabolic alkalosis. Concurrent postoperative metabolic alkalosis and increased R-a urea indicate that the alkalosis is not caused by impaired R-a urea. It is consistent with, but does not prove, the concept that the graft liver responds to metabolic alkalosis by augmenting R-a urea, thus increasing HCO3- consumption and moderating the severity of metabolic alkalosis produced elsewhere. C1 Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Dept Anesthesiol, Portland, OR 97201 USA. Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Portland, OR 97201 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Shangraw, RE (reprint author), Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Dept Anesthesiol, UHS-2,3181 SW Sam Jackson Pk Rd, Portland, OR 97201 USA. EM shangraw@ohsu.edu FU NCRR NIH HHS [MO1 RR-00334] NR 46 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSIOLOGICAL SOC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0193-1857 J9 AM J PHYSIOL-GASTR L JI Am. J. Physiol.-Gastroint. Liver Physiol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 276 IS 5 BP G1145 EP G1152 PG 8 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Physiology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Physiology GA 197BH UT WOS:000080344400011 PM 10330005 ER PT J AU Spooner, DM Lopez, AS Huaman, Z Hijmans, RJ AF Spooner, DM Lopez, AS Huaman, Z Hijmans, RJ TI Wild potato collecting expedition in Southern Peru (Departments of Apurimac, Arequipa, Cusco, Moquegua Puno, Tacna) in 1998: Taxonomy and new genetic resources SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Solanum sect. Petota ID CULTIVATED POTATOES; SOLANUM-RAPHANIFOLIUM; SECT. PETOTA; REEXAMINATION; SOLANACEAE; COMPLEX AB Peru has 103 taxa of wild potatoes (species, subspecies, varieties, and forms) according to Hawkes (1990; modified by us by a reduction of species in the Solanum brevicaule complex) and including taxa described by C. Ochoa since 1989. Sixty-nine of these 103 taxa (67%) were unavailable from any of the world's genebanks and 85 of them (83%) had less than three germplasm accessions. We conducted a collaborative Peru (INIA), United States (NRSP-6), and International Potato Center (CIP) wild potato (Solanum sect. Petota) collecting expedition in Peru to collect; germplasm and gather taxonomic data. This is the first of a series of planned expeditions from 1998-2002. Wt collected from February 18 to April 18, 1998, in the southern departments of Apurimac, Arequipa, Cusco, Moquegua, Puno, and Tacna. We made 57 germplasm collections, including 14 taxa that are the first available as germplasm for any country (Solanum aymaraesense, S. chillonanum, S. incasicum, S. megistacrolobum subsp. megistacrolobum f. purpureum, S. longiusculus, S. multiflorum, S. pillahuatense, S. sawyeri, S. sandemanii, S. tacnaense, S. tarapatanum, S. urubambae, S. velardei, S. villuspetalum), and two additional taxa that are the first available for Peru but with germplasm from Bolivia (S. megistacrolobum subsp. toralapanum, S. yungasense). Collections also were made for the rare taxa S. acroscopicum, S. buesii, S. limbaniense, and S. santolallae. Our collections suggest the following minimum synonymy may be needed for Peruvian potatoes: S. sawyeri as a synonym of S. tuberosum; S. hawkesii and S. incasicum as synonyms of S. raphanifolium; S. multiflorum and S. villuspetalum as synonyms of S. urubambae. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Int Potato Ctr, Lima 12, Peru. RP Spooner, DM (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, USDA ARS, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Hijmans, Robert/N-3299-2016; OI Hijmans, Robert/0000-0001-5872-2872 NR 45 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 0003-0589 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 3 BP 103 EP 119 PG 17 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 205EX UT WOS:000080809300001 ER PT J AU Bains, PS Bisht, VS Lynch, DR Kawchuk, LM Helgeson, JP AF Bains, PS Bisht, VS Lynch, DR Kawchuk, LM Helgeson, JP TI Identification of stem soft rot (Erwinia carotovora subspecies atroseptica) resistance in potato SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE wild Solanum species; somatic hybrids; potato blackleg ID SOLANUM-BREVIDENS; SOMATIC HYBRIDS; TUBEROSUM; PROGENY AB Development of potato cultivars resistant to Erwinia species (Erwinia carotovora subspecies atroseptica, E. carotovora subspecies carotovora, and Erwinia chrysanthemi) causing soft rot of stems and tubers involves identification and transfer of the resistance to breeding lines possessing desirable agronomic traits. In total, 363 accessions of six wild Solanum species, three somatic hybrids and nine sexual progeny of somatic hybrids were screened for stem soft rot resistance. Thirty-one, 50, and 67 percent of accessions of Solanum boliviense, Solanum, chacoense, and Solanum sancta-rosae, respectively, were resistant or highly resistant, whereas, 100, 97, and 95 percent of accessions of Solanum canasense, Solanum tarijense, and Solanum spegazzinii were susceptible or highly susceptible, respectively. Two tuber soft-rot resistant somatic hybrids, A937 and T355-11 produced earlier by the fusion of Solanum brevidens (PI 218228) and Solanum tuberosum (PI203900) or S. tuberosum cv. Russet Burbank, respectively, and the sexual progeny of A937 and S. tuberosum cv. Katahdin were also highly resistant. Transfer of resistance from S. brevi dens to somatic hybrid (A937) and subsequently to the progeny suggests that the resistance is simply inherited. In addition to the identification of 65 resistant or highly resistant clones of wild Solanum species, this study has identified three tuber soft rot-resistant clones that are also resistant to stem soft rot. Potato cultivars showed a range of responses to the pathogen. C1 Alberta Agr Food & Rural Dev, Crop Diversificat Ctr N, Edmonton, AB T5B 4K3, Canada. Agr & Agri Food Canada, Res Ctr, Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Bains, PS (reprint author), Ag Quest Inc, Box 144, Minto, MB R0K 1M0, Canada. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 0003-0589 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 3 BP 137 EP 141 PG 5 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 205EX UT WOS:000080809300004 ER PT J AU Errebhi, M Rosen, CJ Lauer, FL Martin, MW Bamberg, JB AF Errebhi, M Rosen, CJ Lauer, FL Martin, MW Bamberg, JB TI Evaluation of tuber-bearing Solanum species for nitrogen use efficiency and biomass partitioning SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF POTATO RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE potato; wild germplasm; hybrids; cultivars ID PLANT; NITRATE; GERMPLASM; CULTIVARS AB Modern potato cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.) require high rates of fertilizer nitrogen (N). This practice is costly and can pose a serious threat to surface and groundwater. Previous evaluation of wild potato germplasm demonstrated the existence of species capable of producing high total biomass under low N conditions, with the ability to make maximum use of added N. Therefore, a two-year field experiment was conducted in 1994 and 1995 to investigate the response of selected wild potato accessions and their hybrids with the haploid USW551 (USW) to low and high N environments. The haploid USW and cultivars Russet Burbank, Red Norland, and Russet Norkotah were also included in the study. Uniform propagules and seedlings from the various Solanum species were transplanted to a Hubbard loamy sand (Udic Haploboroll) at Becker, Minn. and were subjected to two N treatments: 0 and 225 kg N ha(-1). At harvest, total dry biomass of wild and hybrid potato germplasm was equal to or higher than that of the cultivars. However, cultivar biomass partitioning was 1% to roots, 15% to shoots, 0% to fruits, and 84% to tubers, whereas wild potato species partitioned 18% to roots plus nontuberized stolons, 52% to shoots, 23% to fruits, and only 7% to tubers. Hybrids were intermediate, allocating 9% of their biomass to roots plus nontuberized stolons, 39% to shoots, 14% to fruits, and 38% to tubers. Nitrogen use efficiencies for many of the species and crosses were comparable to that for Russet Burbank and greater than those for Red Norland and Russet Norkotah. Of the wild species tested, S. chacoense accessions had the highest biomass accumulation and N uptake efficiencies and may be the best source of germplasm for improving NUE in a potato breeding program. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Hort Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ARS, USDA, Vegetable Crops Res Unit, Potato Introduct Stn, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. RP Rosen, CJ (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RI Rosen, Carl/L-2622-2013 OI Rosen, Carl/0000-0002-0098-2230 NR 24 TC 27 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 9 PU POTATO ASSOC AMER PI ORONO PA UNIV MAINE, 5715 COBURN HALL, RM 6, ORONO, ME 04469-5715 USA SN 0003-0589 J9 AM J POTATO RES JI Am. J. Potato Res. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 3 BP 143 EP 151 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 205EX UT WOS:000080809300005 ER PT J AU Weigel, RM Dubey, JP Dyer, D Siegel, AM AF Weigel, RM Dubey, JP Dyer, D Siegel, AM TI Risk factors for infection with Toxoplasma gondii for residents and workers on swine farms in Illinois SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID COSTA-RICA; TRANSMISSION; ANTIBODIES; TRANSPLANTATION; SENSITIVITY; SPECIFICITY; POPULATION; PREVALENCE; CONTACT; SOIL AB Risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii infection in workers and residents of swine farms were studied on 43 farms in Illinois. Blood samples were collected from 174 adults in 1993. The T. gondii seroprevalence was 31%. An interview was conducted with each participant, obtaining information on demographic characteristics and behaviors suspected to affect the risk of T. gondii infection. Factors associated with increased risk of T. gondii seropositivity were a higher number of seropositive cats trapped on the farm, male sex, rearing pigs on pasture, and gardening. Factors associated with a decreased risk were handling of pig feed and presence of cats inside the pig facilities. Thus, infection of cats with T. gondii increased the risk of human infection, and contact with soil was a likely mechanism for transmission. The increased risk of seropositivity in males is attributed to less attention paid to cleanliness in food preparation and eating. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Div Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Community Hlth, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr E, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Livestock & Poultry Sci Inst, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Weigel, RM (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Vet Pathobiol, Div Epidemiol & Prevent Med, 2001 S Lincoln Ave, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. NR 48 TC 37 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 60 IS 5 BP 793 EP 798 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 198TE UT WOS:000080439600015 PM 10344655 ER PT J AU Jensen, AS AF Jensen, AS TI Cladistics of a sampling of the world's diversity of whiteflies of the genus Dialeurodes (Hemiptera : Aleyrodidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Dialeurodes; cladistics; classification; whitefly AB The cladistic relationships were examined within a large sample of the world's diversity of Dialeurodes Cockerell. Forty-one species were analyzed, including 27 species placed in Dialeurodes, 1 previously misclassified species, Dialeurodes fici Takahashi stat. rev., 2 undescribed species of Dialeurodes, 3 species of Rusostigma Quaintance & Baker, 4 Kanakarajiella David & Sundararaj, and 2 species of Dialeuronomada Quaintance & Baker, with 2 species of Cockerelliella Sundararaj & David used as outgroups. The analysis found 2,068 equally parsimonious trees of length 183. Several well-defined groups were present in all these trees. The important characters that define these groups are discussed, and the distinctness of these groups from the type species of the genus Dialeurodes is noted. C1 USDA ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Jensen, AS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Systemat Entomol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 32 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 92 IS 3 BP 359 EP 369 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 201CQ UT WOS:000080577400007 ER PT J AU Day, WH Baird, CR Shaw, SR AF Day, WH Baird, CR Shaw, SR TI New, native species of Peristenus (Hymenoptera : Braconidae) parasitizing Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera : Miridae) in Idaho: Biology, importance, and description SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Lygus; Peristenus; alfalfa; biological control; parasites ID TARNISHED PLANT BUG; DIGONEUTIS HYMENOPTERA AB Lygus hesperus Knight and L. lineolaris (Palisot) are important pests of numerous fruit, vegetable, fiber, tree, and seed crops in North America. We discovered Peristenus howardi n. sp., described in this article, parasitizing L, hesperus nymphs in alfalfa grown for seed in Idaho. Parasitism rates were surprisingly high, 81% ingeneration I (1998), and 44-51% in generation II (1997 and 1998). This braconid wasp may be a practical biological control factor for alfalfa and other seed crops, and further research is warranted. We found that P. howardi is a native species, is thelyotokous, has three generations per year, and produces some diapausing parasites in each generation. The geographic range of this species is not yet known. P howardi readily parasitized the eastern L. lineolaris in laboratory tests, so it is also a potential biocontrol agent for this related mirid species. C1 USDA, Beneficial Insects Res Lab, Newark, DE 19713 USA. Univ Idaho, Parma Res & Extens Ctr, Parma, ID 83660 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Renewable Resources, Entomol Sect, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Day, WH (reprint author), USDA, Beneficial Insects Res Lab, 501 S Chapel St, Newark, DE 19713 USA. NR 21 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 92 IS 3 BP 370 EP 375 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 201CQ UT WOS:000080577400008 ER PT J AU Wagner, TL Villavaso, EJ AF Wagner, TL Villavaso, EJ TI Diapause in the boll weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae): Seasonal occurrence in Mississippi populations SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Anthonomus grandis grandis; diapause; cotton; model ID ANTHONOMUS-GRANDIS; REPRODUCTIVE DEVELOPMENT; DIETARY NITROGEN; WINTER; TEXAS AB This study examines the diapause response among boil weevils collected as immatures in squares at different times of the summer and held under simulated field photoperiods and temperatures of northern Mississippi. The percentage of adults exhibiting prediapause increased seasonally, starting with the Ist generation in July and achieving a maximal rate of 98.7% late in the year. A greater proportion of males achieved diapause than females at any given time, except late in the season when convergence in the diapause response of both sexes occurred. These results suggest that individuals in a population have different thresholds of sensitivity to the environmental cues regulating the onset of diapause. Models described the percentage of males and females in prediapause as a function of Julian date of emergence and daylength on the day of emergence. The latter models have potential application over a wide region of the Cotton Belt. Information from this study was used to suggest August starting dates for diapause control applications in the mid-South-recommendations that subsequently were implemented in eradication programs in Alabama and Mississippi. C1 USDA ARS, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Wagner, TL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, POB 6124, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 58 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 92 IS 3 BP 382 EP 395 PG 14 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 201CQ UT WOS:000080577400010 ER PT J AU Wagner, TL Villavaso, EJ Willers, JL AF Wagner, TL Villavaso, EJ Willers, JL TI Diapause in the boll weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae): Life-stage sensitivity to environmental cues SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Anthonomus grandis grandis; diapause; cotton; model AB This study examines the diapause response in naturally occurring bell weevils under held and simulated held environments of north Mississippi. Squares containing early-stage weevils were collected in July, August, and September and subsamples from each group were installed into similar dynamic environments in the laboratory. In this manner, some weevils experienced uninterrupted photoperiods and temperatures between the field and laboratory (controls), and others experienced a shift forward in time or backward in time between the field and laboratory (treated). Results indicate selective sensitivity among individuals to diapause-inducing or averting daylengths and temperatures during early life stages independent of later stages and during late stages (including adults) independent of earlier stages. For example, it appears that some individuals are sensitive primarily during the early or late life stages, and depending on the environmental cues received at these times, they may or may not develop the diapause phenotype as adult?;. However, the rates of gain or loss in the acquisition of diapause depend on the intensity and duration of the token stimuli during part or all of the lifecycle. If the proper cues are sustained throughout the life cycle, then the expression of diapause in the population will be maximized. Alteration in cues at any time will increase or decrease the percentage of weevils in diapause, with the relative effect related to the intensity and duration of the original stimuli. Once they receive a threshold to diapause-inducing stimuli, populations appear to be more responsive to environmental change. These results may explain some of the variability observed in diapause among studies. C1 USDA ARS, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Wagner, TL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, POB 6124, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 92 IS 3 BP 396 EP 402 PG 7 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 201CQ UT WOS:000080577400011 ER PT J AU Wagner, TL Villavaso, EJ AF Wagner, TL Villavaso, EJ TI Effects of temperature and adult diet on development of hypertrophied fat body in prediapausing boll weevil (Coleoptera : Curculionidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Anthonomus grandis grandis; adult prediapause development; cotton; simulation model ID ANTHONOMUS-GRANDIS; DEVELOPMENT TIME AB This study examines the effects of temperature and adult diet on the development of hypertrophied fat bodies in prediapausing adult Loll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman. Simulation models derived from this work are used to estimate the minimal ages at which male and female Loll weevils exhibit diapause morphology, based on conditions in north Mississippi. The models assume that temperature is the principal independent variable regulating fat body development, that food is not limited, and, once the internal characteristics of diapause are expressed, that the weevil will leave the field in search of overwintering quarters. The information derived from the simulations was used to propose spray intervals for diapause control. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. RP Wagner, TL (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, POB 6124, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 53 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 92 IS 3 BP 403 EP 413 PG 11 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 201CQ UT WOS:000080577400012 ER PT J AU Lacey, LA Millar, L Kirk, AA Perring, TM AF Lacey, LA Millar, L Kirk, AA Perring, TM TI Effect of storage temperature and duration on survival of eggs and nymphs of Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera : Aleyrodidae) and pupae of the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa (Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae) SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Bemisia argentifolii; Encarsia formosa; cold storage; rearing ID POINSETTIA-STRAIN; TABACI HOMOPTERA; COTTON; MORTALITY AB Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring are found on a bred range of plant hosts in the tropics and subtropics and in greenhouses in many temperate zones. Their distribution indicates a strong limitation by cold temperature. The effects of incubation temperature and duration on the survival of B. argentifolii eggs anti red-eyed nymphs, and on the survival of Encarsia formosa Gahan, an aphelinid parasite of the whitefly, were studied. Eggs stored at 10 degrees C for 3-28 d on rooted cabbage leaves responded with 94-56% hatch, respectively, whereas the viability of eggs incubated at 5 degrees C declined rapidly after 3 d. Control eggs on rooted cabbage leaves held at 24 degrees C had 96% hatch. Considerably lower survival was observed on nonrooted leaves and leaf disks. Survival of red-eyed nymphs incubated at 2, 5, and 10 degrees C for 3-13 d declined rapidly at all 3 temperatures. Pupae of E. formosa held at 10 degrees C for 3-13 d responded with 90-55% eclosion, respectively, whereas survival of those held at 2 and 5 degrees C declined rapidly sifter 3 d. Results of our studies indicate that short-term storage of whitefly parasitoids in cold temperatures is possible without excessive detrimental effect. The role of cold temperature storage of eggs in intermittent rearing of Bemisia colonies is discussed. C1 European Biol Control Lab, F-34397 Montpellier 5, France. RP Lacey, LA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Yakima Agr Res Lab, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd, Wapato, WA 98951 USA. NR 20 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 92 IS 3 BP 430 EP 434 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 201CQ UT WOS:000080577400015 ER PT J AU Grasela, JJ McIntosh, AH AF Grasela, JJ McIntosh, AH TI Mariner transposable element in insect cell lines SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article DE Pycnocelus surinamensis; insect cell lines; mariner transposable element ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; LEPIDOPTERA; POLYMERASE; LOOPER; ZEA AB Fully degenerate polymersae chain reaction (PCR) primers, designed to represent amino-acid conserved regions between transposase genes of the Drosophila mauritiana Tsacas & David and Hyalophora cecropia (L.) mariner transposable elements, were used to screen genomic DNA of 17 insect cell lines for a possible mariner-like element. All cell lines except that of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) were positive, yielding a single appropriately sized band of 490 bp. This PCR product from 2 of the cell lines, Heliothis subflexa (Guenee) and Heliothis virescens (F.),was further characterized by cloning and direct sequencing of PCR-amplified DNA products to confirm whether the product was a mariner-like transposon element. Alignment of the direct sequenced PCR-amplified DNA mariner-like element showed an amino acid identity of 43% to the mariner transposase gene of the Surinam cockroach, Pycnocelus surinamensis (L.). C1 USDA ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. RP Grasela, JJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, 1503 S Prov Rd,Res Pk, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0013-8746 J9 ANN ENTOMOL SOC AM JI Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 92 IS 3 BP 442 EP 446 PG 5 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 201CQ UT WOS:000080577400017 ER PT J AU Durant, JA Corrier, DE Byrd, JA Stanker, LH Ricke, SC AF Durant, JA Corrier, DE Byrd, JA Stanker, LH Ricke, SC TI Feed deprivation affects crop environment and modulates Salmonella enteritidis colonization and invasion of leghorn hens SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BROILER CHICKS; TYPHIMURIUM COLONIZATION; LAYING HENS; EXPRESSION; INFECTION; GENES; VIRULENCE; BACTERIA; CELL; LACTOBACILLI AB Leghorn hens over 50 weeks of age were assigned to two treatment groups designated as either unmolted controls or molted, A forced molt was induced by a 9-day feed withdrawal, and each hen was challenged orally with 10(5) Salmonella enteritidis organisms on day 4 of feed withdrawal, On days 4 and 9 of molt, the numbers of lactobacilli and the concentrations of lactate, acetate, propionate, and butyrate, and total volatile fatty acids in the crops decreased while crop pH increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the molted hens compared to the controls. S. enteritidis crop and cecal colonization, in addition to spleen and liver invasion, increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the molted hens compared to the controls, The invasive phenotype of Salmonella spp, is complex and requires several virulence genes which are regulated by the transcriptional activator HilA. Samples of the crop contents from the molted and unmolted birds were pooled separately, centrifuged, and filter sterilized. The sterile crop contents were then used to measure the expression of hilA, By using a lacZY transcriptional fusion to the hilA gene in S. enteritidis, we found that hilA expression was 1.6- to 2.1-fold higher in the crop contents from molted birds than in those from control birds in vitro. The results of the study suggest that the changes in the microenvironment of the crop caused by feed deprivation are important regulators of S. enteritidis survival and influence the susceptibility of molted hens to S. enteritidis infections. Furthermore, our in vitro results on the expression of hilA suggest that the change in crop environment during feed withdrawal has the potential to significantly affect virulence by increasing the expression of genes necessary for intestinal invasion. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Kleberg Ctr, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Ricke, SC (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, Kleberg Ctr, Room 101, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 39 TC 76 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 65 IS 5 BP 1919 EP 1923 PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 191RC UT WOS:000080034500017 PM 10223980 ER PT J AU Guard-Petter, J Parker, CT Asokan, K Carlson, RW AF Guard-Petter, J Parker, CT Asokan, K Carlson, RW TI Clinical and veterinary isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis defective in lipopolysaccharide O-chain polymerization SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHAGE TYPE-8 STRAINS; UNITED-STATES; GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; ANTIGEN POLYMERASE; TYPHIMURIUM; HETEROGENEITY; VIRULENT; EGGS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; SEPARATION AB Twelve human and chicken isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis belonging to phage types 4, 8, 13a, and 23 were characterized for variability in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) composition. Isolates were differentiated into two groups, i.e., those that lacked immunoreactive O-chain, termed rough isolates, and those that had immunoreactive O-chain, termed smooth isolates. Isolates within these groups could be further differentiated by LPS compositional differences as detected by gel electrophoresis and gas liquid chromatography of samples extracted with water, which yielded significantly more LPS in comparison to phenol-chloroform extraction. The rough isolates were of two types, the O-antigen synthesis mutants and the O-antigen polymerization (wzy) mutants. Smooth isolates were also of two types, one producing low-molecular-weight (LMW) LPS and the other producing high-molecular-weight (HMW) LPS. To determine the genetic basis for the O-chain variability of the smooth isolates, we analyzed the effects of a null mutation in the O-chain length determinant gene, wzz (cld) of serovar Typhimurium. This mutation results in a loss of HMW LPS; however, the LMW LPS of this mutant was longer and more glucosylated than that from clinical isolates of serovar Enteritidis, Cluster analysis of these data and of those from two previously characterized isogenic strains of serovar Enteritidis that had different virulence attributes indicated that glucosylation of HMW LPS (via oafR function) is variable and results in two types of HMW structures, one that is highly glucosylated and one that is minimally glucosylated. These results strongly indicate that naturally occurring variability in wzy, wzz, and oafR function can be used to subtype isolates of serovar Enteritidis during epidemiological investigations. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Complex Carbohydrate Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Guard-Petter, J (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 42 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 65 IS 5 BP 2195 EP 2201 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 191RC UT WOS:000080034500056 PM 10224019 ER PT J AU Cotty, PJ Cardwell, KF AF Cotty, PJ Cardwell, KF TI Divergence of West African and North American communities of Aspergillus section Flavi SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AFLATOXIN PRODUCTION; GENETIC DIVERSITY; COTTON; STRAIN; FIELD AB West African Aspergillus flavus S isolates differed from North American isolates. Both produced aflatoxin B(1). However, 40 and 100% of West African isolates also produced aflatoxin G(1) in NH(4) medium and urea medium, respectively. No North American S strain isolate produced aflatoxin G(1). This geographical and physiological divergence may influence aflatoxin management. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. Int Inst Trop Agr, Biol Control Ctr Africa, Cotonou, Benin. RP Cotty, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. EM pjcotty@nola.srrc.usda.gov NR 19 TC 94 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 65 IS 5 BP 2264 EP 2266 PG 3 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 191RC UT WOS:000080034500071 PM 10224034 ER PT J AU Arslan, S Colvin, TS AF Arslan, S Colvin, TS TI Laboratory performance of a yield monitor SO APPLIED ENGINEERING IN AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE yield sensor; accuracy; grain; flow rate; instantaneous yield; precision farming AB Response of a yield sensor to known grain flow variations was investigated under laboratory operating conditions through comparison with an electronic scale mounted on a test stand. The yield sensor had a quick response to sudden changes in corn flow. Based on total weight comparisons, the average percent error at constant flow rates was 2.1%. The error increased to 3.2% and 4.3% when step inputs and transients were applied, respectively. The overall accuracy was within the accuracy range (+/-4%) reported by the manufacturer while the maximum error was more than 5%. The flow rate range used in the calibration was the most important factor in achieving high accuracy. Because of the fluctuations in estimated flow rate, a single data point did not correlate well with the actual grain flow rate. Averaging over 4 to 6 s usually resulted in an el error less than 4%. When the flow rate varied more profoundly during steps and transients, approximately 10 s averaging was needed to maintain the accuracy in some of the tests. The effects of potential sources of errors (such as varying combine ground speed, changing crop conditions, and varying grain flow profile) also need to be considered to use the results of this study for field applications. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Colvin, TS (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM colvin@nstl.gov RI Arslan, Selcuk/R-8043-2016 NR 13 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0883-8542 J9 APPL ENG AGRIC JI Appl. Eng. Agric. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 15 IS 3 BP 189 EP 195 PG 7 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 238EJ UT WOS:000082697700003 ER PT J AU Ignoffo, CM McIntosh, AH AF Ignoffo, CM McIntosh, AH TI Per os and intrahemocoelic activity of exocellular and intracellular virus from a wild-type and deleted polyhedrin-gene strain of the nucleopolyhedrovirus of Autographa californica SO APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE baculovirus; Autographa californica; Trichoplusia ni ID PREOCCLUDED VIRIONS; INFECTIVITY; REPLICATION; HELIOTHIS; INVIVO; MUTANT AB Repeated attempts to directly compare the activity of the two reported phenotypes (plasma-enveloped, budded virus and polyhedral-derived virus) have been thwarted by the presence of proteinaecous occlusion bodies. The availability of deleted polyhedrin-gene strains of baculoviruses now makes this comparison possible without the use of inactivating, occlusion-body dissolving reagents. Exocellular virus (EXCV), harvested from the supernatant, or intracellular virus (INCV), harvested from intact cells of 24-h and 96-h cultures were used. Both a wild strain (WtAcMNPV) and a deleted polyhedrin-gene strain (P-AcMNPV) were used to compare the in vivo activity of the two phenotypes of the nucleopolyhedrovirus of Autographa californica (AcMNPV). The following results were obtained when the EXCV and INCV were administered (per os and by intra-hemocoelic injection) to cabbage looper larvae, Trichoplusia ni. When fed to T. ni larvae: (1) EXCV harvested from a 96-h culture of WtAcMNPV was ca. 17-fold more active than EXCV harvested after 24-h of culture; (2) after 24-h of culture INCV was ca. 167-fold more active than EXCV; and (3) after 96-h of culture INCV was ca. 29-fold more active than EXCV. There was no difference in activity between EXCV and INCV when T. ni larvae were intrahemocoelically injected. C1 USDA ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. RP Ignoffo, CM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biol Control Insects Res Lab, 1503 S Providence, Columbia, MO 65203 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JAPAN SOC APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL PI TOKYO PA 1-43-11 KOMAGOME TOSHIMA-KU, TOKYO, 170, JAPAN SN 0003-6862 J9 APPL ENTOMOL ZOOL JI Appl. Entomol. Zoolog. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 34 IS 2 BP 235 EP 240 PG 6 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 200RV UT WOS:000080554600006 ER PT J AU Roberts, DP Kobayashi, DY Dery, PD Short, NM AF Roberts, DP Kobayashi, DY Dery, PD Short, NM TI An image analysis method for determination of spatial colonization patterns of bacteria in plant rhizosphere SO APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENTEROBACTER-CLOACAE; BIOCONTROL; BIOLUMINESCENCE; RHIZOBACTERIUM; PATHOGENS; POTATO AB A method that allows the rapid visualization of bacterial spatial colonization patterns on roots for the determination of general colonization trends was developed. This method, which analyzes images of roots, and bioluminescence-enhanced images of bacterial colonization patterns on these roots, was used to study the colonization patterns of seed-applied Enterobacter cloncae strain E6 on 3-day-old cucumber plants. Conventional dilution-plating methods indicated that E6 colonized cucumber tap roots in high populations and that these populations significantly decreased as the distance from the seed increased. In addition to confirming these observations, image analysis indicated that colonization by E6 significantly decreased on lateral roots as the distance increased horizontally away from the tap root, and that this bacterium did not evenly cover the most densely colonized regions of the cucumber root system. Results from these experiments indicate that the majority of E6 populations on cucumber roots after seed application are limited to the upper regions of the tap root and that E6 does not effectively colonize other regions of the root system. C1 USDA ARS, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Cook Coll, Dept Plant Pathol, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Informat Sci & Technol Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Roberts, DP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 16 TC 13 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0175-7598 J9 APPL MICROBIOL BIOT JI Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 51 IS 5 BP 653 EP 658 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology GA 206TK UT WOS:000080895200016 ER PT J AU Nash, MS Anderson, JP Whitford, WG AF Nash, MS Anderson, JP Whitford, WG TI Spatial and temporal variability in relative abundance and foraging behavior of subterranean termites in desertified and relatively intact Chihuahuan Desert ecosystems SO APPLIED SOIL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE desertification; desert grassland; dunes; shrub-lands; subterranean termites ID ISOPTERA AB The annual feeding activity on paper baits of subterranean termites in desertified (degraded-shrub dominated ecosystems) and relatively undegraded black-grama (Bouteloua eriopoda) grasslands was measured over six years on 12 sites. There were no significant differences in mass losses from termite baits among the desertified and undesertified sites. Mass of paper consumed by termites on two sites dominated by creosotebush, Larea tridentata, was higher than on the other 10 sites. These sites were characterized by shallow, coarse soils and shrubs that did not retain a below-canopy litter layer. The spatial locations of the highest termite bait removal remained relatively constant over the duration of the study. Interannual variations in mass losses from termite baits were highly correlated with winter-spring rainfall (r(2) between 0.60 and 0.95) except at one site on shallow soils. The relationship between annual rainfall and termite activity was less significant (r(2) between 0.48 and 0.83). Frequency of attack as measured by percent of bait rolls "hit" were not different among sites indicating no differences in densities of subterranean termites. Degradation of Chihuahuan desert grasslands and associated vegetation change has had minimal effect on the activity of subterranean termites. Subterranean termites continue to affect soil properties and processes in both degraded (desertified) and undesertified ecosystems. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 US EPA, Off Res & Dev, NERL, Div Environm Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. New Mexico State Univ, Dept Biol, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. New Mexico State Univ, USDA ARS, Jornada Expt Range, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. RP Whitford, WG (reprint author), US EPA, Off Res & Dev, NERL, Div Environm Sci, POB 93478, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0929-1393 J9 APPL SOIL ECOL JI Appl. Soil Ecol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 12 IS 2 BP 149 EP 157 DI 10.1016/S0929-1393(98)00164-4 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 199TZ UT WOS:000080500600005 ER PT J AU Center, TD Dray, FA Jubinsky, GP Leslie, AJ AF Center, TD Dray, FA Jubinsky, GP Leslie, AJ TI Waterhyacinth weevils (Neochetina eichhorniae and N-bruchi) inhibit waterhyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) colony development SO BIOLOGICAL CONTROL LA English DT Article DE aquatic weeds; waterhyacinth; biological control of weeds; Neochetina eichhorniae; Neochetina bruchi; Eichhornia crassipes; phytophagous insects; bioagent assessment; evaluation; Curculionidae; Pontederiaceae; plant population biology ID LIMITED HERBICIDE APPLICATION; WATER-HYACINTH; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; MART SOLMS; CURCULIONIDAE; COLEOPTERA; GROWTH; LEAVES; PLANT; AGE AB The weevils Neochetina eichhorniae and N. bruchi were released in the USA for waterhyacinth control during the early 1970s and have since been used in many other countries. Although successful control has been reported, questions regarding the efficacy of these insects remain unresolved. This lack of consensus may be attributed to the subtle impacts of these agents on plant health and vitality or to unrealistic expectations on the part of evaluators. Previous studies that anticipated impacts to preexisting mats were designed to document declines of established plant populations. This approach overlooks important consequences that occur during plant colonization, because suppression of growth can be as important as reduction of existing populations. We investigated the effects of Neochetina spp. on the expansion of waterhyacinth mats and the subsequent colonization of the surrounding water surface under conditions designed to simulate incipient infestations. Varying numbers of weevils (0 to 4000, in increments of 1000 weevils) were released in early April onto 10-m(2) mats at two sites, one in north Florida and one in south Florida, during 1992 and 1993, respectively. Results were more striking at the northern site. Maximum leaf area was 122 cm(2) in the control vs 65 cm(2) in the 4000-weevil plot. Maximum leaf length was 70 cm vs 51 cm. Plant coverage at the southern site increased only half as fast in the 4000-weevil plot as in controls, and this disparity was even greater at the northern site. Weevil infestations at both sites produced smaller, less intertwined mats and impeded growth of the plants. Weevil dispersal out of the plots at both sites caused weevil numbers to equalize among treatments by midsummer. However, suppression of plant growth in plots receiving the most weevils persisted several months beyond the term during which differences in weevil populations were evident, especially at the northern site. Release of weevils earlier in the year or multiple releases throughout the year might suppress growth even further. C1 USDA ARS, Aquat Plant Control Res Unit, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. Bur Aquat Plant Control, Florida Dept Environm Protect, Tallahassee, FL 32399 USA. RP Center, TD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Aquat Plant Control Res Unit, 3205 Coll Ave, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314 USA. NR 31 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1049-9644 J9 BIOL CONTROL JI Biol. Control PD MAY PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1 BP 39 EP 50 DI 10.1006/bcon.1999.0699 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Entomology GA 191NX UT WOS:000080029400006 ER PT J AU Maruyama, K Akbar, MK Turk, CM AF Maruyama, K Akbar, MK Turk, CM TI Growth pattern and carcase development in male ducks selected for growth rate SO BRITISH POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BODY-WEIGHT; MUSCLE GROWTH; TURKEYS; LINES; AGE AB 1. Growth patterns of the whole body, eviscerated carcases, breast muscle, leg and thigh muscles and abdominal fat pads were compared in 4 lines (Lines A, B, C, and D) of male ducks selected for market weight (n=1305) using growth curve analysis, allometric growth analysis and repeated measure analysis. At 49 d of age, Line A was heaviest, followed by Line B, Line C and Line D. 2. Ducks were fed ad libitum under 24-h lighting and 12 or 24 ducks were killed to determine body carcass, breast-muscle, leg and thigh-muscle, and abdominal fat weights at time points from hatching until 53 d of age. 3. The Weibull function was chosen for growth curve analysis. The asymptote and inflection point from the Weibull growth curves identified 3 lines (Lines B, C, and D) with discrete body and carcase growth patterns but did not distinguish Line A from Line B. In all 4 lines the asymptote ranged from 4437 g to 3008 g for body weight and from 3334 g to 2098 g for carcase weight; the inflection point ranged from 22.5 d to 25.3 d for body weight and from 25.4 d to 29.6 d for carcase weight. 4. The allometric growth coefficient, relative to whole-body growth, was higher than 1.00 for breast muscle and lower than 1.00 for leg and thigh muscles during from 4 d to 53 d of age. 5. Body fat accumulation was estimated by abdominal fat. Line D accumulated more abdominal fat than other lines. The pattern of fat accumulation in Line D was different from Lines A, B and C and there were no differences between Lines A, B and C. C1 USDA ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Maple Leaf Farms, Milford, IN USA. RP Maruyama, K (reprint author), USDA ARS, Gene Evaluat & Mapping Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 25 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0007-1668 J9 BRIT POULTRY SCI JI Br. Poult. Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 40 IS 2 BP 233 EP 239 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 204ZG UT WOS:000080796100010 PM 10465391 ER PT J AU Monserud, RA Marshall, JD AF Monserud, RA Marshall, JD TI Allometric crown relations in three northern Idaho conifer species SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID LEAF-AREA INDEX; PINE PINUS-SYLVESTRIS; FIR PSEUDOTSUGA-MENZIESII; SAPWOOD BASAL AREA; DOUGLAS-FIR; SCOTS PINE; LODGEPOLE PINE; STAND DENSITY; INDIVIDUAL TREES; FOLIAGE BIOMASS AB Allometric equations predicting individual branch and total crown leaf area, leaf mass, and branch wood mass were developed for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) France var. glauca), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.), and western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don) on the Priest River Experimental Forest in northern Idaho. Whole crowns were weighed fresh in the field by crown quarter. Two antithetic random branches were sampled from each crown quarter, weighed fresh in the field, and returned to the laboratory for detailed analysis. Nonlinear weighted regression with the general allometric equation was used to estimate all parameters. For the branches, branch diameter and length, foliated length, and position in the crown explain 82-97% of the variation. Specific leaf area (leaf area/mass) differs significantly among species and increases with distance from the tree top. For whole trees, sapwood area at breast height, crown ratio and length, and crown competition factor (CCF) explain 94-99% of the variation. The assumption of linearity and constant ratio between leaf area and sapwood area held rather generally. Differences between two alternative estimators (branch summation vs. crown weighing) of total crown biomass and leaf area were not statistically significant. For stands, stand totals were estimated from the whole-tree equations and stand-inventory data. Generally, these stand estimates were intermediate between coastal forests west of the Cascades and drier forests in the rain shadow of the Rocky Mountain crest. C1 US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Portland, OR 97205 USA. US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, USDA, Portland, OR 97205 USA. Univ Idaho, Dept Forest Resources, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Monserud, RA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, 1221 SW Tamhill 200, Portland, OR 97205 USA. EM monserud/r6pnw_portland@fs.fed.us; jdm@uidaho.edu NR 86 TC 93 Z9 101 U1 3 U2 28 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 29 IS 5 BP 521 EP 535 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-5-521 PG 15 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 200FQ UT WOS:000080529300001 ER PT J AU Jenkins, JC Aber, JD Canham, CD AF Jenkins, JC Aber, JD Canham, CD TI Hemlock woolly adelgid impacts on community structure and N cycling rates in eastern hemlock forests SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH-REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE FORESTIERE LA English DT Article ID SOIL ORGANIC-MATTER; NITROGEN MINERALIZATION; HARDWOOD FORESTS; LEAF-LITTER; CANOPY GAPS; NEW-ENGLAND; NORTHERN HARDWOODS; TEMPERATE FORESTS; TSUGA-CANADENSIS; NUTRIENT CONTENT AB Mortality of dominant tree species caused by introduced pests and pathogens have been among the most pervasive and visible impacts of humans on eastern U.S. forests in the 20th century, yet little is known about the ecosystem-level consequences of these invasions. In this study we quantified the impacts of the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand) on community structure and ecosystem processes in eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.) forests in southern New England. Data were collected at six hemlock-dominated sites spanning a continuum from 0 to 99% mortality. Light availability to the understory and seedling regeneration both increased in stands affected by the adelgid. Differences in soil organic matter, total C, and total N pools between infested and noninfested sites were not associated with hemlock decline. Net N mineralization, nitrification, and N turnover increased at sites experiencing hemlock mortality. Inorganic N availability and nitrification rates increased dramatically with adelgid infestation and hemlock mortality, suggesting that nitrate leaching is likely in regions experiencing hemlock mortality. In the longer term, ecosystem processes at infested stands are likely to be driven by the successional dynamics that follow hemlock mortality. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. RP Jenkins, JC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, No Global Change Program, George D Aiken Forestry Sci Lab, 705 Spear St, S Burlington, VT 05403 USA. RI Canham, Charles/F-6161-2011 OI Canham, Charles/0000-0001-8361-9148 NR 67 TC 118 Z9 122 U1 9 U2 57 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0045-5067 J9 CAN J FOREST RES JI Can. J. For. Res.-Rev. Can. Rech. For. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 29 IS 5 BP 630 EP 645 DI 10.1139/cjfr-29-5-630 PG 16 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 200FQ UT WOS:000080529300012 ER PT J AU Liao, CH Revear, L Hotchkiss, A Savary, B AF Liao, CH Revear, L Hotchkiss, A Savary, B TI Genetic and biochemical characterization of an exopolygalacturonase and a pectate lyase from Yersinia enterocolitica SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pectinase activities; human pathogen; HPLC analysis; pehY gene ID ERWINIA-CHRYSANTHEMI EC16; ALPHA-D-GALACTURONOSIDASE; RALSTONIA-SOLANACEARUM; POLYGALACTURONIC ACID; MOLECULAR-CLONING; VEGETABLES; PSEUDOTUBERCULOSIS; PSEUDOMONAS; SEQUENCE; PRODUCE AB Yersinia enterocolitica, an invasive foodborne human pathogen, degrades polypectate by producing two depolymerizing enzymes, pectate lyase (PL) and polygalacturonase (PG). The gene encoding the PG activity, designated pehY, was located in a 3-kb genomic fragment of E enterocolitica ATCC 49397. The complete nucleotide sequence of this 3-kb fragment was determined and an open reading frame consisting of 1803 bp was predicted to encode a PG protein with an estimated M-r of 66 kDa and pi of 6.3. The amino acid sequence of prePG showed 59 and 43% identity to that of the exopolygalacturonase (exoPG) of Erwinia chrysanthemi and Ralstonia solanacearum, respectively. The I: enterocolitica PG overproduced in Escherichia coli was purified to near homogeneity using perfusion cation exchange chromatography. Analysis of the PG depolymerization products by high performance anion-exchange chromatography and pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) revealed the exolytic nature of this enzyme. The Y. enterocolitica PL overproduced in E. coli was also partially purified and the M-r and pi were estimated to be 55 kDa and 5.2, respectively. HPAEC-PAD analysis of the PL depolymerization products indicated the endolytic nature of this enzyme. Southern hybridization analyses revealed that pehY and pel genes of Y. enterocolitica are possibly encoded in the chromosome rather than in the plasmid. Purified exopolygalacturonase (over 10 activity units) was unable to macerate plant tissues. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. EM cliao@arserrc.gov NR 29 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 4 U2 4 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0008-4166 EI 1480-3275 J9 CAN J MICROBIOL JI Can. J. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 45 IS 5 BP 396 EP 403 DI 10.1139/cjm-45-5-396 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Immunology; Microbiology GA 221PB UT WOS:000081734500006 PM 10446714 ER PT J AU Stein, TM Gordon, SH Greene, RV AF Stein, TM Gordon, SH Greene, RV TI Amino acids as plasticizers - II. Use of quantitative structure-property relationships to predict the behavior of monoammoniummonocarboxylate plasticizers in starch-glycerol blends SO CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS LA English DT Article ID PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; TRANSITIONS; SYSTEMS; SUGARS AB Twenty natural and synthetic amino acids (5 cyclic and 15 acyclic) were blended with a standard starch-glycerol mixture and extruded as ribbons. Glycerol was present in all blends as a co-plasticizer, permitting observation of both increase and decrease in sample flexibility resulting from amino acids. Mechanical testing of the ribbons revealed that amino acids had a dramatic effect on the percent elongation at break (%E) which varied from 13% to 379%. Tensile strength (TS) of the ribbons also varied considerably from 0.96 to 6.29 MPa. In general, samples displaying the greatest elongation had the lowest TS. FT-Raman spectroscopy indicated that the amino acids in these blends existed predominately as zwitterions. Computational models of all test compounds were therefore generated as zwitterions, and the global minimum-energy conformation of each test compound was used as the basis for calculating molecular descriptors. Surprisingly, only two (sum of absolute values of atomic charges and maximum positive charge on the molecule) of the 17 descriptors evaluated were needed to generate predictive quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPR) for both %E and TS data. By calculating these two descriptors from computer models, %E and TS can be predicted for blends with unknown or new monoamine-monocarboxyl compounds. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ARS, Biopolymer Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Gordon, SH (reprint author), ARS, Biopolymer Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 32 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8617 J9 CARBOHYD POLYM JI Carbohydr. Polym. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 39 IS 1 BP 7 EP 16 DI 10.1016/S0144-8617(98)00136-2 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 185QE UT WOS:000079680400002 ER PT J AU Fanta, GF Felker, FC Eskins, K Baker, FL AF Fanta, GF Felker, FC Eskins, K Baker, FL TI Aqueous starch-oil dispersions prepared by steam jet cooking. Starch films at the oil-water interface SO CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS LA English DT Article DE starch-oil composites; oil-water interface; steam jet cooking ID COMPLEXES; EMULSIONS; AMYLOSE AB Starch-oil composites were prepared by passing aqueous mixtures of starch and soybean oil (100: 40, by weight) through a steam jet cooker operating under excess steam conditions. Dilution of jet cooked dispersions with a 20-fold excess of water reduced the viscosity and caused a lipophilic fraction with low specific gravity to separate from the dispersion. This fraction could be collected and washed with water without coalescence of oil droplets. Microscopy showed that this fraction was comprised of oil droplets surrounded by thin films of starch at the oil-water interface. The most detailed view of these spherical starch films was obtained by scanning electron microscopy, after isolating films by ethanol precipitation and critical point drying. Films prepared from normal food grade cornstarch, waxy cornstarch and high amylose cornstarch were compared, interfacial starch films were observed not only when aqueous mixtures of starch and soybean oil were co-jet cooked, but also when starch solutions were first jet cooked and then blended with soybean oil in a separate step. Starch films were also observed with lipophilic materials other than soybean oil, for example, mineral oil, paraffin wax and alpha-tocopherol. We have considered the question of why these starch films are spontaneously formed at the droplet interface, despite the fact that starch is not surface active and no surface active materials are used during the preparation. A reasonable explanation is provided by the known thermodynamic properties of aqueous polymer solutions at interfaces. Formation of a layer of polymer at an oil-water interface (prewetting) occurs when adsorption of polymer leads to a reduction in interfacial tension and when the solvent for the polymer is relatively poor. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Fanta, GF (reprint author), USDA, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 29 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8617 J9 CARBOHYD POLYM JI Carbohydr. Polym. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 39 IS 1 BP 25 EP 35 DI 10.1016/S0144-8617(98)00158-1 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 185QE UT WOS:000079680400004 ER PT J AU Manthey, FA Hareland, GA Huseby, DJ AF Manthey, FA Hareland, GA Huseby, DJ TI Soluble and insoluble dietary fiber content and composition in oat SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BETA-GLUCAN CONTENT; ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION; BARLEY; BRAN AB Six oat genotypes were grown in nursery yield trials during 1989-1992 at Lisbon, ND. Greats were analyzed for soluble and insoluble dietary fiber content and composition. Genotype-by-growing year interaction was not significant for soluble or insoluble dietary fiber. Soluble and insoluble dietary fiber differed with genotype (6.0-7.1% and 4.1-4.9%, respectively) and with growing year (6.0-6.9% and 3.9-5.2%, respectively). The genotype-by-growing year interaction was significant for soluble beta-glucan content but not for total neutral sugar or uronic acid content of the soluble dietary fiber. Genotypes did vary in total neutral sugar content but not in uronic acid content. The genotype-by-growing year interaction was not significant for total neutral sugar, beta-glucan, uronic acid, or Klason lignin content of insoluble dietary fiber. Genotypes did vary in total neutral sugar, beta-glucan, and Klason lignin content but not in uronic acid content of insoluble dietary fiber. The neutral sugar content of soluble dietary fiber was composed of glucose, arabinose, xylose, and galactose. The neutral sugar content of insoluble fiber was composed of glucose, arabinose, and xylose. The content and composition of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber varied with oat genotype. Therefore, oat genotypes could be bred for specific dietary fiber content and composition. C1 N Dakota State Univ, Dept Cereal Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. ARS, USDA, Hard Red Spring & Durum Wheat Qual Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Manthey, FA (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Cereal Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 28 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 3 BP 417 EP 420 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.3.417 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 199WG UT WOS:000080506600016 ER PT J AU Graybosch, RA Peterson, CJ Hareland, GA Shelton, DR Olewnik, MC He, H Stearns, MM AF Graybosch, RA Peterson, CJ Hareland, GA Shelton, DR Olewnik, MC He, H Stearns, MM TI Relationships between small-scale wheat quality assays and commercial test bakes SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID QUANTITY; GLUTENIN AB Typical commercial bakeries in the United States are highly mechanized, mass-production facilities. U.S. hard wheat breeding programs use small-scale physical dough testing and pup loaf bake procedures to identify and select improved quality genotypes. The accuracy of such approaches in the prediction of commercial-scale quality performance is poorly understood. Samples from six hard red winter wheat cultivars grown in 11 locations over three harvest years were used to correlate grain hardness, small-scale test bakes, mixograph variables, and various measures of flour protein composition with quality assessments from commercial test laboratories. Samples were milled on both pilot- and small-scale mills. Protein content and 100-g pup loaf volume were more often significantly correlated with commercial test bake variables than all other small-scale variables. Stepwise multiple regression models explained on average, approximate to 40% of the variation in commercial test bake procedures. Mixograph properties, pup loaf volumes and absorption, and flour protein content were the most frequent variables identified in model development. Pup loaf bake results an pilot- and small-scale milled flours were highly correlated. Differences in milling technology do not appear to be a significant source: of error in relating small-scale test bakes to commercial quality. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. N Dakota State Univ, USDA ARS, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE USA. Amer Inst Baking, Manhattan, KS USA. Anheuser Busch, St Louis, MO USA. Earthgrains Co, St Louis, MO USA. RP Graybosch, RA (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 10 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 3 BP 428 EP 433 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.3.428 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 199WG UT WOS:000080506600019 ER PT J AU Moreau, RA Singh, V Eckhoff, SR Powell, MJ Hicks, KB Norton, RA AF Moreau, RA Singh, V Eckhoff, SR Powell, MJ Hicks, KB Norton, RA TI Comparison of yield and composition of oil extracted from corn fiber and corn bran SO CEREAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ESTERS AB We recently reported that corn fiber oil contains high levels of three potential cholesterol-lowering phytosterol components: ferulate-phytosterol esters (FPE) (3-6 wt%), free phytosterols (1-2 wt%), and phytosterol-fatty acyl esters (7-9 wt%). A previous study also indicated that corn bran oil contained less phytosterol components than corn fiber oil. The current study was undertaken to attempt to confirm this preliminary observation using more defined conditions. Accordingly, oil was extracted from corn fiber and corn bran prepared under controlled laboratory conditions, using the same sample of corn hybrid kernels for each, and using recognized bench-scale wet-milling, and dry-milling procedures, respectively. After extraction, the chemical composition of the phytosterol components in the oil were measured. This study confirmed our previous observation-that FPE levels were higher in corn fiber oil than in corn bran oil. During industrial wet-milling, almost all of the FPE are recovered in the fiber fraction (which contains both fine and coarse fiber). During laboratory-scale wet-milling, approximate to 60-70% of the FPE are recovered in the coarse fiber (pericarp) and 30-40% are recovered in the fine fiber. During laboratory-scale dry-milling, <20% of the FPE are recovered in the bran (pericarp), and the rest in the grits. The recoveries of the other two phytosterol components (free phytosterols and phytosterol-fatty acyl esters) revealed a more complex distribution, with significant levels found in several of the dry- and wet-milled products. C1 ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Agr Engn, Urbana, IL 61802 USA. ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Moreau, RA (reprint author), ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, USDA, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RI Eckhoff, Steven/F-2505-2010; OI Moreau, Robert/0000-0002-8166-8322 NR 9 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0009-0352 J9 CEREAL CHEM JI Cereal Chem. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 3 BP 449 EP 451 DI 10.1094/CCHEM.1999.76.3.449 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 199WG UT WOS:000080506600023 ER PT J AU Caldwell, EF Nelsen, TC AF Caldwell, EF Nelsen, TC TI Development of an analytical reference standard for total, insoluble, and soluble dietary fiber SO CEREAL FOODS WORLD LA English DT Article C1 Amer Assoc Cereal Chemists, St Paul, MN 55121 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Caldwell, EF (reprint author), Amer Assoc Cereal Chemists, 3340 Pilot Knob Rd, St Paul, MN 55121 USA. NR 4 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CEREAL CHEMISTS PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB RD, ST PAUL, MN 55121-2097 USA SN 0146-6283 J9 CEREAL FOOD WORLD JI Cereal Foods World PD MAY PY 1999 VL 44 IS 5 BP 360 EP 362 PG 3 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 199NG UT WOS:000080488100006 ER PT J AU Torbert, HA Prior, SA Reeves, DW AF Torbert, HA Prior, SA Reeves, DW TI Land management effects on nitrogen and carbon cycling in an ultisol SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article ID SOIL ORGANIC-CARBON; CROPPING SYSTEMS; CONSERVATION TILLAGE; ATMOSPHERIC CARBON; MINERALIZATION; TEMPERATURE; INTENSITY; ROTATION; IMPACTS; QUALITY AB Soil carbon (C) content in agro-ecosystems is important in a global context because of the potential for soil to act as a sink for atmospheric CO2. However, soil C storage in agro-ecosystems can be sensitive to land management practices. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of land management systems on C and nitrogen (N) cycling in an Ultisol in Alabama. Soil samples (0-10, 10-20, and 20-30 cm depths) were collected from a Marvyn sandy loam soil (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Hapludults) under five different farm scale management systems for at least 5 years. The five systems were cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production managed with 1) conventional tillage only, 2) conventional tillage with a grazed winter cover crop (wheat, Triticum aestivum L.), 3) conservation tillage with a winter cover crop grown for cover only with strip tillage; or taken out of cotton production with either 4) long-term fallow (mowed), or 5) Conservation Reserve Program with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) (CRP-pine). Total N, total organic C (TOC), total P, and soil C:N ratios were determined. Potential C mineralization, N mineralization, C turnover and C:N mineralization ratios were determined on samples during a 30-day laboratory incubation study. The fallow system had significantly higher TOC concentration (7.7 g kg(-1) C) while the CRP-pine system had lower TOC concentration (3.1 g kg(-1) C) compared with the farmed management systems (approximate to 4.7 g kg(-1) C). The fallow system had a significantly lower C turnover at all three soil depths compared with the other management systems. At the 0-10 cm depth, the highest C:N mineralization ratio levels were observed in management systems receiving the most tillage. Our results indicate that for Ultisols in the Southeast the use of surface tillage in land management systems is a controlling factor which may limit soil C sequestration. C1 ARS, USDA, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36832 USA. RP Torbert, HA (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, 808 E Blackland Rd, Temple, TX 76502 USA. NR 39 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 8 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 30 IS 9-10 BP 1345 EP 1359 DI 10.1080/00103629909370290 PG 15 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 207PW UT WOS:000080946100009 ER PT J AU Wutscher, HK AF Wutscher, HK TI Geographic variation of strontium concentrations in orange leaves SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article AB Very high (>7,000 mu g g(-1) d.w.) strontium (Sr) concentrations in orange leaves from a site in southwestern Florida raised the question of how common were these higher than previously reported levels. Five leaf samples each of which had been collected for nutritional diagnosis at the optimum sampling time at 22 locations in Florida and one each in Texas, Arizona, Mexico, Nicaragua, Brazil, and Argentina, were analyzed for Sr, calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). High Sr levels in the leaves were limited to three sites in a narrow band across Florida between latitudes 27 degrees 00' and 27 degrees 30' N. Levels in the more northern locations tended to be lower (<100 mu g g(-1) d.w.) than at the southern sites. The out-of-state and foreign samples contained Sr in the 100 to 400 mu g g(-1) d.w. range reported from California. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. RP Wutscher, HK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Res Lab, 2120 Camden Rd, Orlando, FL 32803 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 30 IS 9-10 BP 1361 EP 1365 DI 10.1080/00103629909370291 PG 5 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 207PW UT WOS:000080946100010 ER PT J AU Baligar, VC Wright, RJ Fageria, NK Pitta, GVE AF Baligar, VC Wright, RJ Fageria, NK Pitta, GVE TI Enzyme activities in cerrado soils of brazil SO COMMUNICATIONS IN SOIL SCIENCE AND PLANT ANALYSIS LA English DT Article ID APPALACHIAN SOILS; SULFATASE ACTIVITIES; UREASE ACTIVITY; PHOSPHATASE; ARYLSULFATASE; DEHYDROGENASE AB Enzymes play an important role in cycling of organically bound nutrients in soils. Pyrophosphatase (PPi), acid phosphatase (AP), arylsulfatase (AS), urease (UR), and dehydrogenase (DH) activities were measured in air-dry samples from the top 15 cm of two dark red Latosols and four red-yellow Latosols from Cerrado regions of Minas Gerais (MG) and Goias (GO) Brazil. Relationships between enzyme activities and soil properties were examined. Among the six soils, the dark red Latosol from Sete Lagoas, MG, had;the highest activities for AP, AS, and UR enzymes. The lowest activities for these enzymes were observed in a dark red Latosol from Uberaba, MG, and this soil also recorded the lowest DH activity. The red-yellow Latosol from Sete Lagoas, MG, had the highest PPi and DH. The activities, whereas a red-yellow Latosol from Felixlandia, MG, gave the lowest PPi activity. Activities of all enzymes were negatively correlated with sand and silt content and positively correlated with clay content. Overall, the enzyme activities were positively correlated with pH, organic carbon (C), Bray P, and exchangeable potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). Soil organic C appears to have the greatest effect on the level of enzyme activities in acid soils. Each soil type has its own inherent levels of enzyme activities. Knowledge of relationships between enzyme activities and soil properties could be useful in development of sound fertilizer practices for Cerrado soils. C1 ARS, USDA, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EMBRAPA, CNPAF, BR-74001970 Goiania, Go, Brazil. EMBRAPA, CNPMS, BR-35701970 Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil. RP Baligar, VC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, POB 400, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. NR 27 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0010-3624 J9 COMMUN SOIL SCI PLAN JI Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 30 IS 9-10 BP 1551 EP 1560 DI 10.1080/00103629909370306 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical; Soil Science SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 207PW UT WOS:000080946100025 ER PT J AU Verner, J Purcell, KL AF Verner, J Purcell, KL TI Fluctuating populations of House Wrens and Bewick's Wrens in foothills of the western Sierra Nevada of California SO CONDOR LA English DT Article DE Bewick's Wren; House Wren; interspecific competition; population trends; precipitation; Thryomanes bewickii; Troglodytes aedon ID PRODUCTIVITY; COMMUNITY; DROUGHT AB In foothills of the western Sierra Nevada, 31 km east of Madera, California, we studied whether Bewick's Wrens (Thryomanes bewickii) tend to be excluded from an area occupied by House Wrens (Troglodytes aedon) as reported in several studies in the eastern United States. Neither point counts from 1985 to 1997 nor spot mapping from 1989 to 1993 suggests any interaction between these species. The study period included the most prolonged drought and the most severe period of winter weather in the 64-year climatological record from the study site. House Wren abundance was significantly related to the 4-year running average of annual precipitation and to the lowest temperature recorded in the winter months preceding survey counts. We speculate that House Wrens cannot maintain their numbers by local recruitment during droughts in the oak-pine woodlands that dominate our study area and that recovery of their population following droughts involves recruitment from other areas, probably riparian zones and other mesic habitats elsewhere in the Sierra foothills and Central Valley of California. There was no influence of precipitation on abundance of Bewick's Wrens and, although they apparently sustained heavy mortality during a period of extreme winter weather, their numbers otherwise were not related to the lowest temperature during the winter preceding counts. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Fresno, CA 93710 USA. RP Verner, J (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, 2081 E Sierra Ave, Fresno, CA 93710 USA. RI Purcell, Kathryn/S-2592-2016 NR 26 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 3 U2 11 PU COOPER ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA ORNITHOLOGICAL SOC NORTH AMER PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0010-5422 J9 CONDOR JI Condor PD MAY PY 1999 VL 101 IS 2 BP 219 EP 229 DI 10.2307/1369985 PG 11 WC Ornithology SC Zoology GA 191DD UT WOS:000080005700003 ER PT J AU Dahlberg, JA Peterson, GL Odvody, GN Bonde, M AF Dahlberg, JA Peterson, GL Odvody, GN Bonde, M TI Inhibition of germination and sporulation of Claviceps africana from honeydew encrusted sorghum with seed treatment fungicides SO CROP PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE sorghum; macrospore; conidiophores; honeydew; secondary conidia; ergot AB The inhibitory effects of six fungicides on macrospore germination and production of secondary conidia of Claviceps africana were studied. Effects of these fungicides on germination of sorghum seed also were determined. Panicles from male-sterile sorghums with honeydew exudate were harvested from the USDA-ARS Research Farm, Isabela, Puerto Rico in the Spring of 1997. Honeydew exudate-infested panicles were used as inoculum to infest ergot-free sorghum seed. Seeds were placed on 1 and 2% water agar containing 100 mg/l each of streptomycin sulfate and ampicillin and were also plated on soil. They were incubated at 21-22 degrees C, 16 h of light. Al 24 and 48 h, samples were examined under a microscope, equipped with 50x and 100x objectives, for germination of macroconidia and the formation of conidiophores and secondary conidia on both seed, soil, and agar surfaces. Samples also were evaluated for seed germination. Abundant conidiophores with conidia were observed over the entire seed surface of (control) honeydew-infested seed while none were observed on untreated control seed. Fungicidal effects and seed germination results showed that captan (Captan 400(R)) and thiram (42-S Thiram(R)) effectively inhibited conidiophore production and secondary conidia formation without severely reducing viability of the sorghum seed. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, TARS, Mayaguez, PR 00680 USA. USDA ARS, Plant Dis Res Lab, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. Texas A & M Res & Extens Ctr, Corpus Christi, TX 78410 USA. RP Dahlberg, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, TARS, 2200 Ave Pedro Albizu Campus,Suite 201, Mayaguez, PR 00680 USA. NR 3 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0261-2194 J9 CROP PROT JI Crop Prot. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 18 IS 4 BP 235 EP 238 DI 10.1016/S0261-2194(99)00020-4 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 200ZK UT WOS:000080570000001 ER PT J AU Espitia-Rangel, E Baenziger, PS Graybosch, RA Shelton, DR Moreno-Sevilla, B Peterson, CJ AF Espitia-Rangel, E Baenziger, PS Graybosch, RA Shelton, DR Moreno-Sevilla, B Peterson, CJ TI Agronomic performance and stability of 1A vs. 1AL.1RS genotypes derived from winter wheat 'Nekota' SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID END-USE QUALITY; CHROMOSOME-TRANSLOCATION; 1BL/1RS; RYE; REGISTRATION; LINES; GREENBUG; CROSS; 1RS; 1B AB The presence of the short arm of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome one (1RS) has been associated with an increase in grain yield in hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). This positive effect has been demonstrated when the YRS arm is present in. the 1BL.1RS translocation. However, little information is available regarding the 1AL.1RS translocation. Our objective was to determine the effect of the 1AL.1RS translocation on yield and yield components and their stability across environments. Eighteen homogeneous YA lines (non-1RS) and 16 1AL.1RS lines were randomly derived from the heterogeneous cultivar Nekota. These 34 lines, four composites (1A, 1AL.1RS, 1AL.1RS + 1A, and Nekota), along with six check cultivars were grown in eight Nebraska environments. The 1AL.1RS translocation in the Nekota background increased kernel weight (3.3%) and grain volume weight (0.4%); had no effect on grain yield, kernels per spike, and anthesis date; and decreased plant height (1.2%) and number of spikes per square meter (2.9%). The YA lines and 1AL.1RS lines were equally stable for grain yield, kernels per spike, spikes per square meter, and plant height. For kernel weight, the 1A lines were more responsive and tended to have heavier kernels under favorable environments, while the 1AL.1RS lines had heavier kernels under lower yielding environments. For grain volume weight, the 1A lines were more responsive than the 1AL.1RS lines, which had heavier grain volume weight under lower yielding environments. Hence, the 1AL.1RS translocation in Nekota was not beneficial for either agronomic performance or stability. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. HybriTech Seed Int, Boise, ID 83713 USA. RP Baenziger, PS (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RI Baenziger, Peter/C-6490-2014 OI Baenziger, Peter/0000-0002-9109-6954 NR 28 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 643 EP 648 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207NV UT WOS:000080943700005 ER PT J AU Espitia-Rangel, E Baenziger, PS Shelton, DR Graybosch, RA Moreno-Sevilla, B Peterson, CJ AF Espitia-Rangel, E Baenziger, PS Shelton, DR Graybosch, RA Moreno-Sevilla, B Peterson, CJ TI End-use quality performance and stability of 1A vs. 1AL.1RS genotypes derived from winter wheat 'Nekota' SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BAKING QUALITY; AGRONOMIC PERFORMANCE; RYE TRANSLOCATION; FLOUR QUALITY; REGISTRATION; ENVIRONMENT; 1BL/1RS; LINES; 1B AB Chromosomal translocations between wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) have been associated with an increase in grain yield and a decrease in end-use quality in hard red winter wheat. Although demonstrated with a 1BL.1RS translocation, less information is available regarding the effect of 1BL.1RS translocations. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of a 1AL.1RS translocation in hard red winter wheat on end-use quality traits and their stability across environments. From the heterogeneous 1AL.1RS wheat cultivar Nekota, 18 homogeneous 1A lines (non-1RS), 16 1AL.1RS lines, four composites (1A, 1AL.1RS, 1AL.1RS+ 1A, and Nekota), and six cultivars were tested in eight Nebraska environments. The 1AL.1RS translocation increased flour protein content (5.5 mg g(-1)), but decreased flour yield (14.2 g kg(-1)), Mixograph mixing time (from 2.9-2.7 min), and Mixograph mixing tolerance rating (from 3.5-3.1). Despite higher pour protein content in 1AL.1RS lines, the 1AL.1RS translocation did not enhance other end-use quality traits. On the basis of linear regression, the 1A and 1AL.1RS lines had similar stability values for flour yield and flour protein content. The 1A lines showed higher flour yield in all environments, while the 1AL.1RS lines had higher pour protein content in all environments. For Mixograph mixing time and mixing tolerance, the 1A lines were more responsive to the environment, while the 1AL.1RS lines had exceptional stability over all environments. The end-use quality of Nekota can be explained by a mixture of 1A lines with acceptable to good quality and 1AL.1RS lines with poor to acceptable quality. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. HybriTech Seed Int, Boise, ID 83713 USA. RP Baenziger, PS (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RI Baenziger, Peter/C-6490-2014 OI Baenziger, Peter/0000-0002-9109-6954 NR 26 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 649 EP 654 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207NV UT WOS:000080943700006 ER PT J AU Vogel, KP Arumuganathan, R Jensen, KB AF Vogel, KP Arumuganathan, R Jensen, KB TI Nuclear DNA content of perennial grasses of the triticeae SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID FLOW-CYTOMETRY; GENOME; ANGIOSPERMS; HYBRIDIZATION; POACEAE AB Nuclear DNA content was determined by flow cytometry for an array of perennial species of the Triticeae (Poaceae) which characterize the tribe and are representative of the genomes of the Triticeae. The mean nuclear DNA content expressed on a diploid basis (DNA pg/2C) for the diploid genomes tin parentheses) were as follows: Agropyron (PP) 13.9 pg, Pseudoroegneria (StSt) 8.8 pg, Hordeum (HH) 9.5 pg, Psathyrostachys (NsNs) 16.7 pg, and Thinopyrum genomes ((EEb)-E-b) 14.9 pg and ((EEe)-E-e) 12.0 pg. The YY genome in Elymus was determined by difference to be 9.3 pg. The unknown or XmXm genome or genomes in Leymus could have DNA contents that range from 2.7 to 7.7 pg/2C, There were significant differences in DNA content of species with similar diploid genomes. There were also significant differences in nuclear DNA content among polyploid species with the same genomes. In general, the nuclear DNA content of the polyploid species of the Triticeae were similar to the expected DNA contents on the basis of previous genomic classifications. However, in some allopolyploid genera such as Thinopyrum and Pascopyrum, the nuclear DNA content of some species was less than expected on the basis of summation of the DNA of constituent genomes. The results indicate that gain or loss of nuclear DNA has occurred during the evolution of the perennial Triticeae and was probably a part of speciation. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Wheat Sorghum & Forage Res Unit, Lincoln, NE 68507 USA. Univ Nebraska, Ctr Biotechnol, Lincoln, NE 68516 USA. Utah State Univ, USDA ARS, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. RP Vogel, KP (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Wheat Sorghum & Forage Res Unit, 344 Keim Hall,POB 830937, Lincoln, NE 68507 USA. NR 25 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 661 EP 667 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207NV UT WOS:000080943700009 ER PT J AU Kakani, A Saha, S Sapra, VT Zipf, A Stelly, DM AF Kakani, A Saha, S Sapra, VT Zipf, A Stelly, DM TI Genetic mechanism and chromosomal location of pollen-specific gene(s) in Gossypium SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MALE GAMETOPHYTE DEVELOPMENT; UPLAND COTTON; HIRSUTUM; VIABILITY; TRANSLOCATIONS; ORGANIZATION; BARBADENSE; ORIGIN AB Genetic manipulation of plant reproduction is limited by the lack of knowledge on genes controlling gametophyte development. We have combined the power of haploid analysis with the advanced technique of confocal laser scanning microscopy to identify and understand the genetic mechanism of pollen development in cotton A study was made on the differential effects of specific chromosomal deficiencies on the morphology of mature cotton pollen, Pollen of the two tetraploid species (G. hirsutum L, and G, barbadense L,) were: found to he morphologically distinct. Confocal microscopy was used to construct a three-dimensional image of the fluorochrome-stained pollen grains. Cytogenetically deficient stocks of cotton were used for locating genes for pollen development to chromosomes and chromosome arms. Results indicated that the pollen size and spine pattern were significantly different between TM-1 (G. hirsutum) and 3-79 (G, barbadense), Comparative analysis of pollen morphology of parental and interspecific hybrid, monosomic, and monotelodisomic plants indicated that gene(s) responsible for pollen spine development were located on the long arm of chromosome 12. The segregating nature of pollen morphological features indicated that the gametophytic gene(s) of the microspore partially controlled the pollen size and spine formation during pollen grain development. C1 ARS, USDA, Crop Sci Res Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Normal, AL 35762 USA. ARS, Integrated Pest Management Unit, USDA, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Saha, S (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Crop Sci Res Lab, Box 5367, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. OI Stelly, David/0000-0002-3468-4119 NR 32 TC 2 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 668 EP 673 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207NV UT WOS:000080943700010 ER PT J AU Dahleen, LS AF Dahleen, LS TI Donor-plant environment Effects on regeneration from barley embryo-derived callus SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HORDEUM-VULGARE L; TISSUE-CULTURE; CULTIVARS; GENOTYPE AB High levels of green plant regeneration are necessary for efficient barley (Hordeum vulgare L,) transformation. Experiments to optimize regeneration of calli derived from immature embryos have examined the effects of genotype and media components, but research on the effects of donor-plant growth environment is lacking, Defined growth conditions in growth chambers are known to give consistent regeneration rates, but space often is limited. The objective of this project was to evaluate regeneration from barley tissue cultures of 'Golden Promise' and 'Morex' grown under greenhouse conditions, planted on four different dates, to determine optimal greenhouse planting times. Results were compared with cultures from plants grown in the growth chamber planted on the same four dates. Genotype, growth environment, and planting date had significant effects on green plant regeneration. Cultures of embryos, from plants sown in the greenhouse in December resulted in significantly fewer green regenerants per plate. Regeneration mas more dependent on the average solar radiation than on temperature. The best greenhouse regeneration rates for Morex were not significantly different than regeneration from growth chamber-grown donor plants, Green plant regeneration was higher and less variable from growth chamber-grown donor plants, Sufficient regeneration from greenhouse-grown donor plants can be reached when natural light levels are high and temperatures are moderate. C1 ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, USDA, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Dahleen, LS (reprint author), ARS, Cereal Crops Res Unit, USDA, No Crop Sci Lab, POB 5677 SU Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 16 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 682 EP 685 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207NV UT WOS:000080943700013 ER PT J AU Adamsen, FJ Pinter, PJ Barnes, EM LaMorte, RL Wall, GW Leavitt, SW Kimball, BA AF Adamsen, FJ Pinter, PJ Barnes, EM LaMorte, RL Wall, GW Leavitt, SW Kimball, BA TI Measuring wheat senescence with a digital camera SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID VEGETATION INDEXES; CHLOROPHYLL METER; WINTER-WHEAT; CROP; EFFICIENCY; YIELD; RED AB Documenting crop senescence rates is often difficult because of the need for frequent sampling during periods of rapid change and the subjective nature of human visual observations. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using images produced by a digital camera to measure the senescence rate of wheat and to compare the results with changes in greenness determined by two established methods. Measurements were made as part of an experiment to determine the effects of elevated CO2 and limited soil nitrogen on spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at the University of Arizona's Maricopa Agricultural Center, near Phoenix, AZ. "Greenness" measurements were made during senescence of the crop with a color digital camera, a hand-held radiometer, and a SPAD chlorophyll meter. The green to red (GIR) for each pixel in an image was calculated and the average GIR computed for cropped images from a digital camera representing 1 m(2) for each treatment and sample date. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was calculated from the red and near-infrared canopy reflectances measured with a hand held radiometer. A SPAD reading was obtained from randomly selected flag leaves. All three methods of measuring plant greenness showed similar temporal trends. The relationships between GIR with NDVI and SPAD were linear over most of the range of GIR. However, NDVI was more sensitive at low values than GIR. GIR was more sensitive above G/R values of 1.2 than SPAD because the upper limits of SPAD measurements were constrained by the amount of chlorophyll in the leaf, while GIR responded to both chlorophyll concentration in the leaves as well as the number of leaves present. Color digital imaging appears useful for quantifying the senescence of crop canopies. The cost of color digital cameras is expected to decrease and the quality and convenience of use to improve. C1 ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, USDA, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Adamsen, FJ (reprint author), ARS, US Water Conservat Lab, USDA, 4331 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. NR 19 TC 106 Z9 153 U1 4 U2 34 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 719 EP 724 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207NV UT WOS:000080943700019 ER PT J AU de Freitas, PL Zobel, RW Snyder, VA AF de Freitas, PL Zobel, RW Snyder, VA TI Corn root growth in soil columns with artificially constructed aggregates SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SYSTEM AB Soil structure, defined as the size and density of aggregates, has been recognized as an important indicator of potential soil productivity. To better understand the impact of inherent root-soil interaction effects on soil productivity, we evaluated root growth in soils with known structure. Corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings were grown for 33 d in soil columns, with Collamer silt loam soil (Fine-silty, mixed, mesic Glossaquic Hapludalf), that was artificially manipulated to create cubical aggregates of different sizes (25 and 50 mm, on each edge) and densities (1.4, 1.6, and 1.8 Mg m(-3)). Plant response was characterized by root and shoot growth. Root length, diameter, and weight were measured in zones within aggregates (intraaggregate pores, or micropores), and between aggregates and between horizontal slices of soil (collectively, interaggregate pores, or macropores). The preferred root growth pathway (within micropores or within macropores) differed with aggregate density and was influenced by aggregate size. Length of roots penetrating aggregates decreased exponentially with increasing aggregate density. Root growth (length) also shifted from within micropores to within macropores with increasing aggregate size, suggesting an interaction effect between density and size of aggregates. Accurate assessment of this interaction may allow the determination of the optimum conditions for root growth and, consequently, the maximum potential for crop growth in a specific soil. C1 ARS, USDA, ASWCRL, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. Embrapa Soils CNPS, BR-22460000 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Univ Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, PR 00708 USA. RP Zobel, RW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, ASWCRL, 1224 Airport Rd, Beaver, WV 25813 USA. RI FREITAS, PEDRO/F-7052-2012 OI FREITAS, PEDRO/0000-0001-5592-644X NR 17 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 725 EP 730 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207NV UT WOS:000080943700020 ER PT J AU Heagle, AS Miller, JE Booker, FL Pursley, WA AF Heagle, AS Miller, JE Booker, FL Pursley, WA TI Ozone stress, carbon dioxide enrichment, and nitrogen fertility interactions in cotton SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SOYBEAN RESPONSE; PLANT-RESPONSES; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; YIELD RESPONSE; SOIL-MOISTURE; ELEVATED CO2; GROWTH; CHAMBERS; INJURY; FACE AB Ozone (O-3) in the troposphere can cause plant stress leading to foliar injury and suppressed growth and yield, whereas elevated CO2 generally enhances growth and yield. Numerous studies have been performed to determine effects of O-3 and CO2 separately, but relatively few have been performed to determine if O-3 can affect plant response to CO2 or vice versa. Open-top field chambers were used to determine if such interactions occur for cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), which is relatively sensitive to O-3. Nitrogen nutrition is especially important in cotton production so N nutrition was included as an experimental factor. Plants were grown in 14-L pots at low, medium, and high soil N levels and exposed to three CO2 and two or three O-3 treatments in all combinations during two seasons. The CO2 treatments were ambient (370 mu L L-1) and two treatments with CO2 added for 24 h d(-1) at approximately 1.5 and 2.0 Limes ambient. In 1995, the O-3 treatments were charcoal filtered air (CP), and nonfiltered air (NF) with O-3 added for 12 h d(-1) (NF+). In 1996, a NF treatment was also included to represent ambient O-3 conditions. The CF, NF, and NF+ treatments resulted in seasonal O-3 concentrations of approximately 23, 51, and 75 nL L-1. Carbon dioxide enrichment generally stimulated growth and yield whereas O-3 exposure suppressed growth. and yield. Stimulation induced by CO2 increased as O-3 stress increased. For example, in 1995 at medium N, the percentage increase in yield caused by doubling CO2 in CF air was 0%, but was 52% in NF+ air. Comparable values for 1996 were 23% in CF air and 140% in NF+ air. These interactions occurred for a range of soil N levels, and were probably caused by CO2-induced prevention of O-3 stress. The results emphasize the need to consider O-3 x CO2 interactions to ensure correct interpretation of cause-effect relationships in CO2 enrichment studies with crops that are sensitive to O-3. C1 ARS, USDA, Air Qual Plant Growth & Dev Res Unit, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Heagle, AS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Air Qual Plant Growth & Dev Res Unit, 3908 Inwood Rd, Raleigh, NC 27603 USA. NR 39 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 8 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 731 EP 741 PG 11 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207NV UT WOS:000080943700021 ER PT J AU Garcia-Diaz, CA Steiner, JJ AF Garcia-Diaz, CA Steiner, JJ TI Birdsfoot trefoil seed production: I. Crop-water requirements and response to irrigation SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INFRARED THERMOMETRY; YIELD COMPONENTS; STRESS INDEX; ALFALFA; SOIL AB Forage legume seed crop reproduction can be modified by regulat ing soil-water availability. However, responses to water stress differ for each species, so a single optimal water management strategy is not available for all crops. The objectives of this research were to determine the crop-water requirements and the optimal water management conditions for birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) when grown for seed production under humid temperate marine climatic conditions of western Oregon, USA. The experiment was conducted on a Woodburn silt loam soil (fine-silty, mixed, mesic Aquultic Argixeroll) near Corvallis. Four single-application treatments varying in water depletion percentage (30 and 60% of field capacity) and replenishment amount (50 and 100% of amount depleted) were applied in 1994 and 1995. A low-stress treatment (LS) that received two to three applications per week of the amount depleted since the last application and a non-irrigated control were also investigated in 1994, 1995, and 1996. Increasing amounts of applied water resulted in increased seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ETc) with plants grown under low-stress having the greatest ETc and non-irrigated control plants the least (r = 0.91). The fraction of available soil water used by nonirrigated plants was greatest and the LS treatment the least of all treatments. For non-irrigated conditions, the crop-water requirement ranged from 240 to 255 mm. Soil-water conditions favorable for high vegetative development were opposite of the renditions for optimal seed yield water-use efficiency. Unlike other forage legume seed crops, birdsfoot trefoil grown under these conditions required minimal or no supplemental irrigation to achieve maximal seed yield. C1 ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Inst Nacl Invest Forestales & Agropecuarias, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. RP Steiner, JJ (reprint author), ARS, Natl Forage Seed Prod Res Ctr, USDA, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 32 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 775 EP 783 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207NV UT WOS:000080943700027 ER PT J AU Redfearn, DD Moore, KJ Vogel, KP Waller, SS Mitchell, RB AF Redfearn, DD Moore, KJ Vogel, KP Waller, SS Mitchell, RB TI Fiber digestion dynamics of sward components within switchgrass populations SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DRY-MATTER DIGESTIBILITY; FORAGE QUALITY; STRAINS; MORPHOLOGY; SELECTION; KINETICS; RUMEN; YIELD AB Forage quality as it relates to plant maturity is well established; however, strategies for improving fiber digestion in switchgrass populations have not been determined. The objectives of this study were to determine fiber digestion of sward components within switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) populations and which aspects of fiber digestion dynamics caused in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) differences of six switchgrass populations, This study was conducted in 1993 near Ames, LA, and Mead, NE. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with a split-plot arrangement of treatments with four replicates at each location. Whole plots were populations and subplots were sward maturity. 'Trailblazer', 'Pathfinder', 'Cave-in-Rock', and three experimental switchgrass populations were used in this study. Populations were harvested on 9 June, 19 July, and 27 August at Ames and on 10 June, 27 July, and 36 August at Mead, Fiber composition and digestibility were determined on leaf blade, leaf sheath, and stem fractions of the primary growth stages, Significant differences for theoretical true digestibility (TD) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) existed for morphological components at each sward maturity, However, digestion characteristics of the sward components were not stable across primary growth stages. Rate of fiber digestion was faster for most sward components at Ames than Mead, although stems of elongating tillers from elongating swards digested faster on plants grown at Mead than Ames. Rate of fiber digestion of stems was typically slower than either leaf blades or sheaths, but in several instances they were similar or stems had faster rates of fiber digestion. Although phenotypic selection can increase fiber digestibility, plant maturity remains an important factor, and selections may require evaluation at different stages of morphological development, Thus, improvements in forage digestion, at least in switchgrass, may only he manifested for the growth stage at which it was selected. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, SE Res Stn, Franklinton, LA 70438 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Texas Tech Univ, Dept Range Wildlife & Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX 79416 USA. RP Redfearn, DD (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Ctr Agr, SE Res Stn, Franklinton, LA 70438 USA. NR 25 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 784 EP 789 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207NV UT WOS:000080943700028 ER PT J AU Hiatt, EE Hill, NS Bouton, JH Stuedemann, JA AF Hiatt, EE Hill, NS Bouton, JH Stuedemann, JA TI Tall fescue endophyte detection: Commercial immunoblot test kit compared with microscopic analysis SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ERGOT ALKALOID CONCENTRATION; NEOTYPHODIUM-COENOPHIALUM AB A reliable, efficient, and accurate detection method for presence of the endophytic fungus Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones and Gams) Glenn, Bacon, and Hanlin comb. nov. in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb,) seed and plant tissue would be beneficial for tall fescue breeding and seed lot analysis. This experiment was conducted to determine the accuracy, reliability, and reproducibility of the Phytoscreen Neotyphodium immunoblot defection kit (Agrinostics Ltd. Co., Watkinsville, GA). Tissue immunoblot was compared with histological staining followed by microscopic analysis an tall fescue tillers from a greenhouse grow-out test, field grown spaced plants, established field paddocks, and different tall fescue seed lots. Endophyte-infected and endophyte-free tall fescue populations were evaluated by both methods. Results obtained by both methods were similar regardless of the infection level of the population, type of tissue assayed, or the technician that conducted the assay. The immunoblot detection kit was accurate and reliable and readily accommodated large numbers of samples. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, USDA, J Phil Campbell Sr Nat Resources Conservat Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Hiatt, EE (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 12 TC 62 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 13 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 796 EP 799 PG 4 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207NV UT WOS:000080943700030 ER PT J AU Waldron, BL Moreno-Sevilla, B Anderson, JA Stack, RW Frohberg, RC AF Waldron, BL Moreno-Sevilla, B Anderson, JA Stack, RW Frohberg, RC TI RFLP mapping of QTL for fusarium head blight resistance in wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID PYRENOPHORA-TRITICI-REPENTIS; BARLEY HORDEUM-VULGARE; SPRING WHEAT; CHROMOSOMAL LOCATION; GIBBERELLA-ZEAE; GENETIC MAPS; WINTER-WHEAT; CONSTRUCTION; MARKERS; SCAB AB Recent epidemics of fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (telomorph: Gibberella zeae), in the USA and Canada have caused severe yield and quality losses in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Development of resistant cultivars has been difficult because of the complex inheritance of resistance and con founding environmental effects. This study was conducted to identify and map DNA markers linked to genes associated with FHB resistance. A population of 112 F-5-derived recombinant inbred (RI) wheat lines from the cross 'Sumai 3' (resistant)/'Stoa' (moderately susceptible) was evaluated in two greenhouse experiments for Type II resistance (spread within the spike). On the basis of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) marker analyses, five genomic regions were significantly (P < 0.01) associated with FHB resistance, three derived from Sumai 3 and two from Stoa. Regions on Chromosomes 3BS (from Sumai 3) and 2AL (from Stoa) were identified by interval analysis using a LOD threshold of 3.0. These two quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been assigned the gene designations QFhs.ndsu-3B and QFhs.ndsu-2A, respectively. Recombinant inbred lines with these two QTL had a median severity of 20.9%, compared with 36.2% for all RI lines. The best RFLP marker in the 3BS region explained 15.4% of the variation and a multiple regression model consisting of three QTL explained 29.5% of the variation. These results indicate that resistance to FHB is inherited in a quantitative manner and that marker-assisted selection may aid the development of FHB-resistant cultivars. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ARS, USDA, Forage & Range Res Lab, Logan, UT 84322 USA. HybriTech, Boise, ID 83713 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Anderson, JA (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, 411 Borlaug Hall, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. NR 54 TC 205 Z9 227 U1 1 U2 19 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 805 EP 811 PG 7 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207NV UT WOS:000080943700032 ER PT J AU Bai, GH Ayele, M Tefera, H Nguyen, HT AF Bai, GH Ayele, M Tefera, H Nguyen, HT TI Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis of tef [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) trotter] SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RAPD MARKERS; AFLP; LACTUCA AB Tef, [Eragrostis tef (Zucc) Trotter, is a major cereal crop in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic relationships among tef accessions by the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique. Forty-seven accessions of tef and one accession each of E. pilosa and E. curvula were analyzed. A total of 316 polymorphic DNA fragments across the three Eragrostis species were identified. The level of polymorphism within tef accessions was low (18%). However, with four or more primer pairs and a cluster analyses procedure, all the accessions included in the study were differentiated from each other. The three species studied fell in to three distinct clusters. Within tef, two major groups can be differentiated at 89% similarity. Because AFLP is reliable and enables assessment of potentially unlimited numbers of genetic loci, it permits greater insights into the genetic diversity of tef than had been possible with other available markers. Despite the low polymorphism Level in tef, the availability of a large number of primer combinations and the high speed of the assay make AFLP an efficient marker technology for genetic diversity study of tef. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Plant Mol Genet Lab, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. ARS, NCAUR, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Debre Zeit Agr Res Ctr, Debre Zeit, Ethiopia. RP Nguyen, HT (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Plant Mol Genet Lab, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 24 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 819 EP 824 PG 6 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207NV UT WOS:000080943700034 ER PT J AU Robinson, AF Cook, CG Percival, AE AF Robinson, AF Cook, CG Percival, AE TI Resistance to Rotylenchulus reniformis and Meloidogyne incognita race 3 in the major cotton cultivars planted since 1950 SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE; FUSARIUM WILT COMPLEX; GERMPLASM LINES; UPLAND COTTON; REGISTRATION; PENETRATION AB The southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita race 3 (Kofoid & White) Chitwood, and the reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira, are the most widespread and economically important nematode pests of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and Pima cotton (G. barbadense L.) in the USA. Progress in the development of nematode-resistant cotton cultivars is unclear. Plant breeders often have selected for nematode tolerance by measuring cotton yield in nematode-infested fields but seldom have selected for resistance by measuring nematode reproduction. The objective of this research was to measure nematode reproduction to assess progress in the development of nematode resistance in cotton. Fifty-five Upland and four Pima cotton cultivars, comprising the most widely planted cultivars in the USA each decade since 1950, were evaluated in growth, chambers for resistance to M. incognita and R. reniformis. The cultivar Deltapine 16 served as the susceptible and the germplasm line Auburn 623 RNR as the resistant control. Reproduction by M, incognita on the cultivars ranged from 4 to 294% of that on Deltapine 16. All cultivars were highly susceptible to R. reniformis. A small increase was detected in the general level of resistance to M. incognita between 1950 and 1996, but only the recently released cultivars, Stoneville 'LA887', Paymaster '1560', and CPCSD 'Acala Nem-X', showed consistently high resistance. These cultivars were developed by measuring nematode reproduction in pots or roof galling in field plantings, as well as yield and related agronomic traits. C1 ARS, USDA, So Crops Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. ARS, USDA, So Crops Res Lab, Weslaco, TX 78596 USA. RP Robinson, AF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Crops Res Lab, 2765 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 58 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 2 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 850 EP 858 PG 9 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207NV UT WOS:000080943700039 ER PT J AU Henning, JA Haunold, A AF Henning, JA Haunold, A TI Registration of 'Santiam' hop SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GERMPLASM C1 Oregon State Univ, USDA, ARS, NFSPRC, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Henning, JA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, USDA, ARS, NFSPRC, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 873 EP 874 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207NV UT WOS:000080943700046 ER PT J AU Henning, JA Haunold, A AF Henning, JA Haunold, A TI Registration of 'Horizon' hop SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GERMPLASM C1 Oregon State Univ, USDA, ARS, NFSPRC, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Henning, JA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, USDA, ARS, NFSPRC, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 874 EP 875 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207NV UT WOS:000080943700047 ER PT J AU Elias, EM Stack, RW Miller, JD AF Elias, EM Stack, RW Miller, JD TI Registration of 'Belzer' durum wheat SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. ARS, USDA, No Crop Sci Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. RP Elias, EM (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 881 EP 882 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207NV UT WOS:000080943700057 ER PT J AU Mornhinweg, DW Porter, DR Webster, JA AF Mornhinweg, DW Porter, DR Webster, JA TI Registration of STARS-9577B Russian wheat aphid resistant barley germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 ARS, USDA, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. RP Mornhinweg, DW (reprint author), ARS, USDA, 1301 N Western St, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. NR 6 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 882 EP 883 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207NV UT WOS:000080943700058 ER PT J AU Murphy, JP Leath, S Huynh, D Navarro, RA Shi, A AF Murphy, JP Leath, S Huynh, D Navarro, RA Shi, A TI Registration of NC96BGTA4, NC96BGTA5, and NC96BGTA6 wheat germplasm SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Murphy, JP (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 4 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 883 EP 884 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207NV UT WOS:000080943700060 ER PT J AU Saunders, JW Theurer, JC Halloin, JM AF Saunders, JW Theurer, JC Halloin, JM TI Registration of EL50 monogerm sugarbeet germplasm with resistance to Cercospora leaf spot and Aphanomyces blackroot SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Michigan State Univ, USDA ARS, Sugarbeet & Bean Res Unit, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, USDA ARS, Sugarbeet & Bean Res Unit, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Saunders, JW (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, USDA ARS, Sugarbeet & Bean Res Unit, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 883 EP 883 PG 1 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207NV UT WOS:000080943700059 ER PT J AU Murphy, JP Leath, S Huynh, D Navarro, RA Shi, A AF Murphy, JP Leath, S Huynh, D Navarro, RA Shi, A TI Registration of NC97BGTD7 and NC97BGTD8 wheat germplasms resistant to powdery mildew SO CROP SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Murphy, JP (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Crop Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 4 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU CROP SCIENCE SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0011-183X J9 CROP SCI JI Crop Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 39 IS 3 BP 884 EP 885 PG 2 WC Agronomy SC Agriculture GA 207NV UT WOS:000080943700061 ER PT J AU Butte, NF Hsu, HW Thotathuchery, M Wong, WW Khoury, J Reeds, P AF Butte, NF Hsu, HW Thotathuchery, M Wong, WW Khoury, J Reeds, P TI Protein metabolism in insulin-treated gestational diabetes SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Article ID AMINO-ACID PROFILES; PLACENTAL TRANSPORT; LEUCINE KINETICS; FETAL GROWTH; PREGNANCY; GLUCOSE; TURNOVER AB OBJECTIVE - To test the hypothesis that protein metabolism is not totally normalized in insulin-treated gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) patients compared with normal, pregnant control subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - Protein metabolism in fight Hispanic women with insulin-treated GDM and eight healthy Hispanic control women was studied in late gestation and at 6 weeks postpartum. Nitrogen flux was assessed from the disposal rate of [N-15]-labeled urea over 12 h after a dose of [N-15]-labeled leucine. Plasma amino acid concentrations were determined in fasting and 2-h postprandial samples using an amino acid analyzer. RESULTS - Protein turnover was normalized in insulin-treated GDM; however, fasting and postprandial plasma amino acids were elevated antepartum and postpartum. Nitrogen nus was significantly lower during pregnancy (P = 0.04-0.001) and did not differ between groups. Fasting and postprandial plasma amino acids were elevated in GDM antepartum and postpartum, despite satisfactory glycemic control. Fasting levels of taurine, hydroxyproline, glutamic acid, glutamine, cystine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and histidine were higher in GDM antepartum and postpartum (P < 0.05). Postprandial concentrations of taurine, hydroxyproline, valine, cystine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, ornithine, lysine, histidine, and arginine were higher in GDM antepartum and postpartum (P < 0.05). With few exceptions, plasma amino acid concentrations were lower antepartum than postpartum (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS - Protein turnover was normalized in insulin-treated women with GDM; however, fasting and postprandial plasma concentrations of amino acids were elevated in the antepartum and postpartum periods, despite satisfactory maternal glycemic control. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. RP Butte, NF (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Dept Pediat, USDA ARS, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RI Khoury, Jane/O-2068-2015 NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD MAY PY 1999 VL 22 IS 5 BP 806 EP 811 DI 10.2337/diacare.22.5.806 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 192WP UT WOS:000080102900026 PM 10332686 ER PT J AU Edwards, MR McMurtry, JP Vasilatos-Younken, R AF Edwards, MR McMurtry, JP Vasilatos-Younken, R TI Relative insensitivity of avian skeletal muscle glycogen to nutritive status SO DOMESTIC ANIMAL ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Poultry-Science-Association CY AUG 02-05, 1998 CL PENN ST UNIV, UNIVERSITY PK, PENNSYLVANIA SP Poultry Sci Assoc HO PENN ST UNIV ID STARVATION; EXERCISE; RAT; CARBOHYDRATE; RESYNTHESIS; DEPLETION; TISSUES; INSULIN; HUMANS; LIVER AB Previous studies in avian species have reported time-dependent losses in muscle glycogen with prolonged feed withdrawal (FW). However, cervical dislocation was used to collect tissues, a method that results in significant involuntary muscle convulsions. In this study, cervical dislocation alone was found to reduce muscle glycogen by 23%, therefore, barbiturate overdose was used to collect tissue samples before and after FW, at the end of refeeding, and from continuously fed controls at each interval. Additionally, plasma samples from 6-wk-old male chickens were taken at the initiation and end of a 24-hr feed withdrawal, and at various times during refeeding. After 24 hr of FW, liver glycogen decreased markedly (77%; P < 0.05), whereas muscle glycogen decreased slightly and transiently, such that it returned to and remained at control levels, even after prolonged (72 hr) FW. Plasma glucose was decreased, whereas glucagon was elevated after a 24-hr feed withdrawal (P < 0.05), when compared with control concentrations. Muscle glycogen levels were not significantly increased over control levels after refeeding, but liver glycogen was increased by 380% (P < 0.05). Feed deprivation followed by refeeding resulted in increased circulating insulin and glucose levels when compared with control levels. Therefore, by using methods of tissue collection that ensure that muscle glycogen determinations are not confounded by artifactual degradation, these results verify that regulation of avian muscle glycogen stores is similar to that in mammals. (C) Elsevier Science Inc. 1999. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. ARS, Growth Biol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Vasilatos-Younken, R (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Poultry Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 28 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0739-7240 J9 DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN JI Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 16 IS 4 BP 239 EP 247 DI 10.1016/S0739-7240(99)00013-2 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Agriculture; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 203MD UT WOS:000080710700005 PM 10370863 ER PT J AU Dunham, JB Rieman, BE AF Dunham, JB Rieman, BE TI Metapopulation structure of bull trout: Influences of physical, biotic, and geometrical landscape characteristics SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE bull trout; extinction risk; habitat fragmentation; incidence functions; landscape ecology; metapopulations; Salvelinus; stream ecology ID POTENTIAL HABITAT LOSS; POPULATION FRAGMENTATION; SALVELINUS-CONFLUENTUS; LIFE-HISTORY; STREAMS; RIVER; DYNAMICS; ECOLOGY; FISH; SIZE AB Metapopulation structure of species in fragmented landscapes is ultimately the result of spatial variability in demographic processes. While specific information on demographic parameters is desirable, a more practical approach to studying metapopulations in fragmented landscapes may begin with analyses of species' occurrence in relation to large-scale habitat variability. Here, we analyzed occurrence of stream-living bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) in relation to physical, biotic, and geometrical characteristics of habitats. Bull trout occurrence was analyzed at several spatial (10(chi) m) scales. Data were from nested sampling of 720 sites (10 m), 179 reaches (10(2) m), and 81 patches (greater than or equal to 10(3) m) of stream habitats within the Boise River basin of central Idaho. Based on previous findings, patches were defined as stream catchments with suitable conditions for spawning and rearing of bull trout (>1600 m elevation). Patch-scale bull trout occurrence was significantly related to patch area and isolation (stream distance between occupied patches). Lack of spatial autocorrelation between patches indicated that isolation effects were more likely the result of limited interaction among habitats (such as dispersal), rather than of correlated environmental conditions. A third factor, human disturbance in the form of roads, was associated with reduced bull trout occurrence at the patch-scale. Analyses of occurrence among reaches within occupied patches showed bull trout may select larger (>2 m width) stream habitats. Occurrence of bull trout was not associated with nonnative brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) at large (patch), intermediate (reach), or small (site) spatial scales. Definition of a metapopulation structure for bull trout in the Boise River basin was complicated by uncertainties in the frequency and magnitude of dispersal. From the distribution of patch sizes and isolation among occupied patches, we suggest that the metapopulation is a complex mosaic of several elements found in conceptual models. This complexity poses a challenge to empirical and theoretical attempts to study stream-living bull trout. Future work to define the structure of bull trout metapopulations must relate temporal and spatial patterns of patch occupancy with complex patterns of dispersal that likely interact with habitat spatial structure, life history variability, and the historical context of regional climate changes. Results of this work suggest that conservation of bull trout should involve protection of larger, less isolated, and less disturbed (as indexed by road densities) habitats that may serve as important refugia or sources of recolonization. Bull trout populations in smaller, isolated, and more disturbed habitats may be at risk of extinction. Finally, metapopulation structure implies the existence of suitable, but presently unoccupied habitat, which should be managed carefully to facilitate potential natural recolonization or reintroductions of bull trout. C1 Univ Nevada, Biol Resources Res Ctr, Reno, NV 89557 USA. USDA, Forest Serv Rocky Res Stn, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP Dunham, JB (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Biol Resources Res Ctr, Reno, NV 89557 USA. NR 92 TC 169 Z9 177 U1 13 U2 77 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 9 IS 2 BP 642 EP 655 DI 10.2307/2641151 PG 14 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 213AQ UT WOS:000081250200029 ER PT J AU Benstead, JP March, JG Pringle, CM Scatena, FN AF Benstead, JP March, JG Pringle, CM Scatena, FN TI Effects of a low-head dam and water abstraction on migratory tropical stream biota SO ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE amphidromy; dams; entrainment; freshwater shrimps; migration; mitigation; modeling; Puerto Rico; stream regulation; tropical rivers; water abstraction ID FRESH-WATER; PUERTO-RICO; AGONOSTOMUS-MONTICOLA; RIVER; DISTURBANCE; INVERTEBRATES; DECAPODA; SHRIMP; BIODIVERSITY; ENVIRONMENT AB Migration of large-bodied "macroconsumers" (e.g., fishes, shrimps, and snails) is an important functional linkage between many tropical rivers and their estuaries. Increasingly, this linkage is being severed by darns and water abstraction. The ecological impacts of these activities are poorly understood and are largely being ignored by dam operators. We investigated the direct effects of a water intake and low-head dam on the migration of amphidromous freshwater shrimps between the headwater streams and estuary of the Rio Espiritu Santo, Puerto Rico, USA. Both downstream migratory drift of larvae and upstream migration of postlarvae had strong diel patterns, with most activity occurring at night. Unlike large dams on the island, this low-head dam did not act as a complete barrier to the upstream migration of metamorphosed postlarvae. However, the dam did cause large numbers of postlarval shrimps to accumulate directly downstream of the structure. Mortality of drifting first-stage larvae by entrainment into the water intake during downstream migration averaged 42% during the 69-d study period. During low discharges, 100% of the drifting larvae were entrained by the intake. The rate of nocturnal entrainment-induced mortality averaged 233 larvae/s and peaked at 1167 larvae/s. We used our field data and a 30-yr discharge record to model the long-term impacts of different intake management strategies on the entrainment mortality at this dam. The simulation model estimated long-term mean daily entrainment mortality at 34-62%, depending on the amount of water extracted from the river. Monthly differences in mean daily entrainment mortality (27-76% depending on estimates of abstraction) were caused by seasonal variation in discharge. Modeling of mitigation options suggested that daily entrainment mortality of larvae could be reduced to 11-20% if water abstraction was halted for 5 h during evening periods of peak drift. Impacts of the dam and operations can be significantly ameliorated by 3-5 h stoppages in water abstraction during peak nocturnal larval drift, upkeep of a functional fish ladder, and maintenance of minimum flow over the dam. Since the impacts of dams depend on the hydrology and design of specific water intake systems, mitigation strategies must be tailored to individual dams and intakes. However, our approach and results are likely to apply to low-head dams throughout the range of amphidromous species. C1 US Forest Serv, Int Inst Trop Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR 00928 USA. RP Benstead, JP (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Inst Ecol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RI Pringle, Catherine/I-1841-2012 NR 62 TC 131 Z9 145 U1 8 U2 55 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1051-0761 J9 ECOL APPL JI Ecol. Appl. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 9 IS 2 BP 656 EP 668 DI 10.2307/2641152 PG 13 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 213AQ UT WOS:000081250200030 ER PT J AU Banuelos, GS Ajwa, HA Caceres, L Dyer, D AF Banuelos, GS Ajwa, HA Caceres, L Dyer, D TI Germination responses and boron accumulation in germplasm from Chile and the United States grown with boron-enriched water SO ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY LA English DT Article ID SALINE IRRIGATION WATER; JOAQUIN VALLEY SOIL; DRAINAGE WATER; IMPERIAL-VALLEY; TOXICITY; DEFICIENCY; SELENIUM; COTTON; REUSE AB Boron (B) is toxic to most plant species when accumulated in high concentrations. Differences in a plant's ability to adapt to high concentrations of B may depend on the origin of the germplasm. Chilean and domestic (U.S.)germplasm, corn (Zea mays L.), carrots (Daucus carotas), tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L,), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were evaluated for germination, emergence of cotyledonary leaves, and tissue B accumulation under high-is conditions in both an environmental growth chamber and a greenhouse. Increasing B levels (20-40 mg B liter(-1)) inhibited the percentage germination for both the Chilean and domestic germplasm. Chilean germplasm exhibited generally a greater percentage of healthy cotyledonary leaves at the 20 mg B liter(-1) treatment than the domestic germplasm. Comparing B concentrations between both germplasm grown and irrigated with B-enriched water (10-20 mg B liter(-1)) under greenhouse conditions, leaves from domestic germplasm contained more B. Moreover, B troxicity symptoms were more severe for the tested plant species from the domestic germplasm. Apparent B tolerance by germplasm of different origin should be further tested under field conditions. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 ARS, USDA, Water Management Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. Univ Antofagasta, Inst Desierto, Antofagasta, Chile. NRCS, USDA, Plant Mat Ctr, Lockeford, CA 95237 USA. RP Banuelos, GS (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Water Management Res Lab, 2021 S Peach, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 42 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0147-6513 J9 ECOTOX ENVIRON SAFE JI Ecotox. Environ. Safe. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 43 IS 1 BP 62 EP 67 DI 10.1006/eesa.1999.1765 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 192ZB UT WOS:000080108700009 PM 10330322 ER PT J AU Uri, ND AF Uri, ND TI Energy and the use of conservation tillage in US agriculture SO ENERGY POLICY LA English DT Article AB The effect of energy on the use of conservation tillage is of special importance in addressing concerns about the impact of agricultural production on the environment in the United States. After establishing that a relationship exists between the price of energy and the use of conservation tillage via Granger causality, the relationship is quantified. It is shown that while the real price of energy does not affect the rate of adoption of conservation tillage, it does impact the extent to which it is used. Finally, there is no structural instability in the relationship between the relative use of conservation tillage and the real price of energy over the period 1963-1997. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, NRCS, RID, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Uri, ND (reprint author), USDA, NRCS, RID, RM 1-2118A,5601 Sunnyside Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 40 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0301-4215 J9 ENERG POLICY JI Energy Policy PD MAY PY 1999 VL 27 IS 5 BP 299 EP 306 DI 10.1016/S0301-4215(98)00068-8 PG 8 WC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 205PY UT WOS:000080830800003 ER PT J AU Perez-Mendoza, J Dover, BA Hagstrum, DW Hopkins, TL AF Perez-Mendoza, J Dover, BA Hagstrum, DW Hopkins, TL TI Effect of crowding, food deprivation, and diet on flight initiation and lipid reserves of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica SO ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA LA English DT Article DE Rhyzopertha dominica; lesser grain borer; flight; crowding; food deprivation; diet ID PROSTEPHANUS-TRUNCATUS; FATTY-ACIDS; COLEOPTERA; BOSTRICHIDAE; TEMPERATURE; HUMIDITY; SURVIVAL; AGE AB Effects of crowding, food deprivation, and type of cereal diet upon flight initiation, development, body weight, lipid content, and fatty acid composition of the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), were studied in two field strains and one laboratory strain. Beetles of all strains reared under crowded conditions had significantly higher flight initiation than beetles reared on isolated kernels (uncrowded). Regardless of degree of crowding, flight initiation increased with the period of food deprivation up to a maximum at 24 h, after which flight initiation declined. Body weight and lipid content decreased as the food deprivation period increased, whereas fatty acid composition was not significantly affected by food deprivation. Beetles from a field strain collected in 1995 had higher flight initiation and increased lipid content compared with beetles from the laboratory strain. However, beetles from the laboratory strain were larger, developed faster, and were more fecund than beetles from this field strain. The cereal diet on which beetles were reared also had a significant effect on flight initiation, lipid content, and fatty acid composition. Beetles reared on whole rice and wheat produced adults with higher flight initiation, higher lipid content, and higher oleic acid concentration than beetles reared on whole corn and sorghum. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Perez-Mendoza, J (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Entomol, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 25 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-8703 J9 ENTOMOL EXP APPL JI Entomol. Exp. Appl. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 91 IS 2 BP 317 EP 326 DI 10.1046/j.1570-7458.1999.00498.x PG 10 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 218TK UT WOS:000081567600006 ER PT J AU Nagle, GN Fahey, TJ Lassoie, JP AF Nagle, GN Fahey, TJ Lassoie, JP TI Management of sedimentation in tropical watersheds SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE tropical watersheds; sedimentation; reservoirs; erosion control ID LAND MANAGEMENT; EROSION; PIEDMONT AB The sedimentation of reservoirs is a serious problem throughout the tropics, yet most attempts to control sedimentation in large river basins have not been very successful, Reliable information on erosion rates and sources of sediments has been lacking. in regions where geologically unstable terrain combines with high rainfall, natural erosion rates might be so high that the effects of human activity are limited, Estimates of natural erosion in these situations often have been poor because of the episodic nature of most erosion during large storms and because mass-wasting may supply much of the sediment. The predominance of mass-wasting in some watersheds can result in an unexpectedly high ratio of bedload to suspended load, shifting sedimentation to "live" rather than "dead" storage within reservoirs. Furthermore the inappropriate use of the Universal Soil Loss Equation to assess the effectiveness of erosion control measures has led to inaccurate estimates of the sediment reduction benefits that could accrue to watershed treatment efforts. Although reducing erosion from cultivated areas is desirable for other reasons, efforts aimed at reducing reservoir sedimentation by controlling agricultural sources of erosion may have limited benefits ii the principal sources are of natural origin or are associated with construction of the darns and reservoirs and with rural roads and trails. Finally, the most appropriate locations for watershed rehabilitation depend on the magnitude of temporary storage of colluvium and alluvium within the river basin: Where storage volume is large and residence time of sediment very long, reducing agricultural erosion may have limited impacts on sedimentation within the expected life of a reservoir. Systematic development and analysis of sediment budgets for representative watersheds is needed to address these limitations and thereby improve both the planning of river basin development schemes and the allocation of resources towards reducing sedimentation. When sedimentation of reservoirs is the key issue, sediment budgets must focus especially on channel transport rates and sediment delivery from hillsides. Sediment budgets are especially critical for tropical areas where project funds and technical help are limited, Once sediment budgets are available, watershed managers will be able to direct erosion control programs towards locations where they will be most effective. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Aquat Lands Interact Program, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Nagle, GN (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Aquat Lands Interact Program, 3200 Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. NR 57 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 3 U2 9 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 23 IS 4 BP 441 EP 452 DI 10.1007/s002679900199 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 180JQ UT WOS:000079382800003 ER PT J AU Lundquist, JE Beatty, JS AF Lundquist, JE Beatty, JS TI A conceptual model for defining and assessing condition of forest stands SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE monitoring forest condition; forest health; decision making; silviculture prescriptions; forest management; forest pests; forest diseases; forest insects ID ENVIRONMENTAL-IMPACT; INTEGRITY AB Determining what indicators can be used to measure forest health has been much discussed but largely unresolved in the forestry literature. A model is presented in which the condition of a stand is quantified relative to a suitable target condition based on a preselected set of stands that, in the opinions of the managers, meet management objectives. Each stand was characterized by a list of variables that were selected from the existing forest database. We termed these characterizations stand profiles. Profiles of inventory data for 28 stands, each managed for either wildlife habitat or timber production in the Wallowa-Whitman National Forest in eastern Oregon, USA, were used to develop this model. Healthy stands were represented by points in multidimensional scaling space that fell within the bounds of a 65% kernel density estimation of the distribution of stands preselected for each management objective. Stands falling outside these bounds were, by definition unhealthy, and the distance from the bounds is a measure of degree of unhealthiness. Operationally, the objectives of silvicultural manipulations would be to maintain or move points to within the target space by selectively manipulating the values composing stand profiles. The direction and length of the trajectory associated with manipulations is an indicator of the effect of management actions. More work needs to be done to develop and validate this method. C1 USDA ARS, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. US Forest Serv, Portland, OR 97208 USA. RP Lundquist, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 29 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0364-152X J9 ENVIRON MANAGE JI Environ. Manage. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 23 IS 4 BP 519 EP 525 DI 10.1007/s002679900206 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 180JQ UT WOS:000079382800010 ER PT J AU Nunez, C Kovera, AJ Pietrobelli, A Heshka, S Horlick, M Kehayias, JJ Wang, Z Heymsfield, SB AF Nunez, C Kovera, AJ Pietrobelli, A Heshka, S Horlick, M Kehayias, JJ Wang, Z Heymsfield, SB TI Body composition in children and adults by air displacement plethysmography SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article AB Objectives: Air displacement plethysmography (ADP) may provide a partial alternative to body density (B-d) and therefore body composition measurement compared to conventional hydrodensitometry (H-d) in children. As there are no evaluation studies of ADP in children, this study had a two-fold objective: to compare E-d estimates by ADP and H-d; and to compare fat estimates by both ADP and H-d to fat estimates by another reference method, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Setting: Obesity Research Center, St. Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital, New York, USA. Subjects: One hundred and twenty subjects (66 females/54 males) who ranged in age from 6-86 y and in body mass index (BMI, kg/m(2)) from 14.1-40.0 kg/m(2) met study entry criteria. Study Design: Cross-sectional study of healthy children (age less than or equal to 19 y) and adult group for comparison to earlier studies. Each subject completed ADP, H-d, and DXA studies on the same day. Only subjects with subjectively-judged successful H-d studies were entered into the study cohort. Results: There was a high correlation between B-d by ADP and H-d (Bd H-d = 0.11 + 0.896 x B-d ADP; r = 0.93, SEE = 0.008 g/cm(3), P < 0.0001), although the regression line slope and intercept differed significantly from 1 and 0, respectively. Additional analyses localized a small-magnitude B-d bias in the child (n = 48) subgroup. Both ADP and H-d %fat estimates were highly correlated (r > 0.9, P < 0.0001) with %fat by DXA in child and adult subgroups. Bland-Altman analyses revealed no significant%fat bias by either ADP or H-d vs DXA in either children or adults, although a bias trend (P=0.11) was detected in the child subgroup. Conclusion: With additional refinements, the air displacement plethysmography system has the potential of providing an accurate and practical method of quantifying body fat in children as it now does in adults. C1 Columbia Univ, St Lukes Roosevelt Hosp, Coll Phys & Surg,Weight Control Unit, Obes Res Ctr,Dept Med, New York, NY 10025 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Nunez, C (reprint author), Columbia Univ, St Lukes Roosevelt Hosp, Coll Phys & Surg,Weight Control Unit, Obes Res Ctr,Dept Med, 1090 Amsterdam Ave,14th Floor, New York, NY 10025 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR00645]; PHS HHS [37352, 42618] NR 13 TC 87 Z9 88 U1 3 U2 13 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0954-3007 J9 EUR J CLIN NUTR JI Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 53 IS 5 BP 382 EP 387 DI 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600735 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 196ME UT WOS:000080311500007 PM 10369494 ER PT J AU Ross, EM Rosenberg, IH Dawson-Hughes, B Col, NF Wong, JB AF Ross, EM Rosenberg, IH Dawson-Hughes, B Col, NF Wong, JB TI Fitting nutrition into the medical model: the role of decision analytic cost-effectiveness techniques SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Family Doctors and Patients - Is Effective Nutrition Interaction Possible CY DEC 14-16, 1998 CL HEELSUM, NETHERLANDS SP Wageningen Agr Univ, Div Human Nutr & Epidemiol, WHO Collaborating Ctr, Int Union Nutr Sci, Dutch Coll Gen Practitioners, Univ Nijmegen, Dept Gen Practice & Social Med, Netherlands, Wageningen Agr Univ, Dept Commun & Innovat Studies, Netherlands DE nutrition; general practice; primary care; cost-benefit analysis; sensitivity; specificity; calcium therapeutic use; vitamin D therapeutic use; fractures; questionaires; screening ID DIETARY CALCIUM INTAKE; FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE; PROSPECTIVE PAYMENT SYSTEM; VITAMIN-D STATUS; HIP FRACTURE; PERSONAL-COMPUTER; WOMEN; SEX; IMPLEMENTATION; VALIDATION AB Physicians are accustomed to making decisions based on information regarding the prevalence of disease, symptoms, physical signs, laboratory test results, and the risks and benefits of alternative treatments. If nutritional assessment and therapeutics are to become more common components of medical practice, significant barriers in each of these areas must be overcome. Even rudimentary dietary assessment is often missing from physician education. Dietary assessment tools that are readily available and that have demonstrated usefulness are largely unknown. In addition, many nutritional interventions have not been formally investigated in randomized, controlled trials, and thus their cost-effectiveness remains unknown. We present one approach to these issues by discussing the construction of a decision model examining strategies for vitamin D and calcium screening. The application of medical decision making techniques to problems in clinical nutrition illustrates how findings from research studies may be used to determine the risks, benefits and costs of alternative population based health related nutrition policies which can then be applied by physicians in their daily interactions with patients. C1 Tufts Univ, Sch Med, New England Med Ctr, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr,USDA, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Nutr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Ross, EM (reprint author), Tufts Univ, Sch Med, New England Med Ctr, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr,USDA, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0954-3007 J9 EUR J CLIN NUTR JI Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 53 SU 2 BP S25 EP S28 DI 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600798 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 206JH UT WOS:000080874300006 PM 10406433 ER PT J AU Freeman, DC Wang, H Sanderson, S McArthur, ED AF Freeman, DC Wang, H Sanderson, S McArthur, ED TI Characterization of a narrow hybrid zone between two subspecies of big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata, Asteraceae): VII. Community and demographic analyses SO EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE big sagebrush; canonical correspondence analysis; community composition; demographic structure; ecotone; hybrid zone; ordination ID TRANSPLANT EXPERIMENTS; SUBGENUS TRIDENTATAE; HYBRIDIZATION; FITNESS; PHLOX; HOOK AB We examined the floristic and vegetative composition of the communities inhabited by basin big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata) and mountain big sagebrush(A. t. ssp. vaseyana) and their hybrids in Clear Creek Canyon near Richfield, Utah. We also examined the demographic structure of the sagebrush populations in their native habitats. The species composition, proportions of annual plants, perennial forbs and grasses, shrubs, rock, litter, bare ground and total vegetative cover differ among the parental sites and hybrid zone. Canonical correspondence analysis and ordination showed that the two big sagebrush subspecies and their hybrids are each associated with different groups of species, and occupy edaphically distinct habitats. Thus, the hybrid zone occurs at an ecotone. Moreover, the hybrid zone is not in a more disturbed habitat than the parental zones. Indeed, annuals comprise a significantly smaller fraction of the total vegetation in the hybrid zone than in either parental zone. Similarly, introduced species represent a significantly greater percentage of the plant cover in the parental areas than in the hybrid zone. We did not observe a population density trough as predicted by the dynamic equilibrium model. Our findings are consistent with the predictions of the bounded hybrid superiority model, which postulates that hybrids occupy unique habitats. C1 Wayne State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. USDA, US Forest Serv, USDA, Shrub Sci Lab, Provo, UT 84606 USA. RP Freeman, DC (reprint author), Wayne State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. RI Wang, Han/A-9774-2008 OI Wang, Han/0000-0003-2420-3147 NR 51 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY LTD PI TUCSON PA UNIV ARIZONA, 321 BIOSCIENCES WEST, TUCSON, AZ 85721 USA SN 1522-0613 J9 EVOL ECOL RES JI Evol. Ecol. Res. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 1 IS 4 BP 487 EP 502 PG 16 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 238EY UT WOS:000082699000007 ER PT J AU White, RH Dietenberger, MA Tran, H Grexa, O Richardson, L Sumathipala, B Janssens, M AF White, RH Dietenberger, MA Tran, H Grexa, O Richardson, L Sumathipala, B Janssens, M TI Comparison of test protocols for the standard room/corner test SO FIRE AND MATERIALS LA English DT Article AB As part of international efforts to evaluate alternative reaction-to-fire tests, several series of room/corner tests have been conducted. Materials tested were mostly different wood products but included gypsum board and a few foam plastics. This is a review of the overall results of related studies in which the different test protocols for the standard room/corner test were used, Differences in the test protocols involved two options for the ignition burner scenario and whether or not the ceiling was also lined with the test materials. The test materials were placed on three walls of the room in all the tests. The two burner scenarios were (1) 40 kW for 300 s followed by 160 kW for 300 s and (2) 100 kW for 600 s and 300 kW for 600 s. The 40 and 160 kW burner scenario without the ceiling lined did not provide a severe enough test for flashover to occur with fire-retardant-treated materials. Use of the 100 and 300 kW burner scenario without lining the ceiling provided the ability to differentiate between wood products with ASTM E 84 flame spread indexes of 70 to 125 and those with higher flame spread indexes. Lining the ceiling with test material creates a more severe test. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Forintek Canada Corp, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Amer Forest & Paper Assoc, Washington, DC USA. SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX USA. RP White, RH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0308-0501 J9 FIRE MATER JI Fire Mater. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 23 IS 3 BP 139 EP 146 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1018(199905/06)23:3<139::AID-FAM681>3.3.CO;2-S PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 241GD UT WOS:000082873500006 ER PT J AU Betters, DR Aguirre-Bravo, C AF Betters, DR Aguirre-Bravo, C TI Wood products investments in Mexico: Availability of venture capital SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Recent developments, including the North American Free Trade Agreement, have made Mexico a desirable country for investment. International investments require financing. This paper discusses the availability of venture capital for various forms of wood products business arrangements in Mexico. There are a number of services to assist in locating business partners, markets, and specific sources of venture capital targeted to wood products. The opportunities and problems relative to wood products investments in Mexico are discussed in a historical context as well as in light of recent business investments, Mexican legislation, and policy. While numerous opportunities exist, there are also problems that must be addressed in order to create successful wood products business enterprises in Mexico. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Betters, DR (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Forest Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 49 IS 5 BP 28 EP 34 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 196WX UT WOS:000080331800007 ER PT J AU Thomas, RE AF Thomas, RE TI ROMI-RIP version 2.0: A new analysis tool for rip-first rough mill operations SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB ROMI-RIP 2.00 (RR2.0) is a computer software package designed for use by rip-first rough mill operators and researchers. RR2.0 allows users to examine aspects of rough mill operations, including the impact of grade mix, cutting bill requirements, and process design on yield. RR2.0 simulates seven different fixed- and movable-blade arbor types. The simulator reports the amount of lumber and cutting operations required to complete processing of a cutting bill as well as part tallies by lumber grade and overall. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. RP Thomas, RE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Res Stn, 241 Mercer Springs Rd, Princeton, WV 24740 USA. NR 7 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 49 IS 5 BP 35 EP 40 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 196WX UT WOS:000080331800008 ER PT J AU Falk, RH Green, D Lantz, SC AF Falk, RH Green, D Lantz, SC TI Evaluation of lumber recycled from an industrial military building SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB During the past century, millions of structures were built from sawn lumber and timber. When these structures reach the end of their service lives, contemporary practices emphasize landfill disposal. In recent years, the public has expressed a strong interest in developing environmentally acceptable and efficient reuse options for this solid-wood material. As a result of this interest, a test program was developed to evaluate the grades and engineering properties of nominal 2- by 10-inches (standard 38- by 236-mm) lumber collected from the Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant and compare this material with the performance of lumber produced today. On-site grading of 500 lumber pieces indicated the effect of damage on grade yield. An analysis of test data indicated that the stiffness was similar to lumber produced today; however, bending strength was somewhat less. Mechanical grading yields and potential reuse options are also presented. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. Twin Cities Army Ammunit Plant, Arden Hills, MN USA. RP Falk, RH (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 13 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 49 IS 5 BP 49 EP 55 PG 7 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 196WX UT WOS:000080331800011 ER PT J AU Hunt, JF Vick, CB AF Hunt, JF Vick, CB TI Strength and processing properties of wet-formed hardboards from recycled corrugated containers and commercial hardboard fibers SO FOREST PRODUCTS JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Recycled paper fiber recovered from our municipal solid waste stream could potentially be used in structural hardboard products. This study compares strength properties and processing variables of wet-formed high-density hardboard panels made from recycled old corrugated container (OCC) fibers and virgin hardboard fibers using continuous pressure during drying. The results show that panels made from OCC fibers had 3 times the strength and 2 times the stiffness of panels made from virgin hardboard fibers. For commercial hardboard, panels made from OCC fibers had 2.5 and 2 times the strength of standard and tempered hardboards, respectively and for the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/American Hardboard Association (AHA) standards, panels made from OCC had 5 and 3 times the strength of standard and tempered hardboards, respectively. Linear expansions for OCC fiber panels were similar to commercial standards, but expansions of panels made from hardboard fibers were about half those of commercial panels and panels made to ANSI/AHA standards. Mats formed with OCC fibers were slower draining, higher in initial consistency, and thinner than mats formed with hardboard fibers. The results indicate that fibers from OCC have strong potential for use in structural hardboard products. C1 US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Hunt, JF (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, USDA, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53705 USA. NR 9 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOREST PRODUCTS SOC PI MADISON PA 2801 MARSHALL COURT, MADISON, WI 53705-2295 USA SN 0015-7473 J9 FOREST PROD J JI For. Prod. J. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 49 IS 5 BP 69 EP 74 PG 6 WC Forestry; Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Forestry; Materials Science GA 196WX UT WOS:000080331800014 ER PT J AU Wagner, JE Holmes, TP AF Wagner, JE Holmes, TP TI Estimating economic gains for landowners due to time-dependent changes in biotechnology SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE research benefits; economic optimal rotation age; fusiform rust; locally weighted regression (LOESS); bootstrap ID FORESTRY; ROTATION; PROGRESS AB This paper presents a model for examining the economic value of biotechnological research given time-dependent changes in biotechnology. Previous papers examined this issue assuming a time-neutral change in biotechnology. However, when analyzing the genetic improvements of increasing a tree's resistance to a pathogen, this assumption is untenable. We derive analytical expressions for the optimal rotation age given nonconstant changes in biotechnology. Our model is then implemented using (1) growth and yield simulations, (2) optimal rotation calculations, and (3) survey data on genetic resistance of slash pine (Pinus elliotti) to fusiform rust. Non-parametric regression models are used to estimate the economic gain functions which, for the cases considered, averaged about 1% of forestland value per year. C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Fac Forestry, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Wagner, JE (reprint author), SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Fac Forestry, 304 Bray Hall,1 Forestry Dr, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 45 IS 2 BP 163 EP 170 PG 8 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 196UD UT WOS:000080325200003 ER PT J AU Gregoire, TG Valentine, HT AF Gregoire, TG Valentine, HT TI Composite and calibration estimation following 3P sampling SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE auxiliary information; Poisson sampling; Horvitz-Thompson estimator; generalized regression estimator; sample size distribution ID VARIANCE; VOLUME AB Two alternatives to the generalized ratio estimator, i.e., Grosenbaugh's 3PSEVENTH, are studied. Both make more complete use of auxiliary information which is available at the conclusion of 3P sampling. Both appear to be more biased but more accurate than 3PSEVENTH. C1 Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Gregoire, TG (reprint author), Yale Univ, Sch Forestry & Environm Studies, 360 Prospect St, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 45 IS 2 BP 179 EP 185 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 196UD UT WOS:000080325200005 ER PT J AU Lowe, WJ Byram, TD Bridgwater, FE AF Lowe, WJ Byram, TD Bridgwater, FE TI Selecting loblolly pine parents for seed orchards to minimize the cost of producing pulp SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Kraft pulp; mechanical pulp; seed orchards; selection index; deployment population; economic weights; relative economic weights ID WOOD AB Southern pine cooperative breeding programs currently emphasize genetic improvement of growth rates, When a deployment population, typically a seed orchard, is established, there is an opportunity to emphasize traits other than growth rate to maximize the profit of individual cooperators in the breeding program, We studied a Southeast Texas breeding population and developed selection indexes to optimize profits for Kraft and mechanical pulp mills. The relative economic weights for volume and wood density were 1:8.1 and 1:8.6 for Kraft and mechanical pulp mills, respectively. Choosing parents with these indexes increased expected profit per ton of dry pulp by 3.4% for both mill types. Expected gains in profit were 3.3% when parents were chosen based on wood density alone. If parents were chosen based solely on volume growth, expected gains in profit were only 0.3%-0.4%. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Forest Sci Lab, Texas Forest Serv, Western Gulf Forest Tree Improvement Program, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Forest Sci Lab, So Res Stn, USDA Forest Serv, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Lowe, WJ (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Forest Sci Lab, Texas Forest Serv, Western Gulf Forest Tree Improvement Program, Agron Rd, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 11 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 45 IS 2 BP 213 EP 216 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 196UD UT WOS:000080325200008 ER PT J AU Bevers, M Hof, J AF Bevers, M Hof, J TI Spatially optimizing wildlife habitat edge effects in forest management linear and mixed-integer programs SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE reaction-diffusion; coupled map lattice; limiting factors; induced edge; critical extinction thresholds ID POPULATIONS AB We present a spatial optimization model that accounts for wildlife edge effects through multiple habitat needs in a multistand forest management problem, Wildlife population dynamics are based on discrete reaction-diffusion processes combined with multiple limiting-factor constraint sets, one for nest site capacity and another for effective forage capacity. The model is shown to reasonably represent both negative and positive effects of forest edges on wi Id life by varying the amount of forage production from harvested and unharvested forest areas in a static formulation. A dynamic model is also demonstrated, and scale effects are examined using mixed-integer programming. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. RP Bevers, M (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, 240 W Prospect Rd, Ft Collins, CO 80526 USA. NR 32 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 7 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 45 IS 2 BP 249 EP 258 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 196UD UT WOS:000080325200012 ER PT J AU Spetich, MA Shifley, SR Parker, GR AF Spetich, MA Shifley, SR Parker, GR TI Regional distribution and dynamics of coarse woody debris in midwestern old-growth forests SO FOREST SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE productivity gradient; deadwood volume; snags; spatial and temporal distribution ID OAK FOREST; TREE DEATH; DECOMPOSITION; LANDSCAPE AB Old-growth forests have been noted for containing significant quantities of deadwood. However, there has been no coordinated effort to quantify the deadwood component of old-growth remnants across large regions of temperate deciduous forest, We present results of a regional inventory that quantifies and examines regional and temporal trends for deadwood in upland old-growth forest remnants within Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, and Iowa. From 1992 to 1994, down wood greater than or equal to 10 cm in diameter and standing trees greater than or equal to 10 cm dbh were inventoried on 328 one-tenth ha plots at 12 sites. The mean ratio among the sites by diameter class of the number of standing dead to standing live trees (dead/live ratio) ranged from 0.08 to 0.11 and was consistent for trees less than or equal to 65 cm in diameter. The dead/live tree ratio was generally greater for old-growth than for mature second-growth forests (70 to 90 yr old). Mean volume of standing dead trees across all old-growth sites was 21.4 m(3)/ha and down wood was 60.4 m(3)/ha, However, both standing and down wood volume (total deadwood) increased along a regional gradient of increasing productivity from southwest Missouri to northeast Indiana and also increased with increasing age of dominant and codominant trees. Old-growth forests on high productivity sites averaged more pieces/ha of down wood in all diameter classes and higher volume/ ha of down wood in nearly all diameter classes than did old-growth forests on low productivity sites. A chronosequence of forests from 10 yr to more than 200 yr since stand establishment indicated a sharply declining down wood volume from age 10 to 70 yr followed by increasing volume between 80 and 200 yr. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, Hot Springs, AR 71902 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Spetich, MA (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, So Res Stn, POB 1270, Hot Springs, AR 71902 USA. EM MSpetich/srs_monticello@fs.fed.us; Sshifley@raphael.snr.missouri.edu; grp@fnr.purdue.edu NR 70 TC 76 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 16 PU SOC AMER FORESTERS PI BETHESDA PA 5400 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0015-749X J9 FOREST SCI JI For. Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 45 IS 2 BP 302 EP 313 PG 12 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 196UD UT WOS:000080325200017 ER PT J AU Powers, RF AF Powers, RF TI If you build it, will they come? Survival skills for silvicultural studies SO FORESTRY CHRONICLE LA English DT Article DE research programs; cooperation; long-term; networking; field studies ID TERM AB Benefits of silvicultural research on permanent sites are undeniable. The trick is in creating sustainable studies. Many promising programs soon wither. Yet, a few endure. What are the keys to staying power? This paper introduces the problem, discusses three high-profile projects, and suggests ways of establishing field research studies that withstand the vagaries of politics and time. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, Redding, CA 96001 USA. RP Powers, RF (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific SW Res Stn, 2400 Washington Ave, Redding, CA 96001 USA. EM rpowers@c-zone.net NR 17 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU CANADIAN INST FORESTRY PI MATTAWA PA C/O CANADIAN ECOLOGY CENTRE, PO BOX 430, 6905 HWY 17 W, MATTAWA, ONTARIO P0H 1V0, CANADA SN 0015-7546 J9 FOREST CHRON JI For. Chron. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 75 IS 3 BP 367 EP 373 PG 7 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 215AH UT WOS:000081359400033 ER PT J AU Ritchie, MW Harcksen, KA AF Ritchie, MW Harcksen, KA TI Long-term interdisciplinary research on the Goosenest Adaptive Management Area, Klamath National Forest, California SO FORESTRY CHRONICLE LA English DT Article DE interior ponderosa pine; white fir; thinning; prescribed fire AB The Goosenest Adaptive Management Area (AMA) was established on the Klamath National Forest in northern California in 1994. The AMA was created to encourage development and testing of management strategies so as to improve the planning acid implementation of management activities on the National Forest. A primary objective for the Goosenest AMA is to evaluate the extent to which different silvicultural treatments (specifically tree harvesting and prescribed fire) can accelerate development of late-successional forest attributes in mixed stands of ponderosa pine and white fir. A long-term research project was initiated to evaluate changes in response to a suite of treatments. Treatments include two different thinning regimes, prescribed fire, and a control. Treatments are applied to 40 ha units and are each replicated five times. Interdisciplinary research is facilitated by a permanently monumented data reference system. Within each treatment unit, permanent reference points are established on a 100-meter grid with accuracy to 15 cm. In addition to monitoring vegetative changes over time, researchers are also monitoring response of passerine birds and small mammals to the treatments. C1 US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, Redding, CA 96001 USA. RP Ritchie, MW (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Pacific SW Res Stn, USDA, 2400 Washington Ave, Redding, CA 96001 USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN INST FORESTRY PI OTTAWA PA 151 SLATER ST, STE 606, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5H3, CANADA SN 0015-7546 J9 FOREST CHRON JI For. Chron. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 75 IS 3 BP 453 EP 456 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 215AH UT WOS:000081359400049 ER PT J AU Dugas, TR Morel, DW Harrison, EH AF Dugas, TR Morel, DW Harrison, EH TI Dietary supplementation with beta-carotene, but not with lycopene, inhibits endothelial cell-mediated oxidation of low-density lipoprotein SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE carotenoids; antioxidants; LDL oxidation; free radicals; atherosclerosis; lipid peroxidation; beta-carotene; lycopene ID ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; LDL OXIDATION; HUMAN-SERUM; IN-VITRO; DISEASE; CANCER; TRANSPORT; MORTALITY; PROSTATE; VITAMINS AB Carotenoids may protect low-density lipoprotein from oxidation, a process implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. Our previous studies showed that in vitro enrichment of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) with beta-carotene protected it from cell-mediated oxidation. However, in vitro enrichment with either lutein or lycopene actually enhanced oxidation of the LDL. In the present studies we have examined the impact of LDL carotenoid content on its oxidation by human aortic endothelial cells (EaHy-1) in culture, comparing the effects of in vivo supplementation with in vitro enrichments. The beta-carotene content in human LDL was increased three- to sixfold by daily supplementation with 15 mg beta-carotene for 3 weeks, and the lycopene content of LDL in other individuals was increased two- to threefold by ingestion of one glass (12 ounce) of tomato juice daily for 3 weeks. LDL isolated from these healthy, normolipidemic donors not taking supplemental carotenoid was incubated at 0.25 mg protein/ml with EaHy-1 cells in Ham's F-10 medium for up to 48 h. Following dietary beta-carotene supplementation, LDL oxidation (as assessed by formation of lipid hydroperoxides) was markedly inhibited, to an even greater extent than was observed for LDL enriched in vitro with beta-carotene (that resulted in an 11- to 12-fold increase in LDL beta-carotene). No effect on cell-mediated oxidation was observed, however, for LDL enriched in vivo with lycopene. Thus, beta-carotene appears to function as an antioxidant in protecting LDL from cell-mediated oxidation although lycopene does not. The fact that the three- to sixfold enrichments of LDL with beta-carotene achieved by dietary supplementation were more effective in inhibiting oxidation than the 11- to 12-fold enrichments achieved by an in vitro method suggests that dietary supplementation is a more appropriate procedure for studies involving the enrichment of lipoprotein with carotenoids. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Univ Sci Philadelphia, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. MCP Hahnemann Sch Med, Dept Biochem, Philadelphia, PA USA. USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Morel, DW (reprint author), Univ Sci Philadelphia, Dept Pharmaceut Sci, Box 118,600 S 43rd St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01 HL049879] NR 38 TC 56 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 26 IS 9-10 BP 1238 EP 1244 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00321-9 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 203JR UT WOS:000080705000022 PM 10381195 ER PT J AU Nisbet, ICT Finch, CE Thompson, N Russek-Cohen, E Proudman, JA Ottinger, MA AF Nisbet, ICT Finch, CE Thompson, N Russek-Cohen, E Proudman, JA Ottinger, MA TI Endocrine patterns during aging in the common tern (Sterna hirundo) SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE common tern; Sterna hirundo; gonadal steroids; LH; aging; reproduction ID SHEARWATERS PUFFINUS-TENUIROSTRIS; MALE JAPANESE QUAIL; EGG-SIZE; BREEDING EXPERIENCE; AGE; SURVIVAL; SUCCESS; POPULATION; ROSEATE AB Blood samples were taken from breeding common terns (Sterna hirundo) of known age during two successive breeding seasons to determine if plasma concentrations of estradiol, progesterone, androgen, and luteinizing hormone (LH) reflect the process of aging. Males and females were trapped and sampled once between laying of the first and the second eggs in the clutch. The transient capture and sampling did not disrupt incubation or the timing of the subsequent oviposition. Ages ranged from 2 to 21 years, with most in the range 4-11 years. There was a strong inverse correlation (P < 0.0001) between age and laying date in both females and males, with older birds nesting earlier in the season. Plasma LH levels increased (P < 0.005) among mature (>5 year) females. Plasma progesterone and E2 were positively correlated with each other among mature females, but did not change in an age-dependent manner. In males, plasma progesterone levels showed no age-related changes. However, maturing (3-5 year) males showed increasing plasma androgen levels (P < 0.01); mature males showed no change with age. Plasma UH levels were correlated with androgen levels in both maturing and mature males. Plasma progesterone declined with age in maturing males (P < 0.001). These data provide evidence for changing endocrine status with age, but the patterns differ for younger individuals (less than or equal to 5 year) and mature birds. It appears that in younger individuals, nesting experience and maturity of the pair affect reproductive performance and endocrine status. Individual variability was high for all hormones, possibly masking age-related changes. Only breeding individuals were sampled at all ages, although the proportion of the population that continues to reproduce may decline as the birds age. In summary, common terns continue to breed successfully until at least age 21 years and these individuals maintain relatively stable endocrine status during aging. Although there was some indication of declines in estradiol and androgens among the oldest birds (1.6-21 years), these declines were not statistically significant and were manifested in only a small fraction (<4%) of the breeding population. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 I C T Nisbet & Co, N Falmouth, MA 02556 USA. Univ So Calif, Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontol Ctr, Div Neurogerontol, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Sci Biol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Anim & Avian Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Nisbet, ICT (reprint author), I C T Nisbet & Co, 150 Alder Lane, N Falmouth, MA 02556 USA. NR 36 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 114 IS 2 BP 279 EP 286 DI 10.1006/gcen.1999.7255 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 191YJ UT WOS:000080049500012 PM 10208776 ER PT J AU Beeman, RW Friesen, KS AF Beeman, RW Friesen, KS TI Properties and natural occurrence of maternal-effect selfish genes ('Medea' factors) in the Red Flour Beetle, Tribolium castaneum SO HEREDITY LA English DT Article DE maternal effect; Medea factor; selfish gene; Tribolium ID DISTORTION; RESISTANCE; RATIO AB Maternally acting selfish genes, termed 'Medea' factors, were found to be widespread in wild populations of Tribolium castaneum collected in Europe, North and South America, Africa and south-east Asia, but were rare or absent in populations from Australia and the Indian subcontinent. We detected at least four distinct genetic loci in at least two different linkage groups that exhibit the Medea pattern of differential mortality of genotypes within maternal families. Although each M factor tested had similar properties of maternal lethality to larvae and zygotic self-rescue, M factors representing distinct loci did not show cross-rescue. Alleles at two of these loci, M-1 and M-4, were by far the most prevalent, M-4 being the predominant type. M-2 and M-3 were each found only once, in Pakistan and Japan, respectively. Although M-1 could be genetically segregated from M-4 and maintained as a purified stock, the M-1 factor invariably co-occurred with M-4 in field populations, whereas M-4 usually occurred in the absence of other Medea factors. The dominant maternal lethal action of M-1 could be selectively inactivated (reverted) by gene-knockout gamma irradiation with retention of zygotic rescue activity. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. Kansas State Univ, Div Biol, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Beeman, RW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. OI Friesen, Kenlee/0000-0003-1211-3953 NR 14 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0018-067X J9 HEREDITY JI Heredity PD MAY PY 1999 VL 82 BP 529 EP 534 DI 10.1038/sj.hdy.6885150 PN 5 PG 6 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 210GE UT WOS:000081096100008 ER PT J AU Lynn, DE AF Lynn, DE TI Comparison of cell line maintenance procedures on insect cells used for producing baculoviruses SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-ANIMAL LA English DT Article DE gypsy moth cell culture; baculovirus; nucleopolyhedrovirus; virus productivity ID NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS-VIRUS; SERUM-FREE MEDIA; RECOMBINANT PROTEINS; LYMANTRIA-DISPAR; CULTURE; REPLICATION; TITER AB A gypsy moth cell line, IPLB-LdEIta, maintained under various conditions was tested for susceptibility to and productivity of two baculoviruses, the Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) anti Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdMNPV). The results suggest that cells maintained in serum-containing medium (modified TC100) were more susceptible (on the basis of titers in an endpoint assay) to LdMNPV than cells maintained in a serum-free medium (ExCell(TM) 400). Such a difference was not apparent with AcMNPV. Similarly, little difference existed in the proportion of cells containing occlusion bodies (OBs) a wk after inoculation with AcMNPV (i.e., the percent infected) in any LdEIta strains, although one combination of cells and medium (cells maintained in ExCell 400 but infected in TC100) showed a lower percent infection with LdMNPV. Even though the: percentage of cells infected varied little, the number of OBs produced varied by 3 logs with AcMNPV and 11/2 logs with LdMNPV. In each case, cells normally grown in ExCell 400 and infected in the same medium produced the lowest number of OBs. However, productivity was improved when cells normally grown in ExCell 400 were infected in TC100. Even more interesting was that cells normally grown in TC100 produced more AcMNPV OBs when infected in ExCell 400 medium. This suggests that changing culture medium (regardless of the normal maintenance medium) can stimulate virus production. In addition to examining virus productivity in LdEIta cells in both serum-containing and serum-free media, I also tested a strain maintained at low temperature (17 degrees C) for over a yr. This maintenance protocol was not detrimental for LdMNPV productivity and was slightly stimulatory for production of AcMNPV. C1 USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lynn, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Insect Biocontrol Lab, BARC-W,Bldg 011A,Room 214, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC IN VITRO BIOLOGY PI LARGO PA 9315 LARGO DR WEST, STE 25, LARGO, MD 20774 USA SN 1071-2690 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-AN JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Anim. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 35 IS 5 BP 248 EP 251 PG 4 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 196WL UT WOS:000080331000004 ER PT J AU Loskutov, AV Beninger, CW Ball, TM Hosfield, CL Nair, M Sink, KC AF Loskutov, AV Beninger, CW Ball, TM Hosfield, CL Nair, M Sink, KC TI Optimization of in vitro conditions for stigma-like-structure production from half-ovary explants of Crocus sativus L. SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-PLANT LA English DT Article DE activated charcoal; browning; crocetin; crocin; picrocrocin; saffron; safranal; secondary products ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PHOTODIODE-ARRAY DETECTION; INVITRO PRODUCTION; SAFFRON; PICROCROCIN; CROCETIN; INDUCTION AB Studies were conducted to optimize the in vitro production of stigma-like-structures (SLS) that yielded the important biochemical constituents responsible for the color, taste, and aroma naturally found in the stigmas of autumn crocus. Immature half-ovary explants were evaluated for the frequency of proliferation of SLS by culture on five basal media supplemented with different combinations of plant growth regulators,rs and vitamins. The optimum proliferation of SLS was observed on B5 basal medium containing alpha-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (5.4 mu M), N-6-benzyladenine (BA) (44.4 mu M), MS organics, casein hydrolysate (0.05%), and L-alanine (11.2 mM) 50-60 d after inoculation. Some explants formed other structures (roots, corms, petals, leaves), the growth anti development of which substantially reduced the development of SLS. Removal of brown tissues and other tissues during subculture (3-wk intervals) allowed continuous culture of half-ovary explants for 9-10 mo. SLS that had deep red pigment and reached more than 0.5 cm length were removed from the explants and with concomitant reculturing of the ovaries, enabled SLS to be harvested three times. Activated charcoal (1%) added to B5 basal containing NAA (5.4 mu M), BA (44.4 mu M), and sucrose (3%) was found to be a helpful addendum to prevent browning of explants and accelerate the initiation, growth, and development of SLS. The amounts of crocin, crocetin glucosyl esters, picrocrocin, and safranal in SLS, as determined Ly high performance liquid chromatography analysis, were found similar to those in natural saffron. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Hort, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, USDA ARS, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Natl Food Safety & Toxicol Ctr, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Loskutov, AV (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Hort, Plant & Soil Sci Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 9 PU SOC IN VITRO BIOLOGY PI LARGO PA 9315 LARGO DR WEST, STE 25, LARGO, MD 20774 USA SN 1054-5476 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-PL JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 35 IS 3 BP 200 EP 205 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 210FA UT WOS:000081093400003 ER PT J AU Kumbar, MB Barker, RE Reed, BM AF Kumbar, MB Barker, RE Reed, BM TI Morphological and molecular analysis of genetic stability in micropropagated Fragaria x ananassa cv. pocahontas SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-PLANT LA English DT Article DE benzyladenine; cold storage; morphology; somaclonal variation; strawberry; tissue culture ID INVITRO COLD-STORAGE; SOMACLONAL VARIATION; FIELD PERFORMANCE; IN-VITRO; STRAWBERRY; CULTURE; METHYLATION; PLANTS; DNA AB Micropropagated strawberry plants (Fragaria x ananssa L.) grown on 5 mu M and 15 mu M BA medium or cold-stored were grown in the field to examine morphological variation. Except for plant height. morphological characteristics did not differ for field-grown plants micropropagated on 5 mu M and 15 mu M BA medium. Cold-stored plants were less vigorous, buth vegetatively and reproductively, than BA-treated plants. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to determine if cold storage or supraoptirnal levels of N-6-benzyladenine (BA) in the culture metlinm caused genetic changes leading to somaclonal variation. No mutations were observed in 246 loci amplified by the 29 primers tested. Possible changes in methylation patterns of ribosomal DNA genes of strawberries were also examined. Changes in methylation patterns were observed in only one DNA sample from plants grown on 15 mu M BA medium and in one of the cold-stored plants. Length polymorphism was observed in two samples from plantlets derived from one explant. The low levels of RAPD variation and methylation observed, and the apparently epigenetic changes in morphological characteristics in plants used in this study, indicated that mutations had not occurred. C1 USDA ARS, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Hort, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. USDA ARS, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Reed, BM (reprint author), USDA ARS, 33447 Peoria Rd, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. OI Reed, Barbara/0000-0003-0079-8473 NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 9 PU SOC IN VITRO BIOLOGY PI LARGO PA 9315 LARGO DR WEST, STE 25, LARGO, MD 20774 USA SN 1054-5476 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-PL JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 35 IS 3 BP 254 EP 258 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 210FA UT WOS:000081093400014 ER PT J AU Triplett, BA Johnson, DS AF Triplett, BA Johnson, DS TI Adding gelling agents to cotton ovule culture media leads to subtle changes in fiber development SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-PLANT LA English DT Article DE cellulose synthesis; fiber growth; Gossypium; gellan gum; Phytagel (TM) ID PLANT-GROWTH SUBSTANCES; MICROGRAVITY; CELLS; MICROTUBULE; EXPRESSION AB Young cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) ovules will produce fiber in vitro when floated on ii defined culture medium. Our laboratory is interested in examining the effects of altered gravity environments on fiber development as a model for the effects of gravity on cell expansion and cellulose biosynthesis. Since liquid culture media are unsuitable for altered gravity experiments, addition of gelling agents to cotton ovule culture media is necessary. In this study we have systematically examined the effects of four gelling agents at several concentrations on fiber. production in culture. A rapid screening method using toluidine blue 0 staining indicated that after 3 wk in culture, A fiber growth on 0.15% (wt/vol) Phytagel(TM) medium was similar to fiber growth on liquid medium. More detailed anal, sis of filer development revealed that fiber length was not influenced by the addition of Phytagel(TM). Accumulation of cellulose, however. was reduced 50-60% compared with fibers produced in liquid media after 3 wk in culture. The fiber cellulose content rose with additional time in culture for both solid and liquid media treatments. By 4 wk in culture, the difference in cellulose content of fiber cell walls grown on solid versus liquid media was less than 20%. This variance in growth response on gelled media could be due to differences in media matric potential, to the immobility of ions trapped within the gel, or to toxicity of contaminants copurifying with Phytagel(TM) . By identifying why ovule growth and fiber cellulose biosynthesis are reduced in cultures grown on gelled media, it will be possible to reveal new information about these processes in a system that is less complicated than physiological systems at the whole plant level. C1 USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. Xavier Univ, Undergrad Cooperat Educ Prog, Dept Biol, New Orleans, LA 70125 USA. RP Triplett, BA (reprint author), USDA ARS, So Reg Res Ctr, 1100 Robert E Lee Blvd, New Orleans, LA 70124 USA. NR 28 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1054-5476 EI 1475-2689 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-PL JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Plant PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 35 IS 3 BP 265 EP 270 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Plant Sciences; Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA 210FA UT WOS:000081093400016 ER PT J AU Schopf, LR Bliss, JL Lavigne, LM Chung, CL Wolf, SF Sypek, JP AF Schopf, LR Bliss, JL Lavigne, LM Chung, CL Wolf, SF Sypek, JP TI Interleukin-12 is capable of generating an antigen-specific Th1-type response in the presence of an ongoing infection-driven Th2-type response SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID EXPERIMENTAL AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS; CD4(+) T-CELLS; CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS; SCHISTOSOMA-MANSONI; INTERFERON-GAMMA; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; IN-VIVO; IMMUNOREGULATORY FUNCTIONS; PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE; MURINE LEISHMANIASIS AB Previously we demonstrated that recombinant murine interleukin-12 (rmIL-12) administration can promote a primary Th1 response while suppressing the Th2 response in mice printed with 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (TNP-KLH), The present studies examined the capacity of rmIL-12 to drive a Th1 response to TNP-KLH in the presence of an ongoing Th2-mediated disease. To establish a distinct Th2 response, we used a murine model of leishmaniasis. Susceptible BALB/c mice produce a strong Th2 response when infected with Leishmania major and develop progressive visceral disease. On day 26 postinfection, when leishmaniasis was well established, groups of mice were immunized with TNP-KLH in the presence or absence of exogenous rmIL-12. Even in the presence of overt infection, TNP-KLH-plus-mmIL-12-immunized mice were still capable of generating KLH-specific gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) as well as corresponding TNP-specific immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) titers, In addition, the KLH-specific IL-4 was suppressed in infected mice immunized with rmIL-12. However, parasite-specific IL-4 and IgG1 production with a lack of parasite-specific IFN-gamma secretion were maintained in all infected groups of mice including those immunized with rmIL-12. These data show that despite the ongoing infection-driven Th2 response, rmIL-12 was capable of generating an antigen-specific Th1 response to an independent immunogen. Moreover, mmIL-12 administered with TNP-KLH late in infection did not alter the parasite-specific cytokine or antibody responses. C1 Genet Inst Inc, Dept Preclin Biol, Andover, MA 01810 USA. RP Schopf, LR (reprint author), Agr Res Serv, USDA, Immunol & Dis Resistance Lab, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 46 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 67 IS 5 BP 2166 EP 2171 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 189MQ UT WOS:000079909300017 PM 10225870 ER PT J AU Valaitis, AP Augustin, S Clancy, KM AF Valaitis, AP Augustin, S Clancy, KM TI Purification and characterization of the western spruce budworm larval midgut proteinases and comparison of gut activities of laboratory-reared and field-collected insects SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Choristoneura occidentalis; trypsin; chymotrypsin; aminopeptidase; carboxypeptidase; laboratory and field-collected western spruce budworm ID BRUSH-BORDER MEMBRANE; CRYIA(C) DELTA-ENDOTOXIN; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; MANDUCA-SEXTA; AMINOPEPTIDASE-N; PLODIA-INTERPUNCTELLA; CHORISTONEURA-FUMIFERANA; SPODOPTERA-LITTORALIS; HELIOTHIS-VIRESCENS AB Three proteolytic enzymes, trypsin, chymotrypsin, and aminopeptidase-N (APN), were purified from laboratory-reared western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis [Freeman], larvae. Budworm trypsin exhibited a high degree of substrate specificity, was inactivated by DFP and TLCK, and was inhibited by trypsin inhibitors. The western spruce budworm chymotrypsin hydrolyzed SAAPFpNA and SAAPLpNA, but not SFpNA, SGCJFpNA, SGGLpNA or BTpNA. The chymotrypsin was inactivated by DFP, and was inhibited by chymostatin and the chymotrypsin inhibitor, POT-1. Purified budworm chymotrypsin exhibited little BTEE esterolytic activity and was insensitive to inhibition with TPCK. The N-terminal sequence of budworm trypsin, chymotrypsin, and APN were obtained. Similar levels of trypsin and APN gut activities were found in laboratory-reared and field-collected larvae. However, in comparison to laboratory-reared insects, considerably less chymotrypsin activity, and a much higher level of gut carboxypeptidase activity were found in field-collected western spruce budworm larvae. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, NE Expt Stn, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. INRA, Stn Zool Forestiere, F-45160 Ardon, France. USDA, Forest Serv, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. RP Valaitis, AP (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, NE Expt Stn, 359 Main Rd, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. NR 53 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 29 IS 5 BP 405 EP 415 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(99)00017-X PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 204GG UT WOS:000080755300002 PM 10380652 ER PT J AU Zhu, YC Dowdy, AK Baker, JE AF Zhu, YC Dowdy, AK Baker, JE TI Differential mRNA expression levels and gene sequences of a putative carboxylesterase-like enzyme from two strains of the parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae (Hymenoptera : Pteromalidae) SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anisopteromalus calandrae; insecticide resistance; DNA; sequence; carboxylesterase; cDNA; mRNA; gene; mutation; malathion; parasitoid ID INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; LUCILIA-CUPRINA; ESTERASE GENES; ORGANOPHOSPHATE RESISTANCE; CULEX-QUINQUEFASCIATUS; CLONING; IDENTIFICATION; HYDROLASE; PROTEINS; CLUSTER AB Carboxylesterase-like enzyme cDNAs have been cloned and sequenced from malathion-resistant and susceptible strains of the parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). The cDNAs consist of 1963 nucleotides including a 35 bp untranslated 5'-end, a 1596 bp open reading frame, and a 332 bp untranslated 3'-end. The open reading frame encodes 532 amino acid residues. The predicted protein sequence from these cDNAs includes 2 potential N-glycosylation sites, a carboxylesterase type-B serine active site FGGDSENVTIFGESAG, and conserved residues Ser(187), Glu(317), and His(432) to function as the catalytic triad. The predicted carboxylesterase-like enzyme sequence is most similar to that of the carboxylesterase from the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae with 45% sequence identity. Alignment of the parasitoid carboxylesterase-like enzyme cDNAs revealed that there are two nucleotide differences in the open reading frame between the parasitoid strains, including a silent mutation and a point mutation that presumably causes a gene product difference. A nucleotide thymine at position 658 in the susceptible strain cDNA is replaced by a guanine in the resistant strain cDNA. This substitution leads to an amino acid change from tryptophan (Trp(220)) in the susceptible strain to glycine (Gly(220)) in the resistant strain. This substitution is genetically linked to resistance but it is not known how or if this amino acid substitution affects detoxification of malathion. Northern blot analyses demonstrated that expression level of the carboxylesterase-like enzyme mRNA in adult A. calandrae is approximately 30-fold higher in the resistant strain relative to that in the susceptible strain. Southern analysis indicated that Pst I or Eco RI restriction sites are different in the two strains. Both a modified gene structure and an increase in expression of carboxylesterase may be responsible for the high level of resistance found in this beneficial wasp. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Baker, JE (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, 1515 Coll Ave, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. NR 24 TC 29 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 29 IS 5 BP 417 EP 425 DI 10.1016/S0965-1748(99)00018-1 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 204GG UT WOS:000080755300003 PM 10380653 ER PT J AU Marcon, PCRG Taylor, DB Mason, CE Hellmich, RL Siegfried, BD AF Marcon, PCRG Taylor, DB Mason, CE Hellmich, RL Siegfried, BD TI Genetic similarity among pheromone and voltinism races of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE internal transcribed spacer; mitochondrial DNA; Ostrinia nubilalis; pheromone races; voltinism ecotypes ID EUROPEAN CORN-BORER; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA VARIATION; FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; POPULATION-GENETICS; RESTRICTION DATA; FLY DIPTERA; PYRALIDAE; STRAINS; MOTHS AB The genetic variability of seven European corn borer populations, Ostrinia nubilalis, from North America and Europe was assessed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis and DNA sequencing. The nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) region (approximate to 500 base pair [bp]) and four mitochondrial (mtDNA) regions (1550 bp total) were examined. The smartweed borer, Ostrinia obumbratalis, and south-Western corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella, were used for comparisons. Of 106 restriction sites identified (80 in mtDNA and 26 in ITS-1), none differentiated geographical populations, pheromone races, or voltine ecotypes of the European corn borer. The lack of variation in the ITS-1 of European corn borer was confirmed by DNA sequence analysis. The genetic similarity of European corn borer populations, despite their wide geographical range and physiological differences, may be explained by a relatively recent origin for the voltinism and pheromone races, gene flow among races, and/or expansion from genetic bottlenecks. C1 Univ Nebraska, Dept Entomol, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Dept Entomol, Midwest Livestock Insects Res Lab, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Entomol & Appl Ecol, Newark, DE USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Entomol, USDA ARS, Corns Insects & Crop Genet Res Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Siegfried, BD (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Dept Entomol, Rm 202,Plant Ind Bldg, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RI Taylor, David/G-6025-2014 OI Taylor, David/0000-0002-4378-4867 NR 50 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1075 J9 INSECT MOL BIOL JI Insect Mol. Biol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 8 IS 2 BP 213 EP 221 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2583.1999.820213.x PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 201ZZ UT WOS:000080628800008 PM 10380105 ER PT J AU Garner, KJ Slavicek, JM AF Garner, KJ Slavicek, JM TI Identification of a non-LTR retrotransposon from the gypsy moth SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Gypsy moth; Lymantria dispar; non-LTR retrotransposon ID MOSQUITO ANOPHELES-GAMBIAE; BOMBYX-MORI; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE; STRUCTURAL-ANALYSIS; ELEMENT; SEQUENCE; FAMILY; INSERTIONS; CONTAINS AB A family of highly repetitive elements, named LDT1, has been identified in the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. The complete element is 5.4 kb in length and lacks long-terminal repeats. The element contains two open reading frames with a significant amino acid sequence similarity to several non-LTR retrotransposons. The first open reading frame contains a region that potentially encodes a polypeptide similar to DNA-binding GAG-like proteins. The second encodes a polypeptide resembling both endonuclease and reverse transcriptase sequences. All members of the LDT1 element family sequenced thus far have poly-A tails or A-rich tails of 12-18 nucleotides in length, but lack a poly-A addition signal in the expected location. The amplification of retrotransposon insertion junction regions in different gypsy moth individuals indicates that polymorphisms exist at some of the insertion sites, suggesting that this element is or was, until recently, capable of transposition. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP Slavicek, JM (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, NE Res Stn, 359 Main Rd, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. NR 44 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1075 J9 INSECT MOL BIOL JI Insect Mol. Biol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 8 IS 2 BP 231 EP 242 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2583.1999.820231.x PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 201ZZ UT WOS:000080628800010 PM 10380107 ER PT J AU Tainter, FH Leininger, TD Williams, JG AF Tainter, FH Leininger, TD Williams, JG TI Use of the Arborsonic Decay Detector to detect butterfly stain in Chilean tepa SO INTERCIENCIA LA English DT Article DE Laureliopsis philippiana; butterfly stain; ultrasonics AB The Arborsonic Decay Detector (Fujikura Europe Limited, Wiltshire, England),vas used to measure speed of ultrasound in 105 logs of Chilean tepa with varying degrees of butterfly stain, a wetwood defect condition in frees which reduces value of logs when they are converted into products. Linear regressions derived from Arborsonic readings of these variables yielded two significantly different lines (p=0.0022). Position of the line representing stained wood was close to, bur separate from, the line representing stain free wood, bur was in the transition zone between healthy and decayed wood in the standard curves generated by the company and provided by them with each instrument. Probability tables are presented which may assist foresters in their management of tepa to identify butterfly stain in standing trees before they are marked for harvest. C1 Clemson Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. USDA ARS, So Hardwoods Lab, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. RP Tainter, FH (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTERCIENCIA PI CARACAS PA APARTADO 51842, CARACAS 1050A, VENEZUELA SN 0378-1844 J9 INTERCIENCIA JI Interciencia PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 24 IS 3 BP 201 EP 204 PG 4 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 213LC UT WOS:000081273300013 ER PT J AU Jacques, PF AF Jacques, PF TI The potential preventive effects of vitamins for cataract and age-related macular degeneration SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR VITAMIN AND NUTRITION RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Process of Ageing and Consequences for the Vitamin Requirement at the Annual Meeting of the German-Association-for-Applied-Vitamin-Research (GVF) CY MAY 14-15, 1999 CL BONN, GERMANY SP German Assoc Appl Vitamin Res DE Vitamin C; vitamin E; carotenoids; antioxidants; cataract; maculopathy ID OPACITIES CASE-CONTROL; BEAVER DAM EYE; LENS OPACITIES; ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT; OXIDATIVE STRESS; NUTRIENT INTAKE; SUPPLEMENT USE; RISK; PREVALENCE AB Age-related cataract and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are important public health problems. Approximately 50% of the 30 to 50 million cases of blindness worldwide result from unoperated cataract. In the US and other developed countries AMD is the leading cause of blindness, but age-related cataract remains the leading cause of visual disability. Age-related cataract and AMD represent an enormous economic burden. In the United States more than 1.3 million cataract extractions are performed annually at a cost of approximately $ 3.5 billion. Much of the experimental research on the etiology of cataract and AMD has focused on the role of nutritional antioxidants (vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoids). Evidence from epidemiologic studies support a role for nutritional antioxidants in delaying the onset of these age-related vision disorders. although it is not yet possible to conclude that antioxidant nutrients have a role in prevention of cataract or AMD, a summary of the epidemiologic evidence suggests that it is prudent to consume diets high in vitamins C and E and carotenoids, particularly the xanthophylls, as insurance against the development of cataract and AMD. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Tufts Univ, USDA, Jean Mayer Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, 711 Washington St, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 50 TC 48 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 1 PU VERLAG HANS HUBER PI BERN 9 PA LANGGASS-STRASSE 76, CH-3000 BERN 9, SWITZERLAND SN 0300-9831 EI 1664-2821 J9 INT J VITAM NUTR RES JI Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 69 IS 3 BP 198 EP 205 DI 10.1024/0300-9831.69.3.198 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 204BR UT WOS:000080743500011 PM 10389028 ER PT J AU Lowry, VK Tellez, GI Nisbet, DJ Garcia, G Urquiza, O Stanker, LH Kogut, MH AF Lowry, VK Tellez, GI Nisbet, DJ Garcia, G Urquiza, O Stanker, LH Kogut, MH TI Efficacy of Salmonella enteritidis-immune lymphokines on horizontal transmission of S-arizonae in turkeys and S-gallinarum in chickens SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE horizontal transmission; lymphokines; organ invasion; Salmonella gallinarum; Salmonella arizonae; poults; broiler chicks ID RESISTANT SALMONELLA; TYPHIMURIUM DT104; BROILER-CHICKENS; UNITED-STATES; PUBLIC-HEALTH; INFECTION; EGGS; EMERGENCE; INVASION AB Salmonella arizonae (SA) and S. gallinarum (SG) are of economic importance to international poultry production because of their pathogenesis in young poultry during the first week after hatching. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown immune lymphokines (ILK) produced by S. enteritidis (SE)-immunized chickens provide protection against SE organ invasion in day-old chickens and turkey poults. Previous studies have also demonstrated that SG organ invasion was significantly decreased by administration of ILK to broiler chicks. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of ILK on the incidence of horizontal transmission of SA in turkey poults and of SG in broiler chicks. The effect of ILK administration on horizontal transmission of SA in poults and SG in chicks was assessed in a seeder/contact model. Seeders were challenged with the appropriate bacterium (SA turkeys, SG chicks), contacts were either untreated or administered ILK. Seeders and contacts cohabited within an experimental group throughout the experiment. Mortality and organ invasion as a result of horizontal transmission were determined. There were no significant differences in mortality between non-treated and ILK-treated contact poults. In contrast, SG was extremely pathogenic to young broiler chicks. Non-treated contact chicks had a mortality rate of approximately 68% whereas significant (P < 0.05) reduction in mortality was demonstrated in the contact chicks treated with ILK (15%). Horizontal transmission, as determined by organ invasion, of SA to contact turkey poults and SG to contact broiler chicks was also significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by immunoprophylactic administration of ILK. Bacterial recovery of SA from the liver/spleen and the cecal tonsil in contact poults and SC from contact chicks treated with ILK was dramatically reduced when compared to non-treated contact poults and chicks. Our results strongly suggest the immunoprophylactic administration of SE-immune lymphokines to young turkey poults and broiler chicks significantly reduces the horizontal transmission of Salmonella in poultry. These results suggest the possibilities of using a non-vaccine immunologically-based preventative strategy against Salmonella in poultry. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Dept Prod Anim Aves FMVZ, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Lowry, VK (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Anat & Publ Hlth, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 61 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD MAY 1 PY 1999 VL 48 IS 2 BP 139 EP 148 DI 10.1016/S0168-1605(99)00036-7 PG 10 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA 215FX UT WOS:000081372200007 PM 10426450 ER PT J AU Polley, HW Johnson, HB Tischler, CR Torbert, HA AF Polley, HW Johnson, HB Tischler, CR Torbert, HA TI Links between transpiration and plant nitrogen: Variation with atmospheric CO2 concentration and nitrogen availability SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE global change; nitrogen accretion; nitrogen turnover; resource use efficiency ID DESERT EVERGREEN SHRUB; USE EFFICIENCY; LARREA-TRIDENTATA; VARYING NITROGEN; ELEVATED CO2; WATER; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ECOLOGY AB Transpiration is closely linked to plans nitrogen (N) content, indicating that global or other changes that alter plant N accumulation or the relative requirements of plants for water and N will affect transpiration. We studied effects of N availability and atmospheric CO2 concentration, two components of global biogeochemistry that are changing, on relationships between whole-plant transpiration and N in two perennial C-3 species, Pseudoroegneria spicata (a tussock grass) and Gutierrezia microcephala ia half-shrub). Two indices of plant N requirement were used: N accretion (N in live and dead tissues) and N loss in litter (N in dead tissues). Transpiration was analyzed as the product of N accretion or loss by plants and the ratio of transpiration to N accretion or loss. The two indices of plant N requirement led to different conclusions as to the effects of N availability on plant use of water relative to N. Transpiration scaled proportionally with N accretion, but transpiration per unit of N loss declined at high N. Carbon dioxide enrichment had little effect on the ratio of transpiration to N accretion and no effect on transpiration per unit of N lass. The two species accumulated similar amounts of N, but the half-shrub used more than twice as much water as the grass. Nitrogen availability and CO2 concentration influenced whole-plant transpiration more by changing plant N accumulation than by altering the stoichiometry between transpiration and plant N. Species differences in total water use, by contrast, reflected differences in the scaling of transpiration to plant N. A better under standing of species differences in water and N dynamics may thus be required to predict transpiration reliably. C1 USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Polley, HW (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grassland Soil & Water Res Lab, Temple, TX 76502 USA. NR 25 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 16 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 1058-5893 J9 INT J PLANT SCI JI Int. J. Plant Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 160 IS 3 BP 535 EP 542 DI 10.1086/314145 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 211YT UT WOS:000081190000010 ER PT J AU Yazar, A Howell, TA Dusek, DA Copeland, KS AF Yazar, A Howell, TA Dusek, DA Copeland, KS TI Evaluation of crop water stress index for LEPA irrigated corn SO IRRIGATION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE crop water stress index; crop production; evapotranspiration; irrigation; low-energy precision application ID SOUTHERN HIGH-PLAINS; CANOPY TEMPERATURE; INFRARED THERMOMETRY; USE EFFICIENCY; WINTER-WHEAT; YIELD; EVAPOTRANSPIRATION; MANAGEMENT; SYSTEMS; COTTON AB This study was designed to evaluate the crop water stress index (CWSI) for low-energy precision application (LEPA) irrigated corn (Zen mays L.) grown on slowly-permeable Pullman clay loam soil (fine, mixed, Torrertic Paleustoll) during the 1992 growing season at Bushland, Tex. The effects of six different irrigation levels (100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, 20%, and 0% replenishment of soil water depleted from the 1.5-m soil profile depth) on corn yields and the resulting CWSI were investigated. Irrigations were applied in 25 mm increments to maintain the soil water in the 100% treatment within 60-80% of the "plant extractable soil water" using LEPA technology, which wets alternate furrows only. The 1892 growing season was slightly wetter than normal. Thus, irrigation water use was less than normal, but the corn dry matter and grain yield were still significantly increased by irrigation. The yield, water use, and water use efficiency of fully irrigated corn were 1.246 kg/m(2), 786 mm, and 1.34 kg/m(3), respectively. CWSI was calculated from measurements of infrared canopy temperatures, ambient air temperatures, and vapor pressure deficit values for the six irrigation levels. A "non-water-stressed baseline" equation for corn was developed using the diurnal infrared canopy temperature measurements as T-c-T-a= 1.06-2.56 VPD, where T-c was the canopy temperature (degrees C), Ta was the air temperature (degrees C) and VPD was the vapor pressure deficit (kPa). Trends in CWSI values were consistent with the soil water contents induced by the deficit irrigations. Both the dry matter and grain yields decreased with increased soil water deficit. Minimal yield reductions were observed at a threshold CWSI value of 0.33 or less for corn. The CWSI was useful fur evaluating crop water stress in corn and should be a valuable tool to assist irrigation decision making together with soil water measurements and/or evapotranspiration models. C1 USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. Cukurova Univ, Dept Irrigat & Agr Struct, TR-01330 Adana, Turkey. RP Howell, TA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Conservat & Prod Res Lab, PO Drawer 10, Bushland, TX 79012 USA. NR 51 TC 62 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 17 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0342-7188 J9 IRRIGATION SCI JI Irrig. Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 18 IS 4 BP 171 EP 180 DI 10.1007/s002710050059 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Water Resources SC Agriculture; Water Resources GA 201EX UT WOS:000080583000002 ER PT J AU Lu, FC Ralph, J AF Lu, FC Ralph, J TI The DFRC method for lignin analysis. 7. Behavior of cinnamyl end groups SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE acetyl bromide; lignin model compound; end groups; beta-bromoether; reductive elimination; DFRC; hydroxycinnamyl alcohol; hydroxycinnamaldehyde; arylcyclopropane ID DIARYLPROPANE STRUCTURES; SYRINGYL LIGNIN; CELL-WALL; HETEROGENEITY; GUAIACYL; POPLAR; WOOD; MONOCOTYLEDONS; SPECTROSCOPY; SUGARCANE AB The behavior of cinnamyl end groups of lignins during the derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC) procedure has been investigated using lignin model compounds. On AcBr treatment, hydroxycinnamyl alcohols give rise mainly to 1-aryl-1,3-dibromoprapanes from which 1-aryl-3-bromopropanes and arylcyclopropanes are formed by zinc reduction. Arylpropene derivatives are also significant among DFRC products of etherified cinnamyl end-group models. Major monomers from DFRC of hydroxycinnamaldehydes are arylcyclopropyl acetates produced by reductive ring closure of 1-acetoxy-3-aryl-1,3-dibromopropanes. Although the reactions are not as clean as the ether-cleaving reactions that form the basis of the DFRC method, end groups produce diagnostic compounds that provide valuable markers for studying end groups in lignins. C1 ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, USDA, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forestry, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Ralph, J (reprint author), ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, USDA, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 40 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 47 IS 5 BP 1981 EP 1987 DI 10.1021/jf981138s PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 198MD UT WOS:000080427200031 PM 10552482 ER PT J AU Lu, FC Ralph, J AF Lu, FC Ralph, J TI Detection and determination of p-coumaroylated units in lignins SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE acetyl bromide; lignin; grass; Gramineae; maize; bamboo; bromegrass; p-coumarate; phenolic acid; beta-aryl ether; cleavage; quantitative analysis; gas chromatography; reductive elimination; acetylation; bromination; DFRC ID DFRC METHOD; BIOLOGICAL VARIABILITY; SYRINGYL LIGNIN; MAIZE LIGNIN; HETEROGENEITY; NMR; LIGNIFICATION; EXPRESSION; MUTATION; CLEAVAGE AB The derivatization followed by reductive cleavage? (DFRC) method cleaves alpha- and beta-ethers in Lignins but leaves lignin gamma-esters intact. When applied to grasses, which contain p-coumarate esters on their lignins, esterified monolignol derivatives are released. Saturation of the p-coumarate double bond occurs during DFRC, so the released products are 4-acetoxycinnamyl 4-acetoxyphenylpropionates. Synthesis of the esters allowed determination of response factors for the released products. Maize and bamboo Lignins released 221 and 38 mu mol/g of p-coumarate;derived esters. The sinapyl ester was much more abundant than the coniferyl one. The bamboo and maize lignin S/G ratios in the conjugates were 12 and 38 times greater than those of the normal monomers released by DFRC, evidence of a strong selectivity for acylation of syringyl units. Of three possible biochemical mechanisms for incorporating p-coumarates into lignin, evidence is mounting that the process involves incorporation of preacylated monolignols into the normal lignification process. C1 ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, USDA, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Forestry, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Ralph, J (reprint author), ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, USDA, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 31 TC 101 Z9 105 U1 5 U2 44 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 47 IS 5 BP 1988 EP 1992 DI 10.1021/jf981140j PG 5 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 198MD UT WOS:000080427200032 PM 10552483 ER PT J AU Jung, HJG Varel, VH Weimer, PJ Ralph, J AF Jung, HJG Varel, VH Weimer, PJ Ralph, J TI Accuracy of Klason lignin and acid detergent lignin methods as assessed by bomb calorimetry SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Klason lignin; acid detergent lignin; forages; calorimetry ID CELL-WALL COMPOSITION; FORAGE; DEGRADABILITY; DIGESTIBILITY; GROWTH; FIBER AB An accurate method for estimation of lignin concentration is important for prediction of the digestible energy content of livestock feeds. The accuracy of lignin concentration estimates based on the Klason lignin and acid detergent lignin methods was compared. Ten diverse forage samples were analyzed for protein, carbohydrates, lipids, organic acids, ash, lignin (by both methods), and grass energy. The accuracy of the two lignin concentration estimates was examined by comparing the measured forage gross energy to a gross energy value calculated from the compositional analysis. Use of the acid detergent lignin estimate in this gross energy calculation accounted for 68-84% of the forage gross energy compared to 85-97% of the gross energy using Klason lignin. These results indicate that while Klason lignin estimates are substantially higher than acid detergent lignin estimates, Klason lignin is the more accurate lignin method and does not overestimate lignin because gross energy recoveries were less than 100%. C1 ARS, USDA, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ARS, USDA, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr Cluster, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP ARS, USDA, Plant Sci Res Unit, 411 Borlaug Hall,1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. EM jungx002@tc.umn.edu NR 25 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 4 U2 23 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 EI 1520-5118 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 47 IS 5 BP 2005 EP 2008 DI 10.1021/jf981250q PG 4 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 198MD UT WOS:000080427200035 PM 10552486 ER PT J AU Seybold, CA Mersie, W McName, C Tierney, D AF Seybold, CA Mersie, W McName, C Tierney, D TI Release of atrazine (C-14) from two undisturbed submerged sediments over a two-year period SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE atrazine; submerged sediments; temperature; release ID SOIL SIZE FRACTIONS; MICROBIAL-DEGRADATION; SURFACE-WATER; ADSORPTION; DEISOPROPYLATRAZINE; DEETHYLATRAZINE; HYDROXYATRAZINE; HERBICIDES; HYDROLYSIS; RESIDUES AB Through water erosion and runoff, sediment-adsorbed atrazine can undergo sedimentation and accumulation at the bottom of water bodies and become potential sources of atrazine to the water column. The purpose of this study is to determine the fate and release of atrazine (C-14) to the water column from two simulated undisturbed submerged sediments at two temperature treatments (5 and 24 degrees C) over a 2-year period. Atrazine residue (C-14) was released from the two sediments and was, primarily, diffusing from the sediment pore water to the water columns. The amount released was affected by sediment type and is related to the sediment's adsorption/desorption capacity. Larger amounts of residue (C-14) Were released to the water columns at 5 degrees C than at 24 degrees C. Atrazine degraded in the shallow submerged anaerobic sediment's water columns over the 2-year period. Less than 2% (percent of applied in atrazine equivalent) of extractable atrazine and metabolites remained in the sediment after 2 years. The amount of nonextractable atrazine residue (C-14) was significantly higher in sediments at 24 degrees C than at 5 degrees C. In conclusion, atrazine accumulating in shallow undisturbed submerged sediments from nonpoint sources would most likely degrade and/or become nonextractable over time and would have a low probability of becoming a significant source to the water body. The conditions where accumulation and future release of atrazine have a greater potential to occur are under very cold temperatures with low adsorption capacity sediments. C1 Oregon State Univ, USDA, NRCS, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Agr Res Stn, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. Novartus Crop Protect Inc, Greensboro, NC 27419 USA. RP Seybold, CA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, USDA, NRCS, ALS Bldg,Room 3017, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 50 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 47 IS 5 BP 2156 EP 2162 DI 10.1021/jf981053r PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 198MD UT WOS:000080427200061 PM 10552512 ER PT J AU Tegene, A Wiebe, K Kuhn, B AF Tegene, A Wiebe, K Kuhn, B TI Irreversible investment under uncertainty: Conservation easements and the option to develop agricultural land SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article ID PRICES AB A landowner's decision to convert farmland to urban use is presented as an irreversible investment under uncertainty. This approach improves on conventional approaches to the valuation of conservation easements by incorporating option values. This approach also refines the calculation of compensation potentially due to landowners when use of their land is restricted by government policies to protect the environment. C1 Econ Res Serv, Resource Econ Div, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Econ Res Serv, Food & Rural Econ Div, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Tegene, A (reprint author), Econ Res Serv, Resource Econ Div, USDA, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 27 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 7 PU AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS SOC PI READING PA C/O PROF W B TRAIL, EDITOR, UNIV READING, 4 EARLEY GATE, WHITEKNIGHTS RD, READING, ENGLAND RG6 6AR SN 0021-857X J9 J AGR ECON JI J. Agric. Econ. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 50 IS 2 BP 203 EP 219 PG 17 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 206WP UT WOS:000080903600002 ER PT J AU Davis, JJ Sahlu, T Puchala, R Herselman, MJ Hart, SP Escobar, EN Coleman, SW McCann, JP Goetsch, AL AF Davis, JJ Sahlu, T Puchala, R Herselman, MJ Hart, SP Escobar, EN Coleman, SW McCann, JP Goetsch, AL TI Effects on of bovine somatotropin and ruminally undegraded protein on feed intake, live weight gain, and mohair production by Yearling Angora Wethers SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Angora; bovidae; somatotropin; mohair; protein ID GROWTH-HORMONE; GROWING LAMBS; CARCASS COMPOSITION; ANGORA-GOATS; MEAT QUALITY; WOOL GROWTH; PERFORMANCE; METABOLITES; RESPONSES; BREEDS AB Yearling Angora wethers (n = 24; 24 +/- 1.0 kg BW) were used in an experiment with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments to investigate effects of bovine somatotropin (bST) treatment and dietary level of ruminally undegraded protein on DMI, ADG, and mohair production. Untreated casein (UC) or casein treated with formaldehyde (TC) was included at 7% DM of a diet containing 11% CP and 46% concentrate. A slow-release bST form was administered weekly to deliver 0 (Control) or 100 mu g/(kg BW.d) of bST. Plasma concentrations of bST and IGF-I were increased (P < .05) during the 7-d period following bST injection. Ruminal fluid ammonia N concentration was lower (P < .01) for TC than for UC before feeding (6.6 vs 7.5 mg/dL) and 4 h later (8.2 vs 12.2 mg/dL), and total VFA concentration was lower (P < .01) for TC than for UC. Treatment with bST decreased (P = .08) DMI with UC (1.15 vs .91 kg/d) and increased (P = .08) DMI with TC (.95 vs 1.06 kg/d). Formaldehyde treatment of casein increased ADG (65, 74, 55, and 91 g/d; P = .03) and clean fleece production (P < .01; 14.1, 17.3, 15.0, and 18.4 g/d for UC-Control, TC-Control, UC-bST, and TC-bST, respectively), with no effect of bST during the 8-wk period of treatment or for the 8 wk thereafter (P > .10). In conclusion, with yearling Angora wethers, bST does not seem useful to enhance mohair production and may not alter effects of dietary level of ruminally undegradable protein on mohair production. C1 Langston Univ, E Kika Garza Inst Goat Res, Langston, OK 73050 USA. USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. Oklahoma State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol Sci, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. RP Sahlu, T (reprint author), Langston Univ, E Kika Garza Inst Goat Res, Langston, OK 73050 USA. NR 35 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 77 IS 5 BP 1029 EP 1036 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XN UT WOS:000084445100001 PM 10340566 ER PT J AU Schalles, RR Cundiff, LV AF Schalles, RR Cundiff, LV TI Inheritance of the "rat-tail" syndrome and its effect on calf performance SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE hypotrichosis; cattle; performance AB A form of congenital hypotrichosis, commonly know as the "rat-tail syndrome," occurs in a small percentage of calves produced by crossing some Continental cattle breeds with cattle that are black in color. These calves are characterized by short, curly, malformed, sometimes sparse hair and a lack of normal tail switch development. In our first study, performance of 43 rat-tail calves was compared with that of 570 non-rat-tail calves of the same breeding and contemporary groups. All rat-tail calves were sired by Simmental bulls and were from cows with various percentages of Angus breeding. The rat-tail condition had no effect on birth weight, weaning weight, or gain from birth to weaning. However, rat-tail calves had significantly lower rates of gain during the winter months from weaning to yearling than non-rat-tail calves, resulting in a 19 kg lighter yearling weight. Gains of steers from yearling to slaughter were not significantly different, but rat-tail steers were 36 kg lighter (P = .01) and 13 d older (P = .15) at slaughter than the non-rat-tail steers. In a second study, Angus-Simmental F-1 males and females with the rat-tail condition were mated to produce 64 F-2 offspring that were used to determine the mode of inheritance of this syndrome. Analysis showed that the rat-tail syndrome is controlled by interacting genes at two loci. Cattle that express the syndrome muse have at least one dominant gene for black color and be heterozygous at the other locus involved. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Schalles, RR (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Anim Sci & Ind, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 3 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 77 IS 5 BP 1144 EP 1147 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XN UT WOS:000084445100015 PM 10340580 ER PT J AU Varel, VH Nienaber, JA Freetly, HC AF Varel, VH Nienaber, JA Freetly, HC TI Conservation of nitrogen in cattle feedlot waste with urease inhibitors SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE urea; urease inhibitors; ammonia; cattle manure; fertilizers ID PHENYL PHOSPHORODIAMIDATE AB Feedlot cattle normally retain less than 20% of their dietary nitrogen intake. Sixty to 80% of the nitrogen excreted is normally lost through volatilization of ammonia, which is primarily generated from urea. This loss of ammonia nitrogen pollutes the environment and creates an unfavorable ratio of nitrogen to phosphorous (N:P) in the waste for crop growth. Two urease inhibitors, cyclohexylphosphoric triamide (CHPT) and N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) were evaluated for their ability to reduce the rate of urea hydrolysis in beef cattle feedlot pens. Initially, a total of six pens were used, two pens per treatment, with approximately 70 cattle per pen, and a single topical application of CHPT or NBPT at 20 mg/kg of manure. Essentially no urea was found in untreated pens. However, with CHPT treatment, 2 g of urea/kg of dry manure accumulated by d 4, and all gradually disappeared by d 11; NBPT conserved 3 and 3.5 g of urea/kg by d 4 and 9, respectively, and it had disappeared by d 14 (treatment [trt] x day, P = .003), A second study involved application of NBPT weekly for 6 wk. This caused urea to accumulate to a peak concentration of 17 g/kg of manure by d 30 (trt x day(2), P = .001). Once the treatment was stopped the urea concentration began to decrease. When the NBPT was applied weekly, the concentration of ammonia in the waste was less for the treated pens (trt x day, P = .01), the total nitrogen was greater (trt x day, P = .04), pH tended to be lower (trt x day, P = .10), and the total volatile acids were not different (trt x day, P = .51) from untreated pens. We concluded that urease inhibitors could be used to control ammonia emissions from animal wastes, prevent environmental damage, and produce a more balanced (N:P) fertilizer from manure. C1 USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Varel, VH (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 19 TC 55 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 77 IS 5 BP 1162 EP 1168 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XN UT WOS:000084445100018 PM 10340583 ER PT J AU Vallet, JL Christenson, RK Klemcke, HG AF Vallet, JL Christenson, RK Klemcke, HG TI Technical note: A radioimmunoassay for porcine intrauterine folate binding protein SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE endometrium; pregnancy; vitamins; progesterone ID DIETARY FOLIC-ACID; SWINE; SOWS; SUPPLEMENTATION; PERFORMANCE; GESTATION; SECRETION; PARITIES AB A RIA was developed for porcine intrauterine folate binding protein (FBP). Displacement of [I-125]FBP caused by increasing dilutions of uterine flushings collected from either d-15 pregnant or nonpregnant gilts or media from culture of endometrial tissue from d-15 pregnant or nonpregnant gilts was parallel to the displacement caused by the standard curve. Addition of known amounts of purified allantoic fluid FBP to dilutions of either intrauterine flushings or endometrial culture medium were measured accurately with the RIA. To test specificity, 2-mL samples of uterine flushings collected from d-15 pregnant and nonpregnant gilts were preincubated with 10 mu Ci of [H-3]folic acid and then chromatographed using Sephadex G-100 (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO). The fractions were subsequently assayed for radioactivity by Liquid scintillation spectrophotometry and for FBP by RIA. The [H-3]folic acid and FBP peaks coincided, indicating that the RIA is specific for FBP. Uterine flushings were collected on d 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15 of the cycle or pregnancy from 1) White crossbred, 2) progesterone-treated White crossbred (200 mg of progesterone at 48 and 72 h after estrus), and 3) Meishan gilts and assayed for FBP. Total FBP increased 140-fold from d 10 to 15, and the pattern of change across day did not differ between pregnant and nonpregnant gilts. Progesterone treatment increased intrauterine FBP content on d 10 and II. No difference in FBP concentrations was detected between White crossbred and Meishan gilts. These results indicate that; the RIA for FBP is valid, allowing measurement of this protein in uterine flushings and endometrial culture medium. The onset of FBP secretion by the uterus between d 10 and 15 of the cycle or pregnancy is influenced by the timing of onset of progesterone influence in a manner similar to the endometrial proteins uteroferrin and retinol binding protein. In contrast to these endometrial proteins, FBP concentrations are similar in Meishan and White crossbred gilts. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Vallet, JL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166,State Spur 18D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 17 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 77 IS 5 BP 1236 EP 1240 PG 5 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XN UT WOS:000084445100027 PM 10340592 ER PT J AU Barb, CR AF Barb, CR TI The brain-pituitary-adipocyte axis: Role of leptin in modulating neuroendocrine function SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1998 Annual Meeting of the South Section ASAS on Management CY JAN 31-FEB 03, 1998 CL LITTLE ROCK, AR SP ASAS DE proteins; adipose tissue; LH; somatotropin ID GROWTH-HORMONE SECRETION; OBESE GENE-PRODUCT; CENTRAL NEURAL NETWORKS; RECEPTOR MESSENGER-RNA; WHITE ADIPOSE-TISSUE; FOOD-DEPRIVED RATS; NORMAL FEMALE MICE; FREE FATTY-ACIDS; NEUROPEPTIDE-Y; LUTEINIZING-HORMONE AB The recently discovered protein leptin has a molecular mass of 16 kDa, consists of 146 amino acids, and is synthesized and secreted by adipose tissue. Leptin affects feed intake, the neuroendocrine-axis, and immunological processes. The protein was first identified as the gene product that is deficient in the obese ob/ob mouse. Leptin serves as a circulating signal of nutritional status and plays a pivotal role in regulation of body weight, energy expenditure, growth, and reproduction. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. RP USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Anim Physiol Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. EM rbarb@ars.usda.gov RI Wilkinson, Stuart/C-2802-2013 NR 86 TC 59 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI CHAMPAIGN PA PO BOX 7410, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61826-7410 USA SN 0021-8812 EI 1525-3163 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 77 IS 5 BP 1249 EP 1257 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XN UT WOS:000084445100029 PM 10340594 ER PT J AU Herselman, MJ Hart, SP Sahlu, T Coleman, SW Goetsch, AL AF Herselman, MJ Hart, SP Sahlu, T Coleman, SW Goetsch, AL TI Heat energy for growing goats and sheep grazing different pastures in the summer SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE goats; sheep; energy; grazing ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; ENTRY RATE; EXPENDITURE; CATTLE; COST AB Angora goat, Spanish goat, and Suffolk x Rambouillet sheep wethers (20 of each type; 30.4 +/- .57, 31.3 +/- .93, and 32.4 +/- 1.08 kg BW for Angora goats, Spanish goats, and sheep, respectively) were used to investigate influences of animal type and two grass-based pasture treatments on heat energy during summer grazing (mid-August through September in Oklahoma). The improved pasture treatment consisted of .7-ha paddocks primarily of Old World bluestem and johnsongrass, whereas the native pasture treatment entailed 10.8-ha paddocks dominated by big and little bluestems and indiangrass. Grasses were 95 to 100% of diets for the improved pasture treatment and 71 to 95% for the native pasture treatment; forbs were 2 to 25%, and shrubs were less than 4% of diets for the native pasture treatment. Metabolizable energy intake was similar (P > .10) between pasture treatments but differed(P < .01) among animal types: 79, 99, and 113 kcal/(kg(.75) BW.d) for Angora goats, Spanish goats, and sheep, respectively; SE 7.1. Heat energy estimated via CO2 entry rate was affected by pasture treatment (P = .08) and animal type (P < .001): improved pasture treatment 109, 132, and 151 kcal/(kg(.75) BW.d); native pasture treatment 126, 138, and 163 kcal/(kg(.75) BW a) for Angora goats, Spanish goats, and sheep, respectively. Likewise, daylight grazing time was greater (P = .04) for the native than for the improved pasture treatment and differed (P < .01) among animal types: improved pasture treatment 5.3, 4.7, and 6.7 h; native pasture treatment 6.0, 5.7, and 8.1 h for Angora goats, Spanish goats, and sheep, respectively. In conclusion, heat energy during summer grazing of grass-based paddocks was less for goats than for sheep, and animal type can affect the increase in heat energy as energy intake and grazing time increase. C1 Univ Langston, E Kika de la Garza Inst Goat Res, Langston, OK 73050 USA. USDA ARS, Grazinglands Res Lab, El Reno, OK 73036 USA. RP Sahlu, T (reprint author), Univ Langston, E Kika de la Garza Inst Goat Res, POB 730, Langston, OK 73050 USA. NR 28 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 77 IS 5 BP 1258 EP 1265 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XN UT WOS:000084445100030 PM 10340595 ER PT J AU Weder, CE DelCurto, T Svejcar, T Jaeger, JR Bailey, RK AF Weder, CE DelCurto, T Svejcar, T Jaeger, JR Bailey, RK TI Influence of supplemental alfalfa quality on the intake, use, and subsequent performance of beef cattle consuming low-quality roughages SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE beef cattle; supplements; alfalfa hay; roughages ID TALLGRASS-PRAIRIE FORAGE; COTTONSEED MEAL SUPPLEMENTATION; SOYBEAN-MEAL; RUMEN FERMENTATION; VOLUNTARY INTAKE; PASSAGE RATES; WINTER RANGE; WHEAT STRAW; PROTEIN; HAY AB Three experiments were conducted to evaluate influences of supplemental alfalfa quality on intake and use of low-quality meadow grass roughages (MG) by beef cattle. In Exp. 1, 15 steers (250 kg) were assigned to three treatments: I) MG (5.2% CP), no supplement; 2) MG plus high-quality alfalfa (18.8% CP); and 3) MG plus low-quality alfalfa (15.2% CP). High- and low-quality alfalfa supplements were fed at .45 and .55% EW; respectively. Total DMI was greater (P < .01) for alfalfa-supplemented steers than for MG. Likewise, intake of digestible DM, DM digestibility (DMD), and ruminal ammonia level were greater (P < .01) for supplemented steers. In Exp. 2, 96 pregnant Hereford x Simmental cows (537 kg; body condition [BC] score 4.86) were assigned to the same treatments as in Exp. 1. For d 0 to 42, cows grazed on 19.1 ha of stockpiled MG (4,539 kg/ha; 6.8% CP), whereas, on d 43 to 84, cows received MG hay (5.2% CP). Supplemented cows gained more BW(P < .01), BC score (P < .01), and had heavier calf birth weight (P < .01) than nonsupplemented cows. However, there were no treatment effects (P > .10) on cow cyclicity, pregnancy rate, or calving interval. In Exp. 3, 90 pregnant Angus x Hereford cows (475 kg; BC score 4.59) were assigned to three treatments: 16.1%, 17.8% or 20.0% CP alfalfa supplement, with levels of .63, .55, and .50% of BW, respectively. Weight gain and BC score for the 84-d study displayed a quadratic response (P < .10), yet represented only 7 kg BW and .2 units of BC score. In conclusion, alfalfa hay supplementation was effective in increasing DMI and digestibility. However, alfalfa hay quality did not dramatically affect BW, BC score, and (or) calf birth weight, when fed on an isonitrogenous basis. C1 Oregon State Univ, Eastern Oregon Agr Res Ctr, Union, OR 97883 USA. USDA, Agr Res Ctr, Burns, OR 97220 USA. RP DelCurto, T (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Eastern Oregon Agr Res Ctr, Union, OR 97883 USA. NR 29 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 77 IS 5 BP 1266 EP 1276 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XN UT WOS:000084445100031 PM 10340596 ER PT J AU Krehbiel, CR Ferrell, CL AF Krehbiel, CR Ferrell, CL TI Effects of increasing ruminally degraded nitrogen and abomasal casein infusion on net portal flux of nutrients in yearling heifers consuming a high-grain diet SO JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE feedlots; nitrogen; protein ID STEERS FED ALFALFA; GASTROINTESTINAL-TRACT; OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION; DRAINED VISCERA; HOLSTEIN STEERS; AMINO-ACIDS; BEEF-CATTLE; BLOOD-FLOW; ABSORPTION; UREA AB Seven Meat Animal Research Center (MARC) III heifers (410 +/- 25 kg) fitted with hepatic portal, mesenteric venous, carotid catheters, and an abomasal cannula were used in a 7 x 5 incomplete Latin square design experiment. The objective was to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of ruminally degradable N (RDN) with or without the addition of abomasally infused casein on portal-drained visceral (PDV) flux of nutrients. Treatments consisted of dietary CP percentage levels of 9.5 (control), control plus .72% dietary urea (11.5U), control plus 1.44% dietary urea (13.5U), control plus abomasally infused casein (250 g/d; 11.5C), or control plus .72% dietary urea and abomasally infused casein (250 g/d; 13.5UC). All diets contained (DM basis) 80% ground corn, 15% corn silage, and 5% dry supplement and were provided for ad libitum consumption. Nitrogen intake increased (linear, P < .001) as CP increased from 9.5 to 13.5%. Portal-drained visceral release of ammonia N increased (linear, P < .10) as RDN increased, and was greater (P < .05) when protein was fed compared with heifers fed control (P < .10). Urea N removal by PDV was not affected (P > .10) by level of RDN but was greatest when 11.5C was fed and least when 13.5UC was fed. Net or-amino N (AAN) release by PDV was greatest when 13.5UC was fed (309 mmol/h), least when 9.5% CP was fed (112 mmol/h), and intermediate for the other groups (205 to 252 mmol/h). These data suggest that removal of N by the PDV may promote microbial protein synthesis when dietary RDN is low. When RDN needs have been met and amino acids are deficient for the host, escape protein should be fed to increase amino acid absorption. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Krehbiel, CR (reprint author), New Mexico State Univ, Dept Anim & Range Sci, Las Cruces, NM 88003 USA. NR 35 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC ANIMAL SCIENCE PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0021-8812 J9 J ANIM SCI JI J. Anim. Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 77 IS 5 BP 1295 EP 1305 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 268XN UT WOS:000084445100034 PM 10340599 ER PT J AU Holtzapple, CK Buckley, SA Stanker, LH AF Holtzapple, CK Buckley, SA Stanker, LH TI Determination of four fluoroquinolones in milk by on-line immunoaffinity capture coupled with reversed-phase liquid chromatography SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID MASS-SPECTROMETRY; METABOLITE CIPROFLOXACIN; ENROFLOXACIN; TISSUES; HPLC; RESIDUES; ONLINE; BOVINE; ASSAY; CATFISH AB An automated, on-line immunoaffinity extraction method was developed for the analysis of 4 fluoroquinolones in milk: ciprofloxacin, difloxacin, enrofloxacin, and sarafloxacin, This method involves analyte extraction using an immunoaffinity capture column containing anti-fluoroquinolone antibodies coupled on-line with reversed-phase column chromatography. Liquid chromatographic analyses were performed by isocratic elution using a mobile phase of 2% acetic acid-acetonitrile (85 + 15) and an Inertsil phenyl column with fluorescence detection at excitation and emission wavelengths of 278 and 444 nm, respectively, No significant interferences from the sample matrix were observed, indicating good selectivity with the immunoaffinity column, Recoveries from fortified raw milk samples (5-50 ppb of each fluoroquinolone) ranged from 72 to 90%, with standard deviations of less than or equal to 8%. C1 ARS, USDA, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. RP Holtzapple, CK (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 23 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 5 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 82 IS 3 BP 607 EP 613 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 201NJ UT WOS:000080601400006 PM 10367378 ER PT J AU Groves, FD Zhang, LA Chang, YS Ross, PF Casper, H Norred, WP You, WC Fraumeni, JF AF Groves, FD Zhang, LA Chang, YS Ross, PF Casper, H Norred, WP You, WC Fraumeni, JF TI Fusarium mycotoxins in corn and corn products in a high-risk area for gastric cancer in Shandong Province, China SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID FREE SPHINGOID BASES; CUT RAT-LIVER; FUMONISIN B-1; SLICES AB Consumption of fermented, but not unfermented, corn pancakes has been linked with elevated stomach cancer mortality rates in rural Linqu County in Shandong Province, China. Previous surveys of fungal contamination of corn in China have detected fumonisins, which are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium moniliforme. To determine whether mycotoxins might account for the increased risk of cancer among those consuming fermented pancakes, we obtained specimens of corn, cornmeal, unfermented and fermented pancake batter, and cooked fermented pancakes from each of 16 households in Linqu County for analysis by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Fumonisins B-1, B-2, and B-3 were detected (greater than or equal to 0.5 mu g/g) in 19, 25, and 6% of the corn specimens, respectively, as well as in various corn products, No type A trichothecenes were detected; however, the type B trichothecenes deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol were detected (greater than or equal to 0.5 mu g/g) in 58 and 17% of the corn specimens, respectively, and zearalenone was detected (greater than or equal to 0.5 mu/g) in 15% of the cornmeal specimens. The mycotoxins were detected only at low levels (< 10 mu g/g), which did not increase with fermentation. These findings do not support the hypothesis that mycotoxin contamination increases the risk of gastric cancer among those who consume fermented Chinese pancakes. C1 NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Beijing Inst Canc Res, Beijing 100034, Peoples R China. Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. N Dakota State Univ, Dept Vet & Microbiol Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. ARS, USDA, Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Groves, FD (reprint author), NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 11 TC 36 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 82 IS 3 BP 657 EP 662 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 201NJ UT WOS:000080601400012 PM 10367384 ER PT J AU Eller, FJ AF Eller, FJ TI Interference by methyl levulinate in determination of total fat in low-fat, high-sugar products by gas chromatographic fatty acid methyl ester (GC-FAME) analysis SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID MONOUNSATURATED FATS; EXTRACTION AB Gas chromatographic fatty acid methyl ester (GC-FAME) analyses of some acid-hydrolyzed foods revealed a large peak that did not correspond to any FAME standards. The unknown peak eluted just after the C-12 FAME, If the fatty acid response factor and the conversion factor for the nearest calibrated peak (C-12 FAME) were used to determine the total fat, the resulting total fat determination was much higher than expected. This peak was present only in acid-hydrolyzed samples and was absent in extracts obtained with supercritical CO2 or solvents without acid hydrolysis. The compound was isolated, analyzed by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and proved by synthesis to be methyl-4-oxopentanoate (methyl levulinate), Its source was determined to be sugar in the product formula. Levulinic acid is produced by acid hydrolysis of sugar and is transesterified by BF3 in methanol to methyl levulinate. Although methyl levulinate may appear in the GC analyses of any acid-hydrolyzed products containing sugar, if the ratio of fat to sugar is high, the impact of methyl levulinate on fat determination would be small. On the other hand, the presence of methyl levulinate in analyses of low-fat, high-sugar products is potentially problematic if not recognized, although GC analysis can account for the presence of this compound. C1 ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res Food Qual & Safety Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Eller, FJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res Food Qual & Safety Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 8 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 82 IS 3 BP 766 EP 769 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 201NJ UT WOS:000080601400026 PM 10408882 ER PT J AU Bangera, MG Thomashow, LS AF Bangera, MG Thomashow, LS TI Identification and characterization of gene cluster for synthesis of the polyketide antibiotic 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol from Pseudomonas fluorescens Q2-87 SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; PLANT-SPECIFIC PATHWAYS; GRAMINIS VAR TRITICI; PHYTOTOXIN CORONATINE; CHALCONE SYNTHASE; CORONAFACIC ACID; REPRESSOR GENE; STEROL-CARRIER; TRANSCRIPTIONAL ANALYSIS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL AB The polyketide metabolite 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) is produced by many strains of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. with biocontrol activity against soilborne fungal plant pathogens. Genes required for 2,4-DAPG synthesis by P. fluorescens Q2-87 are encoded by a 6.5-kb fragment of genomic DNA that can transfer production of 2,4-DAPG to 2,4-DAPG-nonproducing recipient Pseudomonas strains. In this study the nucleotide sequence was determined for the 6.5-kb fragment and flanking regions of genomic DNA from strain Q2-87. Six open reading frames were identified, four of which (phlACBD) comprise an operon that includes a set of three genes (phlACB) conserved between eubacteria and archaebacteria and a gene (phlD) encoding a polyketide synthase with homology to chalcone and stilbene synthases from plants. The biosynthetic operon is flanked on either side by phlE and phlF, which code respectively for putative efflux and regulatory (repressor) proteins. Expression in Escherichia coli of phlA, phlC, phlB, and phlD, individually or in combination, identified a novel polyketide biosynthetic pathway in which PhlD is responsible for the production of monoacetylphloroglucinol (MAPG). PhlA, PhlC, and PhlB are necessary to convert MAPG to 2,4-DAPG, and they also may function in the synthesis of MAPG. C1 Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Root Dis & Biol Control Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Washington State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Thomashow, LS (reprint author), Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Root Dis & Biol Control Res Unit, POB 646430, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. NR 62 TC 191 Z9 209 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 181 IS 10 BP 3155 EP 3163 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 197AQ UT WOS:000080342800021 PM 10322017 ER PT J AU Ames, SK Ellis, KJ Gunn, SK Copeland, KC Abrams, SA AF Ames, SK Ellis, KJ Gunn, SK Copeland, KC Abrams, SA TI Vitamin D receptor gene Fok1 polymorphism predicts calcium absorption and bone mineral density in children SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID START CODON POLYMORPHISM; MEXICAN-AMERICAN WOMEN; SERUM 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN-D; OSTEOPOROTIC WOMEN; DIETARY CALCIUM; WHITE WOMEN; POSTMENOPAUSAL; TURNOVER; GIRLS; METABOLISM AB The vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene has been implicated as one of the major genetic components of osteoporosis. We evaluated the relationship between markers of mineral status and restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the VDR gene in 72 healthy children age 7-12 years. Using stable isotope techniques and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, we measured dietary calcium absorption, bone calcium deposition rates, and total body bone mineral density (BMD), The Fok1 polymorphism at the VDR translation initiation site was significantly associated with BMD (p = 0.02) and calcium absorption (p = 0.04), Children who were FF homozygotes had a mean calcium absorption that was 41.5% greater than those who were ff homozygotes and 17% greater absorption than Ff heterozygotes. BMD was 8.2% greater in the FF genotype than the ff genotype and 4.8% higher than the Ff genotype, These results suggest a substantial relationship between the VDR gene and bone metabolism at one or more levels, including dietary absorption of calcium and BMD in growing children. C1 Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pediat, Div Endocrinol & Metab, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Abrams, SA (reprint author), Baylor Coll Med, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, USDA ARS, 1100 Bates St, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR00188]; NIAMS NIH HHS [AR43740] NR 41 TC 128 Z9 147 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI DURHAM PA PO BOX 2759, DURHAM, NC 27715-2759 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 14 IS 5 BP 740 EP 746 DI 10.1359/jbmr.1999.14.5.740 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 189TY UT WOS:000079923300010 PM 10320522 ER PT J AU Graybosch, RA Peterson, CJ Chung, OK AF Graybosch, RA Peterson, CJ Chung, OK TI Quality effects of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome arm 1RL transferred to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) SO JOURNAL OF CEREAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE wheat (Triticum aestivum); rye (Secale cereale); chromosomal substitution; chromosome arm 1RL; quality effects; grain hardness; dough strength ID 1BL/1RS TRANSLOCATION; STORAGE PROTEINS; SDS-PAGE; GLUTENIN; LINES; SUBSTITUTION; CULTIVARS; SUBUNITS; HARDNESS; STARCH AB Quality effects of rye (Secale cereale L.) chromosome arm 1RL transferred to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were characterised by comparison of a group IR(1B) substitution lines and 1BL.1RS translocation lines. The experimental materials were sister lines derived from the mating Mironovskaya10/NE7060//NE80413. 1R(1B) substitution lines were identified by the presence of rye omega- and gamma-secalins among 70% ethanol soluble proteins, combined with the presence of high molecular weight (HMW) secalin proteins in total grain protein extracts. Genes on 1RL reduced grain weight, grain hardness, Mixograph time, Mixograph tolerance and SDS sedimentation volumes. 1RL had no effect on flour yield or grain and hour protein concentrations. The HMW secalin proteins encoded by genes on 1RL most probably caused the decline in dough strength seen in IR(1B) lines relative to that of 1BL.1RS sister lines. Reduced grain hardness might also be related to the presence of HMW secalins, although a role for additional, unidentified genes on 1RL could not be discounted. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA ARS, N Cent Reg, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Graybosch, RA (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, 344 Keim, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0733-5210 J9 J CEREAL SCI JI J. Cereal Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 29 IS 3 BP 211 EP 216 DI 10.1006/jcrs.1999.0237 PG 6 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 199ZJ UT WOS:000080513700003 ER PT J AU Zhu, JW Cosse, AA Obrycki, JJ Boo, KS Baker, TC AF Zhu, JW Cosse, AA Obrycki, JJ Boo, KS Baker, TC TI Olfactory reactions of the twelve-spotted lady beetle, Coleomegilla maculata and the green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea to semiochemicals released from their prey and host plant: Electroantennogram and behavioral responses SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE electroantennograms; dose-response; trapping test; corn volatile compound; aphid sex pheromone; catnip; aphid alarm pheromone; Coleomegilla maculata; Coccinellidae; Chrysoperla carnea; Chrysopidae ID APHID SEX-PHEROMONE; COCCINELLIDAE; COLEOPTERA; CHRYSOPIDAE; NEUROPTERA; SCHN AB Electroantennograms (EAGs) were recorded from two predatory insect species, the twelve-spotted lady beetle, Coleomegilla maculata and the green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea in response to semiochemicals emitted from one of their prey species, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum and their host plant. EAG responses were also recorded from C. maculata in response to extracts from individuals of the opposite sex and to extracts from an herbaceous plant, catnip Nepeta cataria. Extracts of catnip and two sex pheromone components of aphids, (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone and (1R,4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactol, elicited significant EAG responses from the antennae of both predatory species. Of 10 corn Volatile compounds tested, C. carnea adults responded most strongly to 2-phenylethanol and (E)-beta-farnesene. A significant difference in EAG response to extracts of corn leaf collections was observed between male and female C. carnea. In C. maculata, significant EAG responses were elicited by most of the tested corn Volatile compounds, except alpha-pinene and (E)-2-hexenal. The highest EAG responses were observed in response to (E)-beta-farnesene, alpha-terpineol, 2-phenylethanol, and beta-caryophyllene. Sexual differences in EAG responses of C. maculata were only found in response to 1-octen-3-ol. Male antennae of C. maculata produced significant EAG responses to extracts from conspecific females, but not to males, which indicates that some chemicals from females could be involved in sexual communication. A significant EAG response also was recorded in response to the extracts of fluids produced during "reflex bleeding." Male and female antennae of both species exhibited similar dose-response curves to most of the selected compounds, although female C. maculata antennae exhibited higher thresholds in response to several compounds including alpha-terpineol, (Z)-3-hexenol, and (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone. Field tests showed that 2-phenylethanol was highly attractive to both sexes of the two investigated species. Only C. maculata was attracted to traps baited with alpha-terpineol. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Agr Biol, Suwon 441744, South Korea. ARS, NCAUR, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Zhu, JW (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Entomol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. OI Zhu, Junwei/0000-0001-9846-9656 NR 28 TC 99 Z9 115 U1 4 U2 43 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0098-0331 J9 J CHEM ECOL JI J. Chem. Ecol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 25 IS 5 BP 1163 EP 1177 DI 10.1023/A:1020846212465 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 195TG UT WOS:000080267800014 ER PT J AU Bolton, LF Kelley, LC Lee, MD Fedorka-Cray, PJ Maurer, JJ AF Bolton, LF Kelley, LC Lee, MD Fedorka-Cray, PJ Maurer, JJ TI Detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium DT104 based on a gene which confers cross-resistance to florfenicol and chloramphenicol SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTEGRONS; SIMILARITY; PRODUCTS; EPIDEMIC; REVEALS; DT-104 AB Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium (S. typhimurium) DT104 (DT104) first emerged as a major pathogen in Europe and is characterized by its pentadrug-resistant pattern. It has also been associated with outbreaks in the United States. The organism typically carries resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfonamides, and tetracycline. The mechanism of chloramphenicol resistance in DT104 Has determined by producing antibiotic-resistant Escherichia call host strain clones from DT104 DNA, DNA from chloramphenicol-resistant clones was sequenced, and probes specific for the genes flo(S. typhmurium) (flo(St)), int, invA, and spvC Here produced for colony blot hybridizations. One hundred nine Salmonella isolates, including 44 multidrug-resistant DT104 isolates, were tested to evaluate the specificities of the probes. The gene flo(St), reported in this study, confers chloramphenicol and florfenicol resistance on S. typhimurium DT104. Florfenicol resistance is unique to S. typhimurium DT104 and multidrug-resistant S. typhimurium isolates with the same drug resistance profile among ail isolates evaluated. Of 44 DT104 isolates tested, 98% were detected based on phenotypic florfenicol resistance and 100% had the flo(St)-positive genotype, Resistances to Borfenicol and chloramphenicol are conferred by the gene flo(St), described in this paper. Presumptive identification of S. typhimurium DT104 can be made rapidly based on the presence of the flo(St) gene or its resulting phenotype. C1 USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, Athens, GA 30604 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Med Microbiol & Parasitol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Avian Med, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Fedorka-Cray, PJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Richard B Russell Agr Res Ctr, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, POB 5677, Athens, GA 30604 USA. NR 22 TC 105 Z9 111 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1348 EP 1351 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 187NG UT WOS:000079792400022 PM 10203484 ER PT J AU Sidhu, H Holmes, RP Allison, MJ Peck, AB AF Sidhu, H Holmes, RP Allison, MJ Peck, AB TI Direct quantification of the enteric bacterium Oxalobacter formigenes in human fecal samples by quantitative competitive-template PCR SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBES; OXALATE DEGRADATION; FOODBORNE PATHOGENS; VIRUS; RNA; DNA; HYPEROXALURIA; DIAGNOSIS; SEQUENCE AB Homeostasis of oxalic acid appears to be regulated, in part, by the gut-associated bacterium Oxalobacter formigenes. The loss of this bacterium from the gut flora is associated with an increased susceptibility to hyperoxaluria, a condition which can lead to the formation of calcium oxalate crystalluria and kidney stones. In order to identify and quantify the presence of O. formigenes in clinical specimens, a quantitative-PCR-based assay system utilizing a competitive DNA template as an internal standard was developed. This quantitative competitive-template PCR test allows for the rapid, highly specific, and reproducible quantification of O. formigenes in fecal samples and provides a prototype for development of DNA-based quantitative assays for enteric bacteria. C1 Ixion Biotechnol Inc, Biotechnol Dev Inst, Alachua, FL 32615 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Pathol Immunol & Lab Med, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Wake Forest Univ, Bowman Gray Sch Med, Dept Urol, Winston Salem, NC 27103 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Sidhu, H (reprint author), Ixion Biotechnol Inc, Biotechnol Dev Inst, 13709 Progress Blvd,Box 13, Alachua, FL 32615 USA. RI Holmes, Ross/B-2005-2008 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [DK-53556, DK-20586] NR 31 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 37 IS 5 BP 1503 EP 1509 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 187NG UT WOS:000079792400051 PM 10203513 ER PT J AU Brown, CC King, DJ Seal, BS AF Brown, CC King, DJ Seal, BS TI Comparison of pathology-based techniques for detection of viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus in chickens SO JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PATHOGENICITY AB Two pathology-based techniques, immunohistochemistry and riboprobe insitu hybridization, were applied to formalin-fixed, paraffin wax-embedded tissues from chickens infected with three different isolates of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus (VVNDV). With the immunohistochemical method, viral protein was consistently detectable in the spleen and caecum at the terminal phase of the infection. With in-situ hybridization, viral nucleic acid was consistently detected in the eyelid, spleen and caecum in both the acute and terminal phases. Hybridization with anti-sense probe to detect viral mRNA was often more intense than hybridization with sense probe to detect viral genomic RNA. (C) 1999 W.B. Saunders Company Limited. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Brown, CC (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9975 J9 J COMP PATHOL JI J. Comp. Pathol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 120 IS 4 BP 383 EP 389 DI 10.1053/jcpa.1998.0286 PG 7 WC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences SC Pathology; Veterinary Sciences GA 190RT UT WOS:000079979000006 PM 10208734 ER PT J AU Lefcourt, AM AF Lefcourt, AM TI Method to monitor the precision of milk yields recorded at individual milking stalls on a daily basis SO JOURNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE milking machine; dairy cows; milk yield; accuracy ID MACHINE MILKING; MASTITIS AB Automated systems to record individual milk weights of cows at each milking are now common on dairy farms. These data are used by Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) for testing purposes and by farmers to monitor herd performance. Despite the importance of these data, little effort has been made to monitor the function and reliability of milking stalls and recording equipment on a daily basis. Described is an algorithm that allows for continuous monitoring of the function of individual milking stalls. The basis of the algorithm is the comparison of milk yield of individual cows over a period of days. For each cow, milk production at a selected Stall is compared with production of that same cow when milked at any other stall. These ratios are averaged across all cows milked at least once in the selected stall and once at any other stall. Ideally, the mean ratio for each stall should be 1. Stalls where the mean ratio deviates from I by more than 5% are assumed to be malfunctioning. This algorithm was implemented as a computer program and was used to identify 3 malfunctioning stalls out of 12 at the USDA dairy facility (Beltsville, MD). The algorithm can easily be incorporated into existing management programs or used as a separate program. In either case, routine use of this algorithm can improve the reliability of DHIA test programs and potentially reduce the incidence of new mastitis infections by enabling detection of malfunctioning milking equipment. C1 ARS, USDA, LPSI, NCMI, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Lefcourt, AM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, LPSI, NCMI, Bldg 200 Powder Mill Rd, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER DAIRY SCIENCE ASSOC PI SAVOY PA 1111 N DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0022-0302 J9 J DAIRY SCI JI J. Dairy Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 82 IS 5 BP 953 EP 956 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 195UM UT WOS:000080270600012 PM 10342233 ER PT J AU McMahon, CD Buxton, DF Elsasser, TH Gunter, DR Sanders, LG Steele, BP Sartin, JL AF McMahon, CD Buxton, DF Elsasser, TH Gunter, DR Sanders, LG Steele, BP Sartin, JL TI Neuropeptide Y restores appetite and alters concentrations of GH after central administration to endotoxic sheep SO JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROWTH-HORMONE SECRETION; PHYSIOLOGICAL-RESPONSES; RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; CONTINUOUS-INFUSION; NUTRITIONAL-STATUS; YOUNG STEERS; FACTOR-I; INSULIN; RATS; INTERLEUKIN-1-BETA AB The objective of this study was to determine whether neuropeptide Y (NPY) and recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) would: first, increase food intake; secondly, decrease concentrations of GH; thirdly, reduce GHRH-induced release of GH; and fourthly, reduce changes to concentrations of IGF-I in plasma during experimental endotoxemia in sheep. Six treatments were given to six castrated male sheep in a 6x6 Latin square treatment order. Osmotic mini pumps were implanted at 0 h and a jugular vein was cannulated. Each sheep was continuously infused with saline (0.9%) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (20 mu g/kg per 24 h, s.c.) at 10 mu l/h for 72 h via the osmotic mini-pumps. Blood samples (3 ml) were collected at 15-min intervals from 24 to 33 h. At 26 h, one of three treatments (artificial cerebrospinal fluid, NPY or IL-1ra) was injected i.c.v. within 30 s (0.3 mu g/kg), then infused i.c.v. from 26 to 33 h (600 mu l/h) at 0.3 mu g/kg per h. GHRH was injected i.v. (0.075 mu g/kg) at 32 h after which blood samples were collected at 5, 10, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min. Feed intake was reduced up to 50% for 48 h in LPS-treated compared with non-LPS-treated sheep. NPY restored feed intake in LPS-treated sheep and induced hyperphagia in non-LPS-treated sheep from 24 to 48 h. In contrast, IL-1ra did not affect appetite. Injection of NPY increased concentrations of GH from 26 to 27 h, while IL-1ra had no effect. Infusion of NPY suppressed GHRH-induced release of GH. However, no treatment altered pulse secretion parameters of GH. Concentrations of IGF-I were 20% higher at 72 h in LPS-treated sheep given NPY than in sheep treated with LPS alone, and this may reflect increased appetite from 24 to 48 h. We concluded that reduced appetite during endotoxemia is due to down-regulation of an NPY-mediated mechanism. Furthermore, NPY stimulates release of GH in healthy sheep, does not reduce pulse secretion parameters of GH, but does suppress GKRH-induced release of GH in endotoxic sheep. Therefore, NPY may be an important neurotransmitter linking appetite with regulation of GH during endotoxemic and healthy states in sheep. C1 Auburn Univ, Dept Anat Physiol & Pharmacol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. ARS, USDA, Growth Biol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Sartin, JL (reprint author), Auburn Univ, Dept Anat Physiol & Pharmacol, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NR 32 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC ENDOCRINOLOGY PI BRISTOL PA 17/18 THE COURTYARD, WOODLANDS, BRADLEY STOKE, BRISTOL BS32 4NQ, ENGLAND SN 0022-0795 J9 J ENDOCRINOL JI J. Endocrinol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 161 IS 2 BP 333 EP 339 DI 10.1677/joe.0.1610333 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 196CC UT WOS:000080290600020 PM 10320832 ER PT J AU Bauder, TA Barbarick, KA Shanahan, JF Ayers, PD Chapman, PL AF Bauder, TA Barbarick, KA Shanahan, JF Ayers, PD Chapman, PL TI Drilling fluid effects on crop growth and iron and zinc availability SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID DTPA SOIL TEST; PLANTS AB Waste drilling fluids are often land-farmed following completion of an oil or gas well in Colorado, This material usually contains production water, bentonitic clays, Formation cuttings, barite, Na compounds, and synthetic organic polymers. We investigated the effects of 5 to GO dry g drilling fluid kg(-1) soil on the growth and trace metal concentration of sorghum-sudangrass (Sorghum bicolor L, Moench 'DeKalb ST-6'-S. sudanense) in the greenhouse. A nonlinear regression esponential-rise model fit the increased plant total dry matter yield response to increasing drilling fluid rates, increased plant tissue Fe concentration and uptake (P < 0.05) indicated that increased plant-available Fe was primarily responsible for the yield response, but increased Zn availability was also suspected. Results from a second greenhouse study confirmed that drilling fluid can also correct Zn deficiency in corn (Zea mays L.). Soil SAR (sodium adsorption ratio) was higher with increasing drilling fluid, but was still <1. Other trace-element concentrations in sudangrass tissue and soil pH and ECsat were not significantly increased due to application of drilling fluid. This study showed that application of controlled rates of water-based drilling fluid from operations in Weld County, Colorado, was beneficial to the growth of sorghum-sudangrass and provided evidence that land application is an acceptable method of disposal. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Chem & Bioresource Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Stat, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. RP Bauder, TA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Barbarick, Kenneth/B-7974-2013; OI Barbarick, Kenneth/0000-0002-8779-0740; Shanahan, John/0000-0003-3173-4245 NR 25 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 3 BP 744 EP 749 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 196EG UT WOS:000080295600002 ER PT J AU Kolka, RK Grigal, DF Verry, ES Nater, EA AF Kolka, RK Grigal, DF Verry, ES Nater, EA TI Mercury and organic carbon relationships in streams draining forested upland peatland watersheds SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN MINNESOTA; LAKES; SURFACE; SOILS; TRANSPORT; WISCONSIN; PRISTINE; EXPORT AB We determined the fluxes of total mercury (HgT), total organic carbon (TOC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from five upland/peatland watersheds at the watershed outlet. The difference between TOC and DOC was defined as particulate OC(POC), Concentrations of HgT showed moderate to strong relationships with POC (R-2 = 0.77) when all watersheds were grouped, Although POC only accounts for 10 to 20% of the OC transported, we estimate that it is associated with 52 to 80% of the HgT transported from the five watersheds. Total transport of HgT from the watersheds ranged from 0.70 to 2.82 mu g m(-2) yr(-1) Watershed geometry and hydrology play important roles in determining the influence of OC on HgT transport in forested watersheds. Watershed properties such as peatland area have considerable promise as predictors for estimating HgT transport in streams draining forested watersheds in the Great Lakes States. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Forestry, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Soil Water & Climate, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. USDA, N Cent Forest Exp Stn, Forest Serv, Grand Rapids, MN 55744 USA. RP Kolka, RK (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Forestry, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. NR 37 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 22 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 3 BP 766 EP 775 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 196EG UT WOS:000080295600006 ER PT J AU Mersie, W Seybold, CA McNamee, C Huang, J AF Mersie, W Seybold, CA McNamee, C Huang, J TI Effectiveness of switchgrass filter strips in removing dissolved atrazine and metolachlor from runoff SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID VEGETATIVE BUFFER STRIPS; AGRICULTURAL FIELDS; TILTED BEDS; SOIL; SURFACE; LOSSES; RAINFALL; SEDIMENT; WATER AB The effectiveness of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L,) filter strips in removing dissolved atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine) and metolachlor (2-chloro-N-2-ethyl-6methylphenyl-N-2-methoxy-1-methylethyl acetamide) in runoff was investigated using aluminum-tilted beds set at 1% slope, filled with Emporia sandy loam soil (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Hapludults) and planted to switchgrass. Solution containing herbicides, followed by water alone after 2 and 4 wk were applied on the up slope of beds with and without switchgrass. Water samples from surface flow,lateral, and vertical leachates as well as soil samples were analyzed for the two herbicides using a gas chromatograph, Switchgrass filter strips reduced the mass of dissolved atrazine and metolachlor by 52 and 59% from the applied runon, respectively. The hare soil strips removed 41% of atrazine and 44% of metolachlor. Less than 0.5% of the applied herbicide was released by the two Hater runons 2 and 4 wk after herbicide-solution application. The average concentrations of both herbicides in surface runoff were greater than in leachate samples. Herbicides were removed by the soil as runon mol ed through the soil profile. The concentration of either herbicide on the top surface (0-2.5 cm) was greater than in the soil immediately below it (2.5-5 rm). Degradation of both herbicides was faster in beds with switchgrass than without, Greater amounts of both herbicides were retained in the first 67-cm section of beds with the grass than without. Switchgrass helped to remove the herbicides by slowing runoff velocity and increasing their retention by soil. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Agr Res Stn, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. Oregon State Univ, NRCS, USDA, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Mersie, W (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Agr Res Stn, POB 9061, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. NR 29 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 3 BP 816 EP 821 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 196EG UT WOS:000080295600012 ER PT J AU Fenn, ME Poth, MA AF Fenn, ME Poth, MA TI Temporal and spatial trends in streamwater nitrate concentrations in the San Bernardino Mountains, southern California SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN SATURATION; MEDITERRANEAN CATCHMENTS; EXPERIMENTAL-FOREST; HARDWOOD FOREST; WEST-VIRGINIA; SOIL SOLUTION; NITRIC-OXIDE; JEFFREY PINE; DEPOSITION; ECOSYSTEMS AB We report streamwater nitrate (NO(3)(-)) concentrations for December 1995 to September 1998 from 19 sampling sites across a N deposition gradient in the San Bernardino Mountains. Streamwater NO(3)(-) concentrations in Devil Canyon (DC), a high-pollution area, and in previously reported data from the San Gabriel Mountains 40 kin northeast of Los Angeles, are the highest value reported in North America for undisturbed forest or shrub land watersheds. Concentrations in the primary stream draining western DC peaked at 350 mu mol L(-1) in December 1997 and minimum base flow NO(3)(-) concentrations were nearly always greater than or equal to 80 mu mol L(-1). In the San Gorgonio Wilderness (SGW), average NO(3)(-) concentrations in four streams along the southern transect (moderate N deposition), ranged from 10 to 37 mu mol L(-1), while average NO(3)(-) concentrations were less than or equal to 0.7 mu mol L(-1) in seven streams along the northern transect (low N deposition), Peak NO(3)(-) concentrations in DC and in the SGW occurred after large winter storms, and a large spike in NO(3)(-) concentrations (10-370 pmol L-l) in SGW Streams 1 to 5 was observed after thundershower activity in July 1997. Streamwater export of NO(3)-N from Devil Canyon ranged from 3.6 to 11.6 kg ha(-1) yr(-1) during water Sears 1995 to 1998. This study further indicates that N emissions from fossil fuels and agriculture impact not only air quality, but also water quality from watersheds that are recipients of atmospheric N deposition. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Fire Lab, Pacific SW Res Stn, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Fenn, ME (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Fire Lab, Pacific SW Res Stn, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. EM mfenn@deltanet.com NR 49 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 3 BP 822 EP 836 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 196EG UT WOS:000080295600013 ER PT J AU Burkart, MR James, DE AF Burkart, MR James, DE TI Agricultural-nitrogen contributions to hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID LOSSES; WHEAT; TRANSPORT; AMMONIA; CROP AB Nitrate (NO3) is the principal nutrient transported through the Mississippi River basin that is related to hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico. Agriculture is a major contributor to the N load. Knowledge of the geographic distribution of NO3 sources and losses within the basin is critical to understanding the problem and identifying potential solutions. This paper defines the geographic distribution, by hydrologic unit, of major agricultural sources and dominant losses of N in the basin. Sources include imported N such as inorganic fertilizer, manure, and atmospheric deposition, and in situ sources such as mineralized ed N from soil organic matter, N-2 fixed by legumes, and redeposition of locally derived ammonia (NH3). The dominant N losses include crop harvests, losses to the atmosphere through volatilization of manure and inorganic fertilizer, plant senescence, and denitrification of soil NO3. National data bases used in the analysis include the State Soils Geographic Database, 1992 Census of Agriculture, and the National Atmospheric Deposition Program/National Trends Network. The hydrologic units with the largest residual N contributions available to streams are located in the Upper Mississippi River and the Ohio River basins. Mineralizable soil N, inorganic N fertilizer. legume fixation, and redeposition of locally derived NH3 constitute the major sources in this part of the basin, although manure is a minor source. However, these northern hydrologic regions use a greater fraction of the sources to produce crop N than do the southern hydrologic regions. Residual contributions to the Tennessee, Arkansas/Red, and Lower Mississippi hydrologic regions are greatest when analyzed as a percentage of the total sources. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Burkart, MR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, 2150 Pammel Dr, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 26 TC 186 Z9 187 U1 1 U2 50 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 3 BP 850 EP 859 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 196EG UT WOS:000080295600016 ER PT J AU Sauer, TJ Daniel, TC Moore, PA Coffey, KP Nichols, DJ West, CP AF Sauer, TJ Daniel, TC Moore, PA Coffey, KP Nichols, DJ West, CP TI Poultry litter and grazing animal waste effects on runoff water quality SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID EXTRACTABLE SOIL-PHOSPHORUS; FESCUEGRASS PLOTS; CATTLE URINE; NITROGEN; PASTURE; LOSSES; INTENSITY AB In complex landscapes with multiple land uses, it is often difficult to identify the source of contaminant loadings. The objective of this study nas to compare nutrient runoff as affected by grazing animal depositions vs. poultry litter application, Simulated rainfall was applied tn:ire to 1.5 by 6.0 m runoff plots of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) with treatments of no waste (CT), dairy calf feces and urine (DFU), poultry litter (PL), and dairy calf feces and urine with poultry litter (DFU + FL). Chemical properties of the runoff samples including pH, electrical conductivity (EC), C, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), total nitrogen (TN), NH4-N, NO3-N, K, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Na, and Zn were determined. Plots receiving poultry litter had significantly greater losses of most nutrient parameters for hath rainfall simulations. For the nutrient parameters of primary interest with regard to water quality, 5.0, 29.5, and 21.9% of the TN, NH4-N, and SRP applied in the PL treatment were transported in runoff during the first rainfall simulation as compared to 3.9. 5.0, and 15.3%, respectively, for the DFU treatment. Comparable percentages of the applied nutrients were lost from the PL and DFU treatments even though the PL treatment,with the exception of NH4-N, provided at least six times the amount of each nutrient. A severe rainfall er ent shortly after poultry litter application produces significantly greater nutrient lasses as compared to similar application of grazing animal depositions at the rates used in the experiment. C1 Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Biomass Res Ctr, Fayetteville, AR 72704 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Agron, Fayetteville, AR 72704 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Anim Sci, Fayetteville, AR 72704 USA. RP Sauer, TJ (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, USDA ARS, Biomass Res Ctr, 319 Hatch St, Fayetteville, AR 72704 USA. NR 27 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 3 BP 860 EP 865 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 196EG UT WOS:000080295600017 ER PT J AU Runion, GB Mitchell, RJ Green, TH Prior, SA Rogers, HH Gjerstad, DH AF Runion, GB Mitchell, RJ Green, TH Prior, SA Rogers, HH Gjerstad, DH TI Longleaf pine photosynthetic response to soil resource availability and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID WATER-USE EFFICIENCY; CO2 ENRICHMENT; PLANT-RESPONSES; DROUGHT STRESS; LOBLOLLY-PINE; GAS-EXCHANGE; SEEDLINGS; NITROGEN; FIELD; GROWTH AB Gas exchange responses during a drought cycle were studied in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedlings after prolonged exposure to varying levels of atmospheric CO2 (approximate to 365 or approximate to 730 mu mol CO2 mol(-1)), soil N (40 or 100 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)), and water ("adequate" and "stressed"). Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration increased photosynthesis, tended to decrease stomatal conductance, and increased water-use efficiency (WUE). Although soil resource availability influenced gas exchange measurements, it generally did not affect the magnitude or direction of the response to CO2 concentration. However, significant interactions among treatment variables Here observed for plant xylem pressure potential. In seedlings grown with high N, a positive growth response to elevated atmospheric CO2 increased whole-plant water use resulting in more severe plant water stress, despite increased leaf-level WUE; however, under low N conditions the lark of a growth response to elevated CO2 reduced wholeplant water use, decreased water stress severity, and increased WUE. Photosynthetic response to CO2 was greatest in the high N treatment at the beginning of the drought cycle, but diminished as water stress increased: however, plants grown with low N showed greater photosynthetic responses to CO2 later in the drought cycle. Therefore, plant gas exchange rates interact with growth response in determining the severity of water stress under drought and, thus, the ability of elevated atmospheric CO2 to ameliorate the effects of drought and allow plants to maintain increased rates of photosynthesis mag be influenced bq the availability of other resources, such as N and water. C1 Int Paper, Bainbridge, GA 31717 USA. Ecol Res Ctr, Newton, GA 31770 USA. Alabama A&M Univ, Dept Plant & Soil Sci, Normal, AL 35762 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Dynam Lab, Auburn, AL 36832 USA. Auburn Univ, Sch Forestry, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. RP Runion, GB (reprint author), Int Paper, 719 Southlands Rd, Bainbridge, GA 31717 USA. RI Green, Timothy/E-1178-2011 NR 44 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 3 BP 880 EP 887 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 196EG UT WOS:000080295600020 ER PT J AU Harman-Fetcho, JA McConnell, LL Baker, JE AF Harman-Fetcho, JA McConnell, LL Baker, JE TI Agricultural pesticides in the Patuxent River, a tributary of the Chesapeake Bay SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES; METOLACHLOR; TRANSPORT; ATRAZINE; SOIL; DEGRADATION; SIMAZINE; PRODUCTS AB The Chesapeake Bay estuarine drainage area receives the highest pesticide application of any coastal area in the USA, however, large gaps exist in information on pesticide residues entering Chesapeake Bay tributaries. Twelve pesticides, one pesticide degradation product, and one formulation by-product were measured in the surface waters of the Patuxent River during spring/summer 1995, pesticide concentrations were compared with river now and estimated use patterns in the watershed. Atrazine, 6-amino-2-chloro-4-isopropylamino-s-triazine (CIAT), simazine, metolachlor, and chlorpyrifos were consistently detected,with maximum concentrations of 3000, 800, 2700, 70, and 190 ng/L, respectively. Concentrations were highest in the upper watershed, an area where 70% of pesticide usage occurs, and decreased with distance down the ri rer. While tidal dilution is an important removal mechanism, degradation appears to be the main factor leading to decreases in atrazine concentrations. Atrazine levels observed st the mouth of the river correlated more strongly with high river flow events compared with the other analytes. This may be due to a local source of atrazine in the lower Patuxent River. Despite similar use rates in the watershed, metolachlor concentrations were 25 to 40 times lower than atrazine. Overall, triazine herbicides appeared to move quickly into the river and persisted longer in surface waters compared with the acetanilide herbicides. Since land use and agricultural crop patterns in the Patuxent watershed are similar to other western shore Chesapeake Bay tributaries, results of this study may be used as a starting point to predict pesticide fate and transport in this region. C1 USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Environm Chem Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Environm Sci, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. RP Harman-Fetcho, JA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, Environm Chem Lab, Bldg 007,Rm 030, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Baker, Joel/A-9685-2011; McConnell, Laura/H-1519-2011 OI Baker, Joel/0000-0002-9980-7781; NR 37 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 3 BP 928 EP 938 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 196EG UT WOS:000080295600025 ER PT J AU Chung, SW Gassman, PW Kramer, LA Williams, JR Gu, R AF Chung, SW Gassman, PW Kramer, LA Williams, JR Gu, R TI Validation of EPIC for two watersheds in southwest Iowa SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS; SOIL-EROSION; MODELS; SIMULATION; TILLAGE; YIELD; PRODUCTIVITY; AGRICULTURE; TRANSPORT; PLAINS AB The Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator (EPIC) model was validated using long-term data collected for two southwest Iowa watersheds in the Deep Loess Soil Region, which have been cropped in continuous corn (Zea mays L.) under two different tillage systems (conventional tillage vs. ridge-till). The annual hydrologic balance was calibrated for both watersheds during 1988 to 1994 by adjusting the runoff curve numbers and residue effects on soil evaporation. Model validation was performed for 1976 to 1987, using both summary statistics (means or medians) and parametric and nonparametric statistical tests. The errors between the 12-yr predicted and observed means or medians were <10% for nearly all of the hydrologic and environmental indicators, with the major exception of a nearly 44% overprediction of the N surface runoff loss for Watershed 2. The predicted N leaching rates, N losses in surface runoff, and sediment loss for the two watersheds clearly showed that EPIC was able to simulate the long-term impacts of tillage and residue cover on these processes. However, the results also revealed weaknesses in the model's ability to replicate year-to-year variability, with r(2) values generally <50% and relatively weak goodness-of-fit statistics for some processes. This was due in part to simulating the watersheds in a homogeneous manner, which ignored complexities such as slope variation. Overall, the results show that EPIC was able to replicate the long term relative differences between the two tillage systems and that the model is a useful tool for simulating different tillage systems in the region. C1 Iowa State Univ, Ctr Agr & Rural Dev, Dept Econ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Civil & Construct Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, Deep Loess Res Stn, Council Bluffs, IA 51503 USA. Texas Agr Expt Stn, Blackland Res Ctr, Temple, TX 76502 USA. RP Gassman, PW (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Ctr Agr & Rural Dev, Dept Econ, Ames, IA 50011 USA. EM pwgassma@iastate.edu NR 48 TC 44 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 28 IS 3 BP 971 EP 979 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 196EG UT WOS:000080295600030 ER PT J AU Augustine, PC AF Augustine, PC TI Reduced invasion of cultured cells pretreated with a monoclonal antibody elicited against refractile body antigens of avian coccidial sporozoites SO JOURNAL OF EUKARYOTIC MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE avian Eimeria; cell culture; conserved antigens; Fc receptors; inhibition of invasion; Western blot ID EIMERIA-TENELLA; PROTEINS; MEDIA AB The effect of a monoclonal antibody (1209-C2) elicited against sporozoite refractile-body antigen on invasion of cultured baby hamster kidney cells by avian Eimeria species was examined in vitro. Pretreatment of sporozoites with 1209-C2 for 45 min before inoculation into cultures or simultaneous introduction of sporozoites and 1209-C2 into cultures had no significant effect on invasion. However, pretreatment of cultures for 45 min with 1209-C2 (also with media from other cloned 1209 cell lines) significantly inhibited invasion by sporozoites of Eimeria tenella and E. adenoeides. Pretreatment of cultures with 2 unrelated monoclonal antibodies with the same isotype as 1209-C2 did not inhibit invasion by E. tenella. There was a significant correlation between time of exposure of the cultures to 1209-C2 and invasion (r = -0.80924; p = 0.0001), with inhibition of invasion occurring after 20 min exposure, but not after 10 min. There was also a significant correlation between the titer of 1209-C2 and invasion (r = 0.62291; p = 0.0305). Monoclonal antibody 1209-C2 cross-reacted with epitopes of baby hamster kidney cells by both immunofluorescence and Western blot. The fluorescent labeling of the cells differed according to the fixative that was used. In formalin-fixed cultures labeled with 1209-C2, fluorescent foci were distributed over the entire cell; after methanol fixation, 1209-C2 reacted with only discrete foci in the nucleus. On Western blots of sporozoites, 1209-C2 reacted with antigens having molecular sizes of similar to 8, 17, 23, 30, and 45-60 KDa, and with several minor bands. On baby hamster kidney cells, the antibody reacted primarily with bands of similar to 30, 45-60, and slightly with other bands. The data suggest that interactions among similar molecules in the sporozoites and host cells may play a role in cellular invasion. C1 ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Augustine, PC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, Bldg 1040,Room 103,BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PROTOZOOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 E 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 1066-5234 J9 J EUKARYOT MICROBIOL JI J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 46 IS 3 BP 254 EP 258 DI 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1999.tb05122.x PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 206ML UT WOS:000080883000004 PM 10377986 ER PT J AU Drake, SR Yazdaniha, A AF Drake, SR Yazdaniha, A TI Short-term controlled atmosphere storage for shelf-life extension of apricots SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION LA English DT Article ID PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS; NECTARINES AB Shelf-life of 'Perfection' and 'Rival' apricots can be enhanced with the use of controlled atmosphere (CA) storage. Apricots were harvested at commercial maturity and immediately stored in CA at 1 or 2 % O-2 and 3, 6, 9, 12 or 15 % CO2 for 30, 45 and 60 days. No differences in fruit quality were evident between O-2 atmospheres of 1 and 2 %, except that fruit stored in 1 % O-2 displayed less rot development and higher acid content. Apricots stored in 9 % or less CO2 displayed reduced external and internal color, inadequate finish, increased internal breakdown and more rot development with unacceptable firmness retention for additional handling. Apricots stored in 12 or 15 % CO2 retained firmness and displayed enhanced finish with reduced rots and very little internal breakdown with storage duration of 60 days. Color was much slower to develop in apricots stored in 12 or 15 % CO2 for all storage periods. C1 USDA ARS, TFRL, Wenatchee, WA 98001 USA. RP Drake, SR (reprint author), USDA ARS, TFRL, 1104 N Western Ave, Wenatchee, WA 98001 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 0145-8892 J9 J FOOD PROCESS PRES JI J. Food Process Preserv. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 23 IS 1 BP 57 EP 70 DI 10.1111/j.1745-4549.1999.tb00369.x PG 14 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 203XM UT WOS:000080733500004 ER PT J AU Buchanan, RL Edelson, SG Miller, RL Sapers, GM AF Buchanan, RL Edelson, SG Miller, RL Sapers, GM TI Contamination of intact apples after immersion in an aqueous environment containing Escherichia coli O157 : H7 SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID SALMONELLA-MONTEVIDEO; ACID TOLERANCE; SURVIVAL; TOMATOES; CIDER; JUICE; FATE AB The extent and location of Escherichia coli O157:H7 contamination after intact apples were immersed in cold (2 degrees C) 1% peptone water containing approximately 3 x 10(7) CFU/ml was assessed using four apple varieties, Golden Delicious, McIntosh, Red Delicious, and Braeburn. Room temperature and refrigerated apples were used to determine the effect of temperature differential on E. coli infiltration. The highest levels of E. coli were associated with the outer core region of the apple, followed by the skin. Apples were subsequently treated by immersing them for 1 min in 2,000 mg/liter sodium hypochlorite, followed by a 1-min tapwater rinse. This treatment reduced pathogen levels by 1- to 3-log cycles but did not eliminate the microorganism, particularly from the outer core region. While E. coli was not detected in the inner core of most apples, warm fruit immersed in cold peptone water occasionally internalized the pathogen. The frequency and extent of internalization of the pathogen was less when cold apples were immersed in cold peptone water. Subsequent dye uptake studies with Golden Delicious apples indicated that approximately 6% of warm apples immersed into a cold dye solution accumulated dye via open channels leading from the blossom end into the core region. However, dye uptake did not occur when the dye solution was warmer than the apple. C1 USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Buchanan, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 20 TC 104 Z9 106 U1 1 U2 8 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 62 IS 5 BP 444 EP 450 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 194PV UT WOS:000080203500003 PM 10340662 ER PT J AU Cutter, CN AF Cutter, CN TI The effectiveness of triclosan-incorporated plastic against bacteria on beef surfaces SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article ID CALCIUM ALGINATE GELS; BROCHOTHRIX-THERMOSPHACTA; NISIN AB Triclosan is a nonionic, broad-spectrum, antimicrobial agent that has been incorporated into a variety of personal hygiene products, including hand soaps, deodorants, shower gels, mouthwashes, and toothpastes. In this study, plastic containing 1,500 ppm of triclosan was evaluated in plate overlay assays and meat experiments as a means of reducing populations of bacteria. Plate overlay assays indicated that the triclosan-incorporated plastic (TIP) inhibited the following organisms: Brochothrix thermosphacta ATCC 11509, Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 12598, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051, Shigella flexneri ATCC 12022, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and several strains of E. coli O157:H7. In meat experiment 1, irradiated, lean beef surfaces inoculated with B. thermosphacta, Salmonella Typhimurium, E. coli O157:H7, or B. subtilis were covered with TIP, vacuum packaged, and stored for 24 h at 4 degrees C. Of the organisms tested, only populations of B. thermosphacta were slightly reduced. In meat experiment 2, prerigor beef surfaces were inoculated with E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, or B. thermosphacta incubated at 4 degrees C for 24 h, wrapped in TIP or control plastic, vacuum packaged, and stored at 4 degrees C for up to 14 days. There was a slight reduction in the population of the organisms after initial application with TIP. However, bacterial populations following long-term, refrigerated (4 degrees C), vacuum-packaged storage up to 14 days were not statistically (P less than or equal to 0.05) or numerically different than controls. In meat experiment 3, even TIP-wrapped, vacuum-packaged beef samples that were temperature abused at 12 degrees C did not exhibit significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) or sustainable reductions after 14 days of 4 degrees C storage. Another study indicated that populations of E. coli O157:H7 or B. thermosphacta added directly to TIP were not affected after 2 h of refrigerated storage or that the antimicrobial activity could be extracted from the plastic. Additional experiments suggest that presence of fatty acids or adipose may diminish the antimicrobial activity of TIP on meat surfaces. This study demonstrates that while antimicrobial activity is detected against bacterial cultures in antimicrobial plate assays, plastic containing 1,500 ppm of triclosan does not effectively reduce bacterial populations on refrigerated, vacuum-packaged meat surfaces. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Cutter, CN (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 11 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 9 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2863 USA SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 62 IS 5 BP 474 EP 479 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 194PV UT WOS:000080203500008 PM 10340667 ER PT J AU Santos, CV Tomasula, PM Kurantz, MJ AF Santos, CV Tomasula, PM Kurantz, MJ TI Deamidation kinetics of casein precipitated by carbon dioxide compared with commercial caseinates SO JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE deamidation; casein; amides; kinetics; carbon dioxide ID FUNCTIONAL-PROPERTIES; NONENZYMATIC DEAMIDATION; SOY PROTEIN; GLUTAMINYL RESIDUES; ASPARAGINYL; DEGRADATION; HEAT; ASPARTYL; PEPTIDES; MILK AB Casein precipitated by carbon dioxide (CO2-casein), and commercial sodium and calcium caseinates (1% w/v in water) were thermally deamidated at pH 8 far up to 96h at 85, 100, and 115 degrees C. CO2-casein displayed the highest overall extent of deamidation at 100 and 115 degrees C after 32 and 24h, respectively, while there was no difference at 85 degrees C. Structural differences between CO2-casein and the commercial caseinates may account for the difference in deamidation. Deamidation kinetics were apparent first-order with respect to concentrations of the amides, asparagine and glutamine. Reaction rate constants and Arrhenius parameters were comparable from regression modeling. C1 ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Santos, CV (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, 600 E Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU INST FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA SUITE 300 221 N LASALLE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60601-1291 USA SN 0022-1147 J9 J FOOD SCI JI J. Food Sci. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 64 IS 3 BP 400 EP 404 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1999.tb15051.x PG 5 WC Food Science & Technology SC Food Science & Technology GA 212LQ UT WOS:000081218500007 ER PT J AU Wise, RP Gobelman-Werner, K Pei, D Dill, CL Schnable, PS AF Wise, RP Gobelman-Werner, K Pei, D Dill, CL Schnable, PS TI Mitochondrial transcript processing and restoration of male fertility in T-cytoplasm maize SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID MALE-STERILE CYTOPLASM; RF2 NUCLEAR RESTORER; OPEN READING FRAME; SNRNP E-PROTEIN; TISSUE-CULTURE; GENE; MARKERS; IDENTIFICATION; RECOMBINATION; ACCUMULATION AB Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) systems have been useful in the production of hybrid seed in a number of crops. The Texas or T-cytoplasmic male-sterile (cms-T) system was used extensively in the 1960s to eliminate the need for hand detasseling in hybrid maize production. As a consequence of the 1970 epidemic of southern corn leaf blight, cms-T is no longer widely used commercially. However, it has been developed as a model system to study the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying male sterility and fertility restoration. Male sterility in T-cytoplasm maize results from the action of a T-cytoplasm-specific mitochondrial gene, T-urf13. Full (or partial) fertility restoration of T-cytoplasm maize is mediated by the Rf2 nuclear restorer in combination with one of three other restorers: Rf1, Rf8, or Rf*. Rf2 encodes a protein highly similar to mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenases; Rf1, Rf8, and Rf* each mediate discrete T-urf13 mitochondrial transcript processing events. To test the functionality of Rf1, Rf8, or Rf*, a T-cytoplasm transformation system is under development. AFLP bulk-segregant analysis has been used to identify DNA markers closely linked to the Rf8 locus. These tools will provide a foundation for determining mechanisms of nuclear-directed mitochondrial RNA processing and fertility restoration. C1 Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Interdepartmental Genet Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Zool Genet, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Wise, RP (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, Dept Plant Pathol, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 35 TC 33 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 90 IS 3 BP 380 EP 385 DI 10.1093/jhered/90.3.380 PG 6 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 206CK UT WOS:000080858700011 PM 10355122 ER PT J AU Pring, DR Tang, HV Howad, W Kempken, F AF Pring, DR Tang, HV Howad, W Kempken, F TI A unique two-gene gametophytic male sterility system in Sorghum involving a possible role of RNA editing in fertility restoration SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID CYTOPLASMIC MALE-STERILITY; OPEN READING FRAME; T-CYTOPLASM; MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME; MAIZE; TRANSCRIPTS; EXPRESSION; ATP6; INITIATION; SEQUENCES AB The sorghum line IS1112C carries a male sterility-inducing cytoplasm when introduced into nuclear backgrounds that do not include fertility restoration genes. An mtDNA chimeric configuration resulting from recombination/duplication with atp9 resulted in the formation of orf107, a chimeric open reading frame. Transcription of orf107 is driven by three promoters, and abundant whole-length transcripts are detected in male-sterile lines. Fertility restoration is exacted through a unique two-gene gametophytic system requiring complementary action of genes designated Rf3 and Rf4. In male-sterile lines carrying Rf3, or lines restored to fertility, an enhanced nucleolytic transcript processing activity is targeted within orf107, cleaving 75% of whole-length transcripts. Rf3 thus confers or regulates the nucleolytic processing activity. A correlation between the frequency of RNA editing at two sites in orf107 and transcript processing suggests that processing may be dependent on templates edited at these sites. In addition, editing of atp6 transcripts is specifically reduced in anthers/pollen of male-sterile lines. Partially restored F(1)s and segregating F(2)s exhibit atp6 editing frequencies consistent with the possibility that Rf4 may confer the restitution of normal editing frequency. Thus RNA editing may be involved in features of fertility restoration in this unusual system. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Environm Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Ruhr Univ Bochum, Lehrstuhl Allgemeine Bot, D-4630 Bochum, Germany. RP Pring, DR (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, Crop Genet & Environm Res Unit, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 38 TC 21 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 90 IS 3 BP 386 EP 393 DI 10.1093/jhered/90.3.386 PG 8 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 206CK UT WOS:000080858700012 PM 10355123 ER PT J AU Chen, XF Imsande, J Palmer, RG AF Chen, XF Imsande, J Palmer, RG TI Eight new mutants at the k2 Mdh1-n y20 chromosomal region in soybean SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID INHERITANCE; LINKAGE AB Eight new mutants were isolated at the k2 Mdh1-n y20 chromosomal region in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Among them, genetic type T234 is yellow foliage and malate dehydrogenase 1 (Mdh1) null; cultivar Mandell is green foliage and Mdh1 null, T234 and Mandell were isolated by screening soybean germplasm for malate dehydrogenase variants, CD-9 is a yellow foliage and Mdh1 null mutant identified in a gene-tagging study with the w4-m mutable line, X-193, X-194, PR-95-649, and PR-95-650 are yellow foliage mutants with Mdh1 null and tan saddle seed coat phenotypes identified in the F-2 generation from the cross of T239 (k2) with PI 567.630A (Mdh1-n) designed to estimate recombination values between the k2 and Mdh1-n loci, A95-K55 is a yellow foliage and Mdh1 null mutant with tan saddle seed coat phenotype identified in the F-2 generation from the cross of T239 (k2) with T319 (cyt-Y7), Allelism and inheritance studies were conducted with these eight mutants. The results indicated that the seven new yellow foliage mutants were conditioned by a single recessive nuclear locus and were allelic at the y20 locus, In addition, all eight Mdh1 null mutants were allelic at the Mdh1-n locus, The occurrence of the X-193, X-194, PR-95-649, PR-95-650, and A95-K55 mutants were hypothesized to be due to mutations at the Mdh1 Y20 loci in T239, which resulted in k2 Mdh1-n y20 gametes being produced. Finally, gene symbols were proposed for these eight new mutants and the original gene symbol y15 for T234 has been deleted. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Interdepartmental Genet Program, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, Dept Zool Genet, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Iowa State Univ, USDA ARS, CICGR Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. RP Palmer, RG (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 90 IS 3 BP 399 EP 403 DI 10.1093/jhered/90.3.399 PG 5 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 206CK UT WOS:000080858700014 ER PT J AU Hossain, MA Bauchan, GR AF Hossain, MA Bauchan, GR TI Identification of B chromosomes using Giemsa banding in Medicago SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID DIPLOID ALFALFA; GENUS MEDICAGO; KARYOTYPE C1 Univ Maryland, Nat Resources & Landscape Architecture Dept, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. ARS, USDA, Inst Plant Sci, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Hossain, MA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Nat Resources & Landscape Architecture Dept, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 90 IS 3 BP 428 EP 429 DI 10.1093/jhered/90.3.428 PG 2 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 206CK UT WOS:000080858700019 ER PT J AU Aung, LH Jenner, JF Fouse, DC Houck, LG AF Aung, LH Jenner, JF Fouse, DC Houck, LG TI Postharvest conditioning temperatures and fruit maturity on flavedo soluble sugars of coastal and desert lemons SO JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE & BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The content and changes in flavedo soluble sugars of Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. of different maturity derived from coastal and desert climatic regions to two postharvest conditioning temperatures of 15 degrees C and 10 degrees C were determined. Conditioning caused significant changes of flavedo soluble sugars in lemons of the two geographic areas. Raffinose level increased with duration of conditioning in both desert and coastal lemons and was slightly higher at 10 degrees C than at 15 degrees C conditioning. The flavedo sucrose content of green coastal lemons was greater than silver or yellow lemons and increased significantly in silver and yellow lemons after conditioning for 3 d at 15 degrees C or 10 degrees C, but declined significantly in all maturity classes to a low level with conditioning of more than 3 d. In contrast, the flavedo sucrose content of green and yellow desert lemons was 2.8-fold and 1.7-fold greater, respectively, than comparable coastal lemon flavedo, with the green lemon flavedo showing a significant gradual decrease with increasing duration of conditioning at 15 degrees C and 10 degrees C, but not in yellow lemon flavedo. The flavedo glucose and fructose contents of desert lemons remained relatively unchanged with conditioning at 15 degrees C and 10 degrees C, but their contents in yellow, silver and green coastal lemon flavedo increased after prolonged conditioning. The flavedo fructose content of yellow coastal lemons was significantly greater than green lemons, but there was no difference in flavedo fructose content of green and yellow desert lemons. The observed alteration of flavedo soluble sugars associated with conditioning provided an insight of cellular response to temperature, and emphasized the importance of climatic origin on lemon flavedo sugar composition. C1 USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. RP Aung, LH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Hort Crops Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU HEADLEY BROTHERS LTD PI ASHFORD PA INVICTA PRESS, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND TN24 8HH SN 0022-1589 J9 J HORTIC SCI BIOTECH JI J. Horticult. Sci. Biotechnol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 74 IS 3 BP 288 EP 292 PG 5 WC Horticulture SC Agriculture GA 203ZG UT WOS:000080738000003 ER PT J AU Shields, FD AF Shields, FD TI Stream corridor restoration: Principles, processes, and practices (new federal interagency guidance document) SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article C1 ARS, USDA, NSL, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. RP Shields, FD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NSL, POB 1157, Oxford, MS 38655 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 10 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD MAY PY 1999 VL 125 IS 5 BP 440 EP 442 PG 3 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 189UB UT WOS:000079923600001 ER PT J AU Li, SQ Liu, CG Klimov, A Subbarao, K Perdue, ML Mo, D Ji, YY Woods, L Hietala, S Bryant, M AF Li, SQ Liu, CG Klimov, A Subbarao, K Perdue, ML Mo, D Ji, YY Woods, L Hietala, S Bryant, M TI Recombinant influenza A virus vaccines for the pathogenic human A Hong Kong 97 (H5N1) viruses SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Structure and Replication of Negative Strand RNA Viruses CY 1998 CL EVANSTON, ILLINOIS ID A VIRUSES; HEMAGGLUTININ; CONJUNCTIVITIS; EMERGENCE; INFECTION; CLEAVAGE; FERRETS; SITE; GENE AB Recombinant reassortment technology was used to prepare H5N1 influenza vaccine strains containing a modified hemagglutinin (HA) gene and neuraminidase gene from the A/Hong Kong/156/97 and A/Hong Kong/483/97 isolates and the internal genes from the attenuated cold-adapted A/Ann Arbor/6/60 influenza virus strain. The HA cleavage site (HA1/HA2) of each H5N1 isolate was modified to resemble that of "low-pathogenic" avian strains. Five of 6 basic amino acids at the cleavage site were deleted, and a threonine was added upstream of the remaining arginine, The H5 HA cleavage site modification resulted in the expected trypsin-dependent phenotype without altering the antigenic character of the H5 HA molecule. The temperature-sensitive and cold-adapted phenotype of the attenuated parent virus was maintained in the recombinant strains, and they grew to 10(8.5-9.4) EID50/mL in eggs. Both H5N1 vaccine virus strains were safe and immunogenic in ferrets and protected chickens against wild-type H5N1 virus challenge. C1 Aviron, Mt View, CA 94043 USA. Calif Vet Diagnost Lab Syst, Davis, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Li, SQ (reprint author), Aviron, 297 N Bernardo Ave, Mt View, CA 94043 USA. NR 29 TC 92 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 179 IS 5 BP 1132 EP 1138 DI 10.1086/314713 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 189TQ UT WOS:000079922600011 PM 10191214 ER PT J AU D'Amico, V Elkinton, JS Podgwaite, JD Slavicek, JM McManus, ML Burand, JP AF D'Amico, V Elkinton, JS Podgwaite, JD Slavicek, JM McManus, ML Burand, JP TI A field release of genetically engineered gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdNPV) SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE beta-galactosidase; held release; genetic engineering; genetically engineered baculovirus; LdNPV; Lymantria dispar ID GENE; BACULOVIRUS; LEPIDOPTERA; TRANSMISSION; POPULATIONS; COOCCLUSION; PERSISTENCE; EXPRESSION AB The gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) nuclear polyhedrosis virus was genetically engineered for nonpersistence by removal of the gene coding for polyhedrin production and stabilized using a coocclusion process. A P-galactosidase marker gene was inserted into the genetically engineered virus (LdGEV) so that infected larvae could be tested for its presence using a colorimetric assay. In 1993, LdGEV-infected gypsy moths were released in a forested plot in Massachusetts to test for spread and persistence. A similar forested plot a km away served as a control. For 3 years (1993-1995), gypsy moths were established in the two plots in Massachusetts to serve as test and control populations. Each week, larvae were collected from both plots. These field-collected larvae were reared individually, checked for mortality, and then tested for the presence of beta-galactosidase. Other gypsy moth larvae were confined on LdGEV-contaminated foliage for 1 week and then treated as the field-collected larvae. The LdGEV was sought in bark, litter, and soil samples collected from each plot. To verify the presence of the LdGEV, polymerase chain reaction, slot blot DNA hybridization, and restriction enzyme analysis were also used on larval samples. Field-collected larvae infected with the engineered virus were recovered in the release plot in 1993, but not in subsequent years; no field-collected larvae from the control plot contained the engineered virus. Larvae confined on LdGEV-contaminated foliage were killed by the virus, No LdGEV was recovered from bark, litter, or soil samples from either of the plots. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 US Forest Serv, NEFES Microbial Control, NE Ctr Forest Hlth Res, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Entomol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. US Forest Serv, NE Forest Expt Stn, Delaware, OH 43015 USA. RP D'Amico, V (reprint author), US Forest Serv, NEFES Microbial Control, NE Ctr Forest Hlth Res, 51 Mill Pond Rd, Hamden, CT 06514 USA. NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 73 IS 3 BP 260 EP 268 DI 10.1006/jipa.1999.4847 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 194YE UT WOS:000080221700005 PM 10222179 ER PT J AU Undeen, AH Vander Meer, RK AF Undeen, AH Vander Meer, RK TI Microsporidian intrasporal sugars and their role in germination SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE microsporidia; aquatic; terrestrial; germination; carbohydrates; sugars ID EDHAZARDIA-AEDIS MICROSPORA; NOSEMATIDAE SPORES; AEDES-AEGYPTI; TREHALOSE; PATHOGEN; AMBLYOSPORIDAE; MECHANISM; MOSQUITOS; CULICIDAE; PROTOZOA AB The hypothesis that spores of terrestrial and aquatic microsporidia differ in their utilization of sugars was tested by evaluating the sugars in germinated and ungerminated spores of several species in each category. The aquatic species tested were Vavraia culicis, Edhazardia aedis, and Nosema algerae and the terrestrial species were Vairimorpha necatrix, Nosema disstriae, Nosema apis, Vairimorpha lymantriae, and Nosema spp. from Spodoptera exigua and Plutella xylostella. The percentage germination varied between species, ranging between 40 and 92%. Total sugars (anthrone reactive) and reducing sugars (Nelson's test) remained unchanged through germination in the three terrestrial species tested; however, reducing sugars increased significantly in the aquatic species. High-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography revealed a preponderance of trehalose in all species and large quantities of sorbitol in all species except N. algerae and E. aedis. Other sugars were present in some species in much lower concentrations. After germination no changes in sugar content were observed in terrestrial species; however, all aquatic species lost trehalose with a concomitant increase in fructose and/or glucose concentrations. Increased osmotic potential from breakdown of trehalose has been postulated to induce germination of the aquatic species, but another explanation must be found for the terrestrial species. C1 USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Undeen, AH (reprint author), USDA ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, 1600 SW 23rd Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. NR 27 TC 26 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 73 IS 3 BP 294 EP 302 DI 10.1006/jipa.1998.4834 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 194YE UT WOS:000080221700010 PM 10222184 ER PT J AU Steenberg, T Humber, RA AF Steenberg, T Humber, RA TI Entomopathogenic potential of Verticillium and Acremonium species (Deuteromycotina : Hyphomycetes) SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Acremonium; Verticillium fusisporum; V-lamellicola; V-lecanii; V-psalliotae; Alphitobius diaperinus; Bemisia tabaci; Musca domestica ID FUNGI AB Hyphomycetes with conidia formed in slimy heads from hyaline mycelium were isolated from a range of insect hosts. Isolation on artificial medium and microscopic examination revealed that these fungi in many cases mere not Verticillium lecanii despite a superficial resemblance to this common entomopathogen. The fungi were identified as Verticillium fusisporum, Veritcillium psalliotae, Verticillium lamellicola, and species of Acremonium. Isolates of these fungi were bioassayed against the sweet-potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and against the housefly (Musca domestica) to examine their entomopathogenicity. A test was also conducted with a coleopteran (lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus) to further evaluate the host range for some of the fungi. V. lamellicola was not pathogenic to the two species of insects treated, while varying levels of pathogenicity were shown for the other species. In general, V. lecanii was the most pathogenic species. Immature whiteflies appeared to be more susceptible to fungal infection than adult houseflies, and the host range for several of the fungi also included lesser mealworm. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Danish Pest Infestat Lab, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. Royal Vet & Agr Univ, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Plant Protect Res Unit, USDA ARS, Collect Entomopathogen Fungal Cultures, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Steenberg, T (reprint author), Danish Pest Infestat Lab, Skovbrynet 14, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark. NR 14 TC 22 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 73 IS 3 BP 309 EP 314 DI 10.1006/jipa.1998.4841 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 194YE UT WOS:000080221700012 PM 10222186 ER PT J AU Griggs, MH Vandenberg, JD Sawyer, AJ AF Griggs, MH Vandenberg, JD Sawyer, AJ TI Effect of relative humidity on viability of primary conidia of Zoophthora radicans SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Zoophthora radicans; Entomophthorales; conidiogenesis; controlled humidity; spore survival; primary conidia; potato leafhopper; Empoasca fabae ID ERYNIA SP ENTOMOPHTHORALES; EMPOASCA-FABAE HOMOPTERA; ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGUS; ENVIRONMENTAL-FACTORS; BIOLOGICAL-CONTROL; POTATO LEAFHOPPER; CICADELLIDAE; PERSISTENCE; CAPILLICONIDIA; ZYGOMYCOTINA AB Four isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Zoophthora radicans were compared in a laboratory study to evaluate the effect of relative humidity (RH) on duration of primary conidial viability. Primary conidia were showered onto agar-coated glass microscope slides within an enclosed chamber equilibrated to one of five test RH levels (60, 75, 80, 95, or 100%). Target RH levels were achieved by recirculating air through a glycerin/water solution, of controlled specific gravity, contained in a reservoir within the chamber. Conidial samples of each isolate incubated for 5, 10, 30, 60, 120, 180, or 240 min at each RH were removed and inspected using a technique of simultaneous vital fluorochrome staining to determine percentage conidial viability. At 60% RH, isolates did not differ significantly and average viability dropped to less than 10% within the first 60 min. At 75% RH, viability did not change significantly over 4 h. However, average viabilities at 75% RH differed significantly for the four isolates and ranged from 24 to 63%. At 80% RH, viability differed significantly among isolates and declined slowly over time, remaining above 80% for 2 h and above 50% for 4 h. At 95 and 100% RH, average viability was near 95% and did not vary significantly with time or isolate. These data can be used to assist selection of appropriate isolates for biological control. C1 USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Plant Protect Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Griggs, MH (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Plant Protect Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 73 IS 3 BP 315 EP 320 DI 10.1006/jipa.1999.4849 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 194YE UT WOS:000080221700013 PM 10222187 ER PT J AU Altre, JA Vandenberg, JD Cantone, FA AF Altre, JA Vandenberg, JD Cantone, FA TI Pathogenicity of Paecilomyces fumosoroseus isolates to diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella: Correlation with spore size, germination speed, and attachment to cuticle SO JOURNAL OF INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Plutella xylostella; diamondback moth; Paecilomyces fumosoroseus; virulence; attachment; germination; microbial control; bioassay; entomopathogenic fungus ID FUNGUS METARHIZIUM-ANISOPLIAE; BEAUVERIA-BASSIANA; VERTICILLIUM-LECANII; BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS; BEMISIA-ARGENTIFOLII; NOMURAEA-RILEYI; LEPIDOPTERA; VIRULENCE; LARVAE; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB Infectivity to larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, was compared among eight Paecilomyces fumosoroseus isolates. Isolate infectivity was assessed for correlation with spore length and germination speed. Four isolates applied to P. xylostella cuticle were also compared for number of spores remaining on the cuticle after washing and for percentage germination after 36 h. Infection of larvae inoculated with the different isolates at an average dosage of 4000 conidia/cm(2) ranged from 2 to 47%. The correlation of infectivity with spore length and germination speed in broth was highly significant. Fewer spores of the least infective isolate, ARSEF 1576, attached to larval cuticle compared to spores of the more infective isolates ARSEF 3682, 4461, and 4482 (P < 0.05). After 36 h on larval cuticle, the percentage of spores germinated for isolates 1576 and 3682 was 3 and 95%, respectively. Spores of isolate 1576 were smaller, germinated more slowly, and attached to cuticle in smaller numbers than spores of the more infective isolates. Further research will expand our understanding of the mechanisms of virulence among isolates of P. fumosoroseus. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Plant Protect Res Unit, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Entomol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Vandenberg, JD (reprint author), USDA ARS, US Plant Soil & Nutr Lab, Plant Protect Res Unit, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 40 TC 77 Z9 97 U1 1 U2 19 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2011 J9 J INVERTEBR PATHOL JI J. Invertebr. Pathol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 73 IS 3 BP 332 EP 338 DI 10.1006/jipa.1999.4844 PG 7 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 194YE UT WOS:000080221700015 PM 10222189 ER PT J AU Loeb, SC AF Loeb, SC TI Responses of small mammals to coarse woody debris in a southeastern pine forest SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE Peromyscus gossypinus; Blarina carolinensis; Sigmodon hispidus; Sciurus niger; coarse woody debris; reproduction ID PEROMYSCUS-LEUCOPUS; HABITAT; TRAVEL AB The importance of coarse woody debris (CWD) to small mammals in a managed pine forest in South Carolina was tested experimentally during summer and autumn 1990 and winter and spring 1991-1994. Abundance and demographics of small mammals were compared between plots with abundant CWD created by a tornado (unsalvaged plots) and plots where tornado-created CWD had been removed (salvaged plots). Species composition was similar between unsalvaged and salvaged plots, but more small mammals were captured on unsalvaged plots. Cotton mice (Peromyscus gossypinus) were the most abundant species captured in all plots and were significantly more abundant in unsalvaged plots in every trapping period. Adult female P. gossypinus in unsalvaged plots had greater survival and were more likely to be in reproductive condition than adult females in salvaged plots. Southern short-tailed shrews (Blarina carolinensis) and cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) tended to be more abundant in unsalvaged plots. Fox squirrels (Sciurus niger), the second most abundant species in salvaged plots, were never captured on unsalvaged plots. Large amounts of CWD improve habitat quality of pine forests for P. gossypinus, and CWD is probably an important habitat component for other species. C1 Clemson Univ, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Dept Forest Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RP Loeb, SC (reprint author), Clemson Univ, US Forest Serv, So Res Stn, Dept Forest Resources, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. NR 54 TC 85 Z9 94 U1 3 U2 13 PU AMER SOC MAMMALOGISTS PI PROVO PA BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIV, DEPT OF ZOOLOGY, PROVO, UT 84602 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 80 IS 2 BP 460 EP 471 DI 10.2307/1383293 PG 12 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 202EP UT WOS:000080639400012 ER PT J AU Kretschmann, DE Green, DW AF Kretschmann, DE Green, DW TI Mechanical grading of oak timbers SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB For many wood species, the grading of timbers [>76 mm (>4-in.) thick] has not changed in decades. Most timbers are still visually graded by methods that originated in the 1930s. Mechanical grading procedures used to accurately grade 38-mm (2-in. nominal) dimension lumber have not been adapted for use with timbers. Furthermore, the only reliable timber test data available for most softwood species were obtained near the turn of the 20th century, and no test data are available for hardwood timber. The lack of better grading procedures and test data makes it likely that current property assignments for timbers are wasteful. Given that the reduced availability of lumber is expected to continue well into the 21st century, the structural engineer must have the widest possible options for structural timbers. Therefore, a study was conducted by the USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, to examine use of a pulse echo stress wave technique along the length of timbers to estimate modulus of elasticity (MOE) of green timbers and the development of a machine stress rated grade for oak timbers. Two hundred and ninety-five untreated 178- by 229-mm (7- by 9-in.) mixed oak timbers, 4.9 m (16 ft) in length, were measured, weighted, and nondestructively evaluated to determine their pulse echo MOE. Two hundred twenty were destructively tested in bending; 75 were tested to failure in compression parallel to the grain. The results of these tests determined relationships between pulse echo MOE and static bending MOE and between bending and compressive strength. These tests suggests a clear potential of establishing a machine stress rated grade for oak timbers. This article discusses the implication of these results, potential commercial grades, and a follow-up study to qualify the suggested grades. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Kretschmann, DE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Forest Prod Lab, 1 Gifford Pinchot Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0899-1561 J9 J MATER CIVIL ENG JI J. Mater. Civ. Eng. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 11 IS 2 BP 91 EP 97 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1999)11:2(91) PG 7 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA 190GH UT WOS:000079954100002 ER PT J AU Carroll, JF AF Carroll, JF TI Responses of three species of adult ticks (Acari : Ixodidae) to chemicals in the coats of principal and minor hosts SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Acari; host acquisition; arrestant; behavioral bioassay ID IXODES-SCAPULARIS ACARI; WHITE-TAILED DEER; DAMMINI ACARI; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; ABUNDANCE; DENSITY; SITES AB In laboratory bioassays, host-seeking adult blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis Say, lone star ticks, Amblyomma americanum (L.), and American dog ticks, Dermacentor variabilis (Say), were exposed to substances from the pelage of dogs and white-tailed deer, Odocoileus uretnznnus (Zimmermann). Male A. americanum exhibited an arrestant response to all samples of deer tarsal gland substances tested, whereas female A. americanum, female I. scapularis, and male and female D. variabilis responded to samples from certain deer and not others. Female I. scapularis, D. variabilis, and A. americanum of both sexes also showed an arrestant response to substances rubbed from the dorsal surface of dogs' ears. These findings suggest that, although these 3 species of ticks are associated with certain host species as adults (A, americanum and I. scapularis with white-tailed deer, D. variabilis with dogs), their repertoires of host-finding behaviors are broad, and use of minor host species may not be purely accidental. C1 ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Carroll, JF (reprint author), ARS, Inst Livestock & Poultry Sci, Parasite Biol & Epidemiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 36 IS 3 BP 238 EP 242 PG 5 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 203AZ UT WOS:000080686000006 PM 10337091 ER PT J AU Stewart, RG Kline, DL AF Stewart, RG Kline, DL TI Sugar feeding by Culicoides mississippiensis (Diptera : Ceratopogonidae) on the yaupon holly, Ilex vomitoria SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Culicoides mississippiensis; sugar feeding; fructose; yaupon holly; Florida ID MOSQUITOS; CULICIDAE; FRUCTOSE; NECTAR AB Adult Culicoides mississippiensis Hoffman were collected from 5 flowering yaupon holly plants at sunrise, late morning, early afternoon, and sunset from 5 flowering yaupon holly plants during the entire flowering season (16 March-15 April 1995). Individual insects were tested for fructose by using the cold anthrone test. Prevalence of fructose in C. mississippiensis was 55.6% (427 of 768), with positivity for gravid females greater than for males. Fructose positive rates decreased in gravid females from morning to evening, whereas male rates were constant until evening, when they decreased. Both sugar feeding by gravid females and host-seeking by parous females were highest at sunset, followed by sunrise. C1 ARS, Ctr Med & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. RP Stewart, RG (reprint author), ARS, Ctr Med & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32604 USA. NR 27 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 36 IS 3 BP 268 EP 271 PG 4 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 203AZ UT WOS:000080686000010 PM 10337095 ER PT J AU Stiller, D Crosbie, PR Boyce, WM Goff, WL AF Stiller, D Crosbie, PR Boyce, WM Goff, WL TI Dermacentor hunteri (Acari : Ixodidae): an experimental vector of Anaplasma marginale and A-ovis (Rickettsiales : Anaplasmataceae) to calves and sheep? SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Dermacentor hunteri; Anaplasma marginale; Anaplasma ovis; experimental vector competence; intrastadial transmission ID DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP; CANADENSIS; CALIFORNIA AB The experimental vector competence of laboratory-reared Dermacentor hunteri Bishopp for Anaplasma marginale Theiler and Anaplasma ovis Lestoquard was evaluated by delayed transfer of male ticks from infected to susceptible Holstein calves and from infected to susceptible domestic sheep, respectively. After feeding for 4 or 5 d on rickettsemic acquisition hosts, the ticks were held off the host at 26 degrees C, approximate to 93% RH, and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h for 7 or 8 d, then test fed for 5 or 7 d. Additionally, ticks test-fed for 5 d on 2 susceptible calves were removed, held off the host for 7 d, and test-fed for 5 d on a 3rd susceptible calf to test the tick's ability to transmit A. marginale by delayed serial transfer. Tick transmission of A. marginale to 3 test calves and A. ovis to 3 test sheep was demonstrated by blood smear and indirect immunofluorescence serology. These data indicate that males of D, hunteri, a tick commonly found on desert bighorn,Ovis canadensis Shaw, in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, may be competent natural vectors of these organisms present in desert bighorn populations. C1 Univ Idaho, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Stiller, D (reprint author), Univ Idaho, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0022-2585 EI 1938-2928 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 36 IS 3 BP 321 EP 324 PG 4 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 203AZ UT WOS:000080686000017 PM 10337102 ER PT J AU Andreev, D Kreitman, M Phillips, TW Beeman, RW ffrench-Constant, RH AF Andreev, D Kreitman, M Phillips, TW Beeman, RW ffrench-Constant, RH TI Multiple origins of cyclodiene insecticide resistance in Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae) SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE mutation rate; migration; point mutation; pesticide resistance; gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor ID RED FLOUR BEETLE; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; GABA RECEPTOR; DROSOPHILA; POPULATIONS; SELECTION; GENE; MUTATIONS; CONSERVATION; CONVERGENCE AB The number of origins of pesticide resistance-associated mutations is important not only to our understanding of the evolution of resistance but also in modeling its spread. Previous studies of amplified esterase genes in a highly dispersive Culex mosquito have suggested that insecticide resistance-associated mutations (specifically a single-gene duplication event) can occur a single time and then spread throughout global populations. In order to provide data for resistance-associated point mutations, which are more typical of pesticide mechanisms as a whole, we studied the number of independent origins of cyclodiene insecticide resistance in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum. Target-site insensitivity to cyclodienes is conferred by single point mutations in the gene Resistance to dieldrin (Rdl), which codes for a subunit of a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor. These point mutations are associated with replacements of alanine 302 which render the receptor insensitive to block by the insecticide. We collected 141 strains of Tribolium worldwide and screened them for resistance. Twenty-four strains contained resistant individuals. After homozygosing 23 of these resistance alleles we derived a nucleotide sequence phylogeny of the resistant strains from a 694-bp section of Rdl, encompassing exon 7 (which contains the resistance-associated mutation) and part of a flanking intron, The phylogeny also included six susceptible alleles chosen at random from a range of geographical locations. Resistance alleles fell into six clades and three clades contained both resistant and susceptible alleles. Although statistical analysis provided support at only the 5-6% level, the pattern of variation in resistance alleles is more readily explained by multiple independent origins of resistance than by spread of a single resistance-associated mutation. For example, two resistance alleles differed from two susceptible alleles only by the resistance-associated mutation itself, suggesting that they form the susceptible ancestors and that resistance arose independently in several susceptible backgrounds. This suggests that in Tribolium Rdl, de novo mutations for resistance have arisen independently in several populations. Identical alleles were found in geographically distant regions as well, also implying that some Rdl alleles have been exported in stored grain. These differences from the Culex study may stem both from differences in the population genetics of Tribolium versus that of mosquitoes and differences in mutation rates associated with point mutations versus gene duplication events, The Tribolium data therefore suggest that multiple origins of insecticide resistance (associated with specific point mutations) may be more common than the spread of single events. These findings have implications for the way in which we model the evolution and spread of insecticide resistance genes and also suggest that parallel adaptive substitutions may not be uncommon in phyletic evolution. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Entomol, Russell Labs 237, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Ecol & Evolut, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. USDA, Trop Fruit & Vegetable Res Lab, Hilo, HI 96720 USA. ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, USDA, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP ffrench-Constant, RH (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Entomol, Russell Labs 237, 1630 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 31 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 10 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0022-2844 J9 J MOL EVOL JI J. Mol. Evol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 48 IS 5 BP 615 EP 624 DI 10.1007/PL00006504 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 186BL UT WOS:000079706900012 PM 10198127 ER PT J AU Meola, SM Pendleton, MW Langley, PA Lovering, SL AF Meola, SM Pendleton, MW Langley, PA Lovering, SL TI Ultrastructural localization of unique neurosecretory granules in the corpora cardiaca of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, and the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans SO JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE blood-feeding; Diptera; aorta; elementary neurosecretory granules ID L DIPTERA; MUSCIDAE AB Ultrastructural analysis of the corpora cardiaca of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, and the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans, revealed the presence of elementary neurosecretory granules (ENG) unique to the intrinsic neurosecretory cells (INC) of these species. In addition to electron-dense spheres, the INC of the corpus cardiacum of the stable fly contain electron-dense angular granules, either square or rectangular in shape, while the INC of the tsetse fly contain electron-dense spindle-shaped ENG. The distinctive granules of these INC can be traced within nerves to their sites of storage and release, eliminating the need for labeling with artificial probes. Although the INC of the corpus cardiacum of most species have been found to be fuchsinophilic, neither the INC of the stable fly nor the tsetse fly are aldehydefuchsinophilic. These peptigenic cells offer neuroendocrinologists a unique opportunity to study the physiology and biochemistry of neurosecretory cells. J. Morphol. 240:155-168, 1999. Published 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, VERU, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. Univ Wales, Insect Invest Ltd, Sch Pure & Appl Biol, Cardiff CF1 3NS, S Glam, Wales. Texas Vet Med Diagnost Lab, College Stn, TX USA. RP Meola, SM (reprint author), USDA ARS, Food Anim Protect Res Lab, VERU, 2881 F&B Rd, College Stn, TX 77845 USA. NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0362-2525 J9 J MORPHOL JI J. Morphol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 240 IS 2 BP 155 EP 168 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199905)240:2<155::AID-JMOR6>3.0.CO;2-D PG 14 WC Anatomy & Morphology SC Anatomy & Morphology GA 191DL UT WOS:000080006400006 PM 10322625 ER PT J AU Joshi, BK Gloer, JB Wicklow, DT AF Joshi, BK Gloer, JB Wicklow, DT TI New verticillin and glisoprenin analogues from Gliocladium catenulatum, a mycoparasite of Aspergillus flavus sclerotia SO JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS LA English DT Article ID METABOLITES; INHIBITORS AB Four new compounds(1-4) have been isolated from solid-substrate fermentation cultures of the sclerotial mycoparasite Gliocladium catenulatum. The structures of verticillins D (1), E (2), and F (3) were assigned on the basis of MS and NMR data and chemical derivatization. The structure of glisoprenin F (4) was assigned by analysis of MS and NMR results, and comparison of its spectral data to those of the known compound glisoprenin D (6). C1 Univ Iowa, Dept Chem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. ARS, Bioact Agents Res Unit, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, USDA, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Gloer, JB (reprint author), Univ Iowa, Dept Chem, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NR 11 TC 38 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0163-3864 J9 J NAT PROD JI J. Nat. Prod. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 62 IS 5 BP 730 EP 733 DI 10.1021/np980530x PG 4 WC Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Medicinal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Plant Sciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 201YP UT WOS:000080625100017 ER PT J AU Lowe, NM Woodhouse, LR Wee, J King, JC AF Lowe, NM Woodhouse, LR Wee, J King, JC TI Short-term zinc kinetics in pregnant rats fed marginal zinc diets SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE rats; zinc; kinetics; pregnancy ID RHESUS-MONKEYS; DEFICIENCY; DEPRIVATION AB The effect of pregnancy and a chronic, marginal intake of zinc on zinc kinetics was studied in rats. Weanling female rats were fed either a zinc-adequate diet, containing 30 mu g Zn/g, (30Zn) (n = 16) or a marginally zinc-deficient diet, containing 6 mu g Zn/g, (6Zn) (n = 16). After 6 wk, half of each group was mated (30ZnPG, 6ZnPG). A third group of pregnant rats was pair-fed (PFPG) (n = 6) to the 6ZnPG group. On d 20 of gestation, or at the end of the 9-wk study, Zn-65 was injected intravenously. The plasma 65Zn disappearance curve over the next 105 min was used to study the size and fractional turnover rates of two rapidly exchanging zinc metabolic pools (pool a and pool b). Plasma zinc concentrations on d 20 of gestation were significantly lower in the 6ZnPG group compared with the 30ZnPG and PFPG controls, (P < 0.05). The exchangeable pools were also smaller in the 6ZnPG group compared with the 30ZnPg and PFPG groups, (P < 0.02); this reduction was accompanied by a 60% greater fractional turnover rate of pool a, (P < 0.02). Pregnancy outcomes did not differ among the three groups. We conclude that there is an increase in the turnover rate of the exchangeable plasma zinc pool when dietary zinc intake is marginal during pregnancy. This response may help maintain a supply of zinc to the growing fetus when plasma zinc concentrations are reduced. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Nutrit Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. USDA ARS, Western Human Nutr Res Ctr, San Francisco, CA 94129 USA. RP King, JC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Nutrit Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Lowe, Nicola/B-5472-2013 OI Lowe, Nicola/0000-0002-6934-2768 NR 17 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 129 IS 5 BP 1020 EP 1025 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 191MZ UT WOS:000080027300016 PM 10222394 ER PT J AU Huber, AM Davidson, KW O'Brien-Morse, ME Sadowski, JA AF Huber, AM Davidson, KW O'Brien-Morse, ME Sadowski, JA TI Tissue phylloquinone and menaquinones in rats are affected by age and gender SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE phylloquinone; menaquinones; gender; age; rats ID RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASE; VITAMIN-K STATUS; DIETARY PHYLLOQUINONE; PROTHROMBIN SYNTHESIS; CARBOXYLASE; METABOLISM; PLASMA; BRAIN AB Phylloquinone and ten menaquinones (MK-I-MK-IO) were measured in liver and eight extrahepatic tissues from male and female rats at 3, 12 and 24 mo of age. Phylloquinone and menaquinones showed characteristic tissue distribution. In liver, all 11 vitamers of vitamin K:assayed were present in varying concentrations with phylloquinone and MK-6 the major forms. The only forms of vitamin K found in extrahepatic tissues were phylloquinone, MK-4 and MK-6. Brain contained only MK-4 and traces of phylloquinone. No significant gender difference was observed for phylloquinone except in heart at 3 mo of age (P less than or equal to 0.05). In heart, kidney and brain, MK-4 was significantly higher in females than in males (P less than or equal to 0.05). A similar gender effect was seen in kidney and lung for MK-6 (P less than or equal to 0.05). With age, hepatic phylloquinone and MK-6 significantly increased (P less than or equal to 0.05), whereas MK-4 was unchanged. In extrahepatic tissues, MK-4 decreased with age in heart and kidney of males and females, and in lung and cerebellum of males (P less than or equal to 0.05). MK-6 decreased with age in all extrahepatic tissued tested (P less than or equal to 0.05). The results suggest that in extrahepatic tissues, certain menaquinones may be the predominant form of vitamin K. The specific tissue distribution and the general decline of MK-4 and MK-6 in extrahepatic tissues during aging suggest a vitamin K tissue dynamic that is affected not only by diet, but also by gender, age and the specific roles of phylloquinone, MK-4 and MK-6 in metabolism. All of these factors must be taken into account in establishing the nutrient requirement for vitamin K. C1 Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vitamin K Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Davidson, KW (reprint author), Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Vitamin K Lab, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 34 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 129 IS 5 BP 1039 EP 1044 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 191MZ UT WOS:000080027300019 PM 10222397 ER PT J AU Davis, CD Feng, Y AF Davis, CD Feng, Y TI Dietary copper, manganese and iron affect the formation of aberrant crypts in colon of rats administered 3,2 '-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl SO JOURNAL OF NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE copper; manganese; iron; aberrant crypt foci; superoxide dismutase; rats ID MITOCHONDRIAL SUPEROXIDE-DISMUTASE; CANCER; FOCI; RISK; HAMSTERS; MUCOSA; WOMEN AB Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) are preneoplastic lesions for colon cancer. Altered amounts of copper-zinc (CuZnSOD) and manganese (MnSOD) superoxide clismutases have been implicated in multistage carcinogesis of both rodents and humans. Dietary factors are potential modulators of both CuZnSOD and MnSOD activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the interactive effects of dietary copper,manganese, and iron on 3,2'-dimethyl-4-aminobiphenyl (DMABP)-induced ACF and superoxide dismutase activities in weanling rats fed low or adequate copper (0.8 or 5.1 mu g Cu/g diet), low or adequate manganese (0.6 or 17 mu g Mn/g diet), and adequate or high iron (37 or 140 mu g Fe/g diet). Twelve rats were allowed free access to each of these eight diets for 3.5 wk prior to DMABP administration and for an additional 8 wk after the first: DMABP injection. Rats fed low dietary copper had 105% (P < 0.0001) higher formation of DMABP-induced ACF than those fed adequate dietary copper. Rats ingesting low rather than adequate dietary manganese had 23% higher formation of ACF, and rats ingesting high rather than adequate dietary iron had 18% higher formation of ACF. Heart total superoxide dismutase activity was significantly correlated with the number of ACF (r = -0.43, P < 0.0001) in rats administered DMABP. These results suggest that dietary alterations that affect superoxide dismutase activity may affect cancer susceptibility. C1 USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. Univ N Dakota, Dept Surg, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. RP Davis, CD (reprint author), USDA ARS, Grand Forks Human Nutr Res Ctr, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA. NR 44 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0022-3166 J9 J NUTR JI J. Nutr. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 129 IS 5 BP 1060 EP 1067 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 191MZ UT WOS:000080027300022 PM 10222400 ER PT J AU King, LM Banks, WA George, WJ AF King, LM Banks, WA George, WJ TI Differences in cadmium transport to the testis, epididymis, and brain in cadmium-sensitive and -resistant murine strains 129/J and A/J SO JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS LA English DT Article ID INTERSTITIAL-CELLS; INBRED MICE; RAT; BLOOD; INTOXICATION; PERMEABILITY; HEPATOCYTES; MECHANISMS; JUNCTIONS; MEMBRANES AB Although most animals with scrotal testes are susceptible to cadmium-induced testicular toxicity, strain-related differences are seen in mice. Resistant murine strains demonstrate a decreased cadmium concentration in the testis and also in the epididymis and seminal vesicle. In this study we analyzed cadmium transport into tissues with a vascular barrier, the testis, epididymis, and brain, in an attempt to characterize the mechanisms of strain resistance to cadmium-induced testicular toxicity. In the resistant murine strain A/J,Cd- 109 transport (administered as (SCdCl2)-S-109) was significantly attenuated in the testis, epididymis, and brain, when compared to the sensitive murine strain 129/J. The unidirectional influx constant (K-i, in mu l g(-1) min(-1)) for Cd-109 was 0.01929 in the A/J testis as compared with 1.174 in the 129/J testis (P < .0001). The percentage of a Cd-109 dose that reached the A/J testis by 60 min was over 10 times less than that which reached the 129/J testis. The transport system used by cadmium in the 129/J testis was saturable, with 20 mu M unlabeled cadmium chloride inhibiting transport by over 60%. The transporter was competitively inhibited by zinc (P = .00017), but not by calcium, indicating a specificity in ion transport. Studies with isolated tubules and analysis of testicular fluid compartments demonstrated no significant difference in cadmium uptake or efflux between the strains when corrected for the amount of Cd-109 entering the testis. Therefore, murine strain differences in testicular sensitivity to cadmium appear to be related to the variable presence of a transport system for cadmium in the testicular vasculature. C1 Tulane Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. RP King, LM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, LPSI, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Bldg 200,Room 112, BARC E, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 38 TC 32 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PHARMACOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL THERAPEUTICS PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0022-3565 J9 J PHARMACOL EXP THER JI J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 289 IS 2 BP 825 EP 830 PG 6 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 188PM UT WOS:000079857100029 PM 10215659 ER PT J AU Gray, LE Achenbach, LA Duff, RJ Lightfoot, D AF Gray, LE Achenbach, LA Duff, RJ Lightfoot, D TI Pathogenicity of Fusarium solani f. sp glycines isolates on soybean and green bean plants SO JOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY-PHYTOPATHOLOGISCHE ZEITSCHRIFT LA English DT Article DE soybean sudden death syndrome; soybean; green bean; Glycine max; Phaseolus vulgaris; Fusarium solani f. sp glycines ID SUDDEN-DEATH-SYNDROME; CAUSAL AGENT; IDENTIFICATION; SEVERITY AB Green bean plants were grown in a greenhouse in soil removed from a soybean field in 1996 that had a high incidence of soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS). Over a period of 4 weeks, isolations were made from taproot tissue of green bean plants to recover Fusarium isolates. Tell isolates of Fusarium solani were recovered and used to inoculate soybean and green bean plants in the greenhouse. These 10 isolates caused typical SDS symptoms on the soybean plants and caused a root and crown rot on green bran plants. The green bean plants did not develop typical symptoms associated with soybean SDS but, rather, leaves on infected plants skewed yellowing and necrosis. Molecular data indicated that these II) isolates were identical to Fusarium solani f. sp. glycines that cause soybean sudden death syndrome. All isolates were re-isolated from greenhouse-inoculated soybean and green bean plants. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. So Illinois Univ, Dept Microbiol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. So Illinois Univ, Dept Plant Soil & Gen Agr, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. RP Gray, LE (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Crop Sci, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. OI Lightfoot, David/0000-0002-5725-4381 NR 9 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0931-1785 J9 J PHYTOPATHOL JI J. Phytopathol.-Phytopathol. Z. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 147 IS 5 BP 281 EP 284 PG 4 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 207AN UT WOS:000080913300004 ER PT J AU Sauter, JJ Westphal, S Wisniewski, M AF Sauter, JJ Westphal, S Wisniewski, M TI Immunological identification of dehydrin-related proteins in the wood of five species of Populus and in Salix caprea L. SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Populus; Salix; dehydrins; frost acclimation; storage protein; temperature effects; wood parenchyma cells ID VEGETATIVE STORAGE PROTEINS; CANADENSIS MOENCH ROBUSTA; RAY PARENCHYMA CELLS; PERSICA L BATSCH; COLD-ACCLIMATION; EVERGREEN PEACH; POPLAR WOOD; SENSITIVE METHOD; XYLEM TISSUES; BARK AB The winter and spring occurrence of dehydrin-related proteins (DRP) in the wood of deciduous trees was investigated. DRPs were immunologically detected in xylem extracts of five species of poplar (Populus balsamifera L., I! x canadensis Moench < robusta >, I? deltoides Marsh., P. niagra L. < italica >, P. tremula L.) and in willow (Salix caprea L.) by Western blotting using a polyclonal antibody that was directed against a dehydrin protein in hybrid poplar. Xylem protein extracts obtained from dormant trees in winter stage of four other hardwood genera, e.g. Acer, Malus, Betula, and Fraxinus, were immunologically negative, supporting the specificity of our poplar dehydrin antibody Two dehydrin-related proteins of similar molecular mass, between 116 and 120 kDa, could be identified in four poplar species. Two DRPs were also found, though of lower molecular masses, in I! tremula (87 and 92 kDa) and in Salix caprea (103 and 114 kDa). The difference in molecular masses of the DRP in poplars was not due to glycosylation. Evidence for multiple genes coding for DRPs of different molecular mass was obtained in Populus x canadensis Moench < robusta >, where a DRP of 120 kDa was present in one of the parents (I? nigra) while the second DRP of 118 kDa was found in the other (I! deltoides). The dehydrin-related proteins under investigation were heat stable to 80-85 degrees C, but not boiling resistant. Their involvement in acclimation to low temperature of the xylem parenchyma cells was indicated, by i) their seasonal appearance, i.e. during winter, ii) by their transient decrease during a warm period in winter, and iii) by their disappearance within 2-3 weeks from twigs cut in winter and subjected to 21 degrees C. In contrast, the 32 kDa storage protein did not disappear. C1 Univ Kiel, Inst Bot, D-24098 Kiel, Germany. USDA ARS, Appalachian Fruit Res Stn, Kearneysville, WV 25430 USA. RP Sauter, JJ (reprint author), Univ Kiel, Inst Bot, Olshaussenstr 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany. NR 29 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER GMBH, URBAN & FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA OFFICE JENA, P O BOX 100537, 07705 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 154 IS 5-6 BP 781 EP 788 PG 8 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 204NG UT WOS:000080770000032 ER PT J AU Reuveni, M Epstein, Y Envor, D DuPont, FM AF Reuveni, M Epstein, Y Envor, D DuPont, FM TI Utilization of metabolic energy under NaCl stress: Activity of nucleoside diphosphate kinase SO JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE NaCl stress; energy metabolism; nucleoside diphosphate kinase ID ADAPTED TOBACCO CELLS; PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE; H+-ATPASE; ADAPTATION; SALINITY; SALT; PROTEIN; LEAVES; BARLEY; COMPARTMENTATION AB Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) is an essential and ubiquitous enzyme in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates (such as UTP, GTP and CTP) and deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dATP dTTP dGTP and dCTP). It catalyzes the following reaction: (d) NDP + ATP<-->(d) NTP + ADP The activity of nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) was investigated in roots and leaves of barley exposed to NaCl. Exposure to NaCl had no effect on tissue length or fresh weight gain; there was a transitory increase in NDPK activity in roots only. NDPK activity in roots increased after 1-day exposure to NaCl but the activity returned to a similar level as in non-exposed seedlings within 2 days. Km and Vmax toward ATP and dCDP were measured. Vmax towards ATP was unaltered after 1-day exposure to NaCl, while Vmax towards dCDP increased 3-fold. The total amount of enzyme in roots did not change during the 4-day exposure to NaCl, indicating that the increase in Vmax was not due to more enzyme but to higher turnover number. Km towards dCDP was unaltered after 1-day exposure to NaCl, while Km towards ATP decreased after 1-day exposure. These results suggest that NDPK in NaCl exposed roots has a higher affinity towards ATP, making it more efficient under conditions of increased competition for ATP due to NaCl stress. C1 Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Ornamental Hort, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Reuveni, M (reprint author), Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Ornamental Hort, POB 6, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. NR 36 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0176-1617 J9 J PLANT PHYSIOL JI J. Plant Physiol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 154 IS 5-6 BP 789 EP 794 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 204NG UT WOS:000080770000033 ER PT J AU Clary, WP AF Clary, WP TI Stream channel and vegetation responses to late spring cattle grazing SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE riparian; mountain meadow; streambank stability; width depth ratio; willow; species richness; salmonid; fisheries; livestock management ID PLANT-COMMUNITIES; RIPARIAN; ECOSYSTEM; OREGON AB A 10-year riparian grazing study was conducted on a cold, mountain meadow riparian system in central Idaho in response to cattle grazing-salmonid fisheries conflicts. Six pastures were established along Stanley Creek to study the effects on riparian habitat of no grazing, light grazing (20-25% utilization), and medium grazing (35-50%) during late June. Stream channels narrowed, stream width-depth ratios were reduced, and channel bottom embeddedness decreased under all 3 grazing treatments as the area responded to changes from heavier historic grazing use. Streambank stability increased and streamside willow communities (Salix spp. L.) increased in both height and cover under all 3 treatments. Plant species richness increased on both streamside and dry meadow areas during the years of grazing and moderate drought. The numbers of species receded to near original levels in the ungrazed and light grazed pastures in 1996, a wet post-grazing year, primarily due to a decrease in forb species. Streamside graminoid height growth was similar among treatments after 1 year of rest. Most measurements of streamside variables moved closer to those beneficial for salmonid fisheries when pastures were grazed to 10 cm of graminoid stubble height; virtually all measurements improved when pastures were grazed to 14 cm stubble height, or when pastures were not grazed. Many improvements were similar under all 3 treatments indicating these riparian habitats are compatible with light to medium late spring use by cattle. C1 US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, Boise, ID 83702 USA. RP Clary, WP (reprint author), US Forest Serv, Forestry Sci Lab, Rocky Mt Res Stn, USDA, 316 E Myrtle St, Boise, ID 83702 USA. NR 65 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 3 U2 17 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI LAKEWOOD PA 445 UNION BLVD, STE 230, LAKEWOOD, CO 80228-1259 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 52 IS 3 BP 218 EP 227 DI 10.2307/4003683 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 194NW UT WOS:000080201300003 ER PT J AU Karn, JF Ries, RE Hofmann, L AF Karn, JF Ries, RE Hofmann, L TI Season-long grazing of seeded cool-season pastures in the Northern Great Plains SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE native rangelands; seasonality; crested wheatgrass; smooth bromegrass; western wheatgrass ID NATIVE PASTURES AB In the semi-arid Northern Great Plains, seeded cool-season grasses are primarily recommended for spring and fall grazing because their nutritive quality is perceived as too low to support acceptable animal weight gains during mid-summer. This perception is caused in part by traditional use of high spring stocking rates, which leave little forage remaining for mid-summer use. A study was conducted near Mandan, N.D. to determine the effect of moderate (1.6 AUM ha(-1)) and heavy (2.4 AUM ha(-1)) stocking rates on weight gains of yearling Hereford steers grazing crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum [Fisch. Ex Link] Schult.), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii [Rydb.] Love), smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) and flat (class II and III) and rolling (class IV and VI) native rangelands. Studies were conducted over a 140-day grazing season during 3 summers from 1992-1994. Grazing was initiated in mid-May and terminated the last week of September or the first week of October each year. At the end of each grazing season forage samples were clipped inside and outside of cages randomly located in each pasture to estimate end of season standing crop and forage utilization. Animal activity data were collected for 9 days during August and September 1994. Steer weight gains were not different among crested wheatgrass, western wheatgrass, smooth bromegrass and flat native pastures, but weight gains of steers grazing rolling native pastures were lower (P<0.05) than gains on other pastures. Weight gains per steer were 8% higher (P<0.05) on moderately grazed pastures, but weight gains per hectare were 39% higher on heavy grazed pastures. Steers spent more (P<0.05) time grazing on smooth bromegrass than western wheatgrass, crested wheatgrass, or fiat native pastures and they also spent more (P<0.05) time grazing on heavy than moderately grazed pastures. Seeded cool-season grasses produced season-long yearling steer weight gains comparable to flat native, and superior to rolling native pastures, even when grazed at a stocking rate that was 80% heavier than the rate recommended for native rangeland by the USDA-SCS (1984). These results suggest that seeded coot-season grasses can be successfully grazed season-long in the Northern Great plains where environmental conditions and precipitation patterns are comparable to central North Dakota. C1 ARS, USDA, No Great Plains Res Lab, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. RP Karn, JF (reprint author), ARS, USDA, No Great Plains Res Lab, POB 459, Mandan, ND 58554 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 52 IS 3 BP 235 EP 240 DI 10.2307/4003685 PG 6 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 194NW UT WOS:000080201300005 ER PT J AU Bork, EW West, NE Price, KP Walker, JW AF Bork, EW West, NE Price, KP Walker, JW TI Rangeland cover component quantification using broad (TM) and narrow-band (1.4 NM) spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE indicators; long-term grazing; predictability; sagebrush steppe ID SPECTRAL MIXTURE ANALYSIS; LANDSAT MSS DATA; VEGETATION INDEX; GRAZING TREATMENTS; ARID RANGELANDS; AVIRIS DATA; SOIL; PATTERNS; COMMUNITIES; RED AB Calibrated predictive relationships obtained from simple and multiple regression of thematic mapper or broad-band (BB) and 1.4 nm interval or narrow-band (NB) spectral data were evaluated for quantifying II rangeland components (including total vegetation, forb, grass, shrub, litter, and bare soil) and distinguishing among 6 long-term grazing treatments of sagebrush steppe, In general, all 4 data types predicted similar values for each rangeland cover component. Multiple regression models usually had little advantage over simple regression models for predicting cover, particularly for abundant cover components, although this trend was inconsistent among components, Consequently, simple predictive models are recommended for quantifying rangeland indicator components using remotely-sensed data. The use of NE spectral data resulted in lower standard errors of prediction (SEP), although these reductions were inconsistent among rangeland components, Although both data types distinguished among grazing treatments with major plant compositional differences (P < 0.00) using a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), only the NE data distinguished between grazing treatments with minor ecological differences (P < 0.01). These results suggest that in a practical context, NE data are advantageous for quantifying rangeland cover components and distinguishing among grazing treatments under the condition of our study. C1 Utah State Univ, Dept Rangeland Resources, Logan, UT 84322 USA. Univ Kansas, Kansas Appl Remote Sensing Ctr, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA. ARS, USDA, US Sheep Expt Stn, Dubois, ID USA. RP Bork, EW (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Dept Agr Food & Nutr Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada. NR 50 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 52 IS 3 BP 249 EP 257 DI 10.2307/4003687 PG 9 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 194NW UT WOS:000080201300007 ER PT J AU Bai, YG Booth, DT Romo, JT AF Bai, YG Booth, DT Romo, JT TI Imbibition temperature affects winterfat (Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Moq.) seed hydration and cold-hardiness response SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Krascheninnikovia; Ceratoides; embryo; threshold water content ID FREEZING-INJURY; GERMINATION AB Winterfat (Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Meg.) diaspores harvested from 1 Canadian and 2 USA sites were imbibed at 0, 5, 10, and 20 degrees C. It was hypothesized that imbibition temperature affects seed hydration which is related to cold-hardiness of winterfat, Weight gain was measured at 8-hour intervals until full hydration, and embryo water content was determined. Water content of fully hydrated seeds differed among collections and lower imbibition temperatures were always associated with greater seed water content. Differences in water content of seeds imbibed at different temperatures was related to cold-hardiness. When water content of embryos was measured, differences among imbibition temperatures existed, but were reduced. Differences in seed water content among imbibition temperatures were mainly due to endosperm other than the embryo because the embryo hydrated faster than other seed parts, Suggestions were made for modeling seed water relations based on this study. C1 ARS, USDA, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Plant Sci, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. Univ Wyoming, Dept Plant Soil & Insect Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Bai, YG (reprint author), Agr & Agri Food Canada, Kamloops Range Res Unit, Kamloops, BC V2B 8A9, Canada. NR 29 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 52 IS 3 BP 271 EP 274 DI 10.2307/4003690 PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 194NW UT WOS:000080201300010 ER PT J AU Booth, DT Agustrina, R Abernethy, RH AF Booth, DT Agustrina, R Abernethy, RH TI Evidence of cell deterioration in winterfat seeds during refrigerated storage SO JOURNAL OF RANGE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE seed aging; mitochondria; vigor; imbibition; Eurotia; Ceratoides; Krascheninnikovia ID POST-GERMINATION GROWTH; IMBIBITION TEMPERATURE; SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT; FINE-STRUCTURE; WATER AB Effective storage of wildland seeds helps alleviate supply shortages and mitigates variable production associated with annual weather patterns, The storage environment is critical for seeds like winterfat [Eurotia lanata (Pursh) Meg.) that rapidly lose viability under ambient conditions. Defining seed response to storage conditions is basic to effective seed storage programs, We used electron micrographs of freshly collected, and of stored winterfat seeds, with vigor tests to compare seedling vigor and to relate seed performance to seed cell biology as influence by; (a) seed age under known storage conditions, and (b) imbibition temperatures. We found that imbibition temperatures had little influence on the vigor of fresh seeds but significantly influenced aged seeds. Mitochondrial deterioration was evident in winterfat seeds stored 5-6 years at 5 degrees C, and in fresh, but incompletely hydrated seeds held at 20 degrees C. We recommend seeds be held at -18 degrees C or colder for long-term storage and that field seedings be done during the cold season to reduce the chance that incompletely hydrated seeds will be exposed to warm temperatures. C1 ARS, USDA, High Plains Grassland Res Stn, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Plant Soil & Insect Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Booth, DT (reprint author), ARS, USDA, High Plains Grassland Res Stn, Cheyenne, WY 82009 USA. NR 40 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 3 PU SOC RANGE MANAGEMENT PI DENVER PA 1839 YORK ST, DENVER, CO 80206 USA SN 0022-409X J9 J RANGE MANAGE JI J. Range Manage. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 52 IS 3 BP 290 EP 296 DI 10.2307/4003693 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Ecology SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 194NW UT WOS:000080201300013 ER PT J AU Berry, ED Siragusa, GR AF Berry, ED Siragusa, GR TI Integration of hydroxyapatite concentration of bacteria and seminested PCR to enhance detection of Salmonella typhimurium from ground beep and bovine carcass sponge samples SO JOURNAL OF RAPID METHODS AND AUTOMATION IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; RAPID DETECTION; SENSITIVE METHOD; ASSAY; HYBRIDIZATION; ENRICHMENT; FOODS; DNA; CULTIVATION AB Hydroxyapatite (HA) concentration of bacteria from ground beef and bovine carcass sponge samples was examined as a method to enhance the PCR detection of Salmonella typhimurium in these samples. Ground beef and carcass sponge samples were inoculated with progressively lower levels of S. typhimurium. Concentrated (10% HA) and unconcentrated samples were prepared for PCR after 0, 2, 3, or 4 h of nonselective enrichment. Without HA concentration and enrichment, Salmonella in ground beef was not detected by seminested PCR, even when present at levels of 10(5) cells/mL in the 1:10 ground beef homogenates. However, when bacteria in these samples were extracted with HA, limits of detection in nonenriched samples were 10(2)-10(3) CFU/mL and in enriched samples were 10(1) CFU/mL (after 2 and 3 h enrichment) and 10(0) CFU/mL (after 4 h enrichment). Without concentration or enrichment, the limit of detection of Salmonella in carcass sponge samples was 10(3) cells/mL;. HA concentration of these samples lowered this limit to 10(0)- 10(1) CFU/mL. Nine of 14 different Salmonella serotypes adhered to HA at proportions of 98.0% or more. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. RP Berry, ED (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166,Spur 18D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 31 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 1060-3999 J9 J RAPID METH AUT MIC JI J. Rapid Methods Autom. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 7 IS 1 BP 7 EP 23 PG 17 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 205DC UT WOS:000080805200002 ER PT J AU Harhay, GP Siragusa, FR AF Harhay, GP Siragusa, FR TI Hydrogen-deuterium exchange and ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy of bacteria in a complex food matrix SO JOURNAL OF RAPID METHODS AND AUTOMATION IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEURAL NETWORKS; EXCITATION PROFILES; DYNAMIC PROBE; AMINO-ACIDS; SPECTRA; IDENTIFICATION; DEPENDENCE; DETECTORS AB The rapid identification and quantification of pathogenic foodborne bacteria is a national research priority. Data collected with a new spectrochemical method suggests that resonance Raman spectroscopy can rapidly and selectively identify and quantify bacteria in foods and other complex biomatrices. This method utilizes hydrogen-deuterium exchange (HDE) to resolve the spectral fingerprints of individual components in the overlapped regions of the ultraviolet resonance Raman spectra of heterogeneous samples. We illustrate this concept with HDE-induced changes in the spectra of bacteria and beef carcass wash samples. The data presented here suggest that the combination of ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy and HDE can potentially establish the identities and quantities of bacteria in heterogeneous samples within seconds to minutes. C1 USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. HARD Ind, Chicopee, MA 01013 USA. RP Siragusa, FR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Roman L Hruska US Meat Anim Res Ctr, POB 166,Spur 18D, Clay Ctr, NE 68933 USA. NR 33 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOOD NUTRITION PRESS INC PI TRUMBULL PA 6527 MAIN ST, P O BOX 374, TRUMBULL, CT 06611 USA SN 1060-3999 J9 J RAPID METH AUT MIC JI J. Rapid Methods Autom. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 7 IS 1 BP 25 EP 38 PG 14 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA 205DC UT WOS:000080805200003 ER PT J AU Carriere, CJ Bagley, EB AF Carriere, CJ Bagley, EB TI Calculation of the persistence length of solubilized starches from intrinsic viscosity measurements SO JOURNAL OF RHEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DYNAMIC VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES; LIGHT-SCATTERING; MAIZE STARCHES; AMYLOSE; FLEXIBILITY AB The persistence lengths for two different commercial starches were estimated from intrinsic viscosity measurements. The intrinsic viscosities of the starches were measured at 25 degrees C using 90/10 dimethy sulfoxide (DMSO)/water (weight/weight) as the solvent. The calculations were conducted using the equations developed by Yamakawa and Yoshizaki [Macromolecules 13, 633-633 (1980)] and corrected for polydispersity using the Schultz-Flory distribution. Values for the persistence lengths were 8.1 +/- 0.6 and 6.6 +/- 0.5 nm for a high-amylose potato, and a high-amylose maize starch, respectively. The values for the persistence length obtained for the two starch samples reflect the stiffness of the amylose chains in DMSO, which is due to the helical conformation of amylose in the solvent. (C) 1999 The Society of Rheology. [S0148-6055(99)01703-4]. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biomat Proc Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Biotechnol Res & Dev Corp, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Carriere, CJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Biomat Proc Res, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0148-6055 J9 J RHEOL JI J. Rheol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 43 IS 3 BP 753 EP 763 DI 10.1122/1.550997 PG 11 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA 194ZP UT WOS:000080224900015 ER PT J AU Piazza, GJ Foglia, TA Nunez, A AF Piazza, GJ Foglia, TA Nunez, A TI Preparation of fatty epoxy alcohols using oat seed peroxygenase in nonaqueous media SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN OIL CHEMISTS SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Avena sativa; epoxide; hydroperoxide; linoleic acid; lipoxygenase; peroxygenase ID VICIA-FABA L; LINOLEIC-ACID; EPOXIDATION AB Peroxygenase is an enzyme of higher plants that is capable of using hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide for oxidation of a double bond to an epoxide. A microsomal fraction was prepared from dry oat (Avena sativa) seeds. The peroxygenase activity of this fraction was tested using fatty acid hydroperoxide 2a [13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z), 11(E)-octadecadienoic acid] and its methyl ester 2b as sources of peroxygen. These were prepared by the action of soybean lipoxygenase on linoleic acid. A high-performance liquid chromatographic assay was used to differentiate between peroxygen cleavage and peroxygen cleavage with accompanying double-bond oxidation. Higher activity was obtained with 2b compared to 2a, and peroxygen cleavage activity was observed in both aqueous and organic solvent media. Double-bond oxidation activity was high only in aqueous media and nonpolar organic solvents. Structural elucidation of the epoxidized product showed it to be the oxylipid, methyl cis-9,10-epoxy-13(S)-hydroxy-11(E)-octadecenoate 4b, demonstrating specificity for epoxidation of the cis double band: Trihydroxy product was not detected, demonstrating that the epoxide was not hydrolyzed. C1 ARS, USDA, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Piazza, GJ (reprint author), ARS, USDA, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. OI Piazza, George/0000-0003-4896-4928 NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0003-021X J9 J AM OIL CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 76 IS 5 BP 551 EP 555 DI 10.1007/s11746-999-0003-9 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 199FT UT WOS:000080470500003 ER PT J AU Hatfield, RD Wilson, JR Mertens, DR AF Hatfield, RD Wilson, JR Mertens, DR TI Composition of cell walls isolated from cell types of grain sorghum stems SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE Sorghum bicolor; cell isolates; cell wall composition; lignin; digestibility ID FERULATE CROSS-LINKS; ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; ITALIAN RYEGRASS; LIGNIN; MAIZE; PARENCHYMA; FIBER; DIGESTIBILITY; COMPONENTS AB Cell types were isolated from sorghum stems at two stages of development, anthesis and grain maturity, to study cell wall characteristics. Cell walls were isolated from epidermis (EPID), sclerenchyma (SCL), vascular bundle zone (VBZ), inner vascular bundles (IVB) and pith parenchyma cells (PITH) and analysed for total carbohydrate, acid insoluble lignin, total uronosyls, neutral sugars and hydroxycinnamic acids. In addition, walls from SCL, VBZ, IVB and PITH were subjected to chemical fractionation to separate wall carbohydrate into polysaccharide groups. Although wall characteristics were similar at both plant maturities, there were differences in lignin concentration, hydroxycinnamic acids, and carbohydrate composition among the cell wall types. Lignin was lowest in the PITH walls (169 g kg(-1)) and highest in SCL and EPID (c 211 g kg(-1)). Cellulose was most abundant in VBZ and SCL walls with greater secondary wall formation. Pectic materials were most abundant in PITH walls. Xylans were similar among wall types except for EPID that contained higher amounts of xylose. Releasable hydroxycinnamates were not as consistent among the cell wall types. Total ferulates, including ester linked and releasable ether linked, tended to increase from PITH to SCL (g to 15 g kg(-1) CW) with an increase in the proportion etherified within the wall matrices (PITH 51%; SCL 66%). Total p-coumarates showed opposite trends with PITH walls having significantly more (35 g kg(-1) CW) than VBZ or SCL (19 and 13 g kg(-1) CW). EPID walls contained the least pCA (6.5 g kg(-1) CW). Except for the hydroxycinnamates, compositional trends for the different wall. types would reflect changes from primary walls to increased amounts of secondary wall. Neutral sugar analysis of indigestible residues indicated similar carbohydrate compositions among the cell wall types, with xylose being less degradable than all other wall sugars. (C) 1999 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP USDA ARS, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linder Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 43 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 3 U2 19 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-5142 EI 1097-0010 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD MAY 1 PY 1999 VL 79 IS 6 BP 891 EP 899 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(19990501)79:6<891::AID-JSFA304>3.3.CO;2-R PG 9 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 191NA UT WOS:000080027400017 ER PT J AU Jung, HJG Ni, WT Chapple, CCS Meyer, K AF Jung, HJG Ni, WT Chapple, CCS Meyer, K TI Impact of lignin composition on cell-wall degradability in an Arabidopsis mutant SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE lignin; syringyl; guaiacyl; ferulic acid; ester; cell wall; degradability; Arabidopsis ID WHEAT INTERNODES; FIBER; LIGNIFICATION; DIGESTIBILITY; PATHWAY; TOBACCO AB An Arabidopsis mutant that does not deposit syringyl-type lignin was used to test the hypothesis that lignin composition impacts cell-wall degradability. Two lines of the ferulate-5-hydroxylase-deficient fah1 mutant and the wild-type control Line were grown in the greenhouse. In Experiment 1, the plants were harvested at the mature seed stage. For Experiment 2, plants were harvested 5, 6, 7 and 8 weeks after sowing. In both experiments stems were collected and analysed for cell-wall concentration and composition, and in vitro degradability of cell-wall polysaccharide components by rumen micro-organisms. The absence of syringyl-type lignin was confirmed for the mutant lines by nitrobenzene oxidation and pyrolysis-GC-MS. Lignin concentration was the same for all three Arabidopsis Lines, at all stages of maturity. The Arabidopsis stems were similar to forage legumes in that the potentially degradable cell-wall fraction was very quickly degraded. Cell-wall polysaccharide degradability did not differ among the Arabidopsis lines in the first experiment after 24-h fermentations, but the cell-wall polysaccharides of the fah1-2 mutant line were less degradable after 96-h than either the wild-type or the fah1-5 mutant. In contrast, in Experiment 2 no differences among lines were found for cell-wall polysaccharide degradability after either 24- or 96-h fermentations; however, signficantly higher levels of ester-bound ferulic acid were found in the walls of the fah1 mutant lines. As expected, increasing stem maturity was correlated with reduced degradation of cell-wall polysaccharides. These experiments indicate that either lignin composition, as measured by syringyl-to-guaiacyl ratio, does not alter cell-wall degradability in Arabidopsis, or that the fah1 mutation has other effects on the cell walls of these mutants such that the impact of the change in syringyl-to-guaiacyl 1 ratio is masked. (C) 1999 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr Cluster, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Biochem, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Jung, HJG (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. OI Meyer, Knut/0000-0002-9534-2489 NR 30 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0022-5142 J9 J SCI FOOD AGR JI J. Sci. Food Agric. PD MAY 1 PY 1999 VL 79 IS 6 BP 922 EP 928 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(19990501)79:6<922::AID-JSFA307>3.0.CO;2-9 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 191NA UT WOS:000080027400021 ER PT J AU de Balogh, KKIM Dimande, AP van der Lugt, JJ Molyneux, RJ Naude, TW Welman, WG AF de Balogh, KKIM Dimande, AP van der Lugt, JJ Molyneux, RJ Naude, TW Welman, WG TI A lysosomal storage disease induced by Ipomoea carnea in goats in Mozambique SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID GLYCOSIDASE INHIBITORS; SWAINSONA-CANESCENS; ALPHA-MANNOSIDASE; CALYSTEGINS; TOXICOSIS; LIVESTOCK; SHEEP AB A novel plant-induced lysosomal storage disease was observed in goats from a village in Mozambique. Affected animals were ataxic, with head tremors and nystagmus. Because of a lack of suitable feed, the animals consumed an exotic hedge plant growing in the village that was identified as Ipomoea carnea (shrubby morning glory, Convolvulaceae). The toxicosis was reproduced by feeding I. carnea plant material to goats. In acute cases, histologic changes in the brain and spinal cord comprised widespread cytoplasmic vacuolation of neurons and glial cells in association with axonal spheroid formation. Ultrastructurally, cytoplasmic storage vacuoles in neurons were membrane bound and consistent with lysosomes. Cytoplasmic vacuolation was also found in neurons in the submucosal and mesenteric plexuses in the small intestine, in renal tubular epithelial cells, and in macrophage-phagocytic cells in the spleen and lymph nodes in acute cases. Residual alterations in the brain in chronic cases revealed predominantly cerebellar lesions characterized by loss of Purkinje neurons and gliosis of the Purkinje cell layer. Analysis of I. carnea plant material by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry established the presence of the mannosidase inhibitor swainsonine and 2 glycosidase inhibitors, calystegine B-2 and calystegine C-1, consistent with a plant-induced a-mannosidosis in the goats. The described storage disorder is analogous to the lysosomal storage diseases induced by ingestion of locoweeds (Astragalus and Oxytropis) and poison peas (Swainsona). C1 ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, USDA, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Onderstepoort Vet Inst, Sect Toxicol, ZA-0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa. Eduardo Mondlane Univ, Fac Vet, Dept Clin Studies, Maputo, Mozambique. Univ Pretoria, Fac Vet Sci, Dept Pathol, ZA-0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa. RP de Balogh, KKIM (reprint author), Univ Utrecht, Fac Vet, Dept Sci Food & Anim Origin, POB 80175, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands. NR 40 TC 80 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 11 IS 3 BP 266 EP 273 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 196HR UT WOS:000080303400010 PM 10353359 ER PT J AU Katz, JB Chieves, LP Hennager, SG Nicholson, JM Fisher, TA Byers, PE AF Katz, JB Chieves, LP Hennager, SG Nicholson, JM Fisher, TA Byers, PE TI Serodiagnosis of equine piroplasmosis, dourine, and glanders using an arrayed immunoblotting method SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article C1 Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Diagnost Bacteriol Lab, Natl Vet Serv Labs, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Katz, JB (reprint author), Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Diagnost Bacteriol Lab, Natl Vet Serv Labs, USDA, Ames, IA 50010 USA. NR 9 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC VETERINARY LABORATORY DIAGNOSTICIANS INC PI TURLOCK PA PO BOX 1522, TURLOCK, CA 95381 USA SN 1040-6387 J9 J VET DIAGN INVEST JI J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 11 IS 3 BP 292 EP 294 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 196HR UT WOS:000080303400016 PM 10353365 ER PT J AU Tyler, JW Weaver, DM Turk, JR O'Rourke, KI Harrington, MG Taylor, W Jenny, A AF Tyler, JW Weaver, DM Turk, JR O'Rourke, KI Harrington, MG Taylor, W Jenny, A TI Naturally occurring scrapie in southdown sheep SO JOURNAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE cerebrospinal fluid; prion; 14-3-3 protein; spongiform encephalopathy ID CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE; CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID; UNITED-STATES; EXPERIMENTAL-INFECTION; PRP; BSE; CATTLE; ENCEPHALOPATHY; AGENT; SUSCEPTIBILITY AB The purpose of this study was to characterize naturally occulting scrapie in the Southdown breed of sheep. Experimental subjects included 4 Southdown ewes admitted to the University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine Large Animal Clinic. All 4 sheep had signs compatible with clinical scrapie. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cell counts ranged from a low of 1 nucleated cell/mu L to high of 4 cells/mu L, with a median of 3 cells/mu L. Cerebrospinal protein concentrations ranged from 26 to 78 mg/dL with a median of 53 mg/dL. Immunoassay of the CSF for the 14-3-3 protein yielded positive results in 3 of the 4 sheep. Sequencing of the prion protein (PrP) gene revealed that an 4 sheep were homozygous for glutamine at codon 171 and, hence, were of the QQ genotype, Histopathologic examination of brain stem tissue sections revealed intracytoplasmic neuronal vacuolation and mild spongiform changes in the gray matter neuropil in all 4 ewes. The diagnosis of scrapie was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining for the abnormal PrP. Our results suggest that the,genetics of scrapie susceptibility are probably similar in Suffolk and Southdown sheep. Positive immunoassay results for the 14-3-3 protein were observed in 3 of the 4 sheep. C1 Univ Missouri, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Med & Surg, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathobiol, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Washington State Univ, USDA ARS, Anim Dis Res Unit, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. USDA, APHIS, VS, Natl Vet Serv Lab, Ames, IA USA. RP Tyler, JW (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Coll Vet Med, Dept Vet Med & Surg, 379 E Campus Dr, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. EM tylerj@missouri.edu NR 27 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0891-6640 EI 1939-1676 J9 J VET INTERN MED JI J. Vet. Intern. Med. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 13 IS 3 BP 213 EP 216 DI 10.1892/0891-6640(1999)013<0213:NOSISS>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 198UB UT WOS:000080441700012 ER PT J AU Suarez, DL Garcia, M Latimer, J Senne, D Perdue, M AF Suarez, DL Garcia, M Latimer, J Senne, D Perdue, M TI Phylogenetic analysis of H7 avian influenza viruses isolated from the live bird markets of the Northeast United States SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID A VIRUSES; SQUIRREL-MONKEYS; NS GENE; EVOLUTION; HEMAGGLUTININ; HUMANS; PATHOGENICITY; NUCLEOPROTEIN; REASSORTANTS; REPLICATION AB The presence of low-pathogenic H7 avian influenza virus (AIV), which is associated with live-bird markets (LBM) in the Northeast United States, was first detected in 1994 and, despite efforts to eradicate the virus, surveillance of these markets has resulted in numerous isolations of H7 AIVs from several states from 1994 through 1998. The hemagglutinin, nonstructural, and matrix genes from representative H7 isolates from the LBM and elsewhere were sequenced, and the sequences were compared phylogenetically, The hemagglutinin gene of most LBM isolates examined appeared to have been the result of a single introduction of the hemagglutinin gene. Evidence for evolutionary changes were observed with three definable steps, The first isolate from 1994 had the amino acid threonine at the -2 position of the hemagglutinin cleavage site, which is the most commonly observed amino acid at this site for North American H7 AIVs, In January 1995 a new genotype with a proline at the -2 position was detected, and this genotype eventually became the predominant virus isolate. A third viral genotype, detected in November 1996, had an eight-amino-acid deletion within the putative receptor binding site. This viral genotype appeared to be the predominant isolate, although isolates with proline at the -2 position without the deletion were still observed in viruses from the last sampling date. Evidence for reassortment of multiple viral genes was evident. The combination of possible adaptive evolution of the virus and reassortment,vith different influenza virus genes makes it difficult to determine the risk of pathogenesis of this group of H7 AIVs. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Univ Georgia, Poultry Diagnost Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Vet Serv, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Suarez, DL (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 31 TC 95 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 73 IS 5 BP 3567 EP 3573 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA 185ZG UT WOS:000079701100008 PM 10196246 ER PT J AU Liu, JL Ye, Y Qian, Z Qian, YY Templeton, DJ Lee, LF Kung, HJ AF Liu, JL Ye, Y Qian, Z Qian, YY Templeton, DJ Lee, LF Kung, HJ TI Functional interactions between herpesvirus oncoprotein MEQ and cell cycle regulator CDK2 SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR EXPORT SIGNAL; PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE-16 E7; MAREKS-DISEASE VIRUS; ACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASE; RNA-POLYMERASE-II; TUMOR-ANTIGEN; BZIP ONCOPROTEIN; TERMINAL DOMAIN; INFECTED-CELLS; COILED BODIES AB Marek's disease virus, an avian alphaherpesvirus, has been used as an excellent model to study herpesvirus oncogenesis, One of its potential oncogenes, MEQ, has been demonstrated to transform a rodent fibroblast cell line, Rat-2, in vitro by inducing morphological transformation and anchorage- and serum-independent growth and by protecting cells from apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha, CZ-ceramide, UV irradiation, or serum deprivation. In this report, we show that there is a cell cycle-dependent colocalization of MEQ protein and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) in coiled bodies and the nucleolar periphery during the G(1)/S boundary and early S phase. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that CDK2 is found to localize to coiled bodies. Such an in vivo association and possibly subsequent phosphorylation may result in the cytoplasmic translocation of MEQ protein. Indeed, MEQ is expressed in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm during the G(1)/S boundary and early S phase. In addition, we were able to show in vitro phosphorylation of MEQ by CDKs. We have mapped the CDK phosphorylation site of MEQ to be serine 42, a residue in the proximity of the bZIP domain. An indirect-immunofluorescence study of the MEQ S42D mutant, in which the CDK; phosphorylation site was mutated to a charged residue, reveals more prominent cytoplasmic localization. This lends further support to the notion that the translocation of MEQ is regulated by phosphorylation, Furthermore, phosphorylation of MEQ by CDKs drastically reduces the DNA binding activity of MEQ, which may in part account for the lack of retention of MEQ oncoprotein in the nucleus. Interestingly, the localization of CDK2 in coiled bodies and the nucleolar periphery is observed only in MEQ-transformed Rat-2 cells, implicating MEQ in modifying the subcellular localization of CDK2. Taken together, our data suggest that there is a novel reciprocal modulation between the herpesvirus oncoprotein MEQ and CDK2. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Canc, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Dept Mol Biol & Microbiol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Inst Pathol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. USDA ARS, Avian Dis & Oncol Lab, E Lansing, MI 48823 USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Pathol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Kung, HJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Canc, Res Bldg,Rm 2400B,4501 X St, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA. EM hkung@ucdavis.edu RI Templeton, Dennis/F-7695-2011; Kung, Hsing-Jien/C-7651-2013 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA46613] NR 78 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 73 IS 5 BP 4208 EP 4219 PG 12 WC Virology SC Virology GA 185ZG UT WOS:000079701100079 PM 10196317 ER PT J AU Wang, EY Barrera, R Boshell, J Ferro, C Freier, JE Navarro, JC Salas, R Vasquez, C Weaver, SC AF Wang, EY Barrera, R Boshell, J Ferro, C Freier, JE Navarro, JC Salas, R Vasquez, C Weaver, SC TI Genetic and phenotypic changes accompanying the emergence of epizootic subtype IC Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses from an enzootic subtype ID progenitor SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SINDBIS VIRUS; SOUTH-AMERICA; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; ALPHAVIRUSES; MUTANTS; NSP3; E2-GLYCOPROTEIN; GLYCOPROTEIN; EXPRESSION; EVOLUTION AB Recent studies have indicated that epizootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) viruses can evolve fi om enzootic subtype ID strains that circulate continuously in lowland tropical forests (A. M. Powers, M. S. Oberste. A. C. Brault, R. Rico-Hesse, S. M. Schmura, J. F. Smith, W. Kang, W. P, Sweeney, and S. C, Weaver, J. Virol, 71:6697-6705, 1997), To identify mutations associated with the phenotypic changes leading to epizootics, we sequenced the entire genomes of two subtype IC epizootic VEE virus strains isolated during a 1992-1993 Venezuelan outbreak and four sympatric, subtype ID enzootic strains closely related to the predicted epizootic progenitor. Analysis by maximum-parsimony phylogenetic methods revealed 25 nucleotide differences which were predicted to have accompanied the 1992 epizootic emergence; 7 of these encoded amino acid changes in the nsP1, nsP3, capsid, and E2 envelope glycoprotein, and 2 were mutations in the 3' untranslated genome region. Comparisons with the genomic sequences of IAB and other IC epizootic VEE virus strains revealed that only one of the seven amino acid changes associated with the 1992 emergence, a threonine-to-methionine change at position 360 of the nsP3 protein, accompanied another VEE virus emergence event. Two changes in the E2 envelope glycoprotein region believed to include the major antigenic determinants, both involving replacement of uncharged residues with arginine, are also candidates for epizootic determinants. C1 Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pathol, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Ctr Trop Dis, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Cent Univ Venezuela, Inst Zool Trop, Caracas, Venezuela. Inst Nacl Higiene, Caracas, Venezuela. Inst Nacl Salud, Bogota, Colombia. USDA, Ctr Anim Dis Informat & Anal, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. RP Weaver, SC (reprint author), Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pathol, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. RI Weaver, Scott/D-6490-2011; OI Navarro, Juan-Carlos/0000-0002-7692-4248 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI39800] NR 39 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 73 IS 5 BP 4266 EP 4271 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA 185ZG UT WOS:000079701100085 PM 10196323 ER PT J AU Perry, CD Vellidis, G Lowrance, R Thomas, DL AF Perry, CD Vellidis, G Lowrance, R Thomas, DL TI Watershed-scale water quality impacts of riparian forest management SO JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT-ASCE LA English DT Article ID AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS; NUTRIENT BUDGETS; DRAINAGE; WETLAND AB The SPANS (SPatial ANalysis System) Geographic information System (GIS) and the Georgia Landcover Database were used to identify land use within the 333 km(2) Little River Research Watershed of Georgia and to perform a variety of spatial analyses with the purpose of determining the water quality impact of riparian forest management within the watershed. The watershed contains a dense dendritic stream network, with approximately 54% of a 30 m riparian buffer on either side of ail streams of second order or larger currently in forest cover. Approximately 60% of the upland is in some type of agricultural production. GIS analyses were used to extrapolate field-scale measurements on riparian forest nonpoint-source-pollution nutrient buffering capacity to the watershed-scale, and to evaluate the water quality impact of three increasing deforestation and three increasing reforestation riparian forest management scenarios. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loadings at the watershed outlet could potentially increase by 16.7 and 9.5%, respectively, under a 50% riparian buffer deforestation scenario. Decreases in potential N and P loadings of 13.2 and 7.4%, respectively, could potentially occur under a 50% reforestation scenario. Fragmentation analysis of the riparian buffer indicated that only six blocks of riparian forest at least 2 km long remained in the entire watershed, confirming the fragmented state of the riparian forest. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. USDA ARS, SE Watershed Res Lab, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. RP Perry, CD (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Biol & Agr Engn, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. NR 21 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 13 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9496 J9 J WATER RES PL-ASCE JI J. Water Resour. Plan. Manage.-ASCE PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 125 IS 3 BP 117 EP 125 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1999)125:3(117) PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 187PK UT WOS:000079795300002 ER PT J AU Rice, WC AF Rice, WC TI Specific primers for the detection of vip3A insecticidal gene within a Bacillus thuringiensis collection SO LETTERS IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PCR; PROTEIN; CRYI AB A PCR-based method was developed for the rapid detection of vip3A gene encoding a novel Bacillus thuringiensis vegetative insecticidal protein with a wide spectrum of activities against lepidopteran insects. Specific primer combinations (three primers for the normal strand and two primers for the complementary strand) were capable of generating diagnostic fragments that successfully predicted the presence of the gene encoding the Vip3A insecticidal toxin in various B. thuringiensis strains. Specificity of amplicons generated by primer pairs was confirmed by restriction endonuclease digestion and DNA sequence analysis, The evaluation of B, thuringiensis strains for biological activity against insect pests of rice is thus aided by the grouping of strains based on their potential insecticidal spectrum. C1 ARS, USDA, RRU, LSU Rice Res Stn, Crowley, LA 70527 USA. RP Rice, WC (reprint author), ARS, USDA, RRU, LSU Rice Res Stn, POB 1429, Crowley, LA 70527 USA. NR 15 TC 20 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 2 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0266-8254 J9 LETT APPL MICROBIOL JI Lett. Appl. Microbiol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 28 IS 5 BP 378 EP 382 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00536.x PG 5 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 197XG UT WOS:000080391200010 ER PT J AU Wu, SSH Moreau, RA Whitaker, BD Huang, AHC AF Wu, SSH Moreau, RA Whitaker, BD Huang, AHC TI Steryl esters in the elaioplasts of the tapetum in developing Brassica anthers and their recovery on the pollen surface SO LIPIDS LA English DT Article ID NAPUS; MICROSPOROGENESIS; IDENTIFICATION; OLEOSINS; GENE AB The tapetum cells in the developing anthers of Brassica napus contained-abundant elaioplasts, which had few thylakoid membranes but were packed with globuli of neutral esters. Of the neutral esters, the major ester group: possessed mainly 24-methylenecholesterol, 31-norcycloartenol, 24-dehydropollinastanol, and pollinastanol esterified to 18:3 and other unsaturated and saturated fatty-acyl moieties. The minor ester group had a dominant component tentatively identified as 12-dehydrolupeol esterified to mostly 18:0, 16:0, and 20:0 fatty-acyl moieties. The elaioplasts also contained a high proportion (16% w/w of total lipids) of monogalactosyldiacylglycerols (MGDG). This is the first report of plastids having steryl esters as the predominant lipids. We propose that the globuli contain steryl esters and are stabilized by surface MGDG and structural proteins. The tapetosomes, the other abundant lipid-containing organelles in the tapetum, possessed triacylglycerols (TAG) as the predominant lipids. At a late stage of anther development, the minor group of neutral esters and MGDG of the elaioplasts, as well as the TAC of the tapetosomes, were degraded. Steryl esters similar to those of the elaioplasts were recovered from the pollen surface and were the major lipids of the pollen coat. The pollen coat steryl esters and proteins could be extracted with :moderately polar or nonpolar solvents. These proteins, which were mostly fragments of oleosins derived from the tapetosomes, had a high proportion-of lysine(13 mol %). The possible functions of the steryl esters and the proteins on the pollen surface are discussed. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. USDA ARS, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Huang, AHC (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Bot & Plant Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. OI Moreau, Robert/0000-0002-8166-8322 NR 22 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER OIL CHEMISTS SOC A O C S PRESS PI CHAMPAIGN PA 1608 BROADMOOR DRIVE, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61821-0489 USA SN 0024-4201 J9 LIPIDS JI Lipids PD MAY PY 1999 VL 34 IS 5 BP 517 EP 523 DI 10.1007/s11745-999-0393-5 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Nutrition & Dietetics GA 202CN UT WOS:000080634700012 PM 10380125 ER PT J AU Pavlath, AE Voisin, A Robertson, GH AF Pavlath, AE Voisin, A Robertson, GH TI Pectin-based biodegradable water insoluble films SO MACROMOLECULAR SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article ID GELATION; ACID AB Aqueous solutions of pectin, an acidic polysaccharide which occurs in various natural products, was cast into clear films. While the films were flexible enough to be used as wrapping materials, their strength and resistance to water were inferior to presently used commercial films. However, precast films immersed into aqueous solutions of multivalent cations became insoluble in water and depending on the ions became stronger in tension. Tensile strength increased to levels comparable to, or in the case of calcium, copper(II) and zinc, greater than those of some commercial wrapping materials. C1 USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Pavlath, AE (reprint author), USDA, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. NR 13 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 7 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1022-1360 J9 MACROMOL SYMP JI Macromol. Symp. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 140 BP 107 EP 113 DI 10.1002/masy.19991400112 PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 230LW UT WOS:000082253500011 ER PT J AU Dunn, LB Krueger, WJ AF Dunn, LB Krueger, WJ TI Branching ratios of starch via proton nuclear magnetic resonance and their use in determining amylose/amylopectin content: Evidence for three types of amylopectin SO MACROMOLECULAR SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article ID AMYLOSE; GLUCANS; IODINE; C-13 AB The branching (alpha-1,4)/(alpha-1,6) ratio of starch from a number of sources can be quickly and accurately determined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance NMR. This NMR ratio, with standard ratios for isolated amylose and amylopectin, can then be used to determine the amylose/amylopectin content of starches. In the course of determining the amylose/amylopectin content of various starches, it was discovered that two different types of amylopectin standards were required to obtain results comparable to those obtained from iodine-binding amylose determinations. These two types were a waxy amylopectin, with a high level of branching, and a potato amylopectin, with a lower level of branching. A third type of amylopectin, with a still lower level of branching, is apparently present in high amylose cornstarches, leading to the conclusion that starches with higher amylose contents generally contain amylopectin with a lower level of branching. The three amylopectin types are referred to as amylopectin I, II and III, with the higher numeral coinciding with higher branching (alpha-1,4)/(alpha-1,6) ratio, or less branching. C1 USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Dunn, LB (reprint author), USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Plant Polymer Res Unit, 1815 N Univ St, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1022-1360 J9 MACROMOL SYMP JI Macromol. Symp. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 140 BP 179 EP 186 DI 10.1002/masy.19991400119 PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 230LW UT WOS:000082253500018 ER PT J AU Mora-Gutierrez, A Farrell, HM Kumosinski, TF AF Mora-Gutierrez, A Farrell, HM Kumosinski, TF TI NMR of casein hydration and activity in solutions with ions SO MACROMOLECULAR SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article ID NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; CAPRINE CASEINS; BOVINE CASEIN; GOAT MILK; BEHAVIOR; ALPHA-S1-CASEIN; DEPENDENCE AB Oxygen-17 NMR studies of caseins isolated from fresh milk of several species were carried out in concentrated electrolyte solutions as a function of both protein and electrolyte concentration. Molecular dynamics simulations of ion and water binding to caseins are compared with the experimental observations by 0-17 NMR of caseins in solutions with ions. Protein activities are also determined by utilizing Wyman's theory of linked functions with a detailed model of ion binding to casein. C1 Prairie View A&M Univ, CARC, Prairie View, TX 77446 USA. USDA ARS, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038 USA. RP Mora-Gutierrez, A (reprint author), Prairie View A&M Univ, CARC, Prairie View, TX 77446 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1022-1360 J9 MACROMOL SYMP JI Macromol. Symp. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 140 BP 211 EP 216 DI 10.1002/masy.19991400122 PG 6 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 230LW UT WOS:000082253500021 ER PT J AU Baianu, IC Kumosinski, TF Wei, TC AF Baianu, IC Kumosinski, TF Wei, TC TI Molecular dynamics and NMR studies of proteins in ionic solutions SO MACROMOLECULAR SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article ID FORCE-FIELD; ENERGY AB The molecular dynamics of water and selected ions was studied in concentrated electrolyte solutions with, or without, proteins added. Our experimental results by multinuclear spin relaxation techniques were then compared with molecular dynamics computations for water and ions in concentrated electrolyte solutions. The mechanisms for the anionic and cationic interactions with myofibrillar proteins in aqueous solutions were investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance over a wide range of salt concentrations. The multinuclear spin relaxation data were analyzed with a thermodynamic linkage model of hydrated ion clusters of various sizes and composition. Protein amide groups were found to bind to anions with strengths in the order of the lyotropic series. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA ARS, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19108 USA. RP Baianu, IC (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, 905 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1022-1360 J9 MACROMOL SYMP JI Macromol. Symp. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 140 BP 217 EP 223 DI 10.1002/masy.19991400123 PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 230LW UT WOS:000082253500022 ER PT J AU Baianu, IC Kumosinski, TF Mora-Gutierrez, A Ozu, EM Lioutas, TS Bechtel, PJ AF Baianu, IC Kumosinski, TF Mora-Gutierrez, A Ozu, EM Lioutas, TS Bechtel, PJ TI Thermodynamic linkage of ion binding and hydration in myofibrillar protein solutions determined from multinuclear spin relaxation studies SO MACROMOLECULAR SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article ID ASSOCIATION AB The mechanisms for the anionic and cationic interactions with myofibrillar proteins in aqueous solutions were investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance over a wide range of salt concentration, Markedly nonlinear dependeces of the O-17 and Na-23 NMR transverse relaxation rates on salt concentration were analyzed with a thermodynamic linkage model of salt-dependent solubility and hydration (ligand-induced association model), according to Wyman's theory of linked functions. Nonlinear regression analysis of both O-17 and Na-23 NMR data suggested cooperative, reversible binding of hydrated ions to myofibrillar proteins. Both ions and water were found to exchange fast, on the NMR timescale, between the binding sites of the myofibrillar proteins and the aqueous solution. At sodium chloride concentrations higher than about 0.1 grams salt/gram water, ion activities have marked effects upon the NMR relaxation rates of both ions and water. A salt activity model allowed quantitative fitting of the NMR data at high salt concentrations. The effect of neglecting the ion activity in solutions of myofibrillar proteins was also estimated and compared with the ligand-induced, cooperative association model for myofibrillar proteins. The comparison between the O-17 and Na-23 results strongly suggests that water is exchanged as the hydrated ion species between the myofibrillar protein binding sites and the bulk, aqueous solution. C1 Univ Illinois, Coll Agr Consumer & Environm Sci, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Agr & Food Chem NMR Fac, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. USDA, Eastern Reg Res Ctr, Philadelphia, PA USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Baianu, IC (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Coll Agr Consumer & Environm Sci, Dept Food Sci & Human Nutr, Agr & Food Chem NMR Fac, 580 Bevier Hall,905 S Goodwin Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1022-1360 J9 MACROMOL SYMP JI Macromol. Symp. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 140 BP 225 EP 244 DI 10.1002/masy.19991400124 PG 20 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 230LW UT WOS:000082253500023 ER PT J AU Cheng, HN Cote, GL Baianu, IC AF Cheng, HN Cote, GL Baianu, IC TI International Symposium on the Application of Polymers in Foods Dallas, Texas, USA, 1998 - Preface SO MACROMOLECULAR SYMPOSIA LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Hercules Inc, Wilmington, DE 19894 USA. USDA, NCAUR, Peoria, IL USA. Univ Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Cheng, HN (reprint author), Hercules Inc, Wilmington, DE 19894 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1022-1360 J9 MACROMOL SYMP JI Macromol. Symp. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 140 BP U8 EP U8 PG 1 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 230LW UT WOS:000082253500001 ER PT J AU Jacks, TJ De Lucca, AJ Morris, NM AF Jacks, TJ De Lucca, AJ Morris, NM TI Effects of chloroperoxidase and hydrogen peroxide on the viabilities of Aspergillus flavus conidiospores SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Aspergillus flavus; chloroperoxidase; hydrogen peroxide; plant pathogen ID SINGLET OXYGEN PRODUCTION; CECROPIN-A; SUPEROXIDE AB The effects of chloroperoxidase [EC 1.1.1.10] and hydrogen peroxide on the viabilities of quiescent and germinating conidiospores of an aflatoxigenic fungus, Aspergillus flavus, were determined. Hydrogen peroxide was found moderately lethal and chloroperoxidase produced a 30-fold increase in the lethality of hydrogen peroxide to germinating conidia, which were 75-fold more susceptible to chloroperoxidase than were quiescent conidia. According to infrared examinations of fungal corpses, mortality occurred by oxidation rather than peroxidative chlorination. C1 USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. RP Jacks, TJ (reprint author), USDA, So Reg Res Ctr, POB 19687, New Orleans, LA 70179 USA. NR 18 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0300-8177 J9 MOL CELL BIOCHEM JI Mol. Cell. Biochem. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 195 IS 1-2 BP 169 EP 172 DI 10.1023/A:1006905210810 PG 4 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 203LV UT WOS:000080709900018 PM 10395080 ER PT J AU Jones, KG Dowd, PF Blackwell, M AF Jones, KG Dowd, PF Blackwell, M TI Polyphyletic origins of yeast-like endocytobionts from anobiid and cerambycid beetles SO MYCOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PHYLOGENETIC-RELATIONSHIPS; SYMBIOTAPHRINA; FUNGI; WOOD; BARK AB Cladistic analysis of nucleotide characters derived from partial 18S rDNA sequences has been used to infer phylogenetic relationships among five Candida species that exist in nature strictly as intracellular gut endocytobionts of anobiid or cerambycid beetles. Concordant with their assumed taxonomic status, all five species resolve within Saccharomycetales. For both the anobiid-derived taxa, C. ernobii, C. karawaeiwii and C. xestobii, and the cerambycid-derived taxa, C. tenuis and C. rhagii, this phylogenetic position clearly discriminates Candida yeasts from the anobiid yeast-like endocytobionts in Symbiotaphrina which resolve within filamentous ascomycetes. The analyses provide no evidence for a discrete lineage of Candida endocytobionts within Saccharomycetales. Rather, each of the anobiid symbionts and the cerambycid-derived species resolve in separate clades. These data confirm the polyphyletic origins of intracellular symbioses between ascomycetes and Coleoptera and provide another example of convergent evolution in fungal-arthropod associations. The implications of the phylogenetic data for theories on the origins of endocytobiosis are discussed. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Mycotoxin Res Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Jones, KG (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Dept Plant Biol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 41 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 8 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0953-7562 J9 MYCOL RES JI Mycol. Res. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 103 BP 542 EP 546 DI 10.1017/S0953756298007308 PN 5 PG 5 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 201BK UT WOS:000080574600004 ER PT J AU Gries, G Gries, R Schaefer, PW Gotoh, T Higashiura, Y AF Gries, G Gries, R Schaefer, PW Gotoh, T Higashiura, Y TI Sex pheromone components of pink gypsy moth, Lymantria mathura SO NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN LA English DT Article ID LEPIDOPTERA; ENANTIOMERS; ATTRACTANTS; BLENDS AB Pheromone extract of female pink gypsy moth, Lymantria mathura, was analyzed by coupled gas chromatographic-electroantenno-graphic detection (GC-EAD) and coupled CC-mass spectrometry (MS), employing fused silica columns coated with DB-5, DB-210, or DB-23 and a custom-made GC column that separated enantiomers of unsaturated epoxides. These analyses revealed (9R, 10S)-cis-9,10-epoxy-Z3,Z6-nonadecadiene [termed here (+)-mathuralure] and (9S, 10R)-cis-9,10-epoxy-Z3,Z6-nonadecadiene [termed here (-)-mathuralure] at a 1:4 ratio as major candidate pheromone components. In field experiments in northern Japan (Morioka, Iwate Prefecture and Bibai, Hokkaido Prefecture), (+)- and (-)-mathuralure at a ratio of 1:4, but not 1:1 or singly, were attractive to male L. mathura. This is the first demonstration that attraction of male moths required the very same ratio of pheromone enantiomers as produced by conspecific females. Whether L, mathura employ different blend ratios in different geographic areas, and the role of five additional candidate pheromone components identified in this study remains to be investigated. C1 Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. ARS, USDA, Beneficial Insects Introduct Res Lab, Newark, DE 19713 USA. Tohoku Res Ctr, Forestry & Forest Prod Res Inst, Morioka, Iwate 02001, Japan. Hokkaido Forestry Res Inst, Bibai, Hokkaido 07901, Japan. RP Gries, G (reprint author), Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. NR 18 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0028-1042 J9 NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN JI Naturwissenschaften PD MAY PY 1999 VL 86 IS 5 BP 235 EP 238 DI 10.1007/s001140050606 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 196TM UT WOS:000080323700008 ER PT J AU Lahav, S Soroker, V Hefetz, A Vander Meer, RK AF Lahav, S Soroker, V Hefetz, A Vander Meer, RK TI Direct behavioral evidence for hydrocarbons as ant recognition discriminators SO NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN LA English DT Article ID CATAGLYPHIS-NIGER; NESTMATE RECOGNITION; POSTPHARYNGEAL GLAND; CUTICULAR HYDROCARBONS; AGGRESSIVE-BEHAVIOR; FORMICIDAE; HYMENOPTERA; CUTICLE; WASP; ODOR C1 Tel Aviv Univ, George S Wise Fac Life Sci, Dept Zool, IL-69978 Ramat Aviv, Israel. ARS, Ctr Med Agr & Vet Entomol, USDA, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA. RP Hefetz, A (reprint author), Tel Aviv Univ, George S Wise Fac Life Sci, Dept Zool, IL-69978 Ramat Aviv, Israel. RI Hefetz, Abraham/I-3853-2015 NR 21 TC 245 Z9 248 U1 5 U2 41 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0028-1042 J9 NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN JI Naturwissenschaften PD MAY PY 1999 VL 86 IS 5 BP 246 EP 249 DI 10.1007/s001140050609 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 196TM UT WOS:000080323700011 ER PT J AU Massicotte, HB Melville, LH Peterson, RL Molina, R AF Massicotte, HB Melville, LH Peterson, RL Molina, R TI Biology of the ectomycorrhizal fungal genus, Rhizopogon - IV. Comparative morphology and anatomy of ectomycorrhizas synthesized between several Rhizopogon species on Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST LA English DT Article DE Rhizopogon; Pinus ponderosa; anatomy; crystals; mantle; Hartig net ID DOUGLAS-FIR; CALCIUM-OXALATE; MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI; NEW-ZEALAND; SEEDLINGS; SPECIFICITY; CONIFERS; RADIATA; ROOTS; ACCUMULATION AB The morphology and anatomy of ectomycorrhizas of Rhizopogon arctostaphyli, R. ellenae, R, flavofibrillosus, R. occidentalis, Ii. rubescens, R. smithii, R. subcaerulescens and R. truncatus synthesized on Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in glasshouse conditions using spore slurries, are described and compared. All species produced a well-developed Hartig net, and a well-developed fungal mantle. The mantles of R. arctostaphyli, R. smithii and R. subcaerulescens ectomycorrhizas were two-layered with outer mantle hyphae of wider diameter than inner mantle hyphae. The mantle of R. subcaerulescens ectomycorrhizas also had distinctive peg-like structures (cystidia) along peripheral hyphae. Rhizopogon truncatus ectomycorrhizas were tuberculate in morphology and had a rind-like mantle enclosing adjacent roots. In addition, several species exhibited crystal inclusions in the outer mantle, presumably at the interface between mantle and soil. C1 Univ No British Columbia, Coll Sci & Management, Fac Nat Resources & Environm Studies, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada. Univ Guelph, Dept Bot, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Massicotte, HB (reprint author), Univ No British Columbia, Coll Sci & Management, Fac Nat Resources & Environm Studies, 3333 Univ Way, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada. NR 45 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0028-646X J9 NEW PHYTOL JI New Phytol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 142 IS 2 BP 355 EP 370 DI 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00392.x PG 16 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 208PT UT WOS:000081001100016 ER PT J AU Carey, AB Maguire, CC Biswell, BL Wilson, TM AF Carey, AB Maguire, CC Biswell, BL Wilson, TM TI Distribution and abundance of Neotoma in western Oregon and Washington SO NORTHWEST SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID OLD-GROWTH FORESTS; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; SMALL MAMMALS; SPOTTED OWLS AB Bushy-tailed woodrats (Neotoma cinerea) and dusky-footed woodrats (N. fuscipes) add substantially to the prey base of many avian and mammalian predators. High biomass of woodrats can reduce markedly area requirements of predators; thus, manage ment for woodrats has potential in conservation. But patterns of abundance of woodrats in the Pacific Northwest are poorly understood. Our objective was to determine local abundances and regional distributions of N. cinerea and N. fuscipes in forests west of the Crest of the Cascade Range in Oregon and Washington. We sampled a variety of forests from 1985 to 1997 in seven physiographic provinces. In Washington, we found that N. cinerea was rare in upland forests, but abundant along rocky streams on the eastern Olympic peninsula and in rock bluffs on the west slope of the Cascade Range; N. fuscipes does not occur in Washington. In Oregon, N. fuscipes is at the northern limits of its range and we found that it was rare in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)-western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) forests; N. cinerea was common in old forests and along streams. In mixed-conifer forests both species occasionally were abundant, but their abundances were negatively correlated. Neotoma cinerea was rare in mixed-conifer-mixed-evergreen forests bur N. fuscipes occasionally was abundant in early, and present in late stages of forest development. The distribution of N. fuscipes can be explained by its preference for dense shrub cover and it ability to consume plants potentially toxic to other mammals; the only compelling explanation for the irregular distribution of N, cinerea is exceptional vulnerability to predation because of its size and social behavior. Because of zoogeographic restrictions, limited opportunities exist in western Oregon and Washington to manage habitat for woodrats as a means of assisting in the recovery and maintenance of viable populations of predators sensitive to loss or management of forests. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. RP Carey, AB (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3625 93rd Ave SW, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. NR 58 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 8 PU WASHINGTON STATE UNIV PI PULLMAN PA PO BOX 645020, PULLMAN, WA 99164-5910 USA SN 0029-344X J9 NORTHWEST SCI JI Northwest Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 73 IS 2 BP 65 EP 80 PG 16 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 214ZD UT WOS:000081356700003 ER PT J AU Kleiner, KW Raffa, KF Dickson, RE AF Kleiner, KW Raffa, KF Dickson, RE TI Partitioning of C-14-labeled photosynthate to allelochemicals and primary metabolites in source and sink leaves of aspen: evidence for secondary metabolite turnover SO OECOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE phenolic glycosides; phenolics; plant chemical defense; metabolic turnover; aspen ID CARBON NUTRIENT BALANCE; FOREST TENT CATERPILLARS; INSECT PERFORMANCE; CHEMICAL DEFENSE; QUAKING ASPEN; EASTERN COTTONWOOD; LEAF DEVELOPMENT; DECIDUOUS TREES; GYPSY MOTHS; PLANTS AB Theories on allelochemical concentrations in giants are often based upon the relative carbon costs and benefits of multiple metabolic fractions. Tests of these theories often rely on measuring metabolite concentrations, but frequently overlook priorities in carbon partitioning. We conducted a pulse-labeling experiment to follow the partitioning of (CO2)-C-14-labeled photosynthate into ten metabolic pools representing growth and maintenance (amino acids, organic acids, lipids plus pigments, protein, residue), defense (phenolic glycosides, methanol:water and acetone-soluble tannins/phenolics). and transport and storage (sugars and starch) in source and importing sink leaves of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). The peak period of C-14 incorporation into sink leaves occurred at 24 h. Within 48 h of labeling, the specific radioactivity (dpm/mg dry leaf weight) of phenolic glycosides declined by over one-third in source and sink leaves. In addition, the specific radioactivity in the tannin phenolic fraction decreased by 53% and 28% in source and sink leaves, respectively. On a percent recovery basis. sink leaves partitioned 1.7 times as much labeled photosynthate into phenolic glycosides as source leaves at peak C-14 incorporation, In contrast, source leaves partitioned 1.8 times as much C-14-labeled photosynthate into tannins/phenolics as importing sink leaves. At the end of the 7-day chase period, sink leaves retained 18%, 52%, and 30% of imported C-14 photosynthate, and labeled source leaves retained 15%, 66%, and 19% of in situ photosynthate in metabolic fractions representing transport and storage, growth and maintenance, and defense, respectively. Analyses of the phenolic fractions showed that total phenolics were twice as great and condensed tannins were 1.7 times greater in sink than in source leaves. The concentration of total phenolics and condensed tannins did not change in source and sink leaves during the 7-day chase period. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Entomol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. US Forest Serv, N Cent Forest Expt Stn, Forestry Sci Lab, Rhinelander, WI 54501 USA. RP Kleiner, KW (reprint author), York Coll Penn, Dept Sci Biol, York, PA 17405 USA. NR 77 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 12 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-8549 J9 OECOLOGIA JI Oecologia PD MAY PY 1999 VL 119 IS 3 BP 408 EP 418 DI 10.1007/s004420050802 PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 201HR UT WOS:000080589800014 PM 28307764 ER PT J AU Campbell, JF Koppenhofer, AM Kaya, HK Chinnasri, B AF Campbell, JF Koppenhofer, AM Kaya, HK Chinnasri, B TI Are there temporarily non-infectious dauer stages in entomopathogenic nematode populations: a test of the phased infectivity hypothesis SO PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Steinernematidae; Heterorhabditidae; Steinernema glaseri; Steinernema carpocapsae; Steinernema feltiae; Heterorhabditis bacteriophora; infection; behaviour ID STEINERNEMA-FELTIAE; FORAGING STRATEGY; HOST; HETERORHABDITIDAE; BEHAVIOR; DYNAMICS; PERSISTENCE; MODEL; SOIL; CUES AB Many studies of entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) have reported that only a small proportion (typically < 40 %) of infective stages (dauers), even under apparently ideal conditions, actually infect a host. The 'phased infectivity hypothesis' is most frequently invoked to explain this pattern of low infection with entomopathogenic nematodes. It proposes that at a given point in time not all individuals are infectious i.e. infectiousness is delayed in some individuals. We tested experimentally several predictions based on this hypothesis. Specifically, if phased infectivity occurs, we should be able to expose dauers to increasing numbers of potential hosts until dauers no longer infect and still be able to recover viable dauers. These recovered dauers which did not infect should be infectious at some later point in time. However, our results do not support the phased infectivity hypothesis for 3 species of Steinernema: most dauers could be recovered in one sampling round when provided with sufficient suitable hosts. In contrast, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora frequently did not infect all available hosts, and infectious dauers were recovered in subsequent sampling rounds. This result is more consistent with the phased infectivity hypothesis, but further research is needed before we can be more confident in the hypothesis. For all species tested, the number of available hosts influenced population levels of nematode infectivity. This suggests that the infection status of hosts can influence whether a dauer infects. Our results indicate that phased infectivity is not a common phenomenon in entomopathogenic nematode dauers, despite the widespread acceptance of this hypothesis. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Entomol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Nematol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Dept Agr, Entomol & Zool Div, Biol Control Res Grp, Bangkok 10900, Thailand. RP Campbell, JF (reprint author), USDA ARS, N Cent Reg, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RI Campbell, James/J-9901-2012 NR 37 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 8 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0031-1820 J9 PARASITOLOGY JI Parasitology PD MAY PY 1999 VL 118 BP 499 EP 508 DI 10.1017/S0031182099003984 PN 5 PG 10 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 200UT UT WOS:000080559000008 PM 10363283 ER PT J AU Beckett, PR Copeland, KC Flannery, TK Sherman, LD Abrams, SA AF Beckett, PR Copeland, KC Flannery, TK Sherman, LD Abrams, SA TI Combination growth hormone and estrogen increase bone mineralization in girls with Turner Syndrome SO PEDIATRIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CALCIUM KINETICS; FACTOR-I; REPLACEMENT THERAPY; BODY-COMPOSITION; METABOLISM; TURNOVER; DEFICIENCY; DENSITY; WOMEN; ACID AB Turner syndrome is characterized by osteopenia and impaired skeletal growth. Neither feature is normalized by current modes of hormone therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine whether GH would increase protein anabolism and provide additional benefit to a regimen of estrogen replacement on calcium metabolism in girls and women with Turner syndrome. Using stable isotopes of calcium and leucine, we determined calcium absorption, urinary calcium loss, calcium retention, deposition into bone, leucine rate of appearance from protein, leucine incorporation into protein, and leucine oxidation in seven girls (10-17 y of age) and four adult females (16-34 y of age) with Turner syndrome, before and after 3 mo of GH treatment. All adults were treated with estrogen (ethinyl estradiol, 50 mu g/d) and progesterone before and throughout the study. Three girls received no estrogen, and four girls were treated with low-dose estrogen (ethinyl estradiol, 5 mu g/d) in combination with GH. The addition of estrogen to GH treatment resulted in a significant increase in calcium absorption and deposition in girls. GH did not affect calcium kinetics in adults already receiving estrogen/progesterone replacement therapy, nor did GH alone affect calcium kinetics in girls, and neither GH nor estrogen affected protein metabolism. These data suggest that the addition of low-dose estrogen to a regimen of GH improves bone deposition and calcium metabolism in girls with Turner syndrome and that estrogen is facultative for GH effects on bone. C1 Texas Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, Endocrinol & Metab Sect, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Baylor Univ, USDA ARS, Childrens Nutr Res Ctr, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Beckett, PR (reprint author), Texas Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, Endocrinol & Metab Sect, 6651 Fannin,MC 3-2351, Houston, TX 77030 USA. OI Abrams, Steven/0000-0003-4972-9233 FU NCRR NIH HHS [MOI-RR00188] NR 28 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT PEDIATRIC RESEARCH FOUNDATION, INC PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 USA SN 0031-3998 J9 PEDIATR RES JI Pediatr. Res. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 45 IS 5 BP 709 EP 713 DI 10.1203/00006450-199905010-00017 PN 1 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 192PC UT WOS:000080086700017 PM 10231869 ER PT J AU Sterner, RT AF Sterner, RT TI Pre-baiting for increased acceptance of zinc phosphide baits by voles: an assessment technique SO PESTICIDE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE acute rodenticide; bait effectiveness; Microtus spp; pre-baits; vole control; zinc phosphide ID EFFICACY; RESIDUES; HAZARDS AB During a product-performance test of 2% zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) steam-rolled-oat greats (11.2 kg ha(-1)) to control voles (Microtus spp) in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), randomly located, brushed-dirt plots were used to assess broadcast distribution and removal/acceptance of placebo particles. Results showed that the Spyker(R) Model-75 Spreaders were calibrated adequately, with placebo baits broadcast uniformly onto plots [(x) over bar +/- SD = 3.5 (+/- 2.7) greats 930 cm(-1)]. Acceptance of the placebos by voles increased rapidly - 28% and 60% by 24 h and 48 h post-broadcast, respectively. Analyses of variance confirmed the uniformity (non-significance) of particles broadcast among enclosures/plots and the significantly greater removal/acceptance of placebos across days. This technique affords an objective decision-making tool for applicators and researchers applying Zn3P2 baits in field situations an objective technique of assessing pre-bait acceptance that should improve efficacy of the rodenticide. (C) 1999 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. RP Sterner, RT (reprint author), USDA, APHIS, WS, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, 4101 LaPorte Ave, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0031-613X J9 PESTIC SCI JI Pestic. Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 55 IS 5 BP 553 EP 557 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199905)55:5<553::AID-PS936>3.3.CO;2-M PG 5 WC Agronomy; Entomology SC Agriculture; Entomology GA 196BY UT WOS:000080290200007 ER PT J AU Babu, TS Jansen, MAK Greenberg, BM Gaba, V Malkin, S Mattoo, AK Edelman, M AF Babu, TS Jansen, MAK Greenberg, BM Gaba, V Malkin, S Mattoo, AK Edelman, M TI Amplified degradation of photosystem II D1 and D2 proteins under a mixture of photosynthetically active radiation and UVB radiation: Dependence on redox status of photosystem II SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ULTRAVIOLET-B RADIATION; OXYGEN-EVOLVING COMPLEX; ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; INVIVO DEGRADATION; INHIBITION; LIGHT; PHOTOINHIBITION; SILICOMOLYBDATE; IRRADIATION AB Plants exposed to a mixture of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and UVB radiation exhibit a marked boost in degradation of the D1 and D2 photosystem II (PS II) reaction center proteins beyond that predicted by the sum of rates in PAR and UVB alone (amplified degradation). Becausee degradation driven by visible or UVB radiation alone is uncoupled from PS II redox status, it was therefore assumed that the mixed-light-amplified component of degradation would behave similarly. Surprisingly, amplified degradation proved to be coupled tightly to the redox status of PS II. We show that inactivation of the PS II water oxidation by heat shock or oxidation of the plastosemiquinone (Q(A)(-)) by silicomolybdate nullifies only the amplified component of degradation but not the basic rates of degradation under PAR or WE alone. The data are interpreted to indicate that formation of plastosemiquinone or an active water-oxidizing Mn-4 cluster, is the UVB chromophore involved in amplified degradation of the D1 and D2 proteins. Furthermore, accumulation of Q(A)(-) by 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea or 2-bromo-3-methyl-6-isopropyl-4-nitrophenol stimulated the mixed-light-amplified degradation component. Thus, amplified degradation of the D1 and D2 proteins in mixed radiance of PAR plus WE (which simulates naturally occurring radiance) proceeds by a mechanism clearly distinct from that involved in degradation under PAR or UVB alone. C1 Univ Waterloo, Dept Biol, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Plant Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. Wageningen Univ Agr, Dept Plant Physiol, Wageningen, Netherlands. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Dept Virol, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Biol Chem, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. USDA ARS, Agr Res Ctr, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Babu, TS (reprint author), Univ Waterloo, Dept Biol, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada. RI Mattoo, Autar/G-9863-2011; OI Jansen, Marcel/0000-0003-2014-5859 NR 36 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 USA SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 69 IS 5 BP 553 EP 559 DI 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1999.tb03326.x PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 197HK UT WOS:000080359200006 ER PT J AU Hardy, CC Burgan, RE AF Hardy, CC Burgan, RE TI Evaluation of NDVI for monitoring live moisture in three vegetation types of the western US SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID LEAF-AREA INDEX; AVHRR DATA; WATER-STRESS; NOAA AVHRR AB The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is evaluated for monitoring seasonal changes in live vegetation moisture. NDVI values for scenes of meadow grass, sagebrush, and an open-conifer stand were calculated using 0.5-m resolution multispectral images acquired from a fixed-wing aircraft four times from May to October, and live vegetation moisture was sampled simultaneously with each flight. Changes in sampled live vegetation moisture were compared with changes in the NDVI, and the proportion of seasonal change in NDVI attributable to changes in the understory vegetation rather than the conifer canopy was examined. Seasonal changes in vegetation moisture for all sites were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Time-series profiles of the NDVI were functionally related to changes in vegetation moisture only for the grass and forest understory vegetation. No significant relationships were observed for either the shrub or coniferous forest canopy vegetation. This field experiment will improve our interpretation of seasonal NDVI data with respect to fire potential. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. RP Hardy, CC (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Rocky Mt Res Stn, POB 8089, Missoula, MT 59807 USA. NR 16 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 65 IS 5 BP 603 EP 610 PG 8 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 194AC UT WOS:000080169100013 ER PT J AU Hussain, MW Allen, LH Bowes, G AF Hussain, MW Allen, LH Bowes, G TI Up-regulation of sucrose phosphate synthase in rice grown under elevated CO2 and temperature SO PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE acclimation; C/N ratio; CO2-enrichment; Oryza sativa; Rubisco; sucrose; starch ID CARBON-DIOXIDE CONCENTRATION; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; GENE-EXPRESSION; PLANT-GROWTH; PHASEOLUS-VULGARIS; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; ACCLIMATION; LEAVES; METABOLISM; RESPONSES AB Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. IR-30) was grown season-long in outdoor, controlled-environment chambers at 33 Pa CO2 with day/night/paddy-water temperatures of 28/21/25 degrees C, and at 66 Pa CO2 with five different day/night/paddy-water temperature regimes (25/18/21, 28/21/25, 31/24/28, 34/27/31 and 37/30/34 degrees C). Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activities in leaf extracts at 21, 48 and 81 days after planting (DAP) were assayed under saturating and selective (limiting) conditions. Diel SPS activity data indicated that rice SPS was light regulated; with up to 2.2-fold higher rates during the day. Throughout the growth season, leaf SPS activities were up-regulated in the CO2-enriched plants, averaging 20 and 12% higher than in ambient-CO2 grown plants in selective and saturating assays, respectively. Similarly, SPS activities increased 2.4% for each 1 degrees C rise in growth temperature from 25 to 34 degrees C, but decreased 11.5% at 37 degrees C. Leaf sucrose content was higher, and mirrored SPS activity better, than starch, although starch was more responsive to CO2 treatment. Leaf sucrose and starch contents were significantly higher throughout the season in plants at elevated CO2, but the N content averaged 6.5% lower. Increasing growth temperatures from 25 to 37 degrees C caused a linear decrease (62%) in leaf starch content, but not in sucrose. Consequently, the starch:sucrose ratio declined with growth temperature. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the up-regulation of leaf SPS may be an acclimation response of rice to optimize the utilization and export of organic-C with the increased rates of inorganic-C fixation in elevated CO2 or temperature growth regimes. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Bot, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, ARS, USDA, Dept Agron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Bowes, G (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Bot, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 46 TC 35 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-8595 J9 PHOTOSYNTH RES JI Photosynth. Res. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 60 IS 2-3 BP 199 EP 208 DI 10.1023/A:1006242001390 PG 10 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 225GJ UT WOS:000081949800007 ER PT J AU Chen, WN Fryrear, DW Yang, ZT AF Chen, WN Fryrear, DW Yang, ZT TI Dust fall in the Takla Makan Desert of China SO PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE dust fall; sedimentary characteristics; Takla Makan Desert ID VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; TERMINAL VELOCITY; MINERAL AEROSOL; NORTH-PACIFIC; WIND EROSION; TRANSPORT; SIZE; PARTICLES; STORMS; SOILS AB The Takla Makan Desert is one of the supposed sources of eolian deposits in the eastern China and the North Pacific Ocean. Lack of direct measurements hinders the theoretical interpretation of material exchange between the atmosphere and land surface as well as the sediment budget of the region. From 1992 to 1994, four measuring sites were established in the vicinity of 84 degrees E meridian along a 380 km observation traverse from the northern margin to the central desert. Data were collected on quantities of dust fall and sedimentary characteristics of airborne sediments, including grain-size distributions as well as chemical and mineral compositions. The quantities of annual dust fall were 10(2) to 10(3) tons km(-2) yr(-1), increasing from the margin toward the central desert. Monthly concentrations of particles finer than 0.02 mm in diameter ranged from 0.06 to 1.25 mg m(-3) over the three-year observation period. The elemental ratio and the element enrichment factor ruled out the Takla Makan Desert as possible sources of the dust in Hawaii and Alaska. The mean geometric diameter of airborne sediments in the 4 to 8 m surface layer from the Luntai oasis was 0.038 mm and from the interior ranged 0.064 to 0.067 mm being moderately to poorly sorted. Weight percent of particles finer than 0.063 mm in diameter were from 83.5% to 47.7%, decreasing toward the central desert. Distributions of the airborne particles were unimodal with peak diameters of 0.06 to 0.07 mm in the central desert and 0.02 to 0.06 mm in the sites toward the edge of the desert. C1 ARS, USDA, Wind Eros Res Stn, Big Spring, TX 79721 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Desert Res Inst, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu, Peoples R China. RP Chen, WN (reprint author), ARS, USDA, Wind Eros Res Stn, POB 909, Big Spring, TX 79721 USA. NR 51 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU V H WINSTON & SON INC PI PALM BEACH PA 360 SOUTH OCEAN BLVD, PH-B, PALM BEACH, FL 33480 USA SN 0272-3646 J9 PHYS GEOGR JI Phys. Geogr. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 20 IS 3 BP 189 EP 224 PG 36 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 270BZ UT WOS:000084516700002 ER PT J AU Zhang, JX Bruton, BD Biles, CL AF Zhang, JX Bruton, BD Biles, CL TI Fusarium solani endo-polygalacturonase from decayed muskmelon fruit: purification and characterization SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYSACCHARIDE-DEGRADING ENZYMES; F-SP LYCOPERSICI; PECTIC ENZYMES; BOTRYTIS-CINEREA; ENDOPOLYGALACTURONASE; OXYSPORUM; GENE; CUCURBITAE; ISOZYMES; CLONING AB Fusarium solani is one of the more important fungal pathogens involved in pre- and post-harvest decay of muskmelon fruit. Production of polygalacturonase (PG), by F. solani was studied in vitro and in vivo. The fungus produced at least 14 PG isozymes with pIs of 4.5 to 9.5 in shake culture using pectin as the sole carbon source. When glucose and pectin were used in combination as the carbon source, total PG activity decreased substantially as compared to pectin alone, suggesting that glucose may suppress PG production in vitro. Only one PG isozyme, designated as PG1, was detected in extracts from infected fruit tissue. PG1 from decayed fruit was purified to homogeneity by protein extraction, ultrafiltration, gel filtration chromatography, and cation exchange chromatography. The molecular weight of PG1 was estimated at 38 kDa based on SDS-PAGE with a pI of 9.5 according to IEF-PAGE. PG1 exhibited only endo-PG activity based on viscosity reduction and thin layer chromatography analysis of products released by enzymatic action. The optimum pH for PG1 activity was 6. The K-m and V-max of PG1 using polygalacturonic acid as the substrate were 1.34 mg ml(-1) and 0.30 unit mu g protein(-1), respectively. PG1 effectively macerated fruit tissue which suggests that it may play an important role in decay of muskmelon fruit caused by F. solani. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. E Cent Univ, Dept Biol, Ada, OK 74820 USA. RP USDA ARS, S Cent Agr Res Lab, Lane, OK 74555 USA. EM bbruton-usda@lane-ag.org NR 37 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0885-5765 J9 PHYSIOL MOL PLANT P JI Physiol. Mol. Plant Pathol. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 54 IS 5-6 BP 171 EP 186 DI 10.1006/pmpp.1998.0197 PG 16 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 212EC UT WOS:000081203100004 ER PT J AU Gardner, DR James, LF AF Gardner, DR James, LF TI Pine needle abortion in cattle: Analysis of isocupressic acid in North American gymnosperms SO PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE isocupressic acid; cattle abortions; Pinus; Juniperus ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; RESIN ACIDS; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; PONDEROSA PINE; BEEF-CATTLE; LEAVES AB Isocupressic acid is a labdane resin acid found in Pinus ponderosa needles and causes abortion in late term pregnant cattle. A chemical survey was conducted to determine the phytochemical distribution of isocupressic acid in selected North American shrub and tree species with possible association with cattle abortions. A method of analysis for the evaluation of total available isocupressic acid (including hydrolysed acetyl and succinyl derivatives) was developed based on a base/acid extraction of dry, ground plant material, followed by detection and quantitative determination using capillary gas chromatography of the di-(trimethylsilyl)-derivative. Samples from 23 different species were collected throughout the western and southern regions of the United States and analysed. Isocupressic acid was detected in 15 species, and significant concentrations (>0.5% dry weight) were found in Pinus ponderosa, P. jeffreyi, P. contorta, Juniperus scopulorum, and J. communis. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT 84341 USA. RP Gardner, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, 1150 E 1400 N, Logan, UT 84341 USA. NR 25 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0958-0344 J9 PHYTOCHEM ANALYSIS JI Phytochem. Anal. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 10 IS 3 BP 132 EP 136 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1565(199905/06)10:3<132::AID-PCA444>3.3.CO;2-2 PG 5 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Plant Sciences; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences; Chemistry GA 198DA UT WOS:000080405900005 ER PT J AU Castillon, J Cornish, K AF Castillon, J Cornish, K TI Regulation of initiation and polymer molecular weight of cis-1,4-polyisoprene synthesized in vitro by particles isolated from Parthenium argentatum (Gray) SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Parthenium argentatum; Asteraceae; cis-prenyl transferase; alkylic diphosphate; cis-1,4-polyisoprene; isopentenyl diphosphate; polymer molecular weight; rubber; rubber particles; rubber transferase ID TRANSFERASE-ACTIVITY; RUBBER BIOSYNTHESIS; HEVEA-BRASILIENSIS; NATURAL-RUBBER; GUAYULE; LATEX; CIS AB Parthenium argentatum is a prime candidate for development as a new crop for the production of natural rubber (cis-1,4-polyisoprene). The rubber obtained from P. argentatum is comparable in molecular weight (and qualify) to that obtained from Hevea brasiliensis (M-r ca. 10(6) Da), which is currently the sole commercial source of natural rubber. Most of the 2500 rubber-producing plant species known make much lower molecular weight rubber, although the regulation of polymer molecular weight is not understood. In the experiments reported here, we investigated the regulation of rubber biosynthesis and polymer molecular weight using purified, enzymatically-active rubber particles isolated from P. argentatum, under various concentrations of the allylic diphosphate (allylic-PP) rubber molecule initiators farnesyl diphosphate (FPP, a 15-carbon molecule), or geranyl diphosphate (GPP, a 10-carbon molecule) and the elongation substrate isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP). Our results show that the rates of both rubber molecule initiation and polymerization, and the final polymer molecular weight, were greatly affected by the concentration of initiator and IPP. Increasing allylic-PP initiator concentrations caused an increase in the amount of rubber synthesized and the number of molecules initiated but a decrease in the mean polymer molecular weight; increasing IPP concentrations increased the amount of rubber and the mean polymer molecular weight. At identical substrate concentrations of IPP and allylic-PP, GPP initiated about one third of the rubber polymers initiated by FPP but incorporated about two thirds the amount of IPP, compared to FPP. Consequently, while the amount of rubber synthesized in the presence of GPP was less than with FPP, the rubber polymers synthesized with GPP initiator were, on average, about twice the molecular weight of those with FPP. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. USDA ARS, Floral & Nursery Plants Res Unit, BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Cornish, K (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, 800 Buchanan St, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RI Cornish, Katrina/A-9773-2013 NR 22 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD MAY PY 1999 VL 51 IS 1 BP 43 EP 51 DI 10.1016/S0031-9422(98)00719-5 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 197UN UT WOS:000080384200008 ER PT J AU Anderton, N Cockrum, PA Colegate, SM Edgar, JA Flower, K Gardner, D Willing, RI AF Anderton, N Cockrum, PA Colegate, SM Edgar, JA Flower, K Gardner, D Willing, RI TI (-)-Phalarine, a furanobisindole alkaloid from Phalaris coerulescens SO PHYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Phalaris coerulescens; Gramineae; indole alkaloids; phalarine; furanobisindole AB Chemical examination of Phalaris coerulescens revealed a new alkaloid, phalarine. Extensive mass spectrometric and NMR spectroscopic examination of phalarine and its monoacetyl and monomethyl derivatives indicated a novel furanobisindole structure. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CSIRO, Div Anim Hlth, Plant Toxins Unit, Australian Anim Hlth Lab, Geelong, Vic 3220, Australia. Kybybolite Res Ctr, Kybybolite, SA 5262, Australia. USDA, Poisonous Plant Res Lab, Logan, UT USA. CSIRO, Div Mol Sci, Clayton, Vic 3169, Australia. RP Colegate, SM (reprint author), CSIRO, Div Anim Hlth, Plant Toxins Unit, Australian Anim Hlth Lab, Private Bag 24, Geelong, Vic 3220, Australia. NR 12 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0031-9422 J9 PHYTOCHEMISTRY JI Phytochemistry PD MAY PY 1999 VL 51 IS 1 BP 153 EP 157 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 197UN UT WOS:000080384200030 ER PT J AU Damsteegt, VD Stone, AL Russo, AJ Luster, DG Gildow, FE Smith, OP AF Damsteegt, VD Stone, AL Russo, AJ Luster, DG Gildow, FE Smith, OP TI Identification, characterization, and relatedness of luteovirus isolates from forage legumes SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE vector-specific strains ID SOYBEAN DWARF VIRUS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER; WHITE CLOVER; LEAF ROLL; PLANT; PURIFICATION; DISEASES; PROTEINS; STRAINS AB Virus isolates from forage legumes collected from eight different states were identified as luteoviruses closely related to soybean dwarf luteovirus dwarfing (SbDV-D) and yellowing (SbDV-Y) described in Japan. All isolates produced reddened leaf margins in subterranean clover and were transmitted in a persistent manner by Acrythosiphon pisum, but not by Aulacorthum solani. Specific monoclonal antibodies raised against SbDV-Y were differentially reactive with endemic isolates. Immunoblots probed with a SbDV-D polyclonal antiserum showed single 26-kDa coat protein bands, confirming close serological relatedness to SbDV. Analyses of genomic and subgenomic double-stranded RNAs and northern blot analyses confirmed genomic relatedness to SbDV. Based on our results, we conclude that the U.S. luteovirus isolates studied comprise a strain or strains of the soybean dwarf virus that have clovers as common hosts and the pea aphid as a common vector. C1 ARS, USDA, NAA, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. Mt St Marys Coll, Emmitsburg, MD 21727 USA. Hood Coll, Dept Biol, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Damsteegt, VD (reprint author), ARS, USDA, NAA, Foreign Dis Weed Sci Res Unit, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. NR 40 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAY PY 1999 VL 89 IS 5 BP 374 EP 379 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.5.374 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 190EL UT WOS:000079949100005 PM 18944749 ER PT J AU Plyler, TR Simone, GW Fernandez, D Kistler, HC AF Plyler, TR Simone, GW Fernandez, D Kistler, HC TI Rapid detection of the Fusarium oxysporum lineage containing the Canary Island date palm wilt pathogen SO PHYTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; DISEASE AB Fucsarium oxysporum f. sp. canariensis causes Fusarium wilt disease on the Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis). To facilitate disease management, a polymerase chain reaction diagnostic method has been developed to rapidly detect the pathogen. A partial genomic library of F. oxysporum f. sp. canariensis isolate 95-913 was used to identify a DNA sequence diagnostic for a lineage containing all tested isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. canariensis. Two oligonucleotide primers were designed and used to amplify a 567-bp fragment with F. oxysporum f. sp, canariensis DNAs. DNA from 61 outgroup isolates did not amplify using these primers. Once the primers were shown to amplify a 0.567-kb fragment from DNA of all the F: oxysporum f. sp. canariensis isolates tested, a rapid DNA extraction procedure was developed that led to the correct identification of 98% of the tested F. oxysporum f. sp. canariensis isolates. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. ORSTOM, Phytopathol Lab, F-34032 Montpellier, France. ARS, USDA, Cereal Dis Lab, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Kistler, HC (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Plant Pathol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RI FERNANDEZ, DIANA/F-4402-2012 OI FERNANDEZ, DIANA/0000-0003-1432-3129 NR 20 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0031-949X J9 PHYTOPATHOLOGY JI Phytopathology PD MAY PY 1999 VL 89 IS 5 BP 407 EP 413 DI 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.5.407 PG 7 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 190EL UT WOS:000079949100010 PM 18944754 ER PT J AU Graybosch, RA Lee, JH Peterson, CJ Porter, DR Chung, OK AF Graybosch, RA Lee, JH Peterson, CJ Porter, DR Chung, OK TI Genetic, agronomic and quality comparisons of two 1AL.1RS-Wheat-rye chromosomal translocations SO PLANT BREEDING LA English DT Article DE Secale cereale; Triticum aestivum; agronomic and quality effects; chromosomal translocation; greenbug resistance; markers; rye; wheat ID WHEAT; INHERITANCE; RESISTANCE; 1RS AB The 1AL.1RS wheat-rye chromosomal translocation originally found in 'Amigo' wheat possesses resistance genes for stem rust, powdery mildew and greenbug biotypes B and C, but also has a negative effect on wheat processing quality. Recently, a second 1AL.1RS translocation carrying Gb6, a gene conferring resistance to greenbug biotypes B, C, E, G and I, was identified in the wheat germplasm line 'GRS1201'. Protein analytical methods, and the DNA polymerase chain reaction were used to identify markers capable of differentiating the IRS chromosome arms derived from 'Amigo' and 'GRS1201'. The secalin proteins encoded by genes on 1RS chromosome arms differed in 'Amigo and 'GRS1201'. A 70 kDa secalin was found in the 'Amigo' 1AL.1RS, but did not occur in the 'GRS1201' 1AL.1RS. Polymorphisms detected by PCR primers derived from a family of moderately repetitive rye DNA sequences also differentiated the two translocations. When 'GRS1201' was mated with a non-1RS wheat, no recombinants between 1RS markers were observed. In crosses between 1RS and non-1RS parents, both DNA markers and secalins would be useful as selectable markers for 1RS-derived greenbug resistance. Recombination between 1RS markers did occur when 1RS from 'Amigo' and 1RS from 'GRS1201' were combined, but in such intermatings, the molecular markers described herein could still be used to develop a population enriched in lines carrying Gb6. No differences in grain yield or grain and flour quality characteristics were observed when lines carrying 1RS from 'Amigo' were compared with lines with 1RS from 'GRS1201'. Hence, differences in secalin composition did not result in differential quality effects. When compared with sister lines with 1AL.1AS derived from the wheat cultivar 'Redland', lines with 'GRS1201' had equal grain yield, but produced flours with significantly shorter mix times, weaker doughs, and lower sodium dodecyl sulphate sedimentation volumes. C1 Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. USDA, ARS, Stillwater, OK 74075 USA. USDA ARS, Grain Mkt & Prod Res Ctr, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA. RP Graybosch, RA (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, USDA ARS, Dept Agron, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 22 TC 19 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU BLACKWELL WISSENSCHAFTS-VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 57, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0179-9541 J9 PLANT BREEDING JI Plant Breed. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 118 IS 2 BP 125 EP 130 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0523.1999.118002125.x PG 6 WC Agronomy; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Plant Sciences GA 200DG UT WOS:000080523900004 ER PT J AU Dorrance, AE Inglis, DA Derie, ML Brown, CR Goodwin, SB Fry, WE Deahl, DL AF Dorrance, AE Inglis, DA Derie, ML Brown, CR Goodwin, SB Fry, WE Deahl, DL TI Characterization of Phytophthora infestans populations in western Washington SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE late blight ID UNITED-STATES; NORTHWESTERN WASHINGTON; SEXUAL REPRODUCTION; CLONAL LINEAGES; COLUMBIA BASIN; LATE BLIGHT; POTATO; METALAXYL; CANADA; RESISTANCE AB The first detection in the United States of isolates of Phytophthora infestans having metalaxyl insensitivity and complex pathotypes occurred in western Washington during the early 1990s. To determine the genetic structure of the current population in western Washington, a total of 115 isolates of P. infestans were obtained during 1996 from infected tubers or foliage of potato, tomato, nightshade, and bittersweet throughout the region. An additional 45 isolates were collected from a single field. Based on mating type, metalaxyl-insensitivity, and molecular markers (allozymes of glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, peptidase, and RG57 DNA fingerprint), all of the isolates were A1 mating type and had the US-11 multilocus genotype. Analyses of an additional 120 isolates collected during 1997 from potato, tomato, and nightshade were performed. As in 1996, US-11 was the predominant genotype detected on ail three hosts. However, three additional A2 mating type genotypes were also detected: US-7, US-8, and US-14. These three genotypes represent the first A2 mating type isolates detected in western Washington. Most of a subset of 60 isolates infected 4 to 7 of the 10 potato differentials tested. This included 90% of the isolates collected in 1996 tall US-11), plus 72% of the US-11 and 100% of the US-8 and US-14 isolates collected during 1997. Virulence phenotypes in this region are complex even without the selection pressure of R-genes in the local commercial cultivars. The apparent increase in genetic variation observed in populations of P. infestans in western Washington from 1996 to 1997 most likely occurred by migration rather than by sexual recombination. C1 Washington State Univ, Mt Vernon Res & Extens Unit, Mt Vernon, WA 98273 USA. Ohio State Univ, Ohio Agr Res & Dev Ctr, Dept Plant Pathol, Wooster, OH 44691 USA. USDA ARS, Irrigated Agr Res & Extens Ctr, Prosser, WA 99350 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Bot & Plant Pathol, USDA ARS, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. USDA ARS, Vegetable Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Inglis, DA (reprint author), Washington State Univ, Mt Vernon Res & Extens Unit, 16650 State Route 536, Mt Vernon, WA 98273 USA. NR 42 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 83 IS 5 BP 423 EP 428 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.5.423 PG 6 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 188JD UT WOS:000079842300004 ER PT J AU Gracia-Garza, JA Fravel, DR Nelson, AJ Elias, KS Bailey, BA Gardini, EA Darlington, LC AF Gracia-Garza, JA Fravel, DR Nelson, AJ Elias, KS Bailey, BA Gardini, EA Darlington, LC TI Potential for dispersal of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli by infested seed SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article DE mycoherbicide ID VEGETATIVE COMPATIBILITY; BASIL AB Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. erythroxyli causes a vascular wilt of the narcotic plant coca (Erythroxylum coca var. coca). To determine whether this pathogen can be transmitted by infested seed, fruit from symptomatic and asymptomatic plants was collected from different coca-growing areas in Peru and from an experimental field site in Hawaii. A total of 202 fruit from Peru and 69 fruit from Hawaii were surface-disinfested and separated into five parts: pedicel, pericarp, seed coat, endosperm, and cotyledons. After the pedicel and pericarp were removed from the seed coat, the seed was surface disinfested again. Each fruit part was plated separately. Both F. oxysporum and F: moniliforme were recovered from fruit collected in Pem. Both species were isolated from all parts of some fruit. F. oxysporum was isolated from 33% of the fruit plated and most (35%) of these isolates were obtained from the seed coat. Slightly greater numbers of isolates (57%) were recovered from asymptomatic plants than from symptomatic plants (43%). Only F. oxysporum was isolated from fruit collected in Hawaii. Most of these isolates (59%) were from the pedicels of fruit collected from symptomatic plants. Out of 91 isolates of F: oxysporum, 21 were pathogenic to coca seedlings in a bioassay. Six of these pathogenic isolates were originally from the pedicel of the fruit, eight from the pericarp, four from the seed coat, and three from the endosperm. No isolates from the cotyledons were pathogenic. Most of the pathogenic isolates (76%) were from symptomatic plants. The pathogenic isolates were characterized using random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis and vegetative compatibility groups. Based on these analyses, two different subpopulations of the forma specialis erythroxyli were found in Peru, whereas only one was present in Hawaii. These data indicate that infested seed may contribute significantly to dissemination of this pathogen because seed is collected by growers and planted fresh or fermented briefly before planting. C1 USDA ARS, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. USDA ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Nacl Agr Selva, Tingo Maria, Peru. USDA ARS, Weed Sci Lab, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Fravel, DR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biocontrol Plant Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 83 IS 5 BP 451 EP 455 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.5.451 PG 5 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 188JD UT WOS:000079842300009 ER PT J AU Carson, ML AF Carson, ML TI Vulnerability of US maize germ plasm to phaeosphaeria leaf spot SO PLANT DISEASE LA English DT Article AB Phaeosphaeria leaf spot (PLS) is a potentially important maize disease that has recently appeared in the continental United States in winter breeding nurseries in southern Florida. To better predict the potential of this newly introduced disease to inflict damage on the U.S. maize crop, 64 public and private inbred lines and 80 proprietary commercial maize hybrids representing the genetic diversity in the U.S. maize crop were evaluated for resistance to PLS in the 1996-97 and 1997-98 winter nursery seasons. Plots were evaluated for PLS severity (0 to 9 scale) at the early to mid dent stages of kernel development. Relatively few hybrids or inbreds were free from PLS at this growth stage. inbred lines related to B73 were particularly susceptible to PLS. Relatively few commercial hybrids were as severely diseased as a susceptible check hybrid, indicating that U.S. maize production is not particularly vulnerable to damage from PLS at this time. However, the susceptibility of several widely used parental inbred lines makes PLS a potential concern to the seed industry should it become established in areas of hybrid seed production. C1 USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Plant Pathol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Carson, ML (reprint author), USDA ARS, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 5 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL SOC PI ST PAUL PA 3340 PILOT KNOB ROAD, ST PAUL, MN 55121 USA SN 0191-2917 J9 PLANT DIS JI PLANT DIS. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 83 IS 5 BP 462 EP 464 DI 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.5.462 PG 3 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 188JD UT WOS:000079842300011 ER PT J AU Wood, AJ Oliver, MJ AF Wood, AJ Oliver, MJ TI Translational control in plant stress: the formation of messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) in response to desiccation of Tortula ruralis gametophytes SO PLANT JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID PROTEIN-SYNTHESIS; TOLERANT MOSS; RNA; REHYDRATION; CELLS; RECRUITMENT; FRACTIONS; STABILITY; ACTIN AB Changes in gene expression observed in vivo in response to desiccation and rehydration of the desiccation-tolerant bryophyte Tortula ruralis are regulated by alterations in the pattern of selection of messenger RNAs, from a qualitatively constant mRNA pool, by the translational machinery. When drying rates are slow, messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) are formed in the drying gametophytes. A representative rehydrin mRNA, Tr288, was sequestered into these particles which were analysed using sucrose and CsCl gradients. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the fractions from a low salt extraction demonstrated that Tr288 mRNA migrated farther in the sucrose gradient, relative to those extractable in high salt, indicating that the transcript is associated with particles that are of higher density. RT-PCR analysis also demonstrated that the majority of Tr288 mRNA, from slowly desiccated gametophytes, is associated with particles that have buoyant densities between 1.44 and 1.64g cm (-3) which correspond to the buoyant density range reported for mRNP particles, mRNPs that are unique to drying T. ruralis gametophytes form at least four size classes after in vivo UV cross-linking based upon FPLC analysis. This is the first report of mRNP formation in response to a vegetative water deficit in plants. C1 ARS, Plant Stress & Water Conservat Unit, USDA, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. RP Oliver, MJ (reprint author), ARS, Plant Stress & Water Conservat Unit, USDA, Route 3,Box 215, Lubbock, TX 79401 USA. NR 36 TC 60 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0960-7412 J9 PLANT J JI Plant J. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 18 IS 4 BP 359 EP 370 DI 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1999.00458.x PG 12 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 213ZN UT WOS:000081303300003 ER PT J AU Pechan, T Jiang, BH Steckler, D Ye, LJ Lin, L Luthe, DS Williams, WP AF Pechan, T Jiang, BH Steckler, D Ye, LJ Lin, L Luthe, DS Williams, WP TI Characterization of three distinct cDNA clones encoding cysteine proteinases from maize (Zea mays L.) callus SO PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ERFNIN motif; phylogenetic tree; signal peptide; thiol protease ID THIOL-PROTEASE; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA; MOLECULAR-CLONING; MESSENGER-RNAS; EXPRESSION; SENESCENCE; GENES; SEQUENCE; ETHYLENE; SEEDS AB In previous work, a 33 kDa cysteine proteinase was found in callus initiated from maize (Zea mays L.) resistant to fall armyworm feeding. A callus cDNA library from the maize inbred Mp708 was screened with oligonucleotides derived from the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the 33 kDa proteinase and several cDNA clones were isolated and sequenced. A cDNA clone encoding the 33 kDa cysteine proteinase, mir1, was identified. Two additional clones, mir2 and mir3, encoding putative cysteine proteinases were also identified. mir2 and mir3 are distinct from mir1 and each other, but show a high degree of homology. All of the mir cDNA clones map to distinct sites on the maize genome. Amino acid sequences encoded by the mir clones are similar to other known cysteine proteinases and are most closely related to the oryzain-alpha and -beta precursors. The ERFNIN motif and a 12 amino acid conserved sequence are present in the propeptide region of the putative proteinases encoded by mir clones. mir2 and mir3 appear to have C-terminal extensions. The phylogenetic tree of nucleotide sequences of mir1, mir2, mir3 and other representative cysteine proteinases from protozoa, plants and animals was constructed. C1 Mississippi State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. ARS, USDA, Host Plant Resistance Lab, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Scripps Res Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. CUNY, Mt Sinai Med Ctr, Dept Med, New York, NY 10029 USA. RP Luthe, DS (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Box 9650, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 41 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 3 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4412 J9 PLANT MOL BIOL JI Plant Mol.Biol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 40 IS 1 BP 111 EP 119 DI 10.1023/A:1026494813936 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Plant Sciences GA 198NZ UT WOS:000080431900011 PM 10394950 ER PT J AU Tyree, MT Salleo, S Nardini, A Lo Gullo, MA Mosca, R AF Tyree, MT Salleo, S Nardini, A Lo Gullo, MA Mosca, R TI Refilling of embolized vessels in young stems of laurel. Do we need a new paradigm? SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY RECOVERY; PRESSURE-BOMB TECHNIQUE; THUJA-OCCIDENTALIS L; PINUS-SYLVESTRIS L; WATER RELATIONS; ACER-SACCHARUM; XYLEM; CAVITATION; VULNERABILITY; PLANTS AB Recovery of hydraulic conductivity after the induction of embolisms was studied in woody stems of laurel (Laurus nobilis). Previous experiments confirming the recovery of hydraulic conductivity when xylem pressure potential was less than -1 MPa were repeated, and new experiments were done to investigate the changes in solute composition in xylem vessels during refilling. Xylem sap collected by perfusion of excised stem segments showed elevated levels of several ions during refilling. Stem segments were frozen in liquid N-2 to view refilling vessels using cryoscanning electron microscopy. Vessels could be found in all three states of presumed refilling: (a) mostly water with a little air, (b) mostly air with a little water, or (c) water droplets extruding from vessel pits adjacent to living cells. Radiographic probe microanalysis of refilling vessels revealed nondetectable levels of dissolved solutes. Results are discussed in terms of proposed mechanisms of refilling in vessels while surrounding vessels were at a xylem pressure potential of less than -1 MPa. We have concluded that none of the existing paradigms explains the results. C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. Univ Trieste, Dipartimento Biol, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. Univ Trieste, Dipartimento Sci Chim, I-34127 Trieste, Italy. Univ Messina, Ist Bot, I-98166 Messina, S Agata, Italy. RP Tyree, MT (reprint author), USDA, Forest Serv, 705 Spear St, Burlington, VT 05402 USA. RI Nardini, Andrea/C-6525-2009 NR 43 TC 211 Z9 226 U1 0 U2 27 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 120 IS 1 BP 11 EP 21 DI 10.1104/pp.120.1.11 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 196VR UT WOS:000080329200003 ER PT J AU Thiele, A Herold, M Lenk, I Quail, PH Gatz, C AF Thiele, A Herold, M Lenk, I Quail, PH Gatz, C TI Heterologous expression of arabidopsis phytochrome B in transgenic potato influences photosynthetic performance and tuber development SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OAT PHYTOCHROME; RED LIGHT; TOBACCO; FAMILY; GENE; OVEREXPRESSION; PLANTS; SEQUENCES; PROMOTER; MUTANT AB Transgenic potato (Solanum toberosum) plants expressing Arabidopsis phytochrome B were characterized morphologically and physiologically under white light in a greenhouse to explore their potential for improved photosynthesis and higher tuber yields. As expected, overexpression of functional phytochrome B caused pleiotropic effects such as semidwarfism, decreased apical dominance, a higher number of smaller but thicker leaves, and increased pigmentation. Because of increased numbers of chloroplasts in elongated palisade cells, photosynthesis per leaf area and in each individual plant increased. In addition, photosynthesis was less sensitive to photoinactivation under prolonged light stress. The beginning of senescence was not delayed, but deceleration of chlorophyll degradation extended the lifetime of photosynthetically active plants. Both the higher photosynthetic performance and the longer lifespan of the transgenic plants allowed greater biomass production, resulting in extended underground organs with increased tuber yields. C1 Univ Gottingen, Albrecht Haller Inst Pflanzenwissensch, Untere Karspule 2, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany. Univ Calif Berkeley, USDA, Ctr Plant Gene Express, Albany, CA 94710 USA. RP Gatz, C (reprint author), Univ Gottingen, Albrecht Haller Inst Pflanzenwissensch, Untere Karspule 2, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany. NR 39 TC 65 Z9 79 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 120 IS 1 BP 73 EP 81 DI 10.1104/pp.120.1.73 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 196VR UT WOS:000080329200009 PM 10318685 ER PT J AU Law, RD Crafts-Brandner, SJ AF Law, RD Crafts-Brandner, SJ TI Inhibition and acclimation of photosynthesis to heat stress is closely correlated with activation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase SO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIBULOSE BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; RUBISCO ACTIVASE; CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE; SPINACH-CHLOROPLASTS; LEAF TEMPERATURE; SENSITIVITY; CYCLE; STATE; INACTIVATION; ADAPTATION AB Increasing the leaf temperature of intact cotton (Gossypium hirsotum L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants caused a progressive decline in the light-saturated CO2-exchange rate (CER). CER was more sensitive to increased leaf temperature in wheat than in cotton, and both species demonstrated photosynthetic acclimation when leaf temperature was increased gradually. Inhibition of CER was not a consequence of stomatal closure, as indicated by a positive relationship between leaf temperature and transpiration. The activation state of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco), which is regulated by Rubisco activase, was closely correlated with temperature-induced changes in CER. Nonphotochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching increased with leaf temperature in a manner consistent with inhibited CER and Rubisco activation. Both nonphotochemical fluorescence quenching and Rubisco activation were more sensitive to heat stress than the maximum quantum yield of photochemistry of photosystem II. Heat stress led to decreased 3-phosphoglyceric acid content and increased ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate content, which is indicative of inhibited metabolite flow through Rubisco. We conclude that heat stress inhibited CER primarily by decreasing the activation state of Rubisco via inhibition of Rubisco activase. Although Rubisco activation was more closely correlated with CER than the maximum quantum yield of photochemistry of photosystem II, both processes could be acclimated to heat stress by gradually increasing the leaf temperature. C1 USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RP Crafts-Brandner, SJ (reprint author), USDA ARS, Western Cotton Res Lab, 4135 E Broadway Rd, Phoenix, AZ 85040 USA. RI Mason, Richard/F-9865-2010 NR 30 TC 187 Z9 218 U1 4 U2 26 PU AMER SOC PLANT PHYSIOLOGISTS PI ROCKVILLE PA 15501 MONONA DRIVE, ROCKVILLE, MD 20855 USA SN 0032-0889 J9 PLANT PHYSIOL JI Plant Physiol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 120 IS 1 BP 173 EP 181 DI 10.1104/pp.120.1.173 PG 9 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 196VR UT WOS:000080329200019 ER PT J AU Ludwig-Muller, J Pieper, K Ruppel, M Cohen, JD Epstein, E Kiddle, G Bennett, R AF Ludwig-Muller, J Pieper, K Ruppel, M Cohen, JD Epstein, E Kiddle, G Bennett, R TI Indole glucosinolate and auxin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. glucosinolate mutants and the development of clubroot disease SO PLANTA LA English DT Article DE Arabidopsis; auxin; clubroot disease; glucosinolate; Plasmodiophora ID RAPE BRASSICA-NAPUS; CHINESE-CABBAGE; PLASMODIOPHORA-BRASSICAE; SECONDARY METABOLITES; PEROXIDASE ISOENZYMES; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ROOT DISEASE; L LEAVES; PLANTS; TRYPTOPHAN AB Mutants and wild type plants of Arabidopsis thaliana were analysed for differences in glucosinolate accumulation patterns, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis and phenotype. A previously identified series of mutants, termed TU, with altered glucosinolate patterns was used in this study. Only the line TU8 was affected in shoot phenotype (shorter stems, altered branching pattern). Synthesis of IAA and metabolism were not much affected in the TU8 mutant during seedling development, although the content of free IAA peaked earlier in TU8 during plant development than in the wild type. Indole glucosinolates and IAA may, however, be involved in the development of clubroot disease caused by the obligate biotrophic fungus Plasmodiophora brassicae since the TU3 line had a lower infection rate than the wild type, and lines TU3 and TU8 showed decreased symptom development. The decline in clubroot formation was accompanied by a reduced number of fungal structures within the root cortex and slower development of the fungus. Indole glucosinolates were lower in infected roots of TU3 and TU8 than in control roots of these lines, whereas in wild-type plants the differences were not as prominent. Free IAA and indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN) were increased in infected roots of the wild type and mutants with normal clubroot symptoms, whereas they were reduced in infected roots of mutants TU3 and TU8. These results indicate a role for indole glucosinolates and IAN/IAA in relation to symptom development in clubroot disease. C1 Univ Frankfurt, Inst Bot, D-60054 Frankfurt, Germany. ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. IACR Rothamsted, Dept Biochem & Physiol, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, Herts, England. RP Ludwig-Muller, J (reprint author), Univ Frankfurt, Inst Bot, Siesmayerstr 70, D-60054 Frankfurt, Germany. RI Marion-Poll, Frederic/D-8882-2011; OI Marion-Poll, Frederic/0000-0001-6824-0180; Cohen, Jerry/0000-0003-2816-8676 NR 41 TC 58 Z9 62 U1 2 U2 17 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0032-0935 J9 PLANTA JI Planta PD MAY PY 1999 VL 208 IS 3 BP 409 EP 419 DI 10.1007/s004250050576 PG 11 WC Plant Sciences SC Plant Sciences GA 203LD UT WOS:000080708400014 PM 10384731 ER PT J AU Paull, RE Tang, CS Gross, K Uruu, G AF Paull, RE Tang, CS Gross, K Uruu, G TI The nature of the taro acridity factor SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE raphides; proteinase; allergy; irritants ID PAPAIN; RAST AB The acridity in Araceae species was not apparently due to the calcium oxalate raphides. Some irritant on the raphide surface caused the acridity, with the raphides apparently functioning to carry the acridity factor. Methanol and methylene chloride extracts from purified raphides did not show any compounds in GC-mass spectrometry (MS) analysis that could be regarded as acrid. The data suggested that a 26 kDa protein, possibly a cysteine proteinase, was the active factor. There were a few other uncharacterized protein bands associated with the raphides that could also be involved. Some amino acid sequence data for the 26 kDa protein was obtained. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Coll Trop Agr & Human Resources, Dept Hort, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Coll Trop Agr & Human Resources, Dept Environm Biochem, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Paull, RE (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Coll Trop Agr & Human Resources, Dept Hort, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 22 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 16 IS 1 BP 71 EP 78 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(98)00099-4 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 211DY UT WOS:000081145700009 ER PT J AU Paull, RE Gross, K Qiu, YX AF Paull, RE Gross, K Qiu, YX TI Changes in papaya cell walls during fruit ripening SO POSTHARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fruit softening; wall breakdown; wall hydrolysis; pectin; hemicellulose ID TOMATO FRUIT; POLYURONIDE DEGRADATION; POLYGALACTURONASE GENE; PECTIN; EXPRESSION; POLYSACCHARIDES; HEMICELLULOSES; METABOLISM; FEATURES; MUTANT AB The apparent molecular mass range of different extractable fractions of papaya fruit pectin and hemicellulose during fruit ripening was determined. The pectin molecular mass declined and the solubility of pectin in cyclohexanediaminotetraacetic acid and Na2CO3 solutions increased during ripening. The molecular mass decreased and the solubility of hemicellulose in KOH increased during ripening. Water soluble uronic acid increased 6-fold during ripening as the yield of cell wall material declined. The loss of high molecular mass pectins decreased throughout ripening while the demethylation rate was greater early in ripening. Changes in pectin molecular size did not parallel loss of fruit firmness during early ripening. The pectin fractions were mainly composed of rhamnose, glucose, xylose, galactose, mannose and arabinose, in decreasing order of concentration. Non-cellulosic glucose and xylose were the main neutral sugars in the hemicellulose fraction followed by mannose and galactose and traces of rhamnose and arabinose. These results suggested that pectin hydrolysis and the modification of hemicellulose both were involved in papaya fruit softening. Pectin hydrolysis was apparently more important during the late phase of fruit softening. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Coll Trop Agr & Human Resources, Dept Hort, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. USDA ARS, Hort Crops Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Univ Hawaii Manoa, Coll Trop Agr & Human Resources, Dept Hort, 3190 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM paull@hawaii.edu NR 39 TC 62 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-5214 EI 1873-2356 J9 POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC JI Postharvest Biol. Technol. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 16 IS 1 BP 79 EP 89 DI 10.1016/S0925-5214(98)00100-8 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Food Science & Technology; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Food Science & Technology GA 211DY UT WOS:000081145700010 ER PT J AU Renema, RA Robinson, FE Proudman, JA Newcombe, M McKay, RI AF Renema, RA Robinson, FE Proudman, JA Newcombe, M McKay, RI TI Effects of body weight and feed allocation during sexual maturation in broiler breeder hens. 2. Ovarian morphology and plasma hormone profiles SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE broiler breeder; ovary morphology; estradiol-17 beta; luteinizing hormone; follicle-stimulating hormone ID LUTEINIZING-HORMONE; GALLUS-DOMESTICUS; FOLLICULAR HIERARCHY; BINDING GLOBULIN; CARCASS TRAITS; GROWTH-HORMONE; TURKEY HENS; MATURITY; AGE; ESTRADIOL AB The effects of broiler breeder BW and nutrient intake on ovary morphology and plasma reproductive hormone profiles were examined at photostimulation (PS) (21 wk) and at sexual maturity (SM) in standard (STD) and low (LOW), or high (HIGH) BW birds provided either restricted (RF) or ad libitum (AL) access to feed between PS and SM. At PS, 30 Shaver Starbro pullets at target BW were assigned to the STD treatment, and birds either 20% heavier (HIGH) or lighter (LOW) assigned accordingly. Ten birds of each size group were processed immediately for carcass analysis and 10 birds assigned to each size by feed interaction group. Blood samples were. taken at 3-d intervals beginning at PS and profiles constructed for estradiol-17 beta, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to examine the relationship between body size, feeding level, and reproduction. Birds were processed for assessment of reproductive traits following SM. The AL birds reached SM with 11.0 large yellow follicles (LYF) (> 10 mm diameter) compared. to 7.1 in RF birds. Small follicle atresia (< 5 mm diameter) was low in AL birds (10.3) compared to RE birds (32.3). The extent of small follicle atresia in RF birds was found to be inversely proportional to LYF number by stepwise regression. Increased small follicle atresia was associated with a longer sexual maturation period in RF birds (r = 0.619; P = 0.0003). Plasma estradiol-17 beta concentration was greater in HIGH than in STD or LOW birds at PS, suggesting more advanced ovary development in HIGH birds. Estradiol-17 beta profiles were similar in shape in all treatments, with the primary difference being the length of time prior to a substantial estradiol-17 beta increase. Following PS, plasma LH and FSH concentrations of AL birds increased to levels nearly double that of RF birds, indicating a role for nutrient intake with rate of reproductive development. Plasma LH and FSH concentrations remained elevated for a greater time period in RF birds, however, possibly relating to the development of processes limiting LYF recruitment. This experiment demonstrated a modulation of reproductive hormone concentrations during sexual maturation by feeding level in conjunction with a sensitivity of the ovary to nutritional effects. C1 Univ Alberta, Dept Agr Food & Nutr Sci, Edmonton, AB T5G 2P5, Canada. ARS, Germplasm Gamete Physiol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Shaver Poultry Breedig Farms Ltd, Cambridge, ON N1R 5V9, Canada. RP Robinson, FE (reprint author), Univ Alberta, Dept Agr Food & Nutr Sci, Edmonton, AB T5G 2P5, Canada. NR 40 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 3 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 78 IS 5 BP 629 EP 639 PG 11 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 187AU UT WOS:000079764400002 PM 10228955 ER PT J AU Reynnells, RD AF Reynnells, RD TI Symposium: Effective poultry programming in the next century - Introduction SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE poultry program evaluation; extension; user fees; distance education; research emphasis AB The symposium, coordinated by the PSA Extension Committee, is intended to stimulate productive discussions regarding the future, and component roles, of the land grant university system. To retain a strong infrastructure for our agricultural system, we must effectively meet challenges to the entire system and recognize that the land grant university system has been, and will be, basic to the success of agriculture. Topics to be discussed include user fees for outreach and extension programs, balancing applied and basic research programs, and distance education opportunities,Many other topics are of great importance, such as recruitment, youth programs, the tenure system, personnel and program evaluation, and the capacity to inform the public regarding controversial issues. Societal changes have resulted in confusion between the role of stakeholders and shareholders in determining the proper focus of university programs. Although basic research is essential, it appears to many persons to be the idol of the land grant university system. Extension, applied research, and teaching programs are perceived to be a drag on such a system because little or no revenue is realized from this work. It is essential that we create respect and equality for research, teaching, extension, and youth programs, and recognize the importance of integrating all aspects of the land grant university system into aggressive and timely programs that address the needs of commodity and societal clientele. C1 USDA, CSREES, PAS, Aerosp Ctr, Washington, DC 20250 USA. RP Reynnells, RD (reprint author), USDA, CSREES, PAS, Aerosp Ctr, 901 D St SW,Room 842, Washington, DC 20250 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 78 IS 5 BP 646 EP 648 PG 3 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 187AU UT WOS:000079764400004 PM 10228957 ER PT J AU Moore, PA Daniel, TC Edwards, DR AF Moore, PA Daniel, TC Edwards, DR TI Reducing phosphorus runoff and improving poultry production with alum SO POULTRY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE alum; ammonia; manure; phosphorus; poultry ID CHEMICAL AMENDMENTS; AMMONIA VOLATILIZATION; LITTER; QUALITY; SULFATE; LOSSES; PLOTS; LAKES AB This is a review paper on the effects of aluminum sulfate (alum) on ammonia volatilization and P runoff from poultry litter. Initially, laboratory studies were conducted that showed P solubility could be reduced in poultry litter with Al, Ca, and Fe amendments, indicating that these amendments may reduce P runoff. These results were confirmed in small plot studies in which alum applications to litter were shown to decrease P concentrations in runoff by as much as 87%, while improving tall fescue yields. Leaf tissue analyses indicated that the yield improvements were due to increased N availability, which we hypothesized was due to reduced NH3 volatilization. This result was confirmed in laboratory studies that showed that alum was one of the most effective. (and cost-effective) compounds for reducing NH3 volatilization. Field trials conducted at commercial broiler farms in conjunction with the Environmental Protection Agency showed that alum additions to poultry litter lowered litter PII, particularly during the first 3 to 4 wk of each growout, which resulted in less NH3 volatilization and lower atmospheric NH3. Ammonia volatilization rates were reduced by 97% for the first 4 wk of the growout, Broilers grown on alum-treated litter were heavier than the controls (1.73 vs 1.66 kg) and had lower mortality (3.9 vs 4.2%) and better feed efficiency (1.98 vs 2.04). Electricity and propane use were lower for alum-h eat ed houses. As a result of these economic benefits to the integrator and grower, the benefit :cost ratio of alum addition was 1.96. Phosphorus concentrations in runoff from small watersheds were 75% lower from alum-treated Litter than normal litter over a 3-yr period. Long-term small plot studies on alum use have shown that alum-treated litter results in lower soil test P levels than normal litter and does not increase Al availability in soils or uptake by plants. C1 Univ Arkansas, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Agr Engn, Lexington, KY 40546 USA. RP Moore, PA (reprint author), Univ Arkansas, Dept Agron, USDA ARS, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. NR 26 TC 85 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 8 PU POULTRY SCIENCE ASSOC INC PI SAVOY PA 1111 NORTH DUNLAP AVE, SAVOY, IL 61874 USA SN 0032-5791 J9 POULTRY SCI JI Poult. Sci. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 78 IS 5 BP 692 EP 698 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 187AU UT WOS:000079764400012 PM 10228965 ER PT J AU Batterman-Azcona, SJ Lawton, JW Hamaker, BR AF Batterman-Azcona, SJ Lawton, JW Hamaker, BR TI Microstructural changes in zein proteins during extrusion SO SCANNING LA English DT Article DE corn gluten meal; extrusion; TEM; zein ID MAIZE AB Changes in proteins during extrusion may influence the texture of ready-to-eat (RTE) corn-based extruded foods. This study focused on microstructural changes and dispersal patterns of corn storage proteins, zeins, that occur during extrusion processing. Model systems were used that consisted of two type's of corn protein: commercial zein and corn gluten meal (CGM), combined with corn starch. Commercial zein is not encased in protein bodies, whereas CGM is comprised of zeins encapsulated in protein bodies. Mixtures were extruded under conditions that resulted in different specific mechanical energy (SME). The microstructure of the resulting extrudates was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with immunogold labeling of the a-zein storage protein. The micrographs showed that the greatest zein dispersal occurred in CGM/starch extrudates, especially under high SME conditions. The micrographs also showed that, at both mild and harsh extrusion conditions, commercial zein/starch extrudates contained large protein aggregates. Under mild extrusion conditions, protein bodies in the CGM/starch extrudates partially retained their spherical shapes, but during harsher processing, protein bodies were disrupted and dispersed zein appeared to form fibrils. Such protein fibrils may influence texture and/or quality of extruded corn-based snacks and breakfast foods. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Food Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Purdue Univ, Whistler Ctr Carbohydrate Res, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. USDA ARS, Natl Ctr Agr Utilizat Res, Peoria, IL 61604 USA. RP Hamaker, BR (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Food Sci, 1160 Food Sci Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 12 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 23 PU FAMS INC PI MAHWAH PA BOX 832, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-0832 USA SN 0161-0457 J9 SCANNING JI Scanning PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 21 IS 3 BP 212 EP 216 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy GA 206GE UT WOS:000080868300007 ER PT J AU Baldwin, RL AF Baldwin, RL TI The proliferative actions of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, epidermal growth factor, butyrate and propionate on ruminal epithelial cells in vitro SO SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE rumen; epithelium; IGF-I; insulin; epidermal growth factor ID FACTOR RECEPTOR; SODIUM-BUTYRATE; GASTRIC-MUCOSA; DNA-SYNTHESIS; ALPHA; KERATINOCYTES; EXPRESSION; CULTURE; LOCALIZATION; SHEEP AB The rumen epithelium increases in size and surface area in response to increased feed intake, presumably due to increased epithelial cell proliferation. Isolated ruminal cells were cultured in vitro to determine the effect of various growth factors on ruminal cell proliferation. The growth factors evaluated included insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I and epidermal growth factor. VFA propionate and butyrate were also evaluated. Ruminal epithelial cells were isolated from five lambs via serial tryptic digestion and prepared for sterile culture by serial washes in sterile buffered salts solution. Cell proliferation was assessed by [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetra-zoliumbromide] (MTT) assay. Cell growth was stimulated to 75, 96 and 97% of the growth of cells cultured in DMEM supplemented with 5% FCS (for Ins, IGF-I and EGE respectively). Propionate and butyrate addition resulted in an overall decline in cell growth to below controls (61 and 49%, respectively). When butyrate (1 mmol) was present in the media Ins, IGF-I and EGF overcame the butyrate inhibition, but did not attain the growth observed in uninhibited cultures (67, 57 and 60%, respectively). Although butyrate has been implicated as a possible mediator of ruminal cell growth in vivo, growth factors such as insulin, IGF-I and EGF are more effective inducers of growth in vitro. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Baldwin, RL (reprint author), USDA ARS, Nutrient Conservat & Metab Lab, Bldg 200,Rm 103,BARC E,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 26 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4488 J9 SMALL RUMINANT RES JI Small Ruminant Res. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 32 IS 3 BP 261 EP 268 DI 10.1016/S0921-4488(98)00188-6 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 197VE UT WOS:000080385800008 ER PT J AU Ajwa, HA Dell, CJ Rice, CW AF Ajwa, HA Dell, CJ Rice, CW TI Changes in enzyme activities and microbial biomass of tallgrass prairie soil as related to burning and nitrogen fertilization SO SOIL BIOLOGY & BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID UREASE ACTIVITY; FOREST SOILS; DENITRIFICATION; PHOSPHATASE; LANDSCAPE; SULFATASE; DYNAMICS AB Microbial biomass and enzyme activities are affected by management practices and can be used as sensitive indicators of ecological stability. Microbial biomass C (MBC), microbial biomass N (MBN) and eight enzyme activities involved in the cycling of C, N, P and S were studied in the surface (0-5 cm) of an Irwin silty clay loam soil (fine, mixed, mesic, Pachic Arguistoll) in a tallgrass prairie ecosystem. Treatments of annual spring burning and N fertilization were initiated in 1986 and encompassed: (1) unburned-unfertilized, (2) burned-unfertilized, (3) burned-fertilized, and (3) unburned-fertilized, Activities of dehydrogenase, beta-glucosidase, urease, deaminase, denitrifying enzyme, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and arylsulfatase were assayed. Long-term burning and N fertilization of the tallgrass prairie soil reduced MBC and MBN relative to the unburned-unfertilized treatment. The effects of burning and N fertilization varied among the enzymes and the time of sampling. Long-term burning significantly (P < 0.05) increased activities of urease and acid phosphatase, but decreased activities of beta-glucosidase, deaminase and alkaline phosphatase. Long-term N fertilization significantly increased activities of beta-glucosidase and acid phosphatase but decreased urease activity. This study found that several soil enzyme activities can be used as indicators of ecological changes caused by N fertilization and long-term burning management practices. The relevance of these changes in surface soil to the long-term sustainability of this ecosystem needs further evaluation. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Agron, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. RP Ajwa, HA (reprint author), USDA ARS, Water Management Res Lab, 2021 S Peach Ave, Fresno, CA 93727 USA. EM hajwa@asrr.arsusda.gov NR 39 TC 143 Z9 196 U1 4 U2 69 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-0717 J9 SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM JI Soil Biol. Biochem. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 31 IS 5 BP 769 EP 777 DI 10.1016/S0038-0717(98)00177-1 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 192RE UT WOS:000080092100013 ER PT J AU Williams, CF Nelson, SD Gish, TJ AF Williams, CF Nelson, SD Gish, TJ TI Release rate and leaching of starch-encapsulated atrazine in a calcareous soil SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID SHALLOW GROUNDWATER; NO-TILLAGE; ALACHLOR; FORMULATIONS; WATER; HERBICIDES; GRANULE AB Starch encapsulation (SE) has been proposed as a mechanism for minimizing the impact of atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N' -(1-methylethyl) 1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] on the environment. A two-part study was conducted to evaluate: (i) atrazine release rate as a function of starch granule size, temperature, and water potential; and (ii) to compare the leaching of SE atrazine with the leaching of a commercial formulation in a calcareous soil, Atrazine release rates from the starch granules were determined as a function of three granule sizes (1.40-0.85, 0.85-0.43, and <0.43 mm) at five temperatures (4, 10, 20, 25, and 35 degrees C), and five matric potentials (0, -0.1, -0.5, -1.0, and -1.5 MPa), Atrazine release-rates from the starch granules increased with decreasing granule size, increasing temperature, and increasing water potential, To evaluate leaching as a function of atrazine formulation, each starch-encapsulated granule size, commercial formulation, and control treatment was replicated six times in irrigated soil columns (0.188 m(2) x 0.25 m), A pulse of bromide (10.7 kg Br- ha(-1)) and atrazine (1.7 kg ha(-1)) were coapplied to the soil columns and effluent concentrations monitored, Irrigation events of 55 mm in 5 h were applied through drip emitters at 10-d intervals for 120 d for a total application of 11.5 pore volumes. Averaged bromide breakthrough curves for each soil column treatment were similar, which indicated that differences in the averaged atrazine mobilities were a result of formulation and not of heterogeneity in the soil matrix. Starch-encapsulated atrazine leaching decreased with increasing granule size; however, all SE formulations were less mobile than the commercial formulation. After 11.5 pore volumes and 120 d, >52% of the commercial atrazine had leached through the soil columns, compared with <38% for the smallest starch granule size and 11% for the largest granule. Starch-encapsulated formulations may be an effective tool for reducing pesticide leaching in calcareous soils. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Soil & Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Agron & Hort, Provo, UT 84602 USA. ARS, USDA, Hydrol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Williams, CF (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Soil & Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NR 28 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 425 EP 432 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 217GB UT WOS:000081490700001 ER PT J AU Carrillo, MLK Letey, J Yates, SR AF Carrillo, MLK Letey, J Yates, SR TI Measurement of initial soil-water contact angle of water repellent soils SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Water repellent soils rue common throughout the world. Water repellency significantly affects infiltration, evaporation, and other water-soil interactions. Various indices, such as the water-solid contact angle (theta), water drop penetration time (WDPT), and 90 degrees surface tension (gamma(ND)), have been proposed to characterize the degree of water repellency. The water repellency of many soils is not stable, but changes,vith time after contact with water. No method is available to measure the initial soil-water contact angle. The purpose of this study was to establish a technique to measure the initial soil-water contact angle. We combined previously published theoretical relationships to develop the equations cos theta = [(gamma(ND)/gamma(w))(1/2) -1] and h(p) = 2[(gamma(w)gamma(ND))(1/2) - gamma(w)]/r rho g, where gamma(w) is the water surface tension, h(p) is the breakthrough pressure head, ris the pore radius, rho is the water density, and g is the gravitational constant. The validity of these relationships was established by treating two sand materials with octadecylamine or solvent extracts from peat moss to create various levels of water repellency. An instrument was developed to measure h(p). A linear relationship was found between h(p), and gamma(ND)(1/2), as specified by the equation. The value of r tvas computed from the slope h(p) vs. gamma(ND)(1/2) curve, and this r value was combined with h(p) in the capillary rise equation to compute cos theta. Good agreement was found between measured and predicted relationships between cos theta and gamma(ND)(1/2). The major conclusion is that the value of theta can be determined by measuring gamma(ND), which is easily done in the field or laboratory. C1 Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Soil & Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. RP Letey, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Soil & Environm Sci, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NR 15 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 16 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 433 EP 436 PG 4 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 217GB UT WOS:000081490700002 ER PT J AU Arya, LM Leij, FJ van Genuchten, MT Shouse, PJ AF Arya, LM Leij, FJ van Genuchten, MT Shouse, PJ TI Scaling parameter to predict the soil water characteristic from particle-size distribution data SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; RETENTION CURVES; BULK-DENSITY; MODEL; EQUATION AB The Arya-Paris model is an indirect method to estimate the soil water characteristic from particle-size data. The scaling parameter, a, in the original model was assumed constant for all soil textures. In this study, alpha is defined as alpha(i) = (log N-i/log n(i)), where n(i) is the number of spherical particles in the ith particle-size fraction (determined by the fraction solid mass, w(i), and mean particle radius, R-i) and N-i is the number of spherical particles of radius R-i required to trace the pore length generated by the same solid mass in a natural structure soil matrix, An estimate for log N-i was obtained by either relating log N-i to log n(i) using a logistic growth equation or by relating log N-i linearly to log (w(i)/R-i(3)) based on the similarity principle. For any given texture, both approaches showed that alpha was not constant but decreased with increasing particle size, especially for the coarse fractions. In addition, or was also calculated as a single-value average for a given textural class. The three formulations of or were evaluated on 23 soils that represented a range in particle-size distribution, bulk density, and organic matter content. The average alpha consistently predicted higher pressure heads in the wet range and lower pressure heads in the dry range, The formulation based on the similarity principle resulted in bias similar to that of the constant or approach, whereas no bias was observed for the logistic growth equation. The logistic growth equation implicitly accounted for bias in experimental procedures, because if was fitted to log N-i values computed from experimental soil wafer characteristic data The formulation based on the similarity principle is independent of bias that might be inherent in experimental data. C1 ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Arya, LM (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Salin Lab, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI van Genuchten, Martinus/K-6892-2013 OI van Genuchten, Martinus/0000-0003-1654-8858 NR 34 TC 104 Z9 124 U1 2 U2 27 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 510 EP 519 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 217GB UT WOS:000081490700013 ER PT J AU Zhang, Y Smith, RE Butters, GL Cardon, GE AF Zhang, Y Smith, RE Butters, GL Cardon, GE TI Analysis and testing of a concentric-disk tension infiltrometer SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID UNSATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; 3-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS; INFILTRATION; SOIL; EQUATION; DISTRIBUTIONS; PERMEAMETERS; SORPTIVITY AB Tension infiltrometers are widely used to measure soil hydraulic properties at soil potentials near saturation in the held. Current methods of hydraulic property analysis using tension infiltrometers rely on secondary measurements of soil water content and/or use of a specific hydraulic conductivity (K(h)) form. in this paper, design criteria and method of application for a concentric disk (CD) infiltrometer are proposed, which can be used to measure saturated and nearly saturated hydraulic conductivities (K(h(o))) and matric flux potential (Phi(h(o))) in the field without secondary measurements or explicit reliance on a specific conductivity form. Using measured pairs of K(h(o)) and Phi(h(o)), a parameter estimation method is suggested to allow extrapolation of K(h) to lower than measured soil water potentials. The design of the infiltrometer and the accuracy of parameter estimation were tested against results of numerical simulations. We found that an outer-disk radius of 150 mm was sufficient to establish a 50-mm-radius inner-disk of one-dimensional (1-D) infiltration under a wide range of simulated conditions. Identification of input K(h) functions using the suggested: method of analysis was excellent, although errors were introduced by nonsteady-state infiltration data. A field test of a CD infiltrometer yielded a promising comparison with K(h) data generated by the instantaneous profile method, an alternative approach but one that is, more labor intensive. The advantage of the CD infiltrometer is that, in addition to providing a rapid, direct estimate of K(h(o)), the results are not conditional upon an assumed form of K(h) and they may be used to estimate the parameters of a K(h) form of choice. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. ARS, USDA, Water Management Res, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Butters, GL (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Soil & Crop Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Cardon, Grant/O-4863-2014 NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 544 EP 553 PG 10 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 217GB UT WOS:000081490700017 ER PT J AU Lebron, I Suarez, DL AF Lebron, I Suarez, DL TI Mechanisms and precipitation rate of rhodochrosite at 25 degrees C as affected by P-CO2 and organic ligands SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CALCITE PRECIPITATION; MANGANESE CARBONATE; SURFACE COMPLEXATION; PH 8.8; INHIBITION; KINETICS; GROWTH; ACIDS; CRYSTALLIZATION; OVERGROWTHS AB Rhodochrosite is the main Mn mineral phase in neutral to alkaline anoxic environments and is likely the initial precipitation phase when Mn2+ is added to irrigation wafer. Solutions supersaturated with respect to rhodochrosite that was detected in various natural environments suggest that equilibrium assumptions may not be satisfactory and kinetic processes may be dominant. This study was conducted to evaluate the precipitation mechanisms of rhodochrosite in natural environments where DOC is present and there are variations in partial pressure of CO2 (P-CO2) Precipitation rates were measured in supersaturated solutions of rhodochrosite in the presence of seeds of the mineral and P-CO2 0.035 kPa, 5 kPa, and 10 kPa and in a concentration range of DOC of 0.02 to 3.2 mM of Suwannee River fulvic acid. Precipitation rates were measured in the absence and presence of 1 mM leonardite humic acid. Precipitation rates increased when the P-CO2 increased and decreased when the concentration of the fulvic acid increased at constant levels of supersaturation. However, higher concentrations of DOC were needed to produce the same reduction in precipitation rates when P-CO2 was increased. The most likely causes of the increase in the precipitation rate when P-CO2 increases are an increase in the negative surface charge and an increase in the activity of MnHCO3+. No significant change in the precipitation rate of rhodochrosite was measured when the leonardite humic acid was added to the reaction vessels. The lack of inhibition of leonardite humic acid on rhodochrosite precipitation is explained by its molecular configuration in solution. C1 ARS, US Salin Lab, USDA, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RP Lebron, I (reprint author), ARS, US Salin Lab, USDA, 450 W Big Springs Rd, Riverside, CA 92507 USA. RI lebron, Inma/A-4762-2013 OI lebron, Inma/0000-0001-8610-9717 NR 36 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 561 EP 568 PG 8 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 217GB UT WOS:000081490700019 ER PT J AU Anderson, DL Portier, KM Obreza, TA Collins, ME Pitts, DJ AF Anderson, DL Portier, KM Obreza, TA Collins, ME Pitts, DJ TI Tree regression analysis to determine effects of soil variability on sugarcane yields SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FLORIDA AB Approximately 15% of south Florida sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) is grown on high wafer table sandy soils that overlie limestone bedrock. This study determined treatment and site-specific factors affecting sugarcane production on these soils using a new statistical tool called free regression. Sugarcane was grown in a 38-ha area for three seasons (1991, 1992, and 1993), Treatments were subirrigation water table depth (0.45 vs. 0.70 m), N fertilization frequency (13 vs. 7 split applications for 3 yr at 224 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1)), and Mg fertilizer rate (0 vs. 60 kg Mg ha(-1) yr(-1)), using a split-split plot design. Soil was sampled from plots before each crop to determine pH,and soil test P, K, Ca, Mg, and Si. Depth to rock was determined with ground-penetrating radar. Three statistical techniques were used to examine design and the effect of soil factors on sugarcane yield: traditional simple correlations, general linear mixed-model analysis (GLM and MIXED), and a new technique, tree regression. Tree regression resulted in functions encompassing the complexity of response between yield, soil nutrients, and other factors, while handling large amounts of data. The regression free identified sugarcane yields ranging from 42.6 to 100.8 t ha(-1) grouped according to conditions defined by soil Ca, crop, soil Mg, the P "intensity/capacity" ratio, and water table level. The strength of the general linear mixed-model approach was in inference testing, whereas the strength of free regression tree analysis is for prediction of covariate importance under broadly spaced environments. C1 Univ Florida, IFAS, SW Florida Res & Educ Ctr, Immokalee, FL 34143 USA. Univ Florida, Everglades Res & Educ Ctr, Belle Glade, FL 33430 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Soil & Water Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. USDA, NRCS, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. RP Obreza, TA (reprint author), Univ Florida, IFAS, SW Florida Res & Educ Ctr, POB 5127, Immokalee, FL 34143 USA. NR 19 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 592 EP 600 PG 9 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 217GB UT WOS:000081490700023 ER PT J AU Ogg, CM Baker, JC AF Ogg, CM Baker, JC TI Pedogenesis and origin of deeply weathered soils formed in alluvial fans of the Virginia Blue Ridge SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB Sediment disparities strongly influence soil formation and classification on alluvial fans along the western footslopes of the Blue Ridge, central Virginia. We conducted this study (i) to show the distribution of the soils, (ii) to characterize selected soils developed on the fans, and (iii) to describe their genesis. Soil properties are indicative of long-term weathering. Two deposits occur-a younger, upper one (Unit A) and an older, lower one (Unit B). We examined soil morphology and physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties to document pedon similarities across a distance of approximate to 200 km. Transitional horizons (BE), fragipans, and weakly to moderately developed argillic horizons are common to Unit A. Thickness and soil development of Unit A influence classification at the family level. Clay content increases abruptly by 20 to 36% below the discontinuity. Free Fe increases from as little as 6 g kg(-1) in Unit A to as much as 66 g kg(-1) in Unit B. Clay maxima at 2 m range from 33 to 60%. Hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite (HIV) dominates Unit A clay mineralogy, whereas kaolinite prevails in Unit B. In some pedons gibbsite notably increases below the discontinuity, suggesting an intense weathering environment prior to burial. Clay content and the low-activity clays imply Unit B developed from sediments or lithologies additional to the weathered quartzite found in the sola. Time and climate are the most influential factors controlling soil development on the alluvial fans. The soils are part of a surficial continuum from the mountain footslopes to the rivers draining into and flowing through the Valley and Ridge Province. C1 Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. USDA, NRCS, Bishopville, SC 29010 USA. RP Baker, JC (reprint author), Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Environm Sci, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. NR 37 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 601 EP 606 PG 6 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 217GB UT WOS:000081490700024 ER PT J AU Schomberg, HH Steiner, JL AF Schomberg, HH Steiner, JL TI Nutrient dynamics of crop residues decomposing on a fallow no-till soil surface SO SOIL SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WHEAT STRAW DECOMPOSITION; FIELD CONDITIONS; ORGANIC-MATTER; NITROGEN DYNAMICS; BARLEY STRAW; PHOSPHORUS; CARBON; MINERALIZATION; PLACEMENT; LITTER AB Conservation practices retain crop residues on the soil surface that affect nutrient distribution in time and space. We hypothesized that nutrient mineralization from surface residues may not be correlated to mass loss but may depend on crop type and water availability. Frequent, moderate, and no irrigation were used to evaluate water effects on N, P, K, and mass dynamics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), corn (Zen maps L.), grain sorghum [Sorghum Bicolor (L.) Moench], spring and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Residues (20 g) in 10 by 10 cm, 1-mm mesh bags were placed on a Pullman clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Torrertic Paleustolls) at Bushland, TX, in August 1991 and collected monthly until August 1992. Water regime did not influence mass, N, or P dynamics but did affect K. Mass declined exponentially with decomposition coefficients (-r) of 4.4, 1.5, 2.0, 1.7, and 1.1 g kg(-1) d(-1) for the five crop residues listed above, respectively. Potassium loss was first order with -r ranging from 29.3 to 4.4 g kg(-1) initial K d(-1), depending on crop and water. Averaged across water regimes, -r equaled 25, 9, 8, 12, and 7 g kg(-1) initial K d(-1) for the respective crops. The water effect indicated 150-mm water removed 500 g kg(-1) initial K from residues. Residue N declined from 38.7 to 16.0, 10.9 to 5.1, 12.2 to 6.4, 9.5 to 4.5, and from 7.6 to 3.4 g kg(-1) during the first 34 d for the respective crop residues, after which nonlegume residues accumulated N (0.21 to 0.96 g kg(-1) initial N d(-1)), while alfalfa lost N (-0.37 g kg(-1) initial N d(-1)). Corn and winter wheat residue P increased from 0.7 to 1.2 and 0.5 to 1.0 g P kg(-1), respectively, during the first 34 d, after which all residues lost P (-1.4, -2.1, -1.3, -2.0, and -2.8 g kg(-1) initial P d(-1), respectively). Nutrient dynamics were not directly related to mass loss. Water regime effects were small, so nutrient availability from residues should be similar in irrigated and dryland systems in the southern High Plains. C1 ARS, USDA, So Piedmont Conservat Res Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. RP Schomberg, HH (reprint author), ARS, USDA, So Piedmont Conservat Res Ctr, Watkinsville, GA 30677 USA. NR 37 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 9 PU SOIL SCI SOC AMER PI MADISON PA 677 SOUTH SEGOE ROAD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0361-5995 J9 SOIL SCI SOC AM J JI Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 63 IS 3 BP 607 EP 613 PG 7 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 217GB UT WOS:000081490700025 ER PT J AU Kumar, A Kanwar, RS Singh, P Ahuja, LR AF Kumar, A Kanwar, RS Singh, P Ahuja, LR TI Evaluation of the root zone water quality model for predicting water and NO3-N movement in an Iowa soil SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE modeling; groundwater pollution; tillage practices; RZWQM; nitrate-nitrogen ID PESTICIDES; TILLAGE AB Evaluation of computer models with field data is required before they can be effectively used for predicting agricultural management systems. A study was conducted to evaluate tillage effects on the movement of water and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) in the root zone under continuous corn (Zea mays L) production. Four tillage treatments considered were: chisel plow (CP, moldboard plow (MP), no-tillage (NT), and ridge-tillage (RT), The root zone water quality model (RZWQM: V.3.25) was used to conduct these simulations, Three years (1990-1992) of field observed data on soil water contents and NO3-N concentrations in the soil profile were used to evaluate the performance of the model. The RZWQM usually predicted higher soil water contents compared with the observed soil water contents. The model predicted higher NO3-N concentrations in the soil profile for MP and NT treatments in comparison with CP and RT treatments, but the magnitude of simulated NO3-N peak concentrations in the soil profile were substantially different from those of the observed peaks, The average NO3-N concentrations for the entire soil profile predicted by the model were close to the observed concentrations except for ridge tillage (percent difference for CP=+5.1%, MP=12.8%, NT=+18.4%, RT=-44.8%). Discrepancies between the simulated and observed water contents and NO3-N concentrations in the soil profile indicated a need for the calibration of plant growth component of the model further for different soil and climatic conditions to improve the N-uptake predictions of the RZWQM. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Agr & Biosyst Engn, Ames, IA 50011 USA. ARS, USDA, Great Plains Res Syst Unit, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Kumar, A (reprint author), Komex H2O Sci, 5500 Bolsa Ave,Suite 105,G26YG, Huntington Beach, CA 92649 USA. NR 23 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 50 IS 3-4 BP 223 EP 236 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(99)00002-1 PG 14 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 206RK UT WOS:000080892900004 ER PT J AU Hussain, I Olson, KR Wander, MM Karlen, DL AF Hussain, I Olson, KR Wander, MM Karlen, DL TI Adaptation of soil quality indices and application to three tillage systems in southern Illinois SO SOIL & TILLAGE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE soil quality; soil productivity; soil indices; soil properties; no-till; tillage ID CORN; EROSION; PRODUCTIVITY; RESIDUE AB Sustainability of agricultural management systems has become an issue of wide public concern and international debate. One result is that soil quality assessment has been suggested as a tool for evaluating sustainability of soil and crop management practices. Our objective was to adapt a soil quality index to assess the effects of three long-term tillage systems on sloping Grantsburg silt loam soil. Soil quality was evaluated using a framework that included three soil functions: (1) resist erosion (water relations), (2) provide plant nutrients (nutrient relations), and (3) provide a favorable root environment (rooting relations). A score for each of these functions was computed using measurements (indicators) that were normalized with one of the three (more is better, optimum, or worse) scoring functions. Six different indices were developed from a basic framework. Modifications included changing the weighting factors, threshold limits, or type of scoring function applied to indicators, and the addition of air-filled and water storage porosity to the nutrient and rooting relations functions. Changing threshold limits and the type of scoring function used for surface residue improved the correlation between water relations and soil lass. The addition of porosity indicators increased the sensitivity of nutrient and rooting relations functions to yield and cone index, respectively, and resulted in a better correlation between porosity indicators and plant population. Computing soil quality indices helped to combine different soil properties and processes into a simple tool that explained changes in complex soil properties in response to different tillage practices. This supports previous studies suggesting that computing soil quality indices and functions could be useful for selecting management practices to maintain or improve soil quality. Our results demonstrated that adjusting threshold limits for local conditions can make the function ratings more or less sensitive to thr management practices being evaluated. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Mohalla Hariwalla, P Indi Gheb, Distt Attock, Pakistan. ARS, Natl Soil Tilth Lab, USDA, Ames, IA USA. RP Olson, KR (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Nat Resources & Environm Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NR 38 TC 69 Z9 84 U1 3 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-1987 J9 SOIL TILL RES JI Soil Tillage Res. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 50 IS 3-4 BP 237 EP 249 DI 10.1016/S0167-1987(99)00012-4 PG 13 WC Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 206RK UT WOS:000080892900005 ER PT J AU Rossman, AY Samuels, GJ Rogerson, CT Lowen, R AF Rossman, AY Samuels, GJ Rogerson, CT Lowen, R TI Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes) SO STUDIES IN MYCOLOGY LA English DT Review ID FUJIKUROI SPECIES COMPLEX; MOLECULAR SYSTEMATICS; SP-NOV; PLECTOSPHAERELLA-CUCUMERINA; POLYPHYLETIC ORIGINS; LICHENICOLOUS FUNGI; GENUS TRICHODERMA; ANAMORPH; REVISION; CYLINDROCLADIUM AB The Hypocreales with over one thousand described species have been the repository for all light- to bright-colored, soft-textured, perithecial ascomycetes with a Nectria-type centrum. Rogerson (1970) published a key to the genera in the Hypocreales and accepted over 115 genera with 26 generic synonyms in the order. Since then, 58 genera have been added. For this study all available type specimens of the type species of genera classified in the Hypocreales were examined. Fifty six genera, including six newly described genera with 43 generic synonyms, are accepted in three families, Bionectriaceae fam. nov., Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae, of the order. Although now considered either part of or closely related to the Hypocreales, neither the Niessliaceae nor the Clavicipitaceae are treated comprehensively in this study. Fourteen genera with two generic synonyms are included in the Niessliaceae and six genera with one generic synonym are placed in the Clavicipitaceae. The remaining 84 genera are excluded from the Hypocreales and redisposed in their appropriate family and order. Genera excluded from the Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae, and Nectriaceae are described and illustrated based on their type species. For 16 genera previously placed in the Hypocreales the type specimen was either not located or not sufficient to make a modern taxonomic evaluation of the type species. For each genus the type species and species not recently treated are fully described and documented. A key to species is presented unless a recent key to species in that genus is available. In the Bionectriaceae a new genus, Ochronectria, is introduced for Nectria calami. Nectriella minuter, N. rubricapitula, N. utahensis, Pronectria echinulata, P. pertusariicola, and Protocreopsis viridis are described as new species. The following new specific combinations are proposed: Dimerosporiella cephalosporii, D. guarapiensis, D. leucorrhodina, D. oidioides, D. pipericola, and D. sensitiva; Hydropisphaera arenula, H. arenuloides, H. boothii, H. cyatheae, H. dolichospora, H. erubescens, H. gigantea, H. haematites, H. hypoxantha, H. leucotricha, H. macrarenula, H. multiloculata, H. multiseptata, H. nymaniana, H. pachyderma, and H. suffulta; Ijuhya peristomialis, I. chilensis, I. qauifolii, I. bambusina, I. corynespora, I. dentifera, I. dictyospora, I. leucocarpa, I. paraparilis, and I. parilis; Lasionectria sylvana and L. vulpina; Nectriella curtisii, N. dakotensis, and N. galii; Nectriopsis sasae and N. queletii; Ochronectria calami; Peethambara spirostriata and for its anamorph Didymostilbe echinofibrosa, Protocreopsis foliicola, P. freycinetiae, P. javanica, P. pertusa, P. pertusoides, and P. phormiicola; Stilbocrea gracilipes and S. impressa. Two new names, Nectriella crouanii for Nectria aurea P. & H. Crouan, and N. halonata for Charonectria umbelliferarum, are proposed. In the Nectriaceae five new genera are introduced: Albonectria for species related with Nectria rigidiuscula, Haematonectria for the Nectria haematococca complex, Lanatonectria for the Nectria flavolanata-group, Rubrinectria for a species previously known as Nectria olivacea, and Viridispora for teleomorphs of Penicillifer. Cosmospora dingleyae and C. obscura are described as new species. The following new specific combinations are proposed: Albonectria rigidiuscula, A. albosuccinea, and A. verrucosa; Corallomycetella repens and C. jatrophae; Cosmospora aurantiicola, C. biasolettiana, C. camelliae, C. chaetopsinae, C. chaetopsinae-catenulatae, C. chaetopsinae-penicillatae, C. chaetopsinae-polyblastiae, C. chlorina, C. censors, C. digitalicola, C. diminuta, C. diploa, C. episphaeria, C, flammea, C. flavoviridis, C. ganymede, C. geastroides, C. glabra, C. joca, C. jucundula, C. kurdica, C. lasiodiplodiae, C. leptosphaeriae, C. macrochaetopsinae, C. magnusiana, C. meliopsicola, C. metepisphaeria, C. nothepisphaeria, C. papilionacearum, C. peponum, C. pseudepisphaeria, C. pseudoflavoviridis, C. purtonii, C. rickii, C. rishbethii, C. rubrisetosa, C. sansevieriae, C. stilbellae, C. stilbosporae, C. thujana, C. triqua, C. tungurahuana, C. vilior, C. viliuscula, C. wegeliana, and C. xanthostroma; Haematonectria haematococca, H. illudens, H. ipomoeae, H. monilifera, and H. termitum; Lanatonectria flocculenta with anamorph Actinostilbe macalpinei, L. flavolanata, L. mammiformis with anamorph Actinostilbe mammiformis, and L. raripila; Neonectria coccinea and N. galligena; Rubrinectria olivacea; Viridispora penicilliferi alata, V. diparietispora, and V. fragariae; Xenonectriella leptaleae, X. ornamentata, and X. streimannii. In the checklist, some genera are excluded from the families treated here and placed among 19 families in 12 orders of ascomycetes and one basidiomycetous genus. Two genera are uniloculate, discomycetous loculoascomycetes; some have true apothecia and belong in the Helotiales and Pezizales, or are lichenized Lecanorales. Many of these taxa are placed in the Diaporthales and Xylariales (Hyponectriaceae and Thyridiaceae). Genera having immersed ascomata are often difficult to place; they include Charonectria and Hyponectria, now placed in the Hyponectriaceae, Xylariales; and Cryptoleptosphaeria, Cryptonectriella and Schizoparme, now placed in the Diaporthales. Several genera are placed in the Niessliaceae and Clavicipitaceae of the Hypocreales. In this section a new species, Charonectria amabilis, is described, and the new combinations Thyridium ohiense, Charonectria sceptri, Cryptoleptosphaeria gracilis, Cryptonectriella geoglossi, and Thelocarpon citrum, are proposed. C1 ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. New York Bot Garden, Bronx, NY 10458 USA. RP Rossman, AY (reprint author), ARS, Systemat Bot & Mycol Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 510 TC 237 Z9 271 U1 1 U2 32 PU CENTRAALBUREAU SCHIMMELCULTURE PI UTRECHT PA UPPSALALAAN 8, 3584 CT UTRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0616 J9 STUD MYCOL JI Stud. Mycol. PD MAY PY 1999 IS 42 BP 1 EP 248 PG 248 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 208BV UT WOS:000080971100001 ER PT J AU Carlquist, S Miller, RB AF Carlquist, S Miller, RB TI Vegetative anatomy and relationships of Setchellanthus caeruleus (Setchellanthaceae) SO TAXON LA English DT Article ID GLUCOSINOLATE-PRODUCING PLANTS; TAXONOMIC ANALYSIS; RBCL; WOOD AB On account of its distinctive features, Setchellanthus cannot be included within any of the families of glucosinolate-producing plants. Features unknown in any of these families include abundant vasicentric tracheids, abaxial axial parenchyma, and only short uniseriate rays (composed of upright cells) in wood; and the presence of wide helix tracheary elements in leaves. Wood offers the greatest number of phyletically significant features, and wood of Capparaceae offers many similarities, although the wood of Helianthemum (Cistaceae) is even more like that of Setchellanthus. Despite the fact that no myrosin cells were observed in Setchellanthus, it appears closest, on the basis of present information, to the glucosinolate-producing families. C1 Santa Barbara Bot Garden, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 USA. USDA, Forest Serv, Forest Prod Lab, Ctr Wood Anat Res, Madison, WI 53705 USA. RP Carlquist, S (reprint author), Santa Barbara Bot Garden, 1212 Mission Canyon Rd, Santa Barbara, CA 93105 USA. NR 30 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC PLANT TAXONOMY PI BERLIN PA BOTANISCHER GARTEN BOTANISCHES MUSEUM BERLIN-DAHLEM, KONIGIN-LUISE-STRABE 6-8, D-14191 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0040-0262 J9 TAXON JI Taxon PD MAY PY 1999 VL 48 IS 2 BP 289 EP 302 DI 10.2307/1224434 PG 14 WC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology SC Plant Sciences; Evolutionary Biology GA 201EG UT WOS:000080581600005 ER PT J AU Kianian, SF Egli, MA Phillips, RL Rines, HW Somers, DA Gengenbach, BG Webster, FH Livingston, SM Groh, S O'Donoughue, LS Sorrells, ME Wesenberg, DM Stuthman, DD Fulcher, RG AF Kianian, SF Egli, MA Phillips, RL Rines, HW Somers, DA Gengenbach, BG Webster, FH Livingston, SM Groh, S O'Donoughue, LS Sorrells, ME Wesenberg, DM Stuthman, DD Fulcher, RG TI Association of a major groat oil content QTL and an acetyl-CoA carboxylase gene in oat SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE oat; oil content; acetyl-CoA carboxylase; molecular markers; candidate gene ID COENZYME-A CARBOXYLASE; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; LINOLENIC ACID CONCENTRATION; HEXAPLOID OAT; RECURRENT SELECTION; MOLECULAR MARKERS; RFLP ANALYSIS; SEED PROTEIN; AVENA-SATIVA; RAPD MARKER AB Oat groats are unique among cereals for the high level and the embryo-plus-endosperm localization of lipids. Genetic manipulation of great quality traits such as oil is desired for optimizing the value of oat in human and livestock diets. A locus having a major effect on oil content in oat groats was located on linkage group II by single-factor analysis of variance, simple interval mapping and simplified composite interval mapping. A partial oat cDNA clone for plastidic acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase), which catalyzes the first committed step in de novo fatty acid synthesis, identified a polymorphism linked to this major QTL. Similar QTL and ACCase locus placements were obtained with two recombinant inbred populations, 'Kanota' x 'Ogle' (KO) an 'Kanota' x 'Marion' (KM), containing 137 and 139 individual lines, respectively. By having a common parent these populations provide biological replication of the results in that significant genomic regions should be evident in analyses of multiple cross combinations. The KO population was mapped with 150 RFLP loci distributed over the genome and was grown in five diverse environments (locations and years) for measurement of great oil content. The KM population was mapped with 60 RFLP loci and grown in three environments. The QTL linked to AccaseA on linkage group 11 accounted for up to 48% of the phenotypic variance for great oil content. These results provide strong support for the hypothesis that ACCase has a major role in determining great oil content, Other QTLs were identified in both populations which accounted for an additional 10-20% of the phenotypic variance. C1 Univ Minnesota, USDA ARS, Plant Sci Res Unit, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Quaker Oats Co, John Stuart Res Labs, Barrington, IL 60010 USA. DNA LandMarks Inc, Quebec City, PQ J3B 6Z1, Canada. Cornell Univ, Dept Plant Breeding, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. ARS, USDA, Natl Small Grains Germplasm Res Facil, Aberdeen, ID 83210 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Food Sci & Nutr, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Agron & Plant Genet, Inst Plant Mol Genet, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. RP Kianian, SF (reprint author), N Dakota State Univ, Dept Plant Sci, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 53 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 98 IS 6-7 BP 884 EP 894 DI 10.1007/s001220051147 PG 11 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 200HR UT WOS:000080534000005 ER PT J AU Zhang, LH Ozias-Akins, P Kochert, G Kresovich, S Dean, R Hanna, W AF Zhang, LH Ozias-Akins, P Kochert, G Kresovich, S Dean, R Hanna, W TI Differentiation of bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) genotypes by AFLP analyses SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.); DNA fingerprinting; semi-automated fluorescence-based genotyping ID OFF-TYPES; PCR; IDENTIFICATION; MARKERS AB Bermudagrasses (Cynodon spp.) are major turfgrasses for home lawns, public parks, golf courses and sport fields, and are widely adapted to tropical and warmer temperate climates. Morphological and physiological characteristics are not sufficient to differentiate some bermudagrass genotypes because the differences between them are often subtle and subject to environmental influence. In this study, a DNA-typing technique, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), was used to differentiate bermudagrass genotypes and to explore their genetic relationships. Twenty seven bermudagrass cultivars and introductions, mostly from the Coastal Plain Experiment Station in Tifton, Ga., were assayed by the radioactive (P-32) and the fluorescence-labeled AFLP methods. The AFLP technique produced enough polymorphism to differentiate all 27 bermudagrass genotypes, even the closely related ones. An average of 48-74 bands in the 30-600-bp size range was detected by the P-32-labeled AFLP method. The results indicated that most of the 14 primer combinations tested in this study could be used to distinguish bermudagrass genotypes, and that some single primer-pairs could differentiate all 27 of them. To test the reliability and reproducibility of the AFLP procedure, three DNA isolations (replications) of the 27 bermudagrass genotypes were assayed using five primer pairs. Only 0.6% of the bands were evaluated differently among the three replications. One replication of one genotype (which was most likely a planting contaminant) was grouped in an unexpected cluster using the Unweighted Pair Group Mean Average (UPGMA) method. A one- or two-band difference in scoring did not change the clustering of genotypes or the replications within genotypes. The 27 genotypes were grouped into three major clusters, many of which were in agreement with known pedigrees. Trees constructed with different primer combinations using P-32- and fluorescence-labelling formed similar major groupings. The semi-automated fluorescence-based AFLP technique offered significant improvements on fragment sizing and data handling. It was also more accurate for detection and more efficient than the radioactive labelling method. This study shows that the AFLP technique is a reliable tool for differentiating bermudagrass genotypes and for determining genetic relationships among them. C1 Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. Univ Georgia, Coastal Plain Expt Stn, Dept Hort, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Bot, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, Plant Germplasm Conservat Unit, USDA, SAA,Georgia Expt Stn, Griffin, GA 30229 USA. ARS, Forage & Turf Unit, USDA, SAA,Coastal Plant Expt Stn, Tifton, GA 31794 USA. RP Hanna, W (reprint author), ARS, USDA, SAA, Coastal Plain Expt Stn,Crop & Soil Sci Dept, POB 748, Tifton, GA 31793 USA. OI Zhang, Linhai/0000-0003-1009-6870 NR 35 TC 73 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 98 IS 6-7 BP 895 EP 902 DI 10.1007/s001220051148 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 200HR UT WOS:000080534000006 ER PT J AU Cregan, PB Mudge, J Fickus, EW Marek, LF Danesh, D Denny, R Shoemaker, RC Matthews, BF Jarvik, T Young, ND AF Cregan, PB Mudge, J Fickus, EW Marek, LF Danesh, D Denny, R Shoemaker, RC Matthews, BF Jarvik, T Young, ND TI Targeted isolation of simple sequence repeat markers through the use of bacterial artificial chromosomes SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE bacterial artificial chromosome; simple sequence repeats; microsatellites; soybean cyst nematode; genetic mapping ID SOYBEAN CYST-NEMATODE; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; MICROSATELLITE MARKERS; LINKAGE MAP; RESISTANCE LOCUS; GENETIC-MAP; LIBRARY; CONSTRUCTION; GENOME AB Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are versatile DNA markers that are readily assayed and highly informative. Unfortunately, non-targeted approaches to SSR development often leave large genomic regions without SSR markers. In some cases these same genomic regions are already populated by other types of DNA markers, especially restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). To identify SSR markers in such regions, bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones can be used as intermediaries. First, one or more BAC clones in a region of interest are identified through the use of an existing DNA marker. BAC clones uncovered in this initial step are then used to create a small insert DNA library that can be screened for the presence of SSR-containing clones. Because BAC inserts are often 100-kb pairs or more in size, most contain one or more SSRs. This strategy was applied to two regions of the soybean genome near genes that condition resistance to the soybean cyst nematode on molecular linkage groups G and A2. This targeted approach to identifying new DNA markers can readily be extended to other types of DNA markers, including single nucleotide polymorphisms. C1 ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Univ Minnesota, Plant Breeding Grad Program, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Agron, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Plant Pathol, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. ARS, USDA, Corn Insect & Crop Genet Unit, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Biol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Cregan, PB (reprint author), ARS, Soybean & Alfalfa Res Lab, USDA, Bldg 006,Room 100,BARC W, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 45 TC 72 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 98 IS 6-7 BP 919 EP 928 DI 10.1007/s001220051151 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 200HR UT WOS:000080534000009 ER PT J AU McGrath, JM Derrico, CA Yu, Y AF McGrath, JM Derrico, CA Yu, Y TI Genetic diversity in selected, historical US sugarbeet germplasm and Beta vulgaris ssp maritima SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE RAPDs; disease resistance; monogerm; self fertility ID GENUS-BETA; CULTIVATED BEETS; DNA-SEQUENCES; RAPD; MARKERS; ORIGIN AB Diversity among sugar beet accessions released over the first 50 years of public breeding in the United States was examined to ascertain a baseline of genetic diversity and to gauge the effect of breeding on the loss or gain of diversity over this time period. Accessions were chosen as released germplasm from the major breeding stations contributing to the US germplasm pool and their presumed ancestors from Europe, including representatives for the wild forms Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima. Sixty nine polymorphic RAPD fragments were used for gene frequency analysis, and heterozygosity was determined within and among groups of accessions related either by breeding station or simply inherited agronomic characters for monogerm seed and restoration of fertility in a cytoplasmic male-sterile background. In general, heterozygosity within releases declined with time, but total genetic diversity in the US germplasm pool remained constant. Breeding for the agronomic characters had a marked influence in reducing diversity. C1 Michigan State Univ, USDA ARS, Sugarbeet & Bean Res Unit, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Crop & Soil Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP McGrath, JM (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, USDA ARS, Sugarbeet & Bean Res Unit, 494D Plant & Soil Sci Bldg, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM mitchmcg@pilot.msu.edu NR 33 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 98 IS 6-7 BP 968 EP 976 DI 10.1007/s001220051157 PG 9 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 200HR UT WOS:000080534000015 ER PT J AU Chen, YKH Bamberg, JB Palta, JP AF Chen, YKH Bamberg, JB Palta, JP TI Expression of freezing tolerance in the interspecific F1 and somatic hybrids of potatoes SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE freezing tolerance; potato; interspecific F-1; somatic hybrids; genomic ratio ID COLD-HARDINESS EXPRESSION; SOLANUM-TUBEROSUM; FROST-HARDINESS; GENETIC-CONTROL; COMMERSONII; ACCLIMATION; RESISTANCE; BALANCE; WHEAT; BREVIDENS AB The expression of freezing tolerance was examined in interspecific F-1 and somatic hybrids of potatoes using 20 species and 34 different combinations between hardy and sensitive species. In the field, the frost tolerance of hybrids resembled either that of the hardy parent, the sensitive parent, or the parental mean, depending on the species combination and the genomic ratio (ratio of the number of sets of chromosomes contributed from each parent). Similar phenomena were observed when the non-acclimated freezing tolerance (NA) and the acclimation capacity (ACC) (two independent genetic components of freezing tolerance) were evaluated separately under controlled environments. In general, the expression level of freezing tolerance was higher in hybrids with more genomes contributed from the hardy parent than from the sensitive parent. In addition, the effectiveness or combining ability of genes conferring freezing tolerance from the hardy species also showed some influence on the expression of freezing tolerance. All three parameters, namely NA, ACC and acclimated freezing tolerance (AA) (NA plus ACC), were significantly correlated to the frost tolerance exhibited in the field. This indicates that the controlled freezing test used in this study could provide a good estimate of field performance. The implications of these results in breeding for freezing tolerance in potatoes are discussed. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, Madison, WI 53706 USA. ARS, USDA, Interreg Potato Introduct Stn, Sturgeon Bay, WI 54235 USA. RP Palta, JP (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Hort, 1575 Linden Dr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 42 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 98 IS 6-7 BP 995 EP 1004 DI 10.1007/s001220051160 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 200HR UT WOS:000080534000018 ER PT J AU Chen, DH dela Vina, M Inukai, T Mackill, DJ Ronald, PC Nelson, RJ AF Chen, DH dela Vina, M Inukai, T Mackill, DJ Ronald, PC Nelson, RJ TI Molecular mapping of the blast resistance gene, Pi44(t), in a line derived from a durably resistant rice cultivar SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS LA English DT Article DE disease resistance; rice (Oryza sativa L.); rice blast; (Pyricularia in oryzae Cav.; Pyricularia grisea Sacc.; Magnaporthe grisea); amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP); sequence tagged site (STS); gene mapping ID NEAR-ISOGENIC LINES; PYRICULARIA-GRISEA; ARBITRARY PRIMERS; MARKERS; POLYMORPHISM; POPULATION; GENOME; MAP; IDENTIFICATION; PHILIPPINES AB A recombinant inbred line derived from a cross between CO39 and 'Moroberekan', RIL276, was found to be resistant to lineage 44 isolates of Pyricularia grisea in the Philippines. One hundred F-2 individuals were obtained from a backcross of RIL276 and CO39. Phenotypic analysis showed that RIL276 carries a single locus, tentatively named Pi44(t), conferring complete resistance to lineage 44 isolates of P. grisea. RFLP probes,STS primers and AFLP markers were applied to identify DNA markers linked to Pi44(t). Neither RFLP nor STS-PCR analysis gave rise to DNA markers linked to the locus. Using bulk segregant AFLP analysis, however, two dominant AFLP markers (AF(348) and AF(349)) linked to Pi44(t) were identified. AF(349) and AF(348) were located at 3.3 +/- 1.5 cM and 11 +/- 3.5 cM from Pi44(t), respectively. These markers were mapped on chromosome 11 using an Fz population derived from a cross between 'Labelle' and 'Black Gora'. The location of AF(348) on chromosome 11 was confirmed using another F-2 mapping population derived from IR30931-26-3-3-5/PI543851. DNA products at the loci linked to Pi44(t) were amplified from RIL276, 'Labelle' and P1543851 using the same primer pairs used to amplify AF(349) and AF(348). Sequence analysis of these bands showed 100% identity between lines. This result indicates that these AFLP markers could be used for the comparison of maps or assignment of linkage groups to chromosomes. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Int Rice Res Inst, Manila 1099, Philippines. Hokkaido Univ, Fac Agr, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060, Japan. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Agron & Range Sci, USDA ARS, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Int Potato Ctr, Lima 12, Peru. RP Chen, DH (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Plant Pathol, 1 Shield Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RI Inukai, Tsuyoshi/B-9652-2013; Mackill, David/C-6368-2014 OI Mackill, David/0000-0003-4224-6781 NR 34 TC 55 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0040-5752 J9 THEOR APPL GENET JI Theor. Appl. Genet. PD MAY PY 1999 VL 98 IS 6-7 BP 1046 EP 1053 DI 10.1007/s001220051166 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity; Horticulture SC Agriculture; Plant Sciences; Genetics & Heredity GA 200HR UT WOS:000080534000024 ER PT J AU Long, CR Dobrinsky, JR Johnson, LA AF Long, CR Dobrinsky, JR Johnson, LA TI In vitro production of pig embryos: Comparisons of culture media and boars SO THERIOGENOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pig; oocyte; in vitro; fertilization; culture ID OOCYTES MATURED INVITRO; FERTILIZED IN-VITRO; BOVINE SERUM-ALBUMIN; ONE-CELL EMBRYOS; PORCINE OOCYTES; DEVELOPMENTAL COMPETENCE; CYTOPLASMIC MATURATION; BLASTOCYST FORMATION; PRONUCLEUS FORMATION; CHROMOSOME-BEARING AB The utilization of in vitro produced pig embryos for commercial production or research is dependent upon the development of improved methodology. Our objective was to establish a consistent in vitro embryo production (IVP) system and subsequently utilize the procedures to evaluate culture system components and boar effects. To summarize the IVP system, 403 inseminated oocytes from a total of 2243 were analyzed across 17 replicates for maturation and fertilization efficiency, while 1838 zygotes were cultured in 26 replicates for developmental data. Penetration, cleavage and blastocyst development rates were determined at 18, 44 and either 144 or 168 h post insemination, respectively. Monospermic penetration averaged 31.8+/-7.3% while polyspermy was 30.8+/-17.2%. Cleavage rate was 44.9+/-16.1%, with 21.8+/-7.5% of fertilized oocytes and 51.9+/-15.9% of cleaved embryos developing to blastocysts. For culture medium comparison, fertilized oocytes were cultured in either BECM-6, BECM-7, NCSU-23 or NCSU-23aa and supplemented on Day 5 post insemination (pi) with 10% FCS. These treatments resulted in 4.0, 4.9, 19.8 and 13.6% (+/- 3.2%) blastocysts by Day 7 pi, with an average cell number of 44.4+/-9.0, 65.1+8.2, 61.3+/-4.5 and 64.4+/-4.8, respectively. These IVP procedures consistently produced zygotes from semen of several different boars, capable of forming blastocysts in vitro. Comparison of developmental rates among the boars indicated that this system is variable among boars but not strictly boar-dependant. Culture media comparisons suggest that NCSU-23 yielded a higher percentage of blastocysts than the other media in this IVP system. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Long, CR (reprint author), USDA ARS, Germplasm & Gamete Physiol Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 47 TC 60 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0093-691X J9 THERIOGENOLOGY JI Theriogenology PD MAY PY 1999 VL 51 IS 7 BP 1375 EP 1390 DI 10.1016/S0093-691X(99)00081-3 PG 16 WC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Reproductive Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 210VD UT WOS:000081124600016 PM 10729101 ER PT J AU Muck, RE Weinberg, ZG Rouse, DI Igl, BR AF Muck, RE Weinberg, ZG Rouse, DI Igl, BR TI Ensiling of potato vines SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE silage; potato vines; soil; fermentation; aerobic deterioration ID SILAGE; MODEL; FERMENTATION; ENSILAGE; QUALITY; GROWTH AB Potato vines are a potential feed for cattle if the vines can be preserved. The objectives of this study were primarily to study alternative methods to preserve potato vines by ensiling and determine the effects of soil contamination on ensiling. In experiment 1, vines from four potato varieties were harvested individually with a flail chopper set at three heights to vary soil contamination. The chopped vines were ensiled in minisilos alone or amended (3:1, vines to amendment, wet basis) with either chopped alfalfa hay or barley grain. Silos were opened after 90 d for analysis. In experiment 2, vines of one variety were hand-harvested and ensiled fresh or after wilting one day in a greenhouse, alone or in combination with chopped whole plant corn at one of four levels. Silos were opened for analysis after 1, 2, 6, 14 and 90 d ensiling. The vines in both experiments were of high nutritive value with high crude protein contents [194-261 g kg(-1) dry matter (DM)] and law neutral detergent fiber contents (286-359 g kg(-1) DM). However; ash contents were relatively high even with low soil contamination (220-3078 g kg(-1) DM) and hand-harvested vines (169 g kg(-1) DM). In both experiments, unamended vines were poorly preserved, underwent a secondary fermentation, and were unstable aerobically. Little or no lactic acid was present in these silages, acetic acid was the predominant fermentation product, and butyric acid was detected in some silages. In contrast, all three amendments produced well-preserved silages. Barley-amended silages yielded the lowest pHs (4.06 average); alfalfa-amended silages yielded the highest (4.97 average). In a 5-d aerobic stability test, some barley-amended replicates heated while none of the alfalfa- or earn-amended silages heated. Level of soil contamination had no consistent negative effect on fermentation, but the added soil substantially diluted vine dry matter in the high contamination treatments. C1 ARS, USDA, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Agr Res Org, Volcani Ctr, Forage Preservat & Byprod Res Unit, IL-50250 Bet Dagan, Israel. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Plant Pathol, Madison, WI USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol Syst Engn, Madison, WI USA. RP Muck, RE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 24 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 42 IS 3 BP 565 EP 572 PG 8 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 213AV UT WOS:000081250600002 ER PT J AU Muck, RE AF Muck, RE TI Influence of air on the preservation and aerobic spoilage of silages SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE silage; oxygen; bacteria; yeast; mold ID DETERIORATION; FERMENTATION AB The effect of a surface open to air on the ensiling process was investigated in 15 x 60 cm PVC silos in four trials, three with alfalfa (30, 41, and 49% dry matter, DM) and one with whole-plant corn (35% DM). Silos were sampled 1, 2, 5, 7, 14, and 28 d post-filling at 5, 20, 35, and 50 cm from the open surface. At 5 cm, little fermentation occurred as oxygen contents were at 10% or higher, and spoilage microorganisms rapidly developed causing 37 to 55% DM loss over 28 d. At 20 cm and below, oxygen levels were initially at 1% or lower. This permitted lactic acid bacterial fermentations during the first week which appeared typical of fermentations under anaerobic conditions. However, after one week, the levels of fermentation products at the 20-cm depth began to differ from those at 35 and 50 cm. In general at the 20-cm depth, lactic acid content decreased, and acetic acid content either increased or decreased relative to concentrations at lower depths. At 28 d, noticeable spoilage was beginning to occur at the 20-cm depth, as evidenced by increasing pH and elevated populations of one or more groups of spoilage microorganisms. At the end of the trials, spoilage microorganisms were also elevated at the 35- and 50-cm depths relative to those normally expected in silages made under strictly anaerobic conditions. C1 ARS, USDA, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Muck, RE (reprint author), ARS, USDA, US Dairy Forage Res Ctr, 1925 Linden Dr W, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 42 IS 3 BP 573 EP 581 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 213AV UT WOS:000081250600003 ER PT J AU Teske, ME Thistle, HW AF Teske, ME Thistle, HW TI A simulation of release height and wind speed effects for drift minimization SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASAE LA English DT Article DE drift; release height; wind speed; aerial spraying; sensitivity; modeling ID SPRAY DISPERSION MODEL; AERIAL; DEPOSITION; AIRCRAFT AB The near-wake portion of the USDA Forest Service aerial application prediction model FSCBG is applied to a sensitivity study of release height and wind speed, the most important factors, along with droplet size distribution, in assessing deposition and drift from aerial application. Building on extensive previous work, this study examines the predictions by the near-wake Lagrangian trajectory model of drift fraction downwind of the edge of the field. Ten aircraft and four BCPC droplet size distributions are used to simulate a typical agricultural spraying scenario. Findings from this study demonstrate the effects of varying release height and wind speed on downwind drift, the reduction of downwind drift with larger droplets, and the inherent ability of certain aircraft type to reduce downwind drift more easily than others. Model results indicate that fixed-wing aircraft generate lower drift at lower release heights, that helicopters generate lower drift at higher release heights, and that biplanes exhibit greater drift potential than the other two aircraft types. C1 Contium Dynam Inc, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, Missoula, MT USA. RP Teske, ME (reprint author), Contium Dynam Inc, POB 3073, Princeton, NJ 08543 USA. NR 21 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS PI ST JOSEPH PA 2950 NILES RD, ST JOSEPH, MI 49085-9659 USA SN 0001-2351 J9 T ASAE JI Trans. ASAE PD MAY-JUN PY 1999 VL 42 IS 3 BP 583 EP 591 PG 9 WC Agricultural Engineering SC Agriculture GA 213AV UT WOS:000081250600004 ER EF